INTRODUÇÃO

A prova de proficiência em inglês da ANAC, oficialmente chamada de “Santos Dumont

English Assessment” (SDEA), é pautada em moldes determinados pela ICAO e é
aplicada em aproximadamente 25-35 minutos por avaliadores credenciados em
diversos​ ​locais​ ​no​ ​Brasil.

A prova, que ficou conhecida simplesmente como “prova ICAO”, consiste em uma
avaliação oral dividida em 4 partes, nelas são avaliadas 6 habilidades do candidato,
todas as partes são importantes pois menor nota obtida pelo piloto em qualquer dos
seis quesitos da prova ICAO é considerada como a nota final, é necessário portanto
estar​ ​preparado​ ​ao​ ​máximo​ ​para​ ​esses​ ​trinta​ ​minutos​ ​de​ ​avaliação.

O material aqui disponível é um resumo de boas estratégias e técnicas que reforçamos

em nossas aulas na Vector. Nossos métodos são próprios e foram desenvolvidos e
lapidados com tempo e dedicação em sala de aula, nos últimos anos foram centenas
de pilotos aprovados e satisfeitos com nossa objetividade e eficiência no ensino e
preparação.

A prova não tem escrita ou leitura, é apenas oral e

toda em inglês, já fizemos nosso pré-vôo em português,
so​ ​let's​ ​try​ ​to​ ​communicate​ ​only​ ​in​ ​English​ ​from​ ​now​ ​on!
 PART​ ​1:​ ​PILOT’S​ ​BACKGROUND​ ​QUESTIONS

In the first part of the test it is crucial to be prepared to talk about yourself and
aviation​ ​in​ ​English,​ ​answering​ ​every​ ​question​ ​with​ ​satisfactory​ ​skill​ ​level.

MAIN​ ​STRATEGIES:

-​ ​START​ ​SLOWLY:​ ​Anxiety​ ​must​ ​be​ ​managed

Consider you need to warm-up, “hold your horses” and
maintain calm while you develop your confidence slowly
through​ ​the​ ​first​ ​questions.

- ​NEVER ANSWER TOO SHORT: Answering too briefly

can be a big problem, try to be communicative and make
your answers longer than two or three sentences. The
examiner must not interpret that you’re afraid to express
yourself in English, if you cause a bad impression he/she
will​ ​simply​ ​ask​ ​you​ ​more​ ​questions.

- ​GOOD POSTURE AND ORATORY: Since we are

preparing for an oral test oratory must be considered.
Don’t forget to practice aloud and remember to be loud and
clear, be as eloquent as you can, emphasizing things
correctly, pay attention to your body language as well, your
gestures and facial expressions can be as important as the
words​ ​you​ ​say.

- ​ANSWER PRECISELY​: Answer the question precisely

from the very beginning, know the difference between
“Why”; “What”; “When”; “Where”; “Who”; “How”... and start
your answers specifically covering what was asked before
elaborating​ ​a​ ​little​ ​more​ ​one​ ​the​ ​subject.

- ​KNOW WHEN TO FINISH: ​The best answer is not

necessarily the longest, although you should never answer
too short, you also need to know when to stop if your
fluency​ ​is​ ​decreasing​ ​it’s​ ​better​ ​to​ ​finish​ ​where​ ​you​ ​are.
A good strategy is answering longer to questions you
consider easy, and the other way around. Don’t stretch too
much​ ​if​ ​the​ ​question​ ​is​ ​difficult,​ ​avoid.
STUDY​ ​METHODS

Although many things can be asked in this part of the test, you are definitely going to talk
about some predictable subjects. Preparing the ideal vocabulary and sentences for these
subjects is a key part of a pilot’s studies. The preparation method presented here was
specifically​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​practice​ ​only​ ​with​ ​pen​ ​and​ ​paper​ ​or​ ​any​ ​writing​ ​device.

As we already know short answers should be avoided, however in order to make good
and long answers we can use short sentences to help increasing our vocabulary; our grammar,
and​ ​afterall;​ ​our​ ​interaction​ ​and​ ​fluency​ ​capabilities.

The upcoming method consists on increasing your ability to speak with the English you
already have. If you didn’t lose yourself reading this file until now, your comprehension skill is
good,​ ​so​ ​now​ ​we​ ​will​ ​use​ ​it​ ​to​ ​increase​ ​other​ ​important​ ​skills.

A solid foundation is necessary to properly answer questions. With enough practice it’s
actually​ ​pretty​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​turn​ ​short​ ​sentences​ ​into​ ​complete​ ​answers​ ​naturally​ ​and​ ​fluently.

Step​ ​One:​​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​of​ ​short​ ​sentences​ ​about​ ​your​ ​life,​ ​aviation​ ​and​ ​your​ ​experiences.

Short​ ​sentences​ ​to​ ​use​ ​during​ ​an​ ​answer:

“I’ve​ ​started​ ​to​ ​fly​ ​as​ ​a​ ​commercial​ ​pilot​ ​in​ ​1975”
“I​ ​did​ ​my​ ​flight​ ​training​ ​in​ ​Porto​ ​Alegre”
“I​ ​was​ ​still​ ​living​ ​with​ ​my​ ​parents​ ​when​ ​I​ ​started​ ​flying”
“My​ ​initial​ ​plan​ ​was​ ​to​ ​be​ ​a​ ​military​ ​pilot”
“It​ ​was​ ​impossible​ ​to​ ​join​ ​the​ ​Air​ ​Force​ ​because​ ​of​ ​my​ ​height”
…​ ​(don’t​ ​stop​ ​here​ ​the​ ​more​ ​sentences​ ​the​ ​better!)

Step​ ​Two:​​ ​Connect​ ​the​ ​sentences​ ​to​ ​each​ ​other​ ​using​ ​improvisation​ ​skills​ ​while​ ​saying​ ​them
aloud,​ ​add​ ​short​ ​expressions​ ​or​ ​extra​ ​sentences​ ​and​ ​try​ ​to​ ​say​ ​in​ ​a​ ​different​ ​order.

Having​ ​a​ ​wide​ ​array​ ​of​ ​connectors​ ​at​ ​your​ ​disposal​ ​helps​ ​to​ ​better​ ​speak​ ​your​ ​mind​ ​and​ ​express
your​ ​emotions,​ ​so​ ​don’t​ ​forget​ ​to​ ​check​ ​the​ ​connectors​ ​chart​ ​included​ ​with​ ​this​ ​material!

Example​ ​from​ ​of​ ​the​ ​sentences​ ​above​ ​turned​ ​into​ ​a​ ​good​ ​answer​ ​(connectors​ ​in​ ​bold):
“​Although​ ​I​ ​started​ ​to​ ​fly​ ​as​ ​a​ ​commercial​ ​pilot​ ​in​ ​1985,​ ​I​ ​gotta​ ​say​ ​my​ ​initial​ ​plan​ ​was​ ​to​ ​be​ ​a
military​ ​pilot,​ ​however​​ ​it​ ​was​ ​impossible​ ​to​ ​join​ ​the​ ​Air​ ​Force​ ​because​ ​of​ ​my​ ​height,​​ ​therefore​​ ​I
did​ ​my​ ​flight​ ​training​ ​in​ ​Porto​ ​Alegre​ ​and​ ​by​ ​the​ ​way​ ​I​ ​remember​​ ​I​ ​was​ ​still​ ​living​ ​with​ ​my
parents​ ​back​ ​then​.
RECORD​ ​YOURSELF​ ​and​ ​compare​ ​old​ ​and​ ​new​ ​recordings​ ​improvising
with​ ​the​ ​sentences,​ ​track​ ​your​ ​progress​ ​and​ ​keep​ ​your​ ​motivation​ ​levels​ ​high!
Step​ ​Three:​​ ​Now​ ​is​ ​time​ ​to​ ​try​ ​to​ ​find​ ​other​ ​different​ ​ways​ ​to​ ​say​ ​your​ ​sentences,​ ​you​ ​can​ ​do
this​ ​at​ ​many​ ​different​ ​levels,​ ​you​ ​can​ ​start​ ​by​ ​just​ ​changing​ ​the​ ​order​ ​of​ ​things​ ​on​ ​a​ ​sentence​ ​or
you​ ​can​ ​use​ ​synonyms​ ​and​ ​create​ ​a​ ​different​ ​structure​ ​for​ ​your​ ​message,​ ​you​ ​can​ ​even​ ​do​ ​both
things​ ​at​ ​once:

Examples​ ​below:

Since​ ​I​ ​remember​ ​I​ ​always​ ​wanted​ ​to​ ​become​ ​a​ ​pilot.
- For​ ​all​ ​my​ ​life​ ​I​ ​always​ ​wanted​ ​to​ ​be​ ​a​ ​pilot
- Ever​ ​since​ ​I​ ​was​ ​born​ ​becoming​ ​a​ ​pilot​ ​was​ ​a​ ​dream
- To​ ​become​ ​a​ ​pilot​ ​was​ ​something​ ​I​ ​always​ ​wanted
- I​ ​can’t​ ​recall​ ​ever​ ​wanting​ ​to​ ​become​ ​something​ ​else​ ​other​ ​than​ ​a​ ​pilot
- Being​ ​a​ ​pilot​ ​has​ ​always​ ​been​ ​a​ ​dream​ ​of​ ​mine…
- …​ ​(​don’t​ ​stop​ ​here​ ​the​ ​more​ ​sentences​ ​the​ ​better!)

As​ ​a​ ​kid​ ​I​ ​was​ ​already​ ​fascinated​ ​by​ ​aircraft​ ​and​ ​aviation.
- When​ ​I​ ​was​ ​a​ ​child​ ​I​ ​was​ ​already​ ​in​ ​love​ ​with​ ​planes​ ​and​ ​aviation
- Aviation​ ​was​ ​always​ ​a​ ​passion,​ ​I​ ​love​ ​aircraft​ ​since​ ​I​ ​was​ ​a​ ​boy/girl
- ​ ​…​ ​(​you​ ​got​ ​the​ ​point!)

This​ ​exercise​ ​is​ ​extremely​ ​important​ ​to​ ​increase​ ​your​ ​English,​ ​finding​ ​new​ ​ways​ ​of​ ​saying​ ​the
things​ ​you​ ​want​ ​will​ ​tend​ ​to​ ​equalize​ ​your​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​express​ ​yourself​ ​to​ ​your​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​understand
what​ ​the​ ​others​ ​are​ ​saying.
- Using​ ​synonyms​ ​increases​ ​vocabulary;
- Changing​ ​the​ ​sentences​ ​increases​ ​your​ ​grammar;
- Saying​ ​things​ ​aloud​ ​increases​ ​your​ ​pronunciation;
- Having​ ​many​ ​ways​ ​to​ ​express​ ​yourself​ ​increases​ ​Fluency​ ​and​ ​Interaction

Try​ ​to​ ​make​ ​more​ ​sentences​ ​with​ ​these​ ​questions:

Why​ ​do​ ​you​ ​think​ ​English​ ​is​ ​important​ ​in​ ​aviation?
Where​ ​do​ ​you​ ​prefer​ ​to​ ​fly​ ​to?
How​ ​is​ ​the​ ​working​ ​schedule​ ​of​ ​a​ ​pilot?
What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​differences​ ​between​ ​executive​ ​and​ ​airline​ ​aviation?
When​ ​is​ ​the​ ​aircraft​ ​more​ ​vulnerable​ ​to​ ​emergencies?
Who​ ​is​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​planning​ ​the​ ​flight?

****​ ​suggested​ ​links​ ​for​ ​your​ ​studies

Visit​ ​aviation​ ​herald​ ​for​ ​improving​ ​your​ ​vocabulary​ ​and​ ​knowledge​ ​ h ​ ttp://avherald.com/
Skybrary​ ​is​ ​the​ ​best​ ​website​ ​you​ ​can​ ​use​ ​to​ ​read​ ​about​ ​aviation​ ​topics:​ h
​ ttp://skybrary.aero/
 PART​ ​2:​ ​INTERACTING​ ​AS​ ​A​ ​PILOT

MAIN​ ​STRATEGIES:

DON’T​ ​EXPOSE​ ​YOUR​ ​FAULTS

- Avoid at all costs saying the things you didn’t understand, do
not overestimate your faults and mistakes, It’s your examiner’s
job to evaluate if what you said as the pilot or during an
answer​ ​was​ ​sufficient​ ​or​ ​not,​ ​do​ ​the​ ​best​ ​with​ ​what​ ​you​ ​have.

BE​ ​OBJECTIVE​ ​ON​ ​THE​ ​RADIO

- Be objective on your ATC communications, there’s no need
to use general English on the radio, take advantage of that
and protect yourself from grammar evaluation by intentionally
simplifying​ ​your​ ​interactions​ ​during​ ​radio​ ​transmissions.

WRITE​ ​YOUR​ ​INSTRUCTIONS

- Take notes about your examiner’s instructions and not just
about​ ​the​ ​audios​ ​being​ ​played.​ ​It​ ​could​ ​be​ ​long​ ​and​ ​detailed.

ALWAYS​ ​LISTEN​ ​TWICE

- Ask to listen twice to every audio but do it without giving the
impression you’re in trouble. Do it every time and your
examiner​ ​will​ ​never​ ​know​ ​if​ ​you​ ​struggled​ ​with​ ​any​ ​audio​ ​track.

USE​ ​THE​ ​SECOND​ ​CHANCE​ ​DIFFERENTLY

- On the second time you listen to a track change your focus;
read​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​and​ ​fix​ ​them;​ ​double​ ​check​ ​all​ ​details.

FOCUS​ ​ON​ ​THE​ ​AUDIO​ ​COMPREHENSION

- Listening is primary; writing is secondary, it’s better to make
short, weird abbreviations but to keep focused on the audio,
that​ ​way​ ​just​ ​a​ ​few​ ​letters​ ​can​ ​help​ ​you​ ​remembering​ ​things.

ORGANIZE​ ​YOUR​ ​NOTES

- Be organized when taking notes, having a system can help in
many ways; practice shorthand writing as much as possible;
use​ ​cursive​ ​letters,​ ​create​ ​symbols​ ​and​ ​drawings.​ ​Be​ ​creative.
Writing fast is difficult, listening and writing at the same time is very complicated, the human
brain is not perfect for multitasking. Our methods and concepts to approach that subject has
been​ ​helping​ ​our​ ​students​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​and​ ​is​ ​based​ ​on:

- Using the spaces on the paper to give different meaning to

your​ ​notes​ ​depending​ ​on​ ​where​ ​you​ ​allocate​ ​them.
- Varying the size and distance of letters being written so
that it expresses different levels of connections intensity
between​ ​words.
- Forcing yourself not to write as much as your instinct tells
you​ ​to.​ ​1-3​ ​Letters​ ​for​ ​each​ ​key​ ​word​ ​is​ ​always​ ​sufficient.
- Creating and using specific symbols and abbreviations for
the most recurrent words and information contained on the
audios.

Based on all we said above we designed a system to take notes specifically during the SDEA
test by ANAC. Keep in mind none of this is mandatory for the test.Our method is not a final
solution for every student, we hope it suits you well, but in the end it’s a personal subject and
your notes should be efficient for you so feel free to make your own changes and to absorb only
what​ ​you​ ​want​ ​from​ ​our​ ​method.​ ​Let’s​ ​get​ ​to​ ​it:
Since the audios in the test are always about aviation and they are
prone to contain operational routine/nonroutine situations and specific
vocabulary,​ ​we​ ​can​ ​separate​ ​things​ ​considering​ ​a​ ​base​ ​model:

The​ ​listening​ ​exercises​ ​can​ ​usually​ ​be​ ​divided​ ​in​ ​3​ ​parts:
​CONTEXT; SITUATION; CONCLUSION, therefore the method below consists on improving
efficiency​ ​while​ ​separating​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​content​ ​of​ ​the​ ​audios:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTEXT​​ ​Use​ ​the​ ​top​ ​section​ ​of​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​to​ ​write​ ​contextual​ ​information​ ​such​ ​as:
FLIGHT STAGE (taxi? approach? T.O.? Parked at the gate?); DEPARTURE; DESTINATION;
PAX​ ​ONBOARD;​ ​CREW​ ​ONBOARD;​ ​ACFT​ ​MODEL?​ ​;​ ​TIME​ ​OF​ ​THE​ ​DAY?​ ​...
->The most important context is usually the FLIGHT STAGE (cruise? approach? After
landing?​ ​After​ ​Take​ ​Off?...)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SITUATION ​Use the midsection of your notes to write down the SITUATION that happened
onboard​ ​such​ ​as:
Bird Strike; Engine Failure; Fire onboard; Pax fighting; Depressurization; Terrorists onboard;
Missing​ ​Pax;​ ​Delay...
-> THIS IS THE ​MOST IMPORTANT PIECE OF INFORMATION YOU SHOULD GET IN
EVERY​ ​AUDIO​ ​EXERCISE,​ ​THERE’S​ ​ALWAYS​ ​A​ ​SITUATION!

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DECISIONS Use the bottom section of your notes to write down Consequences and decisions
taken​ ​or​ ​issued​ ​by​ ​the​ ​pilots​ ​or​ ​ATC,​ ​or​ ​consequences​ ​to​ ​the​ ​situation.
Diverted to... ; Performed an emergency dive; an Emergency landing; Requested Instructions;
Advised​ ​the​ ​ATC;​ ​Ditched​ ​on​ ​a​ ​river;​ ​returned​ ​to​ ​the​ ​gate;​ ​Requested​ ​Medical​ ​Assistance...

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So​ ​let's​ ​see​ ​now​ ​how​ ​the​ ​method​ ​works​ ​with​ ​an​ ​example:

Audio​ ​example:
"During Cruise from Sacramento to San Diego American Airlines flight 060 was forced to divert
to​ ​Los​ ​Angeles​ ​due​ ​to​ ​severe​ ​bad​ ​weather.
Once at its alternative The Boeing 737 was parked at gate 7 and received maintenance as all
136​ ​passengers​ ​disembarked​ ​to​ ​get​ ​on​ ​another​ ​flight."
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example​ ​of​ ​organized​ ​notes​ ​for​ ​the​ ​audio​ ​example​ ​above:

DrCr​ ​ ​SCmt​ ​>​ ​S.D.​ ​ ​aa060​ ​ ​b737​ ​ ​ ​136px ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(context)

enc.​ ​ ​ ​SVr​ ​ ​ ​B.Wtr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(situation)

DV​ ​>​ ​L.A.​ ​ ​ ​ ​pk@​ ​GT7​ ​ ​ ​MTNC​ ​ ​ ​alPX​ ​ ​ ​ ​Disb​ ​ ​ ​Dif​ ​ ​ ​Flt​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (​ consequences)
​ ​------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In capital letters are the most important information that was written on the first time the
audio was played, info acquired on second play were added in small letters, completing the
notes​ ​and​ ​making​ ​easier​ ​to​ ​read​ ​later.

Not every pilot would have to follow precisely this method with the same abbreviations or
placement for information. The most important here is the concept behind our method, the fact
that we are allocating our notes in different places and writing as less as possible will already
make​ ​it​ ​easier​ ​for​ ​us​ ​to​ ​understand​ ​what​ ​we​ ​wrote​ ​later.

Remember the more you write the less you listen and the less you write the less you
need​ ​your​ ​notes,​ ​so​ ​be​ ​smart,​ ​keep​ ​calm​ ​and​ ​efficient​ ​with​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​so​ ​they​ ​actually​ ​help​ ​you.

To take organized notes like the one we saw above will be helpful in many different
ways. It helps you to summarize and get more info while busy listening, therefore helping to
keep your attention on the audio, it also makes possible to write down more things, not missing
any​ ​important​ ​information​ ​or​ ​details.

After the audio stops, with everything still fresh on your memory, you should always go
back​ ​to​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​and​ ​fill​ ​the​ ​gaps​ ​reviewing​ ​and​ ​maybe​ ​completing​ ​the​ ​abbreviations​ ​you​ ​did.
By the second time you listen to the audio you will use your notes as subtitles,
completing​ ​or​ ​reviewing​ ​information.​ ​It’s​ ​important​ ​as​ ​well​ ​to​ ​verify​ ​any​ ​numbers​ ​ ​are​ ​correct.
Organized notes will also help later to deliver ATC communications better, when you
know where to look for each kind of information it becomes easier to talk about it and your
fluency​ ​level​ ​is​ ​increased.​ ​Explaining​ ​the​ ​audio​ ​will​ ​be​ ​much​ ​easier.
Hint:
When​ ​you​ ​begin​ ​to​ ​report​ ​or​ ​interact​ ​during​ ​the​ ​listening​ ​you​ ​should​ ​always​ ​BE​ ​OBJECTIVE!
Take​ ​your​ ​time​ ​before​ ​you​ ​start​ ​talking​ ​and​ ​avoid​ ​getting​ ​stuck​ ​and​ ​compromising​ ​your​ ​fluency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

REPORTING​ ​what​ ​you​ ​understood​ ​to​ ​the​ ​examiner​ ​on​ ​your​ ​own​ ​words:

structure​ ​example:

I​ ​UNDERSTOOD​ ​THAT​ ​//​ ​"​CONTEXT​"(​TOP​ ​of​ ​your​ ​notes​)​ ​//​ ​"​SITUATION​"​ ​MID​ ​of​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​//
"CONSEQUENCES​"​ ​Bottom​ ​of​ ​your​ ​notes

using​ ​the​ ​method​ ​on​ ​the​ ​previous​ ​listening​ ​and​ ​our​ ​notes:
-​ ​I​ ​understood​ ​that​ ​during​ ​cruise​ ​from​ ​Sacramento​ ​to​ ​San​ ​Diego​ ​an​ ​American​ ​Airlines
737​ ​flight​ ​060​ ​with​ ​136px​ ​onboard//​ ​ ​(context)
-​ ​they​ ​encountered​ ​severe​ ​bad​ ​weather//​ ​ ​(situation)
-​ ​the​ ​aircraft​ ​had​ ​to​ ​divert​ ​to​ ​Los​ ​Angeles​ ​parked​ ​at​ ​gate​ ​7​ ​and​ ​all​ ​passengers
disembarked​ ​to​ ​a​ ​different​ ​flight​ ​while​ ​aircraft​ ​received​ ​maintenance.​ ​//​ ​(conclusion)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Making​ ​ATC​ ​COMMUNICATIONS

(interacting​ ​as​ ​ ​the​ ​pilot)
Keep​ ​it​ ​simple:
1​ ​-​ ​Who:​ ​say​ ​who​ ​you’re​ ​talking​ ​to​ ​and​ ​who​ ​you​ ​are​ ​“ATC​ ​Anac123...​ ​context”
2​ ​-​ ​What:​ ​say​ ​what​ ​you​ ​want​ ​>​ ​“Request;​ ​Report;​ ​Perform…​ ​conclusion”
3​ ​-​ ​Why:​ ​say​ ​what​ ​happened>​ ​“Due​ ​to…​ ​situation”

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Formula​ ​structure:

***​ ​ ​//​ ​ATC​​ ​//​ ​CALLSIGN​​ ​ ​//​ ​###​ ​//​ ​Conclusion​​ ​//​ ​ ​DUE​ ​TO​​ ​//​ ​Situation

*​**MAYDAY​ ​if​ ​it's​ ​an​ ​Emergency.​ ​PAN​ ​PAN​ ​if​ ​it's​ ​an​ ​Urgency.
###:​ ​REQUESTS​ ​;​ ​INFORMS​ ​;​ ​PERFORMS;
​ ​----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Applying​ ​the​ ​method​ ​to​ ​our​ ​example:

LOS​ ​ANGELES​ ​CONTROL​ ​//​ ​AA060​ ​//​ ​request​ ​divert​ ​to​ ​LOS​ ​ANGELES​ ​and​ ​maintenance
service​ ​on​ ​the​ ​ground​ ​//​ ​ ​Due​ ​to​ ​//​ ​Severe​ ​bad​ ​weather.

CORRECTIONS​ ​/​ ​CLARIFYING​ ​(it’s​ ​necessary​ ​many​ ​times):

Negative​ ​for​​ ​/​ ​____________​ ​/​ ​Anac123​ ​had;​ ​has​ ​ ​/​ ​_____________​ ​.
example:​ ​Negative​ ​for​ ​hail​ ​ingestion​ ​Anac123​ ​had​ ​a​ ​bird​ ​Ingestion

Part​ ​3​ ​-​ ​Unexpected​ ​Situations

Rules:
-​ ​Even​ ​if​ ​your​ ​examiner​ ​ask​ ​you​ ​complicated​ ​questions​ ​try​ ​to​ ​find​ ​a​ ​simple​ ​way​ ​to​ ​explain,​ ​don’t
corner​ ​yourself​ ​between​ ​a​ ​very​ ​specific​ ​and​ ​a​ ​complex​ ​explanation.
-​ ​When​ ​choosing​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​situations​ ​presented​ ​as​ ​being​ ​the​ ​most​ ​difficult​ ​to​ ​deal​ ​with,​ ​don’t
forget​ ​to​ ​compare​ ​to​ ​the​ ​other​ ​two​ ​situations,​ ​explaining​ ​why​ ​you​ ​think​ ​this​ ​is​ ​the​ ​most​ ​difficult.
-​ ​When​ ​explaining​ ​what​ ​you​ ​understood​ ​of​ ​the​ ​audio​ ​always​ ​try​ ​to​ ​make​ ​your​ ​answers​ ​complete
but​ ​start​ ​with​ ​the​ ​basics,​ ​mentioning​ ​first​ ​the​ ​most​ ​important​ ​situation,​ ​summarizing​ ​what
happened,​ ​after​ ​that​ ​you​ ​can​ ​give​ ​as​ ​much​ ​details​ ​as​ ​possible​ ​but​ ​not​ ​mentioning​ ​anything​ ​you
missed.

remark
In​ ​this​ ​part​ ​you​ ​are​ ​talking​ ​to​ ​the​ ​examiner​ ​about​ ​the​ ​audio​ ​but​ ​you​ ​are​ ​not​ ​imagining​ ​yourself​ ​as
the​ ​pilot​ ​so​ ​make​ ​sure​ ​you​ ​explain​ ​what​ ​happened​ ​in​ ​the​ ​past​ ​tense​ ​in​ ​plain​ ​english,​ ​aviation
vocabulary​ ​can​ ​still​ ​be​ ​very​ ​helpful​ ​but​ ​phraseology​ ​structure​ ​in​ ​this​ ​part​ ​makes​ ​no​ ​sense​ ​since
you​ ​are​ ​explaining​ ​to​ ​the​ ​examiner​ ​what​ ​happened​ ​to​ ​someone​ ​else​ ​in​ ​your​ ​own​ ​words.

Part​ ​4​ ​-​ ​Aviation​ ​Topics​​ ​(Picture​ ​Description)

Rules:
-​ ​don’t​ ​limit​ ​yourself​ ​to​ ​colors​ ​and​ ​objects
-​ ​try​ ​to​ ​vary​ ​your​ ​expressions​ ​and​ ​adjectives​ ​not​ ​to​ ​sound​ ​repetitive
-​ ​use​ ​the​ ​picture​ ​as​ ​a​ ​starting​ ​point​ ​to​ ​talk​ ​about​ ​aviation​ ​topics​ ​and​ ​share​ ​your​ ​opinions
-​ ​use​ ​suitable​ ​technical​ ​vocabulary​ ​when​ ​describing​ ​an​ ​aircraft,​ ​airport​ ​or​ ​procedure

strategies:​ ​Talking​ ​for​ ​about​ ​1-2​ ​minutes​ ​is​ ​ideal​ ​so​ ​it’s​ ​usually​ ​a​ ​good​ ​idea​ ​to​ ​have​ ​some​ ​sort
of​ ​a​ ​script​ ​that​ ​you​ ​can​ ​follow​ ​with​ ​any​ ​picture​ ​presented​ ​to​ ​you.
Script​ ​example:
1​ ​-​ ​General​ ​description:​​ ​landscape;​ ​weather;​ ​objects;​ ​scenario;​ ​city;​ ​sky;​ ​background;
foreground;​ ​corners;​ ​top;​ ​bottom;​ ​left;​ ​right.
2​ ​-​ ​Plane​ ​description:​​ ​color;​ ​size;​ ​model;​ ​configuration;​ ​parts;​ ​type;​ ​old/new
3​ ​-​ ​Situation:​​ ​what​ ​happened;​ ​assumptions;​ ​training;​ ​opinion;​ ​how​ ​could​ ​have​ ​happened;
causes;​ ​consequences;
4​ ​-​ ​Crew:​​ ​big/small​ ​crew;​ ​training;​ ​how​ ​they​ ​handled;​ ​people​ ​on​ ​photo
5​ ​-​ ​Personal​ ​experiences;​​ ​relate​ ​to​ ​it​ ​somehow;​ ​ever​ ​happened​ ​to​ ​you?​ ​someone​ ​you​ ​know?
heard​ ​of​ ​it?​ ​are​ ​you​ ​prepared​ ​to​ ​deal​ ​with​ ​this?

​ ​It’s​ ​not​ ​important​ ​to​ ​follow​ ​all​ ​these​ ​steps​ ​in​ ​that​ ​order​ ​or​ ​any​ ​order​ ​at​ ​all​ ​but​ ​it’s​ ​a​ ​good​ ​idea​ ​to​ ​have​ ​some​ ​kind​ ​of
organized​ ​script​ ​so​ ​you​ ​can​ ​talk​ ​well​ ​about​ ​the​ ​many​ ​aspects​ ​of​ ​the​ ​picture,​ ​exploring​ ​more​ ​than​ ​just​ ​what​ ​can​ ​be
seen​ ​and​ ​using​ ​proper​ ​vocabulary.

tip:​ ​If​ ​you​ ​want​ ​to​ ​have​ ​a​ ​very​ ​good​ ​performance​ ​during​ ​this​ ​part​ ​you​ ​should​ ​remember​ ​to​ g ​ o
beyond​ ​what​ ​you​ ​see​,​ ​make​ ​some​ ​assumptions​ ​about​ ​the​ ​situation​ ​in​ ​the​ ​picture,​ ​try​ ​to​ ​give
your​ ​opinions​ ​about​ ​possible​ ​causes,​ ​consequences​ ​and​ ​procedures​ ​discuss​ ​the​ ​picture​ ​instead
of​ ​simply​ ​describing​ ​it,​ ​go​ ​beyond​ ​the​ ​obvious​ ​and​ ​talk​ ​about​ ​the​ ​event​ ​you​ ​see,​ ​not​ ​the​ ​things.

Many​ ​simple​ ​expressions​ ​can​ ​help​ ​you​ ​to​ ​properly​ ​describe​ ​a​ ​photo:

In​ ​this​ ​picture​ ​I​ ​can​ ​see...;​ ​In​ ​the​ ​Background​ ​there’s​ ​a…​ ​;​ ​In​ ​the​ ​foreground…
at​ ​the​ ​top​ ​(bottom)​ ​/​ ​right​ ​(left)​ ​corner…​ ​;​ ​there’s​ ​a...​ ​ ​behind​ ​the…​ ​;

Expressions​ ​and​ ​connectors​ ​to​ ​express​ ​thoughts​ ​and​ ​opinions​ ​about​ ​the​ ​picture:

I​ ​suppose...​ ​maybe...​ ​it​ ​could​ ​be...​ ​I​ ​can't​ ​precise/tell...​ ​it's​ ​possible​ ​that...​ ​from​ ​what​ ​I​ ​can​ ​tell...
we​ ​can​ ​assume...​ ​I​ ​think​ ​the​ ​best​ ​thing​ ​would​ ​be​ ​to...​ ​It's​ ​safe​ ​to​ ​assume​ ​that...​ ​assuming​ ​that
the…​ ​I​ ​think​ ​the​ ​pilots​ ​should...​ ​Taking​ ​a​ ​closer​ ​look…​ ​Although...​ ​Maybe…​ ​Probably...
I​ ​wonder​ ​if…​ ​However…​ ​on​ ​the​ ​other​ ​hand…​ ​it’s​ ​difficult​ ​to​ ​tell/say…

by​ ​Alex​ ​Pope,​ ​study​ ​hard,​ ​fly​ ​safe.

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