Matematika 2021

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8 28.12.2021).
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, 2021. – 232 .
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07 12 .
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© ., 2021
© « », 2021
2
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« »
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7.0913 (122, 113)
», « ».
, -
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, .
-
« » : ; -
; ;
; ; 2- .
, , -
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-
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: -
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; , ;
.
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— ;
— ;
— ;
— .
,
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3
“ ”
. ....................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 .................................................................................................................... 13
1.3 ............................................................................................. 16
1.3.1 ............................................................................................................ 16
1.3.2 ...................................................................... 19
1.3.3 .............................................................. 33
2. ............................................................................................ 44
3. ............................................................................................................................. 60
1.4 ............................................................................................ 62
2 . ....................................................................................................................... 67
2.1 .......................................................................... 70
2.1.1 ................................................................... 70
2.1.2 ................................................................................................... 72
2.1.1 ......................................................................................... 73
3 ...................................................................... 74
2.2. ...................................................... 76
2.3. ................................................................................................... 78
2.4. ............. 80
2.5. ............................. 82
2.6. « » . ......................................................................................... 82
. ................................................................................................................. 84
3 ................................................................................................................. 90
4 ........................................................................................... 90
4.1 ............................................................................................... 90
4.2 ................................................................................................................ 92
4.3 ......................................................................................................... 95
4.4 ................................................................................. 96
4.5 . ................................................................................... 101
4.6 . ........................................................................................... 102
4.6.1 .............................................................. 102
4.6.2 . ................................................................... 104
4
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4.7 . ................................................................................... 107

4.7.1 . ................................. 107
4.7.2 . ......................................... 108
4.7.3 ............................................................................ 108
4.7.4 . ...................................................................... 110
4.7.5 ...................................... 111
5 ............................................................................................................................ 129
6 „ ” ...................................................................................... 136
7 ..................................................................................................................... 138
7.1 ...................................................................................................................... 138
7.2 ......................................................................................................... 138
8 .................................................................................... 142
1 ................................................................................................................................................. 142
2 ................................................................................................................................................. 142
3 ................................................................................................................................................. 143
4 ................................................................................................................................................. 143
5 ................................................................................................................................................. 143
6 ................................................................................................................................................. 143
7 ................................................................................................................................................. 144
8 ................................................................................................................................................. 144
9 ................................................................................................................................................. 144
10 ............................................................................................................................................... 144
11 ............................................................................................................................................... 145
12 ............................................................................................................................................... 145
13 ............................................................................................................................................... 145
14 ............................................................................................................................................... 145
15 ............................................................................................................................................... 146
16 ............................................................................................................................................... 146
17 ............................................................................................................................................... 146
18 ............................................................................................................................................... 146
19 ............................................................................................................................................... 147
20 ............................................................................................................................................... 147
21 ............................................................................................................................................... 147
22 ............................................................................................................................................... 147
5
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23 ............................................................................................................................................... 148
24 ............................................................................................................................................... 148
25 ............................................................................................................................................... 148
26 ............................................................................................................................................... 148
8.1 ........................................................................................ 149
8.2 ................................................................................................................ 151
8.2.1 ......................................................................................................... 151
8.3 ............................................................................................................ 153
8.4 ............................................................................................................................. 154
8.4.1 ...................................................................................... 154
8.4.2 . ............................................................................... 155
8.4.3 ............................................................................ 156
8.4.4 ..................................................................................... 156
8.5 ........................................................................................ 159
8.5.1 ..................................................................................................... 161
8.6 ...................................................................................................... 163
8.6.1 ................................................................................. 163
8.6.2 ........................................................ 164
8.6.3 .............................................................. 165
8.6.4 . .................................................. 166
8.6.5 ...................................................................................................... 168
8.6.6 .............................................................................. 170
8.6.7 ......................................................................................................... 174
8.7 ............................................................................ 176
8.7.1 ............................................................ 180
8.8 ........................................................................... 182
8.9 ................................................................................... 184
5. ............................................................ 187
5.1. ............................. 187
5.2.1 ............................................... 190
5.2.2 ..................................... 191
5.2.3 ................................... 193
4.3 1 ..................................................................... 197
4.3.1 1 ................................................. 197
6
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6. 1............................................................................... 209
4.4.3 ....................................................................... 226
................................................................................................................ 228
7
“ ”
.
I
– .
i – i
b.
AT – A.
1.1
. m n ,
m n . :
a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n
am1 am 2 ... amn
Amn . aij
. i j i- j- ,
.
8
“ ”
m n n n.
n n , n.
m n
= … … … …
11 12 13 ... 1n
0 22 23 ... 2n
0 0 33 ... 3n .
.. .. .. .. ..
0 0 0 ... nn
A B m n ,
ij ij i, j : 1 i m , 1 j n.
,
?
a11 a12 a1n

a 21 a 22 a2n
a n1 an 2 a nn
a11 , a 22 ,..., a nn .
,
, :
9
“ ”
a11 a12 a13 . . . a1n

0 a22 a23 . . . a2 n
0 0 a33 . . . a3n .
.. .
0 0 0 . . . ann
, ,
, :
a11 0 ... 0
0 a 22 ... 0
... ... ... ...
0 0 ... ann
n.
a11 0 0
0 a 22 0
0 0 a nn
,
:
a 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 a 0 0 0
0 0 0 a 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
,
, – .
"T",
, AT.
10
“ ”
, A m×n,
A T
n´m .
. ,
AijT = Aji .
T
12 12
34 34
T
12
135
34 .
2 46
56
,
,
.
, — AT, A
: .
, A = (bij )
T
A = ( aij )
bij = aij i 1, n j 1, m.
,
,
.
,
, — .
. ,
, – .
,
, , aij a ji , aii 0.
11
“ ”
0 a12 ... a1n

a12 0 ... a2 n .
a1n a2 n ... 0
( ):
a11 a12 a13 a1n .
( ):
a11
a21
a31 .
...
an1
,
:
11
21
a11 a12 a13 a1n 31 .

...
n1
12
“ ”
. 1.
a11 a12 a13 a1k a1k 1 a1n

0 a22 a23 a2 k a2 k 1 a2 n
0 0 a33 a3 k a3k 1 a3 n
.
0 0 0 akk akk 1 akn
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
. iB ,
aij bij .
1.2
:
a11 a12 a1n b11 b12 b1n a11 b11 a12 b12 a1n b1n
a21 a22 a2n b21 b22 b2n a21 b21 a22 b22 a2n b2n .
am1 am2 amn bm1 bm2 bmn am1 bm1 am2 bm2 amn bmn
A B B A, A B C A B C .
a11 a12 a1n a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2 n a 21 a22 a2 n .
am1 am 2 a mn am1 am 2 a mn
— , ,
, .
.
13
“ ”
, ,
. , « »
.
: , ,
, .
A B m´ n n ´q
a11 a12 ... a1n b11 b12 ... b1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n b21 b22 ... b2 n
A , B
am1 am 2 ... amn bm1 bm 2 ... bmn
C m´ q :
c11 c12 ... c1q

c21 c22 ... c2 q
C ,
cm1 cm 2 ... cmq
:
n
cij a ir brj (i 1, 2,...q).
r 1
,
;
, . ,
, —
. , AB
BA.
14
“ ”
,
, ,
.
( ),
, .
15
“ ”
1.3
1.3.1
[2] n( n)
,
.
. a1 a 21 2
an n
+,
1 , 2 , , n [2], -,
1 , 2 , , n :
a11 a12 a1n

a 21 a 22 a2n
( 1) inv ( 1 , 2 ... n )
a1 1 a 2 an
2 n
.
a n1 an 2 a nn
n!
3- :
. 2.
det A3 3 a11a22 a33 a12 a23a31 a13a21`a32 a13a22 a31 a12 a21a33 a11a23 a32
16
“ ”
17
“ ”
1. ,
, .
2. ( ),
, .
3. : ( ) a1 , a 2 ,..., a n .
( )
( ). j (i )
( ) a1 , a 2 ,..., a k , /
1a1 2 a2 ... k ak ,
1 1 2 2 ... k k , l j
(i ) ( ) al .
, j
:
a11 a12 a1 j a1 j a1 j 1 a1 j 2 a1n a11 a12 a1 j a1 j 1 a1 j 2 a1n a11 a12 a1 j a1 j 1 a1 j 2 a1n

a21 a22 a2 j a2 j a2 j 1 a2 j 2 a2n a21 a22 a2 j a2 j 1 a2 j 2 a2n a21 a22 a2 j a2 j 1 a2 j 2 a2n
an1 an2 anj anj anj 1 anj 2 ann an1 an2 anj anj 1 anj 2 ann an1 an2 anj anj 1 anj 2 ann
.
4. ( ), .
5. ( ) ,
.
6. ( ),
.
7. ( ) ,
.
8. ( ) ( ),
, .
9. ( )
( ) .
18
“ ”
10. : det( A) 1 .
1. ( )?
1. ( ) .
2. ( ) ,
.
3. ( ) ,
0, ( ).
, [1, 2].
:
.
1.3.2
. m n
, x1 , x 2 , ... , xn
a11 x1 a12 x 2 ... a1n x n b1 ,

........
a m1 x1 am 2 x2 ... a mn x n bm ,
19
“ ”
aij i 1, m; j 1, n - , i- ,
j- , bi - .
X ( x1 , x 2 , ..., x n ) 1 , 2 , ... , n ,
x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n .
– ,
, .
) , ;
) , ;
) , ;
) , ;
) , b1 b2 ... bm 0;
) , bi 0.
( ) ,
. .
.
20
“ ”
n n
11 1x x
12 2 ... 1n nx 1
21 1 x x
22 2 ... 2n nx 2
(1.3.2.1)
n1 1 x x
n2 2 ... nn nx n
F. : A ik .
: A 0, ,
1
x1 A ( 1 A11 ... n An1 ),...
1
(1.3.2.2)
..., xn A ( 1 A1n ... n Ann ),
. , x1 1 , x2 2 ,....xn n
AX = b, (1.3.2.3)
. , A 0 ,
A (1.3.2.1) (1.3.2.3)
A* –
1
X A 1b . , A 1
A A*,
A11 An1 1
1 1
, Ab A ...... =
A1n Ann n
1
A
1 11 n An1 x1 A ( 1 A11 n An1 )
1
A ...... ............. .
A
1 1n n Ann xn 1
A ( 1 A1n Ann )
n
(1.3.2.2).
21
“ ”
1.3.2.1
a11 x a12 y b1 ,
a 21 x a 22 y b2 .
a11 a12 b1 a12 a11 b1

, x , y .
a 21 a 22 b2 a 22 a 21 b2
a11 a12
– ,
a 21 a 22
b1 a12
x – ,
b2 a 22
b ( );
a11 b1
y – ,
a 21 b2
y .
1. 0, , ,
:
22
“ ”
x, y y
x .
2. 0, x , y ,
( ).
3. x y 0,
).
1.
2 x y 4,
3x 4 y 5.
2 1
2 4 3 ( 1) 11 0 , .
3 4
4 1 2 4
x 16 5 11 , y 10 12 22 .
5 4 3 5
x 11 y 22
x 1; y 2.
11 11
: ,
(1; 2) .
2.
23
“ ”
3x 2 y 1
.
6x 4 y 0
3 2
: 12 12 0,
6 4
1 2
: 1 4 2 2 0,
0 4
, , .
b ( ) x ,
b – y,
b – z.
3.
3 x 5 y 4,
9 x 15 y 12.
3 5 4 5 3 4
0, x 0, y 0.
9 15 12 15 9 12
2- 3, :
3x 5 y 4,
3x 5 y 4
24
“ ”
: 3x 5 y 4 .
4 3x
y x: y , x - .
5
. :
4 3x
X x; , x R.
5
x ,
4 9
. , x 3 y 1
5
4 21
(3; 1) . x 7 y 5
5
( 7; 5) , .
1.3.2.2
a11 x a12 y a13 z b1 ,

a 21 x a 22 y a 23 z b2 ,
a31 x a32 y a33 z b3 .
a11 a12 a13 b1 a12 a13

a 21 a 22 a 23 , x b2 a 22 a 23 ,
a31 a 32 a33 b3 a32 a33
25
“ ”
a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1

y a 21 b2 a 23 , z a 21 a 22 b2 .
a31 b3 a 33 a31 a32 b3
1. 0, ,
:
x, y y z .
x , z
2. 0, x , y, z
, .
3. x y z 0,
4.
x y z 0
x 2z 1
y z 1
.
:
1 1 1
1 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 0,
0 1 1
, .
26
“ ”
0 1 1
1 2
x 1 0 2 1 2 1 2, x 1,
2
1 1 1
1 0 1
y 0
y 1 1 2 1 1 2 0, y 0,
2
0 1 1
1 1 0
z 2
z 1 0 1 1 1 2, z 1.
2
0 1 1
: ,
X x; y; z 1; 0; 1 .
, ,
.
5.
x1 x2 x3 0,
x1 2x 3 1,
2 x1 x2 3x 3 1.
27
“ ”
1 1 1
1 0 2 0.
2 1 3
,
, .
,
:
x1 x 2 x3 0,
x1 2 x3 1.
,
, .
, x1 x 2
1 1
1 0
1 0 .
x1 x2 , x3
.
x3 , x1 x2 -
.
28
“ ”
x1 x2 x3 ,
x1 1 2 x3
1 1
1.
1 0
x3 1
1 0 1 1 2 x3 1 2 x3 .
1 2 x3 0
1 2 x3
x1 1
1 2 x3 .
1
1 x3
2 1 2 x3 x3 1 x3 ;
1 1 2 x3
2 1 x3
x2 1 x3 .
1
X 1 2 x3 , 1 x3 , x3 x3
, x3 – ,
.
,
.
29
“ ”
, x3 1 , x1 3 , x2 2;
X 3, 2, 1 . .
x3 -1,
’ X 1, 0, 1 .
—
( ), ,
, .
, .
1. ,
.
2. - ,
, .
3.
.
4. , , ,
,
( ).
5. , ,
.
6. n-1
.
30
“ ”
7. ,
,
1 .
8. .
(
).
. .
a1 1, 3, 1 , a2 2, 1, 1 , a3 3, 1, 1 .
.
,
1 2 3
A 3 1 1 1 2 9 3 1 6 0.
1 1 1
, .
,
k1a1 k 2 a2 k3a3 0:
k1 2 k2 3k3 0,
3k1 k2 k3 0,
k1 k 2 k3 0.
,
A 0.
.
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 30 1 2 30
3 1 10 ~ 0 5 10 0 ~ 0 1 2 0 ~ 0 1 2 0 .
1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 20 0 0 00
31
“ ”
k1 2k 2 3k3 0,
k2 2 k3 0,
0 0.
.
k3 , .
k1 , k 2 k3
k2 2k3 , k1 k3 . k3 . k3 1,
k1 1, k 2 2,
:
a1 2a2 a3 0, a1 2a 2 a3 .
1. 2 .
2. ?
3. « »?
4. ?
5. n n
?
6. .
?
7. , ,
?
32
“ ”
1.3.3
. .
2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 0
1 2 5 3 2 4 7
2 1 2 3 3 2 4 4
1 3 4 4 4
1. b
2 3 4 5 0
1 1 5 2 7
A b
2 1 3 2 4
1 0 1 4 4
2.
.
, 0
33
“ ”
2 3 4 5
3 4 5 2 3 5 2 3 4
1 1 5 2
A ( 1)4 11 1 5 2 ( 1) 4 3
11 1 2 ( 1) 4 4 4 1 1 5
2 1 3 2
1 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 3
1 0 1 4
= (3 5 2 1 4 2 1 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 2 1 4 2)
(2 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 5 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 2 3)
4(2 1 3 2 3 5 1 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 5 1 3 3) 19
: 19.
3. .
0 3 4 5
3 4 5 0 3 5 0 3 4
7 1 5 2
1 ( 1)4 1
1 1 5 2 ( 1) 4 3
1 7 1 2 ( 1) 4 4
4 7 1 5
4 1 3 2
1 3 2 4 1 2 4 1 3
4 0 1 4
(30 8 15 25 28 8) (0 24 35 20 0 42) 4(0 60 28 16 63 0) 19

;
2 0 4 5
7 5 2 1 7 2 1 7 5
1 7 5 2 1 1 1 3 1 4
2 ( 1) 2 4 3 2 ( 1) 4 2 4 2 ( 1) ( 5) 2 4 3
2 4 3 2
4 1 4 1 4 4 1 4 1
1 4 1 4
2(84 40 8 24 14 80) 4(16 14 16 8 8 56) 5(4 21 40 20 12 14) 19

;
34
“ ”
2 3 0 5
3 0 5 2 3 5 2 3 0
1 1 7 2
3 ( 1) 4 1 1 1 7 2 ( 1) 4 3
4 1 1 2 ( 1) 4 4
4 1 1 7
2 1 4 2
1 4 2 2 1 2 2 1 4
1 0 4 4
(42 0 20 35 24 0) 4(4 12 5 10 4 6) 4(8 42 0 0 14 12) 1 9;
2 3 4 0
3 4 0 2 3 0 2 3 4
1 1 5 7
4 ( 1) 4 1 1 1 5 7 ( 1) 4 3
1 1 1 7 ( 1) 4 4
4 1 1 5
2 1 3 4
1 3 4 2 1 4 2 1 3
1 0 1 4
(60 28 0 0 63 16) (8 42 0 0 14 12) 4(6 30 4 8 10 9) 19
x1 1
1 ; x2 2
1; x3 3
1; x4 4
1;
A A A A
: (-1,1,1,1).
4. .
2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 0
1 2 5 3 2 4 7
2 1 2 3 3 2 4 4
1 3 4 4 4
2 3 4 5 0 1 0 1 4 4 1 0 1 4 4 1 0 1 4 4
1 1 5 2 7 1 1 5 2 7 0 1 4 2 3 0 1 4 2 3
. .
2 1 3 2 4 2 1 3 2 4 0 1 1 6 4 0 0 3 4 7
1 0 1 4 4 2 3 4 5 0 0 3 2 13 8 0 0 10 7 17
35
“ ”
1 0 1 4 4 1 0 1 4 4 1 0 1 4 4
0 1 4 2 3 0 1 4 2 3 0 1 4 2 3
0 0 3 4 7 0 0 1 5 4 0 0 1 5 4
0 0 1 5 4 0 0 3 4 7 0 0 0 19 19
19
x4 1;
19
4 51
x3 1;
1
3 41 21
x2 1;
1
4 41 11
x1 1.
1
: (-1,1,1,1).
5. ?
: 0,
, 4.
: 4.
-1
6. .
: .
2 3 4 5
1 1 5 2
A
2 1 3 2
1 0 1 4
det A = 19
36
“ ”
1 5 2
A11 ( 1)1 1
1 3 2 12 2 2 20 8
0 1 4
1 5 2
1 2
A12 ( 1) 2 3 2 (12 10 4 6 2 40) 22
1 1 4
1 1 2
1 3
A13 ( 1) 2 1 2 4 2 2 8 4
1 0 4
1 1 5
1 4
A14 ( 1) 2 1 3 (1 3 5 2) 3
1 0 1
3 4 5
2 1
A21 ( 1) 1 3 2 (36 5 6 16) 9
0 1 4
2 4 5
A22 ( 1) 2 2
2 3 2 24 8 10 15 4 32 1
1 1 4
2 3 5
2 3
A23 ( 1) 2 1 2 (8 6 5 24) 5
1 0 4
2 3 4
2 4
A24 ( 1) 2 1 3 2 9 4 6 1
1 0 1
3 4 5
3 1
A31 ( 1) 1 5 2 60 5 6 16 33
0 1 4
37
“ ”
2 4 5
3 2
A32 ( 1) 1 5 2 (40 8 5 25 4 16) 48
1 1 4
2 3 5
3 3
A33 ( 1) 1 1 2 8 6 5 12 7
1 0 4
2 3 4
3 4
A34 ( 1) 1 1 5 (2 15 4 3) 10
1 0 1
3 4 5
4 1
A41 ( 1) 1 5 2 (30 8 15 25 18 8) 22
1 3 2
2 4 5
4 2
A42 ( 1) 1 5 2 20 16 15 50 12 8 51
2 3 2
2 3 5
4 3
A43 ( 1) 1 1 2 (4 12 5 10 4 6) 11
2 1 2
2 3 4
4 4
A44 ( 1) 1 1 5 6 30 4 8 10 9 13
2 1 3
, :
8 9 33 22
22 1 48 51
AT
4 5 7 11
3 1 10 13
det A, :
38
“ ”
8 9 33 22
19 19 19 19
22 1 48 51
1 19 19 19 19
A
4 5 7 11
19 19 19 19
3 1 10 13
19 19 19 19
-1
7. .
x1
x2
X
x3
x4
AX=b.
X=A-1b.
8 9 33 22
19 19 19 19
22 1 48 51 0 1
19 19 19 19 7 1
X
4 5 7 11 4 1
19 19 19 19 4 1
3 1 10 13
19 19 19 19
: (-1,1,1,1).
39
“ ”
2 1 3 2 4 3 5
1 2 5 3 5
2 1 2 3 3 0.
1. b
2 3 4 5
A 1 1 5 b 5
2 1 3 0
2. .
2 3 4
1 5 1 5 1 1
| A| 1 1 5 2 3 4 16 21 12 25
1 3 2 3 2 1
2 1 3
3. .
40
“ ”
5 3 4
1 5 1 5 15 20 25 45 25
0 1 3
2 5 4
2 1 5 5 30 50 40 15 25
2 0 3
2 3 5
3 1 1 5 30 5 10 10 25
2 1 0
3
x 1
1, y 2
1, z 1.
| A| | A| | A|
: (-1,1,1).
5. .
2 3 4 5
A 1 1 5 b 5
2 1 3 0
2 3 4 5 1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
1 1 5 5 2 3 4 5 0 1 6 5 0 1 6 5
2 1 3 0 2 1 3 0 0 3 7 10 0 0 25 25
25
x3 1
25
5 61
x2 1
1
5 51 11
x1 1
1
41
“ ”
: (-1,1,1).
5. ?
: 0,
, 3.
: 3.
-1
6. .
: .
2 3 4
A 1 1 5
2 1 3
det A = 25
1 5 1 5 1 1
A11 ( 1)1 1 8 A12 ( 1)1 2
7 A13 ( 1)1 3
3
1 3 2 3 2 1
3 4 2 4 2 3
A21 ( 1)2 1
13 A22 ( 1)2 2
2 A23 ( 1) 2 3
8
1 3 2 3 2 1
3 4 2 4 2 3
A31 ( 1)3 1
11 A32 ( 1)3 2
6 A33 ( 1)3 3
1
1 5 1 5 1 1
, :
8 13 11
A* 7 2 6
3 8 1
42
“ ”
* det A, :
8 13 11
25 25 25
1 7 2 6
A
25 25 25
3 8 1
25 25 25
-1
7. .
x1
X x2
x3
AX=b.
X=A-1b.
8 13 11
25 25 25 5 1
7 2 6
X 5 1
25 25 25
0 1
3 8 1
25 25 25
: (-1,1,1).
43
“ ”
2.
1.1
= ,
1 -3 -2 4 4 -4 3 -4 5 -1 -2 -4 1 2 -4 2 -5
2 -2 -5 1 5 -1 -1 4 1 2 5 -3 1 4 3 -2 -2
3 3 -2 -2 5 -4 1 -4 -5 3 -3 -3 -3 3 1 5 2
4 3 4 1 -4 -2 4 4 -5 2 1 1 3 -3 1 4 2
5 -3 4 3 1 1 -1 -1 2 -4 4 1 2 -2 3 2 4
6 -4 -2 -1 -3 -1 -4 1 2 1 2 -5 -3 -5 -4 -2 3
7 3 -3 3 4 4 -2 2 3 3 5 1 -4 -4 1 5 1
8 1 1 4 -3 3 -4 5 -1 -4 1 2 -5 -3 -2 3 -1
9 1 3 -3 5 2 2 -1 -5 -5 -3 -1 -4 1 1 -1 -4
10 -5 -5 -3 5 -4 1 1 1 2 -5 1 -2 4 3 5 -2
11 -5 -2 -2 1 1 -5 4 5 -3 3 4 1 3 -2 -1 -4
12 -2 -1 1 2 3 3 1 -1 -5 5 -3 4 -2 2 1 -1
13 -1 1 3 4 -5 1 1 1 -5 -4 2 5 -4 3 -5 -2
14 -2 -3 -1 -2 -5 -5 5 -2 4 2 -1 2 3 1 -2 3
15 -4 5 -3 3 -3 1 -5 2 2 -4 -4 3 -5 3 1 4
44
“ ”
1.2 D
= ,
1 -3 4 -4 -2 -4 1 4 3 -1
2 -4 -4 -5 1 2 -2 2 -5 -5
3 5 4 5 1 1 -3 -1 2 1
4 3 1 -2 -2 3 5 -2 -2 -4
5 -4 -3 3 1 -3 1 3 -3 5
6 1 -1 4 3 -4 4 4 -2 -5
7 1 -3 2 1 -1 4 1 4 -3
8 1 -1 4 2 -1 4 1 2 1
9 -2 3 1 3 5 -1 2 -4 -3
10 -4 -1 -3 1 2 1 2 -5 -4
11 3 -3 4 1 3 -2 3 4 2
12 3 1 5 5 -4 1 1 5 -2
13 1 1 -1 4 -4 -4 -3 5 4
14 -5 3 1 -3 -1 3 -2 1 -3
45
“ ”
15 1 -5 -1 2 -5 -4 -1 -3 1
46
“ ”
1.3. [1].
.
A11 x1 A12 x2 A13 x3 A14 x4 B1

A21 x1 A22 x2 A23 x3 A24 x4 B2
A31 x1 A32 x2 A33 x3 A34 x4 B3 ,
1 3 1 -3 6 1 -2 -1 2 4 6 -4 8 12 -3 30
2 4 12 3 -8 -1 -3 5 2 10 30 -4 -20 -1 6 -14
3 1 -1 -1 -2 2 -2 -2 2 9 -9 -9 0 1 8 27
4 -2 2 -2 4 5 -2 5 -10 -12 6 -12 24 -10 16 -42
5 -3 3 3 3 -2 2 -4 2 10 -10 2 -10 -15 -4 38
6 2 -2 -2 3 -1 1 1 2 -4 4 4 1 6 11 16
7 -1 -2 -1 2 5 2 5 -10 -13 -10 -13 26 -10 18 -66
8 1 1 5 -1 2 2 1 -2 1 1 -4 -1 18 0 -18
9 1 1 -2 -3 5 5 -10 2 -8 -8 16 -10 0 17 -34
10 -2 -4 4 4 -3 -1 6 6 2 -6 -4 -4 -8 -7 -2
11 -3 -6 2 -9 -1 -2 -3 -3 5 10 4 15 15 -6 -3
12 1 -1 3 -3 5 -5 15 -4 -11 11 -33 11 -7 -13 33
13 -4 -1 4 4 3 -2 -3 -3 2 -5 -2 -2 5 -12 -19
14 5 5 -1 15 1 1 -4 3 13 13 5 39 19 0 57
15 -4 -4 -12 -1 1 1 3 5 -9 -9 -27 -7 -10 12 -32
47
“ ”
1.5
=( ) =( ),
=( ), =( ).
.
x1 x2 x3
1 -25 -20 3 -3 4 -4 -2 -4 1 4 3 -1
2 22 -8 -21 -3 5 4 4 -3 -2 -2 -5 1
3 -19 -10 -1 4 1 4 1 -3 3 2 1 -2
4 9 -7 -6 5 -4 -5 4 -3 -1 2 1 -5
5 -6 -3 -15 3 2 4 1 1 -1 5 3 -4
6 -13 4 -13 -3 1 -5 -1 1 1 1 -4 -3
7 -1 -6 8 1 1 2 3 -1 -4 2 -1 4
8 -1 22 -13 2 2 3 2 -3 4 1 -5 5
9 7 -23 10 2 -5 1 -1 -3 -2 2 -5 3
10 -10 -8 -19 -3 -5 -2 -2 2 -2 1 1 -3
11 23 10 -16 5 -2 4 5 1 -3 1 1 1
12 -8 13 -26 4 1 2 -1 -4 5 3 4 4
13 -19 13 7 -3 2 -5 5 -1 -3 2 -5 1
14 0 -19 -7 1 5 1 3 -4 -4 -5 -5 -3
15 11 -2 27 2 -2 5 -5 4 -2 1 1 5
48
“ ”
1.6
:
1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2
2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4
3 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3
4 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 5
5 4 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 4
6 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 6
7 5 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 5
8 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 7
9 6 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 6
10 6 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 8
11 7 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 7
12 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 9
13 8 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 8
14 8 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 10
15 9 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 9
49
“ ”
2.3
:
+2 +2 +2 =0
,
11 12 22 13 23 33
1 1 -2 3 -1 0 1
2 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
3 5 12 -1 2 -2 -1
4 0 -3 0 0 1 3
5 1
5 -5 -2 1 0
2 2
5 3 5
6 2 -3 -2
2 2 2
7 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
8 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
9 4 -2 1 6 -3 9
10 1 0 0 3 -4 1
5 7
11 1 1 1 6
2 2
12 7 2 2 -20 -16 5
1
13 1 -1 1 -1 3
2
5 7
14 1 -1 1 6
2 2
3 3
15 2 -1 1 0
2 2
16 1 4 4 -3 -1 1
17 1 1 1 1 1 -4
50
“ ”
5
18 8 0 -3 1 1
2
19 1 -1 2 -2 -3 29
20 9 -3 1 1 0 -7
21 1 -1 0 1 1 1
1
22 1 1 -1 2 -12
2
23 9 -6 4 -8 1 0
24 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
25 6 -2 9 -2 -16 -6
26 1 -1 -2 -2 -3 3
27 1 -1 1 1 -3 0
28 1 1 1 1 1 -4
29 9 -3 1 -3 1 0
30 1 0 1 -2 -3 0
31 0 0 2 4 6 -3
32 1 -2 4 1 -1 -1
33 5 6 0 -11 -6 -19
34 3 5 7 2 1 1
35 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
36 3 -3 5 -2 -3 10
37 9 12 16 20 15 0
13
38 1 -1 -2 -2 -3
3
39 3 1 -1 4 5 14
1 5 7
40 0 1 10
2 2 2
41 3 -2 4 -1 -2 2
42 1 3 9 2 6 -5
51
“ ”
43 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
44 5 2 8 -16 -28 80
1 1 1
45 1 -1 0
2 2 2
46 9 -2 6 3 -4 2
47 1 3 1 3 1 -1
3 3
48 5 1 1 -5
2 2
49 2 -2 5 -8 0 3
50 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
1 1 -2 3 -1 0 1
2 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
3 5 12 -1 2 -2 -1
4 0 -3 0 0 1 3
5 1
5 -5 -2 1 0
2 2
5 3 5
6 2 -3 -2
2 2 2
7 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
8 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
9 4 -2 1 6 -3 9
10 1 0 0 3 -4 1
5 7
11 1 1 1 6
2 2
12 7 2 2 -20 -16 5
1
13 1 -1 1 -1 3
2
5 7
14 1 -1 1 6
2 2
3 3
15 2 -1 1 0
2 2
52
“ ”
16 1 4 4 -3 -1 1
17 1 1 1 1 1 -4
5
18 8 0 -3 1 1
2
19 1 -1 2 -2 -3 29
20 9 -3 1 1 0 -7
21 1 -1 0 1 1 1
1
22 1 1 -1 2 -12
2
23 9 -6 4 -8 1 0
24 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
25 6 -2 9 -2 -16 -6
26 1 -1 -2 -2 -3 3
27 1 -1 1 1 -3 0
28 1 1 1 1 1 -4
29 9 -3 1 -3 1 0
30 1 0 1 -2 -3 0
31 0 0 2 4 6 -3
32 1 -2 4 1 -1 -1
33 5 6 0 -11 -6 -19
34 3 5 7 2 1 1
35 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
36 3 -3 5 -2 -3 10
37 9 12 16 20 15 0
13
38 1 -1 -2 -2 -3
3
39 3 1 -1 4 5 14
1 5 7
40 0 1 10
2 2 2
53
“ ”
41 3 -2 4 -1 -2 2
42 1 3 9 2 6 -5
43 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
44 5 2 8 -16 -28 80
1 1 1
45 1 -1 0
2 2 2
46 9 -2 6 3 -4 2
47 1 3 1 3 1 -1
3 3
48 5 1 1 -5
2 2
49 2 -2 5 -8 0 3
50 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
51 0 1 3 1 -3 5
1
52 21 -10 0 0 0
2
53 1 -2 4 5 -10 25
54 1 2 4 -3 -3 0
55 4 -2 1 2 -1 1
56 1 1 1 -4 0 4
57 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
58 32 30 7 -8 -1 1
59 2 -3 5 -1 1 -10
60 0 5 -2 3 2 21
5
61 1 -14 0 0 0
2
1
62 1 1 -1 -2 -12
2
63 1 -2 3 1 -1 0
64 2 -2 1 -1 3 -3
54
“ ”
1 5 7
65 0 1 10
2 2 2
3
66 3 1 2 -2 0
2
3
67 1 1 0 1 1
2
7 5
68 3 5 2 1
2 2
69 9 -6 2 -4 0 0
1 1
70 1 0 0 0
2 2
71 5 12 -1 2 0 1
72 2 2 -3 -1 1 -2
73 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
1
74 1 0 0 -1 -3
2
75 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
1 1 1
76 1 0 0
2 2 2
7 5
77 3 5 2 1
2 2
5 3 25
78 2 -3 -2
2 2 4
79 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
5 7
80 1 1 1 6
2 2
5 3
81 2 -3 8 0
2 2
82 1 3 9 0 9 0
1 15 3
83 2 -1 18
2 2 2
5 5 7
84 1 1 6
4 2 2
55
“ ”
1 3
85 0 -1 -1 -1
2 2
7
86 3 2 -2 3 -5
2
1
87 1 2 - -2 4
2
5 3
88 2 -3 8 -5
2 2
1 3
89 1 1 1 -3
2 2
1
90 6 0 -1 2 0
2
91 2 -2 5 -4 0 6
5 5 7
92 1 1 6
3 2 2
93 2 2 5 -4 0 6
94 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
1 5 1
95 6 -1 2
2 2 2
3 3
96 2 2 3 0
2 2
1 3
97 1 1 1 -3
2 2
3
98 3 1 2 -2 0
2
99 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
7
100 3 2 3 -2 -5
2
51 0 1 3 1 -3 5
1
52 21 -10 0 0 0
2
53 1 -2 4 5 -10 25
54 1 2 4 -3 -3 0
55 4 -2 1 2 -1 1
56
“ ”
56 1 1 1 -4 0 4
57 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
58 32 30 7 -8 -1 1
59 2 -3 5 -1 1 -10
60 0 5 -2 3 2 21
5
61 1 -14 0 0 0
2
1
62 1 1 -1 -2 -12
2
63 1 -2 3 1 -1 0
64 2 -2 1 -1 3 -3
1 5 7
65 0 1 10
2 2 2
3
66 3 1 2 -2 0
2
3
67 1 1 0 1 1
2
7 5
68 3 5 2 1
2 2
69 9 -6 2 -4 0 0
1 1
70 1 0 0 0
2 2
71 5 12 -1 2 0 1
72 2 2 -3 -1 1 -2
73 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
1
74 1 0 0 -1 -3
2
75 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
1 1 1
76 1 0 0
2 2 2
7 5
77 3 5 2 1
2 2
57
“ ”
5 3 25
78 2 -3 -2
2 2 4
79 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
5 7
80 1 1 1 6
2 2
5 3
81 2 -3 8 0
2 2
82 1 3 9 0 9 0
1 15 3
83 2 -1 18
2 2 2
5 5 7
84 1 1 6
4 2 2
1 3
85 0 -1 -1 -1
2 2
7
86 3 2 -2 3 -5
2
1
87 1 2 - -2 4
2
5 3
88 2 -3 8 -5
2 2
1 3
89 1 1 1 -3
2 2
1
90 6 0 -1 2 0
2
91 2 -2 5 -4 0 6
5 5 7
92 1 1 6
3 2 2
93 2 2 5 -4 0 6
94 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
1 5 1
95 6 -1 2
2 2 2
3 3
96 2 2 3 0
2 2
1 3
97 1 1 1 -3
2 2
58
“ ”
3
98 3 1 2 -2 0
2
99 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
7
100 3 2 3 -2 -5
2
59
“ ”
3.
“ ”.
1. (6 )
, , –
.
.
0 a12 ... a1n
a12 0 ... a2 n
a1n a2 n ... 0
, B .
,
= 5 1 4 ; = 3 .
0
2. (2 )
12 24 35 43 51
(5 × 5).
“ “.
.
1.92.
a 1, 4, 6 , b 1, 1, 1 , c 1, 1, 3
60
“ ”
1.93.
a 2, 3,1 , b 3, 1, 5 , c 1, 4, 3
1.94.
a 5, 4, 3 , b 3, 3, 2 , c 8, 1, 3
1.95.
a 1, 1, 1 , b 0,1, 1 , c 0, 0 , 1
x e1 , e2 , e3 ,
e1 , e2 , e3 .
2.1.
e1 e1 e2 2e3
e2 2e1 e2 x 6, 1, 3
e3 e1 e2 e3
2.2.
e1 e1 e2 3e3
3
e2 e1 e2 x 1, 2, 4
2
e3 e1 e2 e3
2.3.
e1 e1 e2 4e3
4
e2 e1 e2 x 1, 3, 6
3
e3 e1 e2 e3
61
“ ”
1.4
. ( + bi)
( a bi ) (c di ) (a c ) (b d )i , (1)
( a bi )(c di ) (ac bd ) ( ad bc )i . (2)
, (1),
(2) .
:
1) ( = +0i) z b ñi
, , :
( a 0i )(b ci ) ab aci ,
(b ci )( a 0i ) ab aci .
, ,
:
( a 0i )(b 0i ) ab 0i .
, ,
.
2) . :
( az1 ) (bz 2 ) (ab) ( z1 z2 ) ,

62
“ ”
,b– .
3) :
z1 ( z2 z3 ) z1 z2 z1 z3 ,
( z1 z2 ) z3 z1 z3 z2 z3 .
( a bi )( c di ) a (c di ) bi (c di ) ac adi bci bdi 2 .
2
, , ,
p + qi. ,
:
( a bi )(c di ) (ac bdp ) ( ad bc bdq )i . (3)
+ bi (1), (3)
:
) + bi, i2 = –1 ( );
) + bi, i2 = 1 ( );
) + bi, i2 = 0 ( ).
2 2
= p + qi , – qi = p :
2
q q2
i p . (4)
2 4
63
“ ”
q2 q2
. p – , p k2, k–
4 4
.
2
q
i k2 ,
2
2
q i
1. (5)
2k k
J, :
J2 = –1.
q
i kJ , + bi
2
q b
a bi a b kJ a q bkJ ;
2 2
+ bi a bJ , J2 = –1.
, [8, 9].
q2 q2
. . p – , p k 2 , (k > 0).
4 4
(5) :
2
q 1
i 1.
2k k
, :
E2 = 1.
64
“ ”
, + bi
a bE, E2 = 1.
a bE c dE ac bd ad bc E.
q2
, p >0 .
4
q2 q
. p = 0. , i ,
4 2
2
= 0.
+ bi
b ~
a q b , a~ b . :
2
~ ~ ~ ~
a~ b ~
c d a~c~ a~d b c~ .
– .
, (1), (3)
:
) + bJ, J2 = –1;
) + bE, E2 = 1;
2
) +b , = 0.
,
. ,
, , .
65
“ ”
66
“ ”
2 .
,
. , .
z a bi cj ,
a,b,c – , i j– .
:
( a bi cj ) ( a bi c j) (a a ) (b b )i (c c ) j ,
, , :
1) :
(a 0i 0 j )(b 0i 0 j ) ab 0i 0 j ;
2) k k 0i 0j z a bi cj
ka kbi kcj .
3) :
( az1 )(bz 2 ) ( ab )( z1 z 2 ) ,
a b– .
4)
z1 ( z2 z3 ) z1 z2 z1 z3 ,
( z1 z2 ) z3 z1 z3 z2 z3 .
67
“ ”
, ,
. , ,
(a bi cj )( a b i c j) aa ( ab a b )i ( a c a c) j ;
( z1 z 2 z 2 z1 ( z1 z2 ) z3 z1 ( z2 z3 ) ), —
! , 1 :
(0 1i 0 j ) x 1 0i 0j
. ,
a bi cj , 1), 2), 3), 4)
z1 , z 2 ( z2 0) , z1 z2 .
, a bi cj
, k
a bi cj dk , (1)
. ,
(1), , 1), 2), 3), 4),
— .
(« » ).
(1)
(a bi cj dk ) (a b i c j d k) (a a ) (b b )i (c c ) j (d d )k
, :
68
“ ”
i2 = 1, j 2 = 1, k2 = 1,
.3
jk = i, kj = i. (2)
1,
„+”,
( . 1), „ ”,
.
(2),
1) – 3).
q a bi cj dk ,
q a bi cj dk.
( 3)),
qq aa a (b i) a(c j ) a ( d k ) (bi) a (bi )(b i) (bi)( c j ) (bi)( d k )

(cj ) a (cj )(b i) (cj )( c j ) (cj )( d k ) ( dk ) a ( dk )(b i ) ( dk )(c j ) ( dk )( d k ).
16 .
1), 2) ( , (bi )(c j ) bc (ij ) bc k ),
69
“ ”
qq ( aa bb cc dd ) ( ab ba cd dc )i (ac ca db bd ) j
(3)
( ad da bc cb ) k .
q1 5 3i j k q2 1 i j 3k .
:
q1q 2 5 3i j k 1 i j 3k 5 5i 5 j 15 k 3i 3i 2 3ij 9ik j ji

j2 3 jk k ki kj 3k 2 5 5i 5 j 15 k 3i 3 3k 9j j k 1 3i k
j i 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 9 3i 5 9 1 1 j 15 3 1 1 k 4
14 i 16 j 12 k .
, q1q2 4 14 i 16 j 12 k .
2.1
2.1.1
( q1 q 2 )q3 q1 (q 2 q3 ) . (4)
q ( = 1, 2, 3)
(q a b i c j d k ), (4)
4 4 4 = 64
(u1u 2 )u3 , (5)
70
“ ”
u1 – q1, u2 –
q2, u3 – q3. (4) 64
u1 (u2u3 ) . (6)
, , (5)
(6), (4) .
, (4), q1, q2, q3 (

) , bi, cj, dk. ,
, (4)
, q1 , q2 , q3 — 1, i, j, k;
,
((bi )(cj ))(b i ) (bi )((cj )(b i ))
(ij )i i ( ji ) .
, q1, q2, q3 1, (4)

. ,
q1, q2, q3 i, j, k.
, , 27 .
:
(ii )i i (ii ) , (ii ) j i (ij ) , (ij )i i ( ji ) , (ij ) k i ( jk ) .
27 (2).
, .
71
“ ”
2.1.2
q a bi cj dk
q a bi cj dk . (7)
1) ;
2) qq
(a bi cj dk )( a bi cj dk ) a2 b2 c2 d2; (8)
3)
q1 q2 q1 q2 ; (9)
4) ,
q1q2 q2 q1 . (10)
, . qq
, (3) :
(a bi cj dk )( a bi cj dk ) a2 b2 c2 d2 . (8)
a2 b2 c2 d2 ,
q. :
2
qq q
— , .
72
“ ”
2.1.1
z1 z2
z 2 x = z1 .
, :
q2 xr q1 (11)
xl q 2 q1 . (11 )
(11) q1 q2
l, (11 ) – r (
, ).
(11),
q2 . q2 q 2 x q 2 q1 ,
2
q2 x q 2 q1 ;
1
2 ,
q2
1
x 2
q2 q1 .
q2
(11) ,
. ,
1
xë 2
q2 q1 .
q2
73
“ ”
, (11 )
1
q2 , 2 :
q2
1
xï 2
q1q2 .
q2
k 1+i+k:
1 1
xë (1 i k )k (k j 1) ,
3 3
1 1
xï k (1 i k) (k j 1) .
3 3
,
:
1) ;
2) - .
3
XIX
. ,
- .
2.1.
, .
i, j, k
74
“ ”
1,
( . 2),
.4
bi cj dk ,
b, c, d – , .
b, , d.
, ,
q a bi cj dk
bi cj dk .
( ) ,
bi cj dk – ( ) q.
q1 b1i c1 j d1 k q2 b2 i c2 j d2k .
q1q 2 (b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2) (c1d 2 d1c 2 )i ( d1b 2 b1d 2) j (b1c 2 c1b 2 )k . (1)
75
“ ”
q1q2 .
q1q 2 (b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2) . (2)
q1 q 2 ( c1 d 2 d 1c 2 )i ( d 1b 2 b1 d 2 ) j ( b1c 2 c1b 2 ) k . (3)
2.2.
(2), (3) .
b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2 q1 q2 cos , q1 q2
q1 q2) .
;
q1 q2» (q1, q2).
, ,
(q1, q2) = q1 q 2 cos .
q1 q2
q1q2 , „+”,
(q1, q2) = b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2 . (4)
.3 , q1 q2.
, – 1 2
q1 q2), b1, c1, d1 b2, c2,

d2.
76
“ ”
. 5.
OM 12 b12 c12 d12 ,
OM 22 b22 c 22 d 22 ,
M 1 M 22 (b1 b2 ) 2 (c1 c2 ) 2 ( d1 d 2 )2 ,
M 1 M 22 OM 12 OM 22 2 (b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2) .
M 1 M 22 OM 12 OM 22 2OM 1 OM 2 cos ,
– ( q1 q2). ,
OM 1 OM 2 cos b1b 2 c1c 2 d 1 d 2 ,
, q1 q2
q1 q2.
77
“ ”
q1 q2 ,
( , cos 0 ), q1q2 .
2
q1q2 « » . , ,
: q1q2 – « » , q1 q2
, cos 0 q1, q2 .
, , q1 q2 , q1q2 q2 q1 ;
(1), , q1q2 .
2.3.
q1q2 , ,
(3), .
q1 q2 [q1, q2]:
q1q2 (c1d 2 d1c2 )i (d1b2 b1d 2 ) j (b1c2 c1b2 )k .
q1 q2
q1q2 ,
q1q2 (c1d 2 d1c2 )i (d1b2 b1d 2 ) j (b1c2 c1b2 )k .
78
“ ”
. 7.
. 6.
[q1, q2]: q1 q2 ,
S – ;
( . 4).
[q1, q2] : q1, q2, [q1, q2]
i, j, k.
, [q1, q2] q1 q2,

q1 q2
( ),
k i j( . 5)).
, :
q1 q 2 ( q1 , q 2 ) q1 q 2 ,
( q1 , q 2 ) – , q1 q 2 – q1 q2.
79
“ ”
(
) –
, ,
( ).
2.4.
,
( ),
.
3. – 1, a v – ,
, v
q cos p sin
v .
q a bi cj dk
– , 1:
a2 b2 c2 d2 1.
q a q ,
2
q bi cj dk . a2 q 1, ,
a cos , q sin .
80
“ ”
,q q p, – 1. ,
q cos p sin .
q v
.
qv (cos p sin )v v cos pv sin .
v , pv ,
; [ , v],
p v sin v, v v
2
, k i j. v~ ;
, v~ v . ,
2
. 8.
qv v cos v~ sin . qv v q
( . 6). , – 1, a v –
, , v
q cos p sin
v .
81
“ ”
( ) q; , v ,
.
2.5.
, ,
v, v:
q
qvq 1
.
q-l , q, , qq-1 = 1.
,
1
q cos p sin
2 v
qvq 1
,
q cos p sin .
2.6. « » .
5
,
q1 q2 , ,
q2q1.
2 1 ,
1,
82
“ ”
- 2 2 ,
2. (
).
.
v v1 q1vq1 1
q1 cos 1 p1 sin 1 . v1
v2 q 2 v1 q 2 1 q 2 ( q1vq1 1 ) q 2 1 ( q 2 q1 ) v ( q1 q 2 ) 1
v2 ( q 2 q1 ) v ( q1q 2 ) 1 .
, ,
q1 q2, ,
q2q1.
q2q1:
q2 q1 cos p sin , (5)
– 1.
2 .
, –
2
.
2 2
q1 cos i sin 1 i , – q2 1 j .
4 4 2 2
83
“ ”
1 1
q2 q1 1 j 1 i 1 i j k .
2 2
(5), ,
1
cos . ,
2 3
1
q 2 q1 cos 1 i j k sin ;
3 3 3
,
1 2
p 1 i j k .
3 3
.
1. : q 1 i j k .
.
. 9.
84
“ ”
q 12 12 12 12 2, S q 1, V q i j k, V q 3. n
1
V q :V q 3 n, n i j k .
3
S q q0 V q V q
( os , )– ( sin .)
S q
2
V q
2 q S q
2
V q
2
q
1 3
: cos , sin . 0° 360°
2 2
60 . , q
. – ON ,
. 1). q 60°.
:
1
1 i j k 2 cos 60 i j k sin 60 .
3
2. : OA ( . 2) OP
) 60 .
? .
1 1
(b 2
a 2
1 1
2
cos n sin , 2
cos n sin .),
2 2 2 2
85
“ ”
. 10
1 3 1
a i, n i j k , cos cos 30 , sin .
3 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 3 1 1 1
:b i j k i i j k 2i 2j k .
2 3 2 2 3 2 3
3. ABCD, AB m 2n,
AC 3m 5n , m
^
3, n 2, m , n
6
86
“ ”
SABCD = |(AB *AC)|= m-2n * 3m-5n = 3(m*m)+5(m*n)-6(n*m)-10(n*n) =
1
|5(m*n)+6(m*n)|=11|m*n|=11|m||n|sin m n =11*3*2* =33( .)
2
1.2 :
1
S = |AO OB|.
2
4 : ,
: , , , =b, =
2ab cosC.
B , ,
b a
A c C
. 11.
, ,
=| =( ) +2 =
87
“ ”
| +
| = | + | 2| || | CB C.
5 : , ,
.
, =2 , =2 , =3 .
: , ,
>, , ,
= (2; 0; 0) = (0; 2; 0) = (0; 0; 1). = (2; 2; 1).
| |= 2 + 2 + 1 = 3.
: | |=3 .
88
“ ”
« »
. , + bi
, .
.
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
89
“ ”
4
4.1
– ,
, .
,
.
4. ,
.
Ox Oy ( . 13).
y M(x;y) y
M1 (x1; y1 )
y
M2 (x2; y2 )
0 x x 0 x
. 11 . 12
Ox , Oy – . 0
. ,
Ox Oy . Oxy .
x, y .
( )
. M.
, – .
, M x y, : M x; y .
90
“ ”
d M 1 x1; y1 , M 2 x 2 ; y 2
2 2
d M1, M 2 x2 x1 y2 y1
, M 1 x1 ; y1 , M 2 x2 ; y 2 ,
M 3 x3 ; y 3 , :
1
S x2 x1 y 3 y1 x3 x1 y 2 y1 .
2
.
M 1 x1 , y1 , M 2 x2 , y2 . M x, y ,
M 1M
, :
MM 2
x1 x2 y1 y2
x , y . (5)
1 1
M x, y , 1
, :
x1 x2 y1 y2
x , y . (6)
2 2
. ,
:
A 2;0 , B 6;5 , C 4;2 .
. (4) :
1 1
S 6 2 2 0 4 2 5 0 8 10 1.
2 2
91
“ ”
. M x, y , M 1 2, 2 ,
M 2 8;14 .
. M x, y M 1M 2 0,5 .
(5) :
2 0,5 8 2 0,5 14
x 4, y 6.
1,5 1,5
1
2 8 2 4 2 2 4 12
x 2 4.
1 3 3 3
1
2 2
1
2 14
2 2 7 2 9
y 6.
1 3 3
1
2 2
4.2
. ,
.
.
O,
, OE , . ,
. 15.
y
M
y
O x
x
92
“ ”
M . 14
. 13
M –
. – M O: –
O
OM .
M .
, – .
: 0 , ,
, : 0 2 .
, . M
. .
,
2 , , OM O 2
, , M
.
x cos , y sin , (7)
93
“ ”
y
x2 y 2 , tg , (8)
x
, tg x/ y
0 2 . ,
(7). , tg k
arctg k arctg tg .
. ,
1, 1 , 1, 1.
. (8)
:
2 , tg 1.
tg 1 0 2 : 1 /4
2 5 /4. sin 5 / 4 2 / 2, cos 5 / 4 2 /2, (7)
1, 1
4
2
sin /4 cos /4 (7)
2
2
x cos 1 2 cos /4 2 1.
2
2, /4 . (-1, -1)
2 tg 1. (7) ,
5
2 . ,
4
2, 5 / 4 .
94
“ ”
4.3
F x, y 0, (11)
x y . (11)
x y,
x y.
. (11) l
,
x y , l
, l.
~ ~
F x, y 0, M x; y l; F ~
x, ~
y 0, M ~
x; y l. (12)
, l ,
(11). ,
(11) l.
F , 0,
; – .
4.3.1 M 1 3; 3 , M 2 3; 0 , M 3 1; 1 , M 4 2; 3 .
, ,
x y 0, .
4.3.2. ,
: 1) x 2 y2 0 ; 2) x y 0 ; 3) x 2 y2 0 ; 4) ) a cos 0, )
a , a 0, , – .
95
“ ”
4.3.3. R a, b .
6.5.
4.4
y kx b , (14)
k Ox
k tg ,b– Oy .
, M x1; y1
y y1 k x x1 . (15)
, M 1 x1; y1
M 2 x2 ; y 2 x1 x2 , y1 y2 :
x x1 y y1
. (16)
x2 x1 y2 y1
,
: y2 y1 x x1 x2 x1 y y1 0.
Ax By C 0, (17)
, , – ( ).
n A, B
( ).
96
“ ”
A x x1 B y y1 0,
Ax By Ax1 By1 0,
Ax By Ax1 By1 0,
Ax By C 0,
C Ax1 By1 .
A
1. = 0, B 0 . y x, .
B
C
2. B 0, A 0 . x a, Oy .
A
C C
3. A 0, B 0 . By C 0, y , y b, Oy .
B B
4. B C 0. Oy .
5 A C 0. y 0 Ox .
. ,
x x1 y y1
M 1 3;1 M 2 5; 4 . 2
x2 x1 y2 y1
x 3 y 1
5 3 4 1
. x1 3, y1 1, x2 5, y2 4.
x 3 y 1
(16)
5 3 4 1
x 3 y 1
, 3x 2y 7 0.
2 3
6.5.2.
97
“ ”
k1 k2 ,
k 2 - k1
tg . (18)
1 k1k 2
: k1 k2 .
1
: k1 .
k2
A1 x B1 y C1 0,
A2 x B2 y C2 0,
: n1 A1 , B1 n2 A2 , B2 ,
n1 n2 A1 A2 B1B2
cos .
n1 n2 A12 B12 A22 B22
A1 B1
: .
A2 B2
: A1 A1 B1B2 0.
d M x0 , y0 Ax By C 0
Ax0 By0 C
d
A2 B2
98
“ ”
4.5
.
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, .
.
.
- -
{ )
.
: - , -
; - , ,
,
.
,
).
CD ,
AB CD .
,
.
, , -
( ).
B B a , ,
.
, ,
.
.1, D , D = BC .
CD . , ,
. b , BC a
99
“ ”
. 15
, , .
- a
b - c.
a b
a+b
. 16
: 1)
OA ; 2) b ; 3)
.
=c a b.
. a b c ,
a b , b
a.
100
“ ”
4.6 .
1. ,
a b (a, b) a b;
a b ,
; ; z , b bx ; b y ; bz ,
2 2 2
z b bx2 b y2 b z2 .
, :
( , b) a b cos (4.5.1)
- a b.
b
a a cos , b
b b cos ,
( , b) a a
b b b
a
a b
b
a (4.5.2)
b
1. ( , b ) (b , a ).
2. ( , b) ( b , a ).
3. ( b, c ) (a, c) ( b , c ).
2
4. ( , ) , ( , ).
101
“ ”
5. ( , b ) 0, b , .
4.7 .
4.7.1 .
. (
), , ,
– , – .
. , b,
( ), :
1. , ,
,
,
) ;
2.
,
b,
b
);
3. ,
, b, , b
(
)
.
( ), )
. b b,
:
1) b b;
2) b b
b b a b sin , b (23)
102
“ ”
.17
1. b b a.
)
2. ( b) ( a ) ( b ).
3. ( b) c a c b c.
4. ,
( )
b 0.
i j k
b ax ay az (24)
bx by bz
. (2; -1; 2) , (1; 2; -1), (3; 2; 1).

.
1; 3; 4 , 2; 0; 2 .
i j k
AB BC 1 3 4 6i 4 j 6k .
2 0 2
103
“ ”
, 6; 4; 6.
: 6; 4; 6.
4.7.2 .
1. :
, S a b sin a b
S a b (25)
(25) .
1
S a b (26)
2
(26) .
15. ,
1
1; 0; , b 4; 12; 5 .
4
(25)
i j k
1
b 1 0 3i 4 j 12k .
4
4 12 5
104
“ ”
b 3; 4; 12 . :
S a b ( 3) 2 42 ( 12) 2 13 ( . .)
: 13 ( . .)
16. (1; 2; 1), (4; 3;

2), (2; 4; 4).
3; 1; 1 , b 1; 2; 3 . b:
i j k
b 3 1 1 i 8j 5k
1 2 3
a b 12 ( 8) 2 52 1 64 25 90 3 10
,
b:
1 1 3
S a b 3 10 10 ( . .)
2 2 2
: 3
10 ( . .)
2
2. . F ,
, , F
F ,
momo F F (27)
(27) .
105
“ ”
17. F 1; 2; 4 (1; 2; 3).

(3; 2; -1).
2; 0; 4 (26)
i j k
mom A F AM F 2 0 4 8i 12 j 4k.
1 2 4
mom A F (8; 12; 4).
: mom A F (8; 12; 4).
106
“ ”
4.8 .
4.8.1 .
, b, .
b, , b
, ( b) c ,
, b, .
6. ( b) c ,
, b, ,
„+”, , b, – „–”,
, b, . , b,
( b) c .
, , b, . a
h
, h
, b, ,
, ,b.
V S h ( , b, c ) ( b) c (28)
107
“ ”
.18
1. ( , b, c) (b, , ) ( , , b) (b, a, c) (c, b, a) ( a , c, b )

2. ,
.
3. , ,
.
4.8.2 .
; ; z , b bx ; b y ; b z , ; ; z
ax ay az
( , b, c ) bx by bz (29)
cx cy cz
(29) – ,
.
4.8.3 .
108
“ ”
, b, , ( , b, c ) 0,
ax ay az
( , b, c ) bx by bz 0 (30)
cx cy cz
18. 3; 2; 1 , b 1; 4; 1 , 1; 1; 3 .
(28)
3 2 1
( , b, c ) 1 4 1 36 2 1 4 6 3 26
1 1 3
: , b, c 26.
19. , (1; 2; -1), (0; 1; 5), (-1; 2; 1), D(2; 1; 3)

.
, –
.
1; 1; 6 , 2; 0; 2 , D 1; 1; 4
. :
1 1 6
( , , D) 2 0 2 0 ( 2) 12 0 8 2 0
1 1 4
, , .
: , , ,D .
109
“ ”
4.8.4 .
1. ( )
D
, , D,
1
V ( , , AD ) (31)
6
20. , (2; -1;

1), (5; 5; 4), (3; 2; -1), D(4; 1; 3).
, D:
3; 6; 3 , 1; 3; 2 , D 2; 2; 2
3 6 3
( , , D) 1 3 2 18 ( 24) 6 18 12 ( 12) 18
2 2 2
1
(30) V 18 3( . .)
6
: 3( . .)
21. : (2; 3; 1), (4; 1; -2), (6; 3; 7), D(9; -4;

8). , D
.
, D,
2; 2; 3 , 4; 0; 6 , D 7; 7; 7
110
“ ”
2 2 3
( , , D) 4 0 6 0 ( 84) 84 0 ( 56) ( 84) 140
7 7 7
1 70
(30) V 140 ( . .)
6 3
1
V S h. (32)
3
h– .
(25)
, ,
1
S
2
i j k
2 2 3 12i 24 j 8k
4 0 6
( 12) 2 ( 24)2 82 144 576 64 784 28
,
:
1 1
S 28 14 ( . .)
2 2
70 1
14 h, 14h 70, h 5.
3 3
: , D 5 .
4.8.5
111
“ ”
A(3 8) B( 5 4)
1. B
AB ( xB x A )2 ( yB yA )2 64 16 4 5
2. AB
xB x A 2
cos ( AB Ox )
AB 5
2
( AB Ox) arccos
5
3. C(xC; yC),
xA xB yA yB
xC 1 , yC 6
2 2
(-1,6)
4. 1, .
x xB y yB
1 .
x A xB y A yB
112
“ ”
x 5 y 4 x 3
. y .
8 4 2
5. 2, Oxy
, AB .
AB ( 8 4) .
2 8( x x A ) 4( y yA ) 0 ,
8 x 4 y 56 0
6. , 2 D(3,-2).
D 2:
8 3 4 2 56 40 0 , D 2
7. AB OD
AB OD 8 3 ( 4) ( 2) 4
cos ( AB OD)
AB OD 4 5 32 22 65
4
( AB OD) arccos
65
8. ( AB OD )
113
“ ”
,
. 0.
.
8 4
( AB OD ) 00 (0 0 28)
3 2
9. ,
. 19.
A(2,2,2), B(-4,3,3), C(4,0,4), D(5,5,1);
1. B.
AB ( xA xB ) 2 ( yA yB ) 2 ( zA zB ) 2 36 1 1 38
2. BC.
114
“ ”
BA (6 1 1) BC (8 3 1)
BA BC 6 8 1 3 11 25
cos ( BA BC )
BA BC 38 64 9 1 703
25
( BA BC ) arccos
703
3. BC;
625 39
d ( A BC ) AB sin ( BA BC ) 74 1 2
703 19
4. , O, A, B.
, O, A, B
x xO y yO z zO x y z
xA xO yA yO zA zO 2 2 2 14 y 14 z 0
xB xO yB yO zB zO 4 3 3
, (OAB) y z 0
5. , O, A.
115
“ ”
x xO y yO z zO
x A xO y A yO z A zO
x y z
. ,
2 2 2
:x y z
6. , A, B.
x xB y yB z zB
.
x A xB y A yB z A zB
x 4
: y 3 z 3
6
7. ABCD.
, .
AB ( 6 1 1) , AC (2 2 2) , AD (3 3 1)
6 1 1
1 12 6 6 6 36 2 22
VABCD ( AB AC AD) 6 2 2 2
6 6 3
3 3 1
116
“ ”
8. ,
.
(1,1,1).
1 ( x 2) 1 ( y 2) 1 ( z 2) 0 , , , x y z 6 0
. 20.
1: x2+4y2=4
(1,-2,5)
117
“ ”
,
1 2, .
,
, .
Oyz.
,
, 5y+2z=0. ,
, -1 1 y.
, 2 1 (5 / 2) 2 29
x2 y2
: 1
4 29
118
“ ”
. 21.
2.3
:
+2 +2 +2 =0
,
11 12 22 13 23 33
1 1 -2 3 -1 0 1
2 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
3 5 12 -1 2 -2 -1
4 0 -3 0 0 1 3
119
“ ”
5 1
5 -5 -2 1 0
2 2
5 3 5
6 2 -3 -2
2 2 2
7 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
8 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
9 4 -2 1 6 -3 9
10 1 0 0 3 -4 1
5 7
11 1 1 1 6
2 2
12 7 2 2 -20 -16 5
1
13 1 -1 1 -1 3
2
5 7
14 1 -1 1 6
2 2
3 3
15 2 -1 1 0
2 2
16 1 4 4 -3 -1 1
17 1 1 1 1 1 -4
5
18 8 0 -3 1 1
2
19 1 -1 2 -2 -3 29
20 9 -3 1 1 0 -7
21 1 -1 0 1 1 1
1
22 1 1 -1 2 -12
2
23 9 -6 4 -8 1 0
24 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
25 6 -2 9 -2 -16 -6
26 1 -1 -2 -2 -3 3
27 1 -1 1 1 -3 0
120
“ ”
28 1 1 1 1 1 -4
29 9 -3 1 -3 1 0
30 1 0 1 -2 -3 0
31 0 0 2 4 6 -3
32 1 -2 4 1 -1 -1
33 5 6 0 -11 -6 -19
34 3 5 7 2 1 1
35 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
36 3 -3 5 -2 -3 10
37 9 12 16 20 15 0
13
38 1 -1 -2 -2 -3
3
39 3 1 -1 4 5 14
1 5 7
40 0 1 10
2 2 2
41 3 -2 4 -1 -2 2
42 1 3 9 2 6 -5
43 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
44 5 2 8 -16 -28 80
1 1 1
45 1 -1 0
2 2 2
46 9 -2 6 3 -4 2
47 1 3 1 3 1 -1
3 3
48 5 1 1 -5
2 2
49 2 -2 5 -8 0 3
50 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
1 1 -2 3 -1 0 1
2 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
121
“ ”
3 5 12 -1 2 -2 -1
4 0 -3 0 0 1 3
5 1
5 -5 -2 1 0
2 2
5 3 5
6 2 -3 -2
2 2 2
7 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
8 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
9 4 -2 1 6 -3 9
10 1 0 0 3 -4 1
5 7
11 1 1 1 6
2 2
12 7 2 2 -20 -16 5
1
13 1 -1 1 -1 3
2
5 7
14 1 -1 1 6
2 2
3 3
15 2 -1 1 0
2 2
16 1 4 4 -3 -1 1
17 1 1 1 1 1 -4
5
18 8 0 -3 1 1
2
19 1 -1 2 -2 -3 29
20 9 -3 1 1 0 -7
21 1 -1 0 1 1 1
1
22 1 1 -1 2 -12
2
23 9 -6 4 -8 1 0
24 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
25 6 -2 9 -2 -16 -6
122
“ ”
26 1 -1 -2 -2 -3 3
27 1 -1 1 1 -3 0
28 1 1 1 1 1 -4
29 9 -3 1 -3 1 0
30 1 0 1 -2 -3 0
31 0 0 2 4 6 -3
32 1 -2 4 1 -1 -1
33 5 6 0 -11 -6 -19
34 3 5 7 2 1 1
35 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
36 3 -3 5 -2 -3 10
37 9 12 16 20 15 0
13
38 1 -1 -2 -2 -3
3
39 3 1 -1 4 5 14
1 5 7
40 0 1 10
2 2 2
41 3 -2 4 -1 -2 2
42 1 3 9 2 6 -5
43 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
44 5 2 8 -16 -28 80
1 1 1
45 1 -1 0
2 2 2
46 9 -2 6 3 -4 2
47 1 3 1 3 1 -1
3 3
48 5 1 1 -5
2 2
49 2 -2 5 -8 0 3
50 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
123
“ ”
51 0 1 3 1 -3 5
1
52 21 -10 0 0 0
2
53 1 -2 4 5 -10 25
54 1 2 4 -3 -3 0
55 4 -2 1 2 -1 1
56 1 1 1 -4 0 4
57 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
58 32 30 7 -8 -1 1
59 2 -3 5 -1 1 -10
60 0 5 -2 3 2 21
5
61 1 -14 0 0 0
2
1
62 1 1 -1 -2 -12
2
63 1 -2 3 1 -1 0
64 2 -2 1 -1 3 -3
1 5 7
65 0 1 10
2 2 2
3
66 3 1 2 -2 0
2
3
67 1 1 0 1 1
2
7 5
68 3 5 2 1
2 2
69 9 -6 2 -4 0 0
1 1
70 1 0 0 0
2 2
71 5 12 -1 2 0 1
72 2 2 -3 -1 1 -2
73 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
124
“ ”
1
74 1 0 0 -1 -3
2
75 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
1 1 1
76 1 0 0
2 2 2
7 5
77 3 5 2 1
2 2
5 3 25
78 2 -3 -2
2 2 4
79 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
5 7
80 1 1 1 6
2 2
5 3
81 2 -3 8 0
2 2
82 1 3 9 0 9 0
1 15 3
83 2 -1 18
2 2 2
5 5 7
84 1 1 6
4 2 2
1 3
85 0 -1 -1 -1
2 2
7
86 3 2 -2 3 -5
2
1
87 1 2 - -2 4
2
5 3
88 2 -3 8 -5
2 2
1 3
89 1 1 1 -3
2 2
1
90 6 0 -1 2 0
2
91 2 -2 5 -4 0 6
5 5 7
92 1 1 6
3 2 2
93 2 2 5 -4 0 6
125
“ ”
94 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
1 5 1
95 6 -1 2
2 2 2
3 3
96 2 2 3 0
2 2
1 3
97 1 1 1 -3
2 2
3
98 3 1 2 -2 0
2
99 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
7
100 3 2 3 -2 -5
2
51 0 1 3 1 -3 5
1
52 21 -10 0 0 0
2
53 1 -2 4 5 -10 25
54 1 2 4 -3 -3 0
55 4 -2 1 2 -1 1
56 1 1 1 -4 0 4
57 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
58 32 30 7 -8 -1 1
59 2 -3 5 -1 1 -10
60 0 5 -2 3 2 21
5
61 1 -14 0 0 0
2
1
62 1 1 -1 -2 -12
2
63 1 -2 3 1 -1 0
64 2 -2 1 -1 3 -3
1 5 7
65 0 1 10
2 2 2
126
“ ”
3
66 3 1 2 -2 0
2
3
67 1 1 0 1 1
2
7 5
68 3 5 2 1
2 2
69 9 -6 2 -4 0 0
1 1
70 1 0 0 0
2 2
71 5 12 -1 2 0 1
72 2 2 -3 -1 1 -2
73 3 1 3 3 -1 -5
1
74 1 0 0 -1 -3
2
75 3 -1 3 2 2 -4
1 1 1
76 1 0 0
2 2 2
7 5
77 3 5 2 1
2 2
5 3 25
78 2 -3 -2
2 2 4
79 1 -1 -3 -2 -3 3
5 7
80 1 1 1 6
2 2
5 3
81 2 -3 8 0
2 2
82 1 3 9 0 9 0
1 15 3
83 2 -1 18
2 2 2
5 5 7
84 1 1 6
4 2 2
1 3
85 0 -1 -1 -1
2 2
127
“ ”
7
86 3 2 -2 3 -5
2
1
87 1 2 - -2 4
2
5 3
88 2 -3 8 -5
2 2
1 3
89 1 1 1 -3
2 2
1
90 6 0 -1 2 0
2
91 2 -2 5 -4 0 6
5 5 7
92 1 1 6
3 2 2
93 2 2 5 -4 0 6
94 1 -1 2 -2 -3 3
1 5 1
95 6 -1 2
2 2 2
3 3
96 2 2 3 0
2 2
1 3
97 1 1 1 -3
2 2
3
98 3 1 2 -2 0
2
99 1 -1 1 -2 -3 3
7
100 3 2 3 -2 -5
2
128
“ ”
5
1. AB . A
, B– .
a, b .
, ,
0: 0 AA , 0.
, ,
.
( ) ,
AB , . a
a, . a 1, .
2. , ,
.
.
3. ( ) a b ,
c,
a, – b.
) a b ,
, c,
,
, , c a b.
.
129
“ ”
4. a b,
a, 0 a,
0 a b a.
a b c,
a b: a b a b .
. a b ( a b)
,
:
a b a b cos .
:
1. a b b a.
2. a b a b a b .
3. a b c a c b c.
4. a b 0 , a b.
. a1 , a2 , ..., an ,
k1a1 k 2 a2 ... k n an 0 (2.6)
, ki 0, i 1, 2, ..., n .
–
k1a1 k 2 a2 ... k n an 0
, kj 0. :
k1 kj 1 kj 1 kn
aj a1 ... aj 1 aj 1 ... an ,
kj kj kj kj
aj .
130
“ ”
a1 , a2 , ..., an ,
,
.
V2 , ,
, V3
.
e1 , e2 , e3 – ,
V3 . a
1, 2, 3 , ,
a 1e1 2 e2 3e3 .
1, 2, 3 a e1 , e2 , e3
:a 1; 2; 3 .
V2
.
,
. V3
: i , j, k , V2 – i , j .
.
a a1 , a2 , a3 b b1, b2 , b3 ,
. :
1. a a1 , a2 , a3 b b1, b2 , b3 ,
: a1 b1 , a2 b2 , a3 b3 .
2. a a1 , a2 , a3 b b1, b2 , b3 ,
a1 a2 a3
: .
b1 b2 b3
131
“ ”
3. a b c (a1 b1; a2 b2 , a3 b3 ) .
4. a c ( a1; a2 ; a3 ) .
5. a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 .
6. a a12 a22 a32 .
a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3

7. cos , – .
a b a12 a22 a32 b12 b22 b32
. x 2, 5, 3, 0 ; y 4, 2, 3, 1 .
x y 2 4 , 5 2, 3 3, 0 1 2, 7, 0, 1 ,
2 x 2 2, 2 5, 2 3, 2 0 4, 10, 6, 0 .
, x y 2, 7, 0, 1 , 2 x 4, 10, 6, 0 .
. x x1 , x2 , ..., xn
y y1 , y2 , ..., yn
x, y x1 y1 x2 y2 ... xn yn (2.2)
x, y x y cos , (2.3)
– x y; x y – ,
x x, x x12 x22 ... xn2 . (2.4)
,
:
x, y x1 y1 x2 y2 ... xn yn
cos . (2.5)
x y x12 x22 ... xn2 y12 y22 ... yn2
132
“ ”
. x 2, 5, 3, 0 ; y 4, 2, 3, 1 .
x, y 2 4 5 2 3 3 0 1 8 10 9 0 7,
x x, x 22 52 32 02 4 25 9 0 38 ,
2
y y, y 4 2 2 32 12 16 4 9 1 30 ,
7
cos .
38 30
. a1 , a2 , ..., an
,
k1a1 k 2 a2 ... k n an 0 (2.6)
, ki 0, i 1, 2, ..., n .
–
k1a1 k 2 a2 ... k n an 0
, kj 0. :
k1 kj 1 kj 1 kn
aj a1 ... aj 1 aj 1 ... an ,
kj kj kj kj
aj .
n a1 , a2 , ..., an n,
ai a1i , a2i , ..., ani , i 1, 2, ..., n , ,
a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n
A
an1 an 2 ... ann
, ,
A
. a1 1, 3, 1 , a2 2, 1, 1 ,
a3 3, 1, 1 . .
133
“ ”
,
1 2 3
A 3 1 1 1 2 9 3 1 6 0.
1 1 1
, .
,
k1a1 k 2 a2 k3a3 0:
k1 2k2 3k3 0,
3k1 k 2 k3 0,
k1 k2 k3 0.
,
A 0.
.
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 30 1 2 30
3 1 10 ~ 0 5 10 0 ~ 0 1 2 0 ~ 0 1 2 0 .
1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 20 0 0 00
k1 2k2 3k3 0,
k2 2k3 0,
0 0.
.
k3 , .
k1 , k2 k3
k2 2k3 , k1 k3 . k3 1, k1 1, k 2 2,
a1 2a 2 a3 0, a1 2a 2 a3 .
134
“ ”
. a1 3,1, 1 , a2 1, 1, 1 ,
a3 1, 1, 1 , b 4, 2, 2 . , a1 , a2 , a3
. b
.
. a1 , a2 , a3 – . ,
.
, –
3 1 1
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 4 0.
1 1 1
, a1 , a2 , a3 –
.
–b k1a1 k2a2 k3a3 .
:
3k1 k 2 k3 4,
k1 k 2 k3 2,
k1 k 2 k3 2.
( . )–
3 1 1 4 1 1 3 4 1 3 1 4
A 1 1 1 4, 1 2 1 1 4, 2 1 2 1 4, 3 1 1 2 0.
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
1 4 2 4 3 0
, k1 1, k2 1, k3 0. b
4 4 4
a1 , a2 , a3 –
135
“ ”
b a1 a2 .
6 „ ”
1. , .
.
2. , , , , , .
3. : (
), .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. ( ) .
8. , .
9. , .
10. , .
11. , .
12. .
13. ,
.
14. .
15. .
16. .
17. .
18. .
19. , .
136
“ ”
20.
.
21. . .
22. .
23. .
137
“ ”
7.1
,
.
, ,
"
– " ".
( ) .
, , , . .
, ,
, , .
.
.
. ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
" "
,
, , ,
, ,
, , , .
7.2
138
“ ”
. ,
, . N
, Z , Q
. . (1845-1919)
, .
, ,
, , .
X A, x A.
X A, : x A.
X– ( ) P–
, x X. x
, X P, :
x X |P x x X :P x .
, Z,
x Z x 0 .
,
, A a, b, c,..., k .
, ,
.
. ,
,
x A x B. A ,
A B B A.
, A.
, A B B A.
: .
139
“ ”
( ) ,
, .
: C A B.
( ) ,
, ,
B. :C A B.
,
, .
: C A\ B.
A X.
A X \ A.
.
:
1. A B A B;
2. A B A B.
x A B x A B x A x B x A x B x A B.
, x A B x A B, A B A B.
140
“ ”
.
.
, :
1) : a a;
2) : a b b c, a c;
3) : a b b a, a b.
. ,
,
. a b , b
b, b, b .
, a b a b, < ,
a b , b
b.
, , b
c, ( a c, b c ), .
1. , a b
„b a ”.
2.
, M1 M2 , M1 M2.
3. (a , b) a , a, b .
a, b .
, a b b a .
a, b .
,
.
M , M
( , ).
141
“ ”
M 1 M 2 ... M n
n :
m1 , m2 ,..., mn | m1 M 1 , m2 M 2 ,..., mn Mn .
An A A ... A .
n
1
1. (A B) A B A.
2. (P Q) \ ( P Q) , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, A 2, 4, 6,8,10,12,14,16 , B 1,3,5, 7,9,11 ,
R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a 2 b 2 0 .
2
1. (A B) (A B) (A B) .
142
“ ”
2. ( P \ Q) \ (Q \ P) , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R [a, b) \ a A, b B, a b ,A=
, , , , , , , }, B
={ , , , , , }.
3
1. A B A A B.
2. (P Q) R, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R [a, b) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8 , B 3, 4,10,16,18, 42, 49
4
1. A B A (A B) .
2. P \Q Q\P , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, 0 a b 5 ,
A 2, 4, 6, 7,8,10,11 , B 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6
5
1. A B B A A.
2. P Q R P , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A={ , , . , }, B={« »,
», « », « », « »}.
6
1. A B A B A B .
2. P R Q R , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
,
143
“ ”
R ( a, b) \ a A, b B, a 2 b 2 , A 1,3,5, 7,8,9 ,
B 2, 4, 6,8,10 .
4. f x1 x2 x3 x1 .
7
1. A B B A A.
2. U \R U \Q , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a b , A={ ,
, , , , }, B={ , , ,
, , , }.
8
1. A B A B (A B) .
2. U R U Q , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a, b) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A {14,6,16,10,12,4,8} , B {5,7,9,17,13,11,15} .
9
1. A B A B A B .
2. Q R Q \P, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,

R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, cos a cos b ,
2 4
A ,, , , , , B , , , , .
24 12 6 3 3 3 2 4 8 16 32
10
1. A B B A B.
2. P \ R \Q R, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
144
“ ”
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, e a
e , b
A 1,3,5, 7,9,11,13 , B 8,10, 6, 2, 4,12 .

4. f x1 x2 x2 x3 .
11
1. A B A B A.
2. P Q R P , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a, b) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A={ , , , , , , , },
B={ , , , }.
12
1. A B A B B A.
2. P Q R, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, 0 3a 2b 18 ,
A 2, 4, 6,8,10,11,12 , B 1,3,5, 7,9,11 .
13
1. A B A B A B.
2. P\Q \ R U R , P {a, b, c, d} ,
Q {a, e} , R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a , b ) \ a A, b B, ln a ln b ,
A 2, 4, 6,8,10,3,7 , B 1,3,5, 9,11,13 .
14
1. B A B B A A.
2. P Q R Q , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
145
“ ”
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B,sin a cos b ,
3 5 3
A 0, , , , , , , B 0, , , , ,2 .
4 2 4 4 2 2 4 8
15
1. A A B B A B.
2. P Q R P , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B,sin a cos b ,
3 5 3
A 0, , , , , , , B , , , .
8 6 4 5 2 8 8 4 7
4. f x1 \ x2 x2 .
16
1. B A B A B.
2. P Q P\R , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a, b ) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A={ , , , ,
}, B={ , , , }.
17
1. A B B A B A.
2. R R R \ P \Q , P {a, b, c, d} ,
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a / 2 b/2 ,
A {3,6,7,9,11,20, 24} , B {4,6,12,8,10,18, 2} .
18
1. B A B A B A .
2. P\R P\Q , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,

R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
146
“ ”
3. R A B ,
, R ( a , b) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A={ , , , , , , , ,
}, B={ , , , , }.
4. f x1 x2 \ x1 x3 .
19
1. A B B A B A.
2. P R Q \U , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a , b) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A={ , , , , , }, B={ ,
, , , , }.
20
1. A B A A B A.
2. U \Q U R P, P {a, b, c, d} ,
3. R A B ,
,
R ( a, b) \ a A, b B, a , b , A={ , ,
, , , , , }, B={ , , ,
, }.
21
1. A B A A B B.
2. R Q P R, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B
,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a b 2 , 3
A 2, 6, 4,9,3,1 , B 3,5, 7,12, 4, 2 .
22
1. A B A B B.
2. P R \Q U, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
147
“ ”
3. R A B ,
, R ( a, b ) \ a A, b B, b a , A={ ,
, , }, B={ , , , }.
4. f x1 x2 x1 x3 .
23
1. B A B A B B.
2. R Q \P R, P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a, b ) \ a A, b B, a b ,
A={ , , , }, B={ , , , ,
}.
4. f x2 x2 x3 x1 .
24
1. B A A A B B.
2. P\Q \ Q R , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,

R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a b , A={ ,
, , , , }, B={ , , , , }.
25
1. A B A B A.
2. P Q \ R P , P {a, b, c, d} , Q {a, e} ,
R {a, b, d , e, f } , U {a, b, c, d , e, f } .
3. R A B ,
, R ( a, b) \ a A, b B, a 3
b , 3
A 2,3, 6, 7,9,1, 20 , B 4, 6,12,8,10,18, 2 .
26
1. A B A B A B .
148
“ ”
2. R\P R\Q \P, P {a, b, c, d} ,

3. R A B ,
, R (a, b) \ a A, b B, a b , A={ ,
, , , }, B={ , , ,
, }.
8.1
X Y . f X Y
, x X
y Y.
" " " ", " ",

".
f
y f x , X Y, f :X Y , f
X Y.
,
y g x , y F x .
y, f x,
x f
f x f x . X
f D f .
R x y| x D f : f x y
f.
149
“ ”
f :X Y, A X, B Y. A
f f A f x |x A .
B f
1
f B x X|f x B .
f :X Y
G f x, y X Y|x X, y f x .
f :X Y g :Y Z, h: X Z,
h g f x , x X ,
f g.
. y x sin x, g y y2, h x g y x sin 2 x.
f :X Y
Y , f X Y.
f :X Y
X Y ,
x1 X , x2 X : x1 x2 f x1 f x2 .
f :X Y, ,
. , f
X Y.
f :X Y , y Y !x X:f x y.
1 1
f :Y X f, f x y f y x.
f :N X X.
: x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,..., xn f n n
.
150
“ ”
8.2
, ,
. A A.
.
, ? .
, .
.
A B (
), f :A B.
: A ~ B.
8.2.1
A , A ~ N.
, A .
1. .
2. .
3.
.
4. .
5. .
.
. 3.
A1 , A2 ,..., An ,... - .
n 1 An an1 , an 2 ,..., ann ,... .
151
“ ”
An
n 1
a11 a12 a13 … a1n …
a21 a22 a23 … a2 n …
a31 a32 a33 … a3n …
…………………………………………
, , .
f: An N. , An N.
n 1 n 1
4.
A a1 , a2 ,..., an ,... , B b1 , b2 ,..., bn ,... .

A B ,
a1 , b1 a1 , b2 .......... a1, bn ..........

a2 , b1 a2 , b2 .......... a2 , bn ..........
............. ............ .......... ............ ..........,
, .
5 (
) .
152
“ ”
A ,
, 0 1, x 0,1,1,...,0,... .
, A . ,
A , A .
x1 a11,a12, ..., a1n, ... ,

x2 a21,a22, ..., a2 n , ... ,
......................................
xn an1,an 2, ..., ann , ... ,
........................................,
aij 0 1. y b1 , b2 ,..., bn ,..., ,

b1 a11 , b2 a22 ,..., bn ann , bi 0 1. ,
y A, xi A.
, A .
8.3
,
: A x ,
x, , A1 n N
, A n , A n 1 .
A1
), A n 1 A n
. x
, A n A n 1
.
A– n N
153
“ ”
n N An a1 , a2 ,..., an | ai A,1 i n
n . 4
( ) An
n N.
8.4
.
,
. ,
p
, p, q ,
q
q 0. , .
,
. –
.
(570-496 . . .) ,
,
,
.
,
.
8.4.1
a b
a b, .
154
“ ”
a b a b
, .
a, b, c :
10. a b b a.
20. a b c a b c.
30. a b b a.
40. a b c a b c.
50. a b c a c b c.
60. 0, , a 0 a a.
70. a a , a a 0
a a ).
80. 1, , a 1 a a.
90. a 0 a 1, a a 1
1;
1 1
a a.
a
8.4.2 .
a, b :
a b, a b, b a.
"=" : a b b c, a c.
a, b, c :
100. a b b c, a c.
1 10 . a b, a c b c.
120. a b b 0, a b 0.
155
“ ”
. a b b a.
8.4.3
130 . X Y , .
, x X, y Y , x y,
C, x C y.
.
. , X
, , x 2, Y y 2.
x X, y Y x y.
C, , x X, y Y x C y.
2, , , .
8.4.4
1. x b a a x b.
. x :
a b a b.
10 a a b b.
20 a a b b.
70 0 b b.
60 b b.
. b a a b
b a. , b a b a 0. ,
156
“ ”
b a, 110 . b a a a , 70 .
b a 0, b a 0.
2. x b a 1 a x b, a 0.
. x:
a b a 1 b.
30 a a 1b b .
40 a a 1 b b.
90 1 b b.
80 b b.
. b a 1 a b
b
b:a.
a
3. a b, a b.
, a b, b a 0. , 110 b a b 0 b ,
a b.
, a 0, a 0, a 0, a 0.
, 60 0 0 0, 70 0 0 0. ,
0= 0.
4. a b c d, a c b d.
, a b c d, 110 a c b c, c b d b.
100 a c b d.
5. a b c d, a c b d.
, c d, 160 c d 4 :
a c b d.
157
“ ”
6. a a 0.
, a a a a 0.
7. a 0 0 .
, a 0 a b b a b a b 0.
8. a a.
: a a a a 0 a a.
9. a b a b.
:
a b a b a b a b a a b a b 0 b a b
0 a b a b.
, 1 a a.
10. a 0 b 0, a b 0.
, a 0, a 0, a b 0 ( 120 ).
, a b a b 0, a b 0.
11. a 0 b 0, a b 0.
, b 0, b 0, b a 0 ( 100 ).
, b a a b 0, a b 0.
12. a 0, a a a2 0.
120 11.
120 : 1 1 1 12 0, 1 0.
,
.
. ,
.
R1 .
158
“ ”
8.5
X Y . f X
Y , x X
y Y.
" " " ", " ",

".
f
y f x , X Y, f :X Y , f
X Y.
,
y g x , y F x .
y, f x,
x f
f x f x . X
f D f .
R x y| x D f : f x y
f.
f :X Y, A X, B Y. A
f f A f x |x A .
159
“ ”
B f
1
f B x X|f x B .
f :X Y
G f x, y X Y|x X, y f x .
f :X Y g :Y Z, h: X Z,
h g f x , x X ,
f g.
. y x sin x, g y y2, h x g y x sin 2 x.
. f :X Y
Y , f X Y.
. f :X Y
X Y ,
x1 X , x2 X : x1 x2 f x1 f x2 .
. f :X Y, ,
. , f
X Y.
f :X Y , y Y !x X:f x y.
1 1
f :Y X f, f x y f y x.
f :N X X.
: x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,..., xn f n n
.
4.3.1.6.
160
“ ”
, ,
. A A.
.
, ? .
, .
.
A B (
), f :A B.
: A ~ B.
8.5.1
,
: A x ,
x, , A1 n N
, A n , A n 1 .
A1
), A n 1 A n
. x
, A n A n 1
.
A– n N
n N An a1 , a2 ,..., an | ai A,1 i n
161
“ ”
n . 4
( ) An
n N.
162
“ ”
8.6
8.6.1
.
1
f :N R .
, n
xn ,
x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,... (1)
x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,... ( )
. xn ,
n . (1) : xn .
1 1 1 1
, 1, , ,..., ,.. .
n 2 3 n
, ,
n xn .
(n )
n 1
: xn f n . , xn
n
1 2 3 n 1
0 , , , ..., ,...
2 3 4 n
,
, ,
163
“ ”
. , a1
d
an 1 an d an a1 n 1 d.
y1 1, y2 1, yn yn 1 yn 2 , n 3, 4,5,...
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,…,
" ", – .
.
,
.
8.6.2
xn yn .
xn m
mxn ,
mx1 , mx2 ,..., mxn ,... .
164
“ ”
xn yn xn yn :
x1 y1 , x2 y2 ,..., xn yn ,... ;
– xn yn :
x1 y1 , x2 y2 ,..., xn yn ,... ;
– xn yn :
x1 y1 , x2 y2 ,..., xn yn ,... ;
xn
:
yn
x1 x2 x
, ,..., n ,... ; yn 0 n N.
y1 y2 yn
8.6.3
xn ,
M, xn xn M.
165
“ ”
xn ,
m, xn xn m.
xn ,
.
xn , M m,
xn m xn M.
A max m , M . :
xn A.
. xn ,
A 0 xn ,
xn A.
.
.
.
1,2, 4,..., 2n,... ( 1 xn 2n ),
.
1, 2, 3,..., n ( xn n 1 ),
.
1 2 3 n 1
, , ..., ,.. ( xn 1 ).
2 3 4 n 1 2
n
1,2, 3, 4,..., 1 n,... .
8.6.4 .
xn , -
A 0 N, xn
n N xn A.
166
“ ”
. N A,
N N ( A) .
, ,
. ,
0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, ..., n, 0, n+1, …
, N, xn , n N
, , xn 1( A 1) .
1. , 2n .
A 0. xn 2n A
A
n 1. A = 200 n ³101 .
2
. n ,
( ) 0 N,
xn n N n .
. N ,
N N( ) .
2. , n2 .
A 0. xn n2 A n A.
N A 1 (a a) .
2 2
XN A 1 . A A 1, A A 1 . ,
n N xn A.
1
3. , .
n2
1
0. n
n2
1 1
n2 , n .
1 1 1 1
N 1. n N n 1 ,
n
1
n .
n2
167
“ ”
. xn
, 1
xn , , ,
n n 0, 1
n
.
. xn .
1
0 A . xn
, A N , n N
1 1 1
xn A. . ,
xn xn A
1
.
xn
8.6.5
. a
xn , 0 N,
xn n N
xn a . (2)
a xn ,
lim xn a,
n
168
“ ”
, , .
n
. , lim 1.
n n 1
. 0 ,
N, xn n N
xn 1 .
n
xn ,
n 1
n 1 1
xn 1 1 .
n 1 n 1 n 1
n 1
n , n 1.
n 1
1
N 1,
1
N 1 , xn 1 n N. ,
n
lim 1.
n n 1
xn lim xn a,
n
xn xn a n, n -
n .
, lim xn a, xn a n
n
, 0 N, n N
xn a , n .
169
“ ”
. xn
xn a n , n , lim xn a.
n
(2) xn a xn a ,
, xn a. ,
.
a xn ,
0 N, xn
n N a.
, .
,
lim xn .
n
, ,
( ), lim xn ( lim xn ).
n n
n , lim n 0 .
n
8.6.6
. .
. , xn
a b, lim xn a , lim xn b,a b . xn a n
n n
xn b n, n n
n n . , a n b n a b n n. n n,
170
“ ”
,
, a b , a b 0. , a b.
. xn , .
. lim xn a N- ,
n
xn a , 0.
xn xn a a xn a a a
n N. A max a , x1 , x2 ,..., xN . xn A
n N.
, . ,
n
1,1, 1,1,..., 1 ,... , .
2.6. xn yn , :
1. xn yn , ( )
xn yn , ( )
, lim xn yn lim xn lim yn .
n n n
2. xn yn , xn yn ,
,
lim xn yn lim xn lim yn .
n n n
171
“ ”
xn
3. , xn yn ,
yn
lim yn 0 ,
n
xn lim xn
, lim n
(lim yn 0) .
n yn lim yn n
n
. xn yn
lim xn a,lim yn b . xn a n yn b n , n n–
n n
n n . , :
1) xn yn a n b n a b n n .
n n
n n , , lim xn yn lim xn lim yn .

n n n
2) xn yn a n b n a b b n a n n n .
a b b n a n n n
a b b n a n n n , lim xn yn a b.
n
lim xn yn lim xn lim yn .

n n n
xn a xn b yn a a n b b n a
3)
yn b yn b yn b
a b b n a b a n b n a n 1 b n a n
yn b yn b yn b
1 a
n n .
yn b
172
“ ”
a
n n . ,
b
1 b
. lim yn b b 0,
yn n 2
b
N, n N yn b ,
2
b b b
, yn b b yn b b yn b b yn b , yn ,
2 2 2
1 2 1
n N. ,
yn b yn
.
a
, n n ,
b
xn a
lim ,
n yn b
x lim xn
lim n n
, lim yn 0.
n yn lim yn n
n
. 1)
. 2) -
. 2) ,
,
lim C xn lim C lim xn C lim xn .

n n n n
173
“ ”
8.6.7 .
lim xn 0 lim yn 0. ,
n n
xn
lim ? ,
n yn
xn yn
.
1
1 1 xn 2 1
1. xn yn , lim lim n lim 0.
n2 n n yn n 1 n n
n
1
1 1 xn
2. xn yn , lim lim n lim n .
n n2 n yn n 1 n
n2
c
c 1 xn
3. xn yn , lim lim n lim c c .
n n n yn n 1 n
n
n
1 1 xn n xn
4. xn yn , 1 lim .
n n yn n yn
, xn , yn
174
“ ”
. , , ,
xn 0
lim xn 0 lim yn 0 .
n n yn 0
xn
) lim xn lim yn
n n yn
) lim xn 0 lim yn xn yn
n n
0 ;
) lim xn lim yn xn yn
n n
xn
yn
,
. xn , yn ,
1) n yn 1 yn ;
2) lim yn ;
n
xn xn 1
3) lim a,
n yn yn 1
xn
lim a.
n yn
175
“ ”
8.7
( ).
f x a, b
. C a, b , f C 0.
. f a 0, f b 0.
b a
a, b . f 0, .
2
b a
f 0, a, b ,
2
f x , a1 , b1 , f a1 0; f b1 0.
b1 a1
a1 , b1 . f 0, ,
2
a1 , b1 ,
f x ,
a2 , b2 , f a2 0, f b2 0. ,
k ak , bk
,
a, b a1 , b1 ... an , bn ...,
b a
, bn an 0 n an , bn
2n
f x , f an 0 ; f bn 0.
C,
an , bn lim an lim bn C.
n n
f x ( C ), f C lim f an 0; f C lim f bn 0.
n n
176
“ ”
f C 0.
( ).
f x a, b
f a A, f b B, A B. C A, B
c a, b , f c C.
. A B.
x C f x . a, b
a C f a C A 0, b C f b C B 0.
c a, b , c 0.
c C f c . ,C f c 0, f c C.
. f x
a, b , .
. f x a, b .
, a, b . a, b
, f x .
a1 , b1 . a1 , b1
, f x .
a2 , b2 . ,
a, b a1 , b1 ... an , bn ...,
177
“ ”
b a
, bn an 0 n .
2n
C, lim an lim bn C.
n n
>0 N1 ,
n N1 an c ; , N2 ,
n N2 bn c . N max N1 , N 2 . n N
: c an c , c bn c , an , bn ,
n N c ,c . , f x
c. ,
f x a, b , , c a, b ,
c f x ,
.
. f x
a, b , ,
x1 , x2 a, b ,
f x1 sup f x , f x1 inf f x .
a ,b a ,b
. f x a, b .
f x a, b .
, sup f x M
a ,b
inf f x m. , x1 a, b , f x1 M.
a ,b
, a, b f x
, M, x a, b f x M.
1
F x . a, b ,
M f x
178
“ ”
. , , x a, b
1
F x .
M f x
1 1
: f x M . , M –
f x a, b . , M
a, b . ,
, x1 a, b , f x1 M.
. f x ,
a, b , ( ) ,
– ( ) .
M m, M max f x , m min f x ,
a, b a, b
a, b .
. xn
.
. xn ,
a, b , xn an xn bn .
a, b .
xn .
a1 , b1 . a1 ,b1
,
xn . a2 , b2 . ,
179
“ ”
a, b a1 , b1 a2 , b2 ... an , bn ... ,
b a
n bn an n . ,
2n
lim bn lim an C.
n n
xnk xn :
xn1 xn ,
a1 ,b1 , xn2 xn ,
a2 , b2 . .
ak xnk bk , 2.7 lim xnk C.
k
8.7.1 .
,
. , a
, . ,
,
, " "
.
. .
. , xn ,
, 0 N ,
xm xn (7)
m, n , m N,n N.
180
“ ”
. . xn lim xn a.
n
0. N,
xn a (8)
2
n N. , m N, m (8)
. , m N,n N.
xm xn xm a a xn xm a a xn
xm a xn a .
2 2
. 0 N, ,
xm xn n, m , m N,n N.
, xn . 0
N, (7) m N,n N.
n N. (7)
xn 1 xn , xn 2 xn ,..., xn e xn ,...,
, xn 1 ,
xn . , xn . ,
,
xnk . lim xnk C. C
k
xn . , k ,
181
“ ”
xnk C , nk N. , m nk ,
xm C xm xn .
xn C xn xm xm C xn xm xm C 2
n N. , lim xn C.
k
xn
, 0 N , m, n ,
m N,n N,
xm xn .
. f x x0 ,
.
8.8 .
f x X.
x0 X. x0
0 0 ,
f x f x0 x,
x x0 .
, , x0 ( . .
10).
182
“ ”
f x0
f x0
f x0
0 x0 x0 x
. 10
, ,
, , 0 0,
x0 , , x0
f x ( ) ,
f x f x0 x x0 .
.
. f x
X, 0 0 ,
x, x0 X, x x0 ,
f x f x0 .
183
“ ”
8.9
.
.
R u1 , u2 , ..., un
1 x 2 23 x
u1 , u2 , ..., un . , f(x) 4
x 2 3x 5
3 4
x, x 2, x, 3x 5,
3 4
f ( x ) R x, x 2, x, 3x 5 .
m1 mp
ax b n1 ax b np
R x, , ..., dx ,
cx d cx d
m i , ni 1, i 1 , 2 , ..., p , a, b, c, d ,
a b ax b
( )
c d cx d
ax b
tk ,
cx d
mi
k , i 1, 2 , ..., p .
ni
184
“ ”
1 x dx
1. .
1 x1 x
1 x
. t .
1 x
1 x 2 t2 1 4t dt
t2 , 1 x , x , dx .
1 x t2 1 t2 1 t 2
1
2
1 x dx t 2 dt t2 1 1 dt
2 2 dt 2 dt 2
1 x1 x t2 1 t2 1 t2 1
1 x 1 x
2t 2arctg t C 2 2arctg C.
1 x 1 x
dx
2. 3
.
x x
dx dx t x , x t6
6
6t 5 dt 6t 3 dt
3 2
x 3
x 6
x 6
x dx 6t 5 dt t3 t2 t 1
185
“ ”
2 dt t3 t2
6 t t 1 dt 6 t ln t 1 C
t 1 3 2
2 x 33 x 66 x 6 ln 6
x 1 C.
R x , ax 2 bx c dx
a 0, t:
ax 2 bx c ax t,
ax 2 bx c a 0, c 0 ,
ax 2 bx c xt c.
a 0 ,
ax 2 bx c x t
186
“ ”
ax 2 bx c x t.
,
,
.
.….
5.
5.1.
1. x y.
2. A {x :| x 2 | 3} ?
3. , .
2
4. 1 ( x 1) 4.
5. , , 0,2 .
6. 1 3x 2x 1 x.
7.
2n 1
,n R.
n
8. , H ( 1) k : n .
k 1
sup H inf H , max H sup H inf H min H .

n
sin k
9. , A k
:n .
k 0 3
n
1
10. min A , inf A , max A sup A , A 1 :n .
n
187
“ ”
11. min A , inf A , max A sup A , A x :x 2 1 .

12. E ,
.
13. , f ( x) x2 2x 3
.
14. , H1 (0; ) H2 ( ; ) .
15. . .
7
16. , 1;
3
.
17. .
18. .
19. ,
.
20. ( xn ) ( yn ) ,
( xn yn ) .
21. lim n n 1. .
n
n
1
22. lim 1 . .
n n
23. lim n n .
n
24. lim n n 2
n
n
n
25. lim .
n 1 3n
26. , lim xn a , lim yn b ( n0 )( n n0 ) : xn yn .
n n
, : 1) a b ; 2) a b ; 3) a b ?
27. a
( xn ) . , lim xn a?
n
28. , lim xn a. lim( xn 2 xn 1 ) .
n n
29. ( xn ) ,
( 0)( n )( n n ) : xn .
30. 2 ( xn ) .
( xn ) : ) ; ) ?
31. ( xn ) ,
( n ) : xn xn 1 .
32. ,
.
188
“ ”
33. ( xn ) , xn
.
34. , xn a.
( xn ) ?
35. .
36.
.
2
n
37. lim 0. .
n n!
n2
38. lim n 0 . .
n 2
39. ( xn ) , a,
xn 1 1 / n , 1 a 1.
n4 2
40. lim .
n 1 3n 2
n
1
41. lim .
1 (4 k 1)(4k 3)
n
k
n
2k 1
42. lim k 1
n
.
n k 1
3
k 1
n
k
k 1
43. lim .
n 2 4n 2
n
2n 1
44. lim .
n 4n
n 5
n2 1
45. lim 2 .
n n 1
n cos n ( n 1) 2 ( n 1) 2
46. lim 2 .
n n 1 3n 1
2n 3n (2n 1)3 (2n 1) 3
47. lim n .
n 3 2n 6n 2 6n
n sin n!
48. lim n 1 n .
n n2 1
189
“ ”
( 1) n 2n 3
49. , arctg n .
2n 1
n
cos k
50. , k
.
k 15 k
51. , ( xn )
( 0)( n )( n n )( m n ) : xn xm .
( xn ) ?
n
cos k
52. k
. .
k 1 2
n
53. xn sin 1.
4
5.2.1
54. ( )
f ( x) arctg x .
55. y x 2.
n
x
56. f ( x ) lim 1 .
n n
57. f ( x) arcsin x , f ([2;3]) , f ([0;2]) [0; / 2] , f 1 ([3;4])
f 1 ([ / 6; ]) [1 / 2;1] . .
58.
1, x Q,
f ( x)
0, x Q.
1
2 x 2 sin , x 0,
59. f (0) , f ( x) x
0, x 0.
60. , f ( x) f ( x) , f ( x) f ( x) f
.
61. (u v) .
62. (x ) .
63. (e x ) .
64. (arctg x ) .
65. (arcsin x ) .
190
“ ”
66.
.
67. d 2 f ( x0 ) , f ( x) xe x , x0 1 , dx 0,1 .
68. .
69.
a 0 f ( x) e x .
1
70. f ( x)
2 x
f (a) f ( m ) (a)
f ( x) f (a) f (a)( x a) ( x a) 2 ... ( x a) m rm ( x) ,
2! m!
a 2 , m 3.
71. , x [ 1;1]
x x2
e 1 x 0,1.
2
ex e 2xx
72. lim .
x 0 x sin x
73. x x2 o x3 , x . ?
1
74. x o x3 , x 0. ?
x
1
75. x O x3 , x . ?
x
76. e x e x 1, x . ?
x
2 e
77. O(1) , x . ?
1 ex
sin x
78. O(1) , x . ?
1 sin 2 x
79. x3 o e x , x . ?
80. , f (2 x ) f ( x) , x f ( x) ln x .
81. , f ( x ) o( f (2 x )) , x f ( x) e x .
82. c0 c1 , e x sin x c0 c1 x o( x) , x 0.
83. , ( c1 0)( 0)( x ) : f ( x) c1 ( x ) , f ( x) e x ,
( x) x2 .
5.2.2
84. f: .
191
“ ”
85.
f: .
86. : f–
( a; b ) f ( x) 0 x ( a; b) ?
87. , f ( x) x3 4 x
.
88. f ( x) 2 3x x3 .
89. f ( x) 6 x x3 .
90. ex 1 x , x 0.
2
91. sin x x, 0 x / 2.
92. (1 t ) 1 t , [0;1] , t 0 .
1
93. arctg x , x 0.
2 1 x
x
94. f ( x) e x2 .
x4
95. f ( x) .
4( x 2)
3x 2
96. f ( x) , .
x 2
[ 1;1] .
97. f, f ( x) 0 , f ( x) 0 ,
f ( x) 0 , x .
98. y ( x) 3 x 4 4 x3 1
[ 2;1] .
99. y ( x) 3 x 2 4 x3 .
100.
2 3 3 2 1
y ( x) x x [ 1;1] .
3 2 3
101.
y( x) x4 2 x2 3 [1;3] .
102. y ( x) 2 x 3 15 x 2 36 x
[0;2] .
103. y ( x) ( x 2 4)3 ?
104. y ( x) ( x 3 x )3 ?
105. y ( x) 3 x 4 4 x3 5 ?
106. y x2 8x 3 ,
6.
192
“ ”
107. y x2 4 x 7,
6.
108. y 2x 2
4x 1 y 8 x 19 .
.
109. y x2 5x 4 y 3x 5 .
.
110. y 3
x2 1 ?
3
111. y x2 9 x 10.
2
112. f ( x) 2 x
[0;2] .
113. y | x 2 3x | [0;3] .
(3x 5)( 25 x)
114. f ( x) .
( x 5) 2
(3x 11)( 7 x)
115. f ( x) .
( x 1)2
116. a,
y x3 ax 2 x 1 .
117. a, y e ax ax
.
118. a i b, y x2 4x a
2
y x 2x b , .
119. OX
y 0,5 x 2
1, M ( 1; 3)
.
5.2.3
120. .
121. x 1 x 2 dx .
x
122. dx .
1 x2
dx
123. .
x 2 3x 3
dx
124. .
( x 1)( x 2)
dx
125. 2
.
x 4x 3
193
“ ”
x2
126. dx .
x2 1
127. x sin xdx .
128. x ln xdx .
dx
129. .
1 x
130. xe x dx .
131. cos 2 xdx .
132. sin 3 xdx .
133. ctg 2 2xdx .
134. xf ( x )dx xf ( x ) F ( x) C , f
F , .
135. ,
1 x
, dx arcsin C , x ( a; a ) , a 0 .
a2 x2 a
136. ( ).
137. f :[ a; b] i
[a; b] , [a; b] . .
138. a b, f :[ a; b]
b
[a; b] f ( x) 0 x [a; b] , f ( x)dx 0 .
a
.
:
0.5
lim 0.5 x y 0.5
x 0
lim 0.5 x 0.5 y 0.5

y 0
1.5
lim 0.25 x y 0.5 0
x
lim 0.25 x 0.5 y 1.5

0
y
194
“ ”
U 0.5
0.5 x y 0.5 0
x
U
0.5 x 0.5 y 0.5
0
y
:
2
U 1.5
0.25 x y 0.5 0
x2
2
U
0.25 x 0.5 y 1.5
0
y2
, . .
1.
1. ?
.
2. .
3. .
x 6 y 2 dxdy, Q [0;4] [0;1].

Q
195
“ ”
f ( x, y ) x ln y .
2.
1 .
.
2 .
. -
.
3 .
)
2 xe xy dxdy, Q [0;1] [1; 2].

Q
( ) 1-
sin( y 1)dL, L– AB, A(0; 0), B(3; 1).

L
3.
1 ,
.
2 .
„ ”.
3 .
()
(x2 y2 z 2 )dxdydz,
Q
Q 0; a 0; b 0; c , a 0, b 0, c 0.
) f ( x, y ) x2 y2
196
“ ”
1 1
(1; –1) l ; .
2 2
.
5 . , ,
.
6 .
)
1 8 y 3 dxdy, Q [1; 2] [0;1].

Q
x
( i)
f ( x, y ) x2 y3 sin( xy) .
4.3 1
4.3.1 1
4.1.31
, ,
197
“ ”
x 5 y 2z 2;
2 x 10 y z 9;
8 x 2 y 3 z 3.
.
. :
1 5 2 2
A 2 10 1 9 .
8 2 3 3
A , :
( 2) ;
( 8) .
1 5 2 2 1 5 2 2
2 10 1 9 0 0 5 5 .
8 2 3 3 0 38 19 19
r A r A 3 n 3,
.
, :
x 5 y 2z 2; x 5 y 2 z 2; x 5 y 2 z 2; x 1;
38 y 19 z 19; 38 y 19 z 19; 38 y 38; y 1;
5z 5, z 1, z 1, z 1.
, : x 1, y 1, z 1.
.
x, y, z:
1 5 2 2 5 2
2 10 1 190, x 9 10 1 190,
8 2 3 3 2 3
1 2 2 1 5 2
y 2 9 1 190, z 2 10 9 190.
8 3 3 8 2 3
190 0 , ,
:
x 190 y 190 z 190
x 1, y 1, z 1.
190 190 190
, : x 1, y 1, z 1. ,
, .
198
“ ”
.
A, B X :
1 5 2 2 x
A 2 10 1 ; B 9 ;X y .
8 2 3 3 z
A X B,
X A 1
B.
, A.
A:
1 5 2
det A 2 10 1 190.
8 2 3
det A 0, .
A:
10 1
A11 ( 1)1 1 30 2 28;
2 3
2 1
A12 ( 1)1 2 6 8 2;
8 3
2 10
A13 ( 1)1 3 4 80 76;
8 2
5 2
A21 ( 1) 2 1 15 4 19;
2 3
1 2
A22 ( 1) 2 2 3 16 19;
8 3
1 5
A23 ( 1)2 3 2 40 38;
8 2
5 2
A31 ( 1)3 1 5 20 25;
10 1
1 2
A32 ( 1)3 2 1 4 5;
2 1
1 5
A33 ( 1)3 3 10 10 0.
2 10
, :
28 19 25
1 1
A 2 19 5 .
190
76 38 0
X A1 B:
28 19 25 2 56 171 75
1 1 1
X A B 2 19 5 9 4 171 15
190 190
76 38 0 3 152 342 0
190 1
1
190 1 .
190
190 1
, x 1, y 1, z 1.
199
“ ”
4.2.31 À1 4; 2; 3 , A2 1; 3; 2 ,
A3 3; 1; 5 , S 4; 3; 1 - A1 A2 A3 S . :
) SA1 , SA2 , SA3 ;
) S À1SÀ2 ;
) 1 2 3 A1 A2 A3 S ;
) A1 A2 A3 S SO , S
1 2 3 .
.
) SA1 , SA2 , SA3 :
SA1 4 4; 2 3; 3 1 0; 5; 2 ,
SA2 1 4; 3 3; 2 1 3; 6;1 ,
SA3 3 4;1 3; 5 1 1; 2; 4 .
:
SA1 02 ( 5)2 22 29,
SA2 ( 3) 2 ( 6) 2 12 46,
SA3 ( 1) 2 ( 2) 2 42 21.
) cos :
ab SA1 SA2
cos .
a b SA1 SA2
: SA1 SA2 32 .
32 16
S À1SÀ2 : cos .
29 46 29
) A1 A2 A3 ,
1
S A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A1 A3 .
2
A1 A2 3; 1; 1 , A1 A3 1; 3; 2 ,
200
“ ”
i j k
1 1
S A1 A2 A3 | 3 1 1| 1 i 7 j 10 k
2 2
1 3 2
1 2 150 5 6
1 72 ( 10)2 .
2 2 2
5 6
, A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 S S A1 A2 A3 .
2
) A1 A2 A3 S :
0 5 2
1 1 1 31
VA1 A2 A3 S V SA1 SA2 SA3 | 3 6 1| .
6 6 6 6
1 2 4
1
VA1 A2 A3 S S A1 A2 A3 H
3
31
3VA1 A2 A3S 3
6 31 6
H , H .
S A1 A2 A3 5 6 30
2
4.3.31 , a, b , c
d , :
a 1; 3; 1 , b 1; 5; 2 , c 1; 4; 1 , d 0; 0; 4 . .
a, b , c ,
:
1 3 1
ab c 1 5 2 1 0.
1 4 1
,
, .
d a, b , c .
: d a b c.
, , , :
1 1 1 0;
( 3) ( 5) ( 4) 0;
1 2 1 4.
201
“ ”
:
1 1 1
3 5 4 5 4 6 5 8 3 1;
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 5 4 16 20 4 ;
4 2 1
1 0 1
3 0 4 12 16 4 ;
1 4 1
1 1 0
3 5 0 20 12 8.
1 2 4
4 4 8
4; 4; 8.
1 1 1
, d a, b , c :
d 4a 4b 8c .
4.4.31 , :
x3 x2 4x 4 21 x 5 arcsin 8 x
) lim 3
; ) lim ; ) lim ;
x 2 x 7x 6 x 4 x 3 64 x 0 ln(1 4 x )
x 2
2 x 5x2 7 x 1
) lim ; ) lim .
x 3 x x x3 5 x 4
:
) ,
3 2
x x 4x 4 0 ( x 2)( x 1)( x 2)
x 2 : lim lim
x 2 x3 x
7 6 0 x 2 ( x 2)( x 1)( x 3)
( x 1)( x 2) 3 ( 4) 12
lim ;
x 2 ( x 1)( x 3) 1 ( 5) 5
) 21 x 5 ,
x 4:
21 x 25
lim 3
x 4
x 64 21 x 5
21 x 5 0 21 x 5 21 x 5 x 4
lim lim lim
x 4 x 3 64 0 x 4
x 3
64 21 x 5 x 4
x 4 x 2
4 x 16 21 x 5
1 1
lim ;
x 4
x 2
4 x 16 21 x 5 480
202
“ ”
) ,
arcsin 8 x 0 8x
: lim lim lim 2 2 ;
x 0 ln(1 4 x ) 0 x 0 4x x 0
) :
x 2 x 2
2 x 3 x 1
lim 1 lim
x 3 x x 3 x
x 2
x 2 x 3 x 2
1 1 x 3 lim
lim 1 lim 1 ex x 3
e;
x 3 x x x 3
) x ,
x3 :
5x2 7 x 1 5 / x 7 / x 2 1/ x 3
lim lim 0.
x x3 5x 4 x 1 5/ x 2 4 / x 3
4.5.31 :
x log3 (t 2);
) y ln 3 sin e 5x
2 ; ) y (sin x)ln 2 x ; ); ) tg ( xy) y 2cos x .
y 2t 4t.
) :
3ln 2 sin(e 5x
2) cos(e 5 x 2) e 5x
( 5)
y
sin(e 5 x 2)
15ln 2 sin(e 5x
2) c tg (e 5x
2) e 5x
;
) ,
,
y' 1 cos x
: ln y ln 2 x ln(sin x), (ln 2 x )' ln(sin x ) ln 2 x (ln(sin x ))' ln(sin x ) ln 2 x ,
y x sin x
:
1
y ' (sin x) ln 2 x ( ln(sin x) ln 2 x ctgx) ;
x
2t 4t
) yx : yx (2t ln 2 4)(t 2)ln 3 .
log 3 (t 2)
203
“ ”
) x, y
1 1
x: 2
( xy ) y 2sin x ; 2
(y xy ) y 2sin x ;
cos ( xy ) cos ( xy )
x y 2sin x cos2 ( xy ) y
y 1 2sin x ; y .
2
cos ( xy ) 2
cos ( xy ) x cos 2 ( xy )
4.6.31 :
1
1 x3
) y ; ) y x2 e x .
x2
: ) D ;0 (0; ).
x 0 . :
lim f ( x)
x 0 0
, lim f ( x)
x 0 0
,
, x 0— .
x 0 .
, , .
:
3x2 x 2 (1 x3 ) 2 x x3 2
y ,
x4 x3
y 0 x 3
2 , ,
y x 0, ,
.
y >0 — x ( 3
2; 0),
y <0— x ( ; 3
2) (0; ). , x 3
2—
3
: ymin y( 3
2) 3
.
4
, :
3 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 ( x3 2) 6
y ; y 0, y x 0,
x6 x4
, .
, , y >0
, .
:
204
“ ”
x 0— ;
1 x3 1 x3 1
k lim 1, b lim x lim 0,
x x3 x x2 x x2
, y x — .
Ox (1;0) Oy.
:
) D ;0 (0; ). x 0
. ,
:
1 1
1 1 x 1 1 x
1 e e
2 x ex
x2 ex
x2
lim x e lim lim lim lim
x 0 0 x 0 0 1 x 0 0 2 x 0 0 2 x 0 0 2
x2 x3 x x2
1
ex 1
lim e 0;
x 0 0 2 e
1
1
ex
lim x e
x 0 0
2 x
lim
x 0 0 2
e ,
, x 0— .
x 0 .
, , .
:
1
y e x (2 x 1) ,
205
“ ”
1
y 0 x , ,
2
y x 0, ,
.
1
y >0 — x ( ; ) ,
2
1 1
y <0— x ( ; 0) 0; . , x — :
2 2
1 e2
ymin y .
2 4
, :
1
2x2 2x 1
y ex , y 0, y . ,
x2
, y >0 ,
.
: x 0— ;
1
k lim xe
x
x
, , .
.
.
4 1
: 2; ;(1; e); 1; .
e e
3.2.31.
z 2 x2 3xy 5 y 2 3x 2 y 1
206
“ ”
. , ,
, (
): z x 4 x 3 y 3 ; zy 3 x 10 y 2 .
y 1
4x 3y 3 0 3 10 31 y 1 0 31
3x 10 y 2 0 4 3 31x 24 0 x 24
31
M 0 24 ;1
31 31 .
M0 .
A z xx zx x
4x 3 y 3 x
4,
B z xy zx y
4x 3y 3 y
3,
B z yx zy 3x 10 y 2 x
3,
x
C z yy zy 3 x 10 y 2 y
10 .
y
M0 .
A B 4 3
AC B 2 40 9 31 0 .
B C 3 10
24 1
, M0 , z ,
31 31
z xx M 4 0.
0
2 2
24 24 1 1 24 1 2046 4
zmin 2 3 5 3 2 1 2 .
31 31 31 31 31 31 961 31
207
“ ”
208
“ ”
6. 1
6.1. ,
, .
2 x y 4 z 6, x y 2z 7,
6.1.1 x 5 y 6 z 7, 6.1.2 2x 2 y z 9,
4 x 2 y z 10. x 2y z 6.
x 2 y 2 z 4, 5 x 3 y z 2,
6.1.3 3 x y 3 z 14, 6.1.4 2 x y z 3,
2x y z 8. x 3 y 2 z 13.
3x 2 y z 7, x 5 y 2 z 13,
6.1.5 x 2 y 3z 1, 6.1.6 x 2 y 3z 4,
4 x 3 y 5 z 3. 3x 4 y z 6.
3x 2 y z 1, x 2 y 2 z 13,
6.1.7 5 x 4 y 2 z 0, 6.1.8 3x y z 4,
x 3y 2z 6. 2x y 3z 11.
4x y 5z 4, 3x y z 3,
6.1.9 2x y 3z 2, 6.1.10 x 2 y 4 z 1,
x y 2z 3. 2x y 3z 12.
3x y 2 z 1, 2 x y 3 z 8,
6.1.11 2 x y z 5, 6.1.12 x 2 y 4z 3,
x y 2 z 5. 2x y 3 z 10.
x 2 y 2 z 10, 3x 2 y z 9,
6.1.13 3x y z 4, 6.1.14 x 2 y 3z 1,
4x 2 y 5z 7. x y 5 z 8.
x 3 y 2 z 9, 3x 4 y 2 z 9,
6.1.15 3x 2 y 2 z 2, 6.1.16 x 5 y 2 z 2,
3x 2 y z 11. 4x 3 y z 7.
x 3 y 2z 8, 2 x y 3 z 5,
6.1.17 5x 2 y 2 z 0, 6.1.18 3 x 2 y 3 z 14,
x y z 3. 2x 2 y z 7.
209
“ ”
5 x 3 y 5 z 2, 1x 2 y 4 z 3,
6.1.19 2 x y z 4, 6.1.20 5 x y 3z 0,
x 2 y 3z 7. 2 x 2 y 3z 3.
3 x 2 y z 1, 3x y 2 z 10,
6.1.21 2 x y 3z 5, 6.1.22 4x 2 y z 3,
x y 2z 4. x 3y z 3.
2x 3y 2z 3, x y z 4,
6.1.23 x 2 y z 4, 6.1.24 3x y z 4,
x 5y z 5. 2 x 3z 8.
x 2y z 1, 2x 4 y 2 z 6,
6.1.25 2x 2 y z 7, 6.1.26 3 x y 5 z 4,
x 4 y 3z 9. x y 3z 0.
x y z 1, 4x 3y 2z 5,
6.1.27 8 x 3 y 6 z 11, 6.1.28 2 x 5 y 3z 7,
4x y 3z 6. 5x 6 y 2 z 4.
2x y z 6, 7 x 5 y 13,
6.1.29 x y z 1, 6.1.30 4 x 11y 49,
x 2 y 2z 3. 2x 3 y 4z 41.
1.2. 1 x1 ; y1 ; z1 , A2 x2 ; y 2 ; z2 ,
A3 x3 ; y3 ; z3 , S 4; 3; 1 - A1 A2 A3 S .
) SA1 , SA2 , SA3 ;
) S À1SÀ2 ;
) 1 2 3 A1 A2 A3 S ;
) A1 A2 A3 S SO , S
1 2 3 .
1.2.1 1 3; 1; 4 , A2 1; 4; 5 , A3 2; 1; 0 .
1.2.2 1 2; 3; 5 , A2 3; 4; 1 , A3 1; 2; 6 .
210
“ ”
1.2.3 1 5; 1; 3 , A2 2; 4; 5 , A3 7; 3; 4 .
1.2.4 1 2; 5; 1 , A2 6; 1; 9 , A3 1; 3; 2 .
1.2.5 1 9; 2; 1 , A2 4; 5; 7 , A3 2; 1; 4 .
1.2.6 1 1; 6; 5 , A2 3; 2; 7 , A3 4; 1; 1 .
1.2.7 1 8; 5; 3 , A2 2; 1; 4 , A3 5; 2; 1 .
1.2.8 1 7; 3; 2 , A2 8; 4; 1 , A3 6; 2; 8 .
1.2.9 1 3; 7; 4 , A2 1; 4; 2 , A3 5; 1; 3 .
1.2.10 1 2; 5; 7 , A2 1; 4; 3 , A3 3; 1; 8 .
1.2.11 1 7; 3; 4 , A2 3; 4; 1 , A3 2; 1; 0 .
1.2.12 1 2; 1; 0 , A2 5; 1; 3 , A3 1; 2; 6 .
1.2.13 1 5; 1; 3 , A2 2; 4; 5 , A3 7; 3; 4 .
1.2.14 1 1; 5; 1 , A2 7; 1; 8 , A3 5; 1; 3 .
1.2.15 1 7; 2; 6 , A2 4; 5; 1 , A3 3; 7; 5 .
1.2.16 1 7; 4; 5 , A2 3; 1; 9 , A3 4; 2; 1 .
1.2.17 1 8; 1; 3 , A2 2; 6; 4 , A3 7; 2; 1 .
1.2.18 1 4; 3; 2 , A2 2; 7; 1 , A3 6; 2; 8 .
1.2.19 1 6; 4; 9 , A2 1; 3; 2 , A3 7; 1; 5 .
1.2.20 1 7; 5; 4 , A2 1; 8; 5 , A3 2; 1; 7 .
1.2.21 1 8; 1; 4 , A2 5; 3; 1 , A3 7; 2; 6 .
1.2.22 1 2; 6; 4 , A2 7; 2; 3 , A3 0; 4; 6 .
1.2.23 1 6; 2; 3 , A2 1; 4; 3 , A3 7; 3; 4 .
1.2.24 1 2; 6; 9 , A2 4; 1; 2 , A3 7; 0; 3 .
211
“ ”
1.2.25 1 9; 1; 4 , A2 3; 7; 9 , A3 2; 5; 6 .
1.2.26 1 7; 4; 10 , A2 9; 2; 7 , A3 5; 6; 1 .
1.2.27 1 0; 1; 3 , A2 4; 7; 9 , A3 1; 5; 6 .
1.2.28 1 3; 1; 2 , A2 7; 3; 4 , A3 9; 2; 5 .
1.2.29 1 3; 7; 6 , A2 1; 6; 9 , A3 8; 1; 7 .
1.2.30 1 9; 8; 5 , A2 3; 8; 7 , A3 2; 1; 8 .
1.3. , a, b , c
d , :
1.3.1 a 1;4; 2 , b 3;1;6 , c 1; 2;0 , d 4;3;5 .
1.3.2 a 5;0; 2 , b 4;1;3 , c 3;4; 2 , d 3; 3;1 .
1.3.3 a 1; 2;1 , b 2; 1;2 , c 5;3; 4 , d 0;2;1 .
1.3.4 a 1;5;3 , b 4; 2;2 , c 3;5; 2 , d 3;7;2 .
1.3.5 a 3; 1;2 , b 2; 1;5 , c 2;3; 1 , d 7;7;4 .
1.3.6 a 4;3;2 , b 2; 4; 3 , c 4;5;5 , d 6; 3; 4 .
1.3.7 a 3;1;4 , b 2; 1;3 , c 1;2; 1 , d 4;5;7 .
1.3.8 a 2;2;3 , b 3; 3; 2 , c 2; 1; 3 , d 0;1;5 .
1.3.9 a 1; 4;3 , b 1; 2; 1 , c 4;1;2 , d 11;5; 1 .
1.3.10 a 1;3;2 , b 3;5;2 , c 4; 3;1 , d 9;4;3 .
1.3.11 a 1;3;5 , b 2;1; 2 , c 5;4; 1 , d 6;3;20 .
1.3.12 a 1;2;3 , b 2; 5; 7 , c 3;2;4 , d 3;1;3 .
1.3.13 a 3;1;2 , b 5;2; 1 , c 3;5;3 , d 4;9;6 .
1.3.14 a 2;3;5 , b 1; 2; 2 , c 2;3;1 , d 1;5;11 .
212
“ ”
1.3.15 a 1;2;1 , b 3;5; 1 , c 2; 1;3 , d 4; 1;10 .
1.3.16 a 3;2;1 , b 2; 3; 4 , c 3;5;5 , d 4;3;4 .
1.3.17 a 2;2;1 , b 4;3; 1 , c 1; 1;2 , d 3;2;6 .
1.3.18 a 1;3;2 , b 2; 7; 3 , c 3;1; 2 , d 4;9;5 .
1.3.19 a 2;3;4 , b 2; 1; 2 , c 5;2;1 , d 3;6;5 .
1.3.20 a 4;3;2 , b 5;2;5 , c 2;5; 3 , d 5; 9;3 .
1.3.21 a 2;5; 4 , b 3; 2;1 , c 1; 1;4 , d 2;0;9 .
1.3.22 a 1; 1;3 , b 1; 1;1 , c 4;1; 1 , d 15;4; 2 .
1.3.23 a 1;2; 1 , b 3; 1;1 , c 1;2;5 , d 8;10; 8 .
1.3.24 a 3; 1;1 , b 1;3;2 , c 1;1;5 , d 2; 4;12 .
1.3.25 a 1; 2;1 , b 2;1;1 , c 5;3; 1 , d 15; 14;4 .
1.3.26 a 2;1;3 , b 1;1; 1 , c 3; 1;2 , d 6;4;1 .
1.3.27 a 2;1; 1 , b 3;1;2 , c 4;1; 1 , d 11; 2; 1 .
1.3.28 a 3; 2;1 , b 2; 1;2 , c 1; 2; 1 , d 1; 1;3 .
1.3.29 a 2;1; 1 , b 1;1;3 , c 1; 1;2 , d 1;11;7 .
1.3.30 a 1; 5;7 , b 5;3;1 , c 8; 2; 1 , d 15;9;11 .
1.4. , .
2
x 3x 2 3 x 3 tg x
1.4.1 ) lim 3
; ) lim ; ) lim ;
x 2 x 2x2 x 2 x 0 x x 0 3
(1 cos x ) 2
2x 1
x 1 x2 2x 8
) lim ; ) lim .
x x 2 x 4 3x x 2
x3 3x 2 x 2 2 3x 1
1.4.2 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ;
x 1 x x2 x 6 x 6 x 0 arcsin 3 x
213
“ ”
x 1
3x 4 3 x4 3x 3 2 x 2
) lim ; ) lim .
x 3x 2 x 5x2 4 x 9
x2
x 3 3x 2 x2 5 3 2 x x2 x2 1
1.4.3 ) lim 2
; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim 2 ; )
x 1
x 2
x 2
x 2 x 2 x 0 ln(1 2 x ) x x 1
2 x3 4 x
lim .
x 4x3 3x2 4
x3 3x 2 x 3 7 1 1
1.4.4 ) lim 2
; ) lim 2
; ) lim ; )
x 1 x 2x 1 x 4 x 16 x 0 sin x tg x
7 x2
5 2 x2 x3 1
lim ; ) lim .
x 3 2 x2 x x6 5 x5 2 x 1
3x 5
x3 6 x 2 12 x 8 x 2 2 tg x sin x x 4
1.4.5 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 2 x 3x2 4
3 x 6 x 6 x 0 x3 x x 1
x2 5x 4
lim 3
.
x 2x 5 x 2 3x 4
x 1
x4 1 x2 1 1 x sin 4 x 2x 2 3
1.4.6 ) lim 4 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1 2x x2 1 x 0
x 2 16 4 x 0 1 cos8 x x 2x 5
6 x3 3 x 6
lim .
x x2 7 x 2
2x 1
x2 2x 1 1 x 1 x sin 3x tg 5 x x2 5 3
1.4.7 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1 x3 2
x x 1 x 0 x x 0 x3 x x2
x2 2 x 1
lim .
x 5x6 x3 2
x2 3x 2 2 x 3 sin 2 3 x
1.4.8 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ;
x 1 x3 2x2 x 2 x 7 x2 49 x 0 x arcsin 3x
x2 1
2x 1 5x4 9 x3 2 x 1
) lim ; ) lim .
x 2x 3 x 2 x2 x 6
x 4
2x2 x 1 x2 6x 7 2 x tg 5 x x 2 7
1.4.9 ) lim 3 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1 x 2x 2 x 2 x 7
x2 3 2 x 0 1 cos10 x x x 5
9 x2 3x 2
lim .
x 3x 2 2 x 1
214
“ ”
2x 3
8x3 1 x 2 3 x tg 6 x x 4
1.4.10 ) lim1 2 ; ) lim 2
; ) lim
0 5sin 2 2 x
; ) lim ; )
x 6x 5x 1 x 7 x 8x 7 x x x 4
2
3
x 3x 2
lim .
x 5x3 x 2 3x 1
x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 1 2x 3 cos5 x cos3x
1.4.11 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 3 x 4 81 x 4 x 4 x 0 sin 2 x
x2 1
x3 5 7 x 2 x2
lim 3 ; ) lim .
x x 2 x 2 x 2 10 x 5
x2 1
x3 7 x 6 x 2 1 ln(1 sin x) x 4 x
1.4.12 ) lim 2 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1x 3x 4 x 3 2x 3 3 x 0 sin 4 x x x 1
x 4 3x 4
lim .
x 3x 2 4 x 7
x 2
x 3 27 x 3 1 e5 x 1 2x2 1
1.4.13 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 3 x2 9 x 4 x 5 3 x 0 tg 5 x x 2 x2 3
x2 2x 1
lim 4 3
.
x 2x x 3x 7
x3 2x 2 1 x 6 2x 3 ln( x 2 1)
1.4.14 ) lim
1 x2
; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 2x 3 x 3 x 3 x 0 1 cos 2 x
x 2
x 2 7 2 x 4 7 x3 6x
lim ; ) lim .
x x 5 x x2 2x 8
2x 1
x3 5x2 8x 4 2 x2 3x 2 1 cos 2 x 3 x 2
1.4.15 ) lim 3 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 2 x 7 x 2 16 x 12 x 2 4 4x 8 x 0 tgx sin x x 5 x
2 x2 3x 2
lim .
x x 3 8 x 2 3x 1
x 1
x3 2x 1 x 2 2 cos x cos3 x 4 x2 1 2
1.4.16 ) lim 4 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1x 2x 1 x 0 x2 x 0 x sin 2 x x 4 x2 2
2 x 2 3x 10
lim .
x x 4 25 x 3 6 x 2
5 x
x 4 3x 4 x2 7x 6 1 cos 4 x 3x 2
1.4.17 ) lim
1 3x2
; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 4x 7 x 1 5 x 2 x 0 x2 x 3x 5
x7 2 x 2 1
lim .
x x5 2 x 3
215
“ ”
2 x2 3x 2 x 3 2 1 cos 2 x
1.4.18 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 2 x3 8 x 1 x3 1 x 0 cos 7 x cos 3x
x2 2
x 2 x 6 x3 7 x 4
lim ; ) lim .
x x 3 x x3 9
2 x2
x 3 7 x 2 15 x 9 x 5 3 e3 x 1 x 4
1.4.19 ) lim 3 ; ) lim 2 ; ) lim 2 ; ) lim ; )
x 3x 8 x 2 21x 18 x 4 x 3x 4 x 0 sin x x x 5
3x 3 7 x 6
lim .
x x 2 3x 4
2 x 1
x2 2 x 1 x 5 9 x 2x 1 2x 3
1.4.20 ) lim 4
x 1 2x
; ) lim ; ) lim
x 0 arc tg 2 x
; ) lim ; )
x 1 x 2 x 2 x 2x 4
x3 2 x2 9x 8
lim .
x x4 8x 4
x 1
x 3 3x 2 4 x2 2 1 cos3 x 1 x2 2
1.4.21 ) lim 3 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1 x x2 x 1 x 0 x2 x x 0 tg 3 x x 3 x2
8x3 6 x 1
lim .
x 6 x6 5x 4 4 x
3 x 1
1 x 1 3x 6 x 2 1 x2 1 2 x3
1.4.22 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 0 x2 x5 x 2 7 x 3 x 0 sin 2 x x 6 x3
2x2 x 1
lim .
x 2 x3 5x 2 1
x3 2x 1 x 1 x2 25
1.4.23 ) lim 4 2
; ) lim ;
x 1 x 4x 5 x 5 2 x 1
5x 1
1 cos 6 x 3x 6 x6 2x5 2 x3
) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim .
x 0 e2 x 1 x 3x 5 x x2 5x 6
2 6 x2 1
x2 2x 3 x 1 2 tg 3x sin x 3x 3 2
1.4.24 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 3 x3 4 x 2 3x x 3 x 2 1 x 0 arc tg 3 x x 3x 3
3x 2 8 x 5
lim .
x 3x 2 9 x 6
2x 3
x 3 3x 2 11 x 2 cos 2 x cos x 3x 1
1.4.25 ) lim
1 x2
; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x x 2 x 7 x 7 x 0 1 cos x x 3x 1
2 x 4 x 2 3x
lim .
x x2 5x
2 x 1
x2 3x 2 x 1 2 sin x 2 4x 2 3
1.4.26 ) lim ; ) lim 2 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1 x3 2x2 x 2 x 5 x 25 x 0 tg 5 x x 4x 7
x 2 3x 4
lim .
x 5x3 1
216
“ ”
2x 1
x3 1 2 x2 3x 5 tg 4 x 2 2x 5 5
1.4.27 ) lim 2 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 1 x 1 x 1 2 3 x x 0 1 8x 1 x 2x
2x2 x 3
lim .
x 8 x 2 10 x 3
x3 4x x2 arcsin x
1.4.28 ) lim 3
; ) lim ; ) lim ;
x 2 x 3x 2 4 x 0 6 x 6 x 0 x 2 3x
x2
x 5 9 x5 3 x 6
) lim ; ) lim .
x x 6 x 3 x5 5 x 3
3 3 x2
1 x 1 3x 6 x 2 x 1 3x 2x
1.4.29 ) lim ; ) lim ; ) lim 3 ; ) lim
x 0 x x5 x 2 2x 4 x 0 sin x x 2x 5
2 x 2 3x 1
; ) lim .
x 4x2 7 x 3
x 3
x3 5x 2 8x 4 2x 5 3 e4 x 1 3x 2 1
1.4.30 ) lim ; ) lim 2 ; ) lim ; ) lim ; )
x 2 x 3 3x 2 4 x 2 x 3x 2 x 0 ln(2 x 1) x 3x 2 2
4 x 2 3x 2
lim .
x x3 2 x2 x 2
1.5. .
x 2t sin 2t;
1.5.1 ) y ln x 4 x2 ; ) ;
y sin 3 t;
) y (ctg 4x) x ; ) x y 2 arctg ( xy) .
x x e t;
1.5.2 ) y 4 x2 4arccos ; ) ; ) y (cos 2x) sin x ; )
2 y e ; 2t
ln( y x) yx 2 .
1 2 x et t;
1.5.3 ) y ctg x lnsin x ; ) ; ) y (tgx) arcsin x ; ) 7x 7y 7x y
.
2 y t;
1
x ;
1.5.4 ) y ln e x
3 2x ; ) cos t ; ) y (cos3x) 2 x 1 ; ) e y sin x e x
cos y .
y 2tgt;
217
“ ”
x t;
1.5.5 ) y ln arcsin 1 e2 x ; ) 3
; ) y ( x 3 4)sin 2 x ; ) y sin x cos( x y) 0 .
y t;
1 x tgt ;
1.5.6 ) y ctgx tg 3 x ; ) ; ) y x arccos x ;
3 y t2 t;
y
) ln x e x e .
1 x
x t sin 2t;
1.5.7 ) y arctg 1 e x3
; ) 2 ; ) y (ln 2 x ) 2 ;
3
y cos t;
) x2 y 2 ln y .
x ln(1 t 2 );
1.5.8 ) y arcsin e x 1 e2 x ) ; ) y ( x 5) cos 2 x ; ) ln( y x) y x 2 .
y t arctgt;
x x x cos2 t ;
1.5.9 ) y ln tg arcsin ) ; ) y (ctgx) x
;
2 2 y ln sin t;
) y ln y x3 .
x x 1 t2;
1.5.10 ) y tg 2
arcsin 1 x2 ; ) ;
2 y t t 3;
) y (arcsin x ) 1 x2
; ) x y xy 10 .
1
2 x 3 x ; y
1.5.11 ) y arctg e ) t 1 ; ) y (1 x 2 ) arccos x ; ) ey .
3 x
y (t 1) 2 ;
x x ln 2t;
1.5.12 ) y 1 ln 2 ; ) ; ) y (ln x) ctg 2 x ; ) sin( xy ) cos( xy ) tg ( xy ) .
2 y sin 4t;
x 5t 1;
1.5.13 ) y log 4 log2 tg x ; ) ; ) y ( x 2 2) cos 3x ;
y 10t 4;
) 2 y ln y x.
x x t;
1.5.14 ) y arctg tg 1 ; ) ; ) y (sin x) ln x ;
2 y (t 1) ; 2
) x y arcsin x arcsin y .
218
“ ”
1 x ctg 2t ;
1.5.15 ) y ln e2 x 1 arctg e x ; ) ;
2 y 3 2t ;
) y ( x 2 1) x ; ) e x y
xy .
1 x t;
1.5.16 ) y log 2
4
; ) t
; ) y (2 x 3) x 1
; ) ey x y .
1 x y e;
8 x 1 t2 ;
1.5.17 ) y x x
; ) ; ) y (arctgx) ln x ;
y arccos t;
1 e 4
x y
) y3 .
x y
x 3cos 2t;
1.5.18 ) y 2 x 4ln 2 x ; ) ; ) y (x 2 5x) x
;
y sin 2t ;
y
) ln x e x
1.
1 x t sin t ;
1.5.19 ) y ln 1 2tg 2 x ; ) ; ) y x ln x ;
2 y 1 cos 2t;
x
) xy arctg .
y
1
1 1 x sin 5t;
1.5.20 ) y ln 1 ; ) ; ) y x ln x ; ) tgy xy .
x x2 y t cos t ;
x x ln(1 t 3 );
1.5.21 ) y ln tg ; ) ) ; ) y 1 xe y .
4
x
cos ln tg x y ( x)
2 y t arctgt ;
x t 2 1;
1.5.22 ) y arctg e x
e x
; ) ; ) y x x2 1
; ) cos( xy ) x.
y ln(t 1);
x ctg 2t ;
1.5.23 ) y cos 2 sin e 3 x ; ) ; ) y (tgx) cos x ; ) y e x y
5.
y ln(sin 2t );
1
x arctg ;
1.5.24 ) y ln arccos 1 e 4x
; ) t ; ) y (arcsin 2 x) ln x ; ) y 2 x sin y .
t
y e;
x sin 2 t;
1.5.25 ) tg 3 x
; ) ; ) ; )y x ln y 1 .
2
y 3 2
y (arctgx) x 1
y cos t ;
219
“ ”
x sin 3 x x;
1.5.26 ) y arctg x 1 x2 ; ) ; ) y ( x 2 2x ) x ; ) y cos( x 2 y) .
y 2 x cos x;
1 ex 3 x et sin t;
1.5.27 ) y arctg ; ) ; ) y ( x 3 2) ln x ; ) ln y sin( xy ) .
2 2 y ctg (t 1);
x 3t ;
1.5.28 ) ; ) ; ) ; ) e y x sin x y .
x
y ln 2 x cos x y x2
y ln t ;
x sin t;
1.5.29 ) y ln ln ln x ; ) 2 3
1 ; ) y x tgx
; ) tgy e y x .
y ;
cos t
x e t t;
1.5.30 ) y 2x 1 arctg 2x 1 ; ) ; )y (x 2 3) x
; ) ln y cos( xy ) x.
y ln t.
1.6. .
x2
1.6.1 ) y ; ) y x3 e x .
x2 1
2x 1
1.6.2 ) y 2
; ) y ( x 1) e1 x .
x 1
x2 4 ln x
1.6.3 ) y ; ) y .
x2 4 x
x3
1.6.4 ) y ; ) y ln(2 x 2 3) .
3 x2
x2 1
1.6.5 ) y ; ) y x2 e x .
x2 1
4x2
1.6.6 ) y ; ) y ( x 1) 2 e x .
3 x
x3
1.6.7 ) y ; ) y x x 3.
x2 4
x2 1
1.6.8 ) y ; ) y (3 x) e x 2 .
x2 4
4 x2
1.6.9 ) y ; ) y x 2 ln x .
1 x
220
“ ”
x
1.6.10 ) y 2
; ) y ln( x 2 2 x 2) .
x 1
x2 2
1.6.11 ) y ; ) y sin 4 x cos4 x .
x 1
2
x 1
1.6.12 ) y ; ) y e 2x x2
.
x 2
2x2 1 x
1.6.13 ) y ; ) y .
x 1 ln x
2x
1.6.14 ) y 2
; ) y ( x 4) e 2 x .
x 1
4 x2 ex
1.6.15 ) y ; ) y .
x2 3 1 x
x2
1.6.16 ) y ; ) y ( x 3) x .
2 x 1
2x 1
1.6.17 ) y 3
; ) y x
.
x 8 e 1
x2 2 x
1.6.18 ) y ; ) y ln(9 x 2 ) .
x 1
x ex
1.6.19 ) y ; ) y .
1 x2 x
1 1 2
1.6.20 ) y x2 ; ) y ln x x .
x2 2
5x
1.6.21 ) y 2
; ) y x 2 ln x .
x 4
1
1.6.22 ) y ; ) y 2 x 2 ln x .
1 x2
x2 1 ln x
1.6.23 ) y ; ) y .
x2 4 x2
x2 x 1
1.6.24 ) y 3
; ) y ln .
x 8 x 2
1
1
1.6.25 ) y 4x2 ; ) y ( x 2) e x .
x
221
“ ”
x3
1.6.26 ) y ; ) y x ln x .
x 1
x3 x
1.6.27 ) y 2
; ) y arctgx .
x 1 2
x3
1.6.28 ) y ; ) y x ln( x 1) .
x2 1
x
1.6.29 ) y 2
; ) y e 4x x2
.
x 4
x2
x3 4
1.6.30 ) y ; ) y x e 2
.
x2
1.7. q s p
q q ( p), s s ( p). :
) ;
) .
1.7.1 q 1400 5 p, s 1100 5 p.
1.7.2 q 10 p 2 p, s 4 p 6.
1.7.3 q 1300 4 p, s 1000 2 p.
1.7.4 q 20 p 6 p, s 2 p 25.
1.7.5 q 2000 20 p, s 200 10 p.
1.7.6 q 12 3 p 2 p , s 2 p 4.
1.7.7 q 1100 10 p, s 800 20 p.
1.7.8 q 7 2p 4 p, s 2 p 1.
1.7.9 q 1000 5 p, s 800 5 p.
1.7.10 q 8 p, s p 2.
1.7.11 q 1500 30 p, s 500 20 p.
222
“ ”
1.7.12 q 9 3p 2 p, s 2 p 7.
1.7.13 q 2100 40 p, s 1100 60 p.
1.7.14 q 15 2 p, s p 6.
1.7.15 q 1400 10 p, s 200 20 p.
1.7.16 q 30 2 p 6 p , s p 15.
1.7.17 q 1800 5 p, s 1700 5 p.
1.7.18 q 25 5 p 4 p , s 5 p 7.
1.7.19 q 1200 30 p, s 800 10 p.
1.7.20 q 12 p, s p 2.
1.7.21 q 1300 2 p, s 900 2 p.
1.7.22 q 1 2 p 4 p, s 2 p 7.
1.7.23 q 700 8 p, s 100 2 p.
1.7.24 q 9 2 p, s p 3.
1.7.25 q 900 20 p, s 300 10 p.
1.7.26 q 18 6 p 4 p , s 4 p 14.
1.7.26.27 q 1200 5 p, s 700 5 p.
1.7.28 q 30 5 p, s p 6.
1.7.29 q 2300 40 p, s 1800 10 p.
1.7.30 q 25 p 6 p, s 2 p 20.
1.8. z f x, y .
1.8.1. 1.8.2.
z 3x 2
5 xy 4 y 2
7x y 1 . z 2 x 2 3xy 5 y 2 2 x y 5 .
223
“ ”
1.8.3. 1.8.4.
z 3x 6 y x 2 xy y 2 . z x 2 xy y 2 2x y .
1.8.5. 1.8.6.
z 5 x2 7 xy 9 y 2 x y 1. z 6 x2 8 xy 5 y 2 2 x y 3 .
1.8.7. 1.8.8.
z x2 xy y2 2x y . z 6 x 2 4 xy 3 y 2 x y 1.
1.8.9. 1.8.10.
z 3x 2
5 xy 8 y 2
x 2y 1. z 5 x 2 6 xy 9 y 2 x y 3.
1.8.11. 1.8.12.
z 4x 2
3xy 5 y 2
x y 2. z 4 x 2 6 xy 7 y 2 7 x y 1 .
1.8.13. 1.8.14.
z 8 x 2 3 xy y2 x 5y 1.
z x 2
2 xy 7 y 2
x y.
1.8.15. 1.8.16.
z 5 x y x2 xy y 2 1 . z x2 xy y 2 3x 2 y 5 .
1.8.17. 1.8.18.
z 3x 2 xy 4 y 2 x 2y . z 3x 6 y x 2 xy y 2 .
1.8.19. 1.8.20.
z x2 xy 3 y 2 2 x y 5 . z 5 x2 6 xy 3 y 2 x y 1.
1.8.21. 1.8.22.
z 4 x 2 3xy 5 y 2 2 x y .
z 5 x 2 xy y2 x 2 y 1 .
1.8.23. 1.8.24.
z 4 x 2 3xy 2 y 2 x 3 y . z 7 x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 x y 5.
1.8.25. 1.8.26.
224
“ ”
z x2 xy y 2 4x y 1 . z 5x2 xy y2 x y 1 .
1.8.27. 1.8.28.
z 6 x2 3xy y2 x y 1
z x 2
xy 7 y 2
5x y 1.
.
1.8.29. 1.8.30.
z x2 xy y 2 3x 2 y 3 . z x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 4 x 5 y 2 .
225
“ ”
4.4.3
1
1.
) ye xy /2 dxdy ; D : y ln 2 , y ln 3 , x 2, x 4.
D
) (18 x 2 y 2 32 x 3 y 3 ) dxdy ; D : x 1 , y 3
x, y x2 .
D
2. :
xy dxdydz ; G : x 2 y2 1, z 0 , z 1, x 0 , y 0 .
G
3. : a sin 3 , [0;3 ] .
3
1 y 1 x
4. , dx dy
AB
y x2 x y2
x 0, y 0.
1. :
) 2 y cos 2 xy dxdy ; D : y / 4, y / 2 , x 1, x 2.
D
) y 2e xy /8
dxdy ; D : x 0 , y 2, y x / 2.
D
2. :
(x y z ) dxdydz ; G : 0 x a, 0 y b, 0 z c.
G
3. x ln(1 t 2 ) , y 2 arctg t t , t [0;1] ,

x
y/e .
226
“ ”
4. (x y ) dx dy x2 y2 25
A( 5,0) B(5,0) .
227
“ ”
1] . . , , , 2007.
2] . . , , : , 1967.
3] . . . . , . ,
: , 2000.
4] . . , . . . . ,
, 2011: , .
5] . , « : , ,
, .,» [ ]. Available:
http://www.cleverstudents.ru/matrix/rank.html. [ : 25 03 2016].
6] . . , « ,» 2011. [ ]. Available:
http://matphys.rpd.univ.kiev.ua/downloads/courses/vyshka/algebra.pdf. [
: 24 03 2016].
7] Landi, Giovanni, Zampini, Alessandro. Linear Algebra and Analytic

Geometry for Physical Sciences // Landi, Giovanni, Zampini, Alessandro. -
Springer International Publishing. 2018 - ISBN 978-3-319-78360-4. – 332 p.
8. ., . . – .: ,
1973 – 144 .
9. . // .– .: . .,
1977. – . 8. – . 99-112.
10. . .– : , 1987. – . 113-132.
11. . .– .: , 1986. – 120 .
228
“ ”
12. ., ., . . – .:
, 1988. – 271 .
13. . .– .: , 1975. – 199 .
14. . . – .: ,
1971. – 440 .
15. . .– .: , 1959. – 232 .
16. . . – .: , 1970. – 274 .
17. ., ., . .– 2. – .:
, 1974. – 464 .
18. , .- .: " ", - 1990. 671 .
19. , . 1. - .: - 2001. 546 .
20. , . - .: - 2001. 648 .
21. , , .
- .: " ", - 1972. 640 .
22. . . - .: "
",-1966. 372 .
23. , ,
. 1. - .: " ", - 1986. 304 .
24. , „ ” . 2006.
25. « .» .
2000.
26. «
» . 2000.
27. «
» . 2002.
28. , „ ”
) . 2005.
29. , „ ”
) . 2005
229
“ ”
230
“ ”
231

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“ ”

4.7 . ................................................................................... 107

a11 a12 ... a1n

a11 a12 a1n

a11 a12 a13 . . . a1n

0 a12 ... a1n

a11 a12 a13 a1n .

a11 a12 a13 a1n 31 .

a11 a12 a13 a1k a1k 1 a1n

a11 a12 a1n a11 a12 a1n

a11 a12 ... a1n b11 b12 ... b1n

am1 am 2 ... amn bm1 bm 2 ... bmn

c11 c12 ... c1q

cm1 cm 2 ... cmq

a11 a12 a1n

a11 a12 a1 j a1 j a1 j 1 a1 j 2 a1n a11 a12 a1 j a1 j 1 a1 j 2 a1n a11 a12 a1 j a1 j 1 a1 j 2 a1n

a11 x1 a12 x 2 ... a1n x n b1 ,

a11 a12 b1 a12 a11 b1

a11 x a12 y a13 z b1 ,

a11 a12 a13 b1 a12 a13

a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1

(30 8 15 25 28 8) (0 24 35 20 0 42) 4(0 60 28 16 63 0) 19

2(84 40 8 24 14 80) 4(16 14 16 8 8 56) 5(4 21 40 20 12 14) 19

(60 28 0 0 63 16) (8 42 0 0 14 12) 4(6 30 4 8 10 9) 19

A11 x1 A12 x2 A13 x3 A14 x4 B1

( a bi )(c di ) (ac bd ) ( ad bc )i . (2)

( az1 ) (bz 2 ) (ab) ( z1 z2 ) ,

( a bi )( c di ) a (c di ) bi (c di ) ac adi bci bdi 2 .

( a bi )(c di ) (ac bdp ) ( ad bc bdq )i . (3)

qq aa a (b i) a(c j ) a ( d k ) (bi) a (bi )(b i) (bi)( c j ) (bi)( d k )

q1q 2 5 3i j k 1 i j 3k 5 5i 5 j 15 k 3i 3i 2 3ij 9ik j ji

(u1u 2 )u3 , (5)

, (4), q1, q2, q3 (

((bi )(cj ))(b i ) (bi )((cj )(b i ))

, q1, q2, q3 1, (4)

(ii )i i (ii ) , (ii ) j i (ij ) , (ij )i i ( ji ) , (ij ) k i ( jk ) .

q1q 2 (b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2) . (2)

q1 q 2 ( c1 d 2 d 1c 2 )i ( d 1b 2 b1 d 2 ) j ( b1c 2 c1b 2 ) k . (3)

(q1, q2) = q1 q 2 cos .

(q1, q2) = b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2 . (4)

q1 q2), b1, c1, d1 b2, c2,

OM 12 b12 c12 d12 ,

M 1 M 22 OM 12 OM 22 2 (b1b 2 c1c 2 d1d 2) .

OM 1 OM 2 cos b1b 2 c1c 2 d 1 d 2 ,

q1q2 (c1d 2 d1c2 )i (d1b2 b1d 2 ) j (b1c2 c1b2 )k .

q1q2 (c1d 2 d1c2 )i (d1b2 b1d 2 ) j (b1c2 c1b2 )k .

, [q1, q2] q1 q2,

qv (cos p sin )v v cos pv sin .

q2 q1 cos p sin , (5)

SABCD = |(AB *AC)|= m-2n * 3m-5n = 3(m*m)+5(m*n)-6(n*m)-10(n*n) =

= (2; 0; 0) = (0; 2; 0) = (0; 0; 1). = (2; 2; 1).

A 2;0 , B 6;5 , C 4;2 .

x cos , y sin , (7)

2 5 /4. sin 5 / 4 2 / 2, cos 5 / 4 2 /2, (7)

. (2; -1; 2) , (1; 2; -1), (3; 2; 1).

16. (1; 2; 1), (4; 3;

17. F 1; 2; 4 (1; 2; 3).

mom A F (8; 12; 4).

: mom A F (8; 12; 4).

1. ( , b, c) (b, , ) ( , , b) (b, a, c) (c, b, a) ( a , c, b )

19. , (1; 2; -1), (0; 1; 5), (-1; 2; 1), D(2; 1; 3)

20. , (2; -1;

21. : (2; 3; 1), (4; 1; -2), (6; 3; 7), D(9; -4;

SABCD = |(AB AC)|= m-2n 3m-5n = 3(mm)+5(mn)-6(nm)-10(nn) =