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PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Os pronomes pessoais substituem o substantivo, ou seja, uma palavra usada para nomear pessoais,
animais, coisas ou situações. São empregados principalmente para evitar a repetição do substantivo.

Personal Pronouns

I Eu
You Tu, você
He Ele
She Ela
It Esse, essa, isso
We Nós
You Vós, vocês
They Eles, elas

Check this out! Observe!

O pronome It se refere a coisas, situações ou, às vezes, animais. Normalmente sua tradução em português
não é necessária, mas aqui será traduzido, por vezes, como “esse”, “essa” ou “isso” para fins explicativos.

It’s a big house. – É uma casa grande.

VERB TO BE

O Verbo To be tem dois significados. “Ser” e “estar”.

Vejamos o verbo to be na forma afirmativa:

I am Eu sou / Eu estou

EmYouumaare conversação
Você é /oVocê estáTo be é geralmente unido ao pronome por meio de uma apóstrofo
verbo
( ‘ ). Isso é denominado “contração”, e torna o diálogo mais informal e natural.
He is Ele é / Ele está

She is Ela é / Ela está

It is Isso, esse, essa é / Isso, esse, essa está

We are Nós somos / Nós estamos

You are Vocês são / Vocês estão

They are Eles, elas são / Eles, elas estão 1

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I am I’m
You are You’re

He is He’s

She is She’s

It is It’s

We are We’re

You are You’re

Verbo to be com o significado de “ser”:

I’m Hillary.
She’s an English teacher.
Bill and Mark are in New York.
This is your car.
My name is Ronil.
I’m 25 years old. (I’m 25)

Verbo to be com o significado de “estar”:

I’m in São Paulo.
She’s in the school.
Paulo and Carla are in New York.
They’re at the mall.
We are happy.
He’s sick.

Check this out! Observe!

O verbo to be pode ser contraído unindo-o ao substantivo que o antecede, como segue abaixo:
My name’s Ronil. (My name is Ronil)
My boss name’s Eduardo. (O nome do meu chefe é Eduardo)
 DIÁ LOGO

VERB TO BE: Negative and interrogative Forms

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Negative form

I am not / I’m not Eu não sou / Eu não estou

You are not / You aren’t Você não é / Você não está

He’s not / He isn’t Ele não é / Ele não está

She’s not / She isn’t Ela não é / Ela não está

It’s not / It isn’t Esse, essa, isso não é / Esse, essa, isso não está

We’re not / We aren’t Nós não somos / Nós não estamos

You’re not / You aren’t Vocês não são / Vocês não estão

They’re not / They aren’t Eles, elas não são / Eles, elas não estão

Check this out! Observe!

As contrações podem ser empregadas nas formas afirmativa e negativa. Mas não são usadas na
forma interrogativa nem nas respostas afirmativas curtas. Veja:

Are you married?

Yes, I am.

VERB TO BE : Interrogative Form

Interrogative form

Am I...? Eu sou? / Eu estou?

Are you...? Você é? / Você está?
Is he…? Ele é? / Ele está?
Is she…? Ela é? / Ela está?
Is It…? Esse, essa, isso é? / Esse, essa, isso está?
Are we…? Nós somos? / Nós estamos?
Are you…? Vocês são? / Vocês estão?
Are they…? Eles, elas são? / Eles, elas estão?

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Alguns exemplos:
She is not a teacher.
I’m not married.
You’re not 25.
Is He a travel agent?
Are you single?
Is he 25 years old?

 DIÁLOGO

PRESENTE TENSE

Há 2 tempos presentes em inglês: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE / PRESENT PROGRESSIVE(CONTINUOS)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

O Simple Present tense is used to express habitual, permanent or repeated actions.

Formação

Affirmative

Verb to drink: beber

I drink

You drink

He, She, It drinks – He, She, It take an S

We drink

You drink

They drink

Verb to watch (observar)

He, She, It Watches - Verbs ending in S, CH, SH, Z, O, X take ES

Verb to Study (estudar)

He, She, It studies – Verbs ending in Y preceded by a consonant change the Y into
IES

Verb to buy (comprar)

He, She It buys – Y preceded by a vowel

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THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS ARE USED:

Often _______________________ frequentemente

frequentely __________________ frequentemente

generally ____________________ geralmente

always ______________________ sempre

never _______________________ nunca

seldom _____________________ raramente

usually _____________________ usualmente

sometimes _________________ às vezes

once a week __________________ uma vez por semana

twice a week _________________ duas vezes por semana

three times a week ____________ três vezes por semana

four times a week _____________ quatro vezes por semana

every (todo, a, s) + day _____________ dia (s)

morning __________ manhã(s)

afternoon _________ tarde(s)

evening ___________ night(s)

Friday ____________ Sexta Feira

Winter ___________ inverno

Week ____________ semana

Summer __________ veraõ

On + dias da semana no plural (aos, às) The days of the week

... on Sunday (s)

... on Monday (s)

... on Tuesday (s)

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... on Wednesday (s)

... on Friday (s)

... on Saturday (s)

INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE

Neste tempo é necessário o uso do auxiliar to do para a formação do interrogativo e

negativo.

Interrogative

Do I read? Does he read?

Do You Read? Does she read?

Do We Read? Does It Read?

Do they read?

Negative Contractions

I do not read I don’t read

You do not read You don’t read

He does not read He doesn’t read

She does not read She doesn’t read

It does not read It doesn’t read

We do not read We don’t read

You do not read You don’t read

They do not read They don’t read

Check this out! Observe!

O verbo principal volta ao infinitive sem to, tanto no interrogativo como no negativo. Exemplos:

Ricardo speaks english fluently.

Does Ricardo speak english fluently?

Ricardo doesn’t speak english fluetly.

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PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE (Progressive)

The Present Continuos Tense is used to express an action or situation which at the moment of speaking is
incomplete and still continuing. (O presente contínuo é usado para exprimir uma ação praticada no
momento da fala).

Conjuga-se o verbo auxiliar to be no presente e acrescenta-se o ing ao verbo principal.

Afirmative Interrogative negative

I am working Am I working? I’m not working

You are working Are you working? You are not working

He is working Is he working? He is not working

She is working Is she working She is not working

It is working Is it working? It is not working

We are working Are we working? We are not working

You are working Are you working? You are not working

They are working Are they working? They are not working

THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS ARE USED:

Now ______________________ agora

At this moment __________ neste momento

At present ________________ no momento

Year ____________ este ano

This month __________ este mês

Week ___________ esta semana

She’s playing the piano.

Jane smokes a lot but she’s not smoking now.

The children are just having lunch.

The dog is eating its meal at this moment.

We are having English class right now.

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O present Continuos também é usado para exprimir açõ es que foram planejadas para se realizarem
no futuro. Este uso é comum com verbos de movimento.

My parents are coming to visit us on Saturday.

My boss and his family are flying to Israel next Monday.

I can’t accept your invitation because I’m working next weekend.

Tag Questions

Peter is Brasilian, isn’t he? Peter isn’t here, is he?

They are teachers, aren’t they? We aren’t teachers, are we?

She studies Spanish, doesn’t she? He doesn’t play the violin, does he?

You like dogs, don’t you? You don’t like ice-cream, do you?

You are hungry, aren’t you? You aren’t hungry, are you?

Primeira parte afirmativa Primeira parte negative

Segunda parte interrogativa Segunda parte interrogativa

ANOTAÇÕES

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THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Na verdade existe uma variedade de tempos verbais usados para falar do futuro, e muitas vezes tempos
diferentes podem ser empregados na mesma situação, com quase o mesmo sentido, e também, os
mesmos tempos verbais podem ser empregados para expressar aspectos diferentes do futuro.

Segundo os estudos mais recentes, a forma mais comum de expressar o futuro to be going to +
verb ( She’s going to make dinner ), que é quase igual ao futuro mais usado em Português: ir “fazer”

(Ela vai fazer o jantar). Este uso reflete o dia a dia dos falantes nativos.

1. Going to form – this type of future is very much used in English, mainly in everyday conversation.
We form it using the present continuous of to go plus the infinitive of the main verb.

To drink (beber)

Afirmative Interrogative negative

I’m going to drink Am I going to drink? I’m not going to drink

You’re going to drink Are you going to drink? You are not going to drink

He’s going to drink Is he going to drink? He’s not going to drink

She’s going to drink Is she going to drink? She’s not going to drink

It’s going to drink Is it going to drink? It’s not going to drink

We’re going to drink Are we going to drink? We’re not going to drink

You’re going to drink Are you going to drink? You are not going to
drink

They’re going to drink Are they going to drink? They are not going to drink

She is going to drink a coke. (Ela vai tomar uma coca)

We are going to eat a hot-dog. (Nós vamos comer um cachorro quente)

Intenções

As maneiras diferentes de usar going to e will.

 Will – decidido no momento de falar/reações. Intenções espontâneas, decidida na hora da

fala, decisão, oferta, promessa.
 To be going – decidido antes de falar/planos pessoais, sobre os quais você já se decidiu antes
de falar.
Portanto, a diferença é que em inglês a palavra Will é usada com mais frequência para intenções
espontâneas, reações, decisões, ofertas e promessas. Ex: New resolutions.
Em português podemos expressar como “ir fazer”ou muitas vezes com o presente. Ex: imagine que o
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telefone está tocando e você diz: “ eu atendo” ou “eu vou atender” ou que você esteja jantando num
restaurante, e quando a conta chega, você fala “eu pago/ eu vou pagar” para todo mundo, ou o jeito
comum de se despedir de algêm, “a gente se vê amanhã”. Em inglês, todas essas frases seriam traduzidas
com will: I will answer it; I will pay for everyone; I will see you tomorrow, exatamente porque são reações
ou intenções decididas no momento de falar, e não que já foram planejadas anteriormente.

Oferta: Hold on, I’ll give you a hand.

(Espera aí, vou te dar uma mãozinha.)

Promessa: Lend me R$15. I’ll pay you back tomorrow/ as soon as possible.
(Me empreste R$15. Amanhã/assim que der eu devouvo.)

Decisão: It’s late. We’ll talk about this tomorrow.

(É tarde. Vamos conversar sobre isso amanhã.)

Quando se refere a planos feitos com outras pessoas, sempre há outra opção: O present Continuous . É
bastante comum em inglês falar de intensões organizadas, combinadas, planejadas com ou por outras
pessoas, com o sentido de agendamento. Por isso, quando quiser perguntar pra algêm “o que vai fazer”,
no sentido de “o que você tem programado”? a pergunta fica no Present Continuous:

 What are you doing at the weekend?

 What are you doing tonight?
 What is she doing for the next Sunday lunch?
 What are they doing for Christmas?

Para entender melhor essas distinções vamos comparar um exemplo de going to e um exemplo de
Present Continuous:

 After finishing this class, I’m going to have a snack. (Quando terminar essa aula vou lanchar.)
 I’m having dinner with my father at 7.00 tonight to celebrate his birthday.

Na primeira frase, eu já decidi que estou com fome, então, daqui a pouco vou lanchar: um plano pessoal.
Na segunda, por outro lado, combinei com o meu pai de nos encontrarmos num horário e local
específicos às 7.00 e já anotei na minha agenda: um plano com outras pessoas. Nesse caso, se você disser
I’m going to have dinner with my father, não está errado, só que você tem a opção de usar I’m having...
Uma opção preferida pelos falantes nativos:

Next Sunday I’m going to Betim. I’m leaving at 6.25 and coming back on Monday night. I’m
staying at my parents’ house, where I’m meeting my brothers to talk about our father’s birthday party.
The next day we are having a barbecue. And in the evening we are having a party to celebrate our dad’s
birthday. He doesn’t know it, but all the family is coming to celebrate his birthday.

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Probabilidade
O uso mais comum de going to é sobre o que será feito no futuro, suas intenções (o que você quer fazer ),
mas pode ser usado, também, quando se estiver falando de previsões: o que você acha que vai acontecer
no futuro.

Ex: levanto de manhã e não vejo nuvens no céu: provavelmente vai fazer calor num futuro próximo. Esta
é uma evidência que eu percebo agora:

 Look at the sky. There isn’t any clouds…It’s going to be hot.

Ex: você está no carro com seu amigo, está chovendo, e ele está dirigindo em alta velocidade. Dá para
perceber que daqui a pouco ele vai bater o carro. Há evidências no presente que algo acontecerá num
futuro próximo.

 Be careful! You are going to crash the car.

Por outro lado, quando não existem evidências, quando estamos fazendo uma previsão mais geral ou
mais subjetiva sobre um futuro mais distante, também temos a opção de usar will.

 Don’t drive so fast when your father let you use his car, or you’ll crash it.
 You don’t need an umbrella when the sky is blue, because it won’t rain.

As últimas situações demonstram uma previsão geral, sem evidência imediata. Então usou-se will ( mas
goig to também seria possível ). Não nos esqueçamos de que deve haver flexibilidade no uso do idioma.
Porque o mesmo não é uma ciência exata.

THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS ARE USED:

Tomorrow ------------------------------------------- amanhã

The day after tomorrow -------------------------- depois de amanhã

Soon --------------------------------------------------- logo, em breve

Next Sunday ----------------------------------------- no próximo domingo (dias da semana)

Next week, year, etc ------------------------------- na próxima semana, no próximo ano

In a year ---------------------------------------------- em um ano

In two months -------------------------------------- em dois meses.

 The future of there to be

Threre will be = haverá

 There will be many flowers in the spring.

 Dilma Rousef decided to release more money to education. So, there will be better schools.

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 There will be more people able to speak English in the next decade.

Simple Future texts

What is going to happen?

On Saturday, Katie will be one year old. Katie's parents are going to have a
birthday party. The party is going to begin at noon on Saturday. Many
people will be at the party. Katie will have so much fun!
Katie's dad is going to cook hamburgers. Katie's grandmother is going to
bring ice-cream. Katie's aunt is going to bake a cake. It will be a chocolate
cake. Katie will love her cake!
All of Katie's relatives will bring presents. Katie is going to open her
presents after lunch. Then, everyone will eat cake and ice-cream. Katie is going to have a good
first birthday!

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Simple Future tense.

1. How old will Katie be on Thursday? What time is her party going to start?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Who is going to bake the cake? What kind of cake will it be?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. When is Katie going to open her presents? What will happen then?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What is going to happen?

There is going to be a wedding today. At 4 o'clock this afternoon, Megan Smith and Mark Jones
are going to get married. After today, they will be Mr. and Mrs. Mark Jones. 
It is going to be a huge celebration. Everyone will be there! They are going to serve dinner and
dessert. The best man will give a speech. Then everyone will dance. The dance will last until

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midnight.
The day after the wedding, Megan and Mark are going to leave for their honeymoon. They are
going to travel to Hawaii. They are going to stay there for 7 days. They will have a good time in
Hawaii!

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Simple Future tense.

1. Who is going to get married at 4 o'clock? Who will be there?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Who will give a speech? Who will dance?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Where are Megan and Mark going the day after their wedding? How long are they going to stay there?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What will she do?

What is going to happen?

This weekend, Erica is going to compete in a tennis tournament. She will practice
hard all week because she wants to win the tournament. The winner will receive
$1,000. Erica hopes she will get first place! 
Erica's husband is going to travel to the tournament with Erica. He will watch her compete. He will
sit in the stands and cheer for Erica. He is going to be proud of Erica even if she does not win first
place.

Erica's parents are not going to travel to the tournament. They will watch the tournament on
television. They will cheer for Erica at home. They are going to be proud of Erica whether she wins
or loses.

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Simple Future tense.

1. What is Erica going to do this weekend? What will the winner receive?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Who is going to travel to the tournament with Erica? What will he do?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Where will Erica's parents watch the tournament?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

ANOTAÇÕES

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Future Progressive (Future Continuous)

What will they be doing?

Brad likes to fish. He fishes whenever he can. This weekend, he will be fishing at the lake. It is his favorite
place to fish.
Mark is Brad's friend. Mark likes to fish too. He also fishes whenever he can. This weekend he will be
fishing at the lake with Brad. They will be camping at the lake all weekend.
Mark will be picking up Brad at 8 o'clock Friday night. Brad will be ready when Mark arrives. They will be
driving all night before they get to the lake.
They are excited about the weekend. Brad and Mark both love to fish. They love to fish together. They
will be fishing together for many years!

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Future Progressive tense.

1. Where will Brad be fishing this weekend? Who will be fishing with Brad?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What else will Brad and Mark be doing at the lake? When will Brad be picking up Mark?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. How long will Brad and Mark be driving before they get to the lake?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What are they going to be doing?

Sir Thomas is going to be arriving at 3 o'clock today. When Sir Thomas arrives, the servants will be
waiting. Young Charlie will also be waiting at the door.
When Sir Thomas walks into the house, most of the servants are going to be bowing. One servant will be
parking the car. Others are going to be preparing dinner. Charlie is going to be carrying Sir Thomas's
suitcase into the house.

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Future Progressive tense.

1. Who is going to be arriving at 3 o'clock today? What are the servants going to be doing?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What are most of the servants going to be doing when Sir Thomas walks into the house?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What is Charlie going to be doing when Sir Thomas walks into the house?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE

O Simple past tense é utilizado para uma ação completamente terminada no passado. O tempo de
ocorrência da ação está geralmente indicado na frase.

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

to walk walked walked

to talk talked talked

to go went gone

to drink drank drunk

Check this out! Observe!

Os verbos walk e talk são regulares tendo a terminação ED. No past and participle.

Os verbos go e drink apresentam formas diversas no past tense e past participle, são portanto irregulares.

No Past Tense a forma do verbo é a mesma para todas as pessoas.

Atenção:

 Se um verbo de uma síliba terminar em uma só consoante precedida de uma só vogal, a consoante dobrará
antes de se acrescentar ED.

Exemplo: stop - stopped

 Verbos de duas ou mais sílabas, cuja última sílaba tiver a acentuação tônica, dobrará a última consoante:

Exemplos: admit – admited

Prefer – preferred

 Verbos terminados em y precedidos de consoante trocam o y por i antes de ser acrescido o ED. Se, no
entanto o y for precedido de vogal acrescenta-se ED diretamente.

Exemplos: study – studied obey - obeyed

Try - tried play – played

 Last year I studied a lot.

 My father tried to get my attention.
 The plyers obeyed all the regulations.
 The kids played video game for five hours without stopping.
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INTERROGATIVO E NEGATIVO

Verb to like

Interrogative negative

Did I like? I did not like

Did you like? You did not like

Did he like? He did not like

Did she like? She did not like

Did it like? It did not like

Did we like? You did not like

Did you like? We did not like

Did they like? They did not like

Contraction form: did not = didn’t

THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS ARE USED:

Yesterday: ontem

The day before yesterday: anteontem

this morning: hoje de manhã, esta manhã

Sunday: domingo passado

last Monday : segunda- feira passada

year: ano passado

in March: em Março

in 1975: em 1975

for + tempo

for 2 months: durante (por) 2 meses

tempo + ago

2 weeks ago: duas semanas atrás

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Exemplos:

 We went to the movies yesterday.

 Did we go to the movies yesterday?
 We didn’t go to the movies yesterday.

 I lost a lot of money last week.

 Did I lose a lot of money last week?
 I didn’t lose a lot of money last week.

Check this out! Observe!

Assim como na formação do interrogativo e negativo do Simple present tense, o verbo principal retorna
ao infinitivo sem to. Nas duas frases acima: WENT na afirmativa ficou GO no interrogativo e negativa, a
mesma coisa com LOST que passou para LOSE.

Simple Past texts

One autumn evening, Charles and Beth went to the theater. They attended a play. The play started at
7:00. Charles and Beth enjoyed the theater.
After the play, Charles and Beth walked together in the park. They walked beside the lake. The moon was
bright. They talked about their future.
When Charles and Beth went home, their children were not asleep. They waited for Charles and Beth to
return. They were excited to hear about the theater!
Charles told the children about the play. Then, Beth put the children to bed. Charles and Beth were very
tired. It was a good night!

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Simple Past tense.

1. What did Charles and Beth attend? What time did it start?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What did Charles and Beth do after they left the theater? What did they talk about?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Who waited for Charles and Beth to return home? What did Beth do?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Where did they go

Last night, George was at a restaurant with Clara, Charlie, and Katherine. After dinner, George
announced his engagement to Clara. George stood next to Clara. He raised his glass. He announced the
engagement to his friends. He looked very happy!
Clara was also at the restaurant. She sat at the table next to George. She smiled when he announced the
engagement. She showed her friends her ring. It was very beautiful. Clara also looked very happy!
Charlie and Katherine also sat at the table. They were excited for their friends. Charlie congratulated
George and Clara. He shook George's hand. Katherine looked at Clara's ring. She hugged Clara. She was
happy for George and Clara!

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A. Answer the following questions. Use the Simple Past tense.

1. Where was George last night? What did George announce after dinner?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Where was Clara? What did she show her friends?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What did Charlie do after the announcement? What did Katherine do?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What happened?

On Saturday, the Jenson family shopped for a Christmas tree. They got in the car. They drove to the tree
farm. Mr. and Mrs. Jenson walked around the tree farm with their kids.
The Jenson family looked at all the trees. They looked at tall trees and short trees. They looked at fat
trees and skinny trees. They looked at every tree on the farm. They wanted the perfect tree.
The Jenson kids finally found the perfect tree. It wasn't too tall or too short. It wasn't too fat or too
skinny. The tree was exactly what they wanted. It was the perfect Christmas tree!

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Simple Past tense.

1. What did the Jenson family do on Saturday? Where did they go?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What kind of trees did the Jenson family look at? What kind of tree did they want?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What did the Jenson kids finally find? Why was it the right tree?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

ANOTAÇÕES

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SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS

É formado pelo verbo to be no past tense mais ing acrescentado ao verbo principal.

Afirmative Interrogative negative

I was working Was I drinking? I was not drinking

were working Were you drinking? You were not drinking

He was working Was he drinking? was not drinking

She was working Was she drinking? She was not drinking

It was working Was It drinking? It was not drinking

We were working Were we drinking? We were not drinking

You were workink Were you drinking? You were not drinking

They were working Were they drinking? They were not drinking

Contrações: Was not = Wasn’t

Were not = weren’t

É utilizado para expressar uma ação passada que estava ocorrendo quando outra ocorreu. Será
quase sempre acompanhada do past tense.

Exemplos:

 I was having lunch when your sister arrived.

 While she was walking home she saw a horrible accident.

THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS ARE USED:

When _____________________ quando

While _____________________ enquanto
As ________________________ quando, enquanto
Just as _____________________ no momento em que

O past continuos também é utilizado para expressar duas ações que estão se desenvolvendo
simultaneamente no passado.

Exemplos:

We were watching television while they were studying.

My mother was cooking while my sister was cleaning the house

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Tag Questions (ou question frases)

São feitas da mesma forma que no present tense e present continuos.

Exemplos:

 John worked three years in that factory, didin’t he?

 Rosane didin’t wach her clothes, did she?
 They were watching “fantástico”, weren’t they?
 Miriam wasn’t looking after the children, was she?

What was he doing?

Last night at 7 o'clock, Nate was taking pictures of birds. He was walking through the city park when he
saw a fire. An old, empty building near the park was on fire. Nate pulled out his camera.
He was taking pictures of the fire when the fire trucks pulled up. The firefighters jumped out. They
hooked up their hoses. While they were fighting the fire, Nate was taking more pictures.
The firefighters were fighting the fire and Nate was taking pictures when the rain started. The rain helped
put the fire out. The firefighters were clapping and Nate was cheering. The fire was finally out.

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Past Progressive tense.

1. What was Nate doing last night at 7 o'clock? Where was he walking when he saw the fire?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What was Nate doing when the fire trucks pulled up?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What were the firefighters doing when the rain started? What were they doing when the fire went
out?
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

What was happening?

Mitch was always driving his motorcycle too fast. Yesterday after work, Mitch was driving his motorcycle
home. While everyone else was driving slowly, he was speeding through the streets. He wasn't paying
attention and was driving too fast when he saw the police officer.
While the police officer was directing traffic, he saw Mitch speeding down the street. He was waving his
arms when Mitch stopped. The police officer wrote him a traffic ticket for speeding. Mitch was not feeling
happy when he arrived home.

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Past Progressive tense.

1. Where was Mitch driving his motorcycle yesterday after work? What was Mitch doing while everyone
else was driving slowly?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What was Mitch doing when he saw the police officer? What was the police officer doing when he saw
Mitch speeding down the street?
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. How was Mitch feeling when he arrived home from work?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

ANOTAÇÕES

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PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS

1. Present Perfect

It’s formed with the present tense of to have plus the past participle of main verb.
Example: verb to work

Affirmative Interrogative negative

I have worked Have I worked? I have not worked

You have worked Have you worked? You have not worked
He has worked Has he worked? He has not worked
She has worked Has she worked? She has not worked
It has worked Has it worked? It has not worked
We have worked Have we worked? We have not worked
You have worked Have you worked? You have not worked
They have worked Have they worked? They have not worked

Contractions: have not = haven’t

Simple: Have + Past participle (3ª forma do verbo)

I’ve studied, She’s seen, They’ve gone

ETAPA 1 * Em geral, o Presente Perfect é usado para fazer uma conexão entre o presente e o
passado, e sempre descreve, de alguma maneira, o efeito do passado sobre uma situação no
presente. Na primeira etapa, podemos dividir os usos principais em duas categorias:

PASSADO NÃO TERMINADO

 PRESENTE PERFECT

PASSADO NÃO DETERMINADO

• No Present Perfect a ação continua no present. Podemos dizer a época de início da ação, nunca,
entretanto seu fim. Porque quando isto acontecer a ação se torna Past tense.

PASSADO NÃO TERMINADO - É importante saber que, em inglês, as ações se distinguem entre as que
começaram no passado e já terminaram (que ficam no Past) e as ações que começaram no passado, mas
ainda continuam, ou seja, que não terminaram ainda que ficam no (Present Perfect).

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Compare:

 I lived in São Paulo for two years (Morei em São Paulo durante dois anos)
(já acabou, não moro mais em S)

 I have lived in SP for 5 years (Moro em SP há 5 anos)

(não acabou ainda, continuo morando em SP)

A primeira frase fica morei ou morava, no passado em português, e I lived ou I used to live, em
inglês, mas a segunda frase fica moro no presente em português, I have lived no Present Perfect
em inglês. A outra diferença e que em português pode começar a frase com a duração da ação,
seguido pelo presente, enquanto em inglês quase sempre se começa com o sujeito, com a duração
no final:
 She has worked for this company for three years.
Faz três anos que ela trabalha nessa empresa.

Esse uso é sempre seguido pelas palavras for (há) = um período ou since (desde) = quando a ação
começou:
 I’ve lived in MG for 38 years.
 He has worked here since 1999.
 She has been sick for two weeks.
 She has been sick since last weekend.
 Peter has studied English for 5 years.
 Peter has studied English since 2005.

Para fazer a pergunta sobre um passado não terminado, também se usa o Present Perfect na
forma invertida. Não esqueça que em inglês a pergunta quase sempre começa com How long? (ou
how many days/weeks/months/years?), enquanto em português temos a opção de colocar “há
quanto tempo”? No final:
 How long have you been here? (Você está aqui há quanto tempo?)
 How long have you lived in Brazil? (Você vive no Brasil há quanto tempo?)
 How long have you been married? (Há quanto tempo está casado?)
 How many years has she worked at the hospital? (Há quantos anos ela trabalha no hospital?)
 How long have you been waiting? (Há quanto tempo está esperando?)
 How long have you had this car? (Há quanto tempo você tem esse carro?)
 How long have you been studied English? (Há quanto tempo você estuda Inglês?)
 How long have you made the same mistake? (Há quanto tempo você comete o mesmo erro?)

ATENÇÃO: How long é uma expressão que anda de mãos dadas com o Present perfect

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PASSADO NÃO DETERMINADO - Ações no passado, mas sem um tempo específico. Nesta categoria,
existem dois motivos pelos quais não é preciso determinar o tempo da ação:

1. Porque aconteceu no passado geral, numa experiência sua, e especificamente

quando aconteceu não é exatamente importante. Imagine, por exemplo, que você
quer perguntar se alguém já foi a um lugar em qualquer momento da sua vida:

 Have you ever been to SP? (Você já foi para SP? Você já esteve em SP?

A frase em português fica no passado, mas, em inglês, como não tem um tempo específico, fica no
Present Perfect, junto com a palavra ever, para enfatizar que se está perguntando sobre qualquer
momento da vida de uma pessoa. Por outro lado, se você está perguntando sobre um tempo mais
específico, mais determinado, use o Past:

 Did you go to SP last year? (Você foi para SP ano passado? Você esteve em SP ano
passado?)

Vamos comparar mais dois exemplos, o primeiro sem um tempo determinado (na vida, na
experiência de uma pessoa) e o segundo com um tempo determinado:

 Paulo Coelho has written many books. (Paulo Coelho já escreveu muitos livros.)
 He wrote Onze Minutos last year. (Ele escreveu Onze Minutos ano passado.)

 Ronaldo has played for 7 professional teams. (Ronaldo já jogou em 7 equipes

profissionais.)
 He played for Inter Milan from 1998 to 2002. (Ele jogou no Inter de Milão de 1998 a
200.)
2. Porque a ação aconteceu recentemente – é mais importante o que aconteceu há
pouco tempo atrás do que especificamente quando aconteceu. O Present Perfect é
usado para salientar o resultado no presente. Por exemplo, se você fala I’ve broken
my leg, você está chamando atenção para o fato de sua perna está quebrada agora
e que antes não estava quebrada. E, como já falamos, o essencial é que não
podemos usar o Present Perfect com um tempo específico. Compare, por exemplo:

 We’ve bought a new car.

(Compramos um carro novo. – uma mudança, sem tempo determinado)

 We bought a new car 2 weeks ago.

(Compramos um carro novo duas semanas atrás – tempo determinado)

 My parents have just arrived.

(Os meus pais acabaram de chegar – recentemente, sem tempo
determinado.)
 My parents arrived on Thursday.
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(Os meus pais chegaram na Quinta.)

No segundo exemplo, a palavra “just” serve para enfatizar que algo acabou de acontecer, que
aconteceu recentemente, mas sem um tempo determinado. Veja mais exemplos:

 Marcelo has just left. (Marcelo acabou de sair.)

 Marcelo left ten minutes ago. (Marcelo saiu 10 minutos atrás)

A diferença entre:

 I’ve lived here for 2 years (Present Perfect Simple)

 I’ve been living here for 2 years (Present Perfect Continuos)

A resposta é simples: geralmente, para ações não-terminadas que já duram bastante

tempo, se usa Simple, nas para aquelas que começaram a pouco tempo, se usa o
Continuos.

 He’s been waiting for 20 minutes. (Ele está esperando há 20 minutos)

 He has waited for 20 minutes. (Ele espera há 20 minutos.)

É claro que as vezes a distinção de duração não é uma opção pessoal, uma questão de
preferência e as duas formas são corretas.

AÇÕES QUE TERMINARAM NO PASSADO E NÃO RECOMEÇARAM

Por exemplo: “faz três meses que não jogo futebol” ou “Ela não me liga a mais de um ano”

Na verdade, em português é mais comum começar a frase pela referência do tempo (faz três anos
etc.), enquanto em inglês a frase quase sempre começa com o sujeito:

 I haven’t played soccer for three months.

(e não: It is three months that I don’t play soccer.)

 She hasn’t called me for more than a year.

(e não: It is more than a year that she doesn’t call me.)

Como estamos falando de uma ação que não acontece há um tempo, não é possível usar o
Continuos.

 England hasn’t won the World Cup since 1966.

(A Inglaterra não ganha a Copa do Mundo desde 1966.)

 I haven’t seen my best friend since 2009.

(Eu não vejo meu melhor amigo desde 2009.)

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Nesta parte, existem dois usos adicionais muito importantes: primeiro, para dizer ou perguntar
quantas vezes alguém já fez algo na sua vida. Logicamente precisamos usar o Present Perfect,
porque estou falando em geral, de uma experiência pessoal, sem o tempo específico.

 I’ve seen The list of Shingler four times.

(Eu já vi a Lista de Shingler 4 vezes.)

 How many times have you been to Porto Seguro?

(Quantas vezes você esteve em Porto Seguro?)

Em Português é comum usar o passado, que em Inglês usamos somente quando o tempo vem
determinado na frase:

 How many times did you go out last week? Quantas vezes você saiu na semana passada?
 She kissed me three times at the patty. Ela me beijou três vezes na festa?

A mesma coisa acontece quando você quer falar sobre a primeira ou segunda vez ... etc. vez que
faz alguma coisa:

 Is this the first time You’ve been here? É a primeira vez que você está aqui?
 It’s the first time I’ve ever been to Porto Seguro. É a primeira vez que venho a Porto
Seguro.
 In fact, this is the first time I’ve been here.

Nesse caso a tradução para o Português fica no presente, mas em inglês é usado o Present Perfect
porque estamos dizendo “ a primeira vez da minha vida” “minha primeira experiência”, sem o
tempo específico. Finalmente, a palavra ever é usada para enfatizar “ a primeira vez em qualquer
momento da minha vida”, mas geralmente esta palavra é usada somente quando estamos da
primeira VEZ QUE ALGO É FEITO .

 O segundo ponto extra na categoria de experiências é quando estamos usando

superlativos (o melhor, o maior, o mais caro) junto com uma expressão de sua experiência
pessoal, da sua vida. Por exemplo:
 He’s the rudest person I’ve ever met in my life.(Ele é a pessoa mais grossa que já conheci
na minha vida.)
 It was the best film, concert, I’ve ever seen. (Foi o melhor filme/show que já vi.)
 Sanson was the strongest man I’ve ever heard about.(Sansão foi o homem mais forte sobre
o qual já ouvi falar.)
 What’s the most dangerous sport you’ve ever tried? (Qual é o esporte mais perigoso que
você já fez?)
 Jesus is the best friend I’ve ever had. (Jesus é o melhor amigo que já tive.)

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Mais uma vez, em Português é usado o passado (geralmente junto com a palavra Já ), mas, em
inglês, é considerado algo de sua experiência, do seu passado em geral, sem o tempo
determinado, então usamos o Present Perfect.

IMPORTANTE

How long para o futuro:

 How long will you be (Quanto tempo você vai demorar?)
 How long will I have to do the job (Quanto tempo eu terei pra fazer o trabalho?)

How long para o presente:

 How long does it take (Quanto tempo isso leva?)
 How long is the flight from SP to Miami (Quanto tempo dura o vôo de SP a Miami?)
 How long does it take to go from Belo Horizonte to Brasília by car? (quanto tempo dura ir
de BH para Brasília de carro?)

Nesses dois últimos exemplos, embora o Present Perfect não esteja “presente”, as frases
também se referem a um determinado período de tempo.

 How much time do we have before our flight leaves

(Quanto tempo temos antes de o nosso vôo partir?)
 How much time do you need to finish the report
(De quanto tempo você precisa para terminar o relatório?)

Nesses casos, é necessário usar a palavra time porque a expressão how much, por si só,
não expressa a ideia de tempo.

What has she done

Recently, it has snowed in Maria's town. In the last week, it has snowed three times. Maria has always
loved the snow. She has played in the snow many times before.
Maria's dog, Sparky, has never played in the snow. This is Sparky's first snow. He has not felt the cold yet.
Maria has just received a new sled for Christmas. She puts on her warm clothes and snow boots. She pulls
the sled up the hill. Sparky has run outside with Maria. Sparky has followed Maria up the hill. He feels
good!
Maria has finally reached the top. She sits on her sled. She rides down the hill. Sparky runs beside the
sled. They have finally reached the bottom. Sparky has followed Maria all the way down the hill. Sparky
has decided that he likes the snow too!

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Present Perfect tense.

1. Recently, where has it snowed? How many times has it snowed there in the last week?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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2. Has Sparky ever played in the snow before today? What has Maria received for Christmas?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Where has Maria taken her sled? Who has followed her?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What has she done

Mable Jones lives in Florida in the United States. Her grandchildren live in London, England. They have
lived in London for 3 years. Mable has not seen her grandchildren in over a year.
She has talked to her grandchildren on the phone and through e-mails many times. She has also seen
pictures of her grandchildren. They have grown so much since the last time they visited America.
Mable knits scarves and blankets to send to her grandchildren in London. So far, she has knitted two large
blankets for her granddaughters. She has also knitted a scarf for each grandchild.

A. Answer the following questions. Use the Present Perfect tense.

1. How long have Mable's grandchildren lived in London, England?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. How has Mable talked to her grandchildren while they've been gone?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What has Mable knitted for her grandchildren so far?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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LINKING WORDS

 Giving examples

There are many types of cheese, for example, mozzarella

for example
and cream cheese.
I can play some musical instruments, for instance, the
for instance
guitar and the drums.
namely He likes a completely diferente sport, namely kitesurfing

 Adding Information

also He also writes books

and My favorite kinds of movies are dramas and comedies.
apart from Apart from David, nobody got hurt.
as well as As well as strong, my boyfriend is really courageous.
Besides Marcos, many more of your friends will be
besides
there.
People are becoming more responsive to the campaigns.
furthermore
Furthermore, pollution has been reduced.
They study physical education. In addition, they learn
in addition
some medicine.
In addition to strengthening your heart, exercise may
in addition to
strengthen your immunity system.
moreover The apartment was empty. Moreover, it was clean.
too The kids love singing, too.

 Summarizing

It was a very long meeting but, in a nutshell, our project was

in a nutshell
approved.
I didn’t like anything served at the party. In brief, the food was
in brief
terrible.
In conclusion, the best way to lose weight is to start a healthy
in conclusion
diet.
You could come on Monday, on Tuesday, or tomorrow – in
in short
short, must be this week.
in summary In summary, this book is a great introduction to philosophy.
To conclude, besides being cheaper, going to work by bicycle
to conclude
is also a good way to exercise.
to summarize To summarize, he has a solution to the problem.

 Sequencing Ideas

He has two daughters: Deborah and Lucy. The

the former… the latter former is a dentist; the latter is a very successful
lower.
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The following step is to test the product. Finally,

The following
we will put everything into practice.
Lastly Lastly, she put on her coat and left.
The first point to consider is that the budget is too
The first point is
low.
Firstly, we have to think about a theme. Secondly,
Firstly, secondly, finally we need to come with ideas for the project. Then,
finally, we will put everything into practice.
The following The following step is to test the product.

 Giving a reason

as As he was feeling very sleep, he went to bed early.

because I’m going to do it because I think it’s a good idea.
We are going to work next Saturday because of Peter’s
because of
absence.
due to / due to
She can’t speak much due to a sore throat.
the fact that
Since Mon is not making dinner, I will have to order
since
some food.

 Giving a Result

as a result Martha was promoted as a result of her dedication.

The financial situation is not so good. Consequently, many
consequently
people are unemployed.
so It was getting late, so I decided to go back home.
Everyone is wearing heavy coats. Therefore, it must be really
therefore
cold outside.
I didn’t get my visa. This means that I won’t be able to travel
this means that
this month.

 Contrasting Ideas

although / even Although her flight was delayed, Sarah was able to arrive
though in time for the meeting.
but I could eat this bowl of ice cream, but I’m on a diet.
despite / despite Despite being a handsome and successful man, Carlo has a
the fact that hard time finding a girlfriend.
however I would love to buy this car. However, I can’t.
in spite of / in spite In spite of her financial problems, Jane didn’t accept the
of the fact that job offer.
in theory…in In theory this seems to be a very easy task, but in practice
practice… it’s not a piece of cake.
nevertheless It was a small mistake, but it was fatal nevertheless.
nonetheless Sheila was serious, but nonetheless very friendly.

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Unlike every other teenager I know, my brother don’t

unlike
enjoy going out at night.
I like going to the beach, whereas my boyfriend prefers
whereas
going to the movies.
while The car I rented yesterday is fabulous, while the other one
I rented last week is not so good.

PREPOSITIONS

What’s professor Samuel’s lecture about.

about
The plane is going to land in about ten minutes.
after Do you believe in life after death?
against Atlético played against Cruzeiro last Sunday.
Liz and her friend sat at the table.
Meet me at 8 p.m.
at The party will be at Susan’s house.
He is angry at his brother.
before I usually drink a glass of milk before going to bed.
besides People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
beyond I can teach you anything beyond what you already know.
The decision was made by the president.
He was killed by drug dealer.
by He opened the door by force.
My father always goes to work by car.
What do you mean by this?
Someone left a message for Brandon.
for
Pelé was the world’s best soccer player for years.
All the information was extracted from a website.
from
David is from Mexico.
I’ve heard that their marriage is in trouble.
in He took us for a drive in his new car last night.
The actor was dressed in a blue linen suit.
The teacher’s birthday is in August.
Could I have pizza instead of hamburger?
Instead of
Instead of going to Italy I went to France.
of Two of the guests are vegetarian.
on The little girl was sitting on her father’s shoulders.
outside The outside of the house was painted white and blue.
through She smiled at him as he walked through the door.
I could see a man through the window.
The leaders communicated through interpreters.
to I was going to the kitchen when they shut off the lights.
with Put this bag with the others.
without After the storm we were without electricity for hours.
I can’t live without you.
up We walked slowly up the hill.

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FALSE COGNATES (FRIENDS)

SIGNIFICADO EM PORTUGÊS COMO DIZER ISSO EM INGLÊS

actually realmente; na verdade atualmente nowadays; today

amass acumular; juntar amassar crush
application registro; uso aplicação investment
appointment hora marcada; compromisso apontamento note
appreciation gratidão; reconhecimento apreciação judgment
argument discussão argumento reasoning; point
assist ajudar; dar apoio assistir attend; watch
assume presumir; aceitar com verdadeiro assumir take over
attend assistir; participar de atender help; answer; see; examine
balcony sacada balcão counter
carton caixa de papelão cartaõ card
casualty baixas (mortes) casualidade chance
cigar charuto cigarro cigarette
collar gola; colarinho; coleira colar necklace
college faculdade; ensino superior colégio high school
commodity artigo; mercadoria comodidade comfort
comprehensive abrangente; amplo; extenso compreensivo understandable
compromise entrar em acordo; conceder compromisso appointment
contest competição; concurso contexto context
costume fantasia; (roupa) costume custom; habit
data dados; (números, informações) data date
deception fraude; logro; engano decepção disappointment
design criar; projetar; projeto designar appoint
editor redator editor publisher
educated instruído; estudado educado well-mannered; polite
enroll inscrever-se; alistar-se; registrar-se enrolar roll; wind;culr
eventually finalmente; no final eventualmente occasionally
exciting empolgante excitante thrilling
exit saída; sair êxito success
expert especialista; perito esperto smart; clever
exquisite belo; refinado esquisito strange; odd
fabric tecido fábrica plant; factory
gratuity gratificação; gorjeta grátis free; free of charge
grip agarrar firme gripe cold; flu; influenza
hazard risco; arriscar azar bad luck

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idiom expressão idiomática idioma language

ingenuity engenhosidade ingenuidade naiveté; naivety
injury ferimento injuria insult; offense
inscription gravação; (sobre pedra, metal) inscrição application
intend pretender; ter a intenção entender understand
jornal periódico; revista especializada jornal newspaper
large grande; espaçoso largo wide
lecture palestra leitura reading
legend lenda legenda subtitle
library biblioteca livraria bookshop; bookstore
lunch almoço lance snack
magazine revista magazine department store
mayor prefeito maior bigger
moisture umidade mistura mix; mixture; blend
notice aviso; notar notícia news
novel romance novela soap opera
office escritório ofício profession
parents pais parentes relatives
pasta massa (macarrão) pasta briefcase; folder; paste
policy política polícia police
porter carregador porteiro door keeper
prejudice preconceito prejuízo damage; loss
preservative conservante preservativo condom
pretend finger pretender intend; plan
procure conseguir; adquirir procurar look for; search for
pull puxar pular jump
push empurrar puxar pull
realize notar; perceber realisar accomplish; do
recipient recebedor; agraciado recipiente container
record graver; gravação; registro recordar remember; recall
requirement requisite (necessário) requerimento request; petition
resume retomar; reiniciar resumir summarize
retired aposentado retirado removed; secluded
stranger desconhecido estrangeiro foreigner
senior idoso senhor gentleman; sir

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PREPOSITIONS AFTER PARTICULAR WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

ability at My son shows great ability at soccer.

afraid of Are you afraid of snakes?
angry about Why is he so angry about traveling to São Paulo next week?
angry at I’m angry at my best friend for not telling me the truth.
bad at I’m really bad at sports.
different from You are very different from your sister.
difficult with I’m having difficult with my grammar exercises.
disappointed with I’m really disappointed with politicians.
discussion about The doctors had a long discussion about adolescence.
dress in Who is the guy dressed in black?
example of My father is an example of loyalty.
good at I’m not good at fixing things.
impressed with / by My boss is very impressed with / by my work.
interest When did her interest in Biology begin?
interested in Many people are interesting in learning more about biodiversity.
kind to My parents-in-law have always been very kind to me.
reason for Nobody knows the reason for the murder.
shocked by / at The neighborhood was shocked at / by the news of Jane’s accident.
sorry about The doctor was sorry about her wrong diagnoses.
sorry for I feel sorry for his son.
sorry for / about I’m sorry for / about losing your book.
surprised at / by Everybody was surprised at / by the amazing party last weekend.
wrong with What’s wrong with you today?

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Reflexive Pronouns

I ----- myself It ----- Itself

You ----- yourself We ----- ourselves

He ----- himself You -----yourselves

She ----- herself They ----- themselves

Uso reflexivo:

 John hurt himself yesterday.

 They enjoyed themselves at the party.
 She blamed herself for that mistake.
 I say to myself.

Neste caso a ação do verbo recai no próprio sujeito.

1. Uso enfático:

 Verônica herself made the cake.

 I myself prepared the birthday party.
 We ourselves have to meet the Chief Executive Officer.

O pronome pode ser emitido sem prejuízo do sentido da frase, ele é usado meramente para dar ênfase.

(sozinho, sem a ajuda de ninguém)

 Peter lives by himself in a flat. (Peter mora sozinho)

 I went to the movies by myself. (Fui ao cinema sozinho)
 If you want to improve your language skills you must study by yourself.

a) The man said he hated _______________ and wanted to die.

b) The children hurt _______________ when they were playing in the garden.

c) She looked at _______________ in the mirror and cried.

d) Robert cut _______________ when he was cutting the meat.

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e) We cannot imagine _______________ living without a computer these days.

f) He burnt _______________ while he was cooking.

g) I blame _______________ for the accident.

h) You are so selfish. You want everything for _______________.

COMPARISON

There are three degrees of comparison:

Positive comparative superlative

old older oldest

hot hotter hottest

careful more careful most careful

1. Positive – this shows an adjective used normally in a sentence:

Mary is pretty.
This house is big.
That car is expensive.

2. Comparative – we use the comparative in three ways:

a. Equality:
This book is as big as that one. (as … as = tão … como)
This book is not so big as that one.
Elizabeth is not so beautiful as Carmem.

b. Superiority:
One- syllable adjectives form the superiority comparative by adding er to the positive
form

Tereza is taller than Helen.

This table is smaller than that one.
Your house is bigger than mine.
Adjectives with three or more syllables form superiority comparative by putting more
before the positive:

Tereza is more beautiful than Helen.

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This table is more expensive than that one.

This book is more expensive than that one.
Your house is more expensive than mine.

c. Inferiority:
We form this comparative by adding less to the positive:

Mary is less tall than Grace.

This table is less small than that one.
Mary is less beautiful than Jane.
My house is less expensive than yours. (menos … que)

3. Superiority
One-syllable adjectives form the superlative by adding est to the positive form:

Sanson was the strongest man in the Bible.

Nary is the fattest girl in class.
This is the newest shoes that I have.
The world Trade center was the tallest building in the United States.

Adjectives of three or more syllables form their superlative by putting the most before the
positive:

Mary is the most beautiful girl in class.

This table is the most expensive of all.

4. Inferiority :

We form inferiority by putting the least before the positive:

Mary is the least tall of all girls in class.

Mary is the least beautiful girl in class.

Irregular comparisons

good better best

bad worse worst
little less least

Exercises
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Supply the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses:

 Pará de Minas is……………...................... than BH. (large)

 Santa Catarina is …………………………………………… city ……………… Igarapé. (beautiful)
 This book is ……………………………………………….. than that one. (expensive)
 Jonh is ………………… tall ……………. Carlos, but he is not ……… tall as Phillip.
 She has ……………….. money …………… I. (little)
 The weather today is ………………….. than the weather yesterday. (bad)
 This book is ……………………………………………………………… my other book. (interesting)
 These years are …………………………………………………….. Those. (good)
 These exercises are …………………………………………………………………. The last exercise.(difficult)

Suplay the superlative:

 Helen is ……………………….. girl in our class. (old)

 He is the …………………………………… student in our scholl. (good)
 This is …………………………………………………. Book that I have. (expensive)
 July is ………………………………………………… month of the yaer. (warm)

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QUESTION WORDS

Question Word Function Example

what asking for information about something What is your name?

asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.

You did what?

what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?

when asking about time When did he leave?

where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?

which asking about choice Which colour do you want?

who asking what or which person or people Who opened the door?
(subject)

whom asking what or which person or people Whom did you see?
(object)

whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?

Whose turn is it?

why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?

why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?

asking about manner How does this work?

how
asking about condition or quality How was your exam?

how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below

how far distance How far is Betim from Belo

horizonte?

how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

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how many quantity (countable) How many cars do you have?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have?

how old age How old are you?

how come asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
(informal)

As perguntas com Wh ou Wh questions que iniciam com How podem ganhar diferentes significados
quando How aparece acompanhado de outros advérbios que o modicam. Veja alguns exemplos:

• How much does it cost? = Quanto custa isso?

• How many children do you have? = Quantos filhos você tem? (substantivos contáveis)

• How long does it take to go the beach? = Quanto tempo leva para chegar à praia?

• How often do you travel? = Com que frequência você viaja?

• How far do you run?= Qual a distância que você corre?

• How tall are you?= Qual é a sua altura?

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Modals of possibility and probability

(may, might, could, must, can´t)

We use modal verbs in combination with main verbs: modal + verb (base form).

Must is used to show that we are certain.

 Wow, you are really sweaty. It must be hot outside.

 The doctor sad that I must stop smoking. (order)

Can’t is used to show something is impossible.

 We can’t give him the job because he doesn’t have enough experience.

 I can’t swim.

May, Might, and could are used to talk about present or future possibilities. They can be used to
explore possible options for the future, to make suggestions in order to solve a problem, or to
guess about a situation when we don’t have all the facts.

 After I finish university I may try to get a job abroad or I may try to get a job right away.

 Your car might be having problems because the battery is too old.

 The remote control could be in the couch.

May not and might not can be used to show that present or future possibilities are not likely. But
could not cannot be used in this way.

 He may not graduate if his grades don’t improve.

 They might not go on vacation this year.

Modals of possibility and probability Questions

(may, might, could, must, can’t)

 What are some things you may do this weekend?

 What are three good things that may happen soon in your life?

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 Is there anything you can’t do even though you want to?

 What movie might win the Academy Award for best history this year?

 Is there anything that could make you change your major or quit your job?

 Where might you be living in 10 years?

 What are two things that could make you much happier?

 What are some goals you might accomplish in the future?

 In what ways do you think our country may improve in the future?

 What are three things all humans must learn to do better?

 What are some problems the world might face in the future?

 What are some things that could improve the economy in your country?

For the following questions, talk about how certain you are of your opinion using modals:

 Do you think that Aliens exist? Why or why not?

 Do you think that people are born good, evil, or neutral? Why?

 Do you think that most politicians start their carries with good intension?

 Do you think that the world would be good without politicians?

Can, could, may and would: request, permission, offers and invitations

a) Asking people to do things (requests). We often use can or could when we ask someone to do
something:

 Can you please wait a moment?

 Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the station?

 Do you think you could lend me some money?

 I wonder if you could help me.

To ask for something you can say Can I have…? / Could I have…? / May I have…?

 (in a shop) Can I please have these postcards?

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 (at table) Could I please have the salt?

b) Asking for and giving permission. We often use can, could or may to ask permission to do
something:

 (on the telephone) Hello, can I speak to Peter, please?

 “Could I use your telephone?” “Yes, of corse.”

 Do you think I could borrow your bicycle?

 “May I come in?” “Yes, please do.”

To give permission, we use can or may (but not could):

 You can / may smoke if you like.
Use can/can`t to talk about what’s already allowed or not allowed:
 You can drive for a year in Britain with an international license.
 If you`re under 18, you can`t drive a car I Brazil.

c) We sometimes use can when we offer to do things:

 Can I get you a cup of coffee?
 (in a shop) “Can I help you, madam? “No thank you. I`m being served”.

d) For offering and inviting we use Would you like…? (not “do you like”):
 Would you like a cup of coffee? (not “do you like”)
 Would you like to come to the church with us tomorrow evening? (not “do you like to
come)

I`d like (I would like) is a polite way of saying what you want, or what you want to do:
 I`d like some information about hotels, please.
 I`d like to try on this jacket, please.
Negative statement:
 I wouldn`t like to have my hear cut today.

Modals of necessity

(must, have to, have got to)

Modals of necessity are used to show that something is necessary.

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We use modals together with main verbs: modal + verb (base form). With have to and have got to
the “to” is considered part of the modal.

Must is the strongest modal of necessity. It’s most often used in writing. It’s not commonly used in
questions. The main difference between must and have to: with must the speaker is giving his own
feelings, saying what he think is necessary.

 The government really must do something about unemployment. (the speaker personally
feels that the government must do something).

With have to the speaker is not giving his own feelings. He is just giving facts:

 I can`t meet you on Friday. I have to work.

 They must check their bags before boarding the plane. (obligation)

 You must not smoke here.

Have to is the most commonly used modal of necessity. It can be used for questions. Have
(have/has) changes form depending on the subject in affirmative sentences. Do is necessary for
questions and negative sentences.

 He has to go to work tomorrow.

 They have to leave early on Sunday.

 Do you have to get a new phone soon?

Have got to/have to is used most often in informal speech. It cannot be used for questions. It is
not commonly used in negative sentences. Have changes form depending on the subject in
affirmative sentences.

 We have to get a new refrigerator.

 He has got to buy some new clothes.

Note that we use do/does/did with have to in present and past questions and negative sentences:

 What do I have to do to get a drive license?

 Why did you have to go to the hospital?

 Tom doesn`t have to work on Saturday.

We only use have to when talking about the present and past. We don`t use have got to or must
to talk about the past. When talking about the past have to become had to.

 He had to work all night last night to finish the project. (past)

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 I might have to work all night. (infinitive)

 Have you ever had to work all night? (Present perfect)

When it`s not necessary to do something:

 I don`t have to wear a suit to work but I usually do.

 She stayed in bed this morning because she didn`t have to go work.

Modals of necessity Questions

(must, have to, have got to)

• What are some things you have to do when you get home?

• What are some things you must do or must not do when you go to the airport?

• What do students have to do if they want to improve their English?

• What are some things you must or must not do at your job or university?

• Is there anywhere you have to go after class?

• What does a person have to do to become successful?

• What are some things you have to do but don’t want to?

• What must a person do to be happy?

• What are some interesting customs in your country that people have to follow?

• Where must you go even though don`t want to?

• How many hours of sleep do you have to get to function normally?

• Is there anything that you have to eat at least once a week?

• Is there any kind of medicine that you have to take at least once a month?

• What are two things your parents said you must do?

• What are some things all humans have to work together to accomplish?

• In your opinion, what do you have to do to become fluent in English?

• Why does government must invest on education?

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• What do you have to do to improve your listening?

• Did you have to get up early yesterday?

Modals of Advice

(should, ought to, had better)

We use modals of advice to give advice and say what we think is good or bad idea. We form
modals like this: modal + verb (base form). The “to” in ought to is considered part of the modal.

Should is the most common modal of advice. It can be used with questions, negative sentences, and
affirmative sentences.

 Where should I park?

 What should I do?

 Should I exercise more?

 You shouldn`t drink that milk.

 You should bring an umbrella.

Had better is the strongest modal of advice. It implies that if you don`t follow the advice,
something bad will happen. It can be used with negative and affirmative sentences.

 She had better not be late again.

 They had better slow down.

Ought to is the least common modal of advice. It can only be used with affirmative sentences.

 He ought to start jogging.

Modals of advice questions

(should, ought to, had better)

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• Where should I go on my next vacation?

• What should a person look for when dating?

• Should a husband and wife share household chores? Why or why not?

• What are some things ought to do to get a good job?

• What are two things a person should do to have a happy life?

• What are some things a person had better or had better not do during a job interview?

• What are some things I`d better not do if want to live a long life?

• Who are some musicians or bands I should listen to?

• Where should I go to buy electronics?

• Should the work week be four days instead of five? Why or why not?

• What`s something every person should do before they die?

• What are two things a person ought to do if they visit your country?

• Are there any things a tourist had better not do if they visit your country?

• What are some things parents had better teach their children?

• What`s something that isn`t a law but should be?

• What`s something one thing everyone ought to study?

• What are some things I`d better do when traveling abroad?

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Soltando a língua

O desenvolvimento de sua habilidade de se comunicar em inglês depende diretamente da quantidade de

contato que você tem com a língua. O contato ideal é aquele decorrente de situações reais de interação
em ambientes da língua estrangeira. Pouca diferença faz se você está sentado numa sala de aula ou numa
mesa de bar, no exterior ou no Brasil. O importante é que você receba um input autêntico, natural,
voltado aos seus interesses e aos de seu interlocutor e não artificial, atrelado a um livro.

É essencial começar a conversar em inglês desde o início do aprendizado. Sendo assim, devemos aprender
algumas expressões e palavras chaves que desde o início do aprendizado facilitam basicamente duas
coisas:

 Ajudam a manter a conversa de forma mais natural e confiante.

 Possibilitam o processo de negociar significados. Ou seja, levar a conversa adiante não importa o
nível de proficiência do aprendiz.
 É muito importante aprender a usá-las desde o começo do aprendizado de um novo idioma.

Key Words

Algumas palavras e frases são tão utilizadas que podem se tornar ÂNCORAS para segurar e manter
uma conversação numa língua estrangeira, sem parecer muito robótico ou que você não sabe muito
da língua ainda. Estas expressões tornam a conversa mais dinâmica, natural, amigável e ajudam o
falante a organizar o pensamento. Além de eliminarem alguns vícios de linguagem: vícios****

 Situação exemplo em português: Palavras chave em Português

 Situação exemplo em Inglês: Key phrases and words:
• You now what happened
• Guess what! – para dar importantes notícias

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• You now – muito usado no inglês americano.

• Becouse - `couse – alongado permite uma pausa para pensamento
• But – alongado
• Can you believe it?
• So, instead – “Então, ao invés disso”... alongado
• So – então – para introduzir um assunto novo
• As a matter of fact /Actually – na verdade
• And…, I think… - alongado
• If I remember correctly – se não me engano…
• Exemplo:Have you ever seen Master chef? Actually, no. But I`ve heard of it. Fogaça is in it,
right?…
• What do you think about…? Que tal…?
• Well – então - para continuar o assunto
• Let me see – deixe me ver
• Maybe
• How about – que tal …!
• Gotcha – shortness of “I have got you / I have understood you” – entendi
• Fechando a conversa: Great! / sounds good! Sweet!
• I look forward to it.
• Cool – legal, bacana, maneiro
• Awesome – That`s awesome!
• Sound good to you? That sounds good for me.
• I Wonder if – fico me perguntando
• No way
• But don`t you think ?... alongado, confere tempo para pensar, lembrar.
• Really? / Are you kidding me?
• Crazy as it may sound, ... / Incredible as it may seen… por incrível que pareça
• Don`t you think – momento de paz
• I guess I could do that
• Hey, by the way – a propósito
• Did you know – você sabia…?
• I mean, it`s definitely a possibility.
• Speaking of – falando de…
• Interesting
• You know what I`m saying?
• I forget
• That`s what I`m talking about.

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Expressões para negociar significado (listening)

 Could you please speak a bit slower?

 Could you please repeat that?
 Could you please spell that?
 Could you please type that to me?
 I`m sorry I didn’t get that. Desculpe, eu não entendi.
 I`m sorry. I don`t understand.
 What`s that? O que? Como é? Quando não entendi uma palavra ou expressão.
 I don`t know that word. Quando nunca tinha visto ou ouvido uma palavra.
 That word`s new for me.
 What does it mean? / What does that mean? O que isso significa?
 Gotcha! That makes sense. It doesn`t make sense. Entendi! Isso faz sentido.
 Oh, really? – Sério,verdade? Quando algo soa estranho.
 Let me see if I understand.
 That`s right! Quando você é relembrado de algo que sabia, mas se esqueceu
 I`ve heard of that. Eu ouvi falar disso.
 How do you say…? Como se diz…? Quando você não sabe como dizer algo em Inglês.
 How can I put it? Como posso dizer…? Quando você está tentando organizar gramaticalmente
uma frase. Porém
 Is that right? Isso está certo? Quando você quer se certificar de que a sua tentativa está correta,
ao organizar uma frase gramaticalmente.
 What`s the opposite of...? Qual é o oposto de …? Quando você se não se lembra de uma
determinada palavra, mas sabe o oposto.
 I forget. - Quando quer dizer que se esqueceu da palavra ou expressão.

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Inglês
para

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STUDENT BOOK

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