Caracterizacao de Polimeros Determinação Peso Molecular e Analise Termica PDF

&DUDFWHUL]DomRGH
3ROtPHURV
'HWHUPLQDomRGH3HVR0ROHFXODUH$QiOLVH7pUPLFD

(OL]DEHWH)/XFDV
%OXPD*6RDUHV
(OLVDEHWK(&0RQWHLUR

5LRGH-DQHLUR

E-papers Servios Editoriais Ltda., 2001.
Todos os direitos reservados E-papers Servios Editoriais Ltda. proibida a reproduo ou transmisso desta
obra, ou parte dela, por qualquer meio, sem a prvia autorizao dos editores.
Impresso no Brasil.
ISBN 85-87922-25-4
Projeto grfico e diagramao

Lvia Krykhtine
Para adquirir esta e outras publicaes, visite o site:

http://www.e-papers.com.br
E-papers Servios Editoriais

Incubadora de Empresas da Coppe/UFRJ
Caixa Postal 68.568
Cidade Universitria Ilha do Fundo
Cep 21.945-970
Rio de Janeiro Brasil
CNPJ 03.484.075/0001-83
Sumrio

3UHIiFLR
1Ro}HVEiVLFDVGHSROtPHURV
,QWURGXomR
&ODVVLILFDo}HV
1RPHQFODWXUDGHSROtPHURV

,QWURGXomRDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVROXo}HVGHSROtPHURV
3RWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
6ROXomRLGHDOHVROXo}HVUHDLV
3URFHVVRGHGLVVROXomRGHXPSROtPHUR
$ILQLGDGHWHUPRGLQkPLFDHQWUHXPVROYHQWHHXPSROtPHUR
3UHVVmRGHYDSRUQDVROXomRGHSROtPHUR
3UHVVmRRVPyWLFD
3UHVVmRGHLQFKDPHQWR
'HWHUPLQDomRGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHGRYLULDO
)DWRUHVTXHDIHWDPDGLVVROXomRHLQFKDPHQWRGRVSROtPHURV
1DWXUH]DTXtPLFDGRVROYHQWHHGRSROtPHUR
3HVRPROHFXODUGRVSROtPHURV
)OH[LELOLGDGHGDVFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDV
(PSDFRWDPHQWRGDVPDFURPROpFXODV
+HWHURJHQHLGDGHUHODWLYDjFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDGR
SROtPHUR
(VWUXWXUDFULVWDOLQDGHSROtPHURV
5HWLFXODomRTXtPLFD
7HPSHUDWXUD
3DUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGH
'LPHQV}HVQmRSHUWXUEDGDVGHPDFURPROpFXODV

'HILQLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUHPSROtPHURV

7pFQLFDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLR
$QiOLVHGHJUXSRWHUPLQDO
3URSULHGDGHVFROLJDWLYDV
2VPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
2VPRPHWULDGHPHPEUDQD

7pFQLFDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLR
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
3URSULHGDGHVGDUDGLDomRHOHWURPDJQpWLFD
0pWRGRVyWLFRVQDFDUDFWHUL]DomRGHSROtPHURV
3ULQFtSLRWHyULFRGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HPVROXo}HVGHSDUWtFXODV
3HTXHQDV
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HPSDUWtFXODVJUDQGHV
,QVWUXPHQWRXWLOL]DGRQDWpFQLFDGHHVSDOKDPHQWR
GHOX]
3UHSDUDomRGDDPRVWUD
'HWHUPLQDomRGRLQFUHPHQWRGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomR
HVSHFtILFR
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]GLQkPLFR
,QWURGXomR
$ODUJXUDGDOLQKDHDIXQomRGRWHPSRGHFRUUHODomR
)XQomRGHWHPSRGHFRUUHODomRGDLQWHQVLGDGHGH
(VSDOKDPHQWR
([HPSORVGHDSOLFDo}HV
&DUDFWHUL]DomRGHFRSROtPHURV
&DUDFWHUL]DomRGHDJUHJDomRPROHFXODU
6LVWHPDVFRPELQDGRV
8OWUDFHQWULIXJDomR
,QWURGXomR
2HTXLSDPHQWR
3URFHGLPHQWRGHDQiOLVH
9HORFLGDGHGHVHGLPHQWDomR
(TXLOtEULRGHVHGLPHQWDomR
2EVHUYDo}HVJHUDLV

9LVFRVLPHWULD
'HILQLomRGHYLVFRVLGDGH
9LVFRVLGDGHGHVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVGHSROtPHURV
9LVFRVLGDGHUHDO
9LVFRVLGDGHUHODWLYD
9LVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
0HFDQLVPRGHIOX[RGHVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVGHSROtPHURV
'HWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUYLVFRVLPpWULFRPpGLR
'HWHUPLQDomRGDVGLPHQV}HVPROHFXODUHVGHXPSROtPHUR
HPVROXomR
(IHLWRGRVROYHQWHQDYLVFRVLGDGHGHVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVGH
SROtPHURV
(IHLWRGRSHVRPROHFXODUQDYLVFRVLGDGH
9LVFRVLGDGHHPVROXo}HVGHSROLHOHWUyOLWRV
(IHLWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDQDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
7DPDQKRPROHFXODUGHSROtPHURVUDPLILFDGRV
7pFQLFDVH[SHULPHQWDLV

&URPDWRJUDILD
,QWURGXomR
7HRULDGDVFROXQDV
(ILFLrQFLDGDFROXQD
6HOHWLYLGDGHGDFROXQD
5HVROXomR
&URPDWRJUDILDJDVRVD
&URPDWRJUDILDJiVOtTXLGR*/&
3ULQFtSLRGDWpFQLFD
'HVFULomRGRFURPDWyJUDIR
)DWRUHVTXHDIHWDPDVHSDUDomRGHVXEVWkQFLDV
&URPDWRJUDILDJiVVyOLGR*6&
$SOLFDomRGDFURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDQDFDUDFWHUL]DomRH
DQiOLVHGHSROtPHURV
&URPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDLQYHUVD
3ULQFtSLRWHyULFR
$SOLFDo}HVGDFURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDLQYHUVDQD
FDUDFWHUL]DomRHDQiOLVHGHSROtPHURV
3UHSDUDomRGHXPDFROXQDFDSLODU
&URPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGD
'HVFULomRGRFURPDWyJUDIROtTXLGRGHDOWDHILFLrQFLD
)DVHPyYHO
%RPEDSHULVWiOWLFD
6LVWHPDGHLQMHomR
)DVHHVWDFLRQiULD
'HWHFWRUHV
&URPDWRJUDILDSRUDGVRUomR
0HFDQLVPRGDFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGRVyOLGRDGVRUomR
7LSRVGHDGVRUYHQWHVHLQWHUDo}HVFRPVROXWRV
6HOHomRGHVROYHQWHVFRPRIDVHPyYHO
$XWLOL]DomRGDFURPDWRJUDILDSRUDGVRUomRHPSROtPHURV
&URPDWRJUDILDGHSDUWLomR
0HFDQLVPRGDVHSDUDomRHPXPDFURPDWRJUDILDGH
3DUWLomR
1DWXUH]DGRVVXSRUWHVFRPDVXSHUItFLHTXLPLFDPHQWH
PRGLILFDGDERQGHGSKDVHV
&URPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR6(&
0HFDQLVPRGHVHSDUDomR
7LSRVGHIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSDUD6(&
6HOHomRGDFROXQD
)DVHPyYHO
$GHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUSHODWpFQLFD6(&
$FDOLEUDomRXQLYHUVDO
$SOLFDo}HVGDFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRQD
FDUDFWHUL]DomRGHSROtPHURV
3UREOHPDVH[SHULPHQWDLVHQFRQWUDGRVQDFURPDWRJUDILDGH
H[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR

)XQGDPHQWRVEiVLFRVGDDQiOLVHWpUPLFD

$QiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD7*$RXWHUPRJUDYLPHWULD7*H
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULDGHULYDWLYD'7*
,QWURGXomR
)DWRUHVTXHSRGHPDIHWDURVUHVXOWDGRVREWLGRVSRU7*
(IHLWRGDIRUPDGDDPRVWUD
(IHLWRGDYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWR
(IHLWRGRWLSRHFRQGLo}HVGRJiVGHDUUDVWH
2HTXLSDPHQWR
)RUQR
3URJUDPDGRUGHWHPSHUDWXUDGRIRUQR
&RQWUROHGDDWPRVIHUD
%DODQoDUHJLVWUDGRUD
&DGLQKRRXSRUWDDPRVWUD
5HJLVWUDGRU
6HQVRUGHWHPSHUDWXUD
&DOLEUDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGRIRUQR
2SHUDomRGRHTXLSDPHQWR
$SOLFDo}HVJHUDLVGDWHUPRJUDYLPHWULD
'HJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGHSROtPHURV
3ROtPHURVTXHGHVSROLPHUL]DUDP
3ROtPHURVGHQmRGHVSROLPHUL]DP
3ROtPHURVTXHVRIUHPUHDo}HVLQWUDH
,QWHUPROHFXODUHV
([HPSORVGHFXUYDVGH7*WtSLFDVHDSOLFDo}HVQRHVWXGR
GHSROtPHURV
(VWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFDGHSROtPHURV
(VWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFDGHSROtPHURVHPIXQomRGD
PDVVDPRODU
(VWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFDGR300$HPIXQomRGDUD]mR
00$$,%1QDSROLPHUL]DomRYLDUDGLFDLVOLYUHV
&DUDFWHUL]DomRGHFRSROtPHURVHPEORFRYHUVXV
DOHDWyULRGHHVWLUHQRHPHWLOHVWLUHQR
$QiOLVHTXDQWLWDWLYDGRWHRUGHDFHWDWRGHYLQLOD
HPFRSROtPHURV(9$
'HWHUPLQDomRGHWHRUGHSODVWLILFDQWH
&XUYDVGH7*GHKRPRSROtPHURVHFRSROtPHURV
7*HPVLVWHPDVDFRSODGRV
5HDo}HVGHUHFRPELQDomRQRSRUWDDPRVWUD

$QiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO'7$HFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGH
YDUUHGXUD'6&
,QWURGXomR
$QiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO'7$
&DORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUD'6&
&RPSDUDomRFRPR'7$
$SOLFDo}HVJHUDLVGR'6&
3URFHGLPHQWRH[SHULPHQWDO
$QiOLVHGDFXUYDGH'6&
'HWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQD7P
'HWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD7J
'HWHUPLQDomRGRFDORUHVSHFtILFR&S
)DWRUHVTXHLQIOXHQFLDPRUHVXOWDGRGDDQiOLVH
5HODomRHQWUHHQWDOSLDHiUHDGRSLFR
3URFHVVRVItVLFRVHTXtPLFRVTXHSRGHPVHU
GHWHFWDGRVSRU'6&
(VWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFD
,QIOXrQFLDGHSHVRPROHFXODUVREUHD7J
9DULDomRGH7JHPIXQomRGDDGLomRGHXPSODVWLILFDQWH
(VWXGRGDPLVFLELOLGDGHHPSROtPHURV
(VWXGRGDPRUIRORJLDHPIXQomRGRWUDWDPHQWRWpUPLFR
(VWXGRGDFLQpWLFDGHFULVWDOL]DomR
'HWHUPLQDomRGDSRUFHQWDJHPGHFULVWDOLQLGDGH
,GHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSRQHQWHVGHPLVWXUDVGHSROtPHURV
VHPLFULVWDOLQRV
'HWHUPLQDomRGHFRPSRVLomRGHPLVWXUDVGHSROtPHURV
VHPLFULVWDOLQRV
&DORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUDPRGXODGD0'6&
)RWRFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDO

$QiOLVHV7HUPRPHFkQLFDVDQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD70$HDQiOLVH
WHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD'07$
'HIRUPDo}HVPHFkQLFDVHPPDWHULDLV
$QiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD70$
,QWURGXomR
&DOLEUDomRGRLQVWUXPHQWR
0RGRGHH[SDQVmR
0RGRGHFRPSUHVVmR
0RGRGHSHQHWUDomR
0RGRGHIOH[mR
([HPSORVGHDSOLFDomR
9LVFRHODVWLFLGDGH
$QiOLVHGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFDRXWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD
'0$RX'07$
,QWURGXomR
,QVWUXPHQWDomR
7UDQVLo}HVVHFXQGiULDV
8WLOL]DomRGD(TXDomRGH$UUKHQLXV
&RUUHODomRWHPSRWHPSHUDWXUD
$SOLFDomRGH'07$DVLVWHPDVGHGRLV
FRPSRQHQWHV0LVFLELOLGDGH

$QiOLVHGLHOpWULFDRXWHUPRGLHOpWULFD'($RX'(7$
,QWURGXomR
&RPSDUDomRHQWUH'07$H'(7$
2HTXLSDPHQWR
,GHQWLILFDomRGHWUDQVLo}HV
$YDOLDomRGHERUUDFKDQDWXUDOYXOFDQL]DGD
FRQWHQGRQHJURGHIXPR
(VWXGRVGHFXUD
,GHQWLILFDomRGDRULJHPGDUHOD[DomRPROHFXODU

/LVWDGH6LJODV
/LVWDGH6tPERORV
QGLFH5HPLVVLYR
Prefcio
(VWHOLYURFRQWpPDPDWpULDDERUGDGDQDGLVFLSOLQDGH0pWRGRV)tVLFRV$SOLFDGRVD
3ROtPHURV TXH ID] SDUWH GD JUDGH FXUULFXODU GR &XUVR GH 3yV*UDGXDomR HP
&LrQFLD H 7HFQRORJLD GH 3ROtPHURV GR ,QVWLWXWR GH 0DFURPROpFXODV 3URIHVVRUD
(ORLVD0DQRGD8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR5LRGH-DQHLUR,0$8)5-$RORQJRGHVVHV
DQRV PLQLVWUDQGR WDO GLVFLSOLQD H UHFRPHQGDQGR D OLWHUDWXUD SHUWLQHQWH WRGD HOD
HP LQJOrV DV DXWRUDV GHVWH OLYUR FRQYLYHUDP FRP D VROLFLWDomR GRV DOXQRV GH
SUHSDUDUXPDDSRVWLODGRFRQWH~GRGRFXUVR5HLYLQGLFDomRVHPHOKDQWHHUDRXYLGD
HP FXUVRV GH FXUWD GXUDomR PLQLVWUDGRV SDUD SURILVVLRQDLV GD LQG~VWULD RV TXDLV
DOHJDYDP IDOWD GH WHPSR SDUD SHVTXLVDU RV WySLFRV GH LQWHUHVVH HP OLYURV
GLIHUHQWHVQHPVHPSUHGLVSRQtYHLVQRORFDOGHWUDEDOKR3HQVDPRVTXHRSULQFLSDO
PRWLYRGHWDOUHLYLQGLFDomREDVHLDVHQDQRVVDSUHRFXSDomRHPDERUGDUIHQ{PHQRV
EiVLFRV GH YLWDO LPSRUWkQFLD SDUD R HQWHQGLPHQWR GH DVVXQWRV PDLV FRPSOH[RV
(VVH WLSR GH DERUGDJHP p GLItFLO GH VHU HQFRQWUDGD QD PDLRULD GRV OLYURV
HVSHFLDOL]DGRVGLVSRQtYHLV8PDYH]TXHQmRKiXPFXUVRGHJUDGXDomRHVSHFtILFR
HPFLrQFLDHWHFQRORJLDGHSROtPHURVDPDWpULDGDGLVFLSOLQDpDSUHVHQWDGDQDSyV
JUDGXDomR GH PRGR TXH RV DOXQRV UHFpP FKHJDGRV GH FXUVRV GH (QJHQKDULD
4XtPLFD 4XtPLFD ,QGXVWULDO (QJHQKDULD GH 0DWHULDLV (QJHQKDULD 0HFkQLFD
)DUPiFLD HQWUH RXWURV SRVVDP DFRPSDQKDU H DVVLPLODU FRQFHLWRV EiVLFRV SDUD
FRUUHODFLRQiORVDRVIHQ{PHQRVHQYROYLGRVQRVPpWRGRVItVLFRVGHDQiOLVHWpUPLFDH
GH PHGLGD GH SHVR PROHFXODU 'HVWH PRGR DFUHGLWDPRV TXH HVWH OLYUR SRVVD VHU
EDVWDQWH XWLOL]DGR SRU DOXQRV GH GLYHUVRV FXUVRV GH JUDGXDomR LQWHUHVVDGRV HP
DPSOLDUVHXVFRQKHFLPHQWRV
$VVLPGHFLGLPRVGLVSHQVDUSDUWHGRQRVVRWHPSRQDRUJDQL]DomRGRPDWHULDO
GLGiWLFRGDQGRRULJHPDHVWHOLYUR(VSHUDPRVTXHQRVVRVDOXQRVHQRVVRVFROHJDV
GD LQG~VWULD IDoDP ERP XVR GHVWD SULPHLUD WHQWDWLYD H QRV FRPSURPHWHPRV D
HVWDU VHPSUH PHOKRUDQGR R QRVVR WUDEDOKR &RP FHUWH]D VHUi JUDWLILFDQWH VH
DOXQRV GH RXWURV FXUVRV WDPEpP SXGHUHP WLUDU SURYHLWR GHVWH WUDEDOKR TXH IRL
UHDOL]DGR FRP PXLWR FDULQKR YLVDQGR FRQWULEXLU SDUD R DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR H
FDSDFLWDomRGRVSURILVVLRQDLVTXHWUDEDOKDPFRPPDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRV
$V DXWRUDV DJUDGHFHP DR 'U 5LFDUGR & 0LWFKHO SHOD UHYLVmR GR FDStWXOR GH
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
&DUDFWHUL]DomRGH3ROtPHURV
&DStWXOR
Noes bsicas de
polmeros
1.1 Introduo
(VWHOLYURWUDWDGHPpWRGRVItVLFRVDSOLFDGRVjFDUDFWHUL]DomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUH
DQiOLVHWpUPLFDGHSROtPHURV'HVWHPRGRWHUPRVEiVLFRVGHFLrQFLDHWHFQRORJLD
GH SROtPHURV VmR XWLOL]DGRV VHP TXDOTXHU SUHRFXSDomR GH GHILQLORV DR ORQJR GD
GHVFULomR GDV GLYHUVDV WpFQLFDV 3RU LVVR R OHLWRU LQLFLDQWH YDL HQFRQWUDU QHVWH
FDStWXORXPDEUHYHLQWURGXomRDRVFRQFHLWRVHFODVVLILFDo}HVJHUDLVGHSROtPHURV
9DPRV FRPHoDU SHOR WHUPR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH TXH p SROtPHUR 2X VHULD
PDFURPROpFXOD" 6H H[LVWH DOJXPD GLIHUHQoD HQWUH HVWHV GRLV WHUPRV TXDO VHULD
HOD"3RLVEHPPDFURPROpFXODFRPRRSUySULRQRPHMiGL]pXPDPROpFXODJUDQGH
XPDPROpFXODGHDOWRSHVRPROHFXODU(SROtPHURWDPEpPpXPDPROpFXODJUDQGH
SRUpPVHXDOWRSHVRPROHFXODURULJLQDVHGDUHSHWLomRGHVHJPHQWRVDRORQJRGD
FDGHLD SROL VLJQLILFD PXLWRV H PHUR VLJQLILFD SDUWHV $VVLP PDFURPROpFXOD p R
WHUPR PDLV JHUDO TXH HQTXDGUD WRGDV DV PROpFXODV GH WDPDQKR HOHYDGR H
SROtPHURVpRWHUPRHVSHFtILFRXWLOL]DGRSDUDDTXHODVPROpFXODVJUDQGHVIRUPDGDV
SRUUHSHWLo}HVGHHVWUXWXUDVSHTXHQDV$)LJXUDPRVWUDGXDVPDFURPROpFXODV
XPDGHDVIDOWHQRHRXWUDGHSROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQRDVHJXQGDSRUVHUFRQVWLWXtGD
GHXQLGDGHVUHSHWLWLYDVGHy[LGRGHHWLOHQRpGHQRPLQDGDSROtPHUR1DSUiWLFDR
OHLWRU SRGH HQFRQWUDU DPERV RV WHUPRV VHQGR HPSUHJDGRV GH PRGR LQGLVWLQWR H
LVWRWDPEpPRFRUUHDRORQJRGHVWHOLYUR
D
E
)LJXUD(VWUXWXUDVGHPDFURPROpFXODVDDVIDOWHQRESROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR
7RPDQGR XP H[HPSOR EDVWDQWH VLPSOHV GH IRUPDomR GH XPD PROpFXOD
SROLPpULFD SRGHPRV GHILQLU YiULRV WHUPRV LPSRUWDQWHV $ PROpFXOD GR SURSHQR
WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGD SURSLOHQR SRGH UHDJLU HP FRQGLo}HV DGHTXDGDV SDUD
IRUPDUXPDFDGHLDGHHOHYDGRSHVRPROHFXODUFRPRpPRVWUDGRDVHJXLU

1Ro}HV%iVLFDVGH3ROtPHURV

'H PRGR JHQpULFR D FRQYHUVmR GH XP PRQ{PHUR 0 HP SROtPHUR SRGH VHU
UHSUHVHQWDGDSHODVHJXLQWHHTXDomR
n M ~M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M~
&RPR D PDLRULD GDV PROpFXODV WHP SHVRV PROHFXODUHV PXLWR HOHYDGRV D
GHVFULomR GD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU VHULD LQYLiYHOHSRULVVRDPROpFXODGHSROtPHUR
UHVXOWDQWHpUHSUHVHQWDGDFRPR

RXJHQHULFDPHQWHFRPR>0@Q
$JRUDMiSRGHPRVGHILQLU
S0RQ{PHUR FRPSRVWR TXtPLFR TXH UHDJH SDUD IRUPDU SROtPHURV 1R
H[HPSOR FLWDGR R PRQ{PHUR XWLOL]DGR IRL R SURSLOHQR UHSUHVHQWDGR
JHQHULFDPHQWHSRU0
S0HURpDSDUWHTXHVHUHSHWHQDFDGHLDGHSROtPHUR1RH[HPSORFLWDGRpR
SURSLOHQRDSyVUHDJLUSDUDDIRUPDomRGRSROtPHUR>&+&+&+@(VWDSRUomR
GDPROpFXODGHSROtPHURpWDPEpPGHQRPLQDGDGHXQLGDGHUHSHWLWLYD
S2OLJ{PHUR p XP SROtPHUR GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU FRQWHQGR DWp
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQLGDGHVUHSHWLWLYDV2WHUPRROLJ{PHURVLJQLILFDSRXFDV
SDUWHV
S3ROLPHUL]DomR p D UHDomR SHOD TXDO RV PRQ{PHURV FRPELQDPVH SDUD
IRUPDUSROtPHURV
S*UDX GH SROLPHUL]DomR p R Q~PHUR GH PHURV GD FDGHLD SROLPpULFD 1R
H[HPSORFLWDGRRJUDXGHSROLPHUL]DomRHVWiUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUQPDVWDPEpP
SRGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGRSRU'3TXHVmRDVLQLFLDLVGRWHUPRHPLQJOrVGHJUHHRI
SRO\PHUL]DWLRQ $ H[SUHVVmR D VHJXLU UHODFLRQD SHVR PROHFXODU GR SROtPHUR
FRPR XP WRGR 30S FRP R JUDX GH SROLPHUL]DomR '3 H R SHVR PROHFXODU GD
XQLGDGHUHSHWLWLYD30X
PMp = DP . PMu
(VWDV VmR DV GHILQLo}HV EiVLFDV QHFHVViULDV DR HVWXGR GH SROtPHURV $ VHJXLU
VHUmR GHVFULWDV DOJXPDV FODVVLILFDo}HV TXH WDPEpP VHUYLUmR SDUD D LQWURGXomRGH
GHILQLo}HVDGLFLRQDLV
1.2 Classificao
SClassificao quanto ocorrncia
2VSROtPHURVSRGHPVHUFODVVLILFDGRVTXDQWRjRFRUUrQFLDHPQDWXUDLVRXVLQWpWLFRV
2VSROtPHURVQDWXUDLVRXVHMDDTXHOHVHQFRQWUDGRVQDQDWXUH]DDSUHVHQWDPGH
XP PRGR JHUDO HVWUXWXUDV PDLV FRPSOH[DV TXH RV SROtPHURV VLQWpWLFRV &RPR
H[HPSORVGHSROtPHURVRXPDFURPROpFXODVQDWXUDLVSRGHPVHUFLWDGRVSURWHtQDV
SROLQXFOHRWtGHRV SROLVVDFDUtGHRV JRPDV UHVLQDV HODVW{PHURV REWLGR D SDUWLU GR
OiWH[H[WUDtGRGDVHULQJXHLUDHRXWUDVHVSpFLHVYHJHWDLVTXHSURGX]HPOiWH[
2VSROtPHURVVLQWpWLFRVVmRDTXHOHVREWLGRVLQGXVWULDOPHQWHHPJHUDODSDUWLU
GHPROpFXODVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU
SClassificao quanto forma molecular fixada por ligaes qumicas

$VWUrVIRUPDVHVWUXWXUDLVSULQFLSDLVQDVTXDLVDVPROpFXODVGHSROtPHURSRGHPVHU
REWLGDV VmR D OLQHDU D UDPLILFDGD H D UHWLFXODGD 2 4XDGUR DSUHVHQWD D
FODVVLILFDomR GH SROtPHURV TXDQWR j IRUPD PROHFXODU IL[DGD SHODV OLJDo}HV
TXtPLFDV1HVWHFDVRDPROpFXODGHSROtPHURHVWiUHSUHVHQWDGDFRPRXPILRTXH
VHDVVHPHOKDjIRUPDGHXPHVSDJXHWH
&RP UHODomR DR SROtPHUR GR WLSR UDPLILFDGR p LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH HVWH
WHUPRQmRVHUHIHUHDSROtPHURVOLQHDUHVFRQWHQGRJUXSRVODWHUDLVTXHID]HPSDUWH
GDHVWUXWXUDGRPRQ{PHUR$SHQDVDTXHOHVSROtPHURVTXHFRQWHQKDPSHORPHQRV
XPD XQLGDGH PRQRPpULFD FRPSOHWD SHQGXUDGD QD FDGHLD SULQFLSDO VmR
GHQRPLQDGRV SROtPHURV UDPLILFDGRV 3RU H[HPSOR R SROLDFULODWR GH EXWLOD FXMD
HVWUXWXUDpLOXVWUDGDDVHJXLUDSUHVHQWDJUXSRVpVWHUFRPRJUXSRVODWHUDLV(VWHV
JUXSRV ID]HP SDUWH GD HVWUXWXUD GR SUySULR PRQ{PHUR H SRUWDQWR LVVR QmR p
FRQVLGHUDGRUDPLILFDomR
&RP UHODomR DR SROtPHUR UHWLFXODGR RV VHJPHQWRV TXH XQHP GXDV FDGHLDV
SULQFLSDLVVmRGHQRPLQDGRVOLJDo}HVFUX]DGDV2Q~PHURGHOLJDo}HVFUX]DGDVSRGH
VHU FRQWURODGR GH PRGR D REWHU SROtPHURV OHYHPHQWH RX DOWDPHQWH UHWLFXODGRV
WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGRV SROtPHURV FRP EDL[D RX DOWD GHQVLGDGH GH OLJDo}HV
FUX]DGDVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
4XDGUR&ODVVLILFDomRGHSROtPHURVTXDQWRjIRUPDPROHFXODUIL[DGDSHODVOLJDo}HVTXtPLFDV
'HVLJQDomRGR
$UTXLWHWXUDGDPROpFXOD 'HILQLomR
SROtPHUR
)RUPDGRSHODVOLJDo}HVGRV
/LQHDU PRQ{PHURVHPXP
FRPSULPHQWRFRQWtQXR
$UTXLWHWXUDWLSRSHQWHFRP
5DPLILFDGRWLSR$
UDPLILFDo}HVORQJDV
$UTXLWHWXUDWLSRSHQWHFRP
5DPLILFDGRWLSR%
UDPLILFDo}HVFXUWDV
(VWUXWXUDGHQGUtWLFDQD
TXDODVUDPLILFDo}HV
5DPLILFDGRWLSR&
WDPEpPDSUHVHQWDP
UDPLILFDo}HV
(VWUXWXUDVQDVTXDLVDV
FDGHLDVSROLPpULFDVHVWmR
5HWLFXODGR
OLJDGDVHQWUHVLIRUPDQGR
XPDUHGHRXUHWtFXOR
SClassificao quanto rotao dos tomos da cadeia em torno de

ligaes primrias (conformao)
$V GXDV FRQIRUPDo}HV EiVLFDV TXH XPD PDFURPROpFXOD SRGH DVVXPLU VmR
]LJXH]DJXH H QRYHOR DOHDWyULR 8P H[HPSOR GH FRQIRUPDomR ]LJXH]DJXH SODQDU p
DTXHODDVVXPLGDSHODPROpFXODGHSROLHWLOHQR
0DLVXPDYH]UHSUHVHQWDQGRXPDPDFURPROpFXODFRPRXPILRGHHVSDJXHWHD
FRQIRUPDomR HP QRYHOR DOHDWyULR DVVXPLGD SRU XPD PDFURPROpFXOD p
UHSUHVHQWDGDSRUXPDOLQKDHPEDUDoDGD
$ FRQIRUPDomR ]LJXH]DJXH p HQFRQWUDGD HP SROtPHURV QR HVWDGR VyOLGR (VWD
FRQIRUPDomR GR WLSR ]LJXH]DJXH SRGH VHU HVWHQGLGD GLVWRUFLGD RX HP KpOLFH
GHSHQGHQGR GD FRQILJXUDomR GD PDFURPROpFXOD (VWHV SROtPHURV DSUHVHQWDP XP
FHUWR JUDX GH RUGHQDomR GDV FDGHLDV LVWR p DSUHVHQWDP XP FHUWR JUDX GH
FULVWDOLQLGDGH
$ FRQIRUPDomR HP QRYHOR DOHDWyULR SRGH VHU HQFRQWUDGD QR HVWDGR VyOLGR
TXDQGR DV FDGHLDV DSUHVHQWDPVH QR HVWDGR DPRUIR H p WDPEpP HQFRQWUDGD QR
HVWDGRIXQGLGRHHPVROXomR
SClassificao quanto ao encadeamento das unidades monomricas
&RQVLGHUDQGR D SROLPHUL]DomR GH PRQ{PHURV YLQtOLFRV VXEVWLWXtGRV LVWR p
PRQ{PHURVTXHDSUHVHQWDPVXEVWLWXLQWHVRPHQWHHPXPGRViWRPRVGHFDUERQR
GD GXSOD OLJDomR WUrV PRGRV GLVWLQWRV GH HQFDGHDPHQWR GDV XQLGDGHV
PRQRPpULFDVVmRSRVVtYHLVFRPRPRVWUDR4XDGUR
$GHQRPLQDomRFDEHoDpGDGDjSDUWHGDXQLGDGHPRQRPpULFDTXHFRPSRUWDR
JUXSRVXEVWLWXLQWH3RURXWURODGRDGHQRPLQDomRFDXGDpGDGDjSDUWHGDXQLGDGH
PRQRPpULFDTXHQmRSRVVXLJUXSRVXEVWLWXLQWH
4XDGUR7LSRVGHHQFDGHDPHQWRGDVXQLGDGHVPRQRPpULFDV
7LSRGHHQFDGHDPHQWR (VWUXWXUD
&DEHoDFDXGD
&DEHoDFDEHoD
FDXGDFDXGD
0LVWR
2HQFDGHDPHQWRGRWLSRFDEHoDFDXGDGXUDQWHDSROLPHUL]DomRpRPDLVXVXDO
GHYLGR DRV SRVVtYHLV HIHLWRV GH LPSHGLPHQWR HVSDFLDO FDXVDGR SHORV JUXSRV
VXEVWLWXLQWHV
SClassificao quanto ao arranjo dos tomos

3DUWLQGRGHFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDVUHVXOWDQWHVGHHQFDGHDPHQWRGRWLSRFDEHoDFDXGD
FRPR PRVWUDGR QD FODVVLILFDomR GR 4XDGUR RV JUXSRV VXEVWLWXLQWHV SRGHP
HVWDUGLVSRVWRVQRHVSDoRXQVHPUHODomRDRVRXWURVGHPDQHLUDVFRQILJXUDo}HV
GLIHUHQWHV,VWRpSRGHPVHUIRUPDGRVWUrVWLSRVGHDUUDQMRVGLVWLQWRVRVTXDLVVy
SRGHPVHUDOWHUDGRVSHODTXHEUDGHOLJDo}HVTXtPLFDV(VWHVDUUDQMRVUHFHEHUDPR
QRPH GH LVRWiWLFR VLQGLRWiWLFR H DWiWLFR RX KHWHURWiWLFR VHQGR PRVWUDGRV QR
4XDGUR
4XDGUR&ODVVLILFDomRTXDQWRDRDUUDQMRGRViWRPRV
(VWUXWXUD 'HVLJQDomR 'HILQLomR
7RGRVRVDWRPRVGH
,VRWiWLFR FDUERQRDVVLPpWULFRJH
UDGRVSRVVXHPD
PHVPDFRQILJXUDomR.
$PROpFXODDSUHVHQWD
DOWHUQkQFLDGHFRQIL
6LQGLRWiWLFR JXUDomRGRViWRPRVGH
FDUERQRDVVLPpWULFRV
JHUDGRV
1mRKiRUGHPQD
$WiWLFR VHTrQFLDGH
RX FRQILJXUDomRGRV
KHWHURWiWLFR iWRPRVGHFDUERQRDVVL
PpWULFRVJHUDGRV
SClassificao quanto ao modo de preparao

'XUDQWH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD FLrQFLD GH SROtPHURV GXDV FODVVLILFDo}HV GH
SROtPHURVWrPVLGRXVDGDV8PDFODVVLILFDomRGLYLGHRVSROLPHURVHPSROtPHURVGH
FRQGHQVDomR H SROtPHURV GH DGLomR $ RXWUD GLYLGH RV SROtPHURV HP SROtPHURV GH
HWDSD H SROtPHURV GH FDGHLD 2V WHUPRV FRQGHQVDomR H HWDSDV VmR XVDGRV
QRUPDOPHQWH FRPR VLQ{QLPRV DVVLP FRPR RV WHUPRV DGLomR H FDGHLD 3RUpP DV
GXDVFODVVLILFDo}HVVXUJHPGHGXDVEDVHVGLIHUHQWHVGHFODVVLILFDomRHRXVRGHVWHV
WHUPRV FRPR VLQ{QLPRV SRGH DOJXPDV YH]HV FDXVDU FRQIXVmR $ FODVVLILFDomR
FRQGHQVDomRDGLomR p SULPDULDPHQWH DSOLFiYHO j FRPSRVLomR RX HVWUXWXUD GRV
SROtPHURV $ FODVVLILFDomR HWDSDFDGHLD p EDVHDGD QR 0HFDQLVPR GDV UHDo}HV GH
SROLPHUL]DomR
SClassificao condensao-adio (segundo W. H. Carothers)
3ROtPHURV GH FRQGHQVDomR HUDP DTXHOHV SROtPHURV IRUPDGRV D SDUWLU GH
PRQ{PHURV SROLIXQFLRQDLV SRU PHLR GH YiULDV UHDo}HV GH TXtPLFD RUJkQLFD
HQYROYHQGRJUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVFRPDHOLPLQDomRGHDOJXPDPROpFXODSHTXHQD3RU
H[HPSORDUHDomRGHGLDPLQDVHGLiFLGRVIRUPDQGRSROLDPLGDVHHOLPLQDQGRiJXD
GHDFRUGRFRPDHTXDomRDVHJXLU
RQGH5H5VmRJUXSRVDOLIiWLFRVRXDURPiWLFRV$XQLGDGHTXHVHHQFRQWUDHQWUH
SDUrQWHVHVQDIyUPXODGDSROLDPLGDUHSHWHVHGLYHUVDVYH]HVQDFDGHLDSROLPpULFD
H p GHQRPLQDGD XQLGDGH UHSHWLWLYD RX XQLGDGH EiVLFD $ FRPSRVLomR GD XQLGDGH
UHSHWLWLYD GLIHUH GD FRPSRVLomR GRV GRLV PRQ{PHURV SHOD SHUGD GD PROpFXOD GH
iJXD 2V SROtPHURV GH FRQGHQVDomR PDLV FRPXQV H D UHDomR DWUDYpV GDTXDOHOHV
VmRIRUPDGRVVmRPRVWUDGRVQR4XDGUR
4XDGUR3ROtPHURVGHFRQGHQVDomRWtSLFRV
7LSRGH /LJDomR
(VWUXWXUDGRSROtPHURUHVXOWDQWH
SROtPHUR FDUDFWHUtVWLFD
H2N-R-N2H + HO2 C-R-CO2H
H-(NH-R- HCO-R-CO-)nOH + H2O
3ROLDPLGD H2N-R-N2H + ClOC-R-COCl
H-(NH-R- HCO-R-CO-)n Cl + HCl
H2N-R-CO2H H-(NH-R-CO-)nOH + H2O
3URWHtQDOm Polmeros de polipeptdeos que ocorrem naturalmente
VHGD H-(NH-R-CONH-R-CO-)nOH + H2O
H2N-R-CO2H + H2N-R-CO2H
HO-R-OH + HO2 C-R-CO2H
H-(O-R-OCO-R-CO-)nOH + H2O
3ROLpVWHU HO-R-OH + RO2C-R-CO2R
H-(O-R-OCO-R-CO-)n Cl + ROH
HO-R-CO2H H-(O-R-CO-)nOH + H2O
&HOXORVH Ocorre naturalmente
OC -(C6H12O4-)n - + H2O C6H12O6
3ROtPHURV GH DGLomR HUDP FODVVLILFDGRV FRPR DTXHOHV IRUPDGRV D SDUWLU GH
PRQ{PHURVVHPRFRUUHUDSHUGDGHXPDPROpFXODSHTXHQD$XQLGDGHUHSHWLWLYD
GHXPSROtPHURGHDGLomRWHPDFRPSRVLomRLJXDOjGRPRQ{PHUR2VSULQFLSDLV
PRQ{PHURV GH DGLomR VmR DTXHOHV RULXQGRV GH PRQ{PHURV YLQtOLFRV (VWHV
PRQ{PHURV VmR LQGX]LGRV D UHDJLU FRP HOHV PHVPRV SDUD IRUPDU SROtPHURV
DWUDYpVGDFRQYHUVmRGHVXDVOLJDo}HVGXSODVHPOLJDo}HVVDWXUDGDVGHDFRUGRFRP
DHTXDomRDVHJXLU
n CH2 = CHR -(CH2 CHR)n-
RQGH5SRGHVHUTXDOTXHUJUXSRVXEVWLWXLQWHWDLVFRPRKLGURJrQLRDOTXLODDULOD
QLWULODpVWHUiFLGRFHWRQDpWHUHKDORJrQLR2VSROtPHURVGHDGLomRPDLVFRPXQV
H RV PRQ{PHURV D SDUWLU GRV TXDLV HOHV VmR SURGX]LGRV VmR PRVWUDGRV QR
4XDGUR
4XDGUR3ROtPHURVGHDGLomRWtSLFRV
3ROtPHUR 0RQ{PHUR 8QLGDGHUHSHWLWLYD
3ROLHWLOHQR
3ROLLVREXWLOHQR
3ROLDFULORQLWULOD
3ROLFORUHWRGHYLQLOD
3ROLHVWLUHQR
3ROLPHWDFULODWRGH
PHWLOD
3ROLLVRSUHQR
&RPRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDFLrQFLDGHSROtPHURVHRHVWXGRGHQRYRVSURFHVVRV
GH SROLPHUL]DomR H REWHQomR GH QRYRV PDWHULDLV D FODVVLILFDomR RULJLQDO GH
&DURWKHUVWRUQRXVHLQDGHTXDGDHPFHUWRVFDVRV3RUH[HPSORRVSROLXUHWDQRVVmR
IRUPDGRV SHOD UHDomR GH GLyLV FRP LVRFLDQDWRV VHP TXH RFRUUD D HOLPLQDomR GH
TXDOTXHUPROpFXODSHTXHQDGHDFRUGRFRPDHTXDomRDVHJXLU
8VDQGR D FODVVLILFDomR RULJLQDO GH &DURWKHUV RV SROLXUHWDQRV VHULDP

FODVVLILFDGRV FRPR SROtPHURV GH DGLomR XPD YH] TXH D XQLGDGH UHSHWLWLYD GR
SROtPHUR WHP D PHVPD FRPSRVLomR TXH DTXHOD GRV PRQ{PHURV (QWUHWDQWR RV
SROLXUHWDQRV VmR HVWUXWXUDOPHQWH PXLWR PDLV VLPLODUHV DRV SROtPHURV GH
FRQGHQVDomRGRTXHDRVSROtPHURVGHDGLomR
3DUD HYLWDU D FODVVLILFDomR LQFRUUHWD GRV SROLXUHWDQRV H GH DOJXQV RXWURV
SROtPHURV DWXDOPHQWH D FODVVLILFDomR WHP FRQVLGHUDGR D HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD GRV
JUXSRV SUHVHQWHV QDV FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV 3ROtPHURV GH FRQGHQVDomR WrP VLGR
GHILQLGRVFRPRDTXHOHVFXMDVXQLGDGHVUHSHWLWLYDVVmROLJDGDVHQWUHVLSRUXQLGDGHV
IXQFLRQDLVGLVWLQWDVSRUH[HPSORpVWHUDPLGDXUHWDQRpWHU
(PUHVXPRXPSROtPHURpFODVVLILFDGRFRPRXPSROtPHURGHFRQGHQVDomRVH
SVXDVtQWHVHHQYROYHDHOLPLQDomRGHPROpFXODVSHTXHQDVRX
SRSROtPHURFRQWpPJUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVFRPRSDUWHGDFDGHLDSROLPpULFDHQmR
FRPRJUXSRVSHQGHQWHV
6HRSROtPHURQmRSUHHQFKHQHQKXPGHVVHVUHTXLVLWRVHOHpFODVVLILFDGRFRPR
SROtPHURGHDGLomR
Classificao etapa-cadeia (segundo J. P. Flory)

(VVD FODVVLILFDomR p EDVHDGD QR PHFDQLVPR SHOR TXDO RV SROtPHURV VmR IRUPDGRV
(QWmR SROtPHURV HP HWDSD VmR DTXHOHV SURGX]LGRV SRU PHLR GH UHDomR GH
SROLPHUL]DomRHPHWDSDVHSROtPHURVHPFDGHLDVmRDTXHOHVSURGX]LGRVSRUUHDomR
GHSROLPHUL]DomRHPFDGHLD
1DSROLPHUL]DomRHPHWDSDVRWDPDQKRGDVPROpFXODVGHSROtPHURDXPHQWDD
XPDYHORFLGDGHUHODWLYDPHQWHEDL[D$SDUWLUGRPRQ{PHURIRUPDVHRGtPHURTXH
UHDJLQGR FRP RXWUR PRQ{PHUR SURGX] R WUtPHUR RX OLJDQGRVH D RXWUR GtPHUR
SURGX] XP WHWUkPHUR H DVVLP SRU GLDQWH DWp D PROpFXOD GR SROtPHUR FRQWHU XP
JUDQGHQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGRVPRQ{PHURV
1DSROLPHUL]DomRHPFDGHLDRWDPDQKRILQDOGDVFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDVpDWLQJLGR
TXDVH TXH LPHGLDWDPHQWH DSyV R LQtFLR GD UHDomR $ SROLPHUL]DomR HP FDGHLD
UHTXHUXPLQLFLDGRUDSDUWLUGRTXDOpSURGX]LGDXPDHVSpFLHFRQWHQGRXPFHQWUR
UHDWLYR5 2FHQWURUHDWLYRSRGHVHUXPUDGLFDOOLYUHXPFiWLRQRXXPkQLRQ$
SROLPHUL]DomRRFRUUHFRPDSURSDJDomRGDVHVSpFLHVUHDWLYDVSRUPHLRGHDGLo}HV
VXFHVVLYDV GH PROpFXODV GH PRQ{PHUR 2 FUHVFLPHQWR GD FDGHLD SROLPpULFD p
LQWHUURPSLGRTXDQGRRFHQWURUHDWLYRpGHVWUXtGR
$ )LJXUD LOXVWUD R PHFDQLVPR GDV UHDo}HV HP HWDSDV H HP FDGHLD 2V
SRQWLQKRVUHSUHVHQWDPPRQ{PHURVQRPHLRUHDFLRQDO
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHUHDo}HVGHSROLPHUL]DomR,HPHWDSDV,,HPFDGHLD
$ FODVVLILFDomR GH SROtPHURV GH DFRUGR FRP R PHFDQLVPR GH SROLPHUL]DomR

DVVLP FRPR DTXHOH EDVHDGR QD FRPSRVLomR H HVWUXWXUD QmR p GH WRGR VHP
DPELJLGDGHV$VSROLPHUL]Do}HVSRUDEHUWXUDGHDQHOGHPRQ{PHURVFtFOLFRVWDLV
FRPRSROLy[LGRGHSURSLOHQR

RXFDSURODFWDPD
SRGHP SURFHGHU WDQWR SHOR PHFDQLVPR HP FDGHLD TXDQWR SHOR PHFDQLVPR HP
HWDSDV GHSHQGHQGR GDV FRQGLo}HV UHDFLRQDLV H GR LQLFLDGRU HPSUHJDGR 2
SROtPHUR REWLGR p R PHVPR LQGHSHQGHQWH GR PHFDQLVPR XWLOL]DGR 7DLV
SROLPHUL]Do}HVHYLGHQFLDPPXLWRFODUDPHQWHDQHFHVVLGDGHGHGLVWLQJXLUVHHQWUHD
FODVVLILFDomR EDVHDGD QR PHFDQLVPR GH SROLPHUL]DomR H DTXHOD EDVHDGD QD
HVWUXWXUDGRSROtPHUR
SClassificao quanto ao comportamento mecnico

([LVWH XPD DPSOD YDULHGDGH GH SROtPHURV VLQWpWLFRV DEUDQJHQGR XPD ODUJD IDL[D
GHSURSULHGDGHV(VWHVSROtPHURVSRGHPVHUDJUXSDGRVHPWUrVFODVVHVSULQFLSDLV
TXDQWRDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRPHFkQLFRTXHVmR
SSOiVWLFRV
SILEUDV
SHODVW{PHURV
$SHVDU GH QmR H[LVWLU XPD GLYLVmR PXLWR EHP OLPLWDGD HQWUH RV JUXSRV HVWD
FODVVLILFDomRp~WLOGRSRQWRGHYLVWDWHFQROyJLFR8PPpWRGRTXHSRGHVHUXVDGR
SDUD GHILQLU XP PHPEUR GH XPD GHVVDV FDWHJRULDV p D DQiOLVH GH XP JUiILFR GH
WHQVmRYHUVXVGHIRUPDomR3OiVWLFRVUtJLGRVHILEUDVVmRUHVLVWHQWHVjGHIRUPDomRH
VmR FDUDFWHUL]DGRV SRU XP YDORU GH PyGXOR DOWR H SRUFHQWDJHQV GH DORQJDPHQWR
EDL[DV (ODVW{PHURV SURGX]HP GHIRUPDomR LPHGLDWD H H[LEHP SRUFHQWDJHQV GH
DORQJDPHQWR DOWDV H UHYHUVtYHLV TXDQGR VXEPHWLGRV D SHTXHQDV WHQV}HV LVWR p
H[LEHP HODVWLFLGDGH 3OiVWLFRV IOH[tYHLV WrP XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR LQWHUPHGLiULR $
)LJXUDGHVFUHYHRFRPSRUWDPHQWRPHFkQLFRGDVWUrVFDWHJRULDV
'H XP PRGR JHUDO RV WHUPRV GHILQLGRV D SDUWLU GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR PHFkQLFR
VmRGHVFULWRVDVHJXLU
S%RUUDFKDV RX HODVW{PHURV VmR PDWHULDLV PDFURPROHFXODUHV TXH H[LEHP
HODVWLFLGDGHHPORQJDIDL[DjWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH
S3OiVWLFRVVmRPDWHULDLVTXHFRQWrPFRPRFRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOXPSROtPHUR
RUJkQLFR VLQWpWLFR H VH FDUDFWHUL]DP SHOD FDSDFLGDGH GH VH WRUQDUHP IOXLGRV H
DVVLPVmRFDSD]HVGHVHUHPPROGDGRVSRUDomRGRFDORUHSUHVVmR
S)LEUD p XP FRUSR TXH WHP XPD UD]mR HOHYDGD HQWUH R FRPSULPHQWR H DV
GLPHQV}HV ODWHUDLV H p FRPSRVWR SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH PDFURPROpFXODV OLQHDUHV
RULHQWDGDVORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH

)LJXUD&XUYDVGHWHQVmRYHUVXVGHIRUPDomRYVWtSLFDVSDUDXPSOiVWLFRUtJLGRXPDILEUDXP
SOiVWLFRIOH[tYHOHXPHODVW{PHUR
SClassificao quanto s caractersticas de fusibilidade

4XDQWR jV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH IXVLELOLGDGH RV PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV SRGHP VHU
GLYLGLGRV HP WHUPRSOiVWLFRV H WHUPRUUtJLGRV 6mR GHQRPLQDGRV WHUPRSOiVWLFRV RV
SROtPHURVFDSD]HVGHVHUHPPROGDGRVYiULDVYH]HVGHYLGRjVXDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGH
WRUQDUVH IOXLGR VRE D DomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD H GHSRLV UHWRUQDU jV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
DQWHULRUHVTXDQGRKiXPGHFUpVFLPRGHWHPSHUDWXUD3RURXWURODGRRVSROtPHURV
TXH QmR VmR FDSD]HV GH WRUQDUHPVH IOXLGRV SRUTXH DV FDGHLDV PDFURPROHFXODUHV
HVWmR XQLGDV HQWUH VL SRU OLJDo}HV TXtPLFDV UHWLFXODomR VmR GHQRPLQDGRV
WHUPRUUtJLGRV
SClassificao quanto estrutura qumica
$ FODVVLILFDomR TXDQWR j HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD p PHOKRU DSOLFDGD D SROtPHURV GH
FRQGHQVDomR 2 SROtPHUR UHVXOWDQWH p GHVLJQDGR SHOR QRPH GD IDPtOLD TXtPLFD D
TXH SHUWHQFH 3RU H[HPSOR QR FDVR GD SROLPHUL]DomR GR iFLGR WHUHIWiOLFR FRP R
JOLFROHWLOrQLFRRSROtPHURUHVXOWDQWHpRWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR$UHDomRGRiFLGR
WHUHIWiOLFR FRP JOLFRO EXWLOrQLFR UHVXOWD QR WHUHIWDODWR GH EXWLOHQR (P DPERV RV
FDVRVDHVWUXWXUDTXtPLFDJHUDOGHVVHVSROtPHURVSRGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGDSRU
3ROtPHURVFRPHVWDHVWUXWXUDJHUDOVmRGHQRPLQDGRVSROLpVWHUHV
'D PHVPD IRUPD SROtPHURV REWLGRV D SDUWLU GH UHDo}HV HQWUH JUXSDPHQWRV
IXQFLRQDLV GDQGR RULJHP D OLJDo}HV DPLGD QD FDGHLD SULQFLSDO VmR GHQRPLQDGRV
SROLDPLGDV
SClassificao quanto variedade de meros que compem a cadeia

$UHDomRGHSROLPHUL]DomRGHHWLOHQRGiRULJHPDRSROLHWLOHQR-iDSROLPHUL]DomR
GR PHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD Gi RULJHP DR SROLPHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD (VVHV VmR
H[HPSORV GH SROtPHURV IRUPDGRV SRU XP ~QLFR WLSR GH PHUR RX XQLGDGH
UHSHWLWLYDHSRULVVRVmRGHQRPLQDGRVKRPRSROtPHURV
8PD FDGHLD GH SROtPHUR SRGH VHU IRUPDGD SRU PDLV GH XP WLSR GH PHUR SRU
H[HPSORXPDFDGHLDFRQVWLWXtGDGHHWLOHQRHSURSLOHQR1HVWHFDVRRSROtPHURp
GHQRPLQDGR FRSROtPHUR RV PRQ{PHURV TXH UHDJLUDP SDUD IRUPDU HVVH
FRSROtPHURV VmR GHQRPLQDGRV FRPRQ{PHURV H D UHDomR TXH GHX RULJHP DR
FRSROtPHUR p GHVLJQDGD FRSROLPHUL]DomR 1RWH TXH p DSHQDV XPD TXHVWmR GH
GHQRPLQDo}HV GLIHUHQWHV SDUD R PHVPR FRPSRVWR GHSHQGHQGR GD VLWXDomR R
HWLOHQRUHDJLQGRVR]LQKRSDUDIRUPDUXPKRPRSROtPHURpFKDPDGRGHPRQ{PHUR
Mi R PHVPR HWLOHQR UHDJLQGR FRP R SURSLOHQR SDUD IRUPDU XP FRSROtPHUR p
FKDPDGRGHFRPRQ{PHUR
$VVLPH[HPSOLILFDQGRGRLVPRQ{PHURVFRPR$H%HVVHVPRQ{PHURVSRGHP
GDURULJHPDGRLVKRPRSROtPHURV
~A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A~
H
~B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B~
RXVLPSOHVPHQWH
-[A]- H -[B]-
4XDQGR HVVHV PRQ{PHURV $ H % ID]HP SDUWH GD PHVPD FDGHLD SROLPpULFD
SRGHPVHUIRUPDGDVHVWUXWXUDVGLIHUHQWHV'HSHQGHQGRGDGLVSRVLomRGDVXQLGDGHV
TXtPLFDV DR ORQJR GD HVWUXWXUD GD PDFURPROpFXOD RV FRSROtPHURV DSUHVHQWDP
GLIHUHQWHVGHQRPLQDo}HV24XDGURDSUHVHQWDRVGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHFRSROtPHURV
TXH SRGHP VHU IRUPDGRV TXDQGR GRLV FRPRQ{PHURV VmR LQFRUSRUDGRV j PHVPD
FDGHLDPDFURPROHFXODU
([LVWHP WDPEpP FRSROtPHURV IRUPDGRV SRU PDLV GH GRLV WLSRV GH PHURV
GLIHUHQWHV 3RU H[HPSOR VH R FRSROtPHUR p IRUPDGR SRU WUrV WLSRV GH PHURV
GLIHUHQWHVHOHSRGHVHUGHVLJQDGRWHUSROtPHURSRUpPFRSROtPHURFRQWLQXDVHQGR
R WHUPR JHQpULFR XWLOL]DGR SDUD TXDOTXHU HVWUXWXUD FRQVWLWXtGD SRU GRLV RX PDLV
WLSRVGHPHURVGLIHUHQWHV
4XDGUR&RSROtPHURVIRUPDGRVSRUGRLVWLSRVGHPHUR
'HQRPLQDomR
(VWUXWXUDJHQpULFD 'HILQLomR
GRFRSROtPHUR
$GLVWULEXLomRGDVXQLGDGHV
&RSROtPHUR
~A-A-A-B-A-B-B-A-B-A-B-B~ TXtPLFDVQDFDGHLDpHVVHQFLDO
HVWDWtVWLFR
PHQWHDOHDWyULD
$VXQLGDGHVTXtPLFDVGLIHUHQWHV
&RSROtPHUR
~A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B~ HVWmRGLVSRVWDVGHPRGRDOWHUQDGR
DOWHUQDGR
SHUIHLWDPHQWHUHJXODU
6HTrQFLDGHXPWLSRGHXQLGDGH
&RSROtPHURHP TXtPLFDpVHJXLGDSRUVHTrQFLD
EORFR ~A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B~ GHRXWURWLSRGHXQLGDGHTXtPLFD
IRUPDQGREORFRV
%ORFRVGHXPWLSRGHPRQ{PHUR
HQFRQWUDPVHSHQGXUDGRVQR
&RSROtPHUR
EORFRIRUPDGRSHORRXWURWLSRGH
JUDIWL]DGRRX
PRQRPHUR
HQ[HUWDGR
2EVRVtQGLFHVQSRGHPVHULJXDLV
RXGLIHUHQWHV
1.3 Nomenclatura de polmeros

3DUDILQDOL]DUHVWDSHTXHQDLQWURGXomRVHUiIHLWDXPDDERUGDJHPUHVXPLGDVREUH
QRPHQFODWXUDGHSROtPHURV
([LVWHPTXDWURWLSRVEiVLFRVGHQRPHQFODWXUDGHSROtPHURV
S1RPHQFODWXUD EDVHDGD QRV PRQ{PHURV GH RULJHP SDUD SROtPHURV
IRUPDGRVDSDUWLUGHXP~QLFRWLSRGHPRQ{PHUR
S1RPHQFODWXUD EDVHDGD QD HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD UHSHWLWLYD GR SROtPHUR SDUD
SROtPHURVIRUPDGRVDSDUWLUGHGRLVRXPDLVWLSRVGHPRQ{PHURV
S1RPHQFODWXUD HVWDEHOHFLGD SHOD ,83$& ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ RI 3XUH DQG
$SSOLHG&KHPLVWU\
S1RPHVFRPHUFLDLV
SNomenclatura baseada no(s) monmero(s) de origem, para polmeros

formados a partir de um nico monmero
(VWD QRPHQFODWXUD p D PHQRV DPEtJXD SDUD QRPHDU SROtPHURV GH DGLomR H
SROtPHURVGHFRQGHQVDomRIRUPDGRVDSDUWLUGHXP~QLFRPRQ{PHUR
Para polmeros de adio

1R FDVR GH KRPRSROtPHURV R QRPH GR SROtPHUR p IRUPDGR SHOD SDUWtFXOD SROL
VHJXLGD GR QRPH GR PRQ{PHUR TXH GHX RULJHP DR SROtPHUR 3RU H[HPSOR
SROLHWLOHQR SROLSURSLOHQR SROLDFULORQLWULOD H SROLHVWLUHQR 4XDQGR R QRPH GR
PRQ{PHUR p XP QRPH FRPSRVWR HVWH DSDUHFH HQWUH SDUrQWHVHV 3RU H[HPSOR
SROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODSROLFORUHWRGHYLQLODHSROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR
Para polmeros de condensao

1HVWHFDVRRQRPHGRSROtPHURWDPEpPpIRUPDGRSHODSDUWtFXODSROLVHJXLGDSHOR
QRPH GR ~QLFR PRQ{PHUR TXH GHX RULJHP DR SROtPHUR 3RU H[HPSOR QD
FRQGHQVDomR GR iFLGR DPLQR OiXULFR SDUD REWHQomR GH XPD SROLDPLGD VHUi
IRUPDGRRSROLiFLGRDPLQROiXULFR
SNomenclatura baseada na estrutura qumica repetitiva do polmero, para

polmeros formados a partir de dois ou mais tipos de monmeros
Para polmeros de condensao

3ROtPHURV GH FRQGHQVDomR VLQWHWL]DGRV D SDUWLU GH GRLV RX PDLV WLSRV GH
PRQ{PHURVSRUH[HPSORXPGLiFLGRHXPGLiOFRROVmRQRPHDGRVSHODSDUWtFXOD
SROL VHJXLGD SHOR QRPH GD HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD GD XQLGDGH UHSHWLWLYD 3RU H[HPSOR
QD UHDomR GH FRQGHQVDomR GR iFLGR WHUHIWiOLFR FRP R JOLFRO HWLOrQLFR SDUD GDU
RULJHP D XP SROLpVWHU D XQLGDGH UHSHWLWLYD IRUPDGD p R WHUHIWDODWR GH HWLOHQR H
SRULVVRRQRPHGRSROtPHURUHVXOWDQWHVHUiSROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR
1RWH TXH HP WRGRV RV FDVRV QRPHV FRPSRVWRV VHPSUH ILJXUDP HQWUH
SDUrQWHVHV
Copolmeros
1R FDVR JHUDO GH FRSROtPHURV VmRFLWDGRVRVQRPHVGHWRGRVRVPRQ{PHURVTXH
GHUDP RULJHP DR FRSROtPHUR HQWUH SDUrQWHVHV VHSDUDGRV SRU XPD SDUWtFXOD TXH
LGHQWLILFDRWLSRGHFRSROtPHUR
FRSDUDFRSROtPHURDOHDWyULR
DOWSDUDFRSROtPHURDOWHUQDGR
ESDUDFRSROtPHURHPEORFR
JSDUDFRSROtPHURJUDIWL]DGRRXHQ[HUWDGR
3RU H[HPSOR SROLHVWLUHQRFRPHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD SROLHWLOHQRDOWPRQy[LGR
GH FDUERQR SROLPHWDFULODWR GH PHWLODEDOIDPHWLOHVWLUHQR H SROLPHWDFULODWR GH
PHWLODJy[LGRGHHWLOHQR
3DUDRVFDVRVGHFRSROtPHURVDOHDWyULRDOWHUQDGRHHPEORFRpFLWDGRSULPHLUR
RFRPRQ{PHURTXHHQFRQWUDVHHPPDLRUTXDQWLGDGHQDFDGHLDSROLPpULFD3DUDR
FDVR GH FRSROtPHUR JUDIWL]DGR p FLWDGRSULPHLUR R FRPRQ{PHUR TXH FRQVWLWXL D
FDGHLDSULQFLSDOGRFRSROtPHUR
4XDQGR D VHTrQFLD GDV XQLGDGHV TXtPLFDV QR FRSROtPHUR p GHVFRQKHFLGD
XWLOL]DVHDSDUWtFXODFR
SNomenclatura estabelecida pela IUPAC

$,83$&SRVVXLXPOLYURGHUHJUDVSDUDQRPHQFODWXUDGHPDFURPROpFXODV'HXPD
IRUPDEDVWDQWHVLPSOLILFDGDSRGHVHUGLWRTXHD,83$&HVWDEHOHFHSDUDGHVLJQDomR
GHSROtPHURVTXHVHMDXVDGDDSDUWtFXODSROLVHJXLGDGRQRPHGDPHQRUXQLGDGH
UHSHWLGD QD FDGHLD $OJXPDV YH]HV D LGHQWLILFDomR GD PHQRU XQLGDGH UHSHWLGD
WRUQDVH XP WUDEDOKR EDVWDQWH FRPSOH[R H TXH QmR VHUi DERUGDGR QHVWD
LQWURGXomR24XDGURDSUHVHQWDDOJXQVH[HPSORVGHQRPHVHVWDEHOHFLGRVSHOD
,83$& FRPSDUDGRV DRV QRPHV FRPXPHQWH XVDGRV EDVHDGRV QD HVWUXWXUD GR
PRQ{PHURHQDHVWUXWXUDTXtPLFDGDXQLGDGHUHSHWLWLYDJHUDGDSHODFRQGHQVDomR
GHGRLVPRQ{PHURVGLIHUHQWHV

4XDGUR1RPHQFODWXUDGHDOJXQVSROtPHURVPDLVFRPXQV
1RPH,83$& (VWUXWXUD 1RPHFRPXP
3ROLPHWLOHQR 3ROLHWLOHQR
3ROLSURSLOHQR 3ROLSURSLOHQR
3ROLIHQLOHWLOHQR 3ROLHVWLUHQR
3ROLR[LHWLOHQR 3ROLWHUHIWDODWRGH

R[LWHUHIWDORtOD HWLOHQR
3ROLGLIOXRURPHWLOHQR 3ROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR
SNomes comerciais
2VQRPHVFRPHUFLDLVGHYHPVHUHYLWDGRVXPDYH]TXHXPSROtPHURFRQVWLWXtGRGD
PHVPD HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD SRGH DSUHVHQWDU QRPHV GLIHUHQWHV XWLOL]DGRV SRU
GLIHUHQWHVIDEULFDQWHV$OpPGLVVRDDVVRFLDomRFRPDHVWUXWXUDGRSROtPHURWRUQD
VHGLILFXOWDGD
$SHVDUGRXVRGHQRPHQFODWXUDVFRPHUFLDLVVHUGHVHVWLPXODGRH[LVWHPDOJXQV
QRPHV TXH Mi VmR EDVWDQWH GLIXQGLGRV SRU H[HPSOR RVQ\ORQV 1\ORQ p R QRPH
FRPHUFLDO GDGR D SROLDPLGDV REWLGRV D SDUWLU GH PRQ{PHURV DOLIiWLFRV QmR
UDPLILFDGRV H QmRVXEVWLWXtGRV $ GHQRPLQDomR Q\ORQ YHP VHPSUH DFRPSDQKDGD
GH XP RX GRLV Q~PHURV RV TXDLV HVWmR DVVRFLDGRV DR Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH
FDUERQRGRVPRQ{PHURVGHRULJHP
3RUH[HPSORQ\ORQpRQRPHFRPHUFLDOGRSROLKH[DPHWLOHQRDGLSDPLGDH
Q\ORQ p R QRPH FRPHUFLDO GR SROLKH[DPHWLOHQR VHEDFDPLGD e SRVVtYHO
SHUFHEHU TXH R SULPHLUR Q~PHUR FLWDGR LQGLFD R Q~PHUR GH JUXSDPHQWRV
PHWLOrQLFRV GD SRUomR GLDPLQD H R VHJXQGR R Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH FDUERQR QD
SRUomRGLDFLOD
2XWURH[HPSORpRGRQ\ORQFXMRSROtPHURHPTXHVWmRpRSROLiFLGRDPLQR
FDSUyLFR 1HVWH FDVR D SROLDPLGD IRUPDGD IRL RULXQGD GH VRPHQWH XP WLSR GH
PRQ{PHURRTXDOSRVVXLVHLViWRPRVGHFDUERQRHPVXDHVWUXWXUD
'H XP PRGR VLPSOLILFDGR RV SROtPHURV WDPEpP VmR FLWDGRV SRU VLJODV 2
4XDGURDSUHVHQWDDOJXQVSROtPHURVVHXVQRPHVFRPXQVHDVVLJODVXWLOL]DGDV

4XDGUR1RPHVFRPXQVHVLJODVXWLOL]DGDVSDUDGHQRPLQDUSROtPHURV
1RPHVFRPXQVGHSROtPHURV 6LJODV
3ROLHWLOHQR 3(
3ROLSURSLOHQR 33
3ROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD 300$
3ROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR 3(2
3ROLHVWLUHQR 36
3ROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR 3(7
1RWHTXHDVVLJODVVmREDVHDGDVQDQRPHQFODWXUDGRSROtPHURHVFULWDQDOtQJXD
LQJOHVD3RUH[HPSOR3(73ROL(WK\OHQH7HUHSKWDODWHH363ROL6W\UHQH
$R ORQJR GHVWH OLYUR R OHLWRU WDPEpP LUi QRWDU TXH DV VLJODV GDV WpFQLFDV
DQiOLVHVRXLQVWUXPHQWRVWDPEpPVmREDVHDGDVQDQRPHQFODWXUDHVFULWDQDOtQJXD
LQJOHVD3RUH[HPSORDRVPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRUpPHQFLRQDGDFRPDVLJOD
9329DSRU3UHVVXUH2VPRPHWU\HDFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUDFRPD
VLJOD'6&'LIIHUHQWLDO6FDQQLQJ&DORULPHWU\
Bibliografia recomendada
$EXLQ(6/LVVL(**DUJDOOR/*H5DGLF')0DFURPROpFXODVHQ6ROXFLyQ
81(6&26DQWLDJR
%LOOPH\HU-U):7H[WERRNRI3RO\PHU6FLHQFHDHG-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF
1HZ<RUN
&RZLH-0*3RO\PHUV&KHPLVWU\DQG3K\VLFVRI0RGHUQ0DWHULDOV%ODFNLH
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
(OLDV +* 0DFURPROHFXOHV 6WUXFWXUH DQG 3URSHUWLHV 3OHQXP 3UHVV 1HZ
<RUN
.XUDWD 0 H 7VXQDVKLPD < 7 9LVFRVLW\0ROHFXODU :HLJKW 5HODWLRQVKLSV DQG
8QSHUWXUEHG 'LPHQVLRQV RI /LQHDU &KDLQ 0ROHFXOHV (P %UDQGUXS -
,PPHUJXW ( + DQG *UXONH ( $ (GV 3RO\PHU +DQGERRN WK HG -RKQ
:LOH\ 6RQV,QF1HZ<RUN
0DQR ( % H 0HQGHV / & ,QWURGXomR D 3ROtPHURV D HG (GLWRUD (GJDUG
%OXFKHU/WGD6mR3DXOR
0RRUH : - )tVLFR4XtPLFD 6mR 3DXOR $R /LYUR 7pFQLFR 6$ 7UDG HP
SRUWXJXrV
7DJHU$3K\VLFDO&KHPLVWU\RI3RO\PHUV0,53XEOLVKHUV0RVFRZ
5DEHN - ) ([SHULPHQWDO 0HWKRGV LQ 3RO\PHU &KHPLVWU\ -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV
1HZ<RUN
9DQ.UHYHOHQ':H+RIW\]HU3-3URSHUWLHVRI3RO\PHUV(OVHYLHU3XEOLVKLQJ
&RPSDQ\$PVWHUGDP
9ROOPHUW%3RO\PHU&KHPLVWU\6SULQJHU9HUODJ%HUOLQ
&DStWXOR
Introduo ao
Comportamento de
Solues de Polmeros
2 HVWXGR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH VROXo}HV GH SROtPHURV UHTXHU XPD DERUGDJHP
WHUPRGLQkPLFD TXH DSUHVHQWD DVSHFWRV GLIHUHQFLDGRV GDTXHOHV JHUDOPHQWH
HPSUHJDGRV QR HVWXGR GH VROXo}HV IRUPDGDV DSHQDV SRU FRPSRQHQWHV GH EDL[R
SHVR PROHFXODU $V SHFXOLDULGDGHV REVHUYDGDV QR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH VROXo}HV
SROLPpULFDVGHYHPVHDRWDPDQKRGHVXDVFDGHLDVTXHpPXLWRPDLRUGRTXHRGH
XPD PROpFXOD SHTXHQD 2 WDPDQKR H D FRQIRUPDomR GDV PDFURPROpFXODV
LQWURGX]HP DOWHUDo}HV QR FRPSRUWDPHQWR WHUPRGLQkPLFR GH VXDV VROXo}HV H R
HVWXGR GHVVDV SHFXOLDULGDGHV SHUPLWH REWHU LQIRUPDo}HV LPSRUWDQWHV VREUH RV
VLVWHPDVIRUPDGRVSRUPDFURPROpFXODV
$ EDVH GR WUDWDPHQWR WHUPRGLQkPLFR p D PHVPD DGRWDGD SDUD PROpFXODV GH
SHTXHQRWDPDQKRPROHFXODU$VVLPWRGRVRVFRQFHLWRVEiVLFRVHVWDEHOHFLGRVSHOD
ItVLFRTXtPLFD SRGHP VHU DSOLFDGRV WDQWR D VROXo}HV IRUPDGDV SRU PROpFXODV
SHTXHQDVTXDQWRSDUDVROXo}HVHPTXHSHORPHQRVXPGRVFRPSRQHQWHVpXPD
PDFURPROpFXOD $ PDLRU GLIHUHQoD HVWi QR IDWR GH DV PDFURPROpFXODV
DSUHVHQWDUHP GHVYLRV PXLWR JUDQGHV GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR LGHDO 2 SUREOHPD p
UHVROYLGR DSOLFDQGRVH WUDWDPHQWRV HVSHFtILFRV jV WHRULDV TXH VmR DGRWDGDV SDUD
GHVFUHYHUVLVWHPDVIRUPDGRVSRUPROpFXODVSHTXHQDV
$ GHVFULomR GRV VLVWHPDV ItVLFRTXtPLFRV p JHUDOPHQWH IHLWD GH IRUPD
SURJUHVVLYD RQGH RV FRQFHLWRV EiVLFRV GD WHUPRGLQkPLFD YmR VHQGRLQWURGX]LGRV
JUDGXDOPHQWH D SDUWLU GH VLVWHPDV VLPSOHV 'HSRLV R QtYHO GH FRPSOH[LGDGH p
DXPHQWDGRSDVVDQGRVHDGHVFUHYHURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVLVWHPDVIRUPDGRVSRU
JDVHV SHUIHLWRV 2V FRQFHLWRV GH HQWDOSLD HQHUJLD OLYUH HQWURSLD HTXLOtEULR HWF
YmRVHQGRGHILQLGRVHDSOLFDGRVVHJXLQGRDVOHLVGDWHUPRGLQkPLFD$SDUWLUGHVWH
SRQWRVmRGHILQLGRVRVFRQFHLWRVDVVRFLDGRVjVVROXo}HVLGHDLV
8PDVROXomRpFDUDFWHUL]DGDSHORVVHJXLQWHVSDUkPHWURVWHUPRGLQkPLFRV
YROXPH9HQHUJLDLQWHUQD8HQWURSLD6HQHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEV*HQWDOSLD+HWF
1RFDVRGHXPSURFHVVRHPVROXomRFRVWXPDVHGHWHUPLQDUDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDV
IXQo}HVWHUPRGLQkPLFDVGDVROXomRHDVPHVPDVIXQo}HVGRVFRPSRQHQWHVSXURV
DQWHV GD GLVVROXomR $ YDULDomR GD HQHUJLD OLYUH GH PLVWXUD *P p SRUWDQWR D
GLIHUHQoDHQWUHDHQHUJLDOLYUHGDVROXomR*VROHRVRPDWyULRGDVHQHUJLDVOLYUHVGRV
FRPSRQHQWHVGDPLVWXUD*FRPS
Gm = Gsol - Gcomp (energia livre de mistura) (2.1)
(PXPDVROXomRLGHDODPHGLGDTXDQWLWDWLYDGHXPSDUkPHWURWHUPRGLQkPLFR
GHXPDVROXomR*86HWFSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRDVRPDGDVUHVSHFWLYDV
TXDQWLGDGHVWHUPRGLQkPLFDVGHVHXVFRPSRQHQWHVOHYDQGRVHHPFRQWDDIUDomR
PRODUGHFDGDXPGHOHVQDVROXomR$VVLP
Gsol = x1G10 + x2G20 + x3G30 + ..... (2.2)
RQGH** H*VmRRVYDORUHVGHHQHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEVPRODUGRVFRPSRQHQWHV
SXURV H x x H x VmR DV IUDo}HV PRODUHV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV QD VROXomR (VWD
UHODomR OLQHDU QmR p YiOLGD SDUD D PDLRULD GRV VLVWHPDV GHYLGR jV GLIHUHQoDV GH
LQWHUDo}HVHQWUHDVPROpFXODVGRVFRPSRQHQWHVGRVLVWHPDHVWXGDGR,VWRVLJQLILFD
TXHDVSURSULHGDGHVGDVVROXo}HVUHDLVQmRVmRDGLWLYDV
Vsol Vcomp ; Hsol Hcomp ; Ssol Scomp , etc

3DUDFDUDFWHUL]DUPHOKRURFRPSRUWDPHQWRWHUPRGLQkPLFRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVGH
XPD VROXomR p QHFHVViULR XWLOL]DU D IXQomR XVDGD SDUD GHVFUHYHU HVVH
FRPSRUWDPHQWRFRPRIXQomRSDUFLDOPRODU$IXQomRSDUFLDOPRODUFRPRRQRPH
Mi GL] HVWi UHODFLRQDGD D XP GHWHUPLQDGR FRPSRQHQWH HP FRQGLo}HV EHP
GHILQLGDV8PH[HPSORpDGHILQLomRGHSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
2.1 Potencial Qumico

8PD GDV IXQo}HV PDLV LPSRUWDQWHV TXH FDUDFWHUL]D R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH FDGD
FRPSRQHQWH QD VROXomR p R SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR FRPSRQHQWH 2 SRWHQFLDO
TXtPLFRSRGHVHUGHILQLGRFRPRDDOWHUDomRLQILQLWHVLPDOGDHQHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEV
GH XPD VROXomR TXH RFRUUH FRP D DGLomRGH XP Q~PHUR GH PROHV LQILQLWDPHQWH
SHTXHQRGRFRPSRQHQWHHPTXHVWmRFRQVLGHUDQGRDTXHODSRUomRGDVXEVWkQFLDD
WHPSHUDWXUD SUHVVmR H TXDQWLGDGH GH FDGD XP GRV RXWURV FRPSRQHQWHV
FRQVWDQWHV
,QWURGXomRDR&RPSRUWDPHQWRGH6ROXo}HVGH3ROtPHURV
G
= (2.3)
ni
i

T , P, n
(i j )
j
QLM Q~PHURGHPROHVGRFRPSRQHQWHLRXM
$ S H 7 FRQVWDQWHV D DGLomR GH XPD TXDQWLGDGH LQILQLWDPHQWH SHTXHQD GR

FRPSRQHQWHLQDVROXomRPXGDDVXDHQWURSLDHQWDOSLDHHQHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEV
(VWDV PXGDQoDV TXDQGR UHODFLRQDGDV D PRO GR FRPSRQHQWH DGLFLRQDGR VmR
FKDPDGDV GH HQWDOSLD SDUFLDO PRODU+L HQWURSLD SDUFLDO PRODU6L H HQHUJLD OLYUH
SDUFLDOPRODU*L
H S G
Hi = n
; S =

; Gi =
n
ni
i
i p ,T , nj p ,T , nj i p ,T , nj
2SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRSRGHHQWmRVHUFRQVLGHUDGRLJXDOjHQHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEV
SDUFLDOPRODU
G
G = = (2.5)

ni
i i
p ,T , nj
7RGDV DV UHODo}HV WHUPRGLQkPLFDV FRQKHFLGDV VmR YiOLGDV SDUD DV IXQo}HV
SDUFLDLVPRODUHV$PDLVXWLOL]DGDVHUi
Gi = Hi - TSi (2.6)
i Gi = Hi - TSi (2.7)
4XDOTXHU IXQomR WHUPRGLQkPLFD H[WHQVLYD IXQomR TXH GHSHQGH GD PDVVD GRV
FRPSRQHQWHVGRVLVWHPDSRGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGDSHODH[SUHVVmR
Z =Z1n1 + Z2n2 + Z3n3 +... (2.8)
RQGH=pXPDIXQomRWHUPRGLQkPLFDH[WHQVLYDYROXPHHQWDOSLDHQWURSLDHWFH

=LpDIXQomRSDUFLDOPRODUFRUUHVSRQGHQWH
2.2 Soluo ideal e solues reais
2FRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVLVWHPDVIRUPDGRVSRUPDFURPROpFXODVSRGHVHUGHVFULWRGH
IRUPD VLPSOLILFDGD FRPR XP FRQMXQWR IRUPDGR SRU GRLV FRPSRQHQWHV 4XDQGR
XPDSHTXHQDTXDQWLGDGHGHSROtPHURFRPSRQHQWHpGLVVROYLGDHPXPVROYHQWH
TXDOTXHU FRPSRQHQWH DV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH RV FRPSRQHQWHV GHSHQGHP GD
QDWXUH]DGHDPERVRVFRPSRQHQWHV
7UrVVLWXDo}HVSRGHPVHUHQFRQWUDGDV
SDV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH DV FDGHLDV GR SROtPHUR RX HQWUH DV PROpFXODV GR VROYHQWH
WrP D PHVPD QDWXUH]D GDV LQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURVROYHQWH1mRH[LVWHLQWHUDomR
SUHIHUHQFLDOQRVLVWHPDORJR
solvente-solvente polmero-solvente polmero-polmero
SDVLQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURSROtPHURHVROYHQWHVROYHQWHVmRPDLVHIHWLYDVGRTXH
DVLQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURVROYHQWHORJR
solvente-solvente
> polmero-solvente
polmero-polmero
SDV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHURVROYHQWH VmR PDLV HIHWLYDV GR TXH DV LQWHUDo}HV
SROtPHURSROtPHURHVROYHQWHVROYHQWH
solvente-solvente
polmero-solvente >
polmero-polmero
1R SULPHLUR FDVR D VROXomR p GLWD VROXomR LGHDO &RPR QmR H[LVWH LQWHUDomR
SUHIHUHQFLDO QR VLVWHPD QmR RFRUUH OLEHUDomR RX FRQVXPR GH FDORU GXUDQWH R
SURFHVVR GH VROXELOL]DomR &RQVHTHQWHPHQWH D YDULDomR GH HQWDOSLD SDUD XPD
VROXomRLGHDOpLJXDOD]HUR
eLPSRUWDQWHOHPEUDUTXHDHQWURSLDpXPDIXQomRUHODFLRQDGDDRQ~PHURGH
DUUDQMRV GDV PROpFXODV HP VROXomR (P XPD VROXomR LGHDO QmR H[LVWH LQWHUDomR
IDYRUHFLGDHSRUWDQWRRDUUDQMRGDVPROpFXODVpDRDFDVR$HQWURSLDGRVLVWHPDp
IXQomRDSHQDVGDIUDomRPRODU
3DUDVROXo}HVLGHDLV Hi = 0 (2.9)
Si Si (ideal) = - R lnxi (2.10)
&RQVHTHQWHPHQWH D PXGDQoD QR SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR FRPSRQHQWH L HP

VROXo}HVLGHDLVVHUiLJXDOD
i = -T Si (ideal) = - RT lnxi
RXVHMDVyGHSHQGHGDIUDomRPRODUGRFRPSRQHQWHLx LQDVROXomR
$IUDomRPRODUSDUDVROXo}HVLGHDLVpUHODFLRQDGDjSUHVVmRGHYDSRUSRUPHLR
GHXPDH[SUHVVmRHPStULFDFRQKHFLGDFRPROHLGH5DRXOW(TXDomR
xi = pi/pio (2.12)
RQGHSLpDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRFRPSRQHQWHLQDVROXomRHSLRpDSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
GRFRPSRQHQWHLSXUR
6H R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GD VROXomR QmR VHJXH D OHL GH 5DRXOW D VROXomR p
GHQRPLQDGD VROXomR QmRLGHDO RX VROXomR UHDO e R TXH DFRQWHFH FRP D PDLRU
SDUWHGRVVLVWHPDV
6H D UD]mR SLSLR IRU FRORFDGD HP JUiILFR HP IXQomR GHx L WUrV VLWXDo}HV GLVWLQWDV
SRGHPVHUREVHUYDGDVGHSHQGHQGRGDQDWXUH]DGRVLVWHPD(VWDVVLWXDo}HVHVWmR
LOXVWUDGDVQD)LJXUDRQGHSHSVmRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDVSUHVV}HVGHYDSRUGR
VROYHQWHSXURHQDVROXomRH[pDIUDomRPRODUGRSROtPHURQDVROXomR
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUFRPDFRPSRVLomRGDVROXomR$VROXomRLGHDO%GHVYLR

QHJDWLYRGDLGHDOLGDGH&GHVYLRSRVLWLYRGDLGHDOLGDGH
$ FXUYD $ H[LEH XPD GHSHQGrQFLD OLQHDU WDO FRPR SUHYr D OHL GH 5DRXOW (VWD
VROXomRSRVVXLXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRLGHDO1mRH[LVWHLQWHUDomRSUHIHUHQFLDOHQWUHRV
FRPSRQHQWHVHQRUPDOPHQWHRFRUUHTXDQGRVXEVWkQFLDVGHHVWUXWXUDTXtPLFDHGH
WDPDQKRVPROHFXODUHVVHPHOKDQWHVVmRPLVWXUDGDV
$FXUYD%DSUHVHQWDXPGHVYLRQHJDWLYRGDOHLGH5DRXOWRXVHMDSLSLR<xL(VWH
FRPSRUWDPHQWRLQGLFDTXHDVLQWHUDo}HVVROXWRVROYHQWHVmRPDLVLPSRUWDQWHVGR
TXH DV LQWHUDo}HV VROXWRVROXWR RX VROYHQWHVROYHQWH $ ERD LQWHUDomR VROXWR
VROYHQWHGLPLQXLRQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGRFRPSRQHQWHQDIDVHYDSRU$VVLPD
SUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomRpPHQRUGRTXHDGRVROYHQWHSXUR
$FXUYD&DSUHVHQWDXPGHVYLRSRVLWLYRGDOHLGH5DRXOWHLQGLFDTXHDLQWHUDomR
VROXWRVROYHQWH p IUDFD $V PROpFXODV WHQGHP D SDVVDU HP PDLRU Q~PHUR SDUD D
IDVHYDSRUDXPHQWDQGRDSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
(PVROXo}HVSROLPpULFDVRSROtPHURQmRFRQVHJXHSDVVDUSDUDRHVWDGRGHYDSRU
GHYLGR DR VHX DOWR SHVR PROHFXODU 3RGHVH FRQVLGHUDU HQWmR TXH D SUHVVmR GH
YDSRUGRSROtPHURpSUDWLFDPHQWH]HUR'HVWDIRUPDRTXHVHPHGHpDSUHVVmRGH
YDSRUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomReXPH[HPSOROLPLWHGDFXUYD%
2GHVYLRGDLGHDOLGDGHVLJQLILFDTXH
H 0 e H i 0 (2.13)
Smis Smis (ideal) (2.14)
(VVH GHVYLR SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR SHOR FiOFXOR GD YDULDomR GD IXQomR
WHUPRGLQkPLFD HP H[FHVVR TXH p D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH D YDULDomR GD IXQomR
WHUPRGLQkPLFD QD IRUPDomR GH XPD VROXomR UHDO H D YDULDomR GD IXQomR
WHUPRGLQkPLFDQDIRUPDomRGHXPDVROXomRLGHDO$VVLP
Gexc = Gmis - G (ideal) (2.15)
Sexc = Smis - S (ideal) (2.16)
&RPELQDQGRDVHTXDo}HVHREWpPVHDGHILQLomRGRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
SDUDXPDVROXomRUHDOEDVHDGDQDUD]mRHQWUHDVSUHVV}HVGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHQD
VROXomRHGRVROYHQWHSXURFRPRGHVFULWDDVHJXLU
pi
i
= G i = RT ln o
(2.17)
pi
SL SUHVVmRGHYDSRUSDUFLDOGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
R
SL SUHVVmRGHYDSRUSDUFLDOGRVROYHQWHSXUR
2.3 Processo de dissoluo de um polmero

8PD VROXomR YHUGDGHLUD SRGH VHU IRUPDGD TXDQGR H[LVWH LQWHUDomR HQWUH RV
FRPSRQHQWHV 2V FRPSRQHQWHV VH GLVSHUVDP HVSRQWkQHDPHQWH HP PROpFXODV
iWRPRVRXtRQVVHPDQHFHVVLGDGHGHWUDEDOKRH[WHUQR6ROXo}HVYHUGDGHLUDVVmR
FDUDFWHUL]DGDVSHORJUDXGHGLVSHUVmRPROHFXODU2VLVWHPDpKRPRJrQHRRXVHMD
QmRDSUHVHQWDLQWHUIDFH6ROXo}HVYHUGDGHLUDVVmRFDUDFWHUL]DGDVSHODHVWDELOLGDGH
WHUPRGLQkPLFD2VLVWHPDpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUXPD~QLFDIDVH
6ROXo}HV YHUGDGHLUDV GH SROtPHURV SRVVXHP FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV TXH DV
GLVWLQJXHP GH VROXo}HV GH VXEVWkQFLDV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU (VWDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVmRGHYLGDVjJUDQGHGLIHUHQoDGHWDPDQKRPROHFXODUHLQFOXHP
SLQFKDPHQWRDQWHVGDGLVVROXomR
SYLVFRVLGDGHDOWD
SGLIXVmROHQWD
SLQFDSDFLGDGHGHDWUDYHVVDUXPDPHPEUDQDVHPLSHUPHiYHO
2SURFHVVRGHGLVVROXomRRFRUUHGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
TXDQGRXPSROtPHURpSRVWRHPFRQWDWRFRPXPVROYHQWHRSULPHLURSURFHVVR
TXHRFRUUHpRLQFKDPHQWRGRSROtPHURRXVHMDRSROtPHURDEVRUYHPROpFXODV
GR VROYHQWH DXPHQWDQGR D PDVVD H R YROXPH 1R ILQDO GR LQFKDPHQWR HOHV
IRUPDPXPD~QLFDFDPDGDTXHFRQVLVWHGRSROtPHURHGROtTXLGRDEVRUYLGR
R SROtPHUR LQFKDGR FRH[LVWH GXUDQWH DOJXP WHPSR FRP D FDPDGD GR OtTXLGR
SXUR
DSyVXPFHUWRWHPSRTXDQGRDVFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDVFRQVHJXHPDGTXLULUPDLRU
PRELOLGDGH HODV FRPHoDP D VH GLIXQGLU OHQWDPHQWH QR VROYHQWH DWp IRUPDU
XPDVROXomRKRPRJrQHD
1RLQtFLRGRSURFHVVRH[LVWHSRUWDQWRVROYHQWHSXURHXPDVROXomRFRPSRVWD
GHSROtPHURVROYHQWH2SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHSXURRpPDLRUGRTXHR
SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR VROYHQWH QD VROXomR 2 HTXLOtEULR WHUPRGLQkPLFR p
DOFDQoDGRTXDQGR RXVHMD R 3DUDTXHLVWRRFRUUDDVPROpFXODVGR
VROYHQWHYmRSDVVDQGRFDGDYH]PDLVSDUDDVROXomRDXPHQWDQGRGHVWDIRUPDR
SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGDVROXomR
2 LQFKDPHQWR QmR p QHFHVVDULDPHQWH XPD SHQHWUDomR GH SHTXHQDV PROpFXODV
QD IDVH GR SROtPHUR HQFKHQGR VHXV HVSDoRV YD]LRV 2 LQFKDPHQWR HQYROYH
LQHYLWDYHOPHQWH XPD PXGDQoD QR DUUDQMR HVSDFLDO GDV FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV
UHVXOWDQGR HP XP DXPHQWR GH YROXPH GD DPRVWUD 2 LQFKDPHQWR SRGH VHU
LOLPLWDGRRXOLPLWDGR
Inchamento ilimitado
e R LQFKDPHQWR TXH SDVVD HVSRQWDQHDPHQWH SDUD D GLVVROXomR 0ROpFXODV GH
SROtPHUR GLIHUHP HP WDPDQKR H SRUWDQWR WrP PRELOLGDGHV GLIHUHQWHV $V
PROpFXODV GR VROYHQWH SRVVXHP PDLRU PRELOLGDGH GR TXH DV PROpFXODV GR
SROtPHUR 'HVWD IRUPD R SROtPHUR QmR WHP WHPSR GH SDVVDU SDUD D IDVH GR
VROYHQWH$QWHVGHVHGLVVROYHURSROtPHURDEVRUYHJUDQGHSDUWHGRVROYHQWHLVWR
pLQFKD
Inchamento limitado
4XDQGRDLQWHUDomRGRSROtPHURFRPRVROYHQWHpOLPLWDGDDRHVWiJLRGHVRUomRGR
OtTXLGRSHORSROtPHURDGLVVROXomRHVSRQWkQHDGRSROtPHURQmRRFRUUHRXVHMDDV
FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV QmR VH VHSDUDP FRPSOHWDPHQWH XPDV GDV RXWUDV 2FRUUH D
IRUPDomRGHGXDVIDVHVDVROXomRGROtTXLGRQRSROtPHURHXPDRXWUDGRVROYHQWH
SXUR RX GH XPD VROXomR EHP GLOXtGD GH SROtPHUR (VWDV IDVHV VH HQFRQWUDP
FODUDPHQWH VHSDUDGDV (VWH SURFHVVR SRGH RFRUUHU WDQWR HP SROtPHURV OLQHDUHV
FRPRHPSROtPHURVUHWLFXODGRV
(P SROtPHURV OLQHDUHV R LQFKDPHQWR p OLPLWDGR VRE GHWHUPLQDGDV FRQGLo}HV
WDLV FRPR WHPSHUDWXUD HFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomR4XDQGRDLQWHUDomRSROtPHUR
SROtPHURpPDLRUGRTXHDLQWHUDomRSROtPHURVROYHQWHDVFDGHLDVQmRVHVHSDUDP
FRPSOHWDPHQWH &RP D YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD R LQFKDPHQWR OLPLWDGR SRGH VH
WRUQDULOLPLWDGRUHVXOWDQGRHPXPDVROXomRKRPRJrQHD
6H R SROtPHUR p FRPSRVWR SRU XPD UHGH WULGLPHQVLRQDO IRUPDGD DWUDYpV GH
OLJDo}HV TXtPLFDV HQWUH DV FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV HVWDV FDGHLDV QmR VH VHSDUDP HP
TXDOTXHU WHPSHUDWXUD DEDL[R GD GHFRPSRVLomR GR SROtPHUR (OHV QmR VH
GLVVROYHPHRSURFHVVRGHGLVVROXomRpOLPLWDGRDRHVWiJLRGHLQFKDPHQWR
$ TXDQWLGDGH GH OtTXLGR DEVRUYLGR SRU XQLGDGH GH PDVVD RX YROXPH GR
SROtPHUR p GHQRPLQDGDJUDX GH LQFKDPHQWR 2 JUDX GH LQFKDPHQWR GHSHQGHGD
LQWHUDomRSROtPHURVROYHQWHHGRJUDXGHUHWLFXODomRQDDPRVWUD
2.4 Afinidade termodinmica entre um solvente e um polmero

6RE R DVSHFWR WHUPRGLQkPLFR GXDV RX PDLV VXEVWkQFLDV VmR FDSD]HV GH VH
PLVWXUDUHP VH R SURFHVVR RFRUUHU HVSRQWDQHDPHQWH QD GLUHomR GD IRUPDomR GD
PLVWXUD
3URFHVVRVDSUHVVmRHDWHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWHVRFRUUHPHVSRQWDQHDPHQWHQD
GLUHomR GD GLPLQXLomR GD HQHUJLD OLYUH GH *LEEV RX QD GLUHomR GD GLPLQXLomR GR
SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGHFDGDFRPSRQHQWH
*PSURFHVVRHVSRQWkQHR
*P HVWDGRGHHTXLOtEULR
*P!SURFHVVRQmRRFRUUH
4XDQWR PDLRU IRU D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH D HQHUJLD OLYUH GD VROXomR H D GRV
FRPSRQHQWHVPDLRUVHUiDDILQLGDGHWHUPRGLQkPLFDHPDLVSHUIHLWRVHUiRSURFHVVR
GHLQWHUDomR
(P WHUPRV SUiWLFRV H UHVXPLGRV SRGHVH GL]HU TXH R FRQFHLWR GD DILQLGDGH
WHUPRGLQkPLFD SRGH VHU HVWHQGLGR DRV VROYHQWHV FRQVLGHUDQGR D TXDOLGDGH
WHUPRGLQkPLFDGRVROYHQWH$VVLPRVVROYHQWHVSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRV
S%RQVVROYHQWHVVROYHQWHVHPTXHRVYDORUHVGH *H LVmRDOWRVTXDQGR
HOHVLQWHUDJHPFRPSROtPHURV
S0DXVVROYHQWHVVROYHQWHVHPTXHDLQWHUDomRFRPSROtPHURVpDFRPSDQKDGD
GHSHTXHQDYDULDomRGH*HL
(QWmR p SUHFLVR FRQKHFHU RV YDORUHV GH * H L SDUD DYDOLDU D TXDOLGDGH GR
VROYHQWH
$ DILQLGDGH WHUPRGLQkPLFD HQWUH SROtPHUR H VROYHQWH SRGH VHU DYDOLDGD SRU
DOJXPDVWpFQLFDV
S0HGLGDGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
S0HGLGDGDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFD
S0HGLGDGDSUHVVmRGHLQFKDPHQWR
S'HWHUPLQDomRGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
,VWR TXHU GL]HU TXH D DILQLGDGH WHUPRGLQkPLFD SRGH VHU FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU
DOJXQV SDUkPHWURV D YDULDomR QR SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GRV FRPSRQHQWHV L D
HQHUJLD OLYUH GH PLVWXUD *P R VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO $ H R SDUkPHWUR GH
LQWHUDomRGH)ORU\+XJJLQV
2.4.1 Presso de vapor na soluo de polmero

1RHVWDGRGHHTXLOtEULRKiVHPSUHYDSRUGRVFRPSRQHQWHVVREUHDVROXomROtTXLGD
8PDPDFURPROpFXODQmRFRQVHJXHSDVVDUSDUDRHVWDGRGHYDSRU/RJRDSUHVVmR
SDUFLDOGRVHXYDSRUpSUDWLFDPHQWHLJXDOD]HUR$SUHVVmRGHYDSRUTXHVHPHGHp
HVVHQFLDOPHQWH D SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR FRPSRQHQWH GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU
VROYHQWH VREUH D VROXomR (VWD p VHPSUH PHQRU GR TXH D SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR
VROYHQWH SXUR 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU D LQWHUDomR SROtPHURVROYHQWH PHQRU VHUi D
SUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
2.4.2 Presso osmtica

2VPRVHpRIHQ{PHQRGHSHQHWUDomRGHXPVROYHQWHHPXPDVROXomRDWUDYpVGH
XPD PHPEUDQD VHPLSHUPHiYHO LVWR p XPD PHPEUDQD SHUPHiYHO VRPHQWH D
PROpFXODVSHTXHQDV3DUDDREVHUYDomRGRIHQ{PHQRDVROXomRGHXPVROXWRHP
XP GHWHUPLQDGR VROYHQWH H R VROYHQWH SXUR HVWmR VHSDUDGRV SHOD PHPEUDQD
VHPLSHUPHiYHO $ WHQGrQFLD GDV PROpFXODV GH VROYHQWH HP SDVVDU HVSRQWD
QHDPHQWH SDUD D VROXomR GHYLGR j GLIHUHQoD GH SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR p
HVWLPDGDTXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWHSHODSUHVVmRRVPyWLFD
2.4.3 Presso de inchamento
6ROXo}HVFRPDOWDFRQFHQWUDomRGHXPSROtPHURVmREDVLFDPHQWHVROXo}HVGHXP
FRPSRQHQWHGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUHPXPSROtPHURRXHPRXWUDVSDODYUDVXP
SROtPHUR LQFKDGR $ H[SHULrQFLD p FRQGX]LGD FRQILQDQGR D DPRVWUD HP XP
FRPSDUWLPHQWRFRPSDUHGHVUtJLGDVFRQWHQGRDSHQDVXPSHTXHQRRULItFLRSDUDD
DGLomR GR VROYHQWH $VVLP R LQFKDPHQWR GR SROtPHUR RFRUUH VHP DXPHQWR GH
YROXPH H D SUHVVmR H[HUFLGD VREUH HVWDV SDUHGHV p GHQRPLQDGD SUHVVmR GH
LQFKDPHQWR
4XDQWR PDLRU IRU D LQWHUDomR SROtPHURVROYHQWH PDLRU VHUi D WHQGrQFLD GR
VROYHQWH GH SDVVDU SDUD D VROXomR VROYHQWH GLVVROYLGR QR SROtPHUR H PDLRU VHUi
HQWmRDSUHVVmRGHLQFKDPHQWR
$SUHVVmRGHLQFKDPHQWRpXPIHQ{PHQRVHPHOKDQWHDRGDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFD$
SUHVVmRGHLQFKDPHQWRpPHGLGDHPVROXo}HVFRQFHQWUDGDVHDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDp
GHWHUPLQDGDXVDQGRVROXo}HVGLOXtGDV
(VWD WpFQLFD SHUPLWH DYDOLDU D DILQLGDGH HQWUH VROYHQWH H SROtPHUR TXDQGR VH
HVWXGDPDPRVWUDVGHSROtPHURVUHWLFXODGRV
2.4.4 Determinao do segundo coeficiente virial

2 VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO $ p REWLGR SRU PHLR GH XP WUDWDPHQWR WHyULFR
QHFHVViULR DR FiOFXOR GH SDUkPHWURV WHUPRGLQkPLFRV REWLGRV D SDUWLU GH GDGRV
H[SHULPHQWDLVGHYDULDomRGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRUSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDRXHVSDOKDPHQWR
GHOX]GHVROXo}HVSROLPpULFDV7DLVWpFQLFDVVHUmRGHWDOKDGDVSRVWHULRUPHQWH
2VHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO$GHSHQGHGHYiULRVIDWRUHVWDLVFRPR
SWHPSHUDWXUD$GHFUHVFHFRPRDXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUD
SVLVWHPDSROtPHURVROYHQWH
SSHVRPROHFXODUHGLVWULEXLomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUGRSROtPHUR
SWDWLFLGDGHGRSROtPHUR
2.5 Fatores que afetam a dissoluo e inchamento dos polmeros

2VSULQFLSDLVIDWRUHVTXHDIHWDPDGLVVROXomRGHXPSROtPHURHPXPVROYHQWHVmR
GHVFULWRVDVHJXLU
2.5.1 Natureza qumica do solvente e do polmero

$ VROXELOLGDGH P~WXD GDV VXEVWkQFLDV GHSHQGH GD VXD FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD 2
SURFHVVRGHGLVVROXomRpXPDPHGLGDGDVIRUoDVLQWHUPROHFXODUHV
$VVLPFRPRDVPROpFXODVSHTXHQDVDVFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDVSRGHPHVWDUOLJDGDV
HQWUHVLDWUDYpVGHOLJDo}HVSULPiULDVHVHFXQGiULDV
(QWHQGHVHSRUOLJDo}HVSULPiULDVDVOLJDo}HVFRYDOHQWHVH[LVWHQWHVHPFDGHLDV
GH SROtPHURV OLQHDUHV UDPLILFDGRV H UHWLFXODGRV 6mR DV OLJDo}HV SUHGRPLQDQWHV
TXDQGR VH WUDWD GH SROtPHURV ([LVWHP RXWURV WLSRV GH OLJDomR SULPiULD PHQRV
IUHTHQWHVQRVSROtPHURV6mRDVOLJDo}HVL{QLFDVTXHRFRUUHPHPLRQ{PHURVHDV
OLJDo}HVSRUFRRUGHQDomRIRUPDGDVHPHVWDGRVGHWUDQVLomR
/LJDo}HV VHFXQGiULDV RXIRUoDV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV RXIRUoDV GH YDQ GHU:DDOV
OLJDo}HV KLGURJrQLR LQWHUDomR GLSRORGLSROR HWF VmR IRUoDV TXH DWXDP HQWUH
PROpFXODVRXHQWUHVHJPHQWRVGHFDGHLDVHFRQWULEXHPGHIRUPDVLJQLILFDWLYDSDUD
DV SURSULHGDGHV GRV SROtPHURV (VWDV OLJDo}HV FDUDFWHUL]DP XPD LQWHUDomR GH
RUGHPLQWUDRXLQWHUPROHFXODURTXHpXPDPHGLGDGRJUDXGHDWUDomRHQWUHDV
PROpFXODV6mRUHFRQKHFLGRVRVWLSRVFLWDGRVDVHJXLU
S)RUoDV GH GLVSHUVmR IRUoDV GH DWUDomR TXH VXUJHP QDV PROpFXODV GHYLGR jV
IOXWXDo}HVQDFRQILJXUDomRLQVWDQWkQHDGHHOpWURQVHQ~FOHRV1mRH[LVWHGLSROR
HDSRODUL]DomRpUHVXOWDQWHGDPRELOLGDGHGRVHOpWURQVVYH]HVVmRFKDPDGDV
GHIRUoDVGHYDQGHU:DDOVHIRUoDVGHGLVSHUVmRGH/RQGRQ
S)RUoDV GH LQGXomR IRUoDV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV HQWUH GLSRORV SHUPDQHQWHV H
GLSRORVLQGX]LGRV(VWDVIRUoDVVmRJHUDGDVSRUPROpFXODVSRODUHVTXHHVWDQGR
QDYL]LQKDQoDGHPROpFXODVTXHQmRSRVVXHPGLSRORVSHUPDQHQWHVSURPRYHP
XP OHYH GHVORFDPHQWR GRV HOpWURQV H Q~FOHRV GD PROpFXOD YL]LQKD LQGX]LQGR
XP PRPHQWR GLSRODU 6mR FRQKHFLGDV FRPR IRUoDV GH 'HE\H VmR IUDFDV H
LQGHSHQGHPGDWHPSHUDWXUD
S)RUoDV GLSRODUHV RFRUUHP HP PROpFXODV SRODUHV LVWR p PROpFXODV TXH
FRQWpPiWRPRVGLIHUHQWHVFRPFDUJDVHOpWULFDVLJXDLVHRSRVWDVTXHJHUDPXP
PRPHQWR GLSRODU $V IRUoDV GLSRODUHV RX IRUoDV GH .HHVRP GHSHQGHP
IRUWHPHQWHGDWHPSHUDWXUD
S/LJDomRKLGURJrQLRpDPDLVLPSRUWDQWHSRLVRFRUUHHPLQ~PHURVVLVWHPDV
SROLPpULFRV H SULQFLSDOPHQWH QDTXHOHV UHODFLRQDGRV jV SURWHtQDV H RXWURV
ELRSROtPHURV &RQVLGHUDQGR R FRQFHLWR FOiVVLFR GH OLJDomR TXtPLFD HP TXH R
iWRPRGHKLGURJrQLRVyIRUPDXPDOLJDomRFRYDOHQWHDOLJDomRKLGURJrQLRSRGH
VHUFRQVLGHUDGDGHFDUiWHUHOHWURVWiWLFRRXL{QLFR$OLJDomRKLGURJrQLRRFRUUH
HQWUH GRLV JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV GH XPD ~QLFD PROpFXOD RX HQWUH PROpFXODV
GLIHUHQWHV(PXPGRVJUXSRVRiWRPRGHKLGURJrQLRHVWiJHUDOPHQWHOLJDGRD
XPJUXSRDFtGLFRGRDGRUGHSUyWRQVLVWRpKLGUR[LODFDUER[LODDPLQDHWF2
RXWUR JUXSR WHP TXH VHU EiVLFR DFHSWRU GH SUyWRQV LVWR p R[LJrQLR
FDUERQLODVKLGUR[LODVpWHUHVQLWURJrQLRDPLQDVHDPLGDVHKDORJrQLRVIO~RU
HFORUR6mRLQFOXtGDVQDVIRUoDVGRWLSRiFLGREDVHRXIRUoDVGH/HZLV
$V OLJDo}HV SULPiULDV H VHFXQGiULDV VmR FDUDFWHUL]DGDV SHODV GLVWkQFLDV

LQWHUDW{PLFDV RX VHMD D GLVWkQFLD yWLPD HQWUH RV iWRPRV VHP TXH KDMD UHSXOVmR
HQWUH HOHV $ 7DEHOD H[HPSOLILFD RV WLSRV GH LQWHUDo}HVOLJDo}HV DVVRFLDGRV jV
GLVWkQFLDVLQWHUDW{PLFDVHHQHUJLDGHGLVVRFLDomR
2FDVRPDLVVLPSOHVpDTXHOHRQGHDVVROXo}HVH[LEHPVRPHQWHLQWHUDo}HVGR
WLSRYDQGHU:DDOV6HRVOtTXLGRVVmRDSRODUHVRXVHMDRPRPHQWRGLSRODUp]HUR
VyH[LVWHPIRUoDVGHGLVSHUVmRHQWUHHOHV8VXDOPHQWHHVWHVOtTXLGRVVHPLVWXUDP
EHP HP XPD ODUJD IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUD 3RU H[HPSOR SROLKLGURFDUERQHWRV
DPRUIRVDSRODUHVSROLLVREXWLOHQRSROLLVRSUHQRHSROLEXWDGLHQRVHGLVVROYHPEHP
HPKLGURFDUERQHWRVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU7DLVSROtPHURVQmRVHGLVVROYHPHP
OtTXLGRV SRODUHV FRPR DFHWRQD H HVSHFLDOPHQWH HP OtTXLGRV FDSD]HV GH IRUPDU
OLJDo}HV KLGURJrQLR 3RU RXWUR ODGR SROtPHURV TXH FRQWrP JUXSRV SRODUHV
SROLDFULORQLWULODQmRVHGLVVROYHPHPVROYHQWHVDSRODUHV
7DEHOD'LVWkQFLDLQWHUDW{PLFDHHQHUJLDGHGLVVRFLDomRHPIXQomRGRWLSRGHOLJDomRHQWUHPROpFXODV
'LVWkQFLD (QHUJLDGHGLVVRFLDomR
7LSRVGHOLJDomR
LQWHUDW{PLFDc .FDOPRO
&RYDOHQWH
/LJDomRL{QLFD
/LJDomRKLGURJrQLR
,QWHUDomRGLSRODU
YDQGHU:DDOV
2.5.2 Peso molecular dos polmeros

$FDSDFLGDGHGHXPSROtPHURHPVHGLVVROYHUVHPSUHGHFUHVFHFRPRDXPHQWRGR
VHX SHVR PROHFXODU HP TXDOTXHU VpULH KRPyORJD 0HPEURV GH EDL[R SHVR
PROHFXODU GH XPD VpULH SRGHP VH GLVVROYHU LQILQLWDPHQWH HP XP GHWHUPLQDGR
VROYHQWH HQTXDQWR TXH DTXHOHV GH DOWR SHVR PROHFXODU SRGHP DSHQDV VRIUHU
LQFKDPHQWR,VWRpGHYLGRjJUDQGHHQHUJLDGHLQWHUDomRFULDGDDRORQJRGDFDGHLD
SROLPpULFDHjPDLRUGLILFXOGDGHGHPRELOLGDGHGDVXQLGDGHVGHFDGHLDVFRQHFWDGDV
SRU OLJDo}HV FRYDOHQWHV (VWD GLIHUHQoD GH VROXELOLGDGH HP IXQomR GR SHVR
PROHFXODUWHPJUDQGHXWLOLGDGHQRIUDFLRQDPHQWRGHSROtPHURV
2.5.3 Flexibilidade das cadeias polimricas

2 PHFDQLVPR GH GLVVROXomR GH XP SROtPHUR FRQVLVWH QD VHSDUDomR GDV FDGHLDV
HQWUH VL H GH VXD GLIXVmR GHQWUR GR VROYHQWH $PERV RV SURFHVVRV GHSHQGHP GD
IOH[LELOLGDGHGDVFDGHLDV6HDVFDGHLDVVmRIOH[tYHLVHODVSRGHPVHPRYHUDWUDYpV
GH VXFHVVLYRV GHVORFDPHQWRV GH JUXSRV GH XQLGDGHV RX VHJPHQWRV 1HVWH FDVR D
HQHUJLDQHFHVViULDSDUDDVHSDUDomRpPHQRUHpVXSHUDGDSHODHQHUJLDOLEHUDGDQD
LQWHUDomR SROtPHURVROYHQWH 3RU HVWD UD]mR SROtPHURV IOH[tYHLV TXH VmR DSRODUHV
VmRXVXDOPHQWHPLVFtYHLVHPOtTXLGRVDSRODUHV
&DGHLDV UtJLGDV PRYHPVH SRU LQWHLUR H VXD VHSDUDomR UHTXHU XPD HQHUJLD
PDLRU$WHPSHUDWXUDVXVXDLVDHQHUJLDGHLQWHUDomRGRVVHJPHQWRVGDVFDGHLDVGR
SROtPHUR FRP R VROYHQWH QHP VHPSUH p JUDQGH R VXILFLHQWH SDUD VHSDUiODV
FRPSOHWDPHQWH 3ROtPHURV OLQHDUHV DPRUIRV FXMD ULJLGH] p GHYLGD j SUHVHQoD GH
JUXSRV SRODUHV LQFKDP EHP HP OtTXLGRV DOWDPHQWH SRODUHV SRUpP QmR VH
GLVVROYHP D WHPSHUDWXUDV XVXDLV 3DUD GLVVROYHU SROtPHURV PXLWR UtJLGRV p
QHFHVViULRTXHKDMDXPDIRUWHLQWHUDomRHQWUHRSROtPHURHRVROYHQWH3ROLDPLGDV
Q\ORQSRUH[HPSORVyVHGLVVROYHPEHPHPiFLGRIyUPLFRGHYLGRjIRUPDomRGH
OLJDo}HVKLGURJrQLRHQWUHRSROtPHURHRVROYHQWH
2.5.4 Empacotamento das macromolculas

8PD YH] TXH D HQHUJLD GH LQWHUDomR GHSHQGH GD GLVWkQFLD LQWHUPROHFXODU
SROtPHURVFXMDVFDGHLDVDSUHVHQWDPPHOKRUHPSDFRWDPHQWRVmRPHQRVVRO~YHLV$
EDL[DVROXELOLGDGHGRSROLHWLOHQRLOXVWUDHVWHFDVR
2.5.5 Heterogeneidade relativa composio qumica do polmero

$FRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDGHPXLWRVSROtPHURVGLIHUHGHSHQGHQGRGDVXDFRQGLomRGH
SUHSDUDomR 3RU H[HPSOR DPRVWUDV GLIHUHQWHV GH DFHWDWR GH FHOXORVH SRGHP WHU
GLIHUHQWHVJUDXVGHDFHWLODomR$PRVWUDVGHSROLiOFRROYLQtOLFRSRGHPDSUHVHQWDU
GLIHUHQWHV JUDXV GH VDSRQLILFDomR HWF (VWHV SROtPHURV SRVVXHP GLIHUHQWHV
VROXELOLGDGHV GHYLGR j SUHVHQoD GH GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV 3RU H[HPSOR
DFHWDWR GH FHOXORVH FRQWHQGR GH JUXSRV DFHWLOD p PLVFtYHO HP DFHWRQD
HQTXDQWRTXHRWULDFHWDWRGHFHOXORVHpPLVFtYHOHPiFLGRDFpWLFRHiFLGRIyUPLFR
PDVVRPHQWHSDUFLDOPHQWHVRO~YHOHPDFHWRQD
2.5.6 Estrutura cristalina de polmeros

3DUDTXHXPSROtPHURFULVWDOLQRVHGLVVROYDpQHFHVViULRGHVWUXLUDUHGHFULVWDOLQD
HLVWRUHTXHUHQHUJLD(QWmRjWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHSROtPHURVFULVWDOLQRVVmRHP
JHUDO LQVRO~YHLV PHVPR HP OtTXLGRV GH SRODULGDGH VHPHOKDQWHV 3RU H[HPSOR D
& R SROLHWLOHQR LQFKD OLPLWDGDPHQWH HP QKH[DQR 2 SROLHVWLUHQR LVRWiWLFR
FULVWDOLQR QmR VH GLVVROYH j WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH HP VROYHQWHV XVXDLV SDUD R
SROLHVWLUHQR DWiWLFR 2 SROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR p LQVRO~YHO HP WRGRV RV VROYHQWHV
FRQKHFLGRVHPWRGDVDVWHPSHUDWXUDV
2.5.7 Reticulao qumica

0HVPRXPQ~PHURSHTXHQRGHOLJDo}HVFUX]DGDVHQWUHDVFDGHLDVpVXILFLHQWHSDUD
LPSHGLUDVHSDUDomRGHVWDVHVXDSDVVDJHPSDUDDVROXomR3DUDID]HUXPSROtPHUR
LQVRO~YHOpQHFHVViULRFULDUDSHQDVXPDOLJDomRHQWUHGXDVFDGHLDV
6H D TXDQWLGDGH GH UHWLFXODomR HP XP SROtPHUR p UHODWLYDPHQWH EDL[D DV
PROpFXODVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUVROYHQWHSRGHPSHQHWUDUQDIDVHGHSROtPHUR
'HVWD IRUPD XP SROtPHUR UHWLFXODGR SRGH VRIUHU LQFKDPHQWR OLPLWDGR
$XPHQWDQGR D GHQVLGDGH GH UHWLFXODomR D FDSDFLGDGH GH DEVRUomR GH OtTXLGR GH
EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU GLPLQXL 4XDQGR RV VHJPHQWRV TXH IRUPDP R UHWtFXOR VmR
PXLWRSHTXHQRVRSROtPHURSHUGHFRPSOHWDPHQWHDFDSDFLGDGHGHLQFKDU
2.5.8 Temperatura
(VWH IDWRU p PXLWR LPSRUWDQWH QD GHILQLomR GRV SDUkPHWURV TXH GHILQHP D
VROXELOLGDGH GH XP SROtPHUR TXH SRGH PHOKRUDU RX SLRUDU FRP D YDULDomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUD2VVLVWHPDVSROtPHURVROYHQWHJHUDOPHQWHDSUHVHQWDPGLDJUDPDVGH
IDVH FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV FRP WHPSHUDWXUDV FUtWLFDV ([HPSORV VmR VLVWHPDV SROtPHUR
VROYHQWH TXH DSUHVHQWDP WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVROXWD VXSHULRU 8&67 RX WHPSHUDWXUD
FRPVROXWDLQIHULRU/&67$)LJXUDLOXVWUDHVWHVGRLVFDVRV&RPRH[HPSORVGH
8&67SRGHVHFLWDUDFHWDWRGHFHOXORVHWHWUDFORURHWDQRSROLHVWLUHQRFLFORKH[DQRH
SROLLVREXWLOHQREHQ]HQRHQWUHRXWURV(VVHVVLVWHPDVFRPRDTXHFLPHQWRIRUPDP
VROXo}HVKRPRJrQHDV)LJXUDD
+i FDVRV HP TXH R DTXHFLPHQWR SURGX] VHSDUDomR GH IDVH 2 SROtPHUR VDL GH
VROXomR (VWHV VLVWHPDV DSUHVHQWDP FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR WLSR /&67 )LJXUD E
6LVWHPDVTXHSRVVXHPLQWHUDo}HVIRUWHVGRWLSROLJDomRKLGURJrQLRHQWUHSROtPHUR
VROYHQWHFRVWXPDPDSUHVHQWDUHVWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRWHPSHUDWXUDPDLVEDL[DD
IRUWH LQWHUDomR SROtPHURVROYHQWH SHUPLWH XPD ERD PLVFLELOLGDGH HQWUH HOHV
4XDQGRDTXHFLGRDVLQWHUDo}HVGRWLSROLJDomRKLGURJrQLRVmRURPSLGDVGHYLGRj
PRELOLGDGHWpUPLFD,VWRUHVXOWDHPVHSDUDomRGHIDVH
)LJXUD(IHLWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDQRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVROXo}HVSROLPpULFDVHPIXQomRGDFRPSRVLomR
2.6 Parmetro de solubilidade
$ SRODULGDGH GH XPD VXEVWkQFLD p XVXDOPHQWH FDUDFWHUL]DGD SHOR YDORU GD
FRQVWDQWH GH PRPHQWR GLSRODU TXH WRGDYLD QmR p XPD PHGLGD HIHWLYD GD
SRODULGDGH 3RU H[HPSOR WRGRV RV iOFRRLVDOLIiWLFRV RX WRGDV DV FHWRQDV SRVVXHP
SUDWLFDPHQWHRPHVPRPRPHQWRGLSRODUHWHPDomRGLIHUHQWHFRPRVROYHQWHFRP
UHVSHLWR D RXWURV OtTXLGRV RX SROtPHURV H TXH GHSHQGHP GR FRPSULPHQWR GR
UDGLFDO DOTXLOD 3DUD XP PHVPR YDORU GH PRPHQWR GLSRODU TXDQWR PDLRU IRU R
UDGLFDODOTXLODPHOKRULUiGLVVROYHURXLQFKDUXPSROtPHURDSRODU
&RPRPHGLGDGDLQWHUDomRLQWHUPROHFXODUXVDVHIUHTHQWHPHQWHRSDUkPHWURGH
VROXELOLGDGH GH +LOGHEUDQG TXH p UHODFLRQDGR FRP D GHQVLGDGH GH HQHUJLD
R R
FRHVLYD &(' GH XP OtTXLGR SHOD UHODomR VLPSOHV (L 9L RQGH (L p D
HQHUJLDGHYDSRUL]DomRGROtTXLGRH9LVHXYROXPHPRODU
o
(Ei /Vi) densidade de energia coesiva (2.18)
o
(Ei / Vi) parmetro de solubilidade (2.19)
2 SDUkPHWUR GH VROXELOLGDGH SRGH VHU UHODFLRQDGR DR + DWUDYpV GD VHJXLQWH
UHODomR
2
H = V1V2(1 - 2) (2.20)
RQGH 9 H 9 VmR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH DV IUDo}HV HP YROXPH GR VROYHQWH H GR
SROtPHUR H VmRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHRVSDUkPHWURVGHVROXELOLGDGHGRVROYHQWH
HGRSROtPHUR
$7DEHODIRUQHFHYDORUHVGHSDUDDOJXQVOtTXLGRVXVDGRVFRPRVROYHQWHVH
SDUD DOJXQV SROtPHURV %DL[RV YDORUHV GH VmR FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH VXEVWkQFLDV
DSRODUHV HQTXDQWR TXH DOWRV YDORUHV LQGLFDP VXEVWkQFLDV FRP JUDQGH PRPHQWR
GLSRODU RX FDSD]HV GH IRUPDU OLJDo}HV KLGURJrQLR (P SULPHLUD DSUR[LPDomR R
PHOKRU VROYHQWH SDUD XP SROtPHUR p DTXHOH FXMD &(' VHMD VLPLODU jTXHOD GR
SROtPHUR
7DEHOD3DUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGHGHDOJXQVSROtPHURVHVROYHQWHV
6ROYHQWH FDOFP 3ROtPHUR FDOFP

Q+H[DQR %RUUDFKDGHVLOLFRQH
7HWUDFORUHWRGHFDUERQR 3ROLLVREXWLOHQR
$FHWDWRGHHWLOD 3ROLHWLOHQR
%HQ]HQR 3ROLSURSLOHQR
&ORURIyUPLR 3ROLHVWLUHQR
7HWUDKLGURIXUDQR 3ROLPHWDFULODWRGH
PHWLOD
$FHWRQD 3ROLFORUHWRGHYLQLOD
0HWDQRO 3ROLWHUHIWDODWRGH
HWLOHQR
7HRULFDPHQWHTXDQWRPHQRUIRUDGLIHUHQoD PDLRUVHUiDVROXELOL]DomR
GRSROtPHURQHVWHVROYHQWH,VWRQHPVHPSUHpYHUGDGH
$ GHQVLGDGH GH HQHUJLD FRHVLYD p XPD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD LQWHJUDO GD LQWHUDomR
LQWHUPROHFXODU HQTXDQWR TXH D DomR GR VROYHQWH RX PLVFLELOLGDGH GHSHQGH GD
SUHVHQoD GH JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV HVSHFtILFRV RX VHMD GH LQWHUDo}HV HVSHFtILFDV TXH
LQFOXHP OLJDomR KLGURJrQLR RX OLJDo}HV GRDGRUDFHSWRU H TXH FDXVDP D IRUPDomR
GHFRPSOH[RVVROYDWDGRV
'RLVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVSDUWLFLSDPQDIRUPDomRGHOLJDomRKLGURJrQLRXPGHOHV
p GRDGRU JUXSR iFLGR H RXWUR p DFHSWRU GH SUyWRQV JUXSR EiVLFR $ VHJXLU p
DSUHVHQWDGDDFODVVLILFDomRDFHLWDGHDFRUGRFRPRWLSRGHOLJDomRKLGURJrQLR
*UXSRGRDGRUGH *UXSRDFHSWRUGH
&ODVVHGHFRPSRVWR
SUyWRQ SUyWRQ
$ 6LP 1mR
% 1mR 6LP
$% 6LP 6LP
1 1mR 1mR
$ FODVVH $ FRQVLVWH GH FRPSRVWRV TXH FRQWpP VRPHQWH GRDGRUHV GH SUyWRQV
FRPRFRPSRVWRVKDORJHQDGRVFXMRQ~PHURGHKDORJrQHRVpVXILFLHQWHSDUDDWLYDU
R KLGURJrQLR &+&O &+%U &+&O HWF 2 39& H R SROLFORURSUHQR SHUWHQFHP D
HVWDFODVVH
$ FODVVH % FRQVLVWH GH FRPSRVWRV TXH FRQWHP VRPHQWH DFHSWRUHV GH SUyWRQV
FHWRQDV DOGHtGRV pWHUHV pVWHUHV DPLQDV WHUFLiULDV ROHILQDV EHQ]HQR H RXWURV
FRPSRVWRVDURPiWLFRVDFHSWRUHVGHSUyWRQVVmRiWRPRVGRWLSR21H)2SROLWH
WUDIOXRURHWLOHQRRSROLDFHWDWRGHYLQLODHRVSROLDFULODWRVSHUWHQFHPDHVWDFODVVH
$FODVVH$%FRQVLVWHGHFRPSRVWRVTXHFRQWHPJUXSRVDFHSWRUHVHGRDGRUHVGH
SUyWRQV FRPR iOFRRLV iFLGRV DPLGDV R[LPDV DPLQDV SULPiULDV H VHFXQGiULDV H
iJXD'HQWUHRVSROtPHURVGHVWDFDPVHRSROLiOFRROYLQtOLFRRSROLiFLGRDFUtOLFR
RSROLiFLGRPHWDFUtOLFRHDVSROLDPLGDV
$ FODVVH 1 FRQVLVWH GH FRPSRVWRVTXH QmR SRVVXHP TXDOTXHU JUXSR FDSD] GH
IRUPDUOLJDomRKLGURJrQLRFRPRKLGURFDUERQHWRVVDWXUDGRV
&RPSRVWRVGDFODVVH1PLVWXUDPVHEHPFRPFRPSRVWRVGDPHVPDFODVVH3DUD
WDLVVXEVWkQFLDVRWLSRSULQFLSDOGHLQWHUDomRpGLVSHUVmR
$VPROpFXODVGDFODVVH$H%QmRIRUPDPOLJDo}HVKLGURJrQLRFRPVHPHOKDQWHV
SRUpP IRUPDP SRQWHV XPDV FRP DV RXWUDV 3ROtPHURV TXH Vy SRVVXHP JUXSRV
DFHSWRUHVRXGRDGRUHVHPJHUDOQmRVHDVVRFLDPSRUOLJDo}HVKLGURJrQLRSRUpP
SRGHPIRUPDUSRQWHVFRPOtTXLGRVGDFODVVH$%RX$%
3ROtPHURV FRQWHQGR DPERV RV WLSRV GH JUXSRV VmR FDSD]HV GH VH GLVVROYHUHP
OtTXLGRVGRWLSR$%RX$%HDGLVVROXomRYDLGHSHQGHUGDFRUUHODomRGHIRUoDVGDV
OLJDo}HV KLGURJrQLR HQWUH SROtPHURSROtPHUR SROtPHURVROYHQWH H VROYHQWH
VROYHQWH 3RU H[HPSOR R SROLiOFRRO YLQtOLFR SHUWHQFH j FODVVH $% H p FDSD] GH
LQWHUDJLU FRP iJXD RX iOFRRLV GH SHVR PROHFXODU EDL[R PDV D FDSDFLGDGH GH VH
GLVVROYHUGHSHQGHGDWHPSHUDWXUD
$OpPGLVVRRFDUiWHUGRDGRUDFHSWRUFRRUGHQDomRpPXLWRLPSRUWDQWHQDGLV
VROXomR GH SROtPHURV H XP FHUWR WLSR GH OLJDomR p IRUPDGD VH XP FRPSRQHQWH p
FDSD]GHGRDUXPSDUGHHOpWURQVHQTXDQWRTXHRXWURSRVVXLRUELWDOYD]LRFDSD]
GH DFHLWiOR $ FDSDFLGDGH GH XP VROYHQWH HP GRDU XP SDU GH HOpWURQV p FDUDF
WHUL]DGDSHORQ~PHURGRDGRUGHWHUPLQDGRDSDUWLUGHFHUWRVDFHSWRUHVSDGU}HV1D
7DEHODREVHUYDVHRQ~PHURGRDGRUGHYiULRVVROYHQWHVFRPUHODomRDR6E&O
&RQVLGHUDQGR RV GDGRV GD 7DEHOD SRGHVH GL]HU TXH XP GHWHUPLQDGR
SROtPHURQmRQHFHVVDULDPHQWHLUiGLVVROYHUVHHPXPVROYHQWHFRPSDUkPHWURGH
VROXELOLGDGHVHPHOKDQWH2SDUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGHpXPDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDLQWHJUDO
GDVLQWHUDo}HVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVHQTXDQWRTXHDDomRGRVROYHQWHGHSHQGHGDSUp
VHQoD GH LQWHUDo}HV HVSHFtILFDV (QWUHWDQWR RV YDORUHVGH SRGHP VHU XWLOL]DGRV
SDUD SUHYHU D LQVROXELOLGDGH GH SROtPHURV HP VROYHQWHV FRP YDORUHV GH EHP
GLIHUHQWHV
7DEHOD1~PHURGRDGRUGHYiULRVVROYHQWHVFRPUHODomRDR6E&O
1~PHUR 3DUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGH
&RQVWDQWH
6ROYHQWH GRDGRU
GLHOpWULFD
6E&O >FDOFP@
1LWUREHQ]HQR
$FHWRQD
JXD
7HWUDKLGURIXUDQR
'LPHWLOIRUPDPLGD
6XOIy[LGRGH

GLPHWLOD
2.7 Dimenses no-perturbadas de macromolculas

$V GLPHQV}HV GH XPD PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR QmR SRGHP VHU GHILQLGDV GH
IRUPDDEVROXWDSRUTXHDIRUPDGRQRYHORPROHFXODUDOWHUDVHHPIXQomRGRWHPSR
HGDVLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHSROtPHURHVROYHQWH2WDPDQKRPROHFXODUYDULDGHPROpFXOD
SDUD PROpFXOD PHVPR FRP HVWUXWXUDV H SHVRV PROHFXODUHV LGrQWLFRV 3RUWDQWR
SRGHVHUGHILQLGRVRPHQWHHPWHUPRVGHSURSULHGDGHVPpGLDV
8PD PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR DVVXPH XPD IRUPD HQRYHODGD $V GLPHQV}HV
GHVWH QRYHOR GHSHQGHUmR VXEVWDQFLDOPHQWH GDV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH SROtPHUR H
VROYHQWH4XDQGRH[LVWHXPDERDLQWHUDomRHQWUHSROtPHURHVROYHQWHDVPROpFXODV
GHVROYHQWHSHQHWUDPIDFLOPHQWHQRQRYHORSROLPpULFRH[SDQGLQGRR&RPLVWRR
WDPDQKRPROHFXODUpEHPPDLRUGRTXHVHULDVHRQRYHORHVWLYHVVHHQFROKLGR3RU
RXWUR ODGRVHDVLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHDVPROpFXODVGRVROYHQWHHDVGRSROtPHURQmR
IRUHP PXLWR HILFLHQWHV R QRYHOR SROLPpULFR WHQGH D ILFDU PHQRU SRUTXH D
WHQGrQFLDGDVPROpFXODVGRVROYHQWHHPSHQHWUDUQRQRYHORpPHQRU
2WDPDQKRTXHXPDPDFURPROpFXODDVVXPHHPVROXomRGLOXtGDpGHQRPLQDGR
YROXPHKLGURGLQkPLFR
2V SULQFLSDLV SDUkPHWURV TXH GHILQHP R WDPDQKR PROHFXODU GH XPD
PDFURPROpFXODOLQHDUHPVROXomRVmR
(r 2 )
( )
SGLVWkQFLDH[WUHPRDH[WUHPRTXDGUiWLFDPpGLD
2
SUDLRGHJLUDomRTXDGUiWLFRPpGLR s
$ )LJXUD PRVWUD XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR GH XP QRYHOR PROHFXODU VLPSOHV SDUD
XPD PDFURPROpFXOD OLQHDU 2 FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH GD PDFURPROpFXOD HVWi
ORFDOL]DGRQRSRQWR22UDLRGHJLUDomR6FRUUHVSRQGHjGLVWkQFLDHQWUHRFHQWUR
GHJUDYLGDGH2HDVXSHUItFLHGDHVIHUDTXHFRQWpPRQRYHOR2WHUPRUpGHILQLGR
FRPR D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH DV H[WUHPLGDGHV GD FDGHLD 2 SDUkPHWUR U Vy SRGH VHU
XWLOL]DGR SDUD PDFURPROpFXODV OLQHDUHV 0DFURPROpFXODV UDPLILFDGDV DSUHVHQWDP
YiULDV H[WUHPLGDGHV GH FDGHLD H SRUWDQWR R VHX WDPDQKR PROHFXODU Vy SRGH VHU
GHILQLGRSHORUDLRGHJLUDomR
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHXPQRYHORPDFURPROHFXODU
$ GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD HQWUH DV H[WUHPLGDGHV GD

FDGHLDGHXPDPDFURPROpFXODOLQHDU (r 2 ) pGDGDSHODIyUPXOD
r 2 = ro2 2 (2.21)
( )
RQGH U pDGLVWkQFLDH[WUHPRDH[WUHPRTXDGUiWLFDPpGLDHQWUHDVH[WUHPLGDGHV
GDFDGHLDPHGLGRHPFRQGLo}HVQmRSHUWXUEDGDVHpRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR

( )
2UDLRGHJLUDomRTXDGUiWLFRPpGLR s 2 pGDGRSHODHTXDomR
s 2 = so2 2 (2.22)
RQGH so2 p R UDLR GH JLUDomR TXDGUiWLFR PpGLR PHGLGR HP FRQGLo}HV QmR
SHUWXUEDGDVHpRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR
3DUDSROtPHURVOLQHDUHVDVHJXLQWHUHODomRHQWUHUHVSRGHVHUXWLOL]DGD
r 2 = 6s2 (2.23)
'LPHQV}HV SHUWXUEDGDV VmR DV GLPHQV}HV GD FDGHLD HP XP GHWHUPLQDGR
VROYHQWHRQGHRFRUUHPLQWHUDo}HVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVHQWUHRSROtPHURHRVROYHQWH
'LPHQV}HV QmRSHUWXUEDGDV VmR DTXHODV LQIOXHQFLDGDV VRPHQWH SHORV
FRPSULPHQWRV GH OLJDomR H kQJXORV GH OLJDomR GD PDFURPROpFXOD $V GLPHQV}HV
QmRSHUWXUEDGDV VmR DOFDQoDGDV TXDQGR DV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHURSROtPHUR
SROtPHURVROYHQWH H VROYHQWHVROYHQWH VmR VHPHOKDQWHV RX VHMD QmR H[LVWH
LQWHUDomRSUHIHUHQFLDO(VWDFRQGLomRpGHILQLGDFRPRFRQGLomRWHWD HGHSHQGH
GR SDU SROtPHURVROYHQWH H GD WHPSHUDWXUD 6ROXo}HV VRE FRQGLo}HV WHWD
DSUHVHQWDPFRPSRUWDPHQWRLGHDO
$V GLPHQV}HV GH XPD PDFURPROpFXOD VmR GHILQLGDV D SDUWLU GH GRLV WLSRV GH
LQWHUDomRGHVFULWRVDVHJXLU
D ,QWHUDo}HVGHFXUWRDOFDQFHHVWDVLQWHUDo}HVLQIOXHQFLDPDURWDomRLQWHUQDGD
PDFURPROpFXOD GHYLGR D UHVWULo}HV GH kQJXORV GH OLJDomR H
HVWHUHRLPSHGLPHQWR $ PHGLGD GR HIHLWR GHVWDV LQWHUDo}HV GH FXUWR DOFDQFH p
GDGDSHODTXDQWLGDGH&\GHILQLGDFRPR
C = lim ro2
n
n l
i
i i (2.24)
RQGHQLpRQ~PHURGHLWLSRVGHOLJDomRGHFRPSULPHQWROL
E ,QWHUDo}HV GH ORQJR DOFDQFH VmR LQWHUDo}HV TXH GHSHQGHP GDV LQWHUDo}HV
SROtPHURVROYHQWHHVmRGHWHUPLQDGDVSHORFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRHSHOR
SDUkPHWURGHYROXPHH[FOXtGR](VWHVSDUkPHWURVVmRFRUUHODFLRQDGRVDSDUWLU
GDVHJXLQWHHTXDomR
lim x
= c te
z (2.25)
x
RQGH [ p XPD FRQVWDQWH TXH LQGHSHQGH GH ] 9DORUHV GH [ HQWUH H IRUDP
SUHYLVWRVDSDUWLUGHGLIHUHQWHVWHRULDV
2 IDWRU GH H[SDQVmR p GHILQLGR FRPR D UD]mR GDV GLPHQV}HV GDFDGHLDHP
XPGHWHUPLQDGRVROYHQWHGLPHQV}HVSHUWXUEDGDVHHPVROYHQWHWHWDGLPHQV}HV
QmRSHUWXUEDGDVDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDHVSHFtILFD
(r ) 2 1 2
(s ) 2 1 2
a = =
(r ) (s )
2 1 2 2 1 2
(2.26)
0 0
2IDWRUGHH[SDQVmRpWDPEpPIXQomRGRSRGHUGRVROYHQWH6HRSROtPHURHVWi
HP XP ERP VROYHQWH R IDWRU GH H[SDQVmR p PDLRU GR TXH D XQLGDGH ,VWR
VLJQLILFD TXH DV GLPHQV}HV SHUWXUEDGDV UHDLV VmR PDLRUHV GR TXH DV GLPHQV}HV
QmRSHUWXUEDGDV
2 IDWRU GH H[SDQVmR DXPHQWD FRP R SHVR PROHFXODU ,VWR RFRUUH SRUTXH R
Q~PHUR GH LQWHUDo}HV QmR FRPSHQVDGDV HQWUH RV VHJPHQWRV GD FDGHLD DXPHQWD
FRPRQ~PHURGHVHJPHQWRVTXDQGRDWHPSHUDWXUDpPDLRUGRTXHDWHPSHUDWXUD
WHWD
&DGDPROpFXODHPXPDVROXomRPXLWRGLOXtGDHPXPERPVROYHQWHSRVVXLXPD
WHQGrQFLD D H[FOXLU WRGDV DV RXWUDV GR YROXPH TXH HOD RFXSD $ SDUWLU GHVWH
IHQ{PHQR p GHILQLGR R WHUPR YROXPH H[FOXtGR R TXDO p R UHVXOWDGR GD UHSXOVmR
HQWUHDVPROpFXODVGRSROtPHURGHYLGRDUHTXLVLWRVHVSDFLDLV
0DFURPROpFXODV UDPLILFDGDV SRVVXHP XPD GHQVLGDGH PpGLD GH VHJPHQWRV
PDLRU GR TXH PDFURPROpFXODV OLQHDUHV GH SHVRV PROHFXODUHV VHPHOKDQWHV H SRU
LVVRDVSULPHLUDVSRVVXHPXPQRYHORFRPYROXPHPHQRU
2 Q~PHUR GH SRQWRV GH UDPLILFDomR HP XPD PDFURPROpFXOD UDPLILFDGD J p
GHWHUPLQDGR SHOD UD]mR HQWUH DV GLPHQV}HV GH FDGHLD GD PDFURPROpFXOD
UDPLILFDGD H GD PDFURPROpFXOD OLQHDU GH PHVPR SHVR PROHFXODU H HP VROYHQWH
WHWD
s o2B
g = 2 (2.27)
soL
$ GHWHUPLQDomR GH GLPHQV}HV QmRSHUWXUEDGDV SRGH VHU IHLWD D SDUWLU GH
WpFQLFDV FRPR YLVFRVLGDGH H HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] GH VROXo}HV GLOXtGDV GH
SROtPHURVDVTXDLVVHUmRGLVFXWLGDVHPFDStWXORVSRVWHULRUHV
81(6&26DQWLDJR
%LOOPH\HU -U ) : 7H[WERRN RI 3RO\PHU 6FLHQFH D HG -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV
,QF1HZ<RUN
&DVWHOODQ*:3K\VLFDO&KHPLVWU\$GGLVRQ:HVOH\3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\,QF
/RQGRQ
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
<RUN
0DQR ( % H 0HQGHV / & ,QWURGXomR D 3ROtPHURV D HG (GLWRUD (GJDUG
%OXFKHU/WGD6mR3DXOR
0RRUH : - )tVLFR4XtPLFD 6mR 3DXOR $R /LYUR 7pFQLFR 6$ 7UDGHP
SRUWXJXrV
1HZ<RUN
9DQ.UHYHOHQ':H+RIW\]HU3-3URSHUWLHVRI3RO\PHUV(OVHYLHU3XEOLVKLQJ
&RPSDQ\$PVWHUGDP

&DStWXOR
Definio de Peso
Molecular em Polmeros
$FDUDFWHUtVWLFDPDLVLPSRUWDQWHGRVSROtPHURVpRVHXWDPDQKRPROHFXODU2DOWR
SHVR PROHFXODU H D HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD GRV PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV VmR RV SULQFLSDLV
UHVSRQViYHLVSHODVVXDVSURSULHGDGHVHFRQVHTHQWHPHQWHSHODVXDXWLOL]DomRHP
LQ~PHUDVDSOLFDo}HV
2SHVRPROHFXODUGHXPSROtPHURQmRSRGHVHUFDOFXODGRFRPRQRUPDOPHQWHp
IHLWR FRP FRPSRVWRV SXURV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU 3ROtPHURV QmR UHWLFXODGRV
HODVW{PHURV DQWHV RX DSyV D YXOFDQL]DomR H UHVLQDV WHUPRUUtJLGDV FRQVLVWHP GH
XPDJUXSDPHQWRGHPROpFXODVGHYiULRVWDPDQKRVRXVHMDH[LEHPQRUPDOPHQWH
XPD GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU H VmR GHQRPLQDGRV SROLGLVSHUVRV (VWD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD WHQGH D FRPSOLFDU D GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU GH XP
SROtPHUR e QHFHVViULR SRUWDQWR HQFRQWUDU XP PHLR SDUD GHILQLU H GHWHUPLQDU R
VHXSHVRPROHFXODUHDVXDGLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODU(PSULPHLUROXJDUSHVR
PROHFXODU GH XP SROtPHUR GHWHUPLQDGR SRU TXDOTXHU XP GRV PpWRGRV GHVFULWRV
QRVSUy[LPRVFDStWXORVpQDYHUGDGHRSHVRPROHFXODUPpGLR2YDORUHQFRQWUDGR
VHUiIXQomRGRPpWRGRHVFROKLGRSDUDDVXDGHWHUPLQDomRFRPRYHUHPRVDGLDQWH
6HFRQVLGHUDUPRVXPDGLVWULEXLomRWtSLFDGHSHVRPROHFXODUWDOFRPRPRVWUDGD
QD)LJXUDpSRVVtYHOGHILQLUXPDVpULHGHYDORUHVGHSHVRPROHFXODU
8WLOL]DQGRVH PpWRGRV EDVHDGRV QR Q~PHUR GH PROpFXODV 1L GD HVSpFLH L GH
SHVR PROHFXODU 0L REWpPVH YDORUHV GH SHVR PROHFXODU QXPpULFR PpGLR M Q H
TXHSRGHVHUGHILQLGRVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
N i Mi
Mn =
Ni (3.1)
)LJXUD&XUYDWtSLFDGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUGHXPDDPRVWUDSROLPpULFD
(VWD GHILQLomR FRUUHVSRQGH DR FOiVVLFR FRQFHLWR GH SHVR PROHFXODU SDUD
PROpFXODVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUTXHSRVVXHPRPHVPRSHVRPROHFXODU2 M Q
SRGHUi VHU FDOFXODGR IDFLOPHQWH GHVGH TXH D PDVVD HP JUDPDV GD DPRVWUD
SROLPpULFD VHMD FRQKHFLGD H R Q~PHUR GH PROpFXODV GHVWH SROtPHUR SROLGLVSHUVR
SRVVD VHU GHWHUPLQDGR 0pWRGRV EDVHDGRV HP DQiOLVH GH JUXSR WHUPLQDO H HP
PHGLGDVGHSURSULHGDGHVFROLJDWLYDVIRUQHFHPRQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVSRUJUDPD
GR PDWHULDO H SRUWDQWR VmR XWLOL]DGRV SDUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU
QXPpULFRPpGLR
0pGLDVEDVHDGDVQDIUDomRHPSHVRZLGDVPROpFXODVGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRSHVR
PROHFXODU 0L FRQGX]HP j GHILQLomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU SRQGHUDO PpGLR M Z
GHVFULWDDVHJXLU
wi Mi N i Mi2
Mw = = (3.2)
wi N i Mi
9DORUHVGHSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLRVmRREWLGRVDWUDYpVGHPpWRGRVTXH
VmR PDLV VHQVtYHLV j SUHVHQoD GH PROpFXODV GH WDPDQKR PDLRU 2 PpWRGR PDLV
XVDGRSDUDWDOPHGLGDpDTXHOHEDVHDGRQRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
$OpP GRV SHVRV PROHFXODUHV PpGLRV GHVFULWRV DFLPD RXWUR SHVR PROHFXODU
PXLWR XVDGR SDUD GHVFUHYHU DV SURSULHGDGHV GH XP SROtPHUR p R SHVR PROHFXODU
'HILQLomRGH3HVR0ROHFXODUHP3ROtPHURV
YLVFRVLPpWULFR PpGLR M Y FXMD GHILQLomR p GHVFULWD D VHJXLU 2V YDORUHV GH M Y
VmR REWLGRV D SDUWLU GH PHGLGDV GH YLVFRVLGDGH GH VROXo}HV SROLPpULFDV H HVWmR
PDLVSUy[LPRVGH M ZGRTXHGH M QSDUDXPSROtPHURSROLGLVSHUVR
[ ]
1
Ni Mi 1+

Mv =
Ni Mi (3.3)
0ROpFXODV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU DIHWDP PDLV RV YDORUHV GH M Q HQTXDQWR
TXH PROpFXODV GH SHVR PROHFXODU PDLV HOHYDGR LQIOXHQFLDP PDLV RV YDORUHV GH
M Z $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD HVWH FRPSRUWDPHQWR $ SUHVHQoD GH XPD SHTXHQD
TXDQWLGDGH GH PROpFXODV GH DOWR SHVR PROHFXODU FXUYD % UHVXOWD HP XP
DFUpVFLPR GH QR YDORU GH M Z H GH DSHQDV QR YDORU GH M Q 3RU RXWUR
ODGRFRPXPSHTXHQRDFUpVFLPRQRQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU
FXUYD&RYDORUGH M QGHFUHVFHHPFHUFDGHHQTXDQWRTXH M ZGHFUHVFH
DSHQDV
8PDYH]GHILQLGRVRVSHVRVPROHFXODUHVPpGLRVHFRQKHFLGRVRVPpWRGRVFDSD]HV
GHIRUQHFHURVYDORUHVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVpQHFHVViULRHQWmRHVFROKHURPpWRGRDVHU
HPSUHJDGR QD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH XPD DPRVWUD SROLPpULFD SDUWLFXODU 6H R HVWXGR
HQYROYHUSDUkPHWURVFLQpWLFRVGHSROLPHUL]DomRRSHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLR
pRPDLVLQGLFDGR M QpWDPEpPQHFHVViULRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUSRUH[HPSORRJUDX
GH IXQFLRQDOL]DomR HP SROtPHURV FRP JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV HVSHFtILFRV (P iUHDV GD
FLrQFLD GH SROtPHURV PDLV DSOLFDGDV UHRORJLD SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFDV HWF p
QHFHVViULR FRQKHFHU RV YDORUHV GH M Q M Z DOpP GD IRUPD H H[WHQVmR GD
GLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODU
)LJXUD(IHLWRGDDGLomRGHSHTXHQDTXDQWLGDGHGHPDFURPROpFXODVGHEDL[R&RXDOWR%SHVR
PROHFXODUQRVYDORUHVGH M ZH M Q
$ GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU RX SROLGLVSHUVmR p GHWHUPLQDGD D SDUWLU GD
UD]mR 0 0 Q 3DUD DPRVWUDV PRQRGLVSHUVDV RV YDORUHV GH 0 Q H 0 VmR
Z Z
SUDWLFDPHQWHLGrQWLFRVHDSROLGLVSHUVmRpLJXDOjXQLGDGH
4XDQGR VH FRQVLGHUDP RV PpWRGRV LQVWUXPHQWDLV SDUD GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR
PROHFXODUpLPSRUWDQWHGLVWLQJXLUDTXHOHVTXHIRUQHFHPSHVRPROHFXODUDEVROXWR
GDTXHOHV PpWRGRV TXH QHFHVVLWDP FDOLEUDomR XWLOL]DQGRVH SDGU}HV GH SHVR
PROHFXODU FRQKHFLGR 0pWRGRV DEVROXWRV LQFOXHP PHGLGDV GH SURSULHGDGHV
FROLJDWLYDV SDUD GHWHUPLQDomR GH 0 Q H WpFQLFDV GH HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] SDUD
GHWHUPLQDomR GH 0 0pWRGRV TXH UHTXHUHP FDOLEUDomR LQFOXHP PHGLGDV GH
Z
YLVFRVLGDGH HP VROXomR H FURPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR (VWH ~OWLPR
IRUQHFHWDPEpPDGLVWULEXLomRGRSHVRPROHFXODU
$ PDLRULD GRV PpWRGRV GHVFULWRV D VHJXLU XWLOL]D SROtPHURV HP VROXomR
3ROtPHURVUHWLFXODGRVQmRVmRVRO~YHLVHPVROYHQWHDOJXPHRVHXSHVRPROHFXODU
QmRSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGR3RURXWURODGRDVVXPHVHTXHRSHVRPROHFXODUGHVWHV
SROtPHURV p LQILQLWR XPD YH] TXH WRGDV DV FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV HVWDULDPOLJDGDV
HQWUHVLDWUDYpVGHOLJDo}HVFRYDOHQWHV
2V FDStWXORV D VHJXLU GHVFUHYHUmR DV GLYHUVDV WpFQLFDV SDUD GHWHUPLQDomR GH
SHVRPROHFXODUDSUHVHQWDGDVQD7DEHOD

7DEHOD0pWRGRVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUGHSROtPHURV
$ $EVROXWR
0pWRGR 3HVRPROHFXODU
5 5HODWLYR
$QiOLVHGHJUXSRWHUPLQDO $ 0 Q
(EXOLRVFRSLDHFULRVFRSLD $ 0 Q
3UHVVmRRVPyWLFD $ 0 Q
2VPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU $ 0 Q
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX] $ 0 Z
(VSDOKDPHQWRGHUDLRV;DEDL[R
$ 0 Z
kQJXOR
8OWUDFHQWULILJDomR $ 0 Z
9LVFRVLGDGH 5 0 Y
&URPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRU
5 0 QH 0 Z
WDPDQKR
$OJXQVDXWRUHVFRQVLGHUDPHVWHPpWRGRUHODWLYR
81(6&26DQWLDJR
1HZ<RUN
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
<RUN
1HZ<RUN
&DStWXOR
Tcnicas para
Determinao de Peso
Molecular Numrico Mdio
4.1 Anlise de grupo terminal

$DQiOLVHGHJUXSRVWHUPLQDLVHPXPDFDGHLDSROLPpULFDpRPpWRGRPDLVVLPSOHV
SDUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GH M n (VWD p SDUWLFXODUPHQWH ~WLO SDUD SROtPHURV GH EDL[R
SHVRPROHFXODUSRLVQHVWHFDVRDFRQFHQWUDomRGHJUXSRVWHUPLQDLVpDOWD
(VWDDQiOLVHSRGHVHUUHDOL]DGDSRUPpWRGRVTXtPLFRVHItVLFRV2VPpWRGRVTXtPLFRV
VmREDVHDGRVHPUHDo}HVTXtPLFDVFRPRVJUXSRVWHUPLQDLVWLWXODomRHWF0pWRGRV
ItVLFRVEDVHLDPVHSULQFLSDOPHQWHQDXWLOL]DomRGHHVSHFWURVFRSLDQRLQIUDYHUPHOKR
UHVVRQkQFLD PDJQpWLFD QXFOHDU HVSHFWURVFRSLD QR XOWUDYLROHWD HWF $SHQDV D
GHWHUPLQDomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU EDVHDGD QD DQiOLVH GH JUXSRV WHUPLQDLV SRU
WLWXODomRVHUiDERUGDGDQHVWHWySLFR
$ GHWHUPLQDomR GH M n SRU WLWXODomR SRGH VHU XWLOL]DGD TXDQGR R SROtPHUR p
OLQHDU H SRVVXL JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV WHUPLQDLV FDSD]HV GH VHUHP TXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH
PHQVXUDGRV$OpPGLVWRpLPSRUWDQWHTXHQmRKDMDSHUGDGHVWHVJUXSRVSRUUHDo}HV
ODWHUDLV SRU H[HPSOR D FLFOL]DomR QR FDVR GH GHWHUPLQDGDV UHDo}HV GH
SROLFRQGHQVDomRRXDLQGDDIRUPDomRGHJUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVSRUUDPLILFDomR
(P SROtPHURV REWLGRV DWUDYpV GH WpFQLFDV GH SROLFRQGHQVDomR WDLV FRPR
SROLpVWHUHV H SROLDPLGDV D WLWXODomR GLUHWD p HIHWLYD QD GHWHUPLQDomR GH JUXSRV
WHUPLQDLV XPD YH] TXH HVWHV VmR UHDWLYRV 1HVWH WySLFR D GHWHUPLQDomR GH SHVR
PROHFXODUGHSROLpVWHUHVVHUiXWLOL]DGDFRPRH[HPSORHDSUHVHQWDGDDVHJXLU
1DUHDomRGHREWHQomRGHXPSROLpVWHUDSDUWLUGHXPDFRQGHQVDomRHPHWDSDV
GHXPGLiFLGRFRPXPGLiOFRROSUHVXPHVHTXHFDGDFDGHLDSROLPpULFDSRVVXDQD
PpGLD XP JUXSR FDUER[LOD &22+ H XP JUXSR KLGUR[LOD 2+ FRPR PRVWUD R
HVTXHPDDVHJXLU
nHO-R-OH + nHOOC-R-COOH
HO-R-O-[OC-RCOO-R-O]n-1OC-R-COOH + (n-1)H2O
3DUDGHWHUPLQDURHTXLYDOHQWHJUDPDGHJUXSRV&22+H2+GHYHVHSURFHGHUD
XPDWLWXODomRGHVWHVJUXSRV
3ULPHLUDPHQWH SURFHGHVH XPD WLWXODomR GLUHWD GRV JUXSRV &22+ FRP VROXomR
SDGUmRGH.2+
-COOH + KOH -COOK + H2O
$ WLWXODomR GRV JUXSRV 2+ UHTXHU XPD SUpYLD DFHWLODomR GHVWHV FRP DQLGULGR
DFpWLFRVHJXLGDGHGRVDJHPGRiFLGRDFpWLFRDSyVKLGUyOLVHGRH[FHVVRGRUHDJHQWH
-OH + (CH3CO)2O -OOCCH3 + CH3COOH
CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK + H2O

3DUD D GRVDJHP GRV JUXSRV WHUPLQDLV D VHJXLQWH PHWRGRORJLD SRGHUi VHU
DGRWDGD
S3HVDU FHUFD GH J GR SROLpVWHU D VHU DQDOLVDGR H GLVVROYrOR HP PO GH XPD
VROXomRGHDQLGULGRDFpWLFRHPSLULGLQDHPYROXPH
S$TXHFHUDVROXomRSRUFHUFDGHXPDKRUDVREUHIOX[R
S$GLFLRQDUFHUFDGHP/GHiJXDSDUDKLGUROLVDURDQLGULGRDFpWLFRQmRUHDJLGR
S5HPRYHURFDORUDSyVFLQFRPLQXWRVGHUHDomRHDGLFLRQDUP/GHPHWDQRO
S7LWXODU R iFLGR DFpWLFR IRUPDGR FRP VROXomR SDGUmR GH .2+ XWLOL]DQGR
IHQROIWDOHLQDFRPRLQGLFDGRU
2YROXPHGDVROXomRGH.2+FRQVXPLGRpFKDPDGRYDORU$FDOFXODGRHPPJGH
.2+SRUJUDPDGHSROtPHUR
)D]VH HQWmR XPD WLWXODomR GH UHIHUrQFLD EUDQFR RQGH WRGRV RV UHDJHQWHV
PHQRVRSROtPHURVmRDGLFLRQDGRVQRIUDVFRHRiFLGRDFpWLFRIRUPDGRpWLWXODGR2
YROXPHGDVROXomRGH.2+FRQVXPLGRQHVWDWLWXODomRHPEUDQFRpFKDPDGRGHYDORU
%PJ.2+JGHSROtPHUR
2XWUD DPRVWUD GR PHVPR SROtPHUR p HQWmR WLWXODGD 'HVWD YH] p XWLOL]DGD D
WLWXODomRGLUHWDGRVJUXSRV&22+GLVVROYHQGRVHDDPRVWUDHPSLULGLQDHWLWXODQGR
VHFRPDPHVPDVROXomRSDGUmRGH.2+2YROXPHGDVROXomRGH.2+FRQVXPLGRQD
WLWXODomRGLUHWDpFKDPDGRYDORU&PJ.2+JGHSROtPHUR
2 Q~PHUR GH HTXLYDOHQWHV GH JUXSR &22+ p R YDORU & HP PJ .2+J GR
SROtPHUR
7pFQLFDVSDUD'HWHUPLQDomRGH3HVR0ROHFXODU1XPpULFR0pGLR
2Q~PHURGHHTXLYDOHQWHVGHJUXSR2+pLJXDOD>YDORU&YDORU%YDORU$@HP
PJ.2+JGHSROtPHUR
2SHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLRpGHWHUPLQDGRGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
[No de COOH + No de OH]/ [2 x 56,1 x 1000] = moles de polmero por grama
M n PROHVGHSROtPHURSRUJUDPD
2 PpWRGR p UHVWULWR D SROtPHURV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU $ VHQVLELOLGDGH GR

PpWRGR GHFUHVFH j PHGLGD TXH FUHVFH R SHVR PROHFXODU GR SROtPHUR $OpP GLVWR
UHDo}HV ODWHUDLV GXUDQWH D SROLPHUL]DomR WDLV FRPR FLFOL]DomR UDPLILFDo}HV HWF
FRQGX]HPDYDORUHVGH M n GLIHUHQWHVGRUHDO$FLFOL]DomRSRUH[HPSORRFDVLRQD
XP GHFUpVFLPR QR Q~PHUR GH HTXLYDOHQWHV GH JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV UHVXOWDQGR HP
YDORUHV GH M n DFLPD GR HVSHUDGR 3RU RXWUR ODGR UDPLILFDo}HV FRQGX]HP D XP
DXPHQWR QR Q~PHUR GH HTXLYDOHQWHV GH JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV XPD YH] TXH FDGD
UDPLILFDomR WHUPLQD FRP XP JUXSR IXQFLRQDO HP TXHVWmR 1HVWH FDVR R M n VHUi
PHQRU GR TXH R HVSHUDGR (VWDV OLPLWDo}HV ID]HP FRP TXH WpFQLFDV EDVHDGDV QDV
SURSULHGDGHVFROLJDWLYDVVHMDPPDLVLQGLFDGDVSDUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGH M n
4.2 Propriedades Coligativas

3URSULHGDGHVGHVROXo}HVWDLVFRPRDEDL[DPHQWRGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUHOHYDomRGR
SRQWR GH HEXOLomR GHFUpVFLPR GR SRQWR GH FRQJHODPHQWR H SUHVVmR RVPyWLFD VmR
GHQRPLQDGDVSURSULHGDGHVFROLJDWLYDV
(VWDV SURSULHGDGHV EDVHLDPVH QR IDWR GH TXH D DGLomR GH XP VROXWR HP XP
VROYHQWHUHVXOWDHPXPDPXGDQoDPHQVXUiYHOQRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWH$
PXGDQoDQRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRHPWHUPRVGHDWLYLGDGHGRVROYHQWHpGHILQLGDFRPR
1 10 = RTlna1 (4.1)
RQGH 1 pRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR 1o pRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGR

VROYHQWH SXUR QD PHVPD WHPSHUDWXUD H SUHVVmR a1 p D DWLYLGDGH GR VROYHQWH QD
VROXomR5pDFRQVWDQWHGRVJDVHVH7pDWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWD
(PXPVLVWHPDRQGHDVROXomRHVWiHPFRQWDWRFRPRVROYHQWHSXURSDUDTXHVH
DWLQMDRHTXLOtEULRpQHFHVViULRTXHRVSRWHQFLDLVTXtPLFRVGRVROYHQWHHGDVROXomR
VHMDPLJXDLV 1 1o ,VWRpDOFDQoDGRDWUDYpVGHPXGDQoDVQDWHPSHUDWXUDRX
SUHVVmRGDVROXomR(VWDVPXGDQoDVFRQVWLWXHPXPDPHGLGDGLUHWDGDDWLYLGDGHGR
VROYHQWH QD VROXomR H IRUPD D EDVH GRV PpWRGRV FROLJDWLYRV SDUD HVWXGRV GH
VROXo}HVGLOXtGDV
$ GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU XWLOL]DQGR DV SURSULHGDGHV FROLJDWLYDV p
SRVVtYHO SRUTXH D DWLYLGDGH GR VROXWR HP VROXo}HV LQILQLWDPHQWH GLOXtGDV SRGH VHU
FRQVLGHUDGD LJXDO j VXD IUDomR PRODU 'HVWD IRUPD D DWLYLGDGH GR VROYHQWH QD
VROXomRH[SUHVVDQD(TXDomRSRGHVHUVXEVWLWXtGDSHODVXDIUDomRPRODU x1 HD
YDULDomRGRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRSRGHHQWmRVHUH[SUHVVDSHOD(TXDomR
1 10 = RT ln x1 (4.2)
4XDQGR D VROXomR p PXLWR GLOXtGD HOD WHQGH D DSUHVHQWDU XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR

LGHDO3DUDHVWDVVROXo}HVRYDORUGDIUDomRPRODUGRVROYHQWHWHQGHDXP x1 1 H
RGDIUDomRPRODUGRVROXWRWHQGHD]HUR x2 0
6DEHQGRVHTXH x1 = 1 x2 HQWmR ln x1 = ln (1 x2 )
([SDQGLQGR R WHUPR ln (1 x2 ) HP XPD VpULH H FRQVLGHUDQGR DSHQDV RV GRLV
SULPHLURVWHUPRVWHPRV
( )
OQ [ = OQ ( [ ) = [ [

(4.3)
6XEVWLWXLQGRRWHUPR ln x1 GD(TXDomRSHOD(TXDomRWHPRV
[
R = 57 [ ( )[
] (4.4)
6DEHVH TXH D IUDomR PRODU GH XP FRPSRQHQWH SRU H[HPSOR R VROXWR HP XPD
VROXomR p LJXDO D UD]mR HQWUH R Q~PHUR GH PROHV GHVVH FRPSRQHQWH VROXWR QD
VROXomR n2 HDVRPDGRQ~PHURGHPROHVGHFDGDFRPSRQHQWH(TXDomR
Q
[ = (4.5)
Q + Q
3DUD VROXo}HV PXLWR GLOXtGDV (n1 + n2 ) p SUDWLFDPHQWH LJXDO D n1 Q~PHUR GH

PROHVGRVROYHQWH(QWmR
x2 = n2 (4.6)
n1
RQGH x1 pDIUDomRPRODUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomRH n1 H n2 VmRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHR
Q~PHURGHPROHVGRVROYHQWHHGRVROXWRQDVROXomR
3RURXWURODGRRYROXPHGDVROXomRSRGHVHUGHILQLGRFRPR
V = V1o n1 (4.7)
RQGH9pRYROXPHGDVROXomR9RpRYROXPHSDUFLDOPRODUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomRH
QpRQ~PHURGHPROHVGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
6DEHVHDLQGDTXHRQ~PHURGHPROHVpLJXDOjUD]mRHQWUHDPDVVDHPJUDPD
HRSHVRPROHFXODU(TXDomR
n2 = m (4.8)
M
RQGHPpDPDVVDGRVROXWRSROtPHURHPJUDPDVH0pRVHXSHVRPROHFXODU
&RPELQDQGR DV (TXDo}HV H D IUDomR PRODU GR VROXWR SROtPHUR QD
VROXomRSRGHVHUGHILQLGDFRPR
P R
0 = P 9
[ = (4.9)
9 9 0
R9
&RPRDUD]mRP9pDFRQFHQWUDomRGRSROtPHURFHPJP/DIUDomRPRODU[
SRGHVHUUHHVFULWDFRPR
F 9 R
[ = (4.10)
0
$UHODomRHQWUHRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGDPLVWXUDHDIUDomRPRODUGRSROtPHURQD
VROXomR(TXDomRSRGHHQWmRVHUHVFULWDFRPR
c 2V10
2

c V 0 M
1 1 = RT
0 2 1
+ + (4.11)
M 2

RX
1
1 10 = RTc 2V10 + Ac 2 + Bc 22 + (4.12)
M
RQGH0$H%VmRGHILQLGRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFRPRRSULPHLURFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOR
VHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOHRWHUFHLURFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
2SULPHLURFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOFRUUHVSRQGHDRLQYHUVRGRSHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFR
PpGLR2VHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOHRWHUFHLURFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOIRUQHFHPXPDLGpLD
GDVLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHSROtPHURHVROYHQWHFRPRVHUiGLVFXWLGRSRVWHULRUPHQWH
4XDQGR R SURFHVVR GH GLVVROXomR DWLQJH DV FRQGLo}HV GH HTXLOtEULR R SRWHQFLDO
TXtPLFRGDVROXomRVHLJXDODDRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHSXUR R3DUD
TXHLVWRRFRUUDDWHPSHUDWXUDRXDSUHVVmRGRVLVWHPDpYDULDGD
(TXDo}HV SUiWLFDV TXH SHUPLWHP TXH VHMD FDOFXODGR R SHVR PROHFXODU QXPpULFR
PpGLRDSDUWLUGHSURSULHGDGHVFROLJDWLYDVVmRGDGDVDVHJXLU

S3DUDRVPRPHWULDGHPHPEUDQD
RT
lim = (4.13)
c o c Mn
RQGHpDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDHFpDFRQFHQWUDomRGRSROtPHUR
S3DUDRVPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
S 3 9 R
OLP = (4.14)
F R F 0Q
RQGH SpDGLIHUHQoDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRUHQWUHVROYHQWHHVROXomR 3 pDSUHVVmR
R
GHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHSXURH9 pRYROXPHPRODUGRVROYHQWH

S3DUDFULRVFRSLD
T f RT f M s 1
2
lim =
c 0 H M (4.15)
c f n
RQGH 7IpRDEDL[DPHQWRGRSRQWRGHFRQJHODPHQWR pDGHQVLGDGHGRVROYHQWH

0VpRSHVRPROHFXODUGRVROYHQWH7IpRSRQWRGHFRQJHODPHQWRGRVROYHQWHH+Ip
DYDUDLomRGDHQWDOSLDGHIXVmR

S3DUDHEXOLRVFRSLD
T b RT b M s 1
2
lim =
(4.16)
c o c H b M n
RQGH 7EpDHOHYDomRGRSRQWRGHHEXOLomR7EpRSRQWRGHHEXOLomRGRVROYHQWHH
+EpDYDULDomRGDHQWDOSLDGHYDSRUL]DomR
2 HIHLWR GD DGLomR GH SROtPHURV GH SHVR PROHFXODU YDULDGR QDV SURSULHGDGHV
FROLJDWLYDV p LOXVWUDGR QD 7DEHOD (VWH HIHLWR p PDLV SURQXQFLDGR QD SUHVVmR
RVPyWLFDHSRULVVRHVWHpRPpWRGRFROLJDWLYRPDLVXWLOL]DGRSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGR
SHVRPROHFXODUGHYLGRjUHODWLYDIDFLOLGDGHGDPHGLGD
&RPR DSUHVHQWDGR QD 7DEHOD D PXGDQoD REVHUYDGD QD SUHVVmR GH YDSRU p
PXLWR SHTXHQD H SRU LVWR QmR SRGH VHU PHGLGD GLUHWDPHQWH FRP SUHFLVmR
(QWUHWDQWR RV HTXLSDPHQWRV XWLOL]DP PpWRGRV LQGLUHWRV SDUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GR
DEDL[DPHQWR GD SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GD VROXomR H WrP WLGR PXLWR VXFHVVR SDUD D
GHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLRGHSROtPHURVFRPSHVRPROHFXODU
DWpFHUFDGH
'HYLGR j SRSXODULGDGH GRV PpWRGRV TXH HQYROYHP SUHVVmR GH YDSRU H SUHVVmR
RVPyWLFD DV WpFQLFDV GH FULRVFRSLD H HEXOLRVFRSLD QmR IRUDP PXLWR GHVHQYROYLGDV
SDUDSROtPHURV
7DEHOD&RPSDUDomRHQWUHDVVHQVLELOLGDGHVGRVYiULRVPpWRGRVFROLJDWLYRVSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVR
PROHFXODU
6HQVLELOLGDGH
3URSULHGDGH
0 Q 0 Q 0 Q
3UHVVmRRVPyWLFDFPGHVROYHQWH
$EDL[DPHQWRGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
[ [ [
PP+J
'HFUpVFLPRGRSRQWRGH
[ [ [
FRQJHODPHQWRR&
(OHYDomRGRSRQWRGHHEXOLomRR& [ [ [
4.2.1 Osmometria de presso de vapor

1RHVWDGRGHHTXLOtEULRKiVHPSUHYDSRUGRVFRPSRQHQWHVVREUHDVROXomROtTXLGD
&RPR GLVFXWLGR DQWHULRUPHQWH XPD PDFURPROpFXOD QmR FRQVHJXH SDVVDU SDUD R
HVWDGRGHYDSRUGHYLGRDRVHXDOWRSHVRPROHFXODU/RJRDSUHVVmRSDUFLDOGHYDSRU
GD PDFURPROpFXOD p FRQVLGHUDGD LJXDO D ]HUR S $ SUHVVmR GH YDSRU TXH VH
PHGHpSRUWDQWRDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRFRPSRQHQWHGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUVREUH
DVROXomRRXVHMDGRVROYHQWH$SUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHVREUHDVROXomRSp
VHPSUHPHQRUGRTXHDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHVREUHRVROYHQWHSXURSR
4XDQWRPDLRUIRUDFRQFHQWUDomRGRSROtPHURPHQRUVHUiDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGR
VROYHQWH QD VROXomR H PDLRU VHUi HQWmR D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH S H SR $ PDLRULD GDV
VROXo}HV GH SROtPHURV DSUHVHQWD XP GHVYLR QHJDWLYR DFHQWXDGR GD LGHDOLGDGH $
)LJXUDLOXVWUDHVWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRRQGH[H[VmRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDVIUDo}HV
PRODUHV GR VROYHQWH H GR SROtPHUR QD VROXomR 3RGHVH REVHUYDU TXH PHVPR SDUD
VROXo}HVUD]RDYHOPHQWHGLOXtGDVRGHVYLRMipDFHQWXDGR'HVWDIRUPDSDUDTXHDV
HTXDo}HVTXHUHODFLRQDPDYDULDomRGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUGR
SROtPHUR SRVVDP VHU XWLOL]DGDV p QHFHVViULR TXH VH WUDEDOKH FRP VROXo}HV EHP
GLOXtGDV GH SROtPHURV 3RU RXWUR ODGR HP VROXo}HV GLOXtGDV D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH DV
SUHVV}HVGHYDSRUSHSRpWmRSHTXHQDTXHFKHJDDVHULPHQVXUiYHO
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHVREUHDVROXomRGHSROtPHURHPUHODomRjIUDomR
PRODUGRVFRPSRQHQWHV
&RPRSRGHUtDPRVHQWmRGHWHUPLQDUHVWDGLIHUHQoDHUHODFLRQDUPRVFRPRSHVR
PROHFXODUGRSROtPHURTXHHVWiVHQGRDQDOLVDGR"
$ UHVSRVWD p TXH RV HTXLSDPHQWRV GLVSRQtYHLV QmR PHGHP GLUHWDPHQWH R
DEDL[DPHQWR GD SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GD VROXomR 1D YHUGDGH HVWHV HTXLSDPHQWRV
XWLOL]DPDYDULDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDTXHDFRPSDQKDDYDULDomRGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
&RPR D WpFQLFD XWLOL]D VROXo}HV PXLWR GLOXtGDV SRGHPRV FRQVLGHUiODV FRPR
VROXo}HV SUDWLFDPHQWH LGHDLV 3RUWDQWR D OHL GH 5DRXOW (TXDomR SRGH VHU
HPSUHJDGD
p 1 = p1 o . x 1 (4.17)
RQGH S p D SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR VROYHQWH QD VROXomR SR p D SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR
VROYHQWHSXURH[pDIUDomRPRODUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
6DEHVHTXH
x1 = 1 - x2 (4.18)
(QWmR
p1 = p1o (1-x2) (4.19)
p 1o - p 1 = p 1o.x 2 ou p = p1o.x2 (4.20)
$ GLIHUHQoD GH SUHVVmR GH YDSRU p UHODFLRQDGD FRP D GLIHUHQoD GH WHPSHUDWXUD
DWUDYpVGDHTXDomRGH&ODXVLXV&ODSH\URQGHVFULWDDVHJXLU
S S+Y
= (4.21)
7 57
RQGH bS H b7 VmR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH DV YDULDo}HV GH SUHVVmR GH YDSRU H GH
WHPSHUDWXUD +Y p D YDULDomR GD HQWDOSLD GH YDSRUL]DomR 7 p D WHPSHUDWXUD
DEVROXWDH5pDFRQVWDQWHGRVJDVHV
3DUD SHTXHQDV YDULDo}HV GH WHPSHUDWXUD 7 +Y H S SRGHP VHU FRQVLGHUDGRV
FRQVWDQWHV(QWmRD(TXDomRSRGHVHUGHVFULWDGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
57
7 = S (4.22)
S+Y
&RQVLGHUDQGRD(TXDomRHDVVXPLQGRTXHSDUDSHTXHQDVYDULDo}HVGHSD
SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR VROYHQWH SXUR p SUDWLFDPHQWH LJXDO j SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR
VROYHQWH QD VROXomR SR S D YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD SRGH VHU UHODFLRQDGD j
IUDomRPRODUGRSROtPHURQDVROXomRGHDFRUGRFRPD(TXDomR
57
7 = [ (4.23)
+Y
/HPEUDQGRTXHDIUDomRPRODU[pLJXDODUD]mRHQWUHRQ~PHURGHPROHVGR
VROXWRHGRVROYHQWHQQHTXHRQ~PHURGHPROHVpGHILQLGRFRPRDUD]mR
HQWUHDPDVVDHPJUDPDVHRSHVRPROHFXODUDYDULDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDSRGHVHU
H[SUHVVDGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
57 Q 57 P 0
7 = = (4.24)
+Y Q +Y 0
RQGH P p D PDVVD HP JUDPD GR SROtPHUR $ UD]mR P p D FRQFHQWUDomR GR
SROtPHURQDVROXomRFH[SUHVVDHPJJ$YDULDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDSRGHHQWmR
VHU UHODFLRQDGD j FRQFHQWUDomR GD DPRVWUD H DR VHX SHVR PROHFXODU DWUDYpV GD
VHJXLQWHHTXDomR
57 F
7 = 0 (4.25)
+ Y 0
RXVLPSOHVPHQWH
c2
T = K (4.26)
M2
Descrio da tcnica
$)LJXUDLOXVWUDXPHVTXHPDGDFpOXODGHPHGLGDGHXPRVP{PHWURGHSUHVVmR
GH YDSRU WtSLFR $ FpOXOD FRQVLVWH GH XPD FkPDUD GH YLGUR FRQWHQGR GRLV
WHUPLVWRUHVLJXDLVHVHQVtYHLVjWHPSHUDWXUD$WHPSHUDWXUDGDFkPDUDGHYLGURp
FRQWURODGDDWUDYpVGHWHUPRVWDWRFRQVWLWXtGRGHXPEORFRGHDOXPtQLRDQRGL]DGR$
WHPSHUDWXUD GDV VHULQJDV DWUDYpV GDV TXDLV DV VROXo}HV VHUmR DGLFLRQDGDV QD
FkPDUDWDPEpPpFRQWURODGDDWUDYpVGHXPVHJXQGREORFRGHDTXHFLPHQWR2V
WHUPLVWRUHV VmR FRQHFWDGRV D XP FLUFXLWR HOpWULFR FDSD] GH PHGLU SHTXHQDV
GLIHUHQoDVGHWHPSHUDWXUDFRPDOWDSUHFLVmR
$ FkPDUD GH PHGLGD FRQWpP XPD SHTXHQD TXDQWLGDGH GR VROYHQWH H p
LQLFLDOPHQWHVDWXUDGDFRPYDSRUGHVWHVROYHQWHDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDWHPSHUDWXUD$
VROXomR D VHU DQDOLVDGD p FRORFDGD HP XPD GDV VHULQJDV HQTXDQWR TXH R VROYHQWH
SXURpFRORFDGRQDVHJXQGDVHULQJD(VWDVVHULQJDVVmRDUUDQMDGDVGHWDOIRUPDTXH
DVDJXOKDVHVWHMDPDOLQKDGDVDRVWHUPLVWRUHV
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGDFpOXODGHPHGLGDGHXPRVP{PHWURGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
6H IRUHP FRORFDGDV JRWDV GR VROYHQWH SXUR HP DPERV RV WHUPLVWRUHV HVWHV
WHUPLVWRUHVHVWDUmRQDPHVPDWHPSHUDWXUD
$DGLomRGHXPDJRWDGHVROYHQWHSXURHPXPGRVWHUPLVWRUHVHGHXPDJRWDGD
VROXomRGLOXtGDGHSROtPHURQRRXWURWHUPLVWRUJHUDXPDGLIHUHQoDGHWHPSHUDWXUD
HQWUH HOHV 2 WHUPLVWRU FRQWHQGR D VROXomR WHUi LQLFLDOPHQWH XPD WHPSHUDWXUD
PHQRU GHYLGR j PHQRU SUHVVmR GH YDSRU 3DUD TXH VH UHVWDEHOHoD R HTXLOtEULR RX
VHMDSDUDTXH RRYDSRUGRVROYHQWHVLWXDGRQDFkPDUDGHYLGURVHFRQGHQVD
QD JRWD GD VROXomR (VWD FRQGHQVDomR SURYRFD XP DXPHQWR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GR
VROYHQWH GHYLGR j HYROXomR GR FDORU ODWHQWH GH YDSRUL]DomR $ FRQGHQVDomR H
FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHRDXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDDFRQWHFHDWpTXHDSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
GD VROXomR FUHVoD H VH LJXDOH j SUHVVmR GH YDSRU GR VROYHQWH SXUR $ GLIHUHQoD GH
WHPSHUDWXUDPHGLGD 7pGLUHWDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODRDEDL[DPHQWRGDSUHVVmRGH
YDSRU H SRUWDQWR p UHODFLRQDGD DR SHVR PROHFXODU GR SROtPHUR $ GLIHUHQoD GH
WHPSHUDWXUDDXPHQWDFRPRDXPHQWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomRSROLPpULFD
&RPR RV WHUPLVWRUHV HVWmR FRQHFWDGRV D XP FLUFXLWR HOpWULFR R VLQDO UHJLVWUDGR
QRDSDUHOKRpQDYHUGDGHDGLIHUHQoDQDUHVLVWrQFLDHOpWULFD5DRLQYpVGH7
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU SUHSDUDPVH VROXo}HV GH SROtPHURV D
YiULDVFRQFHQWUDo}HV(VWDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHYHPHVWDUDEDL[RGHHPSHVR3DUD
FDGD FRQFHQWUDomR GHWHUPLQDVH D GLIHUHQoD GH WHPSHUDWXUD HQWUH RV WHUPLVWRUHV
RXPHOKRUDGLIHUHQoD5
$(TXDomRGHWUDEDOKRpVHPHOKDQWHj(TXDomRRXVHMD
c2 c22
R = K + 2 + (4.27)
2 M2 2
M
RX
R 1
= + A2 c2 + (4.28)
Kc2 M 2
&RORFDQGRVH HP JUiILFR 5.F YHUVXV F REWpPVH XPD UHWD $ H[WUDSRODomR j
FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR FRHILFLHQWH OLQHDU SHUPLWH D GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU
QXPpULFRPpGLR2FRHILFLHQWHDQJXODUFRUUHVSRQGHDRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHGRYLULDO
H IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HVVREUHDVLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHSROtPHURVROYHQWH(VWHJUiILFRp
LOXVWUDGRQD)LJXUDRQGH.pXPDFRQVWDQWHGHFDOLEUDomR
eLPSRUWDQWHHQIDWL]DUTXHTXDQWRPDLRUIRURYDORUGRFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODU$
PDLRUVHUiDLQWHUDomRSROtPHURVROYHQWH4XDQGRRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOIRU
LJXDOD]HURDVROXomRpGLWDLGHDORXVHMDQmRH[LVWHLQWHUDomRSUHIHUHQFLDOHQWUHRV
FRPSRQHQWHVGDVROXomR
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGH5FYHUVXVFREWLGDDSDUWLUGHWpFQLFDGHRVPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
Aspectos prticos
eLPSRUWDQWHHQIDWL]DUTXHSDUDTXHD(TXDomRVHMDYiOLGDQmRSRGHUiKDYHU
SHUGD DOJXPD GH FDORU SRU FRQGHQVDomR RX UDGLDomR D VDWXUDomR GR YDSRU QD
FkPDUD GHYH VHU FRPSOHWD H D FRQGHQVDomR QD VXSHUItFLH GR OtTXLGR GHYH VHU
HILFLHQWH 7DLV FRQGLo}HV VmR LPSRVVtYHLV GH VHUHP DOFDQoDGDV QD SUiWLFD 'HVWD
IRUPD p QHFHVViULR ID]HU D FDOLEUDomR GR HTXLSDPHQWR FRP VXEVWkQFLDV GH SHVR
PROHFXODU FRQKHFLGR $ 7DEHOD DSUHVHQWD DOJXQV H[HPSORV GH VXEVWkQFLDV
FRPXPHQWH XVDGDV SDUD FDOLEUDomR 2V SDGU}HV PDLV XVDGRV VmR RV GH EDL[R SHVR
PROHFXODU 3DGU}HV GH SROLHVWLUHQR FRP GLVWULEXLomR HVWUHLWD GH SHVR PROHFXODU
WDPEpPVmRXWLOL]DGRVHPERUDHOHVQmRSRVVDPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVVXEVWkQFLDVSXUDV
XPDYH]TXHHOHVSRVVXHPXPDSROLGLVSHUVmRPXLWRSUy[LPDPDVQmRLJXDODXP
(P FHUWRV FDVRV D XWLOL]DomR GH SDGU}HV GH SROLHVWLUHQR p ~WLO SRUTXH FHUWRV
HTXLSDPHQWRV QHFHVVLWDP GH FDOLEUDomR FRP PDWHULDLV GH SHVR PROHFXODU SUy[LPR
DRGRSROtPHURDVHUDQDOLVDGR
$ VHOHomR GR VROYHQWH H GD WHPSHUDWXUD p WDPEpP PXLWR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD R
VXFHVVRGDVH[SHULrQFLDVHQYROYHQGRRVPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU3UDWLFDPHQWH
WRGRVRVVROYHQWHVFRPXQVLQFOXLQGRiJXDSRGHPVHUXVDGRVQDWpFQLFDGH932$
WHPSHUDWXUDGHYHVHUHVFROKLGDGHWDOIRUPDTXHDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHVHMD
PDLRUGRTXHWRUUSRUpPQmRGHYHVHUH[FHVVLYDPHQWHDOWDSDUDQmRRFDVLRQDU
SUREOHPDVFRPHYDSRUDomRQDFkPDUDGR932
3DUDILQDOL]DURPpWRGRIXQFLRQDPXLWREHPSDUDPHGLGDVGH M QFXMRVYDORUHV
HQFRQWUHPVHDEDL[RGH
7DEHOD3DGU}HVFRPXQVSDUDFDOLEUDomRGHRVP{PHWURGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
3DGUmR 6ROXELOLGDGH
0DQLWRO JXD
6XFURVH JXD
%HQ]LOD 6ROYHQWHRUJkQLFR
%LIHQLOD 6ROYHQWHRUJkQLFR
3DGU}HVGHSROLHVWLUHQR 6ROYHQWHRUJkQLFR
$QWHVGDDQiOLVHGDVXEVWkQFLDSURSULDPHQWHGLWDGHYHVHSURFHGHUjFDOLEUDomR
GRDSDUHOKRGHWHUPLQDQGRVHDFRQVWDQWH.HRHUURGDPHGLGD
3DUDGHWHUPLQDomRGDFRQVWDQWH.GRDSDUHOKRGHYHPVHID]HUDVPHGLGDVGH5
GDVXEVWkQFLDXVDGDFRPRSDGUmRGHFDOLEUDomREHQ]LODSRUH[HPSORXWLOL]DQGRVH
VROXo}HVDYiULDVFRQFHQWUDo}HV(PVHJXLGDWUDoDVHXPJUiILFRGH 5FYHUVXVFH
H[WUDSRODVH D FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR $ FRQVWDQWH GR DSDUHOKR VHUi REWLGD DWUDYpV GD
VHJXLQWHHTXDomR
K = PM x (R/c)c0 (4.29)
RQGH30pRSHVRPROHFXODUGDEHQ]LOD
3DUD GHWHUPLQDomR GR HUUR GR DSDUHOKR UHDOL]DVH R PHVPR SURFHGLPHQWR
DQWHULRU XWLOL]DQGR XP RXWUR SDGUmR SRU H[HPSOR LVRFWDQR 1HVWH FDVR WDPEpP
VmRXWLOL]DGDVVROXo}HVDYiULDVFRQFHQWUDo}HV&RORFDVHHPJUiILFR 5FYHUVXVFH
H[WUDSRODVH D FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR 'HWHUPLQDVH R YDORU GR SHVR PROHFXODU GR
LVRFWDQR XWLOL]DQGR D (TXDomR H R YDORU GH . REWLGR QD H[SHULrQFLD FRP D
EHQ]LOD
2HUURGRDSDUHOKRVHUiGHWHUPLQDGRFRPSDUDQGRRYDORUUHDOGRSHVRPROHFXODU
GRLVRFWDQRHRYDORUHQFRQWUDGRQDPHGLGD

4.2.2 Osmometria de membrana

2VPRVH p R IHQ{PHQR GH SDVVDJHP GH XP VROYHQWH SDUD XPD VROXomR DWUDYpV GH
XPD PHPEUDQD VHPLSHUPHiYHO RX VHMD XPD PHPEUDQD SHUPHiYHO Vy SDUD
PROpFXODV GH VROYHQWH SRUpP LPSHUPHiYHO SDUD PROpFXODV GR VROXWR 3DUD TXH D
PHPEUDQD VHMD LPSHUPHiYHO R WDPDQKR GRV SRURV GD PHPEUDQD GHYH VHU PHQRU
GRTXHRWDPDQKRGDVPROpFXODVGRVROXWRFRPRpRFDVRGDVPDFURPROpFXODV
2 SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GH XP VROYHQWH QD VROXomR p VHPSUH PHQRU GR TXH R
SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR VROYHQWH SXUR < R 6H D VROXomR H R VROYHQWH IRUHP
VHSDUDGRVSRUXPDPHPEUDQDVHPLSHUPHiYHOKDYHUiXPDWHQGrQFLDGDVPROpFXODV
GR VROYHQWH QR FRPSDUWLPHQWR GR VROYHQWH SXUR HP IOXLU DWUDYpV GD PHPEUDQD
SDVVDQGR SDUD D VROXomR (VWH IHQ{PHQR RFRUUH DWp TXH RV SRWHQFLDLV TXtPLFRV GH
DPERVRVODGRVVHLJXDOHPRXVHMDDWpTXHVHHVWDEHOHoDRHTXLOtEULR
$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD XP HVTXHPD GR IHQ{PHQR TXH RFRUUH TXDQGR VROYHQWH
SXURHVROXomRVmRVHSDUDGRVSRUXPDPHPEUDQDVHPLSHUPHiYHO2FRPSDUWLPHQWR
jGLUHLWDFRQWpPRVROYHQWHSXURHRFRPSDUWLPHQWRjHVTXHUGDFRQWpPDVROXomR2
YROXPH GH DPERV RV FRPSRQHQWHV p VHSDUDGR SHOD PHPEUDQD VHPLSHUPHiYHO 1R
LQtFLR GR SURFHVVR )LJXUD DRVYROXPHVVmRLJXDLVSRUpPRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
GRFRPSDUWLPHQWRjGLUHLWDVROYHQWHSXURpPDLRUGRTXHDTXHOHGDHVTXHUGD6HD
SUHVVmR H[WHUQD HP DPERV RV ODGRV IRU D PHVPD R VROYHQWH SDVVDUi SDUD R ODGR
HVTXHUGR SDUD HTXLOLEUDU RV SRWHQFLDLV TXtPLFRV &RP LVWR R YROXPH GR
FRPSDUWLPHQWRjHVTXHUGDDXPHQWDUi)LJXUDE
6HIRUDSOLFDGDXPDSUHVVmRQRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGDVROXomRSDUDHYLWDUTXDOTXHU
YDULDomR GH YROXPH HVWDEHOHFHUVHi XP HTXLOtEULR GLQkPLFR RQGH R
&RQVLGHUDQGR SR D SUHVVmR H[WHUQD VREUH R VROYHQWH SXUR H S D SUHVVmR VREUH D
VROXomR D GLIHUHQoD GH SUHVVmR QR PRPHQWR GR HTXLOtEULR p LJXDO j SUHVVmR
RVPyWLFD
= p - po (4.30)
RQGHSpDSUHVVmRDVHUH[HUFLGDVREUHDVROXomRSDUDTXHRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGD
VROXomR VH WRUQH LJXDO DR SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR VROYHQWH SXUR (P RXWUDV
SDODYUDVDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDGHXPDVROXomRpDSUHVVmRTXHSUHFLVDVHUDSOLFDGDj
VROXomRGHIRUPDDLJXDODUDDWLYLGDGHGRVROYHQWHFRPDDWLYLGDGHGDVROXomR

)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGRSURFHVVRGHRVPRVHDWUDYpVGHXPDPHPEUDQDVHPLSHUPHiYHO
2EVHUYDQGRD)LJXUDEDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFD pLQGLFDGDSHODGLIHUHQoDHQWUH
DVDOWXUDVGRVOtTXLGRVKQRVEUDoRVODWHUDLVGRFRPSDUWLPHQWR
$YDULDomRGRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRFRPDSUHVVmRjWHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWHpGDGD
SHODVHJXLQWHHTXDomR

= V1 (4.31)
p T
RX
= V1p (4.32)
,QWHJUDQGRWHUHPRV
1
o
p
1 = V P 1 (4.33)
1 p o
1RVH[SHULPHQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVjRVPRPHWULDGHPHPEUDQDRYROXPHpVHPSUH
PDQWLGRFRQVWDQWH(QWmR
1o - 1 = V1o(p po) = V1 (4.34)

R
RQGHpDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDH9 pRYROXPHSDUFLDOPRODUGRVROYHQWHSXUR

&RPELQDQGRVHD(TXDomRFRPD(TXDomRWHPVHTXH
1 - 1o = 1 = RTlnx1 = - V1o (4.35)

RX
RT
= O ln x 1 (4.36)
V1
RQGH5pDFRQVWDQWHGRVJDVHVSHUIHLWRVH7pDWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDHP.HOYLQ
&RPR
lnx1 = ln(1-x2) = -x2 x22/2 - .... (4.37)
HQWmR
RT
= O x2 (4.38)
V1
$IUDomRPRODUGRFRPSRQHQWHpLJXDOD
n2
x2 =
n1 + n2
(4.39)
RQGHQHQVmRRVQ~PHURVGHPROHVGRVROYHQWHHGRSROtPHURUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
3DUDVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVQQHSRUWDQWR[QQ
6XEVWLWXLQGR R WHUPR [ SHOR Q~PHUR GH PROHV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV QD (TXDomR
WHPRV
RT n 2
= (4.40)
V1O n1
2YROXPHSDUFLDOPRODUGRVROYHQWHSXUR9RPXOWLSOLFDGRSHORVHXQ~PHURGH
PROHVQpLJXDODRYROXPHGDVROXomR9
3RU RXWUR ODGR R Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH SROtPHUR Q GLYLGLGR SHOR YROXPH GD
VROXomRpLJXDOjFRQFHQWUDomRGHVROXWRQDVROXomRHPPROHVSRUOLWUR
$VVLPD(TXDomRSRGHVHUH[SUHVVDGDVHJXLQWHPDQHLUD
RT
= n 2 = c 2 RT (4.41)
V
$ (TXDomR p FRQKHFLGD FRPR HTXDomR GH YDQW +RII (VWD HTXDomR QmR p
DGHTXDGD D VROXo}HV GH SROtPHURV PHVPR TXDQGR GLOXtGDV GHYLGR DRV IDWRUHV
UHODFLRQDGRVDLQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURVROYHQWH
3DUD VROXo}HV SROLPpULFDV p QHFHVViULR OHYDU HP FRQWD RV RXWURV WHUPRV GD
(TXDomRRXVHMD
57 Q
= Q
+ + (4.42)
9 Q
6DEHQGRVHTXHRQ~PHURGHPROHVpLJXDOjPDVVDGDDPRVWUDHPJUDPDVZ
GLYLGLGDSHORVHXSHVRPROHFXODU0Q Z0HVDEHQGRVHWDPEpPTXHDPDVVD
GD DPRVWUD Z GLYLGLGD SHOR YROXPH GD VROXomR 9 p LJXDO j FRQFHQWUDomR GR
SROtPHURQDVROXomRWHPRV

= 57F + $F + $F + (4.43)
0Q

RXUHDUUDQMDQGR

= 57 + $F + $F + (4.44)
F 0Q
RQGHFpDFRQFHQWUDomRGRSROtPHURHPJP/ M n pRSHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFR
PpGLR H $ H $ VmR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH R VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO H R WHUFHLUR
FRHILFLHQWHYLULDO2WHUPRFpGHQRPLQDGRSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDUHGX]LGD
&RORFDQGRVH HP JUiILFR F YHUVXV F REWpPVH XPD UHWD RQGH R FRHILFLHQWH
OLQHDUFRUUHVSRQGHDRLQYHUVRGH M n HRFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODUUHSUHVHQWDRVHJXQGR
FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO (VWH ~OWLPR QRV IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GDV LQWHUDo}HV
SROtPHURVROYHQWH
$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDDGHSHQGrQFLDGHFFRPDFRQFHQWUDomRGHVROXomRGH
SROtPHURHPGLIHUHQWHVVROYHQWHV7RGDVDVUHWDVHQFRQWUDPVHQRPHVPRSRQWRQD
RUGHQDGD LQGLFDQGR TXH R YDORU REWLGR GH SHVR PROHFXODU QXPpULFR PpGLR
LQGHSHQGHGRWLSRGHVROYHQWH
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGHFFRPDFRQFHQWUDomRGHVROXomRGHSROtPHURHPGLIHUHQWHVVROYHQWHV2
DXPHQWRGRFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODUVLJQLILFDDXPHQWRGDLQWHUDomRSROtPHURVROYHQWH
2 FRHILFLHQWH DQJXODU HQWUHWDQWR YDULD FRP D QDWXUH]D GR VROYHQWH 4XDQWR

PDLRU IRU R YDORU GR FRHILFLHQWH DQJXODU $ PDLRU VHUi D LQWHUDomR SROtPHUR
VROYHQWHERQVVROYHQWHV4XDQGRRFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODUIRULJXDOD]HURFRQVLGHUD
VH R VLVWHPD FRPR LGHDO RX VHMD QmR H[LVWH LQWHUDomR SUHIHUHQFLDO HQWUH RV
FRPSRQHQWHV GD VROXomR 9DORUHV GH $ PHQRUHV GR TXH ]HUR LQGLFDP PDXV
VROYHQWHV
4XDQGRRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO$IRULJXDOD]HURRVLVWHPDpFRQVLGHUDGR
HVWDUVREFRQGLo}HVWHWD&RQGLo}HVWHWDVmRDTXHODVQmRSHUWXUEDGDVSRULQWHUDo}HV
SUHIHUHQFLDLVGHTXDLVTXHUFRPSRQHQWHV$FRQGLomRWHWDpDOFDQoDGDDXPVROYHQWH
H D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD GHILQLGRV 2 VROYHQWH H D WHPSHUDWXUD VmR HQWmR
GHQRPLQDGRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVROYHQWHWHWDHWHPSHUDWXUDWHWD
$7DEHODLOXVWUDRVYDORUHVGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOSDUDDOJXQVVLVWHPDV
SROtPHURVROYHQWH
7DEHOD9DORUHVGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOSDUDDOJXQVSDUHVSROtPHURVROYHQWHDXPDGHWHUPLQDGD
WHPSHUDWXUD
7HPSHUDWXUD $[
3ROtPHUR 0 Q [ 6ROYHQWH
R& FPPROJ
3ROLHVWLUHQR 7ROXHQR
3ROLHVWLUHQR 'LFORURHWDQR
3ROLHVWLUHQR &LFORKH[DQR
3ROLLVREXWLOHQR &LFORKH[DQR
3ROLLVREXWLOHQR %HQ]HQR
3DUDXPGHWHUPLQDGRVROYHQWHH[FHWRHPFRQGLo}HVWHWDRYDORUGH$GHFUHVFH

FRP R DXPHQWR GR SHVR PROHFXODU GR SROtPHUR (VWH FRPSRUWDPHQWR p IiFLO GH
HQWHQGHUXPDYH]TXHFRPRDXPHQWRGDFDGHLDSROLPpULFDDVXDVROXELOLGDGHILFD
PDLV GLItFLO $ GHSHQGrQFLD GH $ FRP R SHVR PROHFXODU SRGH VHU HQFRQWUDGD
XWLOL]DQGRDUHODomRHPStULFD

A2 KM n (4.45)
RQGH . p XPD FRQVWDQWH HPStULFD H SDUD SROtPHURV IOH[tYHLV HP ERQV
VROYHQWHV
2WHUPR$FGD(TXDomRpIUHTHQWHPHQWHLJQRUDGRSDUDDGHWHUPLQDomR
GDGHSHQGrQFLDGHFHPIXQomRGHFXPDYH]TXHDVPHGLGDVVmRUHDOL]DGDVHP
VROXo}HVPXLWRGLOXtGDVHSRULVWRRWHUPRFpGHVSUH]tYHO
(QWUHWDQWRTXDQGRVHWUDEDOKDFRPVROXo}HVXPSRXFRPDLVFRQFHQWUDGDVHVWH
WHUPR FRPHoD D LQIOXHQFLDU 1HVWH FDVR D GHSHQGrQFLD GH F YHUVXV F FRPHoD D
DSUHVHQWDU XPD FXUYDWXUD D FRQFHQWUDo}HV PDLV DOWDV 3DUD HOLPLQDU RX PLQLPL]DU
HVWD GLVFUHSkQFLD QR FRPSRUWDPHQWR FRVWXPDVH UHODFLRQDU F YHUVXV F $
XWLOL]DomR GD UDL] TXDGUDGD p QRUPDOPHQWH UHFRPHQGDGD SDUD SROLPHURV GH DOWR
SHVR PROHFXODU $ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD D UHODomR GD SUHVVmR RVPyWLFD FRP D
FRQFHQWUDomR XWLOL]DQGRVH DV UHODo}HV F YHUVXV F H F YHUVXV F 2EVHUYDVH
TXHQRVHJXQGRFDVRDGHSHQGrQFLDpOLQHDU
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDHQWUHDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDHDFRQFHQWUDomRGHVROXomRGHSROLEXWDGLHQR
0 Q
Parte prtica
2V HTXLSDPHQWRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD PHGLGDV GH SHVR PROHFXODU SRU HVWH PpWRGR VmR
FKDPDGRV RVP{PHWURV $V PHGLGDV SRGHP VHU UHDOL]DGDV SRU PpWRGR HVWiWLFR RX
GLQkPLFR 2 PpWRGR HVWiWLFR FRQVLVWH HP PHGLU D GLIHUHQoD GH QtYHO HQWUH RV GRLV
FRPSDUWLPHQWRV VROYHQWH H VROXomR QR HTXLOtEULR (TXLSDPHQWRV TXH WUDEDOKDP
FRP HVWH PpWRGR SRVVXHP D YDQWDJHP GH WHU XP GHVLJQ PXLWR VLPSOHV
(QWUHWDQWRRHTXLOtEULRpDOFDQoDGRDWHPSRVPXLWRORQJRVRTXHLQGX]DHUURVGH
PHGLGD
2 PpWRGR GLQkPLFR p EDVHDGR QD PHGLGD GD YHORFLGDGH GR IOX[R GR VROYHQWH
DWUDYpVGDPHPEUDQDGHSHQGHQGRGDSUHVVmRDSOLFDGD
2V HTXLSDPHQWRV PDLV PRGHUQRV VmR DXWRPiWLFRV H RSHUDP XWLOL]DQGR
GLUHWDPHQWH XP WUDQVGXWRU GH SUHVVmR RX XP PHFDQLVPR GH FRQWUROH HOHWU{QLFR
VHUYRPHFDQLVPR SDUD HTXLOLEUDU D SUHVVmR KLGURVWiWLFD H SUHYHQLU D GLIXVmR GR
VROYHQWHDWUDYpVGDPHPEUDQD
$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD R HVTXHPD GH XP RVP{PHWUR DXWRPiWLFR 1HVWHV
LQVWUXPHQWRV RV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV GR VROYHQWH H GD VROXomR VmR VHSDUDGRV SHOD
PHPEUDQD H R VLVWHPD p PDQWLGR IHFKDGR $ WHQGrQFLD GR VROYHQWH GH SDVVDU GR
FRPSDUWLPHQWR GR VROYHQWH SXUR SDUD R FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD VROXomR JHUD XPD
GHIRUPDomR GR GLDIUDJPD IOH[tYHO ORFDOL]DGR QR FRPSDUWLPHQWR GR VROYHQWH 8PD
JDUUDOLJDGDDRGLDIUDJPDPHGHDGHIOH[mRSURPRYLGDSHODSUHVVmRRVPyWLFD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGHXPRVP{PHWURDXWRPiWLFR
$ FRQILDELOLGDGH GDV PHGLGDV REWLGDV SRU RVPRPHWULD GHSHQGH IXQGDPHQ

WDOPHQWHGDTXDOLGDGHGDPHPEUDQD$PHPEUDQDGHYHVHUSHUPHiYHODRVROYHQWH
H LPSHUPHiYHO DR VROXWR SROtPHUR $ PHPEUDQD QmR SRGH VRIUHU LQFKDPHQWR HP
FRQWDWR FRP R VROYHQWH $ PDLRULD GDV PHPEUDQDV p IHLWD j EDVH GH FHOXORVH
&HOXORVH UHJHQHUDGD FHORIDQH p HPSUHJDGD FRP VROYHQWHV RUJkQLFRV H DFHWDWR GH
FHOXORVHpUHFRPHQGDGRSDUDVROXo}HVDTXRVDV
7RGRV RV WLSRV GH PHPEUDQD GHYHP VHU FRQGLFLRQDGRV QR VROYHQWH GH DQiOLVH
DQWHVGHVHUHPXWLOL]DGRV1RFDVRGHPHPEUDQDVSUHYLDPHQWHHPEHELGDVHPiJXD
R FRQGLFLRQDPHQWR GHYH VHU IHLWR SULPHLUDPHQWH HP PHWDQRO RX DFHWRQD H
VXEVHTHQWHPHQWHQRVROYHQWHRUJkQLFRTXHVHUiXWLOL]DGRQRH[SHULPHQWR
3DUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLRDVPHGLGDVGHYHPVHU
IHLWDV D YiULDV FRQFHQWUDo}HV QD IDL[D GH D SHVRYROXPH $ GLIHUHQoD GH
SUHVVmRpUHJLVWUDGDGLYLGLGDSHODFRQFHQWUDomRFRUUHVSRQGHQWHHUHODFLRQDGDDHVWD
FRQFHQWUDomR D ILP GH HVWDEHOHFHU D UHODomR F YHUVXV F RX F YHUVXV F $
H[WUDSRODomRjFRQFHQWUDomR]HURLQWHUVHomRQRHL[RGDVRUGHQDGDVIRUQHFHRSHVR
PROHFXODUFRPRLOXVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
1RWUDWDPHQWRGHGDGRVGDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDpPXLWRLPSRUWDQWHDXWLOL]DomRGH
XQLGDGHVDSURSULDGDV$SUHVVmRRVPyWLFDpGDGDSHOD(TXDomR
= gh (4.46)
RQGH pDGHQVLGDGHGRVROYHQWHJpDDFHOHUDomRGHYLGRjJUDYLGDGHPVH
K p D SUHVVmR GR VROYHQWH H[SUHVVD HP FHQWtPHWURV $ FRQFHQWUDomR GD VROXomR p
H[SUHVVD HP J/ $ 7DEHOD DSUHVHQWD DV XQLGDGHV GH F FKDPDGD SUHVVmR
RVPyWLFD UHGX]LGD FRQVWDQWH XQLYHUVDO GRV JDVHV 5 H VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO
QRVVLVWHPDV&*6HLQWHUQDFLRQDO
$ XQLGDGH GR VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO H[SUHVVD QD 7DEHOD FRUUHVSRQGH j
(TXDomR 6H D GHSHQGrQFLD F YHUVXV F IRU H[SUHVVD GH IRUPD GLIHUHQWH D
XQLGDGH GR VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO VHUi GLIHUHQWH $ 7DEHOD DSUHVHQWD RV
GLIHUHQWHV PRGRV GH H[SUHVVDU D SUHVVmR RVPyWLFD UHGX]LGD H DV XQLGDGHV GH $
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHV

7DEHOD8QLGDGHVQRUPDOPHQWHXVDGDVSDUDH[SUHVVDUDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDUHGX]LGDHRVHJXQGR
FRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
8QLGDGHV
3DUkPHWURV
&*6 ,QWHUQDFLRQDO
F GLQD/JFP -NJ
5 /DWPPRO. -.PRO
$ /PROJ PPRONJ

7DEHOD8QLGDGHVGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO$
8QLGDGHGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO$
(TXDomR
6LVWHPD&*6 6LVWHPDLQWHUQDFLRQDO
RT
= + A2 c + .... GLQDFPJ -PNJ
c Mn
1
= RT + A2 c + FPPROJ PPRONJ
c Mn
RT
= (1 + A2 c + ) FPJ PNJ
c Mn
3DUDH[SUHVVDUDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDHPDWPRVIHUDVDTXDQWLGDGH H[SUHVVDHP
FHQWtPHWURVGDFROXQDGDVROXomRGHYHVHUPXOWLSOLFDGDSHODGHQVLGDGHGRVROYHQWH
FRQVLGHUDGD LJXDO j GHQVLGDGH GD VROXomR GLOXtGD H GLYLGLGD SHOD GHQVLGDGH GR
PHUF~ULRHSRUDWP FP+J6HDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomRIRUH[SUHVVDHP
JP/RQXPHUDGRUGHYHUiVHUPXOWLSOLFDGRSRUSDUDVHREWHUDFRQFHQWUDomR
GDVROXomRHPJ/$GHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUSRGHVHUIHLWDXWLOL]DQGRVHD
VHJXLQWHIyUPXOD
0,082T 13,6 76 10
Mn = (4.47)

1
c 2 c 0
2
RQGH7pDWHPSHUDWXUDXVDGDQDH[SHULrQFLDHPHVFDOD.HOYLQHpDGHQVLGDGHGR
VROYHQWH
5HVXPLQGRDWpFQLFDDSUHVHQWDDVYDQWDJHQVGHVFULWDVDVHJXLU
S$ WpFQLFD IRUQHFH M n DEVROXWR 1mR Ki QHFHVVLGDGH GH FDOLEUDomR FRP
VXEVWkQFLDVSDGUmR 3DGU}HV VmR HQWUHWDQWR UHFRPHQGDGRV SDUD YHULILFDU R
GHVHPSHQKRGDVPHPEUDQDV
S&RQWDPLQDQWHV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU WUDoRV GH VROYHQWH UHVLGXDO
DQWLR[LGDQWHVHWFSRGHPVHUWROHUDGRVSRUTXHHOHVVHGLVWULEXHPHPDPERVRV
ODGRVGDPHPEUDQD1RFDVRGDRVPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRUDSUHVHQoDGH
SHTXHQDSRUomRGHVXEVWkQFLDGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUSRGHFRQGX]LUDYDORUHV
GH M n PDLVEDL[RV
SM n GH FRSROtPHURV HP EORFR RX JUDIWL]DGRV SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR VHP
SUREOHPDV XPD YH] TXH D PHGLGD LQGHSHQGH GD KHWHURJHQHLGDGH TXtPLFD GD
DPRVWUD
S2VPRPHWULD GH PHPEUDQD p LQGLFDGD SDUD SROtPHURV FRP ODUJD IDL[D GH SHVR
PROHFXODU $ OLPLWDomR SDUD SROtPHURV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU p GDGD SHOD
SHUPHDELOLGDGHGDPHPEUDQD
S2 PpWRGR IRUQHFH DLQGD LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GDV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHUR
VROYHQWH
S2VP{PHWURVFRPHUFLDOL]DGRVDWXDOPHQWHSHUPLWHPPHGLUDSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDGH
XPDVROXomRVLPSOHVHPFHUFDGHDPLQ
$V GHVYDQWDJHQV GD RVPRPHWULD GH PHPEUDQD HVWmR SULQFLSDOPHQWH

UHODFLRQDGDVjVPHPEUDQDV
S6XSHUHVWLPDomRGRVYDORUHVGH M n VmRREVHUYDGRVTXDQGRRVROXWRSROtPHUR
VHGLIXQGHDWUDYpVGDPHPEUDQD&RQVHTHQWHPHQWHDPRVWUDVSROLGLVSHUVDVGH
SROtPHURSRGHPQmRIRUQHFHUUHVXOWDGRVFRQILiYHLV
S$ FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH SROLROHILQDV SRGH VHU XP SUREOHPD XPD YH] TXH HVWDV VH
GLVVROYHP VRPHQWH D DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV FRPSURPHWHQGR D HVWDELOLGDGH GD
PHPEUDQD
S&DUDFWHUL]DomR GH SROLHOHWUyOLWRV SRU RVPRPHWULD GH PHPEUDQD UHTXHU DWHQomR
HVSHFLDO GHYLGR D HIHLWRV L{QLFRV 3RU H[HPSOR YDORUHV GH F SRGHP VHU PDLV
DOWRV SDUD VROXo}HV GH HOHWUyOLWRV HP DXVrQFLD GH VDO DOpP GH DXPHQWDU FRP D
GLOXLomR3DUDVROXo}HVGHSROLHOHWUyOLWRpUHFRPHQGiYHOWUDEDOKDUFRPVROXo}HV
DTXRVDVGRVDOHDEDL[DVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGRSROtPHUR
81(6&26DQWLDJR
%LNDOHV 1 0 HG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI3RO\PHUV(QF\FORSHGLD5HSULQWV:LOH\
,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
1HZ<RUN
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
(OLDV+*0DFURPROHFXOHV6WUXFWXUHDQG3URSHUWLHV3OHQXP3UHVV1HZ<RUN

,PPHUJXW(+DQG*UXONH($(GV3RO\PHU+DQGERRNWKHG-RKQ:LOH\
6RQV,QF1HZ<RUN
0D\V-:H+DGMLFKULVWLGLV10HDVXUHPHQWRI0ROHFXODU:HLJKWVRI3RO\PHUV
E\2VPRPHWU\(P%DUWK+*DQG0D\V-:0RGHUQ0HWKRGVRI3RO\PHU
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUN
0RRUH : - )tVLFR4XtPLFD 6mR 3DXOR $R /LYUR 7pFQLFR 7UDG HP
SRUWXJXrV
1HZ<RUN
:LOODUG++0HUULWW-U//'HDQ-$H6HWWOH-U)$,QVWUXPHQWDO0HWKRGV
RI$QDO\VLVWKHG'9DQ1RVWUDQG&RPSDQ\1HZ<RUN
&DStWXOR
Tcnicas para
Determinao de Peso
Molecular Ponderal Mdio
5.1 Espalhamento de luz

2HVSDOKDPHQWRpXPDLQWHUDomRGDUDGLDomRFRPSDUWtFXODVVXVSHQVDVHPXPPHLR
DWUDYpVGRTXDODUDGLDomRpWUDQVPLWLGD$RLQFLGLUQDSDUWtFXODSDUWHGDUDGLDomRp
HVSDOKDGDHDLQWHQVLGDGHGRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHSHQGHEDVLFDPHQWHGRWDPDQKRGD
SDUWtFXOD,VWRWRUQDDWpFQLFDGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]PXLWR~WLOQDGHWHUPLQDomRGR
SHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLR M w GHSROtPHURV
5.1.1 Propriedades da radiao eletromagntica

$ UDGLDomR HOHWURPDJQpWLFD SRVVXL FDUiWHU WDQWR GH SDUWtFXOD FRPR GH RQGD $
)LJXUD LOXVWUD XPD RQGD HOHWURPDJQpWLFD SRODUL]DGD GH XPD ~QLFD IUHTrQFLD
LVWRpXPDOX]PRQRFURPiWLFD2FDPSRHOHWURPDJQpWLFRSODQRSRODUL]DGRVLJQLILFD
TXHRYHWRUHOpWULFR(YLEUDHPXPSODQRHRYHWRUGRFDPSRPDJQpWLFR+YLEUDHP
RXWUR SODQR RV TXDLV VmR SHUSHQGLFXODUHV HQWUH VL 1D SUiWLFD D PDLRULD GDV
UDGLDo}HV HOHWURPDJQpWLFDV p QmRSRODUL]DGD LVWR p SRVVXHP YHWRUHV HOpWULFRV H
PDJQpWLFRVHPWRGDVDVRULHQWDo}HVSHUSHQGLFXODUHVjGLUHomRGDSURSDJDomR
&RQVLGHUDQGR D QDWXUH]D RQGXODWyULD DV GLIHUHQWHV UDGLDo}HV HOHWURPDJQpWLFDV
VmRQRUPDOPHQWHFDUDFWHUL]DGDVWDQWRSHORVHXFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGD FRPRSHOD
VXDIUHTrQFLD
2FRPSULPHQWRGHRQGDpGHILQLGRFRPRRFRPSULPHQWRGHXPFLFORGDRQGD
RX FRPR D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH GRLV Pi[LPRV RX PtQLPRV VXFHVVLYRV )LJXUD $V
XQLGDGHVGHFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGDQRUPDOPHQWHXVDGDVVmR
P P FPP PLFURPHWUR
QP P FPQP QDQRPHWUR
c P FPc DQJVWURP
)UHTrQFLD p R Q~PHUR GH RVFLODo}HV GR FDPSR RX FLFORV SRU XQLGDGH GH
WHPSRHPVHJXQGRRXKHUW]+] FLFORV
2 FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD H D IUHTrQFLD VmR UHODFLRQDGRV HQWUH VL SRU PHLR GD
VHJXLQWHHTXDomR
Y F
= = (5.1)

RQGHYpDYHORFLGDGHGDSURSDJDomRGDRQGDHFpDYHORFLGDGHGDSURSDJDomRGD
OX]QRYiFXR[PV
$IUHTrQFLDpD~QLFDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDYHUGDGHLUDGHXPDUDGLDomRSDUWLFXODUWDQWR
D YHORFLGDGH GH SURSDJDomR GD OX] RX UDGLDomR FRPR R FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD
GHSHQGHPGDQDWXUH]DGRPHLRDWUDYHVVDGRSHODRQGDHOHWURPDJQpWLFD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGHSURSDJDomRGHXPDRQGDHOHWURPDJQpWLFDSODQRSRODUL]DGD(pRYHWRUHOpWULFRH+p
RYHWRUPDJQpWLFR
5.1.2 Mtodos pticos na caracterizao de polmeros

2VPpWRGRVySWLFRVXWLOL]DGRVQDFDUDFWHUL]DomRGHVLVWHPDVSROLPpULFRVSRGHPVHU
GLYLGLGRVHPPpWRGRVHVSHFWURVFySLFRVHPpWRGRVQmRHVSHFWURVFySLFRV
7pFQLFDSDUD'HWHUPLQDomRGH3HVR0ROHFXODU3RQGHUDO0pGLR
2V PpWRGRV HVSHFWURVFySLFRV EDVHLDPVH QD PHGLGD GD LQWHQVLGDGH H
FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD GH XPD HQHUJLD UDGLDQWH H QR HVSHFWUR SURGX]LGRV SHODV
WUDQVLo}HV HQWUH RV HVWDGRV GH HQHUJLD FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV (VWHV HVSHFWURV SRGHP VHU
GLYLGLGRV HP WUrV WLSRV IXQGDPHQWDLV HVSHFWUR GH DEVRUomR HVSHFWUR GH HPLVVmR
HVSHFWURGHHVSDOKDPHQWR
2V PpWRGRV QmRHVSHFWURVFySLFRV EDVHLDPVH QDV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH D UDGLDomR
HOHWURPDJQpWLFD H D PDWpULD TXH UHVXOWDP HP DOJXPD PXGDQoD QD GLUHomR RX QD
SURSULHGDGH ItVLFD GD UDGLDomR 2V 0HFDQLVPRV HVSHFtILFRV QHVWHV PpWRGRV QmR
HVSHFWURVFySLFRV SRGHP VHU GLYLGLGRV HP UHIUDomR UHIOH[mR HVSDOKDPHQWR
GLIUDomRGLVSHUVmRSRODUL]DomRGLFURtVPR
$OJXQV PpWRGRV TXH WrP VLGR FODVVLILFDGRV FRPR QmRHVSHFWURVFySLFRV
DWXDOPHQWHXWLOL]DPHVSHFWU{PHWURVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGDVPHGLGDVSRUH[HPSORD
GLIUDomRGHUDLRV;
2PpWRGRDVHUDERUGDGRQHVWHFDStWXORpEDVHDGRQRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]QmR
HVSHFWURVFySLFR
2 HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] p XP GRV PpWRGRV PDLV XWLOL]DGRV QD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH
SROtPHURV $ WpFQLFD IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GR SHVR PROHFXODU SRQGHUDO
PpGLR GD PDJQLWXGH GDV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHURVROYHQWH H GR WDPDQKR PpGLR GDV
FDGHLDV
5.1.3 Princpio terico de espalhamento de luz

8P PHLR SHUIHLWDPHQWH KRPRJrQHR QmR p FDSD] GH HVSDOKDU D OX] ,VWR VHULD XPD
VLWXDomRLGHDO1RFDVRGHXPPHLRQmRKRPRJrQHRDOX]pHVSDOKDGDHPWRGDVDV
GLUHo}HV (VWD VLWXDomR p D PDLV FRPXP YLVWR TXH PHVPR VROYHQWHV SXURV FRPR
iJXD RX WROXHQR HVSDOKDP D OX] GHYLGR jV IOXWXDo}HV ORFDLV GH GHQVLGDGH
SURPRYLGDV SHOR PRYLPHQWR EURZQLDQR 6ROXo}HV GH PDFURPROpFXODV VmR
FRQVLGHUDGDV FRPR PHLR QmRKRPRJrQHR $ PRELOLGDGH DOHDWyULD H GLIXVD GDV
PDFURPROpFXODV SURYRFD D IRUPDomR GH iUHDV GH GLIHUHQWHV FRQFHQWUDo}HV (VWDV
iUHDV SRVVXHP GLIHUHQWHV FRQVWDQWHV GLHOpWULFDV H SRUWDQWR GLIHUHQWHV tQGLFHV GH
UHIUDomRHPUHODomRDRIOXLGRFRPRXPWRGR(VWDViUHDVDJHPHQWmRFRPRFHQWURV
GHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]4XDQWRPDLRUIRURWDPDQKRGHVWHVFHQWURVPDLRUVHUiD
DVVLPHWULDQDGLVWULEXLomRGDVLQWHQVLGDGHVGHOX]HPWRUQRGHVWHVFHQWURV
$WHRULDGRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]IRLLQLFLDOPHQWHSURSRVWDHPTXDQGR/RUG
5D\OHLJK DSOLFRX D WHRULD HOHWURPDJQpWLFD FOiVVLFD SDUD H[SOLFDU R IHQ{PHQR GH
HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] SRU PROpFXODV GH JDVHV (OH GHPRQVWURX TXH DV SDUWtFXODV
GLVSHUVDV HP XP PHLR TXDOTXHU DWXDP FRPR IRQWHV GH OX] FXMD LQWHQVLGDGH SRU
XQLGDGHGHYROXPHGRPDWHULDOHVSDOKDQWHp,TXDQGRREVHUYDGDDXPDGLVWkQFLDG
HDXPkQJXORHPUHODomRDRIHL[HLQFLGHQWH
$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDXPGLDJUDPDTXHLOXVWUDRIHQ{PHQRGRHVSDOKDPHQWRGH
XPIHL[HGHOX]SRUXPDSDUWtFXOD
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDGRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]SRUXPDSDUWtFXODTXDOTXHU
2 PpWRGR FRQVLVWH HQWmR QD PHGLGD GD LQWHQVLGDGH GD OX] HVSDOKDGD , DR
SDVVDU SRU XPD VROXomR GLOXtGD GH SROtPHUR $ UD]mR HQWUH D OX] LQFLGHQWH H D OX]
HVSDOKDGDpFRQKHFLGDFRPRUD]mRGH5D\OHLJKHH[SUHVVDVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
I
R = .r 2 (5.2)
Io
RQGH5pDUD]mRGH5D\OHLJK,pDOX]HVSDOKDGD,RpDOX]LQFLGHQWHUpDGLVWkQFLD
HQWUHDSDUWtFXODHRREVHUYDGRUH pRkQJXORHQWUHDGLUHomRGDOX]LQFLGHQWHHGD
OX]HVSDOKDGD
4XDQGR XPD UDGLDomR HOHWURPDJQpWLFD HQFRQWUD XPD SDUWtFXOD VLWXDGD QR VHX
FDPLQKR GH SURSDJDomR HOD LQWHUDJH FRP HVWD SDUWtFXOD LQGX]LQGR RVFLODo}HV QDV
QXYHQVHOHWU{QLFDVGDPDWpULD(VWDVRVFLODo}HVJHUDPGLSRORVRQGHRVHOpWURQVGD
SDUWtFXOD VH DOLQKDP HP XP SODQR GR FDPSR HOHWURPDJQpWLFR $ LQWHQVLGDGH GR
GLSROR LQGX]LGR SHOD LQWHUDomR p SURSRUFLRQDO DR FDPSR HOpWULFR GD UDGLDomR
LQFLGHQWH$FRQVWDQWHGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGHpFRQKHFLGDFRPRGDSRODUL]DELOLGDGH
GDPROpFXODHSRGHVHUREWLGDSHOD(TXDomR
( )
F Q F
= (5.3)
1
RQGH F H 1 VmR D FRQFHQWUDomR H R Q~PHUR GH SDUWtFXODV HVSDOKDQWHV UHVSHF
WLYDPHQWH 2 WHUPR Q F p FRQKHFLGR FRPR LQFUHPHQWR GR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR
HVSHFtILFRHOHYDHPFRQVLGHUDomRDVPXGDQoDVGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRGRPHLRGHYLGR
jSUHVHQoDGDVSDUWtFXODVHVSDOKDQWHV2PpWRGRSDUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGHVWHWHUPR
VHUiGLVFXWLGRSRVWHULRUPHQWH
5.1.4 Espalhamento de luz em soluo de partculas pequenas

4XDQGR DV SDUWtFXODV HVSDOKDQWHV SRVVXHP WDPDQKR PHQRU GR TXH GR
FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD GD OX] LQFLGHQWH D LQWHQVLGDGH GD OX] HVSDOKDGD , p D
PHVPDHPWRGDVDVGLUHo}HVFRPRLOXVWUDGDQD)LJXUD
$ UD]mR HQWUH DV LQWHQVLGDGHV GD OX] HVSDOKDGD , H GD OX] LQFLGHQWH ,R SDUD
XPDFROHomRGHSHTXHQDVSDUWtFXODVLOXPLQDGDVFRPXPDOX]SRODUL]DGDpGDGDSHOD
(TXDomR D TXDO p YiOLGD SDUD XPD ~QLFD SDUWtFXOD VHP FRQVLGHUDU R kQJXOR GH
REVHUYDomR
I 16 4 2 sen 2
=
4o r 2
(5.4)
Io
RQGH p R kQJXOR HQWUH D OX] HVSDOKDGD H D OX] LQFLGHQWH U p D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH R
FHQWURGHHVSDOKDPHQWRHRREVHUYDGRUGHWHFWRUH RpRFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGDGD
OX]QRYiFXR&KHJDVHj(TXDomRFRQVLGHUDQGRRHIHLWRGRGLSRORRVFLODQWH
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDGDLQWHQVLGDGHGDOX]HVSDOKDGD,SDUDSDUWtFXODVPHQRUHVGRTXH
&RPELQDQGR DV (TXDo}HV H REWHPRV D (TXDomR FRQVLGHUDQGR XPD
OX]SRODUL]DGDYHUWLFDOPHQWH R
I
=
(
4 2 c 2 n
c
)n
2
o
2
Io 4o r 2 N (5.5)
2Q~PHURWRWDOGHSDUWtFXODVHVSDOKDQWHVSRGHVHUH[SUHVVRVHJXQGRD(TXDomR

cNA
N= (5.6)
M
RQGH 1$ p R Q~PHUR GH $YRJDGUR H 0 p R SHVR PROHFXODU GD SDUWtFXOD $VVLP D
(TXDomRSRGHVHUH[SUHVVDHPUHODomRDRSHVRPROHFXODUGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
I 4 n n
2
o
2
( c
) cM
2
r 2 = (5.7)
Io 2o NA
2 VXEVFULWR QR LQFUHPHQWR GR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR HVSHFtILFR LQGLFD TXH R
SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR p FRQVWDQWH 2 WHUPR j HVTXHUGD p FRQKHFLGR FRPR D UD]mR GH
5D\OHLJK5
3DUD VLPSOLILFDU D H[SUHVVmR DFLPD p FRPXP DJUXSDU WRGDV DV FRQVWDQWHV j
GLUHLWD GD (TXDomR XPD YH] TXH HODV VmR VHPSUH FRQKHFLGDV SDUD XP
H[SHULPHQWR UHDO GH HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] RX SRGHP VHU GHWHUPLQDGDV IDFLOPHQWH
$JUXSDQGRWRGDVDVFRQVWDQWHVGD(TXDomRREWHPRVD(TXDomR
QR ( F )
Q

.=
R 1 $ (5.8)
$HTXDomRTXHUHODFLRQDDUD]mRGH5D\OHLJKFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUGDPROpFXOD
HPVROXomRSRGHVHUH[SUHVVDGHPRGRVLPSOLILFDGRFRPRQD(TXDomR
Kc 1
=
R M (5.9)
RQGH5pDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVUD]}HVGH5D\OHLJKGDVROXomRHGRVROYHQWHSXUR
$(TXDomRVypYiOLGDTXDQGRQmRH[LVWLUHPLQWHUDo}HVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVRX
VHMD HOD Vy p YiOLGD SDUD FRQFHQWUDo}HV LQILQLWDPHQWH GLOXtGDV FRQFHQWUDomR
WHQGHQGRD]HUR(PFRQFHQWUDo}HVILQLWDVH[LVWHPLQWHUDo}HVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVTXH
GHYHPVHUOHYDGDVHPFRQVLGHUDomR
'H DFRUGR FRP R FRQFHLWR WHUPRGLQkPLFR FRQVLGHUDVH TXH DV IOXWXDo}HV QD
SRODUL]DELOLGDGH GDV PROpFXODV SRU FRQWDV GDV LQWHUDo}HV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV HP
WHPSHUDWXUDSUHVVmRHQ~PHURGHSDUWtFXODVHVSDOKDQWHVFRQVWDQWHVGHSHQGHPGR
SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRHSRUWDQWRSRGHPVHUUHODFLRQDGDVjSUHVVmRRVPyWLFD
$VVLPDYDULDomRGDUD]mRGH5D\OHLJKGDVROXomRFRPUHODomRDRVROYHQWHSXUR
SRGHVHUH[SUHVVDSHODH[SDQVmRYLULDOVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
Kc 1
= + 2 A2 c + 3 A3c2 +......
R M (5.10)
RQGH $ H $ VmR FRQKHFLGRV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH FRPR VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO H
WHUFHLUR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO H GHVFUHYHP DV PXGDQoDV QD SURSULHGDGH GH
HVSDOKDPHQWR FDXVDGDV SHODV LQWHUDo}HV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV D FRQFHQWUDo}HV ILQLWDV
1DPDLRULDGRVFDVRVRWHUFHLURWHUPRpPXLWRSHTXHQRHSRUWDQWRGHVSUH]DGR
&RPR GLVFXWLGR HP FDStWXORV DQWHULRUHV $ SRVLWLYR LQGLFD ERD LQWHUDomR
SROtPHURVROYHQWH HQTXDQWR TXH $ QHJDWLYR LQGLFD TXH DV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHUR
SROtPHUR VmR PDLRUHV GR TXH DV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHURVROYHQWH LVWR p R VROYHQWH
XWLOL]DGRpXPPDXVROYHQWHSDUDDPDFURPROpFXOD
5HVXPLQGR SDUD SDUWtFXODV PHQRUHV GR TXH DV PHGLGDV GH HVSDOKDPHQWR
GHOX]SRGHPVHUIHLWDVDXPkQJXORIL[RQRUPDOPHQWHGH
3DUDGHWHUPLQDUDUD]mRGH5D\OHLJKGDVROXomRHGRVROYHQWHSXURUHODFLRQDVHD
LQWHQVLGDGHGDOX]HVSDOKDGDHPFDGDXPGRVPHLRVFRPDOX]LQFLGHQWH
Razo de Rayleigh da soluo:
I , sol
R , sol = .r 2 (5.11)
Io
Razo de Rayleigh do solvente puro:
I , solvente
R , o = .r 2 (5.12)
Io
3DUD VH GHWHUPLQDU D LQWHQVLGDGH GD OX] LQFLGHQWH ,R XVDVH QRUPDOPHQWH XP
VROYHQWH SDGUmR GH UD]mR GH 5D\OHLJK FRQKHFLGD FRPR SRU H[HPSOR R EHQ]HQR
$VVLP
I , benzeno
R , benzeno = .r 2 (5.13)
Io
/RJR
I , sol . R , benzeno
R , sol = (5.14)
I , benzeno
I , solvente . R , benzeno
R ,o = (5.15)
I , benzeno
$ YDULDomR GD UD]mR GH 5D\OHLJK p FRORFDGD HP JUiILFR HP IXQomR GD
FRQFHQWUDomRREWHQGRVHDUHWDLOXVWUDGDQD)LJXUD$SDUWLUGRFRHILFLHQWHOLQHDU
GD UHWD REWpPVH R LQYHUVR GR SHVR PROHFXODU H D SDUWLU GR FRHILFLHQWH DQJXODU
REWpPVHRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
Figura 5.4. Dependncia da razo de Rayleigh com a concentrao de uma soluo de
partculas, cuja maior dimenso em soluo seja menor do que /20.
5.1.5 Espalhamento de luz em partculas grandes

$ (TXDomR Vy p YiOLGD SDUD SDUWtFXODV SHTXHQDV 3DUD PDFURPROpFXODV FXMR
WDPDQKRGRQRYHORpPDLRUGRTXH DLQWHQVLGDGHGDOX]HVSDOKDGD, YDULD
FRP R kQJXOR GH REVHUYDomR ,VWR RFRUUH SRUTXH R HVSDOKDPHQWR SRGHUi RFRUUHU D
SDUWLU GH YiULRV FHQWURV GD PHVPD SDUWtFXOD (VWH HVSDOKDPHQWR H[LELUi XPD
GLIHUHQoD GH IDVH GH DFRUGR FRP R kQJXOR HQWUH R REVHUYDGRU H D GLUHomR GD OX]
LQFLGHQWH $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD D JHRPHWULD GD OX] HVSDOKDGD D SDUWLU GH GRLV
GLIHUHQWHVSRQWRV3H3GHXPDPHVPDPDFURPROpFXOD
)LJXUD*HRPHWULDGDOX]HVSDOKDGDDSDUWLUGHGRLVSRQWRV3H3GHXPDPHVPDPDFURPROpFXOD
(VWD GLIHUHQoD GH IDVH p RULJLQDGD GD GLIHUHQoD HQWUH DV GLVWkQFLDV GRV FHQWURV
HVSDOKDQWHV3H3HRREVHUYDGRU$XPkQJXOR]HURRXVHMDTXDQGRRREVHUYDGRU
VHHQFRQWUDSUDWLFDPHQWHQDGLUHomRGDOX]LQFLGHQWHDGLIHUHQoDp]HURPHGLGD
TXHRkQJXORGHREVHUYDomRpDXPHQWDGRHVWDGLIHUHQoDDXPHQWD&RPRSRGHVHU
REVHUYDGR QD )LJXUD TXDQGR R REVHUYDGRU HQFRQWUDVH D XP kQJXOR D
GLIHUHQoDGHIDVHFRUUHVSRQGHD'4XDQGRRREVHUYDGRUHQFRQWUDVHDXPkQJXOR
PDLRU GR TXH D GLIHUHQoD GH IDVH ' p PDLRU (VWH DXPHQWR QD GLIHUHQoD GH
IDVHUHVXOWDHPXPGHFUpVFLPRQDLQWHQVLGDGHGDOX]HVSDOKDGD
&RQVLGHUDQGR HVWDV GLIHUHQoDV GH LQWHQVLGDGH GH OX] HVSDOKDGD p QHFHVViULR
LQWURGX]LUXPIDWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWR3DRVFiOFXORV
2 IDWRU GH HVSDOKDPHQWR RX IDWRU IRUPD p GHILQLGR FRPR D UD]mR HQWUH D
LQWHQVLGDGH GD OX] HVSDOKDGD PHGLGD D XP kQJXOR 5 H D LQWHQVLGDGH GD OX]
HVSDOKDGDH[WUDSRODGDDXPkQJXOR]HUR5
intensidade de luz espalhada a um ngulo finito R
P( ) = = (5.16)
intensidade da luz espalhada a um ngulo zero R0
(QWmR SDUD PDFURPROpFXODV DV H[SHULrQFLDV GH HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HQYROYHP
H[WUDSRODo}HVDFRQFHQWUDomR]HURHDkQJXOR]HUR
3DUDTXDOTXHUPDFURPROpFXODGHTXDOTXHUIRUPDRXWDPDQKR3VHUiVHPSUH
DXPkQJXOR]HURPHGLGDTXHRkQJXORGHREVHUYDomRFUHVFHRYDORUGH3
GHFUHVFH
2IDWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWR3pUHODFLRQDGRDRUDLRGHJLUDomRPpGLRTXDGUiWLFR
s H GHSHQGH GD IRUPD GD PDFURPROpFXOD FRPR SRU H[HPSOR HVIHUDV GLVFRV
2
ILQRVEDVW}HVQRYHORDOHDWyULRHWF
$(TXDomRUHODFLRQDRIDWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWR3FRPRUDLRGHJLUDomRGH
XPD PDFURPROpFXOD TXH DSUHVHQWD XPD FRQIRUPDomR VHPHOKDQWH D XP QRYHOR
DOHDWyULRVHQGRDIRUPDFRQVLGHUDGDHVIpULFD
Q R
= + 6 VHQ (5.17)
3
RQGH R p R FRPSULPHQWR GD OX] LQFLGHQWH H QR p R tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR GR PHLR
,QFRUSRUDQGR DV FRUUHo}HV LPSRVWDV SHOR IDWRU GH HVSDOKDPHQWR QD (TXDomR
FKHJDVHjHTXDomRFRQKHFLGDSRU(TXDomRGH=LPP(TXDomR
Kc 1 16 2 no2 2 2
= 1 + S sen + 2 A2c + 3 A3c +
2
(5.18)
R M 3o
2
2
3DUDGHWHUPLQDURSHVRPROHFXODUHRUDLRGHJLUDomRGRQRYHORPDFURPROHFXODU
DUD]mR.F5pFRORFDGDHPJUiILFRYHUVXVRWHUPR>VHQNV@$FRQVWDQWHNVp
HVFROKLGD DUELWUDULDPHQWH H XVDGD DSHQDV SDUD VHSDUDU JUDILFDPHQWH DV FXUYDV
LQGLYLGXDLV GR HVSDOKDPHQWR D GLIHUHQWHV FRQFHQWUDo}HV $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD XP
GLDJUDPD GH HVSDOKDPHQWR FRQKHFLGR FRPR GLDJUDPD GH =LPP 1HVWH GLDJUDPD
GXDVH[WUDSRODo}HVGHYHPVHUIHLWDV
S&RQVLGHUDQGR R kQJXOR FRQVWDQWH H H[WUDSRODQGR j FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR R
FRHILFLHQWHDQJXODUIRUQHFHRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO$
S&RQVLGHUDQGRDFRQFHQWUDomRFRQVWDQWHHH[WUDSRODQGRDRkQJXOR]HURREWpPVH
RFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODU%(TXDomRHDSDUWLUGHVWHRUDLRGHJLUDomR
1 16 2 no2 2
B= S
3o2 (5.19)
M
$V H[WUDSRODo}HV D kQJXOR H FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR IRUQHFHP R LQYHUVR GR YDORU GR
SHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLR M w
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDWRWDOGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]SHODVROXomRGHPDFURPROpFXODVWDPEpPFRQKHFLGRFRPR
GLDJUDPDGH=LPP
5.1.6 Instrumento utilizado na tcnica de espalhamento de luz

8P HVTXHPD GH XP LQVWUXPHQWR XWLOL]DGR HP DQiOLVHV GH SROtPHURV SRU
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]pDSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUD
)LJXUD6LVWHPDySWLFRGHXPHVSHFWU{PHWURGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]FRQVWUXtGRSDUDREVHUYDomRD
kQJXORVGHRRH
2LQVWUXPHQWRpFRPSRVWRGDVSDUWHVGHVFULWDVDVHJXLUVHQGRTXHDSUHVHQoDGD
OHQWH PRQRFURPDGRU FROLPDGRU H SRODUL]DGRU LQGLFDGRV QD )LJXUD QmR p
QHFHVViULDTXDQGRVHXVDODVHUFRPRIRQWHGHOX]
S)RQWHGHOX]2VDQWLJRVHVSHFWU{PHWURVXWLOL]DYDPXPDOkPSDGDGHPHUF~ULR
GHDOWDSUHVVmRFRPRIRQWHGHOX]HPFRQMXQWRFRPXPVLVWHPDGHILOWURVDILP
GHVHREWHUXPIHL[HGHOX]PRQRFURPiWLFD$WXDOPHQWHXWLOL]DVHIHL[HGHODVHU
)HL[HV GH ODVHU VmR LGHDLV SDUD H[SHULPHQWRV HQYROYHQGR HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX]
SRUTXH D OX] p PRQRFURPiWLFD SHUIHLWDPHQWH FROLPDGD LQWHQVD H SRGH VHU
FRPSOHWDPHQWHSRODUL]DGD
S&pOXODGHPHGLGD$FpOXODGHPHGLGDpFRORFDGDHPXPWHUPRVWDWR$UUDQK}HV
RX FpOXODV PDOOLPSDV FRPSURPHWHP PDLV D PHGLGD GR TXH D IDOWD GH
WHUPRVWDWL]DomR
S'HWHFWRUHVGDOX]HVSDOKDGD2VDSDUHOKRVSRGHPVHUFRQVWUXtGRVGHWDOIRUPD
DSHUPLWLUXPDGHWHFomRDXPkQJXORHVSHFtILFRRXDYiULRVkQJXORV
6LVWHPDVGHGHWHFomRDDSHQDVXPkQJXORSHUPLWHPVRPHQWHGHWHUPLQDURSHVR
PROHFXODU SRQGHUDO PpGLR H IRUQHFHU LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GDV LQWHUDo}HV
SROtPHURVROYHQWHDSDUWLUGDGHWHUPLQDomRGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO&RPRD
GHSHQGrQFLDDQJXODUGDOX]HVSDOKDGDQmRSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDWDLVHTXLSDPHQWRV
QmRSHUPLWHPGHWHUPLQDURUDLRGHJLUDomRGDPDFURPROpFXOD
6LVWHPDV GH GHWHFomR FRP kQJXORV P~OWLSORV SHUPLWHP GHWHUPLQDU R SHVR
PROHFXODURVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHGHYLULDOHRUDLRGHJLUDomRRXVHMDRWDPDQKRGD
PDFURPROpFXOD $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD R HVTXHPD GH XP VLVWHPD GH GHWHFWRUHV
P~OWLSORV
)LJXUD6LVWHPDGHGHWHFWRUHVP~OWLSORVGHXPHVSHFWU{PHWURGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]DODVHU
$ DPRVWUD FRQWLGD GHQWUR GD FpOXOD GH DQiOLVH HVSDOKD D OX] HP WRGDV DV
GLUHo}HV2HTXLSDPHQWRSRVVXLYiULRVGHWHFWRUHVFRORFDGRVHPWRUQRGDFpOXODGH
DQiOLVHHDGLIHUHQWHVSRVLo}HVDQJXODUHV$UHVSRVWDIRUQHFLGDSRUFDGDGHWHFWRUp
GLUHWDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDOjLQWHQVLGDGHGDOX]HVSDOKDGD2VVLQDLVVmRWUDQVPLWLGRV
VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH D XP VLVWHPD GH FRPSXWDGRU TXH IRUQHFH GLUHWDPHQWH RV GDGRV
UHIHUHQWHVDRSHVRPROHFXODUVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOHUDLRGHJLUDomR
$OJXQVHVSHFWU{PHWURVHPSUHJDPGHWHFWRUHVTXHSHUPLWHPPHGLUDLQWHQVLGDGH
GH OX] HVSDOKDGD D SHTXHQR kQJXOR QD IDL[D HQWUH R H R 1HVWHV FDVRV QmR p
QHFHVViULD D H[WUDSRODomR DQJXODU LPSRVWD QR GLDJUDPD GH =LPP 2V YDORUHV GH
M w REWLGRVSRUHVWDWpFQLFDVmRDEVROXWRV(VWDWpFQLFDSRUVHUEDVWDQWHVHQVtYHO
SHUPLWHDXWLOL]DomRGHVROXo}HVEHPGLOXtGDV
5.1.7 Preparao da amostra

2SDUkPHWURQHFHVViULRSDUDDDQiOLVHGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHXPD
VROXomRpRH[FHVVRGDUD]mRGH5D\OHLJK5 5VROXomR5VROYHQWH3RUWDQWRTXDOTXHU
FRQWDPLQDomRSRUSDUWtFXODVGHSRHLUDRXRXWUDVSDUWtFXODVWDQWRQDVROXomRRXQR
VROYHQWH SRGH DFDUUHWDU YDORUHV LQFRUUHWRV GH 5 &RQVHTHQWHPHQWH RV
SDUkPHWURV M w $ H UDLR GH JLUDomR QmR VHUmR UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GD VROXomR HP
DQiOLVH e QHFHVViULR HQWmR HOLPLQDU DR Pi[LPR D TXDQWLGDGH GH SDUWtFXODV HVWUD
QKDVSRHLUDPLFURJpLVRXDJUHJDGRVFRQWLGDVWDQWRQRVROYHQWHTXDQWRQDVROXomR
6ROXo}HVSROLPpULFDVFRQWDPLQDGDVFRPSRHLUDIRUQHFHUmRPDLRUHVYDORUHVGH5
GR TXH VROXo}HV QmR FRQWDPLQDGDV GHYLGR DR WDPDQKR H IRUPD GDV SDUWtFXODV GH
SRHLUD,VWRIRUQHFHUiYDORUHVGH5DFLPDGRVYDORUHVUHDLVVXSHUHVWLPDQGRRSHVR
PROHFXODU SRQGHUDO PpGLR $V UHWDV UHODFLRQDGDV WDQWR j FRQFHQWUDomR TXDQWR DR
kQJXOR WHUmR WDPEpP FRHILFLHQWHV DQJXODUHV PDLRUHV GR TXH RV YDORUHV UHDLV H
SRUWDQWR s 2 H $ DSUHVHQWDUmR YDORUHV PDLRUHV GR TXH DTXHOHV REWLGRV HP
VROXo}HVSROLPpULFDVSXULILFDGDV
$SXULILFDomRGHVROYHQWHVHVROXo}HVH[LJHDWHQomRHVSHFLDOQHVWHVH[SHULPHQWRV
$ SRHLUD H RXWUDV SDUWtFXODV HVWmR VHPSUH SUHVHQWHV HP VROYHQWHV H VROXo}HV QD
DSDUHOKDJHPGHYLGURGHQWURGDFpOXODGHPHGLGDGRHTXLSDPHQWRHQROtTXLGRGR
EDQKR$SUHVHQoDGHSDUWtFXODVHVWUDQKDVQDFpOXODSRGHVHUPLQLPL]DGDDSDUWLUGH
OLPSH]D DSURSULDGD 7DQWR R VROYHQWH TXDQWR D VROXomR GHYHP VHU ILOWUDGRV
XWLOL]DQGRVHILOWURVDSURSULDGRV
5.1.8 Determinao do incremento do ndice de refrao especfico

$UD]mRGH5D\OHLJKGHSHQGHGDSRODUL]DELOLGDGHGDPDFURPROpFXODTXHSRUVXDYH]
p IXQomR GR LQFUHPHQWR GR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR QF $ GHWHUPLQDomR GHVWH
SDUkPHWURpIHLWDXWLOL]DQGRXPUHIUDW{PHWURGLIHUHQFLDO8PDFRQILJXUDomRyWLFDGH
XP UHIUDW{PHWUR p H[HPSOLILFDGD QD )LJXUD 8P IHL[H GH OX] PRQRFURPiWLFD
DWUDYHVVD XPD FpOXOD TXH SRVVXL GRLV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV H p PRQWDGD VREUH XP
GLVSRVLWLYR JLUDWyULR (VWHV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV VmR VHSDUDGRV HQWUH VL SRU XPD MDQHOD
SRVLFLRQDGD D XP GHWHUPLQDGR kQJXOR 8P GRV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV GD FpOXOD FRQWpP
DSHQDVVROYHQWHHpGHQRPLQDGRODGRGHUHIHUrQFLD2RXWURODGRGDFpOXODFRQWpPD
VROXomRSROLPpULFD$FpOXODpFRORFDGDGHQWURGHXPEORFRPHWiOLFRWHUPRVWDWL]DGR
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDGHXPUHIUDW{PHWURGLIHUHQFLDO
$ YDULDomR GR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR HP IXQomR GD FRQFHQWUDomR p GDGD VHJXQGR D
(TXDomR
n n
= + 1 c + ......
c c (5.20)
&RORFDQGRVH HP JUiILFR RV YDORUHV GH QF YHUVXV F H H[WUDSRODQGRVH j

FRQFHQWUDomR]HURREWpPVHRLQFUHPHQWRGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHVSHFtILFR
5.1.9 Espalhamento de luz dinmico

2 HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] GLQkPLFR p GHVFULWR SHOD VLJOD '/6 D TXDO WHP RULJHP QDV
LQLFLDLV GR QRPH HP LQJOrV G\QDPLF OLJKW VFDWWHULQJ 2 '/6 WDPEpP p DOJXPDV
YH]HVGHVLJQDGRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]TXDVHHOiVWLFRTXDVLHODVWLFOLJKWVFDWWHULQJ
4/6
5.1.9.1 Introduo
$QWLJDPHQWH SHQVDYDVH TXH PROpFXODV HP VROXomR QmR WLQKDP PRYLPHQWR D
PHQRV TXH VH DSOLFDVVH XPD IRUoD H[WHUQD 0DLV WDUGH Mi VH FRQVLGHUDYD R
PRYLPHQWR PROHFXODU FRPR VHQGR HYLGHQWH (VWH PRYLPHQWR PROHFXODU FDXVD
IOXWXDo}HVGHFRQFHQWUDomRHPXPGDGRYROXPHGDVROXomRHPIXQomRGRWHPSR1R
HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] GLQkPLFR '/6 D LQWHQVLGDGH GH HVSDOKDPHQWR HP FXUWRV
LQWHUYDORV GH WHPSR p UHJLVWUDGD FRPR XPD IXQomR GR WHPSR H IOXWXDo}HV QHVVD
LQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRVmRREVHUYDGDVFRPRFRQVHTrQFLDGDVIOXWXDo}HVGH
FRQFHQWUDomRQRYROXPHGHHVSDOKDPHQWR
$ WpFQLFD GH '/6 SHUPLWH D UiSLGD REWHQomR GR FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR GH
PDFURPROpFXODV HP VROXomR D SDUWLU GD DQiOLVH GD GLVWULEXLomR GH IUHTrQFLD GDV
IOXWXDo}HVQDLQWHQVLGDGHGHOX]HVSDOKDGDHPXPDGDGDGLUHomRLVWRpGHWHFomRGD
LQWHQVLGDGH GH OX] HVSDOKDGD D XP kQJXOR IL[R (VWDV IOXWXDo}HV RULJLQDPVH GDV
YDULDo}HV QR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR GHQWUR GR YROXPH GH HVSDOKDPHQWR GHYLGR DR
PRYLPHQWR EURZQLDQR GDV SDUWtFXODV 6HQGR DVVLP DV IOXWXDo}HV ORFDLV GHQWUR GR
YROXPHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVFRPRFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRDSDUHQWHH
RYHWRUGHRQGDGRHVSDOKDPHQWRVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
= D.q 2 (5.21)
RQGH p D FRQVWDQWH GH FRUUHODomR RX GH UHOD[DomR ' p R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR
DSDUHQWHHTpRYHWRUGHRQGDGRHVSDOKDPHQWR
2H[SHULPHQWRGH'/6FRQVLVWHHPREWHUDIOXWXDomRGRVLQDOGHLQWHQVLGDGHGH
OX]HVSDOKDGDFRPRWHPSRUHDOL]DURFiOFXORGDFRUUHODomRGHVVHVYDORUHVHREWHU
SRUWUDQVIRUPDGDGH)RXULHURHVSHFWURGHIUHTrQFLDVGHIOXWXDomR(VVHHVSHFWUR
pHQWmRDMXVWDGRSRUXPDFXUYDORUHQW]LDQD(TXDomRDSDUWLUGDTXDOREWpP
VH R YDORU GD FRQVWDQWH GH FRUUHODomR * RX FRQVWDQWH UHOD[DomR XWLOL]DQGRVH R
YDORU GD PHLD DOWXUD j PHLD ODUJXUD GD FXUYD 2 YDORU GR FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR p
HQWmRFDOFXODGRSRUPHLRGD(TXDomR
G ( ) = A + B exp (2 Dq 2 ) (5.22)
RQGH $ p R YDORU GD OLQKD EDVH H % p R IDWRU SUpH[SRQHQFLDO FRQWHQGR FRQVWDQWHV

ySWLFDVGRHTXLSDPHQWRHGDDPRVWUD
2FRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRDSDUHQWHSRGHFRQWHUFRQWULEXLo}HVWDQWRGRPRYLPHQWR
URWDFLRQDOFRPRGRWUDQVODFLRQDO3DUDVHREWHURFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRWUDQVODFLRQDO
SXUR'RpQHFHVViULRH[WUDSRODURFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRDSDUHQWHDRYHWRUGHRQGD
GH HVSDOKDPHQWR ]HUR 3DUD XPD SDUWtFXOD WLSR EDVWmR HVWD H[WUDSRODomR SRGH VHU
H[SUHVVDSHOD(TXDomR
D = Do (1 + C < S 2 > q 2 ) (5.23)
2 SDUkPHWUR & TXH UHSUHVHQWD D FRQWULEXLomR GH PRYLPHQWRV LQWHUQRV DR

FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR DSDUHQWH Gi XPD PHGLGD GD IOH[LELOLGDGH QR FDVR GH
HVWUXWXUDVHPFDGHLD3DUDEDVW}HV&WHPXPYDORUWHyULFRGH&RPRDXPHQWR
GD IOH[LELOLGDGH GD FDGHLD & SDVVD SRU XP YDORU Pi[LPR GH D H HQWmR
DOFDQoDXPOLPLWHWHyULFRGHSDUDXPDHVWUXWXUDHPQRYHORDOHDWyULR
2UDLRKLGURGLQkPLFRGDVSDUWtFXODV5+pREWLGRGH'RXWLOL]DQGRD(TXDomRGH
6WRNHV(LQVWHLQ(TXDomR
kT
RH = (5.24)
6Do
RQGHNpDFRQVWDQWHGH%ROW]PDQQ7pDWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDH pDYLVFRVLGDGH
GRVROYHQWH
8PDRXWUDIRUPDGHLQWHUSUHWDURVGDGRVGH'/6FRQVLVWHHPDMXVWDUDIXQomRGH
FRUUHODomR*QmRSRUXPDPDVSRUGXDVH[SRQHQFLDLVFRQIRUPHD(TXDomR
G ( ) = A f exp (t / f ) + As exp ((t / se ) ) (5.25)
VHQGR$I$V
RQGH $I H $V VmR RV PRGRV GH UHOD[DomR UiSLGD H OHQWD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH VH p XP
GDGRWHPSRGHUHOD[DomRHIHWLYRH 0 < 1 pXPDPHGLGDGDGLVWULEXLomRGRV
WHPSRVGHUHOD[DomR
5.1.9.2 A largura da linha e a funo do tempo de correlao
$LGpLDEiVLFDGR'/6pVLPSOHVHQmRpQRYD2'/6UHVXOWDGRHIHLWR'RSSOHU(VWHp
XPHIHLWREHPFRQKHFLGRGHDFRUGRFRPRTXDODIUHTrQFLDGDIRQWHHPPRYLPHQWR
D PROpFXOD p GHVORFDGD SDUD YDORUHV PDLV DOWRV RX PDLV EDL[RV VH D IRQWH HVWLYHU
PRYHQGRVH SDUD PDLV SHUWR RX PDLV ORQJH GR GHWHFWRU 2 GHVORFDPHQWR p
SURSRUFLRQDOjUD]mRHQWUHDYHORFLGDGHGDIRQWH HDYHORFLGDGHGHSURSDJDomR
GD RQGD Y 0ROpFXODV QR HVWDGR JDVRVR H HP VROXo}HV PRYHPVH HP WRGDV DV
GLUHo}HVQRHVSDoRHDSUHVHQWDPXPDGLVWULEXLomRGHYHORFLGDGHV(QWmRREVHUYDVH
XPDODUJDPHQWRFRQWtQXRGDOLQKDGHIUHTrQFLDHQmRXPGHVORFDPHQWRGLVFUHWR2
DODUJDPHQWR GD ODUJXUD GD OLQKD p SURSRUFLRQDO DR FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR
WUDQVODFLRQDO$)LJXUDDPRVWUDRDODUJDPHQWRGDOLQKDHVSHFWUDOHPIXQomRGD
IUHTrQFLD FDXVDGR SHOD GLVWULEXLomR GH YHORFLGDGHV GH PRYLPHQWR GDV PROpFXODV
(IHLWR 'RSSOHU $ )LJXUD E PRVWUD D IXQomR GH WHPSR GH FRUUHODomR &W
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHjOLQKDHVSHFWUDODSUHVHQWDGDQD)LJXUDDQRGRPtQLRGHWHPSR
)LJXUDD)RUPD6GHXPDOLQKDHVSHFWUDOTXHpDODUJDGDSHORHIHLWR'RSSOHUHEIXQomRGRWHPSR

GHFRUUHODomR&WFRUUHVSRQGHQWHQRGRPtQLRGHWHPSR$ODUJXUDGDOLQKDpSURSRUFLRQDODRFRHILFLHQWH
GHGLIXVmRWUDQVODFLRQDO
5.1.9.3 Funo de tempo de correlao da intensidade de espalhamento
2PRYLPHQWROHQWRGDVPDFURPROpFXODVWRUQDQHFHVViULRWUDEDOKDUHPXPGRPtQLR
GHWHPSRHDSUHQGHUDPDQXVHDURVGDGRV1RHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]FRQYHQFLRQDORX
HVWiWLFR HVFROKHVH XP YROXPH GH HVSDOKDPHQWR JUDQGH H XP WHPSR GH UHJLVWUR
ORQJR 6RE WDLV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV WRGDV DV IOXWXDo}HV UHVXOWDQWHV GR PRYLPHQWR GDV
PROpFXODVVmROLGDVFRPRXPDPpGLD1R'/6RYROXPHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRpSHTXHQR
HRWHPSRGHUHJLVWURpFXUWRGDRUGHPGHVRXPHQRU3RULVVRDLQWHQVLGDGH
GHHVSDOKDPHQWRH[LEHIOXWXDo}HVDFHQWXDGDVFRPRPRVWUDGRHVTXHPDWLFDPHQWHQD
)LJXUD
(A A ) = (A A ) (A A ) = (A A )
N
R
FDQDO 0 1 i i +1 RFDQDO 0 2 i i+2
1 1
QRFDQDO (A A ) = (A A )
0 n i i+n 1
1
i (0 )i (t ) = A A G (t )
0 n 2

)LJXUD)OXWXDo}HVGDLQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRDWHPSRVFXUWRVHPWRUQRGDPpGLD$!DTXDO
UHSUHVHQWDDLQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HVWiWLFR$LpRQ~PHURGHIyWRQVFKHJDQGRDRGHWHFWRUHP
XPLQWHUYDORGHWHPSRWV1pRQ~PHURGHSURGXWRV$L$LQIRUPDGRVSHORQ~PHURGHIyWRQVQR
LJp]LPRLQWHUYDORGHWHPSRHQR~OWLPRLQWHUYDORGHWHPSRQW
$VIOXWXDo}HVREVHUYDGDVQD)LJXUDQmRUHVXOWDPGDYDULDomRQRQ~PHURGH
PROpFXODVQRYROXPHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRHODVVmRFDXVDGDVSHORDJUXSDPHQWRFDVXDO
GHPROpFXODVRTXDOGiRULJHPDXPDLQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRIRUWHVHJXLGD
SRUXPDGLVVRFLDomRRQGHDLQWHQVLGDGHGHOX]HVSDOKDGDQmRpWmRIRUWH
'HVVH PRGR DV IOXWXDo}HV FRQWrP LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GD PRELOLGDGH GDV
PDFURPROpFXODV 7DLV LQIRUPDo}HV SRGHP VHU REWLGDV GR PRGR GHVFULWR D VHJXLU
7RPHPRV$LFRPRRQ~PHURGHIyWRQVFKHJDQGRQRGHWHFWRUQRLQWHUYDORGHWHPSR
W8WLOL]DQGRXPFRPSXWDGRURQ~PHURGHIyWRQVGHWHFWDGRVHPGRLVLQWHUYDORVGH
WHPSR VXFHVVLYRV VmR PXOWLSOLFDGRV H R SURGXWR p DUPD]HQDGR HP XP SULPHLUR
FDQDO GR FRUUHODWRU (VWH SURFHGLPHQWR p UHSHWLGR FHUFD GH YH]HV H
DUPD]HQDGRQRFDQDO2VSURGXWRVGHQ~PHURGHIyWRQV$LH$LVmRDUPD]HQDGRV
QRFDQDOHDVVLPVXFHVVLYDPHQWH(YHQWXDOPHQWHQR~OWLPRFDQDOQRVSURGXWRV
GH $L H $LQ VmR FROHWDGRV 2 UHVXOWDGR GHVWD PDQLSXODomR GH GDGRV p PRVWUDGR QD
)LJXUD SDUD XPD VROXomR RUJkQLFD GH SROtPHUR GH SROLGLVSHUVmR HVWUHLWD $
IXQomR GH GHFDLPHQWR H[SRQHQFLDO p GHQRPLQDGD IXQomR GH WHPSR GH FRUUHODomR
7&) GD LQWHQVLGDGH GH HVSDOKDPHQWR (VWD GHQRPLQDomR p EDVHDGD QR IDWR GR
LQWHUYDORGHWHPSRHVFROKLGRSDUDRUHJLVWURGHIyWRQVVHUSHTXHQRGHPDLVSDUDTXH
WHQKD RFRUULGR FROLVmR HQWUH D PDLRULD GDV PROpFXODV 3RU LVVR HODV WrP XPD ERD
PHPyULDGDGLUHomRHPDJQLWXGHGHVXDVYHORFLGDGHVGXUDQWHRLQWHUYDORGHWHPSR
LPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHULRU(QWUHWDQWRDSyVXPORQJRWHPSRGHDWUDVRDVPROpFXODV
WHUmR VRIULGR PXLWDV FROLV}HV H WHUmR SHUGLGR WRGD D PHPyULD GH VXDV YHORFLGDGHV
LQLFLDLV(QWmRDFXUYDPRVWUDGDQD)LJXUDGHVFUHYHRGHFDLPHQWRDSDUWLUGH
XP PRYLPHQWR DOWDPHQWH FRUUHODFLRQDGR SDUD RXWUR FRPSOHWDPHQWH QmR
FRUUHODFLRQDGR e LPSRUWDQWH OHPEUDU TXH DV IOXWXDo}HV RFRUUHP HP WRUQR GH XP
YDORUPpGLR)LJXUDRTXDOpDLQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRTXHpUHJLVWUDGD
SHORHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HVWiWLFR
5.1.10 Exemplos de aplicaes

5.1.10.1 Caracterizao de copolmeros
&RPR PHQFLRQDGR QR WH[WR R HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] HVWiWLFR 6/6 SHUPLWH
GHWHUPLQDU R SHVR PROHFXODU SRQGHUDO PpGLR M w R UDLR GH JLUDomR 6 H R
VHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO$4XDQGRUHVXOWDGRVGHKRPRSROtPHURVVmRDQDOLVDGRV
DVVXPHVH VHPSUH TXH WRGDV DV PROpFXODV SRVVXHP R PHVPR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR H
TXH HODV GLIHUHP VRPHQWH QR SHVR PROHFXODU 2 FDVR GH FRSROtPHURV TXH VmR
KHWHURJrQHRVQDFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDFRQVWLWXLXPDH[FHomRjUHJUD
)LJXUD)XQomRGRWHPSRGHFRUUHODomRGDLQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWR*W LLW!GHXPD
VROXomRRUJkQLFDGHSROtPHURSROLGLVSHUVRFRPRXPDIXQomRGRWHPSRGHDWUDVR
4XDQGR RV FRSROtPHURV VmR SUHSDUDGRV p SUDWLFDPHQWH LPSRVVtYHO REWHU

PROpFXODV GH FRPSRVLomR XQLIRUPH &RQVHTHQWHPHQWH FRPR R tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR
GHSHQGH GD FRPSRVLomR DV UHJUDV FOiVVLFDV VXVWHQWiYHLV HP XP VLVWHPD
SROLGLVSHUVR QmR VmR DSOLFiYHLV $OpP GLVVR HP FHUWRV FDVRV RV YiULRV WLSRV GH
VHTrQFLD RFXSDP SRVLo}HV GLVWLQWDV HP UHODomR DR FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH GD
PROpFXOD'HVWHPRGRDGLVWULEXLomRDQJXODUGHOX]HVSDOKDGDpFRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH
GLIHUHQWHGDTXHODHQFRQWUDGDQRFDVRGHKRPRSROtPHURV
$VVLP R YDORU GH SHVR PROHFXODU FDOFXODGR D SDUWLU GR HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX]
HVWiWLFR6/6pQDYHUGDGHXPSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLRDSDUHQWH M app R
TXDO YDULD FRP R tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR GR VROYHQWH XWLOL]DGR QR SUHSDUR GD VROXomR
SDUDXPDPHVPDDPRVWUDGHFRSROtPHUR
(VWXGRV HQYROYHQGR FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU GH FRSROtPHURV SRU
HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] HVWiWLFR FLWDP R XVR GH VROYHQWH LVRUUHIUDWLYRV 6ROYHQWH
LVRUUHIUDWLYRpDTXHOHTXHHPXPVLVWHPDGHGRLVFRPSRQHQWHV$H%SRVVXLtQGLFH
UHIUDomRLJXDOjTXHOHGHXPGRVFRPSRQHQWHV'HVWHPRGRDWpFQLFDVypFDSD]GH
GHWHFWDU R FRPSRQHQWH FRP tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR GLIHUHQWH GDTXHOH GR VROYHQWH
XWLOL]DGR $VVLP XWLOL]DQGR XP VROYHQWH LVRUUHIUDWLYR SDUD R FRPSRQHQWH $ p
SRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDURSHVRPROHFXODUGDVHTrQFLD%(PRXWUDDQiOLVHXWLOL]DQGR
VH XP VROYHQWH LVRUUHIUDWLYR SDUD R FRPSRQHQWH % p SRVVtYHO GHWHUPLQDU R SHVR
PROHFXODUGDVHTrQFLD$1HVWHFDVRRVYDORUHVGHSHVRPROHFXODUVmRFDOFXODGRV
FRPR GHVFULWR DQWHULRUPHQWH UHDOL]DQGR D DQiOLVH FRP VROXo}HV GH FRQFHQWUDo}HV
YDULDGDVGHWHFWDQGRDLQWHQVLGDGHGHHVSDOKDPHQWRDkQJXORVWDPEpPYDULDGRVH
FRQVWUXLQGRRJUiILFRGH=LPP
5.1.10.2 Caracterizao de agregao molecular

$V DQiOLVHV SDUD GHWHUPLQDomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU VmR UHDOL]DGDV HP JHUDO HP
FRQFHQWUDo}HV GLOXtGDV D ILP GH DVVHJXUDU R HVWDGR QmRDVVRFLDGR GDV PROpFXODV
3DUDFRQFHQWUDo}HVPDLVHOHYDGDVQDVTXDLVDVPROpFXODVHQFRQWUDPVHDVVRFLDGDV
D WpFQLFD GH HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] QmR p FDSD] GH GHWHUPLQDU R SHVR PROHFXODU GH
XPD PROpFXOD LVRODGD PDV VLP GR DJUHJDGR FRPR XP WRGR (VWH IDWR p ~WLO QD
GHWHUPLQDomR GD IRUPDomR GH DJUHJDGRV PROHFXODUHV H SHUPLWH DLQGD FDOFXODU R
Q~PHURGHPROpFXODVSUHVHQWHVQRDJUHJDGRHPFDGDFRQFHQWUDomR'HXPPRGR
EDVWDQWHVLPSOHVDIRUPDomRGRDJUHJDGRHPIXQomRGDFRQFHQWUDomRWHPSHUDWXUD
RX TXDOLGDGH GR VROYHQWH SRGH VHU GHWHFWDGD TXDQGR R YDORU GR SHVR PROHFXODU
FDOFXODGR DXPHQWD $ SDUWLU GR YDORU GR SHVR PROHFXODU FDOFXODGR SDUD VROXo}HV
GLOXtGDV H GR SHVR PROHFXODU FDOFXODGR SDUD R DJUHJDGR p SRVVtYHO FDOFXODU R
Q~PHURPpGLRGHPROpFXODVTXHFRQVWLWXHPRDJUHJDGR
2XWUR PRGR GH REVHUYDU D IRUPDomR GH DJUHJDGRV PROHFXODUHV HP XPD DPSOD
IDL[DGHFRQFHQWUDomRGDVVROXo}HVpDWUDYpVGRSHUILOGRJUiILFRGH=LPPREWLGR
(PJHUDORJUiILFRGH=LPPpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUYiULDVUHWDVDVTXDLVVmRH[WUDSRODGDV
SDUDFRQFHQWUDomRHkQJXOR]HURYHU)LJXUD1RFDVRGHVLVWHPDVHPTXHKiD
IRUPDomR GH DJUHJDGRV QD IDL[D GH FRQFHQWUDomR DQDOLVDGD R JUiILFR GH =LPP
DSUHVHQWDVHFRPRFXUYDV)LJXUDeLPSRUWDQWHOHPEUDUHQWUHWDQWRTXHHP
FRQGLo}HV DGYHUVDV GH DQiOLVH SRHLUD OX] H[WHUQD HP H[FHVVR HWF R JUiILFR GH
=LPPWDPEpPVHDSUHVHQWDQDIRUPDGHFXUYDVPHVPRSDUDVROXo}HVGHPROpFXODV
QmRDJUHJDGDV
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDGH=LPPSDUDXPVLVWHPDKLSRWpWLFRQRTXDOHVWiRFRUUHQGRDVVRFLDomRPROHFXODU
$IRUPDomRGHDJUHJDGRVPROHFXODUHVWDPEpPSRGHVHUGHWHFWDGDSRUHVSDOKD
PHQWRGHOX]GLQkPLFR3DUDWDQWRGHYHPVHUSUHSDUDGDVYiULDVVROXo}HVGHFRQFHQ
WUDo}HVYDULDGDV3DUDFDGDFRQFHQWUDomRREWpPVHXPFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmR([WUD
SRODQGRVHRVYDORUHVGHFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRSDUDFRQFHQWUDomR]HURREWpPVHR
YDORUGH'R'HSRVVHGRYDORUGH'RHXWLOL]DQGRD(TXDomRGH6WRNHV(LQVWHLQ
pSRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDURYDORUGRUDLRKLGURGLQkPLFR5+2UDLRKLGURGLQkPLFRGHXP
SROtPHUR HP XP PHVPR VROYHQWH QD PHVPD WHPSHUDWXUD YDULD HP IXQomR GR
HVWDGRGHDJUHJDomRGDVPROpFXODV
5.1.10.3 Sistemas combinados

2VHTXLSDPHQWRVGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]SRGHPVHUDFRSODGRVFRPRXWURVVLVWHPDV
GHDQiOLVH2HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]pSRUH[HPSORPXLWRXWLOL]DGRFRPRGHWHFWRUHP
FURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRYHUFDStWXORLWHP
5.2 Ultracentrifugao
5.2.1 Introduo
4XDQGR SDUWtFXODV PDFURVFySLFDV HP XP OtTXLGR GHSRVLWDPVH VRE D DomR GD
JUDYLGDGHpSRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDUVHXWDPDQKRHSHVR0DFURPROpFXODVHPVROXomR
QRUPDOPHQWHDSUHVHQWDPWDPDQKRVPXLWRPHQRUHVHOHYDULDPDQRVSDUDVXSHUDUR
PRYLPHQWREURZQLDQRHIRUPDUXPVHGLPHQWR(VWHSUREOHPDSRGHVHUFRQWRUQDGR
VXEPHWHQGR DV PROpFXODV D XPD IRUoD H[WHUQD IRUWH R VXILFLHQWH SDUD DOWHUDU VXD
GLVWULEXLomR HVSDFLDO GH PRGR VLJQLILFDWLYR HP XP SHUtRGR GH WHPSR FXUWR (VWH
REMHWLYRIRLSULPHLUDPHQWHDOFDQoDGRSRU6YHGEHUJHPVROXo}HVSROLPpULFDV
IRUDP VXEPHWLGDV D FDPSRV GH IRUoD LQWHQVRV JHUDGRV FRP DOWDV YHORFLGDGHV GH
URWDomR
$ DQiOLVH GH VHGLPHQWDomR IRUQHFH YDORUHV DEVROXWRV GH SHVR PROHFXODU FRP
PXLWRERDSUHFLVmRHpDSOLFiYHODXPDH[WHQVDIDL[DGHSHVRVPROHFXODUHVGHD
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH $OpP GLVVR IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV SUHFLVDV VREUH
SURSULHGDGHVKLGURGLQkPLFDVGHPDFURPROpFXODVEHPFRPRGDGRVWHUPRGLQkPLFRV
YDOLRVRV$WpFQLFDUHTXHUXPDTXDQWLGDGHPXLWRSHTXHQDGHPDWHULDOHPJHUDO
JGHDPRVWUDVmRVXILFLHQWHVSDUDPHGLUSHVRPROHFXODUHSROLGLVSHUVmR
(QWUHWDQWR DV PHGLGDV GH VHGLPHQWDomR VmR HP JHUDO WHGLRVDV H FRQVRPHP
PXLWR WHPSR &RP R DGYHQWR SRVWHULRU GH RXWUDV WpFQLFDV GH FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH
SROtPHURVWDLVFRPRHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]FURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR
6(& PHGLGDV UHROyJLFDV H HVSHFWURVFRSLD D DQiOLVH GH VHGLPHQWDomR HVWi VHQGR
IUHTHQWHPHQWH PHQRV XWLOL]DGD (VWH IHQ{PHQR p FRPSUHHQVtYHO XPD YH] TXH
RXWURV PpWRGRV IRUQHFHP DV LQIRUPDo}HV GHVHMDGDV FRP PDLRU IDFLOLGDGH
(QWUHWDQWRRPpWRGRGHVHGLPHQWDomRVREUHYLYHFRPH[FHomRGRHVSDOKDPHQWRGH
OX]HVWHpR~QLFRPpWRGRTXHIRUQHFHSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLRDEVROXWRXVD
TXDQWLGDGHVPXLWRSHTXHQDVGHPDWHULDOHpH[WUHPDPHQWHIOH[tYHO
5.2.2 O equipamento
$ XOWUDFHQWUtIXJD DQDOtWLFD p XP HTXLSDPHQWR TXH SHUPLWH D REVHUYDomR GD
GLVWULEXLomRGHFRQFHQWUDomRHPXPDVROXomRTXDQGRHVWDHVWiVXMHLWDDXPFDPSR
FHQWUtIXJR 2 HTXLSDPHQWR p FRQVWLWXtGR EDVLFDPHQWH GH XPD FpOXOD QD TXDO D
DPRVWUD p FRORFDGD XP URWRU XP VLVWHPD GH FRQWUROH GH YHORFLGDGH GH
URWDomRWHPSHUDWXUDHXPVLVWHPDySWLFRGHGHWHFomRGDFRQFHQWUDomR$VROXomRp
FRORFDGD GHQWUR GD FpOXOD TXH HVWi HQFDL[DGD QR URWRU H HQWmR VXEPHWLGD D
YHORFLGDGHVGHRXUSPSRUXPPRWRUHOpWULFR$)LJXUDPRVWUDR
HVTXHPDGHXPDXOWUDFHQWUtIXJD
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHXPDXOWUDFHQWUtIXJD
S$FpOXOD([LVWHPGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHFpOXODVGLVSRQtYHLVHVXDHVFROKDGHSHQGHGH
TXDVH WRGDV DV FRQGLo}HV GR H[SHULPHQWR WLSR GH H[SHULPHQWR PpWRGR GH
GHWHUPLQDomR YHORFLGDGH GH VHGLPHQWDomR RX HTXLOtEULR GH VHGLPHQWDomR
WHPSHUDWXUD VROYHQWH WLSR GH VLVWHPD ySWLFR FRQFHQWUDomR GD DPRVWUD
DQDOLVDGD 'H XP PRGR JHUDO D FpOXOD p FRQVWLWXtGD GH XPD SHoD FHQWUDO TXH
VHSDUD GXDV MDQHODV $ FDGD XPD GDV MDQHODV p FRQHFWDGR XP VXSRUWH DQpLV GH
YHGDomRHURVFDV$VMDQHODVRSWLFDPHQWHDFKDWDGDVSRGHPVHUFRQIHFFLRQDGDV
HP TXDUW]R RX VDILUD $ SHoD FHQWUDO FRQWpP XP RULItFLR QR TXDO D DPRVWUD p
LQVHULGD DV SDUHGHV GR FDQDO GHOLPLWDP XP VHWRU GH XP FLOLQGUR GHILQLGR SHOR
HL[RGHURWDomRGHPRGRTXHDVPROpFXODVGRVROXWRLUmRVHPSUHVHGLPHQWDUHP
XPDGLUHomRUDGLDO
S2 URWRU 9iULRV WLSRV GH URWRUHV HVWmR GLVSRQtYHLV GLIHULQGR QD PDVVD H QR
Q~PHUR GH FpOXODV TXH LUmR DFRPRGDU 5RWRUHV GH TXDWUR D VHLV OXJDUHVWRUQDP
SRVVtYHO D REVHUYDomR VLPXOWkQHD GH PXLWDV FpOXODV HPERUD WDLV URWRUHV VHMDP
UHVWULWRVDYHORFLGDGHVPHQRUHVGRTXHDTXHODVDOFDQoDGDVFRPURWRUHVOHYHVGH
GRLV OXJDUHV 2V URWRUHV PDLV SHVDGRV GH GRLV RX PDLV OXJDUHV LUmR DFRPRGDU
FpOXODV FRP SHoDV FHQWUDLV GH FDPLQKR ySWLFR GH PP 'HYLGR j PDVVD H DR
EDL[RFHQWURGHJUDYLGDGHHVVHVURWRUHVVmRUHODWLYDPHQWHHVWiYHLVDYHORFLGDGHV
EDL[DVPDVQmRSRGHPVHUVXEPHWLGRVDYHORFLGDGHVHOHYDGDV
S2 VLVWHPD GH FRQWUROH 2 URWRU HVWi ORFDOL]DGR GHQWUR GH XPD FkPDUD GH YiFXR
PyYHO (P HTXLSDPHQWRV PDLV DQWLJRV D YHORFLGDGH GR URWRU p PDQWLGD
FRQVWDQWH SRU FRPSDUDomR FRP D URWDomR GH XP PRWRU VLQFURQL]DGR (P
HTXLSDPHQWRVPDLVPRGHUQRVHODpFRQWURODGDSRUXPVLVWHPDIRWRHOpWULFRFXMD
VDtGDpXVDGDSDUDUHJXODUDFRUUHQWHDWUDYpVGRPRWRU$WHPSHUDWXUDGRURWRUp
PRQLWRUDGD SRU XP WHUPLVWRU ORFDOL]DGR HP VXD EDVH H p UHJXODGD SRU
VHUSHQWLQDV GH UHIULJHUDomR GLVSRVWDV HP WRUQR GD FkPDUD GH YiFXR H SRU XP
VLVWHPDGHDTXHFLPHQWRSRVLFLRQDGRQDEDVHGHVVDFkPDUD'HXPPRGRJHUDOp
SRVVtYHOFRQWURODUDWHPSHUDWXUDQDIDL[DGHD&HTXLSDPHQWRVHVSHFLDLV
SRGHPDWLQJLUDWHPSHUDWXUDGH&
S2 VLVWHPD ySWLFR )RQWHV GH OX] VmR SRVLFLRQDGDV GH PRGR TXH R IHL[H SDVVH
DWUDYpVGHXPDOHQWHFROLPDGRUDORFDOL]DGDQDEDVHGDFkPDUDGHYiFXRHDWLQMD
RURWRURTXDOLQWHUURPSHRIHL[HGHOX]H[FHWRTXDQGRDFpOXODHVWiQRFDPLQKR
ySWLFR2IHL[HTXHDWUDYHVVDDFpOXODSDVVDDWUDYpVGHXPDOHQWHFRQGHQVDGRUD
ORFDOL]DGDQRWRSRGDFkPDUDpGHVYLDGRHPSRUXPHVSHOKRSDVVDDWUDYpV
GR UHVWDQWH GR VLVWHPD ySWLFR GHQWUR GH XP WXER KRUL]RQWDO H FKHJD j SODFD
IRWRJUiILFDRXDRIRWRPXOWLSOLFDGRUGHDEVRUomR
(P UHVXPR GHVHMDVH PHGLU D FRQFHQWUDomR GR VROXWR RX VHX JUDGLHQWH GH
FRQFHQWUDomRFRPRXPDIXQomRGDSRVLomRUDGLDO2VVLVWHPDVySWLFRVPDLVFRPXQV
DFRPSDQKDP D FRQFHQWUDomR SHOD PHGLGD GH LQFUHPHQWR GH tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR RX
DEVRUomRGHOX]
$ GLVWULEXLomR GH FRQFHQWUDomR GHQWUR GD FpOXOD GH VHGLPHQWDomR p REWLGD GH
PRGR PDLV FRQYHQLHQWH D SDUWLU GH YDUUHGXUDV XVDQGR OX] XOWUDYLROHWD 89 GH
FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD DSURSULDGR (VWH PRGR p PXLWR ~WLO SDUD PDWHULDLV
ELRTXtPLFRVGLVVROYLGRVHPWDPS}HVDTXRVRVPDVUDUDPHQWHSRGHVHUXVDGRSDUD
SROtPHURVHPVROYHQWHVRUJkQLFRV3RUXPODGRPXLWRVSROtPHURVQmRDSUHVHQWDP
TXDOTXHUDEVRUomRQRVFRPSULPHQWRVGHRQGDGLVSRQtYHLVSRURXWURODGRVROYHQWH
FRPIXQomRFDUERQLODKDORJHQDGRVDURPiWLFRVHRXWURVSRGHPDEVRUYHUQDUHJLmR
GR893RUH[HPSORDDEVRUomRPi[LPDGHFRPSRVWRVFRQWHQGRFDUERQLODHVWiHP
WRUQR GH QP -i QR HVWDGR OtTXLGR HP XPD FDPDGD GH PP HOHV VmR
YLUWXDOPHQWHRSDFRVSDUDDPDLRULDGRVFRPSULPHQWRVGHRQGDQDUHJLmRGR896RE
WDLV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV D PHGLGD GR SHUILO GH FRQFHQWUDomR PDLV LQGLFDGD WHP TXH VHU
EDVHDGDQDYDULDomRGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomR
5.2.3 Procedimento de anlise

$VROXomRGLOXtGDGRSROtPHURpFRORFDGDHPXPDFpOXODFRPXPDSHoDFHQWUDOQD
IRUPD GH FRQH WUXQFDGR FXMR YpUWLFH HVWi ORFDOL]DGR QR FHQWUR GH URWDomR 7DO
IRUPDWR DVVHJXUD TXH GLVW~UELRV FRQYHFWLYRV VHMDP PLQLPL]DGRV GXUDQWH R
WUDQVSRUWH GDV PROpFXODV SDUD R IXQGR GD FpOXOD $V FpOXODV VmR DSRLDGDV HP XP
URWRU FRQVWLWXtGR SRU OLJD GH WLWkQLR RX DOXPtQLR R TXDO p SUHVR D XP PRWRU SRU
XP ILR GH DoR ILQR 2 URWRU p JLUDGR HP XPD FkPDUD GH YiFXR SDUD PLQLPL]DU R
DTXHFLPHQWR IULFFLRQDO GXUDQWH D DSOLFDomR GH DOWDV YHORFLGDGHV GH URWDomR GD
RUGHPGHUSP'XUDQWHDURWDomRXPIHL[HGHOX]FROLPDGRSURYHQLHQWHGH
XPD OkPSDGD GH PHUF~ULR GH DOWD SUHVVmR SDVVD DWUDYpV GD FpOXOD H RIHL[HHPHU
JHQWH YLDMD DWUDYHVVD R VLVWHPD ySWLFR SDUD VHU UHJLVWUDGR IRWRJUDILFDPHQWH 7UrV
WLSRVGHVLVWHPDVySWLFRVHVWmRGLVSRQtYHLV6FKOLHUHQLQWHUIHUrQFLDDEVRUomR89
2 VROYHQWH GHYH VHU HVFROKLGR FRP FXLGDGR GH PRGR D DSUHVHQWDU YDORUHV GH
GHQVLGDGHHGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRVXILFLHQWHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVGDTXHOHVGRSROtPHUR
L,VWR p R PRYLPHQWR GD FDGHLD SROLPpULFD QR PHLR H D GHWHFomR ySWLFD GHVVH
PRYLPHQWRGHYHPVHUDVVHJXUDGRVSHODHVFROKDDGHTXDGDGRVROYHQWH
$ PDLRULD GRV LQVWUXPHQWRV FRPHUFLDLV p H[WUHPDPHQWH YHUViWLO FRP XPD
JUDQGH YDULHGDGH GH HVFROKD SDUD YHORFLGDGH GR URWRU H VLVWHPDV GH FRQWUROH GH
WHPSHUDWXUD
(VWD WpFQLFD SHUPLWH DQDOLVDU DPRVWUDV GH SROtPHUR FRP SHVRV PROHFXODUHV QD
IDL[DGHD(VWDIDL[DpPXLWRPDLVDPSODGRTXHHPTXDOTXHURXWUDWpFQLFD
H[LVWHQWH
'RLV PpWRGRV JHUDLV VmR XVDGRV SDUD PHGLU SHVR PROHFXODU SRU PHLR GH
XOWUDFHQWULIXJDomR EDVHDGRV HP YHORFLGDGH GH VHGLPHQWDomR H HTXLOtEULR GH
VHGLPHQWDomR2VUHVXOWDGRVIRUQHFLGRVSHORPpWRGRGHYHORFLGDGHGHVHGLPHQWDomR
HP SULQFtSLR VmR PHQRV ULJRURVRV TXH DTXHOHV REWLGRV SRU HTXLOtEULR GH
VHGLPHQWDomR(QWUHWDQWRQDSUiWLFDSRUVHUGHPDLVIiFLOXWLOL]DomRRPpWRGRGH
YHORFLGDGHGHVHGLPHQWDomRWHPVLGRPDLVHPSUHJDGR
5.2.4 Velocidade de sedimentao

2 PpWRGR GH YHORFLGDGH GH VHGLPHQWDomR WHP VLGR XVDGR SDUD GRLV SURSyVLWRV
SULQFLSDLVFRPRXPFULWpULRGHSXUH]DGHPDWHULDLVELRTXtPLFRVHSDUDDPHGLGDGH
FRHILFLHQWHVGHVHGLPHQWDomR K sed (VWHFRHILFLHQWHVHUYHSDUDDFDUDFWHUL]DomRGH
PDWHULDLVHSDUDFiOFXORVGHSHVRPROHFXODUHSURSULHGDGHVKLGURGLQkPLFDV
$ FHQWUtIXJD p RSHUDGD D DOWDV YHORFLGDGHV SDUD WUDQVSRUWDU PROpFXODV GH
SROtPHURDWUDYpVGRVROYHQWHSDUDRIXQGRGDFpOXODVHDGHQVLGDGHGRVROYHQWHIRU
PHQRUTXHDGRSROtPHURRXSDUDRWRSRIORWDomRVHDGHQVLGDGHGRVROYHQWHIRU
PDLRU TXH D GR SROtPHUR $ WD[D GH PRYLPHQWR SRGH VHU PRQLWRUDGD SRU PHLR GD
YDULDomRQRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomR n QDUHJLmROLPLWH$UHJLmROLPLWHRQGHRIHL[HGH
OX]LUiLQFLGLUpLGHQWLILFDGDSRUXPDYDULDomREHPGHILQLGDQRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRH
VHX PRYLPHQWR p DFRPSDQKDGR FRPR XPD IXQomR GR WHPSR XVDQGR XP GRV
PpWRGRV ySWLFRV GLVSRQtYHLV PHGLGD TXH DV PROpFXODV VHGLPHQWDPVH XPD
FDPDGDGHVROYHQWHSXURpIRUPDGDFXMRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRpGLIHUHQWHGDTXHOHGD
VROXomR
$PROpFXODGHSROtPHURPRYLPHQWDQGRVHDWUDYpVGDVROXomRLUiH[SHULPHQWDU
XPDIRUoDFHQWUtIXJD F (TXDomRPDVDVPROpFXODVGHVORFDPXPDPDVVDGH
VROXomR mo (TXDomR H LUmR HVWDU VXMHLWDV D XP HIHLWR GH IOXWXDomR H D XPD
IRUoDRSRVWD F (TXDomR
F = 2 rm (5.26)
mo = m 2 (5.27)
F = 2 rm 2 (5.28)
RQGH pDYHORFLGDGHDQJXODUGHURWDomR r pDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHDUHJLmROLPLWHHR

FHQWURGHURWDomR 2 pRYROXPHHVSHFtILFRSDUFLDOGRSROtPHUR pDGHQVLGDGH
GDVROXomRH m pDPDVVDGDPROpFXOD m = M / N A M SHVRPROHFXODUH N A
Q~PHURGH$YRJDGUR
$IRUoDOtTXLGDHQWUH F H F VHUiGDGDHQWmRSHOD(TXDomR
F = m 2 r m 2 r 2 = m (1 2 )r 2 = ( M / N A )(1 2 )r 2 (5.29)
(VWD IRUoD VHUi EDODQFHDGD SHOD UHVLVWrQFLD IULFFLRQDO GR PHLR SDUD XPD GDGD
YHORFLGDGH dr / dt H
F = 6RS (dr / dt ) (5.30)
RQGH RS p R UDLR GD SDUWtFXOD HVIpULFD GR SROtPHUR H p D YLVFRVLGDGH GR PHLR
(VWDVGXDVIRUoDVHVWmRHPHTXLOtEULRTXDQGRXPDYHORFLGDGHGHSDUWtFXODXQLIRUPH
pDOFDQoDGDH
( M / N A )(1 2 )r 2 = 6RS (dr / dt ) (5.31)
$ YHORFLGDGH QR HVWDGR HVWDFLRQiULR HP XPD XQLGDGH GH FDPSR JUDYLWDFLRQDO
SRGHHQWmRVHUGHILQLGDFRPRDFRQVWDQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomR K sed
K sed = (1 / 2 r )(dr / dt ) (5.32)
$SDUWLUGD(TXDomRWHPVHTXH
(1 / 2 r )(dr / dt ) = ( M / N A )(1 2 ) / 6RS HQWmR
K sed = ( M / N A )(1 2 ) / 6RS = ( M / N A )(1 2 ) / f (5.33)
RQGH f p R FRHILFLHQWH GH IULFomR GD PROpFXOD H HVWi UHODFLRQDGR j FRQVWDQWH GH
GLIXVmR D SHOD(TXDomR
D = kT / f (5.34)
RQGH k pDFRQVWDQWHGH%ROW]PDQQH T DWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWD$(TXDomRp

XVDGD WDQWR SDUD FDOFXODU R FRHILFLHQWH GH IULFomR TXDQGR M p FRQKHFLGR SRU
H[HPSORSRUGDGRVGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]FRPRSDUDFDOFXODUSHVRPROHFXODUVH
f pFRQKHFLGRDSDUWLUGHPHGLGDVGHFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmR D
5HDUUDQMDQGRDVHTXDo}HVDQWHULRUHVREWpPVHDHTXDomRGH6YHGEHUJ(TXDomR

M SD = [ RT /(1 2 )]( K sed / D) (5.35)
$ SDUWLU GD (TXDomR H FRQKHFHQGRVH Ksed H D R SHVR PROHFXODU M SD

SRGHVHUFDOFXODGR2YDORUGH M SD pSUy[LPRDRGH M w PDVHPJHUDOpPHQRUH
GHSHQGHGRPpWRGRXVDGRSDUDPHGLU D
2 WHUPR (1 2 ) p GHQRPLQDGR IDWRU GH IOXWXDomR H GHWHUPLQD D GLUHomR GH
WUDQVSRUWH PROHFXODU QD FpOXOD 6H HVWH IDWRU p SRVLWLYR DV FDGHLDV GH SROtPHUR
VHGLPHQWDPVHGRFHQWURGHURWDomRSDUDRIXQGRGDFpOXODVHQHJDWLYRDVFDGHLDV
PRYHPVHQRVHQWLGRRSRVWRHIOXWXDPQRWRSR
1D YHUGDGH GDGRV PHGLGRV FXLGDGRVDPHQWH SRGHP OHYDU D YDORUHV GH SHVR
PROHFXODUTXHVXSHUDPHPH[DWLGmRRVGDGRVREWLGRVSRURXWURVPpWRGRV(DLQGD
RV FRHILFLHQWHV GH IULFomR SRGHP VHUYLU FRPR EDVH SDUD XPD DQiOLVH GHWDOKDGD GH
FRQVWDQWHVKLGURGLQkPLFDVEiVLFDV
$GHWHUPLQDomRGH M pDEVROXWDTXDQGR K sed H D VmRFRQKHFLGRV
$ PHGLGD SULPiULD IHLWD SRU HVWH PpWRGR p GH GLVWULEXLomR GH FRHILFLHQWHV GH
VHGLPHQWDomR g ( K sed ) (VWD GLVWULEXLomR XPD YH] GHWHUPLQDGD SRGH VHU
WUDQVIRUPDGD HP GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVRV PROHFXODUHV f (M ) XVDQGR XPD UHODomR
DGHTXDGD

Como obter K sed a partir dos experimentos ?
S&RHILFLHQWHV GH VHGLPHQWDomR K sed 8P VROXWR PDFURPROHFXODU KRPRJrQHR

SRGH VHU GHVFULWR HP XP GDGR VROYHQWH SRU XP FRHILFLHQWH GH VHGLPHQWDomR R
TXDOpGHILQLGRFRPRDWD[DGHPRYLPHQWRGRVROXWRHPXPDGLUHomRUDGLDOSRU
XQLGDGHGHFDPSR&RPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUDRPRYLPHQWRGRVROXWRFULD
XPDLQWHUIDFHPDLVRXPHQRVGLIXVDHQWUHDUHJLmRFHQWUtIXJDRQGHRJUDGLHQWH
GHFRQFHQWUDomRpHVVHQFLDOPHQWH]HURRSDWDPDUHDUHJLmRFHQWUtSHWDRQGHD
FRQFHQWUDomR GH VROXWR SRGH VHU GHVSUH]tYHO GH WmR SHTXHQD $ YHORFLGDGH GH
VHGLPHQWDomRGHTXDOTXHUVROXWRSRGHVHUREWLGDDSDUWLUGDWD[DGHPRYLPHQWR
GH XP SRQWR QHVWD LQWHUIDFH FXMR UDLR rb p GDGR SHOD (TXDo}HV H

r
2 b
c p ra
r =r
b
2 2
p cr dr (5.36)
rp rb
r = r dc
b
2 2
dc (5.37)
ra ra
rp rp
dc dc
r = r
b
2
dr2
r dr dr (5.38)
ra
dr a
RQGH rp pRUDLRGHXPSRQWRQRSDWDPDU c p pDFRQFHQWUDomRQHVVHSRQWRHp ra

RUDLRGRPHQLVFR$VGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHH[SUHVVmRSDUD rb VmRHTXLYDOHQWHVPDV
VmR~WHLVSDUDVLVWHPDVySWLFRVGLIHUHQWHV
)LJXUD3URFHVVRGHVHGLPHQWDomRHPXPDFpOXODGHXOWUDFHQWULIXJDomRVXEPHWLGDDURWDomRD
9DULDomRGDFRQFHQWUDomRDRORQJRGDFpOXODE*UDGLHQWHGHFRQFHQWUDomRREWLGRQDFpOXODFpD
FRQFHQWUDomRHUpDGLVWkQFLDDSDUWLUGRFHQWURGHURWDomR

0RQLWRUDQGR D FRQFHQWUDomR GXUDQWH R H[SHULPHQWR H FDOFXODQGR rb R
FRHILFLHQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomR K sed pGDGRSHOD(TXDomRMiDSUHVHQWDGD
4XDQGR K sed pPHGLGRSHODV(TXDo}HVSDUDXPVROXWRKHWHURJrQHRR
YDORUREWLGRVHUiRFRHILFLHQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomRSRQGHUDOPpGLR K sed , w
1RFDVRGHXPDVROXomRLGHDOKRPRJrQHDVHGLPHQWDQGRUDSLGDPHQWHDLQWHUIDFH
p TXDVH VLPpWULFD H rb FRUUHVSRQGH GH PRGR DSUR[LPDGR DR UDLR QR TXDO D
FRQFHQWUDomRpDPHWDGHGRYDORUHQFRQWUDGRQRSDWDPDUEHPFRPRRUDLRQRTXDO
(dc / dr ) pPi[LPR3RUHVWDUD]mRpXPDSUiWLFDFRPXPDSUR[LPDU rb SRUHVVHV
YDORUHV (VWD DSUR[LPDomR HP JHUDO QmR p YiOLGD SDUD VROXWRV KHWHURJrQHRV
OHYDQGRDHUURV
S(VWLPDWLYDGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODU3DUDSROtPHURVOLQHDUHVKRPyORJRV
VHP FRQVLGHUDU R YROXPH H[FOXtGR p SRVVtYHO HVFUHYHU XPD UHODomR FRP EDVH
HPStULFDHWHyULFDHQWUHRFRHILFLHQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomRHRSHVRPROHFXODUVRED
IRUPD
K sed = kM a (5.39)
RQGH k H a VmRFRQVWDQWHVVREXPGDGRFRQMXQWRGHFRQGLo}HV8VDQGRIUDo}HVGH
SROtPHUR GH M FRQKHFLGR SDUD XP GDGR SDU SROtPHURVROYHQWH D XPD GDGD
WHPSHUDWXUDpSRVVtYHOHVWDEHOHFHURVYDORUHVGH k H a (VWDDSUR[LPDomRpVLPLODU
jTXHODXVDGDSDUDQ~PHURGHYLVFRVLGDGHOLPLWHDTXDOQmRpXPPpWRGRDEVROXWR
1DWHPSHUDWXUD RH[SRHQWH a pDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH(VWDUHODomRWHPVLGR
XVDGDFRPREDVHGHYiULRVPpWRGRVVLPLODUHVGHREWHQomRGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSHVR
PROHFXODU f (M ) DSDUWLUGDGLVWULEXLomRGHFRHILFLHQWHVGHVHGLPHQWDomR6HYiULDV
IUDo}HV GR VROXWR GH GLIHUHQWHV SHVRV PROHFXODUHV HVWLYHUHP GLVSRQtYHLV HQWmR p
SRVVtYHO PHGLU M w H K sed , w SDUD FDGD XPD GHODV FRQVWUXLU D FXUYD GH log M w
FRQWUD ORJ K sed , w H REWHU HQWmR RV YDORUHV GH k H a $ UHSUHVHQWDomR JUiILFD
GHVHMDGD GH f (M ) FRQWUD M p REWLGD GLUHWDPHQWH GD FXUYD GH g ( K sed ) HP
IXQomRGH K sed
([SHULPHQWRVGHYHORFLGDGHGHVHGLPHQWDomRVmRXVDGRVSDUDYHULILFDUDSXUH]D
GHVROXWRVPDFURPROHFXODUHV(PVLVWHPDGHGRLVFRPSRQHQWHVFDGDFRPSRQHQWHp
UHVROYLGR QD IRUPD GH SLFRV 2V SLFRV LQGLYLGXDLV SRGHP HVWDU SDUFLDOPHQWH RX
FRPSOHWDPHQWHVHSDUDGRV$SUHVHQoDGHLPSXUH]DVSRGHVHUGHWHFWDGDPHVPRQD
IRUPD GH XP SHTXHQR RPEUR QR SLFR REWLGR (P XP VLVWHPD PDFURPROHFXODU R
DODUJDPHQWRGRSLFRSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRXPDLQGLFDomRGHSROLGLVSHUVmR
Qual o efeito da concentrao sobre os resultados obtidos ?

2FRHILFLHQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomRGHFUHVFHFRPRDXPHQWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGRVROXWR
'DtDDOWDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVDTXHODVPROpFXODVTXHHVWmRQRUDVWURGDLQWHUIDFHFRPR
UHVXOWDGR GD SROLGLVSHUVmR GD GLIXVmR PRYHPVH SDUD XPD UHJLmR GH EDL[D
FRQFHQWUDomR (VWDV PROpFXODV PRYHPVH PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH TXH DTXHODV QD UHJLmR
GRSDWDPDUHVmRFDSWXUDGDV&RQVHTXHQWHPHQWHRSLFRUHVXOWDQWHpPDLVHVWUHLWR
GRTXHRHVSHUDGR$OJXPDVYH]HVXPDLPSXUH]DFRPFRQVWDQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomR
OLJHLUDPHQWH PDLV EDL[D SRGH HVFDSDU j GHWHFomR (VWH HIHLWR SRGH VHU FRQWRUQDGR
SHORXVRGHFRQFHQWUDo}HVPDLVEDL[DV
3RURXWURODGRDFRQFHQWUDo}HVPXLWREDL[DVSRGHRFRUUHUFRQYHFomRQDFpOXOD
FRP FHUWD IDFLOLGDGH $ YLVFRVLGDGH GD PDLRULD GDV VROXo}HV HVWXGDGDV HP XPD
FHQWUtIXJDpEDL[D'RSRQWRGHYLVWDGDKLGURGLQkPLFDPDFURVFySLFDHVVDVVROXo}HV
SRGHP VH FRPSRUWDU FRPR IOXLGRV LGHDLV YLVFRVLGDGH LJXDO D ]HUR 8P IDWR EHP
FRQKHFLGR QD KLGURGLQkPLFD GH IOXLGRV LGHDLV p TXH XP YyUWLFH XPD YH] IRUPDGR
SHUPDQHFH SDUD VHPSUH RX SRU XP ORQJR WHPSR TXDQGR D YLVFRVLGDGH p EDL[D
SRUpP ILQLWD 2 YyUWLFH SRGH VHU IRUPDGR QD FpOXOD GD XOWUDFHQWUtIXJD GHYLGR D
LUUHJXODULGDGHV PHFkQLFDV EHP SHTXHQDV GR PRYLPHQWR GR URWRU (P JHUDO RV
URWRUHV PDLV SHVDGRV VmR PHQRV SURSHQVRV j IRUPDomR GH YyUWLFHV 2V YyUWLFHV
FDXVDP PLVWXUD GD VROXomR QD FpOXOD R TXH FRQWULEXL GH IRUPD QHJDWLYD SDUD R
SURFHVVR FHQWUtIXJR 0HVPR HP FRUULGDV PDLV VXDYHV GD XOWUDFHQWUtIXJD H[LVWHP
RSRUWXQLGDGHV VXILFLHQWHV SDUD LQLFLDU XPD FRUULGD FRQYHFWLYD )HOL]PHQWH H[LVWH
XP HIHLWR TXH WUDEDOKD FRQWUD D IRUPDomR GR YyUWLFH TXH p XP JUDGLHQWH GH
GHQVLGDGH1DSUHVHQoDGHXPJUDGLHQWHGHGHQVLGDGHDFRQYHFomRID]FRPTXHR
OtTXLGR PDLV GHQVR SRVLFLRQHVH DFLPD GR PHQRV GHQVR R TXH YDL GH HQFRQWUR jV
UHJUDV GH HTXLOtEULR PHFkQLFR $VVLP RV JUDGLHQWHV GH GHQVLGDGH HVWDELOL]DP D
FRUULGDFRQWUDDVFRQYHFo}HV(QWUHWDQWRRJUDGLHQWHGHHVWDELOL]DomRWHPTXHVHU
JUDQGHRVXILFLHQWHSDUDSURSRUFLRQDURHIHLWRGHVHMDGR6REFRQGLo}HVFRPSDUiYHLV
FRUULGDVDEDL[DVYHORFLGDGHVVmRPDLVSURSHQVDVjFRQYHFomRGRTXHDTXHODVDDOWDV
YHORFLGDGHV
5.2.5 Equilbrio de sedimentao

7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH H[SHULPHQWRV GH HTXLOtEULR GH VHGLPHQWDomR HUDP XVDGRV SDUD
PHGLGDVGHSHVRVPROHFXODUHV$DQiOLVHpUD]RDYHOPHQWHVLPSOHVSDUDVROXo}HVTXH
VmRWHUPRGLQDPLFDPHQWHLGHDLV$SDUWLUGHXPVLPSOHVH[SHULPHQWRGHHTXLOtEULR
SRGHP VHU REWLGRV R SHVR PROHFXODU SRQGHUDO PpGLR M w H WDPEpP R SHVR
PROHFXODUFHQWUtIXJRPpGLR M z $UD]mRGH M z M w IRUQHFHDSROLGLVSHUVmRGD
DPRVWUD7HFQLFDPHQWHSDUDDDYDOLDomRGHVWHVH[SHULPHQWRVGHYHVHUFRQKHFLGDD
FRQFHQWUDomR GH HTXLOtEULR QR PHQLVFR GD FROXQD (VVD FRQFHQWUDomR SRGH VHU
HVWDEHOHFLGD SRU PHLR GR XVR GD OHL GH FRQVHUYDomR GH PDVVD D SDUWLU GD
FRQFHQWUDomR RULJLQDO GD DPRVWUD RX GD VHOHomR GH XPD YHORFLGDGH
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH DOWD GR URWRU FDSD] GH WRUQDU D FRQFHQWUDomR QR PHQLVFR WmR
SHTXHQD TXH SRVVD VHU GHVSUH]DGD 2 VHJXQGR PpWRGR p OLJHLUDPHQWH PHQRV
SUHFLVRPDVDSUHVHQWDDYDQWDJHPGHQmRUHTXHUHUXPH[SHULPHQWRVHSDUDGRSDUD
DPHGLGDGDFRQFHQWUDomRRULJLQDO
'XUDQWH R SURFHVVR GH VHGLPHQWDomR XPD DPRVWUD GH XP PDWHULDO
PDFURPROHFXODU SROLGLVSHUVR UHGLVWULEXLVH GHQWUR GD FpOXOD $V PROpFXODV PDLV
SHVDGDV VHGLPHQWDPVH PDLV UiSLGR H QR HTXLOtEULR HODV DVVHQWDPVH PDLV
SUy[LPDV DR IXQGR GD FpOXOD (VWD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD FRPSOLFD RV H[SHULPHQWRV
GLUHFLRQDGRV SDUD D REWHQomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU PpGLR (QWUHWDQWR WDO
UHGLVWULEXLomRFRQIHUHXPDRSRUWXQLGDGHSDUDHVWXGDUDSROLGLVSHUVmRGHDPRVWUDV
GHSROtPHUR$VLWXDomRpDLQGDPDLVFRPSOLFDGDSHODQmRLGHDOLGDGHGDVVROXo}HV
8PD DQiOLVH GHWDOKDGD UHTXHU PHGLGDV GH GLYHUVDV VROXo}HV FRP FRQFHQWUDo}HV
LQLFLDLVGHSROtPHURYDULDGDV3DUDFDGDVROXomRRHTXLOtEULRGHVHGLPHQWDomRGHYH
VHU HVWDEHOHFLGR SDUD GLIHUHQWHV YHORFLGDGHV GR URWRU 2 WUDEDOKR HQYROYLGR p
FRQVLGHUiYHO(QWUHWDQWRXPDDQiOLVHDSURSULDGDLUiIRUQHFHUWDQWRDGLVWULEXLomRGH
SHVRPROHFXODUTXDQWRRYDORUGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHGRYLULDO
1RV H[SHULPHQWRV GH HTXLOtEULR GH VHGLPHQWDomR D FRQGLomR SDUD R HTXLOtEULR
~ WHP TXH VHU FRQVWDQWH HP WRGDV DV SDUWHV GR
UHTXHU TXH R SRWHQFLDO WRWDO
VLVWHPD 3DUD XP SROtPHUR GH SHVR PROHFXODU M 2 GLVVROYLGRHPXPVROYHQWH
FRORFDGRVHPXPFDPSRFHQWUtIXJRGHYHORFLGDGHDQJXODU VXDHQHUJLDSRWHQFLDO
E p D XPD GLVWkQFLD r GR VHX FHQWUR GH URWDomR p GDGD SHOD (TXDomR H VHX
SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRp
E p = M 2 2 r 2 / 2 (5.40)
2SRWHQFLDOWRWDOpHQWmRH[SUHVVRSHOD(TXDomR
~ = ( M 2 2 r 2 / 2) (5.41)
HDVFRQGLo}HVSDUDRHTXLOtEULRVmRGDGDVSHOD(TXDomR
~
= M 2 2 r = 0 (5.42)
r r
&RQVLGHUDQGR DJRUD R WUDQVSRUWH GH J PROHV GH SROtPHUR HP XPD XQLGDGH GH
iUHDGHVHomRWUDQVYHUVDOQDXQLGDGHGHWHPSRDHTXDomRGHWUDQVSRUWHpGDGDSHOD
(TXDomR

J = L M 2 r (5.43)
r
RQGH L = c 2 / N A f p D FRQGXWLYLGDGH PiVVLFD D TXDO p SURSRUFLRQDO j
FRQFHQWUDomRGDVXEVWkQFLDHLQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDOjUHVLVWrQFLDRIHUHFLGDSHOR
PHLRDRWUDQVSRUWHLVWRpRFRHILFLHQWHGHIULFomRSRUPRO f
2 SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR p XPD IXQomR GH T P H c 2 PDV VH T p FRQVWDQWH
HQWmR
P c
= + 2 (5.44)
r P T ,C r c 2 T , P r
HFRPR
P
= V2 = 2 M 2 ; = 2 r ;
P r
RT 2
= 1 + c 2 (5.45)
c 2 c2 c 2
RQGH 2 pRFRHILFLHQWHGHDWLYLGDGHGRVROXWR3DUDXPDVROXomRLGHDOWHPVHTXH
RT c 2
= M 2 2 r +
2
(5.46)

r c 2 r
6XEVWLWXLQGRD(TXDomRQD(TXDomRREWpPVH
RT c 2
J = L M 2 2 2 r M 2 2 r + (5.47)
c 2 r
RX
RT c 2
J = L M 2 2 r (1 2 ) (5.48)
c 2 r
8VDQGR DV (TXDo}HV H H D GHILQLomR GH L D (TXDomR SRGH VHU
HVFULWDFRPR
J = K sed 2 rc2 D(c2 / r ) (5.49)
,VWR PRVWUD TXH R IOX[R J p R UHVXOWDGR OtTXLGR GD WD[D GH VHGLPHQWDomR H GD
GLIXVmRGDVPROpFXODVHPGLUHomRFRQWUiULD1RHTXLOtEULRGHVWHEDODQoRQmRRFRUUH
IOX[RH J = 0 (QWmRVHJXHVHTXH
dc 2 rM 2 (1 2 )
2
1
= (5.50)
c2 dr RT
(VWDHTXDomRGHVFUHYHRJUDGLHQWHGHFRQFHQWUDomRQRHTXLOtEULRSDUDXPVROXWR
~QLFRVREFRQGLo}HVGHVROXomRLGHDOHDLQWHJUDomRHQWUHRPHQLVFR rm HTXDOTXHU
SRQWR r QDFpOXODGi
c(r ) 2 M 2 (1 2 )(r 2 rm2 )
ln = (5.51)
c(rm ) 2 RT
8P JUiILFR GH ln c(r ) HP IXQomR GH r 2 SRGH VHU FRQVWUXtGR PHGLQGRVH DV
FRQFHQWUDo}HVHPGLIHUHQWHVSRQWRVGDFpOXODH M 2 SRGHVHUFDOFXODGRDSDUWLUGD
LQFOLQDomR GD FXUYD 2 SULQFLSDO SUREOHPD H[SHULPHQWDO UHVLGH QD REWHQomR GD
FRQFHQWUDomRHPFDGDSRQWRGDFpOXODRTXHQmRpPXLWRVLPSOHV2PpWRGRPDLV
XVDGR FRQVLVWH QR FiOFXOR GD GLIHUHQoD GH FRQFHQWUDomR HQWUH DTXHOD GR PHQLVFR
> c(m ) @HDGRIXQGRGDFpOXOD> c(b ) @
5HDUUDQMDQGRHLQWHJUDQGRD(TXDomRREWpPVH
M 2 (1 2 ) 2
rb rb
dc
r dr dr = RT rc(r ) dr
rm
(5.52)
m
&RQVLGHUDQGR D FRQVHUYDomR GH PDVVD HP XPD SDUWH GD FpOXOD D (TXDomR
SRGHVHUHVFULWDQDIRUPDGD(TXDomR
M 2 (1 2 ) 2 (rb2 rm2 )co
c(b) c(m) = (5.53)
RT 2
RQGH c o pDFRQFHQWUDomRLQLFLDO
3DUDXPSROtPHURSROLGLVSHUVRHVWDHTXDomRIRUQHFHRSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDO
PpGLR M w 2 SHVR PROHFXODU z PpGLR M z SRGH VHU FDOFXODGR D SDUWLU GH
JUDGLHQWHVGHFRQFHQWUDomRQRWRSRHQRIXQGRGDFpOXOD(TXDomR
1 dc 1 dc
M z = RT (c(b) c(m))(1 2 )
2
(5.54)
rb drb rm drm
$ SULQFLSDO GHVYDQWDJHP QR PpWRGR UHVLGH QRV ORQJRV SHUtRGRV GH WHPSR
UHTXHULGRVSDUDVHDWLQJLURHTXLOtEULR
2 YDORU GH M w FDOFXODGR GD (TXDomR REYLDPHQWH p XP YDORU DSDUHQWH
UHODFLRQDGR j FRQFHQWUDomR LQLFLDO GD VROXomR VHQGR QHFHVViULR UHDOL]DU D
H[WUDSRODomRSDUDFRQFHQWUDomR]HUR
5.2.6 Observaes gerais

(PH[SHULPHQWRVGHHTXLOtEULRGHVHGLPHQWDomRRWHPSRUHTXHULGRSDUDDOFDQoDUR
HTXLOtEULRYDULDGHDOJXPDVKRUDVDWpDOJXQVGLDV,VVRGHSHQGHGRFRPSULPHQWRGD
FROXQDGDVROXomRGDYLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRHGRFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRGRVROXWR
1HVWH SURFHGLPHQWR WRUQDVH LPSRUWDQWH GHWHUPLQDU TXDQGR R HTXLOtEULR IRL
DOFDQoDGRHLVWRSRGHVHUUHDOL]DGRWRPDQGRVHIRWRJUDILDVRXUHJLVWURVHPWHPSRV
YDULDGRV DR ORQJR GR H[SHULPHQWR H FRPSDUDQGRRV HQWUH VL $ SDUWLU GD OHLWXUD
GHVVD YDUUHGXUD VmR FRUUHODFLRQDGRV GDGRV GH FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR DUELWUiULR HP
IXQomRGRUDLRRXGDGRVGHSULPHLUDGHULYDGDGDFRQFHQWUDomRHPIXQomRGRUDLRRX
DLQGDGDGRVGHFRQFHQWUDomRUHDOHPIXQomRGRUDLR6HRREMHWLYRIRUGHWHUPLQDU
SHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLRDSDUWLUGHUHJLVWURVUHIUDWRPpWULFRVVHPXWLOL]DomR
GH XPD WpFQLFD GH DOWD YHORFLGDGH ID]VH QHFHVViULR GHWHUPLQDU D FRQFHQWUDomR
LQLFLDO GD VROXomR SRU PHLR GH XP H[SHULPHQWR SDUDOHOR RX FRP XP UHIUDW{PHWUR
GLIHUHQFLDO
2V H[SHULPHQWRV GH YHORFLGDGH GH VHGLPHQWDomR HP JHUDO VmR UHDOL]DGRV D
YHORFLGDGHV GH URWRU UHODWLYDPHQWH DOWDV GXUDQWH DOJXPDV KRUDV )RWRJUDILDV RX
YDUUHGXUDVVmRWRPDGDVDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHDLQWHUYDORVGHWHPSRFRQKHFLGRVDILP
GHVHJXLURSURJUHVVRGDLQWHUIDFHTXHpIRUPDGD2VUHVXOWDGRVH[SHULPHQWDLVVmR
REWLGRV QD IRUPD GH XPD VpULH GH TXDGURV GH FRQFHQWUDomR RX VHX JUDGLHQWH HP
IXQomRGRUDLRDXPDVHTrQFLDGHWHPSRV2VUHJLVWURVREWLGRVSRGHPVHUWUDWDGRV
GH GLYHUVRV PRGRV $WXDOPHQWH H[LVWHP GLYHUVRV SURJUDPDV GH FRPSXWDGRU
DSURSULDGRVSDUDRWUDWDPHQWRGRVGDGRVH[SHULPHQWDLV
81(6&26DQWLDJR
%HUQH%-H3HFRUD5'\QDPLF/LJKW6FDWWHULQJZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQVWRFKHPLVWU\
ELRORJ\DQGSK\VLFV:LOH\,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
1HZ<RUN
%XUFKDUG : &KLPLD YRO QR SiJV 1HZ DVSHFWV RI SRO\PHU
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQE\G\QDPLFOLJKWVFDWWHULQJ
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ

6RQV,QF1HZ<RUN
/DXH 7 0 8OWUDFHQWULIXJDWLRQ (P (QF\FORSHGLD RI 3RO\PHU 6FLHQFH DQG
(QJLQHHULQJ9RO0DUN+0%LNDOHV102YHUEHUJHU&*H0HQJHV*
(GVQGHG-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUNSiJ
/LQGQHU - 6 H +XDQJ 6 6 /RZDQJOH /DVHU /LJKW 6FDWWHULQJ /$//6 RI
0DFURPROHFXOHV (P %DUWK + * DQG 0D\V - : 0RGHUQ 0HWKRGV RI
3RO\PHU&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUN
0XQN 3 3RO\PHU &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ 8VLQJ WKH 8OWUDFHQWULIXJH (P %DUWK + *
DQG0D\V-:0RGHUQ0HWKRGVRI3RO\PHU&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\
6RQV1HZ<RUN
1HZ<RUN
&DStWXOR
Viscosimetria
6.1 Definio de viscosidade

)OX[RpRGHVORFDPHQWRLUUHFXSHUiYHOGHXPDVPROpFXODVGHXPDGDGDVXEVWkQFLD
HP UHODomR jV RXWUDV VRE D DomR GH XPD WHQVmR H[WHUQD ,PDJLQHPRV XP IOXLGR
HVFRDQGRDWUDYpVGHXPWXERFDSLODUFRPRHVTXHPDWL]DGRQD)LJXUD(VWHIOXLGR
SRGHVHUXPDVXEVWkQFLDGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUXPSROtPHURQRHVWDGRIXQGLGR
RX XPD VROXomR GH SROtPHUR ,PDJLQHPRV DLQGD HVWH PHVPR IOXLGR GLYLGLGR
DUELWUDULDPHQWH HP FDPDGDV FRQFrQWULFDV p IiFLO FRQFOXLU TXH HVWDV FDPDGDV TXH
FRQVWLWXHPRIOXLGRPRYHPVHFRPYHORFLGDGHVGLIHUHQWHV$YHORFLGDGHQRLQWHULRU
GR WXER p EHP PDLRU GR TXH DTXHOD SUy[LPD j SDUHGH GR WXER GHYLGR DR DWULWR
HQWUH R IOXLGR H D SDUHGH 1D GLUHomR SHUSHQGLFXODU DR IOX[R H[LVWH HQWmR XP
GHWHUPLQDGR JUDGLHQWH GH YHORFLGDGH v r RQGH Y p D YHORFLGDGH GH
HVFRDPHQWRHUpRUDLRGRFtUFXORFRQFrQWULFRFRUUHVSRQGHQWH
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGHXPIOXLGRHVFRDQGRHPXPWXERFDSLODU
'XUDQWHRHVFRDPHQWRDVPROpFXODVTXHHVWmRH[SRVWDVDGLIHUHQWHVYHORFLGDGHV
FROLGHP HQWUH VL JHUDQGR XPD WURFD GH PRPHQWR HQWUH DV FDPDGDV GR IOX[R (VWH
IHQ{PHQR FDXVD XPD IULFomR LQWHUQD GLILFXOWDQGR R HVFRDPHQWR 1R FDVR GRV
SROtPHURVDIULFomRLQWHUQDHSRUWDQWRDUHVLVWrQFLDDRHVFRDPHQWRpPXLWRPDLRU
GHYLGR DR WDPDQKR GDV FDGHLDV H DR HQRYHODPHQWR HQWUH HODV (VWD UHVLVWrQFLD DR
HVFRDPHQWRFDXVDGDSHODIULFomRLQWHUQDpFRQKHFLGDFRPRYLVFRVLGDGH
$ YLVFRVLGDGH RX UHVLVWrQFLD DR HVFRDPHQWR SRGH RX QmR GHSHQGHU GD WHQVmR
DSOLFDGDWHQVmRGHFLVDOKDPHQWRHGDYHORFLGDGHGHFLVDOKDPHQWR6HDYLVFRVLGDGH
LQGHSHQGH GDV FRQGLo}HV GH GHIRUPDomR R IOXLGR p FKDPDGR QHZWRQLDQR 6H SRU
RXWUR ODGR D YLVFRVLGDGH YDULD FRP D YHORFLGDGH H WHQVmR GH FLVDOKDPHQWR GL]VH
TXHRVLVWHPDDSUHVHQWDFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHXPIOXLGRQmRQHZWRQLDQR
4XDQGR XPD WHQVmR p DSOLFDGD D XP IOXLGR FRQVWLWXtGR SRU PDFURPROpFXODV DV
FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV HVWLFDPVH GH IRUPD D VH RULHQWDU QR IOX[R (VWD RULHQWDomR p
HQWUHWDQWR SHUWXUEDGD SHOD PRELOLGDGH WpUPLFD GDV FDGHLDV 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU D
PRELOLGDGHWpUPLFDPDLRUVHUiRQ~PHURGHFROLV}HVHQWUHDVFDGHLDVHPDLRUVHUiD
UHVLVWrQFLD DR IOX[R RX VHMD PDLRU VHUi D YLVFRVLGDGH $XPHQWDQGR D WHQVmR RX D
YHORFLGDGH DSOLFDGD DR VLVWHPD R JUDX GH RULHQWDomR GDV FDGHLDV DXPHQWDUi
GLPLQXLQGRRHIHLWRGDPRELOLGDGHWpUPLFDHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHDYLVFRVLGDGHVHUi
PHQRU 4XDQGR VH DXPHQWD PXLWR D WHQVmR GH FLVDOKDPHQWR D FRQIRUPDomR GDV
FDGHLDVDWLQJHXPPi[LPRGHRULHQWDomR$SDUWLUGHVWHSRQWRDYLVFRVLGDGHDWLQJH
R VHX PtQLPR QmR VHQGR PDLV LQIOXHQFLDGD SHOR DXPHQWR GD WHQVmR GH
FLVDOKDPHQWR$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDXPDFXUYDWtSLFDTXHGHVFUHYHDGHSHQGrQFLD
GDYLVFRVLGDGHFRPDWHQVmRGHFLVDOKDPHQWR2SULPHLURSDWDPDU$FRUUHVSRQGHj
YLVFRVLGDGH QHZWRQLDQD LQLFLDO H R VHJXQGR SDWDPDU % FRUUHVSRQGH j YLVFRVLGDGH
QHZWRQLDQD PtQLPD $ SRUomR QR PHLR GD FXUYD & FRUUHVSRQGH j YLVFRVLGDGH
HVWUXWXUDOHGHSHQGHGDVFRQGLo}HVGHGHIRUPDomR
$YLVFRVLGDGHGHXPVLVWHPDSROLPpULFRGHSHQGHGHYiULRVIDWRUHVWDLVFRPR
SSHVRPROHFXODUGRSROtPHUR
SWHQVmRHYHORFLGDGHGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
SWHPSHUDWXUD
SQDWXUH]DGRVROYHQWHQRFDVRGHVROXo}HVGHSROtPHUR
9LVFRVLPHWULD
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGDYLVFRVLGDGHFRPDWHQVmRGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
4XDQGR VH WUDEDOKD FRP VROXo}HV GH SROtPHURV D FRQWULEXLomR GR JUDX GH
RULHQWDomRSDUDDYLVFRVLGDGHGLPLQXLFRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWHFRPDGLOXLomR2HIHLWRGD
PRELOLGDGH WpUPLFD QD YLVFRVLGDGH WRUQDVH PDLV LPSRUWDQWH ,VWR VLJQLILFD TXH R
HIHLWRGDWHQVmRHYHORFLGDGHGHFLVDOKDPHQWRpEHPPHQRUHPVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVGH
SROtPHURVHRVLVWHPDFRPSRUWDVHFRPRXPIOXLGRQHZWRQLDQR(VWDVFRQGLo}HVGH
EDL[D WHQVmR H EDL[D YHORFLGDGH GH FLVDOKDPHQWR VmR QHFHVViULDV SDUD D
GHWHUPLQDomRGDYLVFRVLGDGHOLPLWHGRIOXLGRGHQRPLQDGDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
6.2 Viscosidade de solues diludas de polmeros

2 HVWXGR GD YLVFRVLGDGH GH VROXo}HV VHULD EHP PDLV VLPSOHV VH R FRHILFLHQWH GH
YLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRIRVVHDVRPDGDVYLVFRVLGDGHVSDUFLDLVGHFDGDFRPSRQHQWH
QDVROXomR1DSUiWLFDHVWDUHODomRQmRVHDSOLFD
4XDQGR XPD PROpFXOD SHTXHQD p GLVVROYLGD HP XP VROYHQWH D YLVFRVLGDGH GR
VLVWHPDYDULDXPSRXFR1RFDVRGHPDFURPROpFXODVDFDGHLDSRVVXLXPWDPDQKR
PXLWRPDLRUHDVVXPHFRQIRUPDo}HVYDULDGDVFRPRVHUiYLVWRSRVWHULRUPHQWH&DGD
VHJPHQWRGHVWDFDGHLDSRGHHVWDUVREDDomRGHYHORFLGDGHVGHIOX[RGLIHUHQWHV,VWR
DFDUUHWDXPDXPHQWRVLJQLILFDWLYRGDYLVFRVLGDGHPHVPRHPVROXo}HVGLOXtGDV
6.2.1 Viscosidade real

$YLVFRVLGDGHGHXPIOXLGRHVFRDQGRDWUDYpVGHXPFDSLODUpIRUQHFLGDSHOD(TXDomR
GH3RLVHXLOOHDSUHVHQWDGDDVHJXLU
V pr 4
= (6.1)
t 8 l
RQGH9WpRYROXPHHPFPGRIOXLGRHVFRDQGRDWUDYpVGRFDSLODUSRUXQLGDGHGH
WHPSRHPVHJXQGRSpDSUHVVmRKLGURVWiWLFDQRQtYHOGRIOXLGRHPGLQDFPUpR
UDLR GR FDSLODU HP FP O p R FRPSULPHQWR GR FDSLODU HP FHQWtPHWUR H p D
YLVFRVLGDGHGRIOXLGRHPSRLVH
&RPR QRUPDOPHQWH VH WUDEDOKD FRP YROXPH FRQVWDQWH D (TXDomR SRGH VHU
H[SUHVVDFRPR
.p.r 4
= t (6.2)
8lV
RQGH S p D GLIHUHQoD GH SUHVVmR HQWUH DV H[WUHPLGDGHV GR FDSLODU U p R UDLR GR
FDSLODU9pRYROXPHGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRTXHFRQWpPDVROXomROpRFRPSULPHQWR
GRFDSLODUHWpRWHPSRGHIOX[RDWUDYpVGRFDSLODU
(VWDUHODomRpYiOLGDTXDQGRRFRPSULPHQWRGRFDSLODUpPXLWRPDLRUGRTXHR
UDLRGRFDSLODU
6HROtTXLGRHVFRDVREDDomRGDJUDYLGDGHHQWmR
p = g.H . (6.3)
RQGHJpDDFHOHUDomRGDJUDYLGDGH+pDGLIHUHQoDGHQtYHOGROLTXLGRQRVEUDoRVGR
YLVFRVtPHWURHpDGHQVLGDGHUHODWLYDGROtTXLGR(QWmR
.g.H ..r 4
= t (6.4)
8.l.V
$(TXDomRFRUUHVSRQGHjYLVFRVLGDGHDEVROXWDGHXPOtTXLGRRXVROXomR&RPR
ROtTXLGRHVFRDDWUDYpVGHXPFDSLODU+pYDULiYHOHRSHVRGDFROXQDGROtTXLGRQR
FDSLODU WDPEpP VH DOWHUD 3DUD D REWHQomR GH UHVXOWDGRV SUHFLVRV XWLOL]DPVH
YLVFRVtPHWURVHVSHFLDOPHQWHFRQVWUXtGRVGHPRGRDPDQWHUFRQVWDQWHRYROXPHGR
OtTXLGRQRFDSLODU
&RPRDVPHGLGDVVmRUHDOL]DGDVVHPSUHHPXPPHVPRYLVFRVtPHWURHQWmR9O
H U VmR FRQVWDQWHV H D FROXQD GR OtTXLGR WDPEpP $ (TXDomR SRGH HQWmR VHU
H[SUHVVDGHXPDIRUPDEHPPDLVVLPSOLILFDGD
= K ..t (6.5)
RQGH. +UJO9
9LVFRVLPHWULD
.pFRQKHFLGDFRPRFRQVWDQWHYLVFRVLPpWULFDHSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDDSDUWLUGR
WHPSR GH HVFRDPHQWR GH XP OtTXLGR GH YLVFRVLGDGH FRQKHFLGD OtTXLGR SDGUmR
XVDQGRXPGHWHUPLQDGRYLVFRVtPHWUR
$V(TXDo}HVHFRQVLGHUDPTXHRIOX[RpODPLQDUFRPYHORFLGDGHWHQGHQGR
D]HURQDVSDUHGHVGRFDSLODUHTXHROtTXLGRpLQFRPSUHVVtYHO(VWDVFRQVLGHUDo}HV
VmRYiOLGDVSDUDVROXo}HVGLOXtGDV
6.2.2 Viscosidade relativa

1R HVWXGR GH VROXo}HV GLOXtGDV GH SROtPHURV p PXLWR FRPXP GHWHUPLQDU D
YLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRHPUHODomRDRVROYHQWHSXUR$UHODomRHQWUHDYLVFRVLGDGHGD
VROXomR H D GR VROYHQWH SXUR p GHQRPLQDGD YLVFRVLGDGH UHODWLYD 3DUD GHWHUPLQDU R
YDORUGHVWDYLVFRVLGDGHRWHPSRGHHVFRDPHQWRGRVROYHQWHWHGDVROXomRWVmR
PHGLGRV QR PHVPR YLVFRVtPHWUR &RQVLGHUDQGR TXH D GHQVLGDGH GH VROXo}HV
GLOXtGDV p SUDWLFDPHQWH LJXDO j GR VROYHQWH SXUR D YLVFRVLGDGH UHODWLYD SRGH VHU
GHILQLGDFRPRDUD]mRHQWUHRWHPSRGHHVFRDPHQWRGDVROXomRHGRVROYHQWHSXUR
$ YLVFRVLGDGH HVSHFtILFD p GHILQLGD FRPR D UD]mR HQWUH D GLIHUHQoD GRV WHPSRV GH
HVFRDPHQWR GD VROXomR H GR VROYHQWH SXUR WW H R WHPSR GH HVFRDPHQWR GR
VROYHQWHSXURW$PEDVVmRDGLPHQVLRQDLV$UHODomRHQWUHDYLVFRVLGDGHHVSHFtILFD
HDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomRpGHQRPLQDGDYLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGD)LQDOPHQWHDUD]mR
HQWUH R ORJDULWPR GD YLVFRVLGDGH UHODWLYD H D FRQFHQWUDomR p FRQKHFLGD FRPR
YLVFRVLGDGHLQHUHQWH$7DEHODUHVXPHHVWDVGHILQLo}HVGHYLVFRVLGDGH
7DEHOD'HILQLo}HVGHWLSRVGHYLVFRVLGDGHHVXDVUHVSHFWLYDVUHODo}HV
1RPH (TXDomRTXHGHILQH 8QLGDGH

9LVFRVLGDGH
UHODWLYD
r = t t (6.6) DGLPHQVLRQDO
o
9LVFRVLGDGH t to
HVSHFtILFD
sp = r 1 = (6.7) DGLPHQVLRQDO
to
9LVFRVLGDGH sp
red = (6.8) G/J
UHGX]LGD c
9LVFRVLGDGH ln r
inh = (6.9) G/J
LQHUHQWH c
2VYDORUHVGHYLVFRVLGDGHUHODWLYDHVSHFtILFDUHGX]LGDHLQHUHQWHYDULDPFRPD
FRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomR
6.2.3 Viscosidade intrnseca
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GD YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD RX Q~PHUR GH YLVFRVLGDGH OLPLWH p
QHFHVViULRGHWHUPLQDUDYLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGDRXLQHUHQWHDYiULDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVH
H[WUDSRODU j FRQFHQWUDomR ]HUR $ YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD SRGH HQWmR VHU GHILQLGD
FRPR
sp ln r
[ ]= clim

0 c
= lim
c0
(6.10)
c
$ YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD LQGHSHQGH GD FRQFHQWUDomR GD VROXomR &RPR DV
YLVFRVLGDGHV UHODWLYD H HVSHFtILFD VmR DGLPHQVLRQDLV D YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD WHP
FRPRXQLGDGHDUHFtSURFDGDFRQFHQWUDomRRXVHMDG/J
9iULDVHTXDo}HVHPStULFDVXVDGDVSDUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
WrPVLGRGHVHQYROYLGDV$OJXQVH[HPSORVVmRIRUQHFLGRVDVHJXLU
Equao de Huggins
sp
= [] + K [] c
2
(6.11)
c
Equao de Kraemer
ln r
= [ ] + K [ ] c
2
(6.12)
c
Equao de Shulz-Blaschke
sp
= [ ] + K []sp (6.13)
c
9LVFRVLPHWULD
Equao de Martin
sp
log = log[]+ K []c (6.14)
c
.L .LL .LLL H .LY VmR FRQVWDQWHV SDUD XP GHWHUPLQDGR SROtPHUR D XPD GHWHUPLQDGD
WHPSHUDWXUDHVROYHQWH
$)LJXUDLOXVWUDUHSUHVHQWDo}HVJUiILFDVGDV(TXDo}HVGH+XJJLQVH.UDHPHU
$PEDV DV UHWDV IRUQHFHP XP ~QLFR LQWHUFHSWR TXH FRUUHVSRQGH j YLVFRVLGDGH
LQWUtQVHFDRXVHMDDYLVFRVLGDGHjFRQFHQWUDomR]HUR
2 YDORU GD FRQVWDQWH GH +XJJLQV.L VLWXDVH QRUPDOPHQWH HP XPD IDL[D HQWUH
HHDXPHQWDTXDQGRRSRGHUGRVROYHQWHGHFUHVFH3DUDXPGHWHUPLQDGRSDU
SROtPHURVROYHQWHHVWDFRQVWDQWHQmRpHPJHUDOVHQVtYHODRSHVRPROHFXODU
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDGDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
4XDQGR D FRQVWDQWH GH .UDHPHU .L IRU PDLRU GR TXH D (TXDomR
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHQmRIRUQHFHYDORUHVFRQILiYHLV1HVWHVFDVRVD(TXDomRGH+XJJLQV
pPDLVLQGLFDGD
4XDQGRDGHSHQGrQFLDGDYLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGDFRPDFRQFHQWUDomR(TXDomRGH
+XJJLQVDSUHVHQWDFXUYDWXUDFRQVLGHUiYHODH[WUDSRODomRjGLOXLomRLQILQLWDWRUQD
VHGLItFLOHSDUDHVWHFDVRD(TXDomRGH0DUWLQpPXLWRXVDGD
$YLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDDSDUWLUGHPHGLGDVGHYLVFRVLGDGH
DXPD~QLFDFRQFHQWUDomR(VWHWLSRGHGHWHUPLQDomRpFRQKHFLGRFRPRPpWRGRGH
XPSRQWRHpXWLOL]DGRTXDQGRDVFRQVWDQWHVGDVHTXDo}HVDFLPDIRUHPFRQKHFLGDV
(VWH PpWRGR Vy p YiOLGR TXDQGR D GHSHQGrQFLD HQWUH D YLVFRVLGDGH UHGX]LGD RX
LQHUHQWHFRPDFRQFHQWUDomRIRUOLQHDU
6.3 Mecanismo de fluxo de solues diludas de polmeros

6ROXo}HV SROLPpULFDV SRVVXHP YLVFRVLGDGH DOWD $ QDWXUH]D GD YLVFRVLGDGH GH
VROXo}HVSROLPpULFDVEDVHLDVHQRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGDVPDFURPROpFXODVHPVROXomR
RX VHMD QDV VXDV SURSULHGDGHV KLGURGLQkPLFDV $V SURSULHGDGHV KLGURGLQkPLFDV
HVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVDRPRYLPHQWRGDPDFURPROpFXODHPVROXomR
7RGD PROpFXOD HP VROXomR PRYLPHQWDVH GH PRGR WUDQVODFLRQDO H URWDFLRQDO 2
PRYLPHQWR WUDQVODFLRQDO GDV PDFURPROpFXODV UHODWLYR jV PROpFXODV GR VROYHQWH
SRGHVHUGRWLSR
SPRYLPHQWRDRDFDVRPRYLPHQWR%URZQLDQR
SPRYLPHQWRGLUHFLRQDGRSRUGLIXVmR
SPRYLPHQWRHPXPFDPSRFHQWUtIXJRSRUVHGLPHQWDomR
4XDQGRXPDPDFURPROpFXODHVWiVREDDomRGHXPIOX[RODPLQDU)LJXUDD

XPDYHORFLGDGHGHFLVDOKDPHQWRGHILQLGDRVGLIHUHQWHVVHJPHQWRVGHVWDPDFURPR
OpFXOD PRYHPVH D YHORFLGDGHV GLIHUHQWHV ,VWR RFRUUH GHYLGR DR JUDGLHQWH GH
YHORFLGDGH SUHVHQWH HP XP IOX[R ODPLQDU FRPR H[SOLFDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH $
PDFURPROpFXOD GHYLGR DR VHX DOWR WDPDQKR PROHFXODU SRVVXL VHJPHQWRV ORFDOL
]DGRVHP]RQDVGHHVFRDPHQWRGHYHORFLGDGHVYDULDGDV$LQIOXrQFLDGRIOX[RPDLV
UiSLGRRXPHQRVUiSLGRHPXPDPDFURPROpFXODSURYRFDPRYLPHQWRVGHURWDomR
2V PRYLPHQWRV URWDFLRQDO H WUDQVODFLRQDO GDV PDFURPROpFXODV FDXVDP DWULWR
HQWUH RV VHXV VHJPHQWRV H DV PROpFXODVGRVROYHQWH,VWRSURYRFDXPDXPHQWRGD
YLVFRVLGDGHGRVLVWHPDHPUHODomRDRVROYHQWHSXUR
$ YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD >@ p GHILQLGD FRPR D YLVFRVLGDGH j FRQFHQWUDomR
LQILQLWDPHQWH GLOXtGD WHQGHQGR D ]HUR (VWD YLVFRVLGDGH p UHODFLRQDGD DSHQDV DR
PRYLPHQWRURWDFLRQDOGHXPDPDFURPROpFXODLQGLYLGXDO
(PVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVXPDPDFURPROpFXODORQJDHIOH[tYHODVVXPHDIRUPDGHXP
QRYHOR ([LVWHP GXDV WHRULDV EiVLFDV D UHVSHLWR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GHVWH QRYHOR
GXUDQWHRHVFRDPHQWR
Primeira teoria: modelo da partcula solvatada

'XUDQWHRIOX[RRVROYHQWHSDVVDOLYUHPHQWHDWUDYpVGRQRYHOR,VWRVLJQLILFDTXHR
PRYLPHQWR GR PHLR LQGHSHQGH GR PRYLPHQWR GRV VHJPHQWRV GR QRYHOR RX VHMD
9LVFRVLPHWULD
FDGD VHJPHQWR VRIUH R PHVPR DWULWR QR PHLR TXH R FLUFXQGD FRPR VRIUHULD QD
DXVrQFLDGHRXWURVVHJPHQWRVGDPDFURPROpFXOD
Segunda teoria: modelo da partcula macia

$ PDFURPROpFXOD QD IRUPD GH XP QRYHOR UHWpP XPD TXDQWLGDGH GHILQLGD GH
VROYHQWH4XDQGRHODHVWiVREDDomRGHXPIOX[RHODPRYHVHMXQWRFRPDSRUomR
GH VROYHQWH FDSWXUDGD GHQWUR GHVWH QRYHOR 'H DFRUGR FRP HVWH PRGHOR R QRYHOR
PDFURPROHFXODUpFRQVLGHUDGRHVIpULFRFRPUDLRHIHWLYR5HIIFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDRUDLR
GDHVIHUDLQFKDGDFRPRVROYHQWH&RPRRQRYHORPDFURPROHFXODUpFRQVWLWXtGRQD
YHUGDGHGHXPDPROpFXODGHSROtPHURHGDSRUomRGHVROYHQWHLQFOXVDRFRQMXQWR
SRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRXPDSDUWtFXODPDFLoDVHQGRLPSHUPHiYHODRUHVWRGRVROYHQWH
GRVLVWHPD
3DUWtFXODV HVIpULFDV TXH QmR LQWHUDJHP FRP R VROYHQWH DSUHVHQWDP XPD
YLVFRVLGDGHHVSHFtILFDGHDFRUGRFRPDVHJXLQWHHTXDomRGHVHQYROYLGDSRU(LQVWHLQ
= 2,5 (6.15)
RQGHpDIUDomRYROXPpWULFDGDVSDUWtFXODVHVIpULFDV
3RGHVH DVVXPLU HQWmR TXH VRE D DomR GH XP FDPSR FLVDOKDQWH R QRYHOR
SROLPpULFR FRQWHQGR R VROYHQWH QR VHX LQWHULRU FRPSRUWDVH FRPR XPD HVIHUD GH
(LQVWHLQ
$ IUDomR YROXPpWULFD GDV SDUWtFXODV HVIpULFDV p LJXDODUD]mRHQWUHRYROXPHGD
SDUWtFXODHVIpULFDYHRYROXPHGDVROXomR96DEHQGRVHTXH
SRYROXPHGHVWDHVIHUDFRUUHVSRQGHD5H
SR UDLR GHVWD HVIHUD p QD YHUGDGH R UDLR HIHWLYR 5HII TXH HQJORED R QRYHOR H R
VROYHQWHLQFOXVR
HQWmRDYLVFRVLGDGHHVSHFtILFDSRGHVHUGHILQLGDSHOD(TXDomR
n.4 3 .Reff
3
sp = 2,5 (6.16)
V
RQGHQpRQ~PHURGHSDUWtFXODVHVIpULFDV
$UD]mRHQWUHRQ~PHURGHSDUWtFXODVHVIpULFDVHRQ~PHURGH$YRJDGURIRUQHFH
RQ~PHURGHPROHVGRSROtPHURGHDFRUGRFRPDVHJXLQWHHTXDomR
n m m.N A
= RX n= (6.17)
NA M M
RQGHPpDPDVVDGRSROtPHURHPJUDPDH0pRVHXSHVRPROHFXODU6XEVWLWXLQGRR
Q~PHUR GH SDUWtFXODV Q GD (TXDomR SHOD (TXDomR D YLVFRVLGDGH
HVSHFtILFDSRGHVHUGHILQLGDFRPR
m.N A 4 3
sp = 2,5 . Reff (6.18)
M .V 3
&RPRP9pDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomRHPJP/SRGHVHFRQFOXLUTXH
sp N
= 2,5 A . 4 R3 (6.19)
c M 3 eff
([WUDSRODQGRjFRQFHQWUDomR]HURREWpPVHDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDHPUHODomR
DR UDLR HIHWLYR GD HVIHUD H DR SHVR PROHFXODU GR SROtPHUR FRPR GHPRQVWUD D
(TXDomR
sp 3
Reff
[] = lim c M (6.20)
c 0
&RQVLGHUDQGR D (TXDomR SRGHVH FRQFOXLU TXH D YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD p
SURSRUFLRQDO DR YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR HIHWLYR GD PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR H
LQYHUVDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO DR SHVR PROHFXODU GD PDFURPROpFXOD 6H R UDLR HIHWLYR
GR QRYHOR IRU FRQVLGHUDGR SURSRUFLRQDO j UDL] TXDGUDGD GR SHVR PROHFXODU GR
SROtPHURDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDSRGHVHUH[SUHVVDFRPR
sp
[] = lim c
( M ) 3
= M (6.21)
c 0 M
6.4 Determinao do peso molecular viscosimtrico mdio

$VGHSHQGrQFLDVGDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUGRSROtPHURTXH
DFDEDPRV GH GLVFXWLU VmR EDVHDGDV HP PRGHORV WHyULFRV ([SHULPHQWDOPHQWH RV
YDORUHVGHYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDHQFRQWUDPVHQDPDLRULDGRVFDVRVHQWUHRVGRLV
PRGHORV
$ YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD p UHODFLRQDGD DR SHVR PROHFXODU SRU PHLR GD HTXDomR
FRQKHFLGDFRPRHTXDomRGH0DUN.XKQ+RXZLQN6DNXUDGDGHVFULWDDVHJXLU
9LVFRVLPHWULD
[] = K. M a (6.22)
(VWD HTXDomR p PXLWR XVDGD SDUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU GH XP
SROtPHUR 2V YDORUHV GH . H D VmR FRQVWDQWHV SDUD XP GHWHUPLQDGR SDU SROtPHUR
VROYHQWHHSDUDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDWHPSHUDWXUD
1DPDLRULDGRVFDVRVDVLWXDVHHQWUHH3DUDSROtPHURVPHQRVIOH[tYHLV
REVHUYDPVH PDLRUHV YDORUHV GH D 3RGHVH HQWmR FRQFOXLU TXH RV YDORUHV GH D
IRUQHFHPXPDLGpLDDUHVSHLWRGDFRQIRUPDomRGDPDFURPROpFXODHPVROXomR
$ GLVFUHSkQFLD HQWUH DV UHODo}HV WHyULFDV H H[SHULPHQWDLV GH YLVFRVLGDGH
LQWUtQVHFDHSHVRPROHFXODUpH[SOLFDGDSHORHIHLWRGRYROXPHH[FOXtGRGLVFXWLGRQR
FDStWXOR 2V FiOFXORV WHyULFRV QmR OHYDP HP FRQVLGHUDomR DV LQWHUDo}HV GH ORQJD
GLVWkQFLDQHPDH[SDQVmRGRQRYHORGHYLGRjVLQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURVROYHQWH'HYLGR
DHVWDVLQWHUDo}HVRQRYHORPDFURPROHFXODUHPVROXomRSRGHDVVXPLUXPWDPDQKR
YH]HV PDLRU GR TXH R LGHDO e LPSRUWDQWH OHPEUDU TXH R IDWRU UHIHUHVH DR
FRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVmR GR QRYHOR QD SUHVHQoD GH XP ERP VROYHQWH &DS
&RQVLGHUDQGR D LQIOXrQFLD GR FRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVmR D HTXDomR TXH UHODFLRQD D
YLVFRVLGDGHFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUSRGHVHUGHVFULWDFRPR
[] =
1
K. . M 2
3 (6.23)
6H DV PHGLGDV GH YLVFRVLGDGH IRUHP UHDOL]DGDV HP XP VROYHQWH LGHDO R
FRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVmR p LJXDO j XQLGDGH $ GHSHQGrQFLD GD YLVFRVLGDGH FRP R
SHVR PROHFXODU VHJXH HQWmR R PRGHOR GD HVIHUD PDFLoD H[SUHVVD SHOD (TXDomR

$ (TXDomR GH 0DUN+RXZLQN (TXDomR IRUQHFH R SHVR PROHFXODU
YLVFRVLPpWULFRPpGLRGHILQLGRSHOD(TXDomR
1
N M 1+ a a
1
i i
M V = wi M ia = i =1
a
i =1 (6.24)
Ni M i
i =1
2VYDORUHVGH.HDGD(TXDomRSRGHPVHUGHWHUPLQDGRVH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH
XWLOL]DQGRVHXPDVpULHKRPyORJDGHSROtPHURVPRQRGLVSHUVRVTXHGLIHUHPDSHQDV
QRSHVRPROHFXODU$VYLVFRVLGDGHVLQWUtQVHFDVGHVWHVSROtPHURVVmRGHWHUPLQDGDVH
UHODFLRQDGDV DR VHX UHVSHFWLYR SHVR PROHFXODU SRU PHLR GR ORJDULWPR GD (TXDomR
,VWRpORJ>@ ORJ.DORJ0TXHSRGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGRJUDILFDPHQWHSHOD
UHWDLOXVWUDGDQD)LJXUD
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDGDGHSHQGrQFLDGDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDFRPRSHVRPROHFXODU
6.5 Determinao das dimenses moleculares de um polmero em

soluo
&RPRGLVFXWLGRDQWHULRUPHQWHDYLVFRVLGDGHGHVROXo}HVGHSROtPHURVpIXQomRGDV
SURSULHGDGHVKLGURGLQkPLFDVRXVHMDSURSULHGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVDRPRYLPHQWRGH
XPDPDFURPROpFXODHPVROXomR
$ YLVFRVLGDGH p SURSRUFLRQDO DR YROXPH HIHWLYR GD PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR
LVWR p GR VHX YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR HIHWLYR 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU R YROXPH
KLGURGLQkPLFRPDLRUVHUiDYLVFRVLGDGH
$VPHGLGDVGHYLVFRVLGDGHIRUQHFHPHQWmRGDGRVVREUHRYROXPHPROHFXODUTXH
RSROtPHURDVVXPHHPVROXomR4XDQGRDYLVFRVLGDGHpGHWHUPLQDGDHPFRQGLo}HV
WHWDVROYHQWHHWHPSHUDWXUDRIDWRUGHH[SDQVmRGRQRYHORGD(TXDomR
pLJXDODXPHDHTXDomRGDYLVFRVLGDGHSRGHVHUGHVFULWDFRPR
[] = K . M
1
2 (6.25)
VHQGRDFRQVWDQWH.GHILQLGDSHODVHJXLQWHHTXDomR
3
r02
2

K = (6.26)

M

9LVFRVLPHWULD
RQGH r02 pDGLVWkQFLDHVWUHPRDH[WUHPRTXDGUiWLFDPpGLDGDFDGHLDSROLPpULFD
PHGLGD VRE FRQGLo}HV WHWD H p D FRQVWDQWH XQLYHUVDO GH )ORU\ SDUD FDGHLDV
SROLPpULFDV OLQHDUHV H IOH[tYHLV WDPEpP SDUD FRQGLo}HV WHWD $ FRQVWDQWH GH )ORU\
SRVVXLRYDORUGH[G/J
&RPELQDQGR DV (TXDo}HV H D YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD SRGH VHU
UHODFLRQDGD j GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD VHJXQGR D (TXDomR

3
r02 2
= (6.27)

M
$ (TXDomR GHVFUHYH D YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD VRE FRQGLo}HV WHWD (OD p
SURSRUFLRQDO DR FXER GD GLPHQVmR OLQHDU GD FDGHLD HQRYHODGD DOHDWRULDPHQWH RX
VHMD GD GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD (VWD GLVWkQFLD p GHILQLGD
FRPR YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR 2V YDORUHV GH r02 SRGHP VHU FDOFXODGRV D SDUWLU GRV
YDORUHV GH s02 VHJXQGR D (TXDomR YHU FDStWXOR 3RU RXWUR ODGR R UDLR GH
JLUDomR TXDGUiWLFR PpGLR SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH D SDUWLU GH
PHGLGDVGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]FRPRGHVFULWRQRFDStWXOR
6.6 Efeito do solvente na viscosidade de solues diludas de

polmeros
7DQWRDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDFRPRRFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODUGDFXUYDGHVSFYHUVXVF
)LJXUD GHSHQGHP GD QDWXUH]D GR VROYHQWH ,VWR RFRUUH SRUTXH R QRYHOR
SROLPpULFR VRIUH H[SDQVmR PDLRU RX PHQRU GHSHQGHQGR GDV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHUR
VROYHQWH 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU D DILQLGDGH HQWUH SROtPHUR H VROYHQWH PDLRU VHUi R
YROXPHHIHWLYRGRQRYHORSROLPpULFRHPVROXomRHPDLRUVHUiDYLVFRVLGDGH
SERPVROYHQWHFDGHLDVH[SDQGLGDV
SPDXVROYHQWHFDGHLDVHQFROKLGDV
SVROYHQWH LGHDO RX VROYHQWH WHWD GLPHQV}HV QmR SHUWXUEDGDV R YROXPH GD
PDFURPROpFXOD p HVWLPDGR SHOD GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD
GHWHUPLQDGDVREFRQGLo}HVWHWD
$)LJXUDUHSUHVHQWDXPQRYHORSROLPpULFRTXDQGRH[SDQGLGRHHQFROKLGR6H
RVROYHQWHLQWHUDJHSRXFRFRPDPDFURPROpFXODPDXVROYHQWHRFRQWDWRSROtPHUR
SROtPHURpPDLVSURYiYHOID]HQGRFRPTXHRQRYHORVHHQFROKD)LJXUDD6HR
VROYHQWH LQWHUDJH EHP FRP D PDFURPROpFXOD ERP VROYHQWH R FRQWDWR SROtPHUR
VROYHQWHpPDLVSURYiYHOGRTXHRFRQWDWRSROtPHURSROtPHURHRQRYHORVHH[SDQGH
)LJXUD E $ FDGHLD HQFROKLGD RIHUHFH PHQRV UHVLVWrQFLD KLGURGLQkPLFD
UHVLVWrQFLD DR IOX[RHSRUWDQWRVXDVROXomRDSUHVHQWDPHQRUYLVFRVLGDGHGRTXH
XPDVROXomRFRQWHQGRXPDFDGHLDHVWHQGLGDGHPHVPRSHVRPROHFXODU
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGDFRQIRUPDomRGHXPQRYHORSROLPpULFRHPIXQomRGDDILQLGDGHFRPRVROYHQWH
DHQFROKLGDEH[SDQGLGD
1R WySLFR DQWHULRU IRUDP GLVFXWLGDV DV GLPHQV}HV GH XPD PDFURPROpFXOD VRE
FRQGLo}HVWHWD1RFDVRHPTXHDPDFURPROpFXODpGLVVROYLGDHPXPERPVROYHQWH
DYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDpGHILQLGDFRPR
3
2 2
r
[] = M
(6.28)
RQGH r p D GLVWkQFLD TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD GR QRYHOR HP XP VROYHQWH TXDOTXHU
2
GLIHUHQWHGRVROYHQWHWHWD(PXPVROYHQWHQmRLGHDORIDWRUGHH[SDQVmRGHYHVHU
FRQVLGHUDGRYHUFDStWXORRXVHMD
1 1
r 2 2
= r02 2
(6.29)
9LVFRVLPHWULD
r02
&RQVLGHUDQGRD(TXDomRHDVVXPLQGRTXHDUD]mR M pXPDIXQomRGD
HVWUXWXUD GD FDGHLD H LQGHSHQGH GR PHLR RX GR SHVR PROHFXODU D YLVFRVLGDGH
LQWUtQVHFDHPXPVROYHQWHTXDOTXHUSRGHVHUGHILQLGDFRPR
3
r02 2 1
= M 2 3 = K .M 12 3

(6.30)

M

$QDOLVDQGR DV HTXDo}HV GHVFULWDV DFLPD FRQFOXLVH TXH R YROXPH GD
PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR SRGH VHU FDOFXODGR D SDUWLU GH PHGLGDV GH YLVFRVLGDGH
LQWUtQVHFD
8PD YH] TXH R QRYHOR LQFKD GH PRGR GLIHUHQWH GH DFRUGR FRP R VROYHQWH p
LQWHUHVVDQWHUHODFLRQDUDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDFRPRVSDUkPHWURVWHUPRGLQkPLFRV
GHDILQLGDGHHQWUHSROtPHURHVROYHQWH9iULRVHVWXGRVWrPVLGRGHVHQYROYLGRVSDUD
HVWH ILP 3DUD SROtPHURV IOH[tYHLV IRL SRVVtYHO UHODFLRQDU D YLVFRVLGDGH FRP R
VHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO1RFDVRGHSROtPHURVFRPFDGHLDVUtJLGDVQmRH[LVWHHVWD
FRUUHODomR$OJXPDVUHODo}HVIRUDPSURSRVWDVWDLVFRPRDVGHVFULWDVDVHJXLU
S(TXDomRGH.ULJEDXPUHODFLRQDRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOREWLGRSRUSUHVVmR
RVPyWLFD$HDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
[] = [] + 0,50.A2M (6.31)
>@pDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDPHGLGDHPVROYHQWHWHWD

S(TXDomRGH6WRFNPD\HUH)L[PDQUHODFLRQDDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDFRPXPD
TXDQWLGDGH%TXHpIXQomRGRSDUkPHWURGHLQWHUDomR.
[] = K.M + 0,51B.M (6.32)
RQGH.pDFRQVWDQWHGHWHUPLQDGDHPFRQGLo}HVWHWD0pRSHVRPROHFXODUpD
FRQVWDQWH XQLYHUVDO GH )ORU\ H % p XPD TXDQWLGDGH UHODFLRQDGD DR SDUkPHWUR GH
LQWHUDomRSROtPHURVROYHQWHVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
2
v sp (1 2 )
B= (6.33)
V1 N A
RQGHYVSpRYROXPHHVSHFtILFRGRSROtPHUR9pRYROXPHPRODUGRVROYHQWHH1$pR
Q~PHURGH$YRJDGUR
6.7 Efeito do peso molecular na viscosidade
$ YLVFRVLGDGH GH VROXo}HV GLOXtGDV p EDVWDQWH DIHWDGD SHOR SHVR PROHFXODU 2
DXPHQWRGRSHVRPROHFXODUDXPHQWDDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDHRFRHILFLHQWHDQJXODU
GD UD]mR VSF YHUVXV F SDUD XP PHVPR SDU SROtPHURVROYHQWH D XPD PHVPD
WHPSHUDWXUD$)LJXUDLOXVWUDRHIHLWRGRSHVRPROHFXODUQRSHUILOGD(TXDomRGH
+XJJLQVRQGH0!0!0
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGDYLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGDGHVROXo}HVGLOXtGDVFRPDFRQFHQWUDomRGHSROtPHURVGH
GLIHUHQWHVSHVRVPROHFXODUHV0!0!0!0
6.8 Viscosidade em solues de polieletrlitos

6ROXo}HVGHSROLHOHWUyOLWRVVmRPXLWRLQWHUHVVDQWHVSDUDVHHVWXGDURHIHLWRGDIRUPD
GDPDFURPROpFXODQDYLVFRVLGDGHGDVVROXo}HVGLOXtGDV$PROpFXODGHVWHVSROtPHURV
VRIUHYDULDo}HVFRQVLGHUiYHLVQRVHXYROXPHKLGURGLQkPLFRGHSHQGHQGRGRJUDXGH
GLVVRFLDomR7RPHPRVFRPRH[HPSORRSROLiFLGRDFUtOLFRRXSROLiFLGRPHWDFUtOL
FR (VWHV SROtPHURV DVVXPHP YROXPHV GLIHUHQWHV HP IXQomR GR S+ GR PHLR (P
VROXomR DTXRVD RV SROtPHURV HQFRQWUDPVH IUDFDPHQWH GLVVRFLDGRV H FRQWrP XP
SHTXHQRQ~PHURGHFDUJDVDRORQJRGDFDGHLD
4XDQGRXPDSHTXHQDTXDQWLGDGHGHKLGUy[LGRGHVyGLRRXSRWiVVLRpDGLFLRQDGD
D HVWDV VROXo}HV R SROLiFLGR UHDJH IRUPDQGR VDLV GH VyGLR RX SRWiVVLR (VWHV VDLV
9LVFRVLPHWULD
GLVVRFLDPVHPXLWREHPHPVROXo}HVDTXRVDVOLEHUDQGRRVFiWLRQVRTXHJHUDXP
JUDQGHQ~PHURGHFDUJDVQHJDWLYDVDRORQJRGDVFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDV(VWDVFDUJDV
VH UHSHOHP H D UHSXOVmR HOHWURVWiWLFD WHQGH D HVWLFDU DV FDGHLDV HQTXDQWR TXH D
PRELOLGDGHWpUPLFDWHQGHDHQFROKrODVPHGLGDTXHVHDXPHQWDRS+GRPHLRR
JUDXGHGLVVRFLDomRDXPHQWDHRQRYHORH[SDQGHVHFDGDYH]PDLVRFDVLRQDQGRXP
DXPHQWR VHQVtYHO QD YLVFRVLGDGH $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD HVWH HIHLWR RQGH REVHUYDVH
XPDFUpVFLPREUXVFRGDYLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGDDWpS+HPWRUQRGHUHJLmR%(VWH
DFUpVFLPR p DWULEXtGR QmR Vy DR DXPHQWR GR YROXPH PROHFXODU GHYLGR j UHSXOVmR
HOHWURVWiWLFDFRPRWDPEpPjVLQWHUDo}HVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVHQWUHRVkQLRQVGHXPD
FDGHLDHRVJUXSRViFLGRQmRGLVVRFLDGRVGHRXWUDFDGHLD2EYLDPHQWHHVWDVLQWHUD
o}HVVmRPDLRUHVFRPRDXPHQWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomRHSRUWDQWRRHIHLWRQD
YLVFRVLGDGHpDLQGDPDLRU
$ YLVFRVLGDGH GD VROXomR GH SROLiFLGR DXPHQWD FRP R DXPHQWR GR S+ DWp XP
OLPLWH)LJXUDSRQWR&$FLPDGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRYDORUGHS+DFRQFHQWUDomR
GHFRQWUDtRQVQDVROXomRFiWLRQVDXPHQWDPXLWRHHVWHVFRPHoDPDVHUDWUDtGRV
SHORVkQLRQVFDUER[LODWRSUHVHQWHVQDFDGHLDPDFURPROHFXODU2VFiWLRQVDVVRFLDGRV
DRV kQLRQV IRUPDP XPD HVSpFLH GH FREHUWXUD GD FDGHLD SROLPpULFD $V UHSXOV}HV
HOHWURVWiWLFDVHDVLQWHUDo}HVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVGHFUHVFHPUHVXOWDQGRHPXPHQFR
OKLPHQWR GR QRYHOR SROLPpULFR H FRQVHTHQWH GHFUpVFLPR GD YLVFRVLGDGH UHGX]LGD
GDVROXomRUHJLmR'
)LJXUD,QIOXrQFLDGRS+GRPHLRQDYLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGDGHVROXo}HVGHSROLHOHWUyOLWRVDYiULDV
FRQFHQWUDo}HV
6.9 Efeito da temperatura na viscosidade intrnseca
$ YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD SRGH DXPHQWDU RX GLPLQXLU FRP D WHPSHUDWXUD (VWH
IHQ{PHQRHVWiGLUHWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRFRPDDILQLGDGHWHUPRGLQkPLFDGHXPSDU
SROtPHURVROYHQWHRXVHMDFRPDGHSHQGrQFLDGRVHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDOFRPD
WHPSHUDWXUD$)LJXUDLOXVWUDDGHSHQGrQFLDGH>@H$FRPDWHPSHUDWXUD6HD
DILQLGDGHWHUPRGLQkPLFDPHOKRUDFRPDWHPSHUDWXUD$DXPHQWDRQRYHORVRIUH
XP LQFKDPHQWR PDLRU SHOD DomR GR VROYHQWH H D YLVFRVLGDGH DXPHQWD FRPR
HVSHUDGR (VWH FRPSRUWDPHQWR p FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH VLVWHPDV TXH DSUHVHQWDP
WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVROXWD VXSHULRU 8&67 YHU FDStWXOR 6H $ GHFUHVFH FRP R
DXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDRQRYHORFRQWUDLVHFDGDYH]PDLVHDYLVFRVLGDGHGLPLQXL
(VWH FRPSRUWDPHQWR p WtSLFR GH VLVWHPDV TXH SRVVXHP WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVROXWD
LQIHULRU/&67
)LJXUD9DULDomRGH>@H$HPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDVLVWHPDVTXHDSUHVHQWDPFRPSRUWDPHQWRGR
WLSRD8&67HE/&67
6.10 Tamanho molecular de polmeros ramificados

$YLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDGHXPSROtPHURHPVROXomRpXPSDUkPHWURTXHGHSHQGH
GLUHWDPHQWHGDVGLPHQV}HVPROHFXODUHVFRPRGLVFXWLGRDQWHULRUPHQWH2WDPDQKR
PROHFXODU GH XP SROtPHUR GLVVROYLGR HP XP GHWHUPLQDGR VROYHQWH SRGH VHU
HVWLPDGRDSDUWLUGDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDHGHSHQGHGHXPDVpULHGHIDWRUHVWDLV
FRPR
SSHVRPROHFXODU
9LVFRVLPHWULD
SHVWUXWXUDORFDOGDFDGHLDGHILQLGDSHORIDWRU r02
M
SHIHLWRGRVROYHQWHHVWLPDGRSHORIDWRUGHH[SDQVmR
SHVWUXWXUD GD FDGHLD FRPR XP WRGR HP TXH R JUDX GH UDPLILFDomR p XP IDWRU
LPSRUWDQWH
3DUD SROtPHURV OLQHDUHV D GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD

r2 p XPD PHGLGD PXLWR XVDGD SDUD GHILQLU DV GLPHQV}HV PROHFXODUHV
3ROtPHURV UDPLILFDGRV HQWUHWDQWR SRVVXHP YiULDV H[WUHPLGDGHV GH FDGHLD H HVWH
SDUkPHWUR QmR SRGH VHU XWLOL]DGR 3DUD HVWHV FDVRV XWLOL]DVH R UDLR GH JLUDomR
TXDGUiWLFRPpGLR s 2
2YROXPHRFXSDGRSRUXPSROtPHURUDPLILFDGRpVHPSUHPHQRUGRTXHRYROXPH
RFXSDGR SRU XP SROtPHUR OLQHDU GH PHVPR SHVR PROHFXODU 3DUD FRPSDUDU DV
GLPHQV}HV HQWUH XP SROtPHUR OLQHDU H XP SROtPHUR UDPLILFDGR GH PHVPR SHVR
PROHFXODU XWLOL]DVH R SDUkPHWUR g (VWH SDUkPHWUR p GHWHUPLQDGR D SDUWLU GH
PHGLGDV GR UDLR GH JLUDomR GD PDFURPROpFXOD OLQHDU H UDPLILFDGD HP FRQGLo}HV
WHWD RX VHMD FRQGLo}HV QmRSHUWXUEDGDV SRU LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHURSROtPHUR RX
SROtPHURVROYHQWH2SDUkPHWUR g pGHWHUPLQDGRDSDUWLUGD(TXDomR
s02
g= ramif
s2
(6.34)
0 lin M
&RPR RV SROtPHURV UDPLILFDGRV SRVVXHP GLPHQV}HV PHQRUHV GR TXH SROtPHURV
OLQHDUHV D SHVR PROHFXODU FRQVWDQWH R YDORU g VHUi VHPSUH PHQRU GR TXH D
XQLGDGH
2 HIHLWR GD UDPLILFDomR SRGH WDPEpP VHU HVWXGDGR D SDUWLU GH PHGLGDV GH
YLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD1HVWHFDVRXWLOL]DVHRSDUkPHWUR g RQGHDUD]mRHQWUHDV
YLVFRVLGDGHVpFRQVLGHUDGD
[] , ramif
g =
[] , lin
(6.35)

M
4XDQGR D VROXomR SROLPpULFD p HVWXGDGD HP ERQV VROYHQWHV R FRHILFLHQWH GH
H[SDQVmR pWDPEpPLQIOXHQFLDGRSHODUDPLILFDomR8PSROtPHUROLQHDUpFDSD]GH
VH H[SDQGLU PXLWR PDLV GR TXH XP SROtPHUR UDPLILFDGR ,VWR VLJQLILFD TXH R
SDUkPHWUR g RX g HVWLPDGR HP ERP VROYHQWH GHYHUi VHU PXLWR PHQRU GR TXH
DTXHOHHVWLPDGRHPFRQGLo}HVWHWDSRUTXHDUD]mRDSUHVHQWDGDQD(TXDomRp
QXPHULFDPHQWHPHQRU3ROtPHUROLQHDU3ROtPHURUDPLILFDGR(VWDGRWHWD
2HIHLWRGRVROYHQWHQRSDUkPHWUR g RX g pEHPH[HPSOLILFDGRXWLOL]DQGRVH
SROtPHURV GR WLSR HVWUHOD $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH SROtPHURV
UDPLILFDGRV HP FRQGLo}HV WHWD H HP SUHVHQoD GH XP ERP VROYHQWH 8P SROtPHUR
OLQHDU FRQVHJXH VH H[SDQGLU PXLWR PDLV GR TXH XP SROtPHUR UDPLILFDGR SRUTXH
QHVWH ~OWLPR DV OLJDo}HV FRYDOHQWHV HQWUH DV FDGHLDV OLPLWDP R VHX FRHILFLHQWH GH
H[SDQVmR
&RQVLGHUHPRVDJRUDRVSROtPHURVUDPLILFDGRVGRWLSRHVWUHODFRPRLOXVWUDGRQD
)LJXUD RV TXDLV SRVVXHP UDPLILFDo}HV GH PHVPR SHVR PROHFXODU $VVLP
DXPHQWDQGRRQ~PHURGHUDPLILFDo}HVDXPHQWDRSHVRPROHFXODU3RUpPRYROXPH
KLGURGLQkPLFRQmRVRIUHPXGDQoDVFRQVLGHUiYHLV&RQVHTHQWHPHQWHDYLVFRVLGDGH
GHVWHVSROtPHURVSHUPDQHFHSUDWLFDPHQWHFRQVWDQWH
)LJXUD([SDQVmRGRQRYHORPROHFXODUGHXPSROtPHUROLQHDUHXPSROtPHURUDPLILFDGRHPERPVROYHQWH
9LVFRVLPHWULD
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHSROtPHURVUDPLILFDGRVGRWLSRHVWUHODFRPUDPLILFDo}HVGH
PHVPRSHVRPROHFXODUHFRPQ~PHURGHUDPLILFDo}HVGLIHUHQWH

(VWDVGLIHUHQoDVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWROHYDUDPDOJXQVSHVTXLVDGRUHVDGHVHQYROYHU
PRGHORVTXHUHODFLRQDPRSDUkPHWUR g FRPRQ~PHURGHUDPLILFDo}HVIGHXP
SROtPHUR HVWUHOD 2V PRGHORV PDLV FLWDGRV QD OLWHUDWXUD VmR RV GH 6WRFNPD\HU H
)L[PDQHRGH=LPPH.LOEHDVUHVSHFWLYDVHTXDo}HVHVWmRDSUHVHQWDGDVDVHJXLU
Modelo de Stockmayer e Fixman

3
2 2 2 ( f 1)
3 1
g = f f +2

(6.36)
RQGHIpRQ~PHURGHUDPLILFDo}HVGHXPSROtPHURHVWUHOD
Modelo de Zimm e Kilb

3 [0,39( f 1)+ 0,196]
2 2
g =
f
(6.37)
0,586
6.11 Tcnicas experimentais
5HVXOWDGRV SUHFLVRV GH PHGLGDV GH YLVFRVLGDGH HP VROXomR VmR SRVVtYHLV VRPHQWH
TXDQGRVHFRQKHFHDFRQFHQWUDomRH[DWDGDVROXomRHTXDQGRHVWDVVROXo}HVHVWmR
OLYUHV GH TXDOTXHU SDUWtFXOD HP VXVSHQVmR FRPR SRU H[HPSOR SRHLUD PDWHULDO
LQVRO~YHOHWF$OpPGLVVRpLPSRUWDQWHTXHHVWDVVROXo}HVQmRVHMDPPXLWRGLOXtGDV
QHP PXLWR FRQFHQWUDGDV 6ROXo}HV PXLWR GLOXtGDV DSUHVHQWDP D YLVFRVLGDGH PXLWR
SUy[LPD GD YLVFRVLGDGH GR VROYHQWH SXUR GLILFXOWDQGR D PHGLGD 3RU RXWUR ODGR
VROXo}HV PXLWR FRQFHQWUDGDV QmR REHGHFHP D PDLRULD GDV UHODo}HV GLVFXWLGDV
DQWHULRUPHQWHGHYLGRDLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHPROpFXODVGRSUySULRSROtPHURFRHILFLHQWH
GH DWULWR GD VROXomR FRP D SDUHGH GR FDSLODU HWF $OJXQV RXWURV FXLGDGRV WDPEpP
GHYHPVHUWRPDGRVWDLVFRPR
S'HYHPVHUHYLWDGRVVROYHQWHVFRPDOWDYRODWLOLGDGHQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDEDOKR
XPDYH]TXHDVXDHYDSRUDomRSURPRYHDYDULDomRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomR
S$ FRQFHQWUDomR LQLFLDO LGHDO SDUD PHGLGDV GH YLVFRVLGDGH p DTXHOD TXH IRUQHFH
YLVFRVLGDGHUHODWLYDHPWRUQRGH$OJXQVDXWRUHVVXJHUHPDUD]mRGH
S$ VROXomR PDLV GLOXtGD GHYH DSUHVHQWDU XPD YLVFRVLGDGH UHODWLYD GH QR PtQLPR

S7UDEDOKDQGRVH QD IDL[D GH YLVFRVLGDGH UHODWLYD HQWUH H DV HTXDo}HV GH
+XJJLQV H .UDHPHU VmR DSOLFiYHLV H RV GDGRV SRGHP VHU WUDWDGRV GH PDQHLUD
OLQHDU
S$ VROXomR GHYH VHU SUHYLDPHQWH ILOWUDGD XWLOL]DQGRVH ILOWURV DGDSWDGRV
GLUHWDPHQWHDXPDVHULQJD
S2 FRQWUROH GD WHPSHUDWXUD p GH H[WUHPD LPSRUWkQFLD SDUD D YLVFRVLPHWULD HP
VROXomR$YDULDomRGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHYHVHUGDRUGHPGHR&
'LYHUVRV WLSRV GH YLVFRVtPHWUR HVWmR GLVSRQtYHLV QR PHUFDGR $ )LJXUD
DSUHVHQWDGRLVWLSRVGHYLVFRVtPHWURRYLVFRVtPHWURFRQKHFLGRFRPR8EEHORKGHD
HRGH&DQQRQ)HQVNHE1RSULPHLURFDVRDGLOXLomRGDVROXomRPmHpIHLWDGHQWUR
GRYLVFRVtPHWUR(VWHYLVFRVtPHWURUHTXHUXPYROXPHLQLFLDOGHP/SDUDDVROXomR
PmHHDGLOXLomRpUHDOL]DGDDGLFLRQDQGRVHDOtTXRWDVGHVROYHQWH
2 YLVFRVtPHWUR GR WLSR &DQQRQ)HQVNH QmR SHUPLWH GLOXLomR GHQWUR GR YLVFR
VtPHWURSRUTXHRYROXPHGDVROXomRGHYHVHUFRQVWDQWH
6XEVWkQFLDVTXHVHGLVVROYHPVRPHQWHDWHPSHUDWXUDVDOWDVFRPRpRFDVRGDV
SROLROHILQDVQHFHVVLWDPGHYLVFRVtPHWURHVSHFLDOFRPRRLOXVWUDGRQD)LJXUD$V
PHGLGDVVmRUHDOL]DGDVHPDWPRVIHUDLQHUWHQLWURJrQLRSDUDHYLWDUGHJUDGDomRGR
SROtPHUR GXUDQWH R H[SHULPHQWR 2 YLVFRVtPHWUR DSUHVHQWDGR QD )LJXUD
SHUPLWHTXHDILOWUDomRGDDPRVWUDHDVPHGLGDVGHYLVFRVLGDGHVHMDPUHDOL]DGDVHP
DWPRVIHUD LQHUWH 2 SROtPHUR H R VROYHQWH VmR LQWURGX]LGRV DWUDYpV GR WXER 2
YLVFRVtPHWURpHQWmRHYDFXDGRHSUHHQFKLGRFRPQLWURJrQLRYiULDVYH]HVDWUDYpV
GDWRUQHLUD2VLVWHPDpHQWmRDTXHFLGRjWHPSHUDWXUDGHVHMDGDSDUDGLVVROXomR
GRSROtPHUR$SyVDGLVVROXomRGRSROtPHURDTXHQWHDVROXomRpHPSXUUDGDDWUDYpV
GR ILOWUR GH YLGUR VLQWHUL]DGR XWLOL]DQGRVH SUHVVmR GH QLWURJrQLR (VWH SURFHVVR p
IHLWR DEULQGRVH D WRUQHLUD DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH VH PDQWpP D WRUQHLUD
IHFKDGD3DUDIDFLOLWDUDILOWUDomRDWUDYpVGRILOWURDWRUQHLUDpLQWHUPLWHQWHPHQWH
9LVFRVLPHWULD
DEHUWD 2 WHPSR GH IOX[R p PHGLGR FRP DV WRUQHLUDV H DEHUWDV SDUD D
DWPRVIHUDGHQLWURJrQLR
)LJXUD7LSRVGHYLVFRVtPHWURD8EEHORKGHHE&DQQRQ)HQVNH
)LJXUD9LVFRVtPHWURXVDGRSDUDPHGLGDVDWHPSHUDWXUDVHOHYDGDV
2VYLVFRVtPHWURVFDSLODUHVGHYHPVHUVHOHFLRQDGRVGHPRGRTXHDSUHVHQWHPXP
GLkPHWURGHFDSLODUWDOTXHRWHPSRGHHVFRDPHQWRGRIOXLGRRFRUUDQDIDL[DHQWUH
HVHJXQGRV
$ VHJXLU p DSUHVHQWDGR R SURFHGLPHQWR SDUD D UHDOL]DomR GDV PHGLGDV GH
YLVFRVLGDGH
3UHSDUDU D VROXomRPmH FRP FRQFHQWUDomR DGHTXDGD 1RUPDOPHQWH GLVVROYHVH
FHUFD GH J GH SROtPHUR HP P/ GH VROYHQWH XWLOL]DQGRVH EDOmR
YROXPpWULFR
'HL[DURSROtPHURHPFRQWDWRFRPRVROYHQWHGHXPGLDSDUDRRXWURDILPGH
SURPRYHU FRPSOHWD VROXELOL]DomR $ VROXomR GHYH HVWDU OtPSLGD 6H WLYHU DOJXP
PDWHULDOHPVXVSHQVmRGHYHVHDTXHFHUOHYHPHQWHDVROXomR
)LOWUDUDVROXomRPmHHPILOWURDSURSULDGRSDUDHOLPLQDUTXDOTXHUSDUWtFXODHP
VXVSHQVmR
0HGLU D FRQFHQWUDomR H[DWD GD VROXomRPmH UHWLUDQGRVH XPD DOtTXRWD FRP
SLSHWD YROXPpWULFD WUDQVIHULQGRD SDUD XPD FiSVXOD GH DOXPtQLR GH SHVR
FRQKHFLGR H GHL[DQGR R VROYHQWH HYDSRUDU DWp TXH R UHVtGXR DWLQMD SHVR
FRQVWDQWH
$SDUWLUGDVROXomRPmHSUHSDUDURXWUDVVROXo}HVPDLVGLOXtGDV
&RORFDU R YLVFRVtPHWUR D VHU XWLOL]DGR HP XP EDQKR WHUPRVWDWL]DGR FRP
DJLWDomR 2 FDSLODU GR YLVFRVtPHWUR GHYH HVWDU HP SRVLomR YHUWLFDO SRUTXH R
WHPSRGHHVFRDPHQWRYDULDVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHVHRFDSLODUHVWLYHULQFOLQDGR
$GLFLRQDU SULPHLUDPHQWH R VROYHQWH SXUR H PHGLU R WHPSR GH HVFRDPHQWR GR
VROYHQWHWHQWUHRVGRLVPHQLVFRVGRFDSLODUGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHRVSRQWRV$H%
QRVYLVFRVtPHWURVLOXVWUDGRVQD)LJXUD
5HPRYHURVROYHQWHHVHFDULQWHUQDPHQWHRYLVFRVtPHWURGHPRGRHILFLHQWH
(PVHJXLGDDGLFLRQDUDVROXomRGHSROtPHURHPHGLURWHPSRGHHVFRDPHQWRGD
VROXomR
4XDQGRVHXWLOL]DRYLVFRVtPHWURGRWLSR&DQQRQ)HQVNH)LJXUDDGHYHVH
UHPRYHU D VROXomR PHGLGD ODYDU H VHFDU R YLVFRVtPHWUR SDUD D DGLomR GD QRYD
VROXomR
9LVFRVLPHWULD
81(6&26DQWLDJR
,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
1HZ<RUN
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ

6RQV,QF1HZ<RUN
0D\V - : H +DGMLFKULVWLGLV 1 3RO\PHU&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ 8VLQJ 'LOXWH 6ROXWLRQ
9LVFRPHWU\ (P %DUWK + * DQG 0D\V - : 0RGHUQ 0HWKRGV RI 3RO\PHU
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUN
0RRUH : - )tVLFR4XtPLFD 6mR 3DXOR DR /LYUR 7pFQLFR $6 7UDG HP
SRUWXJXrV
1HZ<RUN
&DStWXOR
Cromatografia
7.1 Introduo
7pFQLFDV FURPDWRJUiILFDV FRQVWLWXHP SURFHVVRV GH VHSDUDomR GH VXEVWkQFLDV
RUJkQLFDV (P XP SURFHVVR FURPDWRJUiILFR DV VXEVWkQFLDV D VHUHP VHSDUDGDV VmR
FDUUHDGDV SRU XPD IDVH TXH VH PRYH IDVH PyYHO DR ORQJR GH XPD RXWUD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD OHLWR FURPDWRJUiILFR $V IDVHV PyYHO H HVWDFLRQiULD FRQVWLWXHP GXDV
IDVHVLPLVFtYHLV$DPRVWUDFRQWHQGRDVVXEVWkQFLDVpFRORFDGDQDIDVHPyYHOHHVVDV
VXEVWkQFLDVVHPRYHUmRFRPPDLRURXPHQRUUDSLGH]GHSHQGHQGRGDVXDDILQLGDGH
FRPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDHFRPDIDVHPyYHO
$ FURPDWRJUDILD SRGH VHU VXEGLYLGLGD HP GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV $ VHJXLU VHUmR
OLVWDGRVDOJXQVH[HPSORVGHVXEGLYLVmR
Subdiviso baseada na geometria do leito cromatogrfico

S &URPDWRJUDILD HP FROXQD XPD FROXQD XVXDOPHQWH GH YLGUR RX GH DoR
LQR[LGiYHO p HPSDFRWDGD FRP R PDWHULDO DWLYR IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD DWUDYpV GR
TXDODPLVWXUDDVHUVHSDUDGDIOXL
S &URPDWRJUDILD SODQDU HVWH WLSR GH FURPDWRJUDILD LQFOXL D FURPDWRJUDILD HP
FDPDGDILQDHDFURPDWRJUDILDHPSDSHO
Subdiviso baseada no estado de agregao da fase mvel

S &URPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD RX FURPDWRJUDILD D JiV *& D IDVH PyYHO p XP JiV
FDUUHDGRU$FURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDpXPDWpFQLFDGHFURPDWRJUDILDHPFROXQDHD
IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSRGHVHUXPOtTXLGRRXXPVyOLGR
S &URPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDRXFURPDWRJUDILDDOtTXLGR/&DIDVHPyYHOpXPOtTXLGR
$FURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDSRGHVHUHPFROXQDRXSODQDU
Subdiviso baseada no mecanismo de separao

S &URPDWRJUDILD GH SDUWLomR HVWD FURPDWRJUDILD UHTXHU XPD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD QD
TXDORVFRPSRQHQWHVGDDPRVWUDSRVVXHPGLIHUHQWHVVROXELOLGDGHV
S &URPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD FRQWpP SRURV GH
WDPDQKRV YDULDGRV H D VHSDUDomR DFRQWHFH D SDUWLU GH WDPDQKRV GLIHUHQWHV GD
PROpFXOD HP UHODomR DR WDPDQKR GRV SRURV GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD (VWH WLSR GH
FURPDWRJUDILDpJHUDOPHQWHXVDGRSDUDVHSDUDomRGHPDFURPROpFXODV
S &URPDWRJUDILDSRUDGVRUomRDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSRVVXLFHQWURVDWLYRVFDSD]HVGH
DGVRUYHUHP RV FRPSRQHQWHV GD PLVWXUD D VHU DQDOLVDGD $ DGVRUomR p
LQIOXHQFLDGDEDVLFDPHQWHSHODVIRUoDVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVSRODUHV
$)LJXUDLOXVWUDRVGLYHUVRVWLSRVWpFQLFDVFURPDWRJUiILFDV
7.2 Teoria das colunas

7DQWR QD FURPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD FRPR QD FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD SRU HOXLomR D IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD UHVSRQViYHO SHOD VHSDUDomR p FRORFDGD GHQWUR GH XPD FROXQD TXH
SRGHVHUGHYLGURRXGHDoRLQR[LGiYHO1DFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHDOWDUHVROXomR
+3/&DFROXQDpVHPSUHGHDoRLQR[LGiYHO
2 VXFHVVR GH XPD VHSDUDomR FURPDWRJUiILFD GHSHQGH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GD
TXDOLGDGHGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDRXVHMDGRUHFKHLRGDVFROXQDV$VHSDUDomRHQYROYH
DOJXQV UHTXLVLWRV EiVLFRV WDLV FRPR D UHVROXomR D VHOHWLYLGDGH GD FROXQD D
YHORFLGDGHGRIOX[RGDIDVHPyYHOHDFDSDFLGDGHGHVHSDUDomRGDFROXQD
e LPSRUWDQWH HQWmR DQWHV GH GHVFUHYHU DV GLYHUVDV WpFQLFDV FURPDWRJUiILFDV
GLVFXWLU RV SDUkPHWURV TXH HQYROYHP XPD ERD VHSDUDomR FURPDWRJUiILFD $OJXPDV
GHILQLo}HVVmROLVWDGDVDVHJXLU
S 7HPSR GH UHWHQomR p R WHPSR TXH D VXEVWkQFLD OHYD SDUD SHUFRUUHU D FROXQD
GHVGHDVXDLQMHomRDWpDVXDSDVVDJHPSHORGHWHFWRU1DFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGD
HVWHWHPSRpWDPEpPFRQKHFLGRFRPRWHPSRGHHOXLomR
S 9ROXPH GH UHWHQomR p R YROXPH GD IDVH PyYHO TXH HOXL GHVGH D LQMHomR GD
DPRVWUDDWpDSDVVDJHPGDDPRVWUDSHORGHWHFWRU1DFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDHVWH
YROXPH WDPEpP p FRQKHFLGR FRPR YROXPH GH HOXLomR 2 WHPSR H R YROXPH GH
UHWHQomRSRVVXHPRPHVPRVLJQLILFDGRHVmRXWLOL]DGRVSHORVDXWRUHVLQGLVFULPL
QDGDPHQWH
&URPDWRJUDILD
)LJXUD$VUDPLILFDo}HVGDFURPDWRJUDILD
7.2.1 Eficincia da coluna

$ HILFLrQFLD GD FROXQD p PHGLGD HP WHUPRV GH Q~PHUR GH SUDWRV WHyULFRV 1 GH
DFRUGRFRPD(TXDomR
2
2 t
t
N = 16 R ou N = 5,5 R (7.1)
w w1
2
RQGH1pRQ~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRVW5pRWHPSRGHUHWHQomRUHODWLYRDRPi[LPR
GRSLFRHZpDODUJXUDGRSLFRPHGLGRQDOLQKDEDVH$PHLDODUJXUDZpDODUJXUD
GR SLFR FRUUHVSRQGHQWH j VXD PHLD DOWXUD $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD R PpWRGR SDUD D
GHWHUPLQDomRGRQ~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRV
)LJXUD&iOFXORGRQ~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRV
$ (TXDomR FRPSDUD D ODUJXUD GR SLFR FRP R WHPSR HP TXH R FRPSRQHQWH
ILFRXUHWLGRQDFROXQD2Q~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRVpSURSRUFLRQDODRFRPSULPHQWR
GD FROXQD *HUDOPHQWH FROXQDV PDLV FRPSULGDV SRVVXHP XP Q~PHUR GH SUDWRV
WHyULFRVPDLRUSRUpPRFDVLRQDPXPDXPHQWRQDSUHVVmRGRVLVWHPD&RQVLGHUDQGR
TXH DV FROXQDV VmR FRPHUFLDOL]DGDV HP YiULRV WDPDQKRV p LPSRUWDQWH DYDOLDU D
HILFLrQFLD GD FROXQD GH XPD IRUPD LQGHSHQGHQWH GR Q~PHUR GH SUDWRV WHyULFRV
'HVWH PRGR p PHOKRU XWLOL]DU R WHUPR DOWXUD HTXLYDOHQWH D XP SUDWR WHyULFR
+(73TXHpUHODFLRQDGDDRQ~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRVVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
L
HETP = (7.2)
N
RQGH/pRFRPSULPHQWRGDFROXQDJHUDOPHQWHHPPLOtPHWURVH1pRQ~PHURGH
SUDWRVWHyULFRV4XDQWRPHOKRUIRUDHILFLrQFLDGDFROXQDPHQRUHVVHUmRRVYDORUHV
GH+(736HFRPSDUDUPRVFROXQDVGHPHVPRFRPSULPHQWR/DHILFLrQFLDVHUiWDQWR
PDLRUTXDQWRPDLRUIRURQ~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRV1
$ DOWXUD HTXLYDOHQWH D XP SUDWR WHyULFR GHSHQGH GD YHORFLGDGH GH IOX[R GD IDVH
PyYHO (VWD GHSHQGrQFLD p LOXVWUDGD QD )LJXUD RQGH D +(73 p FRORFDGD HP
IXQomR GD YHORFLGDGH GH IOX[R (VWD GHSHQGrQFLD p FRQKHFLGD FRPR UHSUHVHQWDomR
JUiILFD GH YDQ 'HHPWHU &RPR LQGLFDGR QD )LJXUD SDUD XPD ERD HILFLrQFLD D
YHORFLGDGHGRIOX[RXWLOL]DGRQRVH[SHULPHQWRVQmRSRGHVHUPXLWREDL[DQHPPXLWR
DOWD $ FXUYD DSUHVHQWDGD QD ILJXUD p R UHVXOWDGR GD FRPSRVLomR GH YiULRV IDWRUHV
TXHLQIOXHQFLDPDDOWXUDGRSUDWRWDLVFRPRSURFHVVRGHGLIXVmRLUUHJXODULGDGHGH
IOX[RHWF
&URPDWRJUDILD

)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGD+(73FRPDYHORFLGDGHGHIOX[RGDIDVHPyYHO'LDJUDPDGHYDQ 'HHPWHUD

HIHLWRGDGLIXVmRPROHFXODUEHIHLWRGDUHVLVWrQFLDjWUDQVIHUrQFLDGHPDVVD
7.2.2 Seletividade da coluna

$ VHOHWLYLGDGH GH XPD FROXQD p GHILQLGD SHOD VHSDUDomR UHODWLYD GRV SLFRV H p
GDGDSHOD(TXDomR
t R2 t m K 2
= = (7.3)
t R1 t m K1
RQGHW5HW5VmRRVWHPSRVGHUHWHQomRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHH
WP p R WHPSR GH UHWHQomR GR FRPSRQHQWH QmR UHWLGR QD FROXQD 1D FURPDWRJUDILD
JDVRVDHQDFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDSRUDGVRUomRHVWHWHPSRFRUUHVSRQGHDRWHPSR
GHUHWHQomRGRVROYHQWH.H.FRUUHVSRQGHPDRVFRHILFLHQWHVGHGLVWULEXLomRGRV
FRPSRQHQWHVHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
2FRHILFLHQWHGHGLVWULEXLomRpGHILQLGRSHODUD]mRHQWUHDFRQFHQWUDomRGHVROXWR
QDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDHDFRQFHQWUDomRGHVROXWRQDIDVHPyYHO
1D FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR p IUHTHQWHPHQWH
GHILQLGRGHDFRUGRFRPRPHFDQLVPRGHVHSDUDomRFRPR
S FRHILFLHQWHGHSDUWLomRQDFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHSDUWLomR
S FRHILFLHQWHGHSHUPHDomRQDFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR
S FRHILFLHQWHGHDGVRUomRQDFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHDGVRUomR
S FRHILFLHQWHGHGLVWULEXLomRQDFURPDWRJUDILDGHWURFDL{QLFD
2YROXPHGHUHWHQomRGHXPSLFRHPXPDFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDpGHILQLGRFRPR
V R = Vm + KVest (7.4)
RQGH
9P YROXPHGDIDVHPyYHOQRVLQWHUVWtFLRVGRUHFKHLRGDFROXQDRXVHMDRYROXPH
PRUWR
9HVW YROXPHGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDQDFURPDWRJUDILDGHSDUWLomRRX
YROXPHGHSRURVQDFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRRX
iUHDVXSHUILFLDOQDFURPDWRJUDILDSRUDGVRUomRRX
FDSDFLGDGHGHWURFDL{QLFDQDFURPDWRJUDILDGHWURFDL{QLFD
'H DFRUGR FRP D (TXDomR TXDQWR PDLRU IRU R YDORU GH . PDLRU VHUi D
DILQLGDGH GR VROXWR SHOD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H SRUWDQWR PDLRU VHUi D UHWHQomR GHVWH
VROXWR
$ VHOHWLYLGDGH GD FROXQD SRGH VHU PHOKRUDGD PXGDQGRVH R FRHILFLHQWH GH
GLVWULEXLomR (VWH FRHILFLHQWH SRGH VHU DOWHUDGR PXGDQGRVH D IDVH PyYHO D IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDRXDQDWXUH]DGRVROXWR
7.2.3 Resoluo
2 REMHWLYR GD FURPDWRJUDILD p VHSDUDU RV FRPSRQHQWHV GH XPD PLVWXUD HP XP
WHPSRUD]RiYHO$UHVROXomR5HQWUHGRLVSLFRVSRGHVHUTXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWHPHGLGD
DSDUWLUGD(TXDomR
t R 2 t R1 2t
R= =
w2 + w1 w2 + w1 (7.5)
2
RQGH W5 H W5 FRUUHVSRQGHP DRV WHPSRV GH UHWHQomR GRV FRPSRQHQWHV PHGLGRV QR
Pi[LPR GRV SLFRV H W p D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH W5 H W5 2V YDORUHV GH Z H Z
FRUUHVSRQGHP jV ODUJXUDV GRV SLFRV HP XQLGDGHV GH WHPSR $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD D
GHILQLomRGHUHVROXomR
&URPDWRJUDILD

)LJXUD,OXVWUDomRGDGHWHUPLQDomRGDUHVROXomRGRFURPDWRJUDPD
$UHVROXomRGHSHQGHGDODUJXUDGRVSLFRVHGDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHRVSLFRV$)LJXUD
LOXVWUD D UHVROXomR GH XP FURPDWRJUDPD FRQWHQGR GRLV SLFRV HP IXQomR GD
VHOHWLYLGDGHRXGDHILFLrQFLD1RFURPDWRJUDPDDSUHVHQWDGDQD)LJXUDDREVHUYD
VHXPDEDL[DUHVROXomRGRVSLFRV$UHVROXomRSRGHVHUPHOKRUDGDDXPHQWDQGRVHD
HILFLrQFLD )LJXUD E RX D VHOHWLYLGDGH GD FROXQD )LJXUD F 2 DXPHQWR GD
HILFLrQFLD UHVXOWD HP XPD GLPLQXLomR GD ODUJXUD GD EDQGD $ VHSDUDomR p PDLV
HILFLHQWH PDQWHQGRVH D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH RV SLFRV LQDOWHUDGD 4XDQGR D UHVROXomR p
DXPHQWDGDGHYLGRDRDXPHQWRQDVHOHWLYLGDGHGDFROXQD)LJXUDFDGLVWkQFLD
HQWUHRVSLFRVpDOWHUDGD1HVWHFDVRRDXPHQWRGDUHVROXomRHQYROYHXPDXPHQWR
QRWHPSRGHDQiOLVHYLVWRTXHDVHOHWLYLGDGHpJRYHUQDGDSHODVLQWHUDo}HVGRVROXWR
FRP R VROYHQWH H FRP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD $XPHQWDQGRVH D TXDQWLGDGH GD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDDUHVROXomRDXPHQWDUiSRUpPRWHPSRGHDQiOLVHWDPEpPDXPHQWDUi
)LJXUD5HVROXomRGHXPFURPDWRJUDPDFRPGRLVFRPSRQHQWHVDFURPDWRJUDPDFRPVXSHUSRVLomRGH
EDQGDVEFURPDWRJUDPDFRPUHVROXomRPHOKRUDGDGHYLGRDRDXPHQWRGDHILFLrQFLDGDFR OXQDF
FURPDWRJUDPDFRPUHVROXomRPHOKRUDGDGHYLGRDRDXPHQWRGDVHOHWLYLGDGH
7.3 Cromatografia gasosa

$FURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDpXPDWpFQLFDGHVHSDUDomRHPTXHVXEVWkQFLDVFDSD]HVGH
VHYRODWLOL]DUHPSHUFRODPHPXPDFRUUHQWHGHJiVDWUDYpVGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
'HSHQGHQGR GD QDWXUH]D GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD D FURPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD SRGH VHU
VXEGLYLGLGDHPGRLVJUXSRVFURPDWRJUDILDJiVOtTXLGR*/&HFURPDWRJUDILDJiV
VyOLGR*6&
7.3.1 Cromatografia gs lquido (GLC)

7.3.1.1 Princpio da tcnica
1D FURPDWRJUDILD JiV OtTXLGR RV FRPSRQHQWHV D VHUHP VHSDUDGRV VmR FDUUHDGRV
DWUDYpV GD FROXQD SRU XP JiV LQHUWH FKDPDGR JiV FDUUHDGRU $ IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD
FRQVLVWHHPXPILOPHILQRRXXPOtTXLGRQmRYROiWLODGHULGRDXPVyOLGRLQHUWH$
PLVWXUDTXHFRQVWLWXLDDPRVWUDVRIUHXPDSDUWLomRHQWUHRJiVFDUUHDGRUHROtTXLGR
QmRYROiWLO IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD TXH HVWi VXSRUWDGR HP XP VyOLGR LQHUWH VXSRUWH
VyOLGR
&URPDWRJUDILD
2OtTXLGRTXHFRQVWLWXLDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDUHWDUGDVHOHWLYDPHQWHDHOXLomRGRV
FRPSRQHQWHV GD PLVWXUD GH DFRUGR FRP R VHX FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR HQWUH D
IDVHOtTXLGDHDIDVHYDSRU2VFRPSRQHQWHVGDPLVWXUDVLWXDGRVQDFRUUHQWHJDVRVD
GHL[DPHQWmRDFROXQDHVmRGHWHFWDGRVHPIXQomRGRWHPSRDSyVDVXDSDVVDJHP
SRU XP GHWHFWRU DSURSULDGR 4XDQWR PDLV WHPSR D VXEVWkQFLD SHUPDQHFHU QD IDVH
PyYHOPDLVUiSLGRVHUiRVHXDUUDVWHSHODFRUUHQWHGHYDSRU
2 SURFHVVR GH VHSDUDomR FRQVLVWH QD FDSDFLGDGH GH GLIHUHQWHV VXEVWkQFLDV
GLVWULEXtUHPVH HQWUH D IDVH OtTXLGD H D IDVH YDSRU $ VHSDUDomR GDV VXEVWkQFLDV
GHSHQGHGDYRODWLOLGDGHUHODWLYDGHFDGDFRPSRQHQWHGDPLVWXUD(VWDYRODWLOLGDGHp
IXQomRGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUGRFRPSRQHQWHQRVLVWHPD$SUHVVmRGHYDSRUGHFDGD
FRPSRQHQWH p SRU VXD YH] IXQomR GDV IRUoDV GH LQWHUDomR HQWUH R VROXWR H D IDVH
OtTXLGDHVWDFLRQiULD4XDQGRH[LVWHXPDERDLQWHUDomRVROYHQWHVROXWRDSUHVVmR
GHYDSRUpPHQRUUHVXOWDQGRHPXPWHPSRPDLRUGHUHWHQomRGRVROXWRQDFROXQD
7.3.1.2 Descrio do cromatgrafo

$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD R HVTXHPD GH XP FURPDWyJUDIR JDVRVR FXMDV SDUWHV
FRQVWLWXLQWHVVmRGHVFULWDVDVHJXLU
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRGHXPFURPDWyJUDIRJDVRVR
8PFLOLQGURFRQWHQGRRJiVFDUUHDGRUKLGURJrQLRKpOLRDUJ{QLRRXQLWURJrQLRFRP

IOX[RFRQWURODGRHUHJXODGRUGHSUHVVmRDSUHVHQoDGHR[LJrQLRRXiJXDQRJiV
FDUUHDGRU p SUHMXGLFLDO SDUD D IDVH OtTXLGD HVWDFLRQiULD 3RUWDQWR GHYHP VHU
XWLOL]DGRVJDVHVHVSHFLDLVFRPDOWDSXUH]D2IOX[RGHJiVQDFROXQDpDMXVWDGR
SRU PLFURYiOYXODV 2 JiV SDVVD SHOR LQMHWRU RQGH D DPRVWUD D VHU DQDOLVDGD p
LQMHWDGDHHPVHJXLGDDWUDYHVVDDFROXQDHRGHWHFWRU
6LVWHPD GH LQMHomR GH DPRVWUD VXEVWkQFLDV OtTXLGDV VmR LQWURGX]LGDV FRP
VHULQJDV6XEVWkQFLDVVyOLGDVVmRLQMHWDGDVHPVROXomRXWLOL]DQGRVHXPVROYHQWH
TXH QmR LQWHUILUD QRV FRPSRQHQWHV TXH HVWmR VHQGR DQDOLVDGRV *HUDOPHQWH R
VROYHQWH SRVVXL XP WHPSR GH UHWHQomR PXLWR EDL[R H SRUWDQWR p R SULPHLUR D
VHU HOXtGR $V DPRVWUDV VmR LQMHWDGDV DWUDYpV GH XP VHSWR GH ERUUDFKD
XWLOL]DQGRVHPLFURVHULQJDV
$FROXQDDVFROXQDVVmRIHLWDVGHFREUHDoRDOXPtQLRRXYLGUR4XDQWRPDLRU
IRU R FRPSULPHQWR GD FROXQD PDLRU VHUi D UHVROXomR 3RU RXWUR ODGR HODV
UHTXHUHPXPDSUHVVmRGHHQWUDGDPDLRU7DLVFROXQDVVmRHPSDFRWDGDVFRPXP
VXSRUWHVyOLGRDILPGHSURPRYHUXPDiUHDVXSHUILFLDOXQLIRUPHHLQHUWHVREUHD
TXDO D IDVH OtTXLGD HVWDFLRQiULD LUi VH GLVWULEXLU$ TXDQWLGDGH GH IDVH OtTXLGD
XVDGD FRPR IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD GHYH VHU VXILFLHQWH SDUD FREULU DV SDUWtFXODV GR
VXSRUWHVyOLGRFRPXPDFDPDGDILQDHXQLIRUPH
'HWHFWRUHV RV GHWHFWRUHV LQGLFDP D SUHVHQoD H D TXDQWLGDGH GRV FRPSRQHQWHV
QRHOXHQWHGHXPDFROXQDFURPDWRJUiILFD([LVWHPGRLVWLSRVGHGHWHFWRUHVPDLV
SRSXODUHVRGHFRQGXWLYLGDGHWpUPLFDHRGHLRQL]DomRGHFKDPD
S &RQGXWLYLGDGH WpUPLFD HPSUHJD XP ILODPHQWR GH WXQJVWrQLR DTXHFLGR 4XDQGR
DV PROpFXODV PLVWXUDGDV DR JiV FDUUHDGRU SDVVDP DWUDYpV GHVWH ILODPHQWR
DTXHFLGR R ILODPHQWR SHUGH FDORU R TXDO p WUDQVIHULGR SRU FRQGXWLYLGDGH
WpUPLFD $V PROpFXODV GR JiV HQFRQWUDP R ILODPHQWR DTXHFLGR H VRIUHP XP
DXPHQWR GD VXD HQHUJLD FLQpWLFD 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU R Q~PHUR GH FROLV}HV
PROHFXODUHV FRP R ILODPHQWR PDLRU VHUi D SHUGD GH FDORU GR ILODPHQWR
0ROpFXODVPHQRUHVSRVVXHPPDLRUPRELOLGDGHHUHVXOWDPHPXPQ~PHURPDLRU
GHFROLV}HVHSRUWDQWRPDLRUFRQGXWLYLGDGHWpUPLFD3DUDHVWHWLSRGHGHWHFWRU
UHFRPHQGDVH KLGURJrQLR KpOLR RX DUJ{QLR FRPR JiV FDUUHDGRU SRUTXH HVWHV
SRVVXHP PHQRU SHVR PROHFXODU H SRUWDQWR PDLRU FRQGXWLYLGDGH WpUPLFD $V
VXEVWkQFLDVDVHUHPDQDOLVDGDVSRVVXHPVHPSUHSHVRPROHFXODUPDLRUGRTXHR
JiV FDUUHDGRU 4XDQGR HODV SDVVDP SHOR GHWHFWRU D FRQGXWLYLGDGH WpUPLFD p
UHGX]LGDHDGLIHUHQoDpUHJLVWUDGD
S ,RQL]DomRGHFKDPD),'RJiVHOXHQWHpPLVWXUDGRFRPKLGURJrQLRHTXHLPDGR
HP DWPRVIHUD GH DU RX R[LJrQLR 2V tRQV H HOpWURQV IRUPDGRV QD FRPEXVWmR
SDVVDP SRU HOHWURGRV GLPLQXLQGR D UHVLVWrQFLD HOpWULFD (VWH GHWHFWRU p
UHFRPHQGDGRSDUDVROXo}HVDTXRVDVSRUTXHDiJXDQmRpGHWHFWDGD

5HJLVWUDGRU 2 UHJLVWUDGRU UHFHEH R VLQDO GR GHWHFWRU H IRUQHFH XP
FURPDWRJUDPD IRUPDGR SRU SLFRV D GLIHUHQWHV WHPSRV GH UHWHQomR $ iUHD GH
&URPDWRJUDILD
FDGD SLFR p SURSRUFLRQDO j VXD FRQFHQWUDomR QD DPRVWUD (TXLSDPHQWRV PDLV
PRGHUQRVXWLOL]DPVLVWHPDGHDTXLVLomRGHGDGRVSRUFRPSXWDGRU
7.3.1.3 Fatores que afetam a separao de substncias

$ VHOHomR FRUUHWD GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD p EDVHDGD QD FRPSRVLomR GD DPRVWUD 3DUD
XPD VHSDUDomR HILFLHQWH D IDVH OtTXLGD GHYH SRVVXLU HVWUXWXUD VHPHOKDQWH j GRV
FRPSRQHQWHVGDPLVWXUD3RUH[HPSORPLVWXUDVHQYROYHQGRKLGURFDUERQHWRVGHYHP
VHU DQDOLVDGDV XWLOL]DQGRVH FROXQDV FXMD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD p FRPSRVWD GH
KLGURFDUERQHWRV QmRYROiWHLV 6XEVWkQFLDV SRODUHV GHYHP VHU DQDOLVDGDV HP IDVH
OtTXLGDSRODU$OJXQVH[HPSORVVmRGLVFXWLGRVDVHJXLU
SSeparao de benzeno e ciclo-hexano

&RQVLGHUHPRV D VHSDUDomR GH XPD PLVWXUD FRQWHQGR EHQ]HQR H FLFORKH[DQR HP
XPDFROXQDFRQVWLWXtGDSRUXPyOHRPLQHUDOGHQDWXUH]DDSRODUFRPRIDVHOtTXLGD
HVWDFLRQiULD 2 FLFORKH[DQR SRVVXL XPD LQWHUDomR PDLRU FRP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD
GHYLGR j VXD PHQRU SRODULGDGH /RJR HOH p UHWLGR SRU PDLV WHPSR QD FROXQD 6H
XWLOL]DUPRV XPD FROXQD FRQVWLWXtGD SRU IWDODWR GH GLLVRFWLOD FRPR IDVH OtTXLGD
HVWDFLRQiULD R EHQ]HQR VRIUHUi PDLRU LQWHUDomR FRP HVWD IDVH H ILFDUi UHWLGR SRU
PDLVWHPSR
SSeparao de aminas
3DUD FRPSRVWRV SRODUHV D IDVH OtTXLGD HVWDFLRQiULD PDLV FRPXP p DTXHOD
FRQVWLWXtGDGHSROLJOLFROHWLOrQLFR&$5%2:$;3ROLJOLFROHWLOrQLFRXWLOL]DGRFRPR
IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDpXPSROtPHURGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUFRQWHQGROLJDo}HVpWHUHP
VXDFDGHLDSULQFLSDO(VWDIDVHOtTXLGDHVWDFLRQiULDpUHODWLYDPHQWHSRODUHLQWHUDJH
EHPFRPVXEVWkQFLDVSRODUHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDTXHODVFDSD]HVGHIRUPDUSRQWHVGH
KLGURJrQLR 4XDQGR XPD DPRVWUD FRQWHQGR GLIHUHQWHV DPLQDV p LQMHWDGD QR
FURPDWyJUDIRDVDPLQDVSULPiULDVLQWHUDJHPPDLVFRPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDGHYLGRj
PDLRU WHQGrQFLD j IRUPDomR GH SRQWHV GH KLGURJrQLR /RJR HODV VHUmR UHWLGDV SRU
PDLVWHPSRQROHLWRFURPDWRJUiILFR
SSeparao de lcoois
4XDQGR VH XWLOL]D FROXQD SRODU GR WLSR &$5%2:$; D VHSDUDomR GH iOFRRLV GH
GLIHUHQWHV SHVRV PROHFXODUHV RFRUUH HP IXQomR GD SRODULGDGH GR iOFRRO 4XDQWR
PDLRUIRUDFDGHLDKLGURFDUE{QLFDGRiOFRROPDLVIUDFDVVHUmRDVLQWHUDo}HVGRWLSR
SRQWHGHKLGURJrQLRFRPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDGHYLGRjPDLRUFRQWULEXLomRGDSDUWH
KLGURIyELFD GR iOFRRO OFRRLV PDLRUHV HOXLUmR PDLV IDFLOPHQWH GHYLGR j PHQRU
LQWHUDomRFRPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSRODU
4XDQGR D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD p DSRODU D VHSDUDomR GH iOFRRLV GH WDPDQKRV
GLIHUHQWHV p EDVHDGD QR SHVR PROHFXODU 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU R SHVR PROHFXODU GR
iOFRRO PHQRU VHUi D SUHVVmR GH YDSRU H SRUWDQWR PDLV UHWLGR HOH ILFDUi QD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD
$OpPGDVGLIHUHQWHVLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHVROXWRHIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDDYLVFRVLGDGHGD
IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDDIHWDDVHSDUDomR9LVFRVLGDGHPXLWREDL[DIDFLOLWDDGLVWULEXLomRGR
FRPSRQHQWHQROtTXLGRHSRUWDQWRDXPHQWDRIDWRUGHVHSDUDomR
$WHPSHUDWXUDWDPEpPLQIOXHQFLDDVHSDUDomRGRVFRPSRQHQWHV2DXPHQWRGD
WHPSHUDWXUD GLPLQXL D YLVFRVLGDGH GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD DXPHQWDQGR R FRQWDWR
HQWUHHVWDHRVROXWRHIDYRUHFHQGRVXDGLVWULEXLomRQDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD3RURXWUR
ODGRRDXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDDXPHQWDDFRQFHQWUDomRGRVROXWRQDIDVHYDSRU
,VWRID]FRPTXHDVHOHWLYLGDGHGLPLQXDHRVFRPSRQHQWHVHOXDPDRPHVPRWHPSR
7.3.2 Cromatografia gs slido (GSC)

1DFURPDWRJUDILDJiVVyOLGR*6&RVFRPSRQHQWHVJDVRVRVVmRVHSDUDGRVDSDUWLU
GH DGVRUomR VHOHWLYD QD VXSHUItFLH GH XP VyOLGR DWLYR SRU H[HPSOR VtOLFD JHO RX
SHQHLUDPROHFXODU$IDVHVyOLGDPDLVXWLOL]DGDSDUDVHSDUDomRGHJDVHVpDSHQHLUD
PROHFXODU (OD p FDSD] GH VHSDUDU RV FRPSRQHQWHV D SDUWLU GDV GLIHUHQoDV GH
WDPDQKRPROHFXODUHFRQILJXUDomRHDGVRUYHPROpFXODVFRPSURSULHGDGHVSRODUHV
7.3.3 Aplicao da cromatografia gasosa na caracterizao e anlise de

polmeros
3ROtPHURVSRVVXHPDOWRSHVRPROHFXODUHSRUWDQWRSUHVVmRGHYDSRUPXLWREDL[D
(OHVQmRSRGHPVHUDQDOLVDGRVGLUHWDPHQWHSRUFURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVD
$V SULQFLSDLV DSOLFDo}HV GD FURPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD QD iUHD GH SROtPHURV HVWmR
GHVFULWDVDVHJXLU
'HWHUPLQDomRGDSXUH]DGRVPRQ{PHURVVROYHQWHVHDGLWLYRV
$QiOLVHGRVFRPSRQHQWHVYROiWHLVQRVSROtPHURVWDLVFRPRPRQ{PHURUHVLGXDO
SODVWLILFDQWHVDQWLR[LGDQWHVHVROYHQWHVUHVLGXDLVHPDGHVLYRVHWLQWDV
$FRPSDQKDPHQWRGDFLQpWLFDGHXPDUHDomRGHSROLPHUL]DomR$FURPDWRJUDILD
JDVRVD SHUPLWH TXDQWLILFDU R PRQ{PHUR UHVLGXDO D FDGD WHPSR DR ORQJR GD
SROLPHUL]DomR 3DUD WDQWR p QHFHVViULD D XWLOL]DomR GH XP SDGUmR LQWHUQR TXH
QmR LQWHUILUD QR SURFHVVR GH SROLPHUL]DomR $ FRQFHQWUDomR GR PRQ{PHUR p
FRPSDUDGDjFRQFHQWUDomRGRSDGUmRDFDGDWHPSR
3LUyOLVH GR SROtPHUR H FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH VXD HVWUXWXUD 3DUD HVWH FDVR p
QHFHVViULRXPSLUROLVDGRUDFRSODGRDRFURPDWyJUDIRDJiV$DOWDWHPSHUDWXUDGR
SLUROLVDGRUJHUDIUDJPHQWRVGDPDFURPROpFXODFRPSUHVVmRGHYDSRUVXILFLHQWH
SDUD VHUHP FDUUHDGRV SHOD IDVH PyYHO (VWDV SHTXHQDV PROpFXODV RULJLQDGDV GD
GHFRPSRVLomRGRSROtPHURSDVVDPSHODFROXQDFURPDWRJUiILFD2FURPDWRJUDPD
&URPDWRJUDILD
REWLGRDSDUWLUGHVWDWpFQLFDpGHQRPLQDGRSLURJUDPDHVXDIRUPDGHSHQGHGDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWUXWXUDLV GR SROtPHUR WDLV FRPR VHTrQFLD GH PRQ{PHURV
HVWHUHRUUHJXODULGDGHJUDXGHUDPLILFDomRRXUHWLFXODomRFULVWDOLQLGDGHHWF
$QiOLVH GR SROtPHUR FRPR IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD (VWD WpFQLFD p GHQRPLQDGD
FURPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD LQYHUVD RQGH R SROtPHUR D VHU DQDOLVDGR FRQVWLWXL D IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD1HVWHFDVRVmRPHGLGDVDVLQWHUDo}HVGRSROtPHURFRPXPVROXWR
FRQKHFLGRFDUUHDGRQDIDVHPyYHO(VWHWLSRGHFURPDWRJUDILDVHUiDSUHVHQWDGRD
VHJXLU
7.3.4 Cromatografia gasosa inversa

7.3.4.1 Princpio terico
$ FURPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD LQYHUVD p XPD WpFQLFD FURPDWRJUiILFD TXH HPSUHJD XP
SROtPHUR FRPR IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H R TXH VH PHGH VmR DV LQWHUDo}HV GHVWD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDFRPRVROXWRYROiWLOFRQKHFLGR$SDUWLUGDIRUoDGHVWDVLQWHUDo}HVHGD
VXD GHSHQGrQFLD FRP D WHPSHUDWXUD p SRVVtYHO DYDOLDU DV SURSULHGDGHV GH XP
VLVWHPDSROtPHURVROXWRRXPHVPRGRSROtPHURSXUR
2VGDGRVGHUHWHQomRGRVROXWRVmRGHWHUPLQDGRVDSDUWLUGRYROXPHGHUHWHQomR
HVSHFtILFR9JFRUULJLGRD&FRPRH[SUHVVRQD(TXDomR
273,2 VR 273,2
Vg = = K (7.6)
T w T
RQGH 95 p R YROXPH GH UHWHQomR j WHPSHUDWXUD DEVROXWD 7 Z p D PDVVD GD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD GD FROXQD H . p R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR GR VROXWR HQWUH D IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDHDIDVHPyYHO
2GLDJUDPDGHUHWHQomRpREWLGRFRORFDQGRVHHPJUiILFRRORJDULWPRGRYROXPH
GH UHWHQomR HVSHFtILFR 9J YHUVXV R LQYHUVR GD WHPSHUDWXUD DEVROXWD $ )LJXUD
LOXVWUD HVWD GHSHQGrQFLD SDUD XPD DPRVWUD GH XP SROtPHUR VHPLFULVWDOLQR 2
GLDJUDPDGHUHWHQomRpOLQHDUHDVXDLQFOLQDomRpUHODFLRQDGDjHQWDOSLDGDVROXomR
QD IDVH OtTXLGD HVWDFLRQiULD FURPDWRJUDILD JiVOtTXLGR RX j DGVRUomR HP XPD
VXSHUItFLHVyOLGDFURPDWRJUDILDJiVVyOLGRGHDFRUGRFRPD(TXDomR
ln V g H
=
1( )
T
R
(7.7)
RQGH+pDHQWDOSLDGDVROXomRH5pDFRQVWDQWHXQLYHUVDOGRVJDVHV
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDGHUHWHQomRSDUDXPDDPRVWUDGHXPSROtPHURVHPLFULVWDOLQR
7.3.4.2 Aplicaes da cromatografia gasosa inversa na caracterizao e

anlise de polmeros
$V SULQFLSDLV DSOLFDo}HV GD FURPDWRJUDILD JDVRVD LQYHUVD QR HVWXGR GH SROtPHURV
VmR
SHVWXGRGRPHFDQLVPRGHUHWHQomRHPXPSROtPHURVyOLGR
SGHWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD7JHGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmR
FULVWDOLQD7P
SHVWXGRVWHUPRGLQkPLFRVGHVROXo}HVSROLPpULFDV
SGHWHUPLQDomRGDFULVWDOLQLGDGHGHXPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSROLPpULFD
SGHWHUPLQDomRGRFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmR
SHVWXGRVVREUHDVSURSULHGDGHVVXSHUILFLDLVGHXPSROtPHUR
SGHWHUPLQDomRGHSDUkPHWURVGHVROXELOLGDGHHGHLQWHUDomR)ORU\+XJJLQV
SPLFURVHSDUDomRGHIDVHVHWDPDQKRGRVGRPtQLRVGHFRSROtPHURVHPEORFR
SGHWHUPLQDomRGRJUDXGHOLJDo}HVFUX]DGDV
$VLQIRUPDo}HVTXHSRGHPVHUREWLGDVDSDUWLUGDFURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDLQYHUVD
VmRLOXVWUDGDVQRGLDJUDPDGHUHWHQomRDSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUD
&URPDWRJUDILD
6HJPHQWR $% QHVWD UHJLmR GH WHPSHUDWXUD R SROtPHUR HVWi DEDL[R GH VXD
WHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD$SHQHWUDomRGDVPROpFXODVGRVROXWRGHQWURGD
IDVH SROLPpULFD p LPSHGLGD $ UHWHQomR RFRUUH SULQFLSDOPHQWH GHYLGR jV
DGVRUo}HV VXSHUILFLDLV H R GLDJUDPD GH UHWHQomR p OLQHDU QHVWD UHJLmR 1HVWH
VHJPHQWR REWpPVH HQWmR LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH DV SURSULHGDGHV VXSHUILFLDLV GR
SROtPHUR
3RQWR % HVWH SRQWR FRUUHVSRQGH j WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD 7J $V
FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV TXH FRQVWLWXHP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD DGTXLUHP PDLRU
PRELOLGDGHDXPHQWDQGRDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHSHQHWUDomRGDVPROpFXODVGRVROXWR
GHQWUR GD PDVVD SROLPpULFD ,VWR ID] FRP TXH R YROXPH GH UHWHQomR HVSHFtILFR
DXPHQWHFRPDWHPSHUDWXUD
6HJPHQWR %& QHVWD UHJLmR GH WHPSHUDWXUD R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR GR VROXWR
GHQWURGDPDVVDSROLPpULFDDXPHQWDFRPRDXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUD
3RQWR&QHVWHSRQWRRSURFHVVRGHGLIXVmRDWLQJHRHTXLOtEULR
6HJPHQWR&'QHVWDUHJLmRGHWHPSHUDWXUDTXHHVWiDEDL[RGDWHPSHUDWXUDGH
IXVmRGRSROtPHURDUHWHQomRRFRUUHGHYLGRjVRUomRGRVROXWRGHQWURGDPDVVD
SROLPpULFD$VLQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURVROXWRVmRUHVWULWDVDRVGRPtQLRVDPRUIRVGD
IDVHSROLPpULFDHVWDFLRQiULD
6HJPHQWR')QHVWDUHJLmRGHWHPSHUDWXUDH[DWDPHQWHDEDL[RGDWHPSHUDWXUD
GHIXVmRDIUDomRGDIDVHDPRUIDDXPHQWDRFDVLRQDQGRXPDXPHQWRQRYROXPH
GHUHWHQomR
3RQWR)HVWHSRQWRFRUUHVSRQGHDRSRQWRGHIXVmR
6HJPHQWR)*QHVWDUHJLmRDFLPDGD7PRFRUUHDVRUomRGRVROXWRGHQWURGDIDVH
SROLPpULFD FRPSOHWDPHQWH DPRUID H R GLDJUDPD GH UHWHQomR p OLQHDU
([WUDSRODQGRVH HVWD OLQKD D EDL[DV WHPSHUDWXUDV D SRUomR FULVWDOLQD GD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGD FRPSDUDQGRVH R YROXPH GH UHWHQomR
H[SHULPHQWDOFRPRYDORUOLGRQDH[WUDSRODomR1HVWDUHJLmR)*RSROtPHURHVWi
FRPSOHWDPHQWH DPRUIR H DV SURSULHGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV DR SDU SROtPHURVROXWR
SRGHPVHULQYHVWLJDGDV
SDeterminao da temperatura de transio vtrea

$GHWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD7JGRSROtPHURTXHFRQVWLWXLD
IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDpEDVHDGDQDVPXGDQoDVHQWUHDVDGVRUo}HVVXSHUILFLDLVDEDL[RGD
7J H D VRUomR GHQWUR GD PDVVD SROLPpULFD TXH RFRUUH DFLPD GD 7J )LJXUD $
PXGDQoDREVHUYDGDQRPHFDQLVPRGHUHWHQomRQD7JpXPUHVXOWDGRGRDXPHQWRGD
PRELOLGDGH PROHFXODU GRV VHJPHQWRV SROLPpULFRV TXH RFRUUH QHVWD WHPSHUDWXUD H
DFLPD GHVWD (VWH DXPHQWR GD PRELOLGDGH SHUPLWH D SHQHWUDomR GH PROpFXODV GR
VROXWRGHQWURGDPDVVDSROLPpULFD
1DGHWHUPLQDomRGDWUDQVLomRYtWUHDRVROXWRSUHFLVDVHUXPQmRVROYHQWHSDUDR
SROtPHUR SDUD TXH VH SRVVD REVHUYDU R UHYHUVR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR OLQHDU 3DUD
PD[LPL]DUDLQGDPDLVDSDUWHUHYHUVDGDFXUYDRFRHILFLHQWHGHSDUWLomRGDPDVVD
SROLPpULFDGHYHVHURPDLRUSRVVtYHOHRFRHILFLHQWHGHSDUWLomRVXSHUILFLDORPHQRU
SRVVtYHO
SDeterminao da cristalinidade de um polmero

$ GHWHUPLQDomR GD FULVWDOLQLGDGH GH SROtPHURV QD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD p EDVHDGD QD
VROXELOLGDGHGLIHUHQFLDOGRVROXWRQRVGRPtQLRVFULVWDOLQRVHDPRUIRVGRSROtPHUR$
VROXELOLGDGHGHWRGRVRVVROXWRVQRVFULVWDLVpEHPPHQRUGRTXHHPOtTXLGRVHP
IXQGLGRV RX HP ERUUDFKDV GH PHVPD HVWUXWXUD PROHFXODU 3RUWDQWR D UHWHQomR
UHGX]LGDQRVSROtPHURVFULVWDOLQRVpGHYLGDjEDL[DVROXELOLGDGHGRVROXWRQDUHJLmR
FULVWDOLQD$VLQWHUDo}HVSROtPHURVROXWRVmRUHVWULWDVDRVGRPtQLRVDPRUIRV&RPR
GHFUpVFLPR GD FULVWDOLQLGDGH R YROXPH GH UHWHQomR HVSHFtILFR DXPHQWD GHYLGR DR
DXPHQWRGDIDVHDPRUIDRQGHRVROXWRSRGHSHQHWUDU
$ FULVWDOLQLGDGH GH XP SROtPHUR VHPLFULVWDOLQR SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGD
TXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH D SDUWLU GR GLDJUDPD GH UHWHQomR 9ROWDQGR D DQDOLVDU D FXUYD
DSUHVHQWDGD QD )LJXUD YHULILFDVH TXH DFLPD GR SRQWR GH IXVmR SRQWR ) R
SROtPHUR p FRPSOHWDPHQWH DPRUIR H XP GLDJUDPD GH UHWHQomR OLQHDU p REWLGR
VHJPHQWR )* ([WUDSRODQGRVH D OLQKD UHWD GR VHJPHQWR )* SDUD WHPSHUDWXUDV
PDLV EDL[DV REWpPVH R YROXPH GH UHWHQomR WHyULFR FRQVLGHUDQGRVH R SROtPHUR
WHRULFDPHQWHDPRUIR
2JUDXGDIUDomRDPRUID;DGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSROLPpULFDSRGHVHUFDOFXODGRD
SDUWLUGD(TXDomR
Vg
Xa =
V g (7.8)
RQGH9JpRYDORUGRYROXPHGHUHWHQomRUHDOPHGLGRH9
JpRYDORUGRYROXPHGH
UHWHQomRTXHVHULDH[LELGRVHDDPRVWUDIRVVHFRPSOHWDPHQWHDPRUID2EYLDPHQWH
DPERVGHYHPVHUPHGLGRVDXPDPHVPDWHPSHUDWXUD
2 JUDX GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH ;F GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD REWLGR HP SRUFHQWDJHP SRGH
VHUFDOFXODGRGHDFRUGRFRPD(TXDomR
V
X c = 1001 g (7.9)
V g
2 JUDX GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH Pi[LPR SRVVtYHO ;FPD[ D XPD GDGD WHPSHUDWXUD p
IRUQHFLGRSHOD(TXDomR
&URPDWRJUDILD
V
X c , max = 1001 g (equil ) (7.10)
V g
RQGH 9JHTXLO p R YROXPH GH UHWHQomR GR SROtPHUR QR SRQWR GH HTXLOtEULR HQWUH DV
IDVHVDPRUIDHFULVWDOLQD
SDeterminao do coeficiente de difuso de um polmero

2SURFHVVRGHGLIXVmRHPXPDFROXQDFURPDWRJUiILFDRFDVLRQDXPDODUJDPHQWRGR
SLFR2FRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRGHXPVROXWRQDIDVHSROLPpULFDHVWDFLRQiULDSRGHVHU
HQWmR GHWHUPLQDGR D SDUWLU GD ODUJXUD GR SLFR UHIHUHQWH DR FRPSRQHQWH HOXtGR 2
DODUJDPHQWRGRSLFRpXPDIXQomRGDVSURSULHGDGHVGDFROXQDHSRGHVHUH[SUHVVR
HPWHUPRVGDDOWXUDHTXLYDOHQWHDRSUDWRWHyULFR+(73
HETP = A + B v + Cv (7.11)
RQGHYpDYD]mRGHIOX[RGRJiVFDUUHDGRUQDFROXQD$pXPDFRQVWDQWHHPStULFD
TXHOHYDHPFRQVLGHUDomRRDODUJDPHQWRGDEDQGDGHYLGRDRSUySULRLQVWUXPHQWR
%pDGLIXVmRPROHFXODUH&pXPDFRQVWDQWHUHODFLRQDGDDRWHPSRILQLWRQHFHVViULR
SDUD VH DOFDQoDU R HTXLOtEULR QD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD TXH FRUUHVSRQGH j WUDQVIHUrQFLD
GHPDVVD
$FRQVWDQWH&pFDOFXODGDXWLOL]DQGRVHD(TXDomR
8d 2 K
C= 2
D1 (1 + K )2 (7.12)

RQGHGpDHVSHVVXUDGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD'pRFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRGRVROXWRQR
SROtPHUR H . p R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR FRHILFLHQWH GH SDUWLomR GHWHUPLQDGR
VHJXQGRD(TXDomR
(t R t M )
K= (7.13)
tM
RQGHW5HW0FRUUHVSRQGHPUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDRVWHPSRVGHUHWHQomRSDUDRVROXWRH
SDUDXPDVXEVWkQFLDDTXDOQmRLQWHUDJHFRPDFROXQD
2 YDORU GH +(73 SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR D SDUWLU GD ODUJXUD GRV SLFRV GR VROXWR
HOXtGRDYiULDVYHORFLGDGHVGHIOX[RGRJiV$FRQVWDQWH&SRGHVHUREWLGDDSDUWLUGD
LQFOLQDomR GD FXUYD GH +(73 YHUVXV Y (VWD GHSHQGrQFLD WRUQDVH OLQHDU TXDQGR VH
XWLOL]DP DOWDV YHORFLGDGHV GH IOX[R RX VHMD TXDQGR D UD]mR %Y GD HTXDomR
WHQGH D ]HUR $ SDUWLU GRV YDORUHV FRQKHFLGRV GH G H . R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR '
SRGHVHUFDOFXODGR
$ GHWHUPLQDomR GR FRHILFLHQWH GH GLIXVmR p WDPEpP XVDGD QD FURPDWRJUDILD
JDVRVDFRQYHQFLRQDO
7.3.4.3 Preparao de uma coluna capilar

&ROXQDVGHDoRLQR[LGiYHOGHYHPVHUFXLGDGRVDPHQWHOLPSDVDQWHVGDDSOLFDomRGR
ILOPHGHSROtPHURQDSDUHGHLQWHUQD$HVSHVVXUDGRILOPHGHSROtPHURGHYHHVWDUQD
IDL[DcHQRUPDOPHQWHXWLOL]DVHXPPpWRGRGLQkPLFRGHDSOLFDomR1HVWH
PpWRGRFHUFDGHP/GHXPDVROXomRSROLPpULFDGHFRQFHQWUDomRQDIDL[DGHD
HPSHVRVmRFRORFDGRVHPXPUHVHUYDWyULRHHPSXUUDGRVSDUDDFROXQDSRU
PHLR GH XP IOX[R GH QLWURJrQLR (VWH IOX[R GH QLWURJrQLR FRQWtQXR RFDVLRQD D
HYDSRUDomRGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomRORFDOL]DGDGHQWURGDFROXQDGDQGRRULJHPDXP
ILOPH SROLPpULFR DGHULGR jV SDUHGHV LQWHUQDV 3DUD VH DWLQJLU XPD HVSHVVXUD
DGHTXDGD GHVWH ILOPH p QHFHVViULR XP QRYR ERPEHDPHQWR GH P/ GD VROXomR
SROLPpULFD(VWHSURFHVVRpUHSHWLGRWDQWDVYH]HVTXDQWDVIRUHPQHFHVViULDVSDUDVH
DWLQJLU D HVSHVVXUD GHVHMDGD $ TXDQWLGDGH GH SROtPHUR QD FROXQD p GHWHUPLQDGD
SHVDQGRVHDFROXQDDQWHVHDSyVRUHFREULPHQWR$)LJXUDLOXVWUDRSURFHVVRGH
UHFREULPHQWRLQWHUQRGHXPDFROXQDFDSLODUFRPXPDIDVHOtTXLGD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDLOXVWUDWLYRGRPpWRGRGLQkPLFRXWLOL]DGRSDUDUHFREULPHQWRLQWHUQRGHFROXQDV
FDSLODUHVXWLOL]DQGRXPDIDVHOtTXLGD
&URPDWRJUDILD
([LVWH DLQGD RXWUR WLSR GH FROXQD HP TXH R SROtPHUR p GHSRVLWDGR VREUH
SDUWtFXODVGHVtOLFDRXRXWURWLSRGHVXSRUWHDVTXDLVVHUmRXWLOL]DGDVSDUDUHFKHDU
DFROXQDGHDoRLQR[LGiYHO
7.4 Cromatografia lquida

$ FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD XWLOL]D XP OtTXLGR FRPR IDVH PyYHO 'HSHQGHQGR GD
QDWXUH]D GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD D VHSDUDomR DFRQWHFH D SDUWLU GH PHFDQLVPRV
GLIHUHQWHV
&URPDWRJUDILD GH SDUWLomR (VWH WLSR GH FURPDWRJUDILD p FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR
OtTXLGROtTXLGRRQGHDDPRVWUDpGLVWULEXtGDHQWUHGRLVOtTXLGRVLPLVFtYHLVTXH
FRQVWLWXHPDIDVHPyYHOHDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
&URPDWRJUDILD GH DGVRUomR (VWD WpFQLFD FURPDWRJUiILFD p FRQVLGHUDGD GR WLSR
OtTXLGRVyOLGRRQGHDIDVHPyYHOpXPOtTXLGRHDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDpXPVyOLGR
&URPDWRJUDILDGHWURFDL{QLFD(VWDWpFQLFDGHSHQGHGDFDSDFLGDGHGHDGVRUomR
GRVtRQVHQWUHDIDVHPyYHOHRVVtWLRVL{QLFRVGRVXSRUWH
&URPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR(VWDWpFQLFDXWLOL]DJHOSROLPpULFRQmR
L{QLFRFRPDOWDSRURVLGDGHFRPRIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
$FURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGRWLSROtTXLGRVyOLGRSRGHVHUGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRRX
GHHOXLomR
$&URPDWRJUDILDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRRXFURPDWRJUDILDGHFDPDGDILQD7/&XWLOL]D
XPDFDPDGDILQDGHXPVyOLGRFRPRIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDHVSDOKDGDHPXPDVXSHUItFLH
SODQDSRUH[HPSOROkPLQDGHYLGUR
$&URPDWRJUDILDGHHOXLomRXWLOL]DXPDFROXQDUHFKHDGDFRPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
VHQGR D IDVH PyYHO HOXtGD DWUDYpV GD FROXQD $ FURPDWRJUDILD GH HOXLomR SRGH VHU
UHDOL]DGDUHFKHDQGRVHXPDFROXQDGHYLGURFRPXPVXSRUWHDSURSULDGRVtOLFDRX
DOXPLQDVHQGRDIDVHPyYHOHOXtGDOHQWDPHQWHDWUDYpVGHVWDFROXQD
3DUDH[SHULPHQWRVHPODERUDWyULRXWLOL]DVHDWpFQLFDGHVHSDUDomRSRUDGVRUomR
WDQWR SDUD D FURPDWRJUDILD GH FDPDGD ILQD 7/& FRPR SDUD D FURPDWRJUDILD GH
HOXLomRXPDYH]TXHDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDXWLOL]DGDSRGHVHUIDFLOPHQWHDSOLFDGDWDQWR
QDVXSHUItFLHGRYLGURRXFRORFDGDHPXPDFROXQD
$QiOLVHV PDLV HODERUDGDV HQYROYHQGR D FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD UHTXHUHP
HTXLSDPHQWRV HVSHFLDLV TXH IRUQHFHP UHVXOWDGRV PDLV SUHFLVRV HP WHPSRV EHP
PHQRUHV (VWHV HTXLSDPHQWRV VmR GHQRPLQDGRV FURPDWyJUDIRV OtTXLGRV GH DOWD
HILFLrQFLD +3/& &RPR YHUHPRV D VHJXLU DOpP GD VHSDUDomR GH VXEVWkQFLDV WDLV
HTXLSDPHQWRV SRVVXHP UHFXUVRV TXH SHUPLWHP XPD VpULH GH RXWUDV LQIRUPDo}HV
LPSRVVtYHLV GH VHUHP DGTXLULGDV HP XPD VLPSOHV HOXLomR HP FROXQD UHDOL]DGD HP
ODERUDWyULR
7.4.1 Descrio do cromatgrafo lquido de alta eficincia
2HTXLSDPHQWRXWLOL]DGRQDFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDpFRPXPSDUDWRGRVRVWLSRVGH
FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD GH DOWD UHVROXomR +3/& SDUWLomR DGVRUomR H H[FOXVmR SRU
WDPDQKR$VGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHHVWHVPpWRGRVVmRJRYHUQDGDVSHODQDWXUH]DGDIDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDFRPRYHUHPRVPDLVWDUGH$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDXPGLDJUDPDGHXP
FURPDWyJUDIROtTXLGR
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRGHXPFURPDWyJUDIROtTXLGR
(OHpFRQVWLWXtGRGDVVHJXLQWHVSDUWHV
)DVHPyYHO
%RPEDSHULVWiOWLFD
6LVWHPDGHLQMHomRGDDPRVWUD
&ROXQDVIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
'HWHFWRUHV
6LVWHPDGHDTXLVLomRGHGDGRV
7.4.1.1 Fase mvel

$ IDVH PyYHO p FRQVWLWXtGD SRU XP OtTXLGR FDSD] GH GLVVROYHU FRPSOHWDPHQWH D
VXEVWkQFLD D VHU DQDOLVDGD 2 VROYHQWH XWLOL]DGR FRPR IDVH PyYHO GHYH VHU
FRPSDWtYHO FRP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H WDPEpP FRP RV GHWHFWRUHV XWLOL]DGRV 2
UHVHUYDWyULR FRQWHQGR D IDVH PyYHO GHYH VHU UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGH SDUD HYLWDU
&URPDWRJUDILD
TXDOTXHU GLVW~UELR QRV VLVWHPDV GH GHWHFWRUHV $ IDVH PyYHO GHYH HVWDU OLYUH GH
SDUWtFXODVSDUDQmRSUHMXGLFDUDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDHOLYUHGHJDVHVDGVRUYLGRV
7.4.1.2 Bomba peristltica

$ ERPED SHULVWiOWLFD WHP D IXQomR GH FRQGX]LU R VROYHQWH IDVH PyYHO GR
UHVHUYDWyULR SDUD WRGR R VLVWHPD (OD SURSRUFLRQD XPD YD]mR FRQVWDQWH H
UHSURGXWtYHO GR IOX[R VLVWHPD GH GHVORFDPHQWR FRQVWDQWH 2 VLVWHPD GH
ERPEHDPHQWR GR VROYHQWH p IHLWR DWUDYpV GH SLVW}HV GH VDILUD TXH WUDEDOKDP HP
PRYLPHQWRDOWHUQDGR3DUDTXHHVWHVLVWHPDGHERPEHDPHQWRQmRVHMDSUHMXGLFDGR
pLPSRUWDQWHDDXVrQFLDGHEROKDVGHDUHPDWHULDLVHPVXVSHQVmR
2 VLVWHPD GH ERPEHDPHQWR H DV WXEXODo}HV GHYHP VHU OLPSRV SHULRGLFDPHQWH
GDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
SUHWLUDPVHDVFROXQDVGRVLVWHPD
SERPEHLDVHiFLGRDFpWLFRRXXPDVROXomRGHiFLGRQtWULFRHiJXDQDSURSRUomR
YY
SERPEHLDVHiJXDDWpTXHDiJXDGHVDtGDDSUHVHQWHS+QHXWUR
SERPEHLDVHPHWDQROHHPVHJXLGDRVROYHQWHQRUPDOPHQWHXWLOL]DGRFRPRIDVH
PyYHO
7.4.1.3 Sistema de injeo

$ DPRVWUD p LQWURGX]LGD QR VLVWHPD FURPDWRJUiILFR XWLOL]DQGRVH XPD VHULQJD TXH
DWUDYHVVDXPVHSWRGHERUUDFKD$QWHVGDDPRVWUDHQWUDUQRIOX[RGDIDVHPyYHOHOD
ILFD DUPD]HQDGD QR LQMHWRU 2 LQMHWRU PDLV XWLOL]DGR DWXDOPHQWH p DTXHOH GR WLSR
5KHRG\QH (VWH LQMHWRU FRQVWLWXtGR GH XPD YiOYXOD FRP VDtGDV P~OWLSODV H XP
VHJPHQWRGRWLSRORRSpDSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUD
&RPRLQMHWRUQDSRVLomRFDUUHJDUDVROXomRGDDPRVWUDpLQMHWDGD(VWDVROXomR
SHUPDQHFH QR UHVHUYDWyULR SHTXHQR ORRS HQTXDQWR TXH R VROYHQWH p
FRQVWDQWHPHQWHERPEHDGRSDUDDVFROXQDVVHPDUUDVWDUDDPRVWUDDVHUDQDOLVDGD
6HRYROXPHGDVROXomRLQMHWDGDIRUPDLRUGRTXHDFDSDFLGDGHGRORRSRUHVWRGD
VROXomRpHOLPLQDGRFRPRUHMHLWR
4XDQGR R VLVWHPD GH LQMHomR p DFLRQDGR SRVLomR LQMHWDU R VROYHQWH ERPEHDGR
PXGDRVHXFDPLQKRHSDVVDSHORORRSFRORFDQGRDDPRVWUDQRIOX[RGRVROYHQWH
TXHDFRQGX]LUiDWpDVFROXQDV
)LJXUD6LVWHPDGHLQMHomRGRWLSR5KHRG\QH
7.4.1.4 Fase estacionria

$IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDFRQVWLWXLRUHFKHLRGDVFROXQDV$QDWXUH]DGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
LUiGHWHUPLQDURPHFDQLVPRGDVHSDUDomRFRPRGLVFXWLUHPRVSRVWHULRUPHQWH(ODp
FRQVWLWXtGD GH SDUWtFXODV HPSDFRWDGDV HP XPD FROXQD GH DoR LQR[LGiYHO (VWDV
SDUWtFXODVGHYHPDSUHVHQWDUXPDVpULHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWDLVFRPR
DOWDSRURVLGDGHHVSHFtILFDLVWRpDOWRYROXPHGHSRURSRUXQLGDGHGHSHVRRTXH
DXPHQWDDHILFLrQFLDGDVHSDUDomR
WDPDQKRGHSRURVFRPSDWtYHOFRPDVXEVWkQFLDDVHUVHSDUDGD
D GLIXVmR GDV PDFURPROpFXODV GHQWUR GDV SDUWtFXODV GR UHFKHLR QmR SRGH VHU
PXLWRGLItFLOHRWDPDQKRGDVSDUWtFXODVGHYHVHUUHODWLYDPHQWHSHTXHQR
D IRUPD GDV SDUWtFXODV GHYH VHU HVIpULFD H VXD GLVWULEXLomR GH WDPDQKR D PDLV
HVWUHLWDSRVVtYHO
3DUD TXH D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD DSUHVHQWH XP ERP GHVHPSHQKR H XPD YLGD ~WLO
ORQJDpQHFHVViULRWRPDUGHWHUPLQDGRVFXLGDGRVUHODFLRQDGRVDVHJXLU
S8VDUVROYHQWHFRPSDWtYHOFRPDQDWXUH]DGRUHFKHLRSRUH[HPSORiJXDHRXWURV
VROYHQWHV PXLWR SRODUHV QmR SRGHP VHU XWLOL]DGRV TXDQGR D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD p
KLGURIyELFD
&URPDWRJUDILD
S2EVHUYDU RV OLPLWHV GH SUHVVmR SDUD TXH DV SDUWtFXODV PDQWHQKDP D VXD
HVWDELOLGDGHGLPHQVLRQDO
S7RPDU FXLGDGR FRP D WURFD GH VROYHQWH D WURFD GH VROYHQWH p FRPXP HP
FURPDWRJUDILD GH DGVRUomR SRUpP GHYH VHU HYLWDGD HP FURPDWRJUDILD GH
H[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR
S3DUD XPD DQiOLVH FURPDWRJUiILFD j WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH D FROXQD GHYH VHU
PDQWLGDDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHH&DILPGHGLPLQXLUDYLVFRVLGDGHGD
IDVHPyYHOHFRPLVVRGLPLQXLUDSUHVVmRGRVLVWHPD
S8VDU XP IOX[R DGHTXDGR SDUD FDGD WLSR GH UHFKHLR 3DUD UHFKHLRV TXH VRIUHP
DOJXP WLSR GH LQFKDPHQWR FRP VROYHQWH R IOX[R QmR SRGH VHU YDULDGR
EUXVFDPHQWH
2V VXSRUWHV XWLOL]DGRV FRPR IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD SRGHP VHU FRQVWLWXtGRV GH
PDWHULDLVSRURVRVLQRUJkQLFRVRXSROtPHURVUHWLFXODGRV
0DWHULDLV SRURVRV LQRUJkQLFRV SRVVXHP SRURVLGDGH SHUPDQHQWH RX VHMDP QmR
VRIUHP LQFKDPHQWR QD SUHVHQoD GD IDVH PyYHO 6mR QRUPDOPHQWH FRQVWLWXtGRV GH
VtOLFD JHO H YLGUR FRP SRURVLGDGH FRQWURODGD 7HUUD GLDWRPiFHD H DOXPLQD WDPEpP
VmRXWLOL]DGDVFRPRUHFKHLR
3ROtPHURVUHWLFXODGRVVRIUHPLQFKDPHQWRQDSUHVHQoDGDIDVHPyYHO2JUDXGH
LQFKDPHQWR GHSHQGH GD QDWXUH]D GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H GD IDVH PyYHO 'HQWUH RV
SROtPHURVUHWLFXODGRVHPSUHJDGRVFRPRIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDGHVWDFDPVH
SJHO UtJLGR RUJkQLFR FRQVWLWXtGR GH SROLHVWLUHQR UHWLFXODGR TXH LQFKD OLJHLUD
PHQWHQDSUHVHQoDGHVROYHQWH
SUHGHVLVRSRURVDVWDPEpPFRQVWLWXtGDGHSROLHVWLUHQRUHWLFXODGRVmRFKDPDGDV
LVRSRURVDV SRUTXH D GHQVLGDGH GH UHWLFXODomR p KRPRJrQHD H HQWmR D GLVWUL
EXLomRGRWDPDQKRGHSRURVpHVWUHLWD
SJHOQDWXUDOUHYHUVtYHOFRPRDDJDURVHHJHOIOH[tYHOFRPRDSROLDFULODPLGDOLJHL
UDPHQWHUHWLFXODGDDPERVLQFKDPEDVWDQWHQDSUHVHQoDGHERQVVROYHQWHV$
SRURVLGDGHGHVWHVUHFKHLRVpHVWDEHOHFLGDSHORLQFKDPHQWR
7.4.1.5 Detectores
2GHWHFWRUpRFRPSRQHQWHGRVLVWHPDFURPDWRJUiILFRTXHIRUQHFHRVLQDOGHYLGRj
SUHVHQoDGDDPRVWUDQRIOX[RGDIDVHPyYHO(OHpFRQHFWDGRQDVDtGDGDFROXQDSDUD
PRQLWRUDU R HIOXHQWH GD FROXQD QR WHPSR UHDO ([LVWHP YiULRV WLSRV GH GHWHFWRUHV
WDLVFRPR
StQGLFHGHUHIUDomR
SHVSHFWU{PHWURGHXOWUDYLROHWD
SHVSHFWU{PHWURGHLQIUDYHUPHOKR
SIOXRUHVFrQFLD
SYLVFRVLPpWULFR
SHVSDOKDPHQWR de luz.
2V PDLV FRPXQV VmR DTXHOHV EDVHDGRV QR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR H QD DEVRUomR QD
UHJLmR GR XOWUDYLROHWD 1R FDVR GH DQiOLVH GH SHVR PROHFXODU GH SROtPHURV SRU
FURPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR XWLOL]DPVH WDPEpP FRP JUDQGH
IUHTrQFLD RV GHWHFWRUHV EDVHDGRV HP PHGLGDV YLVFRVLPpWULFDV H HP PHGLGDV GH
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
SDetector de ndice de refrao

2 UHIUDW{PHWUR GLIHUHQFLDO p R GHWHFWRU PDLV XWLOL]DGR HP FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD H
HP SDUWLFXODU QD FURPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR SRUTXH SUDWLFDPHQWH
WRGDVDVVROXo}HVSROLPpULFDVDSUHVHQWDPtQGLFHVGHUHIUDomRGLIHUHQWHVGDTXHOHVGR
VROYHQWHSXUR
2V GHWHFWRUHV PDLV VLPSOHV XWLOL]DP D GLIHUHQoD GH tQGLFHV GH UHIUDomR
REVHUYDGRVTXDQGRDOX]DWUDYHVVDXPDFpOXODFRQVWLWXtGDGHGRLVFRPSDUWLPHQWRV
$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDXPHVTXHPDGDOX]UHIUDWDGDQHVWHWLSRGHFpOXOD2kQJXOR
UHSUHVHQWDRkQJXORGHGHIOH[mRTXHRIHL[HGHOX]VRIUHDSyVDWUDYHVVDURVGRLV
FRPSDUWLPHQWRV 4XDQGR RV GRLV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV VmR RFXSDGRV SHOR VROYHQWH
)LJXUDDREVHUYDVHXPkQJXORGHGHIOH[mRFRUUHVSRQGHQWHD$GLIHUHQoDQR
tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR FDXVDGD SHOD SUHVHQoD GD VROXomR GR SROtPHUR HP XP GRV
FRPSDUWLPHQWRV FDXVD XPD GHIOH[mR GR IHL[H GH OX] )LJXUD E $ YDULDomR GR
kQJXOR GHWHUPLQD R GHVORFDPHQWR GD LPDJHP FRUUHVSRQGHQWH D XP [ TXH p
UHJLVWUDGRQRVLVWHPDGHDTXLVLomRGHGDGRV
$YDULDomRGRkQJXOR pUHODFLRQDGDjPXGDQoDGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRQTXHp
FRQVLGHUDGDSURSRUFLRQDOjFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomRSROLPpULFDVHJXQGRD(TXDomR

n = Kc (7.14)
RQGH QpDGLIHUHQoDGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHQWUHDVROXomRQDFpOXODGRGHWHFWRUH
DTXHOH GR VROYHQWH SXUR F p D FRQFHQWUDomR GD VROXomR SROLPpULFD H . p XPD
FRQVWDQWHGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGHUHODFLRQDGDDRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHVSHFtILFR
&URPDWRJUDILD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGDOX]UHIUDWDGDDSyVDWUDYHVVDUDFpOXODGRGHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomR
3DUD TXH D VROXomR GH SROtPHUR VHMD GHWHFWDGD p QHFHVViULR TXH R tQGLFH GH
UHIUDomR GR VROYHQWH Q VHMD GLIHUHQWH GR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR GD VROXomR Q
'HSHQGHQGRGRVYDORUHVGHQHQRVLQDOREVHUYDGRQRUHJLVWUDGRUFRUUHVSRQGHUiD
XPGDTXHOHVLOXVWUDGRVQD)LJXUD
)LJXUD6LQDOHPLWLGRSHORGHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHPIXQomRGDGLIHUHQoDGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomR
HQWUHRVROYHQWHHDVROXomR
2 GHWHFWRU EDVHDGR QR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR p PXLWR VHQVtYHO j WHPSHUDWXUD H j
WURFDGHVROYHQWHVHSRUWDQWRGHPRUDPDLVDHVWDELOL]DU8PDYH]TXHHVWHWLSRGH
GHWHFWRU WDPEpP p PXLWR VHQVtYHO D YDULDo}HV GH SUHVVmR QR VLVWHPD TXDQGR VH
XWLOL]D PDLV GH XP GHWHFWRU HOH p QRUPDOPHQWH R ~OWLPR DFHVVyULR GR VLVWHPD
FURPDWRJUiILFR
SDetector de ultravioleta
2HVSHFWURIRW{PHWURGHXOWUDYLROHWDYLVtYHOpWDPEpPPXLWRXWLOL]DGRFRPRGHWHFWRU
HPVLVWHPDVGHFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGD2SULQFtSLRTXHUHJHHVWHWLSRGHGHWHFWRUpD
OHLGH/DPEHUW%HHUHPTXHDDEVRUYkQFLD$GDOX]XOWUDYLROHWDGHXPDVROXomRD
XP FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD HVSHFtILFR p SURSRUFLRQDO j FRQFHQWUDomR GD VROXomR
VHJXQGRD(TXDomR
A = .l.c (7.15)
RQGH p R FRHILFLHQWH GH H[WLQomR RX DEVRUWLYLGDGH PRODU FRQVWDQWH SDUD XP
JUXSR IXQFLRQDO D XP FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD HVSHFtILFR O p R FDPLQKR yWLFR RX
HVSHVVXUDGDFpOXODRQGHVHORFDOL]DDVROXomRHFpDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVHVSpFLHVTXH
DEVRUYHP D OX] RX FRQFHQWUDomR GD VROXomR SROLPpULFD 2 WHUPR DEVRUWLYLGDGH
PRODUWHPVLGRPDLVXWLOL]DGRGRTXHRWHUPRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[WLQomR
(PPXLWRVFDVRVRHVSHFWU{PHWURGHXOWUDYLROHWDpSUHIHULGRXPDYH]TXHHVWHp
PHQRV VHQVtYHO D GHWHUPLQDGRV IDWRUHV WDLV FRPR IOXWXDo}HV GH WHPSHUDWXUD
SUHVVmRRXWURFDGHVROYHQWHTXDQGRFRPSDUDGRDRGHWHFWRUEDVHDGRQRtQGLFHGH
UHIUDomR
([LVWHPWUrVWLSRVSULQFLSDLVGHGHWHFWRUHVGH89YLVtYHO
&RPSULPHQWR GH RQGD VLPSOHV HVWH GHWHFWRU XWLOL]D ILOWURV H GHWHFWD D
DEVRUYkQFLDGDOX]DXPFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGD
&RPSULPHQWR GH RQGD YDULiYHO FRQWLQXDPHQWH HVWH WLSR GH GHWHFWRU XWLOL]D
PRQRFURPDGRUHV H SHUPLWH TXH WRGRV RV FRPSULPHQWRV GH RQGD VHMDP
H[DPLQDGRVHPXPSHUtRGRGHYDUUHGXUDGHDPLQ
(VSHFWURIRW{PHWUR GH 89YLVtYHO GR WLSR GLRGHDUUD\ QHVWH WLSR GH GHWHFWRU
FRPSULPHQWRV GH RQGD P~OWLSORV LQFLGHP QD DPRVWUD DR PHVPR WHPSR H XP
IRWRGLRGR GLRGHDUUD\ GLVWLQJXH RV GLIHUHQWHV FRPSULPHQWRV GH RQGD
UHFHELGRVGDOX]WUDQVPLWLGD1HVWHFDVRWRGRVRVFRPSULPHQWRVGHRQGDSRGHP
VHUH[DPLQDGRVHPFHUFDGHVHJXQGR
$ )LJXUD LOXVWUD D GLIHUHQoD GR VLQDO REWLGR TXDQGRVHXVDXPGHWHFWRUGR
WLSR GLRGHDUUD\ RX XP LQVWUXPHQWR FRP XP FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD IL[R 1R
SULPHLURFDVRREWpPVHXPHVSHFWURFRPSOHWRGDDPRVWUDDFDGDWHPSRGHHOXLomR
&URPDWRJUDILD
2EYLDPHQWH HVVHV GHWHFWRUHV Vy SRGHP VHU XWLOL]DGRV FRP VXEVWkQFLDV TXH
SRVVXDPJUXSRVFDSD]HVGHDEVRUYHUDOX]QDIDL[DGHFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGDGR89
YLVtYHORXVHMDRVFKDPDGRVJUXSRVFURPyIRURV&RPSRVWRVDURPiWLFRVVmRRVPDLV
VHQVtYHLVDHVWHWLSRGHGHWHFWRU3RURXWURODGRSROtPHURVTXHQmRSRVVXHPJUXSRV
FURPyIRURVWDLVFRPRSROLROHILQDVVmRWUDQVSDUHQWHVQHVWHGHWHFWRU
)LJXUD6LQDOREWLGRGHXPGHWHFWRUGHXOWUDYLROHWDGRWLSRDGLRGHDUUD\HEFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGD

IL[R
SDetector de viscosidade
(VWHWLSRGHGHWHFWRUUHODFLRQDDPXGDQoDGHYLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRHPUHODomRjGR
VROYHQWH SXUR 2V SULQFtSLRV EiVLFRV TXH UHJHP HVWDV PXGDQoDV VmR GHVFULWRV QR
&DStWXOR4XDQGRRVROXWRGDVROXomRDVHUDQDOLVDGDSRVVXLEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU
DGLIHUHQoDGHYLVFRVLGDGHHQWUHRVROYHQWHSXURHDVROXomRpPXLWRSHTXHQDSDUD
VHU GHWHFWDGD SRU HVWH WLSR GH WpFQLFD 'HVWD IRUPD RV GHWHFWRUHV EDVHDGRV HP
PHGLGDV GH YLVFRVLGDGH GH VROXomR Vy VmR XWLOL]DGRV SDUD DQiOLVH GH VROXo}HV
SROLPpULFDV
$ HTXDomR GH 3RLVHXLOOH (TXDomR FRQVWLWXL D EDVH SDUD DV PHGLGDV GH
YLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRHPFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRYHUFDStWXOR
.p.r 4
= (7.16)
8.L.Q
RQGH SpDGLIHUHQoDGHSUHVVmRDRORQJRGRFDSLODUGRYLVFRVtPHWURUpRUDLRGR
FDSLODU/pRFRPSULPHQWRGRFDSLODUH4pDYHORFLGDGHGHIOX[RGROtTXLGRPHGLGD
HPYROXPHSRUXQLGDGHGHWHPSR
$YLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRHOXHQWHGRFURPDWyJUDIRGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRSRGH
VHUGHWHUPLQDGDGHGXDVIRUPDV
SPHGLGDGRWHPSRQHFHVViULRSDUDXPGHWHUPLQDGRYROXPHGHHOXHQWHDWUDYHVVDU
RFDSLODUGRYLVFRVtPHWUR
SPHGLGDGDTXHGDGHSUHVVmRUHVXOWDQWHGDSDVVDJHPGRHOXHQWHQRFDSLODU
(PERUDRSULPHLURPpWRGRVHMDSRVVtYHOSDUDPHGLGDVGHYLVFRVLGDGHRIIOLQH
TXDQGRRYLVFRVtPHWURpDFRSODGRDXPVLVWHPDFURPDWRJUiILFRPHGLGDVRQOLQH
D GHWHUPLQDomR GD TXHGD GH SUHVVmR IRUQHFH XPD PHGLGD FRQWtQXD GD YLVFRVLGDGH
GDVROXomR
1RV YLVFRVtPHWURV RQOLQH XWLOL]DGRV HP FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGD D TXHGD GH
SUHVVmR GD DPRVWUD HOXHQWH SL p PHGLGD QR FDSLODU H FRPSDUDGD j TXHGD GH
SUHVVmRSURYRFDGDSHORVROYHQWHSXUR S$WpFQLFDpEDVHDGDQDGHWHUPLQDomRGD
YLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDLQVWDQWkQHD>@LXWLOL]DQGRD(TXDomR
1 p 1 p p0
[ ]i = 1
log i log i = i (7.17)
ci 0 ci p0 ci p0
RQGHFLpDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomR
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GD YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD GD VROXomR D FDGD WHPSR GH
HOXLomRRGHWHFWRUEDVHDGRQDPHGLGDGDYLVFRVLGDGHpXWLOL]DGRMXQWRDXPRXWUR
GHWHFWRU EDVHDGR HP PXGDQoD GH DOJXPD SURSULHGDGH FRP D FRQFHQWUDomR
QRUPDOPHQWHRGHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRYHUFDStWXOR
2GHWHFWRUYLVFRVLPpWULFRpXWLOL]DGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGHSHVR
PROHFXODU GH SROtPHURV $ WpFQLFD FURPDWRJUiILFD TXH VHSDUD RV FRPSRQHQWHV GH
XPDVROXomRSHORWDPDQKRPROHFXODUpDFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRD
VHUGLVFXWLGDQRLWHP2SHVRPROHFXODULQVWDQWkQHR0LGRSROtPHURGLVVROYLGR
QDVROXomRHOXHQWHSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGRSRUPHLRGDHTXDomRGH0DUN+RXZLQN
GLVFXWLGDQRFDStWXORHDSUHVHQWDGDDVHJXLU
[ i ] = K.M ia (7.18)
&URPDWRJUDILD
RQGHRVSDUkPHWURV.HDSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVFRQVWDQWHVSDUDXPGHWHUPLQDGR
VROYHQWHHWHPSHUDWXUDH0LpRSHVRPROHFXODUYLVFRVLPpWULFR6HDVFRQVWDQWHVGD
HTXDomR GH 0DUN+RXZLQN QmR VmR FRQKHFLGDV R FRQFHLWR GH FDOLEUDomR XQLYHUVDO
GHYHVHUXWLOL]DGR(VWHFRQFHLWRVHUiGHVFULWRQDVHVVmR
SDetector de espalhamento de luz

2 GHWHFWRU GH HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] WDPEpP p XWLOL]DGR SDUD PHGLGDV GH SHVR
PROHFXODUGHSROtPHURVSRUFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR2SULQFtSLRTXH
UHODFLRQDDLQWHQVLGDGHGDOX]HVSDOKDGDFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUGHXPSROtPHURIRL
GLVFXWLGRQRFDStWXORHXWLOL]DD(TXDomR
Kc 1
= + 2 A2 c + 3 A3 c 2 + ...... (7.19)
R M
RQGH5pDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVUD]}HVGH5D\OHLJKGDVROXomRHGRVROYHQWHSXUR$
H $ VmR FRQKHFLGRV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH FRPR VHJXQGR FRHILFLHQWH YLULDO H WHUFHLUR
FRHILFLHQWHYLULDO M pRSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLRH.pXPSDUkPHWURTXH
GHSHQGH GD YDULDomR GR tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR FRP D FRQFHQWUDomR GD VROXomR YHU
FDStWXOR
2VGHWHFWRUHVEDVHDGRVQDWpFQLFDGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]XWLOL]DPIRQWHVGHOX]
ODVHU VHQGR D OX] HVSDOKDGD PHGLGD D EDL[R kQJXOR FHUFD GH R 8WLOL]DQGRVH
PHGLGDVDEDL[RkQJXORWRUQDVHGHVQHFHVViULDDH[WUDSRODomRDkQJXOR]HURSDUDD
GHWHUPLQDomRGHUDLRGHJLUDomR
eLPSRUWDQWHUHVVDOWDUTXHHVWDWpFQLFDpPXLWRVHQVtYHOjSUHVHQoDGHTXDOTXHU
LPSXUH]D(VWHGHWHFWRUpSRUWDQWRFUtWLFRTXDQGRVHXWLOL]DPFROXQDVGHVtOLFDQD
FURPDWRJUDILD XPD YH] TXH HVWDV VHPSUH OLEHUDP SHTXHQDV SDUWtFXODV TXH YmR
LQIOXHQFLDUVHQVLYHOPHQWHRVUHVXOWDGRVGHSHVRPROHFXODUREWLGRV
3DUDDWpFQLFDGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]DFRSODGDDXPFURPDWyJUDIROtTXLGRSDUD
PHGLGDVGHSHVRPROHFXODUFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRDVVXPHVHTXH
RLQFUHPHQWRGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRVHMDFRQVWDQWHSDUDFDGDYROXPHHOXtGR&RPRMi
GLVFXWLGR QR &DStWXOR D UD]mR GH 5D\OHLJK GHSHQGH GD YDULDomR GR tQGLFH GH
UHIUDomRFRPDFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomR$XWLOL]DomRGRGHWHFWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWR
GH OX] QmR p SRUWDQWR UHFRPHQGiYHO SDUD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH FRSROtPHURV SRUTXH
YDULDo}HVQDFRPSRVLomRGRFRSROtPHURFDXVDPYDULDo}HVQRLQFUHPHQWRGRtQGLFH
GHUHIUDomR
7.4.2 Cromatografia por adsoro
7.4.2.1 Mecanismo da cromatografia lquido - slido (adsoro)
$ FURPDWRJUDILD SRU DGVRUomR XWLOL]D D FDSDFLGDGH GH XPD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD HP
DGVRUYHU GH PRGR PDLV RX PHQRV HIHWLYR RV FRPSRQHQWHV LQGLYLGXDLV GH XPD
PLVWXUD$WpFQLFDGHSHQGHGDVLQWHUDo}HVHVSHFtILFDVGRVROXWRFRPDVXSHUItFLHGH
XPDGVRUYHQWHIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDILQDPHQWHGLYLGLGR
&RQVLGHUHPRV XP FDVR EHP VLPSOHV XPD VXEVWkQFLD RX DPRVWUD 6 HP XP
HOXHQWH ( &RQVLGHUHPRV DLQGD TXH D DGVRUomR H GHVVRUomR VmR SURFHVVRV
UHYHUVtYHLV$VPROpFXODVGRVROXWRHGDIDVHPyYHOFRPSHWHPHQWUHVLSHORFHQWUR
DWLYR GR DGVRUYHQWH IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD RX VHMD RV FHQWURV DWLYRV QD VXSHUItFLH GD
IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD VmR RFXSDGRV RUD SHOD VXEVWkQFLD D VHU DQDOLVDGD RUD SHODV
PROpFXODV GR HOXHQWH (VWD FRPSHWLomR SRGH VHU UHSUHVHQWDGD SHOD VHJXLQWH
HTXDomR
Sm + nEads Sads + nEm (7.20)
RQGH6PH6DGVUHSUHVHQWDPDPROpFXODGRVROXWRQDIDVHPyYHOHQDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (P H (DGV UHSUHVHQWDP D PROpFXOD GR VROYHQWH QD IDVH PyYHO H QD
IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
4XDQGR D PROpFXOD GR VROXWR 6 ORFDOL]DGD QD IDVH PyYHO p DGVRUYLGD SHOD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD HOD GHVORFD Q PROpFXODV GR HOXHQWH LQLFLDOPHQWH DGVRUYLGDV QD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD2IDWRUQLQGLFDRQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGDIDVHPyYHOTXHSUHFLVDVHU
GHVORFDGR GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD SDUD DFRPRGDU D PROpFXOD GR VROXWR $ SDUWLU GD
(TXDomRSRGHPRVHVFUHYHUDVHJXLQWHHTXDomRSDUDDFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOtEULR
K=
(S ads )(Em )
n
(S m )(Eads )n
(VWD HTXDomR PRVWUD TXH D LQWHUDomR DGVRUYHQWH VROXWR p R SDUkPHWUR PDLV

LPSRUWDQWH TXH JRYHUQD D VHSDUDomR HP XPD FURPDWRJUDILD SRU DGVRUomR 6H D
DGVRUomR GD IDVH PyYHO HOXHQWH DXPHQWD D DGVRUomR GR VROXWR GLPLQXL H D
DPRVWUDGRVROXWRHOXLUiPDLVUiSLGR
&URPDWRJUDILD
7.4.2.2 Tipos de adsorventes e interaes com solutos
2V GRLV DGVRUYHQWHV PDLV SRSXODUHV QD FURPDWRJUDILD GR WLSR VyOLGR OtTXLGR VmR
VtOLFD 6L2[ H DOXPLQD $O2[ $ VtOLFD p FRQVLGHUDGD PDLV YHUViWLO 7DQWR D VtOLFD
FRPR D DOXPLQD SRVVXHP JUXSRV DWLYRV QD VXSHUItFLH TXH GHWHUPLQDP DV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDDGVRUomR([HPSORV
&RQVLGHUHPRVXPDPLVWXUDGHEHQ]HQRDFHWRIHQRQDHiOFRROEHQ]tOLFR
1HVWHFDVRpIiFLOSUHYHUDRUGHPGHUHWHQomRGHVWHVFRPSRQHQWHV&RPRDIDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD p SRODU RV FRQVWLWXLQWHV PDLV SRODUHV LUmR LQWHUDJLU PDLV IRUWHPHQWH
FRP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H SRUWDQWR ILFDUmR UHWLGRV SRU PDLV WHPSR QD FROXQD 'H
DFRUGRFRPDSRODULGDGHGRVFRQVWLWXLQWHVGDPLVWXUDDRUGHPGHHOXLomRVHUi
1) benzeno 2) acetofenona 3) lcool benzlico
24XDGURDSUHVHQWDDOJXPDVFODVVHVGHVXEVWkQFLDVHPRUGHPFUHVFHQWHGH
SRODULGDGH

&RPSRQHQWHV LVRPpULFRV SRGHP VHU VHSDUDGRV GHYLGR DR DUUDQMR HVSDFLDO GRV
JUXSRVKLGUR[LODQDVXSHUItFLHGDVtOLFD3RUH[HPSORDKLGURTXLQRQDHRFDWHFRO
LQWHUDJHP GH PDQHLUD GLIHUHQWH FRP D VXSHUItFLH GD VtOLFD FRPR PRVWUD R
HVTXHPDGD)LJXUD2LV{PHURSDUDGHQRPLQDGRKLGURTXLQRQDpFDSD]GH
LQWHUDJLUFRPGRLVFHQWURVDWLYRVVLPXOWDQHDPHQWH2LV{PHURRUWRGHQRPLQDGR
FDWHFRO Vy LQWHUDJH FRP XP FHQWUR DWLYR SRU FDXVD GR DUUDQMR GH VHXV JUXSRV
IXQFLRQDLV6HSDUDomRGHLV{PHURV

$VHSDUDomRGHRUWRPHWDHSDUDQLWURDQLOLQDVpHVTXHPDWL]DGDQD)LJXUD
2EVHUYDVHTXHRLV{PHURSDUDpHOXtGRSRU~OWLPRGHYLGRjVIRUWHVLQWHUDo}HV
FRP D VXSHUItFLH GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD SRODU 2 LV{PHUR RUWR p HOXtGR SULPHLUR
SRUTXH DV LQWHUDo}HV VmR PDLV IUDFDV 1HVWH FDVR H[LVWH D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH
IRUPDomR GH SRQWHV GH KLGURJrQLR LQWUDPROHFXODU QR FRPSRVWR GLPLQXLQGR D
FKDQFHGHLQWHUDomRFRPRPDWHULDODGVRUYHQWH2LV{PHURPHWDSRVVXLPHQRU
LQWHUDomR GR TXH R LV{PHUR SDUD GHYLGR DR DUUDQMR PROHFXODU QD VXSHUItFLH 2
WHPSRGHHOXLomRGHVWHLV{PHURpHQWUHWDQWRPDLRUGRTXHRGRLV{PHURRUWR
SRUTXHQmRH[LVWHSRVVLELOLGDGHGHLQWHUDomRLQWUDPROHFXODU
4XDGUR&ODVVHGHVXEVWkQFLDHPRUGHPFUHVFHQWHGHSRODULGDGH
Fluorocarbonetos <
hidrocarbonetos saturados <
olefinas <
hidrocarbonetos aromticos <
compostos halogenados <
ter <
compostos nitrados <
steres, cetonas, aldeidos <
lcoois, aminas <
amidas <
cidos carboxlicos
)LJXUD,QWHUDo}HVHQWUHDVXSHUItFLHGDVtOLFDHGLKLGUR[LEHQ]HQRVLVRPpULFRV
&URPDWRJUDILD
)LJXUD&URPDWRJUDPDWtSLFRGHVHSDUDomRGHLV{PHURVGDQLWURDQLOLQD
7.4.2.3 Seleo de solventes como fase mvel

$DGVRUomRGHXPVROXWRQDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSRGHVHUWmRIRUWHGHSHQGHQGRGDVXD
SRODULGDGHTXHRWHPSRGHUHWHQomRSRGHVHWRUQDUPXLWRORQJR(PDOJXQVFDVRV
XPDDGVRUomRLUUHYHUVtYHOSRGHRFRUUHU3DUDUHGX]LURVHIHLWRVGDVLQWHUDo}HVPXLWR
IRUWHV D DWLYLGDGH GR DGVRUYHQWH IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD SRGH VHU FRQWURODGD RX
PRGLILFDGDXWLOL]DQGRVHXPYROXPHIL[RGHiJXDRXiOFRRO
eLPSRUWDQWHOHPEUDUTXHRVROYHQWHHRVROXWRHVWmRHPFRQVWDQWHFRPSHWLomR
SHORV VtWLRV DWLYRV QD VXSHUItFLH GR DGVRUYHQWH /RJR TXDQWR PDLV SRODU IRU D IDVH
PyYHO PDLRU VHUi D VXD LQWHUDomR FRP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H PDLV UiSLGR R VROXWR
VHUi HOXLGR 'HVWD IRUPD R IDWRU GHWHUPLQDQWH QD UHWHQomR RX VHSDUDomR HP XPD
FURPDWRJUDILD VyOLGROtTXLGR p D SRODULGDGH UHODWLYD GD IDVH PyYHO H GR VROXWR 1R
SURFHVVRFURPDWRJUiILFRXPVROYHQWHPDLVSRODUGHVORFDUiRVROYHQWHPHQRVSRODU
GD VXSHUItFLH GR DGVRUYHQWH (VWD HVFDOD p GHQRPLQDGD VpULH HOXRWUySLFD TXH IRL
GHVHQYROYLGD SDUD DOXPLQD FRPR DSUHVHQWDGD QD 7DEHOD (VWD WDEHOD VHUYH
VRPHQWHFRPRXPJXLDXPDYH]TXHDSRODULGDGHUHODWLYDSRGHPXGDUGHSHQGHQGR
GR WLSR GH DPRVWUD H GH DGVRUYHQWH 2 WHUPR R FRQKHFLGR FRPR SDUkPHWUR GH
IRUoDGRVROYHQWHpXPDUHSUHVHQWDomRTXDQWLWDWLYDGDIRUoDGRVROYHQWH
3DUDDREWHQomRGHXPDIDVHPyYHOFRPIRUoDLQWHUPHGLiULDHQWUHRVYDORUHVGH
DSUHVHQWDGRVQD7DEHODFRVWXPDVHXWLOL]DUPLVWXUDVGHVROYHQWHV
R
7DEHOD6pULHHOXRWUySLFDSDUDDOXPLQD
6ROYHQWH R
QSHQWDQR
LVRFWDQR
FLFORKH[DQR
WHWUDFORUHWRGHFDUERQR
[LOHQR
WROXHQR
EHQ]HQR
pWHUHWtOLFR
FORURIyUPLR
WHWUDKLGURIXUDQR
DFHWRQD
DFHWRQLWULOD
LSURSDQRO
PHWDQRO
7.4.2.4 A utilizao da cromatografia por adsoro em polmeros

(P PXLWRV DVSHFWRV D DGVRUomR GH XPD PDFURPROpFXOD SRVVXL FRPSRUWDPHQWR
VHPHOKDQWH jTXHOH DSUHVHQWDGR SRU PROpFXODV SHTXHQDV $OJXPDV GLIHUHQoDV
HQWUHWDQWRGHYHPVHUHQIDWL]DGDV3RUH[HPSORDTXDQWLGDGHDGVRUYLGDXVXDOPHQWH
DXPHQWDFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUGRVROXWRRXVHMDDDGVRUomRFUHVFHFRPRWDPDQKR
PROHFXODU4XDQWRPDLVSREUHIRURVROYHQWHFRQVWLWXLQWHGDIDVHPyYHOPDLRUVHUi
RHIHLWRGRSHVRPROHFXODUQRWHPSRGHHOXLomR
2XWURIDWRULQWHUHVVDQWHpDVXSHUItFLHGRDGVRUYHQWH$PDLRULDGRVDGVRUYHQWHV
SRVVXL XPD iUHD VXSHUILFLDO HVSHFtILFD H[WUHPDPHQWH JUDQGH GHYLGR j VXD DOWD
SRURVLGDGH$iUHDVXSHUILFLDOLQWHUQDGRVSRURVSRGHVHUFRPSOHWDPHQWHXWLOL]DGD
VHRVSRURVVmRJUDQGHVTXDQGRFRPSDUDGRVDRWDPDQKRGDVPROpFXODVDGVRUYLGDV
(QWUHWDQWRPROpFXODVGHSROtPHURVFRPDOWRSHVRPROHFXODUSRGHPDSUHVHQWDUXP
WDPDQKREHPPDLRUGRTXHRVSRURVGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD&RQVHTHQWHPHQWHHVWD
PDFURPROpFXOD QmR SRGHUi LQWHUDJLU WRWDOPHQWH FRP D VXSHUItFLH WRWDO GR
DGVRUYHQWHHHOXLUiDXPWHPSRPHQRU
$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDXPDUHSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGDGHSHQGrQFLDHQWUHD
TXDQWLGDGHGHSROtPHURDGVRUYLGRHPXPDGHWHUPLQDGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDHRVHX
SHVRPROHFXODU$FXUYDDSUHVHQWDXPPi[LPRDXPGHWHUPLQDGRSHVRPROHFXODU
3DUD SHVRV PROHFXODUHV PHQRUHV GR TXH DTXHOH UHSUHVHQWDGR QHVWH SRQWR D
TXDQWLGDGH GH SROtPHUR DGVRUYLGR FUHVFH FRP R SHVR PROHFXODU GHYLGR j PDLRU
SRVVLELOLGDGHGHLQWHUDomRHQWUHSROtPHURHDGVRUYHQWH$SDUWLUGRSRQWRPi[LPRD
&URPDWRJUDILD
PDFURPROpFXODWRUQDVHPXLWRJUDQGHSDUDLQWHUDJLUFRPWRGRVRVFHQWURVDWLYRVGD
IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD ORFDOL]DGRV LQFOXVLYH GHQWUR GRV SRURV SHTXHQRV 2V SRQWRV GH
LQWHUDomRGLPLQXHPHDTXDQWLGDGHGHSROtPHURDGVRUYLGRWDPEpPGLPLQXL
)LJXUD5HODomRHQWUHDTXDQWLGDGHGHSROtPHURDGVRUYLGRHPXPVXSRUWHSRODUHSRURVRHRSHVR
PROHFXODUGRSROtPHUR
7.4.3 Cromatografia de partio Limite de excluso

2 SULQFtSLR GD VHSDUDomR SRU FURPDWRJUDILD GH SDUWLomR WDPEpP FKDPDGD
FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGR OtTXLGR p R PHVPR TXH DTXHOH HQYROYLGR HP H[WUDomR GH
XPDVXEVWkQFLDXWLOL]DQGRVHGRLVOtTXLGRVLPLVFtYHLVHPXPIXQLOGHVHSDUDomR
(PVXDIRUPDPDLVVLPSOHVDFURPDWRJUDILDGHSDUWLomRpDOFDQoDGDIL[DQGRXP
OtTXLGR LPLVFtYHO HP XP VXSRUWH DWUDYpV GR TXDO D IDVH PyYHO p HOXtGD $ IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDpSRUWDQWRFRQVWLWXtGDGROtTXLGRTXHHVWiDGHULGRDXPVXSRUWHVyOLGR
TXDOTXHU 2V GRLV OtTXLGRV HVWmR HP FRQWDWR tQWLPR H SHUPLWH D RFRUUrQFLD GH
P~OWLSODVH[WUDo}HVGXUDQWHDHOXLomR
$ FURPDWRJUDILD SRU SDUWLomR SRGH VHU GLYLGLGD HP GRLV JUDQGHV JUXSRV
FURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGROtTXLGRHFURPDWRJUDILDSRUIDVHOLJDGDERXQGHGSKDVH
1D FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGR OtTXLGR DV FROXQDV VmR SUHSDUDGDV UHFREULQGR XP
VXSRUWH FRP XPD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD GD PHVPD IRUPD FRPR p UHFREHUWR R VXSRUWH
SDUDXPDFURPDWRJUDILDHPIDVHJDVRVD2XVHMDDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDOtTXLGDQmRHVWi
TXLPLFDPHQWH OLJDGD DR VXSRUWH 8P GRV UHTXLVLWRV SDUD XP ERP GHVHPSHQKR
QHVWH WLSR GH VHSDUDomR p D FRPSOHWD LPLVFLELOLGDGH HQWUH D IDVH PyYHO H D IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDDPEDVOtTXLGDV1DSUiWLFDIDVHVHVWDFLRQiULDVWtSLFDVFRPR&DUERZD[
DSUHVHQWDPXPDSHTXHQDVROXELOLGDGHHPWRGDVDVIDVHVPyYHLVXWLOL]DGDV&RPR
WHPSRGHXVRGHVWDVFROXQDVDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDYDLVHQGROHQWDPHQWHUHPRYLGDGR
VXSRUWHSHODIDVHPyYHO(VWHIHQ{PHQRFDXVDXPDGHWHULRUDomRGRGHVHPSHQKRGD
FROXQDDRORQJRGRXVRRXVHMDGLPLQXLDYLGD~WLOGDFROXQD
$ FURPDWRJUDILD GR WLSR ERXQGHGSKDVH WHP VH WRUQDGR D PDLV SRSXODU HP
+3/& (VWD WpFQLFD HOLPLQD RV SUREOHPDV HQFRQWUDGRV QD FURPDWRJUDILD OtTXLGR
OtTXLGR FRQYHQFLRQDO SRUTXH D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD HVWi TXLPLFDPHQWH OLJDGD DR
VXSRUWH
7.4.3.1. Mecanismo da separao em uma cromatografia de partio

4XDQGRXPVROXWRpDGLFLRQDGRDXPVLVWHPDFRQWHQGRGRLVOtTXLGRVLPLVFtYHLVHR
VLVWHPD FRPR XP WRGR p GHL[DGR DWp TXH VH DWLQMD R HTXLOtEULR R VROXWR LUi VH
GLVWULEXLUHQWUHDVGXDVIDVHVGHDFRUGRFRPD(TXDomR
Cs
K = (7.22)
Cm
RQGH . p R FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR H &V H &P VmR DV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GR VROXWR QD
IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDHQDIDVHPyYHOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
2 IDWRU FDSDFLGDGH p UHODFLRQDGR DR FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR D SDUWLU GD
(TXDomR
gm
K '= (7.23)
gs
RQGH
gm = gramas do soluto na fase mvel = (Cm) (Vm) (7.24)
gs = gramas de soluto na fase estacionria = (Cs) (Vs) (7.25)

&RPELQDQGRD(TXDomRFRPDV(TXDo}HVHREWHPRV
Cs g s Vm Vm
K= = x = K' (7.26)
Cm g m Vs Vs
RX
&URPDWRJUDILD
Vs
K '= K (7.27)
Vm
$ FDSDFLGDGH GH UHWHQomR GR VROXWR QD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD p FRQWURODGD SHOR
FRHILFLHQWH GH GLVWULEXLomR H SHOD UD]mR HQWUH RV YROXPHV GH VROXomR GR VROXWR QD
IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD H QD IDVH PyYHO 8P VROXWR PXLWR VRO~YHO QD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD
ILFDUiUHWLGRSRUPDLVWHPSR
7.4.3.2 Natureza dos suportes com a superfcie quimicamente modificada

('bonded phases")
$ IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD PDLV XWLOL]DGD DWXDOPHQWH p DTXHOD TXLPLFDPHQWH OLJDGD DR
VXSRUWH SDUD HYLWDU R DUUDVWH GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD FRP R WHPSR ([LVWHP YiULRV
PpWRGRV SDUD OLJDU TXLPLFDPHQWH D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD DR VXSRUWH 7RGRV HOHV
HQYROYHPXPDUHDomRFRPRJUXSRUHDWLYRVLODQRO6L2+QDVXSHUItFLHGDVtOLFD
2 SULPHLUR PpWRGR HQYROYH D UHDomR GH HWHULILFDomR HQWUH RV JUXSRV VLODQRO GR
VXSRUWHHRVJUXSRVKLGUR[LODVLWXDGRVQDH[WUHPLGDGHGHXPDFDGHLDGHXPiOFRRO
$V OLJDo}HV pWHU VmR IDFLOPHQWH KLGUROLViYHLV H VmR WDPEpP WHUPLFDPHQWH
LQVWiYHLV 3RUWDQWR HVWH WLSR GH IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD QmR p DGHTXDGR SDUD PXLWDV
DSOLFDo}HV
HOR
Si OH Si OR
)DVHV TXLPLFDPHQWH OLJDGDV HQYROYHQGR UHDo}HV GH VLODQL]DomR WrP VH WRUQDGR
PDLV SRSXODUHV SRUTXH D OLJDomR VLOR[DQD 6L26L p PDLV HVWiYHO HP VROYHQWHV
FRPXQVGHFURPDWRJUDILD$OLJDomR6L&OTXHQmRUHDJLXSRGHVHUKLGUROLVDGDD6L2+
HHPVHJXLGDUHDJLGDFRP&+6L&O
(VWH WLSR GH HPSDFRWDPHQWR p JHUDOPHQWH HVWiYHO HP S+ QD IDL[D GH D H
WHPSHUDWXUDVDWp&
R
R2SiCl2
Si OH Si O-SiCl + HCl
R
8P WHUFHLUR WLSR GH UHDomR HQYROYH D XWLOL]DomR GH FORUHWR GH WLRQLOD 2 FORUR
OLJDGRDRiWRPRGHVLOtFLRpHQWmRVXEVWLWXtGRSRUXPJUXSR5DOTXLODTXDOTXHUD
SDUWLUGHXPDUHDomRGHVXEVWLWXLomRQXFOHRItOLFDHQYROYHQGRUHDJHQWHGH*ULJQDUG
RXXPDDPLQDVXEVWLWXtGD
RMgBr Si R
SOCl2
Si OH Si Cl
RNH2
Si NHR
8P JUDQGH Q~PHUR GH JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV SRGH HP SULQFtSLR VHU OLJDGR DRV
JUXSRVVLODQROQDVXSHUItFLHGRVXSRUWH1DSUiWLFDRVPDLVFRPXQVVmRRVJUXSRV
RFWLOD RFWDGHFLOD IHQLOD DOTXLODPLQD H DOTXLOQLWULOD (VWHV WLSRV GH IDVH DWLYD
FRQIHUHPXPDDPSODIDL[DGHSRODULGDGHjIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD24XDGURDSUHVHQWD
XPD OLVWD GDV SULQFLSDLV IDVHV HVWDFLRQiULDV TXLPLFDPHQWH OLJDGDV DR VXSRUWH GH
VtOLFDHPRUGHPGHFUHVFHQWHGHSRODULGDGH
4XDQGRDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDpPDLVSRODUGRTXHDIDVHPyYHODWpFQLFDpFKDPDGD
GH FURPDWRJUDILD FRP IDVH OLJDGD QRUPDO 4XDQGR FRPSRVWRV DSRODUHV SUHFLVDP VHU
VHSDUDGRVQRUPDOPHQWHXWLOL]DVHXPDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDPHQRVSRODUGRTXHDIDVH
PyYHO1HVWHFDVRDWpFQLFDpFKDPDGDFURPDWRJUDILDFRPIDVHOLJDGDUHYHUVD$PEDV
DVWpFQLFDVVHSDUDPRVFRPSRQHQWHVSRUSDUWLomR
$ VHJXLU VHUmR DSUHVHQWDGRV DOJXQV H[HPSORV GH VHSDUDomR GH VXEVWkQFLDV
XWLOL]DQGRVHDFURPDWRJUDILDGHSDUWLomR
)WDODWRV VmR PXLWR XWLOL]DGRV FRPR DJHQWHV SODVWLILFDQWHV SDUD SROLFORUHWR GH
YLQLOD 39& &RP R WHPSR HQWUHWDQWR HOHV SRGHP VHU UHPRYLGRV GR PDWHULDO
SOiVWLFR H FRQWDPLQDU R FRQWH~GR GR UHFLSLHQWH e LPSRUWDQWH SRUWDQWR D
GHWHFomR GHVWHV PDWHULDLV HP OtTXLGRV TXH HVWHMDP HP FRQWDWR FRP R 39&
SODVWLILFDGR $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD D VHSDUDomR GH DOJXQV IWDODWRV QRUPDOPHQWH
HQFRQWUDGRVHPDPRVWUDVGH39&$VHSDUDomRIRLIHLWDXWLOL]DQGRVHFROXQDFRP
IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD OLJDGD j EDVH GH QLWULOD WHQGR FRPR HOXHQWH IDVH PyYHO
KHSWDQR &RPR D FROXQD SRVVXL QDWXUH]D SRODU R FRPSRQHQWH PDLV SRODU
DSUHVHQWDUi PDLRU WHPSR GH UHWHQomR )WDODWR GH GLPHWLOD ILFD UHWLGR QD FROXQD
SRU PDLV WHPSR SRUTXH RV JUXSRV DOTXLOD VmR PHQRUHV H D PROpFXOD WRUQDVH
PDLVSRODU

&URPDWRJUDILD
4XDGUR/LVWDGDVSULQFLSDLVIDVHVHVWDFLRQiULDVTXLPLFDPHQWHOLJDGDVDRVXSRUWHGHVLOLFD
*UXSRDWLYR (VWUXWXUD
OH OH
JOLFRO
Si (CH2)3-O-CH2-CH-CH2
DPLQR Si (CH2)3 NH2
QLWUR Si (CH2)3 NO
2
R[DQLWULOD Si (CH2)3-OCH2CH2 CN
QLWULOD Si (CH2)3 CN
NH2
DPLQRDULOD
NO2
QLWURDULOD
GLPHWLODPLQD Si (CH2)3 N(CH3)2
DOLOIHQLOD Si R CH2 CH=CH2
IHQLOD Si
QKH[LOD Si (CH 2)5CH 3
QRFWLOD Si (CH2)7CH3
QRFWDGHFLOD Si (CH 2)17CH 3
2OHILQDVVmRFRPSRVWRVDSRODUHVHSRUWDQWRSDUDDVXDVHSDUDomRpLPSRUWDQWH
DXWLOL]DomRGHIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDDSRODU$)LJXUDLOXVWUDDVHSDUDomRGHXPD
VpULH GH PRQRROHILQDV XWLOL]DQGRVH FRPR IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD R RFWDGHFLOVLODQR
OLJDGR DR VXSRUWH GH VtOLFD H FRPR IDVH PyYHO D DFHWRQLWULOD 1RWDVH TXH DV
ROHILQDVFRPSHVRVPROHFXODUHVPDLRUHVHOXLUmRDWHPSRVPDLRUHV
)LJXUD6HSDUDomRGHSODVWLILFDQWHVGRWLSRIWDODWRVSRUFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHSDUWLomR
)LJXUD6HSDUDomRGHPRQRROHILQDVSRUFURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHSDUWLomR
&URPDWRJUDILD
7.4.4 Cromatografia de excluso por tamanho
$FURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR6(&pXPGRVPpWRGRVPDLVSRSXODUHV
GHVHSDUDomRHDQiOLVHGHPDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRV2VPpWRGRVGHVFULWRVQRVFDStWXORV
DQWHULRUHV IRUQHFHP EDVLFDPHQWH RV YDORUHV GH SHVR PROHFXODU QXPpULFR PpGLR
SRQGHUDOPpGLRRXYLVFRVLPpWULFRPpGLRGHSHQGHQGRGRPpWRGR1DFURPDWRJUDILD
GHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRpSRVVtYHODGHWHUPLQDomRVLPXOWkQHDGRSHVRPROHFXODU
QXPpULFRPpGLRGRSHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLRHWDPEpPGDGLVWULEXLomRGH
SHVRPROHFXODU(VWDWpFQLFDWDPEpPpFRQKHFLGDFRPRFURPDWRJUDILDGHSHUPHDomR
HPJHO*3&FURPDWRJUDILDGHILOWUDomRHPJHOHWF
7.4.4.1 Mecanismo da separao

1D WpFQLFD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR D VHSDUDomR RFRUUH H[FOXVLYDPHQWH SRU
WDPDQKRPROHFXODU2PHFDQLVPRGHVHSDUDomRpLOXVWUDGRQD)LJXUD2UHFKHLR
GDV FROXQDV p FRQVWLWXtGR GH SDUWtFXODV FRQWHQGR SRURV GH GLYHUVRV WDPDQKRV 2
YROXPH WRWDO GD IDVH PyYHO FRUUHVSRQGH DR YROXPH GH SRURV 9S PDLV R YROXPH
LQWHUVWLFLDO 9R WDPEpP FRQKHFLGR FRPR YROXPH PRUWR 2 YROXPH GH SRURV p R
YROXPH RFXSDGR SHOD IDVH PyYHO HVWDJQDGD QRV SRURV H R YROXPH LQWHUVWLFLDO p R
YROXPHRFXSDGRSHODIDVHPyYHOIOXLQGRHQWUHDVSDUWtFXODV
)LJXUD0HFDQLVPRGHVHSDUDomRSRU6(&
8PD VROXomR FRQWHQGR PROpFXODV GH SROtPHUR GH GLYHUVRV WDPDQKRV p LQMHWDGD
QDFROXQD0ROpFXODVFXMRWDPDQKRpPDLRUGRTXHRWDPDQKRGRVSRURVGRUHFKHLR
QmRFRQVHJXHPSHQHWUDURXVHGLIXQGLUQHVVHVSRURVHVmRWRWDOPHQWHH[FOXtGDVGRV
SRURV RX VHMD HODV QmR VmR UHWLGDV SHORV SRURV 2 YROXPH GH HOXLomR GHVVDV
PROpFXODV FRUUHVSRQGH DR YROXPH LQWHUVWLFLDO 9R H SRU LVVR HODV VmR HOXtGDV
SULPHLUR 3RU RXWUR ODGR PROpFXODV PXLWR SHTXHQDV VmR FDSD]HV GH VH GLIXQGLU
FRPSOHWDPHQWH QRV SRURV GR UHFKHLR RX VHMD VmR FDSD]HV GH SHUPHDU WRWDOPHQWH
QR UHFKHLR 8PD PROpFXOD GHVVH WLSR QHFHVVLWD XPD TXDQWLGDGH EHP PDLRU GH
VROYHQWH SDUD DOFDQoDU D HOXLomR GD FROXQD 2 YROXPH GH HOXLomR GHVVDV PROpFXODV
FRUUHVSRQGHDRYROXPHLQWHUVWLFLDOPDLVRYROXPHGHSRURV9R9SHSRULVVRHODV
VmR HOXtGDV SRU ~OWLPR 0ROpFXODV GH WDPDQKR PpGLR VmR FDSD]HV GH SHQHWUDU HP
DOJXQV SRURV SRUpP QmR HP WRGRV H R VHX YROXPH GH HOXLomR FRUUHVSRQGH D XP
YROXPH FRPSUHHQGLGR HQWUH R YROXPH WRWDO GD IDVH PyYHO 9R 9S H R YROXPH
LQWHUVWLFLDO9R
2YROXPHGHHOXLomR9HGHXPVROXWRpGDGRSHODVHJXLQWHHTXDomR
Ve = Vo + KV p (7.28)
RQGH.pRFRHILFLHQWHGHGLVWULEXLomRGRVROXWR2YDORUGH.VLWXDVHQDIDL[DHQWUH
H
. RVROXWRpWRWDOPHQWHH[FOXtGRGRVSRURV
. RVROXWRpWRWDOPHQWHSHUPHDGRQRVSRURV
. IDL[DGHVHSDUDomR
%DVHDGR QHVWH SULQFtSLR GH VHSDUDomR QHQKXPD PROpFXOD SRGHULD HOXLU HP XP
YROXPH PHQRU GR TXH DTXHOH FRUUHVSRQGHQWH DR YROXPH LQWHUVWLFLDO RX HP XP
YROXPH PDLRU GR TXH DTXHOH FRUUHVSRQGHQWH j VRPD GR YROXPH LQWHUVWLFLDO H GR
YROXPHGHSRURV
2YROXPHWRWDOGHVROYHQWHFRQWLGRHPXPDFROXQDSDUD6(&pGLVWULEXtGRHQWUHR
YROXPHLQWHUVWLFLDOHRYROXPHGHSRURV(VWHVYROXPHVVmRSUDWLFDPHQWHLJXDLV3RU
H[HPSORXPDFROXQDGHVHSDUDomRSDUD6(&GRWLSRXOWUDVW\UDJHOIDEULFDGDSHOD
:DWHUV,QFFRQWpPDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHP/GHVROYHQWHGHQWURGRVSRURVYROXPH
GH SRURV H P/ GH VROYHQWH QRV LQWHUVWtFLRV HQWUH DV SDUWtFXODV TXH FRPS}HP R
UHFKHLR 3RUWDQWR XWLOL]DQGRVH HVWD FROXQD QHQKXPD PROpFXOD SRGHUi HOXLU DQWHV
GH P/ RX GHSRLV GH P/ 0ROpFXODV GH WDPDQKR LQWHUPHGLiULR HOXLUmR D XP
YROXPHHQWUHHP/
2 ORJDULWPR GR WDPDQKR PROHFXODU GD PDFURPROpFXOD p FRORFDGR HP JUiILFR
YHUVXVRYROXPHGHHOXLomRREWHQGRVHXPDFXUYDFRPRDLOXVWUDGDQD)LJXUD
0ROpFXODV PXLWR JUDQGHV VHUmR WRWDOPHQWH H[FOXtGDV GRV SRURV H HOXLUmR HP XP
&URPDWRJUDILD
YROXPHFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDROLPLWHGHH[FOXVmR0ROpFXODVPXLWRSHTXHQDVSHUPHDUmR
HPWRGRVRVSRURVHHOXLUmRQRILQDOGRHYHQWRFURPDWRJUiILFR
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGRSHVRPROHFXODUFRPRYROXPHGHHOXLomRHPXPDFURPDWRJUDILDG HH[FOXVmRSRU
WDPDQKR
7.4.4.2. Tipos de fase estacionria para SEC

$IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDpDUHVSRQViYHOSHODVHSDUDomRFURPDWRJUiILFD3DUDRVXFHVVRGD
FURPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD GHYH SUHHQFKHU RV
UHTXLVLWRVGHVFULWRVDVHJXLUDOpPGDTXHOHVGHVFULWRVQRWySLFRUHODFLRQDGRVj
IRUPDHWDPDQKRGDVSDUWtFXODVHjSRURVLGDGH
2 WDPDQKR GH SRURV GHYH VHU FRPSDUiYHO DR WDPDQKR GD PDFURPROpFXOD D VHU
DQDOLVDGD(VWDFRQGLomRpLQGLVSHQViYHOSDUDXPDERDVHSDUDomRSRU6(&
$ GLVWULEXLomR GH WDPDQKR GH SRURV GHYH VHU GH WDO IRUPD TXH IRUQHoD XPD
GHSHQGrQFLDOLQHDUGRYROXPHGHHOXLomRFRPRORJDULWPRGRWDPDQKRPROHFXODU
GRVSROtPHURVLQYHVWLJDGRVRXVHMDDFXUYDGHFDOLEUDomRGHYHVHUOLQHDU
$IDVHHVWDFLRQiULDQmRGHYHH[LELUTXDOTXHULQWHUDomRGRWLSRDGVRUomRFRPD
VXEVWkQFLDDVHUDQDOLVDGD
$ IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD GHYH SRVVXLU UHVLVWrQFLD PHFkQLFD H HVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD H
TXtPLFD
'RLVWLSRVGHIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDSRGHPVHUXWLOL]DGRDVQDDQiOLVHGHSROtPHURVSRU
6(&SROtPHURPDFURSRURVRRXVLOLFDWRPDFURSRURVR2VVLOLFDWRVPDFURSRURVRVVmR
UtJLGRV H QmR LQFKDP QD SUHVHQoD GR VROYHQWH 1HVWH FDVR R WDPDQKR GH SRUR
FRUUHVSRQGH DR WDPDQKR HIHWLYR GH SRURV TXH p GHWHUPLQDGR SRU SRURVLPHWULD GH
PHUF~ULRRXRXWUDWpFQLFDUHODFLRQDGD2WDPDQKRGHSRURVQmRpLQIOXHQFLDGRSHOD
WHPSHUDWXUDRXSHORVROYHQWH2VSROtPHURVPDFURSRURVRVXWLOL]DGRVFRPRUHFKHLR
SDUD6(&SRVVXHPHVWUXWXUDWULGLPHQVLRQDOQDVXDPDLRULDHVmRSUHSDUDGRVSRU
FRSROLPHUL]DomR RX SRU UHWLFXODomR GH PDFURPROpFXODV (VWHV PDWHULDLV SRGHP VHU
VHPLUtJLGRVRXGRWLSRVRIWJHO
2V UHFKHLRV VHPLUtJLGRV LQFKDP PXLWR SRXFR QD SUHVHQoD GR VROYHQWH 6XD
SRURVLGDGH p SRXFR DIHWDGD SHOR VROYHQWH 'HQWUH HOHV R PDLV XWLOL]DGR p DTXHOH
FRQVWLWXtGRGHFRSROtPHURUHWLFXODGRGHHVWLUHQRHGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR$GHVLJQDomRGH
WDPDQKR GH XPD FROXQD HP $QJVWURP FRQWHQGR HVWH WLSR GH UHFKHLR QmR
FRUUHVSRQGH DR WDPDQKR QRPLQDO GH SRURV 1HVWH FDVR R WDPDQKR GH SRURV p
GHILQLGRFRPRRWDPDQKRGHXPDFDGHLDHVWHQGLGDGHXPDPROpFXODGHSROLHVWLUHQR
QR OLPLWH GD H[FOXVmR 3RU H[HPSOR XPD FROXQD FRQVWLWXtGD GH FRSROtPHUR GH
HVWLUHQRGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR GHVLJQDGD FRPR WHQGR XPD SRURVLGDGH LJXDO D c
FRQVHJXHVHSDUDUPROpFXODVFRPWDPDQKRVLQIHULRUHVDcDSHVDUGDVSDUWtFXODV
GRUHFKHLRSRVVXtUHPSRURVFRPWDPDQKRHIHWLYRGHc
&RSROtPHURV GH HVWLUHQRGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR VmR PDWHULDLV DSRODUHV 6RE
FRQGLo}HV DSURSULDGDV HVWH UHFKHLR p FDSD] GH VHSDUDU RV FRPSRQHQWHV SHOR VHX
WDPDQKRPROHFXODUVHPDSUHVHQoDGRIHQ{PHQRGHDGVRUomR(VWHWLSRGHUHFKHLR
pRPDLVSRSXODUQDWpFQLFDGH6(&SRUTXHpFDSD]GHIUDFLRQDUSROtPHURVDSRODUHV
RXOLJHLUDPHQWHSRODUHVXWLOL]DQGRVHYiULRVWLSRVGHVROYHQWHVRUJkQLFRVFRPXQV
7.4.4.3. Seleo da coluna

&ROXQDV SDUD 6(& HVWmR GLVSRQtYHLV FRP YiULRV WDPDQKRV GH SRURV $ VHOHomR GR
WDPDQKRGHSRURVGHXPUHFKHLRHPXPDFROXQDSDUDFURPDWRJUDILDGRWLSR6(&
GHSHQGH GR WDPDQKR GDV PDFURPROpFXODV GR VROXWR D VHUHP DQDOLVDGDV 8PD
DPRVWUD GH SROtPHUR SRVVXL QD PDLRULD GRV FDVRV XP FRQMXQWR GH PROpFXODV GH
YiULRV WDPDQKRV 'HYLGR j YDULHGDGH GH WDPDQKR PROHFXODU HP XPD DPRVWUD GH
SROtPHURV p QHFHVViULR TXH R UHFKHLR GD FROXQD SRVVXD XPD YDULHGDGH JUDQGH GH
WDPDQKRGHSRURV,VWRpDOFDQoDGRXWLOL]DQGRVHYiULDVFROXQDVGLVSRVWDVHPVpULH
H FRP WDPDQKRV GH SRURV YDULDGRV $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD FXUYDV GH FDOLEUDomR GH
FROXQDV FRP UHFKHLR GH FRSROtPHUR UHWLFXODGR GH HVWLUHQRGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR FRP
SRURVLGDGHV GLIHUHQWHV (VWDV FXUYDV GH FDOLEUDomR IRUDP REWLGDV XWLOL]DQGRVH
DPRVWUDV GH SROLHVWLUHQR GH WDPDQKRV PROHFXODUHV GLIHUHQWHV 2EVHUYDVH TXH R
OLPLWH GH H[FOXVmR DXPHQWD FRP R DXPHQWR GR WDPDQKR GH SRURV GR UHFKHLR GD
FROXQD 3RU RXWUR ODGR R WDPDQKR GDV PDFURPROpFXODV FDSD]HV GH SHUPHDU SRU
WRGRVRVSRURVGRUHFKHLRGDFROXQDDXPHQWDFRPRWDPDQKRGHSRURVGDFROXQD
&URPDWRJUDILD
$ )LJXUD LOXVWUD XP FURPDWRJUDPD GH XPD DPRVWUD FRQWHQGR SROLHVWLUHQR
GHYiULRVWDPDQKRVPROHFXODUHV3DUDVHDWLQJLUDVHSDUDomRIRLQHFHVViULRXWLOL]DU
WUrVFROXQDVFRPWDPDQKRVGHSRURVYDULDGRVHc
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHFDOLEUDomRSDUDFROXQDVXOWUDVW\UDJHOGD:DWHUV,QFIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
FRSROtPHURGHHVWLUHQRGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR
)LJXUD&URPDWRJUDPDGHXPDPLVWXUDFRQWHQGRDPRVWUDVGHSROLHVWLUHQRSDGUmRGHYiULRVWDPDQKRV
PROHFXODUHVFROXQDVGHXOWUDVW\UDJHOGH Hc
7.4.4.4 Fase mvel
2VVROYHQWHVPDLVFRPXQVXWLOL]DGRVFRPRIDVHPyYHOHVWmRGHVFULWRVDVHJXLU
S7ROXHQR HVWH VROYHQWH QmR DEVRUYH iJXD H QmR GHJUDGD FRP IDFLOLGDGH VHQGR
EDVWDQWHXWLOL]DGR&RPROLPLWDomRHOHQmRSRGHVHUXWLOL]DGRTXDQGRRVLVWHPD
GHGHWHFWRUHVpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUHVSHFWU{PHWURGHXOWUDYLROHWD$VXDSXULILFDomRp
VLPSOHVVHQGRVXILFLHQWHVHFDUFRPSHQHLUDPROHFXODU
S7HWUDKLGURIXUDQR p R VROYHQWH PDLV FRPXP SRUTXH SRGH VHU XWLOL]DGR FRP
GHWHFWRUHV GH XOWUDYLROHWD H GH tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR (QWUHWDQWR HOH DEVRUYH iJXD
FRP PXLWD IDFLOLGDGH H SRU LVVR GHYH VHU VHFR FRP VyGLR H PDQWLGR HP
DWPRVIHUD LQHUWH GXUDQWH R IXQFLRQDPHQWR GR HTXLSDPHQWR $ SUHVHQoD GH
SHUy[LGRVQHVWHVROYHQWHQmRSRGHVHUGHVFDUWDGDeQHFHVViULRTXHVHXWLOL]HR
VROYHQWHUHFpPGHVWLODGRHTXHVHDGLFLRQHXPHVWDELOL]DQWHSDUDSHUy[LGRV
S&ORURIyUPLRHVWHVROYHQWHQmRDEVRUYHiJXDFRPWDQWDIDFLOLGDGHFRPRpRFDVR
GR WHWUDKLGURIXUDQR H SRGH VHU XWLOL]DGR FRP GHWHFWRUHV GH XOWUDYLROHWD
(QWUHWDQWR SRGH RFRUUHU GHFRPSRVLomR FRP RWHPSRFRPDOLEHUDomRGHiFLGR
FORUtGULFRH[WUHPDPHQWHSUHMXGLFLDOjVFROXQDV
SJXDiJXDpPXLWRXWLOL]DGDSDUDDDQiOLVHGHSROtPHURVKLGURVVRO~YHLV
7.4.4.5 A determinao do peso molecular pela tcnica SEC

$ FURPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR D H[HPSOR GH RXWUDV WpFQLFDV
FURPDWRJUiILFDVpXPDWpFQLFDGHVHSDUDomR3DUDTXHHVWDWpFQLFDVHMDXWLOL]DGDQD
GHWHUPLQDomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUGHXPDDPRVWUDSROLPpULFDpQHFHVViULRFRQVWUXLU
LQLFLDOPHQWHXPDFXUYDGHFDOLEUDomR3DUDWDQWRXWLOL]DPVHSDGU}HVGHSROtPHURV
PRQRGLVSHUVRV GH SHVRV PROHFXODUHV FRQKHFLGRV 2 SROtPHUR PDLV XWLOL]DGR FRPR
SDGUmRSDUDFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRpRSROLHVWLUHQRXPDYH]TXH
DPRVWUDV PRQRGLVSHUVDV FRP SHVR PROHFXODU GHILQLGR VmR IDFLOPHQWH REWLGDV
DWUDYpVGHSROLPHUL]DomRDQL{QLFD
$V DPRVWUDV GH SROLHVWLUHQR SDGUmR VmR DQDOLVDGDV SRU 6(& QDV PHVPDV
FRQGLo}HV HP TXH VHUmR DQDOLVDGDV DV DPRVWUDV GH SHVR PROHFXODU GHVFRQKHFLGR
$SyV D DQiOLVH FURPDWRJUiILFD R ORJDULWPR GR SHVR PROHFXODU GR SROLHVWLUHQR
XWLOL]DGR FRPR SDGUmR p FRORFDGR HP JUiILFR HP IXQomR GR YROXPH GH HOXLomR
REWHQGRVHXPDFXUYDVHPHOKDQWHjTXHODDSUHVHQWDGDQD)LJXUD
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GRV SHVRV PROHFXODUHV QXPpULFR H SRQGHUDO PpGLRV
FRQVLGHUDVH TXH D DOWXUD GR FURPDWRJUDPD FRUUHVSRQGHQWH D FDGD YROXPH HOXtGR
KLVHMDSURSRUFLRQDOjTXDQWLGDGHGDTXHODIUDomRHPSHVRQDDPRVWUD
2SHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLR M n pGHILQLGRFRPR
&URPDWRJUDILD
N i .M i
Mn = (7.29)
Ni
FRPR
mi
Ni = e m i hi
Mi
HQWmR
hi
Mn = (7.30)
h
i
Mi
2SHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLR M w pGHILQLGRFRPR
N i .M i2
Mw = (7.31)
N i .M i
RX
hi .M i
Mw = (7.32)
hi
3DUD R FiOFXOR GH M n M w H GD SROLGLVSHUVmR 0:' SURFHGHVH HQWmR jV
VHJXLQWHVHWDSDV
WUDoDVHDOLQKDEDVHjFXUYD
GLYLGHVHRFURPDWRJUDPDHPYiULRVLQFUHPHQWRVFRPRLOXVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
TXDQWRPDLRUIRUDGLYLVmRPDLVFRQILiYHOVHUiRUHVXOWDGR
PHGHVHDDOWXUDFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDFDGDYROXPHHOXtGR
D SDUWLU GD FXUYD GH FDOLEUDomR GHWHUPLQDVH R YDORU GR SHVR PROHFXODU
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHDFDGDYROXPHHOXtGR
PRQWDVHXPDWDEHODFRPRLOXVWUDGDQD7DEHODFRUUHODFLRQDQGRVHRYROXPH
HOXtGRFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUHDDOWXUDFRUUHVSRQGHQWH
SDUD FDGD YROXPH HOXtGR FDOFXODVH D UD]mR HQWUH D DOWXUD H R SHVR PROHFXODU
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHKL0L
SDUD FDGD YROXPH HOXtGR FDOFXODVH WDPEpP R SURGXWR HQWUH D DOWXUD H R SHVR
PROHFXODUFRUUHVSRQGHQWHKL0L
FDOFXODVHHQWmRRVRPDWyULRGDVDOWXUDVGDVUD]}HVHQWUHDVDOWXUDVHRVSHVRV
PROHFXODUHVHGRVUHVSHFWLYRVSURGXWRVFRPRLQGLFDGRQD7DEHOD
)LJXUD'LYLVmRGRFURPDWRJUDPDHPLQFUHPHQWRVSDUDSRVWHULRUFiOFXORGRSHVRPROHFXODU
7DEHOD0HWRGRORJLDSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUSRU6(&
9L 0L KL KL0L KL0L

9 0 K K0 K0
9 0 K K0 K0
9 0 K K0 K0

9L 0L KL KL0L KL0L
KL KL0L KL0L
2VYDORUHVGH M n H M w VHUmRHQWmRGHWHUPLQDGRVDSDUWLUGDV(TXDo}HVH
GHVFULWDV DQWHULRUPHQWH $ SROLGLVSHUVmR p GHILQLGD FRPR D UD]mR HQWUH RV
SHVRVPROHFXODUHVSRQGHUDOPpGLRHQXPpULFRPpGLR
2V HTXLSDPHQWRV PDLV PRGHUQRV SRVVXHP VLVWHPD GH DTXLVLomR GH GDGRV
DFRSODGRTXHGHWHUPLQDWRGRVHVWHVSDUkPHWURVDXWRPDWLFDPHQWH
7.4.4.6 A calibrao universal

$WpFQLFDGHFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKRUHODFLRQDRWHPSRRXYROXPH
HP TXH D PDFURPROpFXOD GLVVROYLGD QD IDVH PyYHO VROYHQWH HOXL HP XP OHLWR
FURPDWRJUiILFR HP IXQomR GR WDPDQKR PROHFXODU 2 WDPDQKR GH XPD
PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR p FDUDFWHUL]DGR SHOR VHX YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR H
&URPDWRJUDILD
GHSHQGH QmR Vy GR VHX SHVR PROHFXODU FRPR WDPEpP GDV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH D
PDFURPROpFXOD H R VROYHQWH 4XDQGR XPD PDFURPROpFXOD LQWHUDJH EHP FRP R
VROYHQWH R QRYHOR SROLPpULFR HQFRQWUDVH PDLV HVWHQGLGR H R VHX YROXPH
KLGURGLQkPLFR p PDLRU 4XDQGR XPD PHVPD DPRVWUD SROLPpULFD p DQDOLVDGD SRU
6(& HOD DVVXPLUi WDPDQKRV GLIHUHQWHV GHSHQGHQGR GDV LQWHUDo}HV SROtPHUR
VROYHQWHHSRUWDQWRHOXLUiHPWHPSRVGHUHWHQomRYROXPHVGHHOXLomRGLIHUHQWHV
4XDQGRDIDVHPyYHOFRQVWLWXLXPERPVROYHQWHSDUDDPDFURPROpFXODHODDVVXPLUi
XP YROXPH PDLRU H HOXLUi HP PHQRU YROXPH GH HOXLomR GR TXH TXDQGR VH XWLOL]D
XPDIDVHPyYHOTXHLQWHUDJHPHQRVFRPDPDFURPROpFXOD
$ FXUYD GH FDOLEUDomR p QRUPDOPHQWH FRQVWUXtGD D SDUWLU GH SDGU}HV GH SROLHV
WLUHQR(QWUHWDQWRVHHVWLYHUPRVDQDOLVDQGRRXWURWLSRGHSROtPHURRXPHVPRXP
SROtPHURUDPLILFDGRRYROXPHKLGURGLQkPLFRVHUiGLIHUHQWHGDTXHOHDVVXPLGRSHOR
SROLHVWLUHQR GH PHVPR SHVR PROHFXODU GHYLGR jV GLIHUHQoDV QD PDJQLWXGH GDV
LQWHUDo}HV 3RU RXWUR ODGR VH HVWLYHUPRV DQDOLVDQGR D PHVPD DPRVWUD SROLPpULFD
XWLOL]DQGRVH IDVH PyYHO VROYHQWH GLIHUHQWH HVWD DPRVWUD HOXLUi HP YROXPH GH
HOXLomRGLIHUHQWHGHYLGRjVGLIHUHQoDVGHLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHRSROtPHURHRVGLIHUHQWHV
VROYHQWHV 3RUWDQWR R PpWRGR GH GHWHUPLQDomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU SRU 6(& p
FRQVLGHUDGRXPPpWRGRUHODWLYR3DUDVHGHWHUPLQDURSHVRPROHFXODUUHDOGHXPD
PDFURPROpFXOD SRU 6(& XWLOL]DVH R FRQFHLWR GH YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR 2 YROXPH
KLGURGLQkPLFR p GHILQLGR VHJXQGR D HTXDomR GH YLVFRVLGDGH GH (LQVWHLQ FRPR R
SURGXWR GR SHVR PROHFXODU SHOD YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD GR SROtPHUR QR VROYHQWH
XVDGRQDPHGLGDRXVHMD>@0
3ROtPHURV FRP R PHVPR YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR HOXLUmR QR PHVPR WHPSR GH
UHWHQomR $ GHSHQGrQFLD GR YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR FRP R YROXPH HOXtGR SURGX]
XPD FXUYD ~QLFD QmR DSHQDV SDUD DPRVWUDV GH SROLHVWLUHQR OLQHDU RX UDPLILFDGR
FRPRWDPEpPSDUDDPRVWUDVGHSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD300$SROLFORUHWRGH
YLQLOD39&SROLEXWDGLHQRHFRSROtPHURVJUDIWL]DGRV(VWDFXUYDGHQRPLQDGDFXUYD
GHFDOLEUDomRXQLYHUVDOpLOXVWUDGDQD)LJXUD
8PPpWRGREDVWDQWHVLPSOLILFDGRSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUXWLOL]DD
(TXDomR1HVWHFDVRQmRpQHFHVViULRFRQKHFHUDVFRQVWDQWHV.HDGDDPRVWUD
SROLPpULFD 2 FRQKHFLPHQWR GRV YDORUHV GH . H D GRV SDGU}HV GH SROLHVWLUHQR
QRUPDOPHQWH WDEHODGRV p VXILFLHQWH $ SDUWLU GR FURPDWRJUDPD GD DPRVWUD
SROLPpULFD GD FXUYD GH FDOLEUDomR FRQYHQFLRQDO ORJ 0S YHUVXV YROXPH HOXtGR
FRQVWUXtGDDSDUWLUGRVSDGU}HVGHSROLHVWLUHQREHPFRPRGRVYDORUHVGH.HDGR
SDGUmR R SHVR PROHFXODU YLVFRVLPpWULFR PpGLR GR SROtPHUR SRGHUi VHU FDOFXODGR
UHODFLRQDQGRVH RV YDORUHV GH YLVFRVLGDGH LQWUtQVHFD GD DPRVWUD >@V H GR SDGUmR
>@SFRPRVUHVSHFWLYRVYDORUHVGHSHVRPROHFXODUVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
[ ] p
M v, s = M v, p
[ ]s (7.33)
e LPSRUWDQWH HQIDWL]DU TXH VH R FURPDWyJUDIR OtTXLGR HVWLYHU DFRSODGR D XP

GHWHFWRU GH HVSDOKDPHQWR GH OX] R SHVR PROHFXODU REWLGR VHUi DEVROXWR XPD YH]
TXH HVWH PpWRGR GH GHWHFomR HVWi GLUHWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGR DR WDPDQKR GD
PDFURPROpFXOD

)LJXUD&XUYDGHFDOLEUDomRXQLYHUVDO
7.4.4.7 Aplicaes da cromatografia de excluso por tamanho na

caracterizao de polmeros
$ FURPDWRJUDILD GH H[FOXVmR SRU WDPDQKR HQFRQWUD YDVWD DSOLFDomR QD
FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV WDQWR GR SRQWR GH YLVWD FLHQWtILFR FRPR
WHFQROyJLFR $OpP GD GHWHUPLQDomR GRV SHVRV PROHFXODUHV QXPpULFR H SRQGHUDO
PpGLRV HVWD DQiOLVH IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH D GLVWULEXLomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU
(VWHSDUkPHWURLQIOXHQFLDGLUHWDPHQWHDVSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDVGRPDWHULDOFRPR
VHUiGHVFULWRDVHJXLU
&URPDWRJUDILD
SEfeito da distribuio de peso molecular nas propriedades mecnicas
$ )LJXUD LOXVWUD FURPDWRJUDPDV GH WUrV DPRVWUDV SROLPpULFDV GH XP PHVPR
PDWHULDO'HSHQGHQGRGDVFRQGLo}HVGHREWHQomRGRSROtPHURHVWHSRGHDSUHVHQWDU
IUDo}HV GH EDL[R RX GH DOWR SHVR PROHFXODU $ GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU
GHVWDV DPRVWUDV D SDUWLU GH XPD RXWUD WpFQLFD FRPR RVPRPHWULD GH PHPEUDQD
SRGHUiIRUQHFHUYDORUHVVHPHOKDQWHV(QWUHWDQWRDRVHUHPDQDOLVDGDVSRU6(&HODV
DSUHVHQWDUmR GLIHUHQoDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV QD GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU (VWDV
GLIHUHQoDV RFDVLRQDP YDULDo}HV LPSRUWDQWHV QDV SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFDV 3RU
H[HPSOR D DPRVWUD TXH FRQWpP IUDomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU EHP PDLV HOHYDGR
DPRVWUD % DSUHVHQWDVH GXUD H TXHEUDGLoD 3RU RXWUR ODGR D DPRVWUD FRQWHQGR
SHTXHQDTXDQWLGDGHGHSROtPHURFRPSHVRPROHFXODUPDLVEDL[RDPRVWUD&pXP
PDWHULDO PDLV PDFLR FRP SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFDV LQIHULRUHV (VWDV GLIHUHQoDV QD
GLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUVyVmRREVHUYDGDVDSDUWLUGHDQiOLVHGH6(&
$ 7DEHOD VXPDUL]D RV HIHLWRV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV GH EDL[R RX DOWR SHVR
PROHFXODUQDVSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDVGHXPPDWHULDOSROLPpULFR
)LJXUD&URPDWRJUDPDVGHDPRVWUDVSROLPpULFDVFRPGLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRVPROHFXODUHV0:'
GLIHUHQWHVHYLGHQFLDQGRDLQIOXrQFLDGD0:'QDVSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDV
7DEHOD(IHLWRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVGHEDL[RRXDOWRSHVRPROHFXODUQDVSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDVGHXP
PDWHULDOSROLPpULFR
(IHLWRGRFRPSRQHQWH
3URSULHGDGHGRSROtPHUR
%DL[R30 $OWR30
5HVLVWrQFLDPHFkQLFD 'HFUHVFH $XPHQWD
9LVFRVLGDGH 'HFUHVFH $XPHQWD
7HPSRGHSURFHVVDPHQWR 0HQRU 0DLRU
5HVLVWrQFLDTXtPLFD 'HFUHVFH $XPHQWD
SEfeito das condies de processamento na degradao de um polmero

$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD FXUYDV GH GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU GH DPRVWUDV GH
FRSROtPHURGHEXWDGLHQRHVWLUHQRHPIXQomRGRWHPSRGHPLVWXUD&RPRSRGHVHU
REVHUYDGR R SROtPHUR YLUJHP DSUHVHQWD XPD GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU
ELPRGDOFRQWHQGRXPDSHTXHQDIUDomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUEHPDOWRFXUYD(VWD
PHVPD DPRVWUD TXDQGR VXEPHWLGD D XP SURFHVVR GH PDVWLJDomR HP XP
PLVWXUDGRU GH FLOLQGURV DSUHVHQWD YDULDo}HV QD GLVWULEXLomR GR SHVR PROHFXODU
PHGLGD TXH VH DXPHQWD R WHPSR GH PLVWXUD D IUDomR GH SHVR PROHFXODU PDLV
HOHYDGR YDL GLPLQXLQGR HQTXDQWR TXH D IUDomR SULQFLSDO GD DPRVWUD SHUPDQHFH
FRQVWDQWH (VWD H[SHULrQFLD PRVWUD TXH R SURFHVVR GH PLVWXUD RFDVLRQD XPD
GHJUDGDomRGDERUUDFKDHTXHHVWHIHQ{PHQRpPDLVDFHQWXDGRQDVFDGHLDVGHSHVR
PROHFXODUPDLVHOHYDGR(VWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVySRGHVHUHYLGHQFLDGRSRU6(&
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODUGHFRSROtPHURGHEXWDGLHQR HVWLUHQRHPIXQomRGR
WHPSRGHPLVWXUD
&URPDWRJUDILD
SControle de qualidade
8PPDWHULDOSROLPpULFRFRQWpPQDPDLRULDGRVFDVRVDGLWLYRVSDUDFRQIHULUPDLRU
IOH[LELOLGDGHHDLQGDHVWDELOL]DQWHVHDQWLR[LGDQWHV3DUDTXDQWLILFDUHVWHVDGLWLYRV
GH PDQHLUD UiSLGD UHFRPHQGDVH R XVR GD WpFQLFD GH 6(& XPD YH] TXH HVWHV
DGLWLYRV SRVVXHP SHVRV PROHFXODUHV EHP PDLV EDL[RV GR TXH R FRPSRQHQWH
SROLPpULFRSULQFLSDOHSRUWDQWRVmRIDFLOPHQWHVHSDUDGRVSRUHVWDWpFQLFD$)LJXUD
LOXVWUD R FURPDWRJUDPD GH XPD DPRVWUD GH 39& FRQWHQGR SODVWLILFDQWH
FURPDWRJUDPDD2SLFRpUHODWLYRDR39&GHYLGRDRDOWRSHVRPROHFXODUHRSLFR
UHIHUHVHDRSODVWLILFDQWHTXHpXPPDWHULDOGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU$SDUWLUGD
UHODomRHQWUHDViUHDVGRVSLFRVFKHJDVHjSURSRUomRGHSODVWLILFDQWHQDDPRVWUD
$OpP GLVVR D WpFQLFD p FDSD] GH IRUQHFHU LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GD QDWXUH]D
TXtPLFD GHVWH SODVWLILFDQWH 1D )LJXUD FURPDWRJUDPD E p PRVWUDGR XP
FURPDWRJUDPDGHXPDPLVWXUDGHSRVVtYHLVSODVWLILFDQWHVQRUPDOPHQWHXVDGRVHP
IRUPXODo}HV GH 39& 2V SLFRV H UHIHUHPVH DRV SODVWLILFDQWHV IWDODWR GH
GLRFWLODIWDODWRGHGLEXWLODIWDODWRGHGLHWLODHIWDODWRGHGLPHWLODUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
&RPSDUDQGR RV FURPDWRJUDPDV D H E FKHJDVH j FRQFOXVmR TXH R SODVWLILFDQWH
XWLOL]DGR QD DPRVWUD FRQVLVWH QR IWDODWR GH GLRFWLOD SRUTXH DSDUHFH QR PHVPR
YROXPHGHHOXLomRGRSDGUmR
)LJXUDD&URPDWRJUDPDGHDPRVWUDGH39&FRQWHQGRSODVWLILFDQWHE&URPDWRJUDPDGHXPDPLVWXUD

GHSODVWLILFDQWHVFRPXQV IWDODWRGHGLRFWLOD IWDODWRGHGLEXWLOD IWDODWRGHGLHWLOD IWDODWRGH
GLPHWLOD
SAcompanhamento de reao
$ WpFQLFD 6(& SRGH VHU WDPEpP XWLOL]DGD SDUD TXDQWLILFDU D IRUPDomR GH XP
SROtPHUR GXUDQWH XPD SROLPHUL]DomR 1R LQtFLR GD SROLPHUL]DomR R PRQ{PHUR
FRPSRQHQWH GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU p SUHGRPLQDQWH QR VLVWHPD PHGLGD TXH
RFRUUHDSROLPHUL]DomRRPRQ{PHURYDLVHWUDQVIRUPDQGRHPSROtPHURVXEVWkQFLD
GH DOWR SHVR PROHFXODU $ )LJXUD LOXVWUD D WUDQVIRUPDomR GH PRQ{PHUR HP
SROtPHURFRPRWHPSRGHUHDomRDSDUWLUGDDQiOLVHGRPDWHULDOUHDFLRQDOSRU6(&
1R LQtFLR GR SURFHVVR Vy H[LVWH PRQ{PHUR QR PHLR UHDFLRQDO FXUYD D 'XUDQWH R
SURFHVVR SDUWH GR PRQ{PHUR Mi IRL FRQYHUWLGR HP SROtPHUR H R TXH VH REVHUYD p
XPDPLVWXUDFRQWHQGRPRQ{PHURHSROtPHURGHSURSRUomRFRPSDUiYHOFXUYDE$R
ILQDO GD UHDomR D PDLRU SDUWH GR PRQ{PHUR IRL FRQYHUWLGD HP SROtPHUR H R SLFR
UHODWLYRDRPRQ{PHURGHFUHVFHVXEVWDQFLDOPHQWHFXUYDF
)LJXUD$FRPSDQKDPHQWRGHXPDUHDomRGHSROLPHUL]DomRDWUDYpVGDFURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRU
WDPDQKRD,QtFLRGDUHDomREFRQYHUVmRSDUFLDOGHPRQ{PHURHPSROtPHURFWpUPLQRGDUHDomR
SDeterminao da composio de copolmeros

$PRVWUDV GH FRSROtPHURV DSUHVHQWDP QmR Vy GLVWULEXLomR GH SHVRV PROHFXODUHV
0:' FRPR D PDLRULD GRV SROtPHURV PDV WDPEpP XPD GLVWULEXLomR QD
FRPSRVLomRTXtPLFD&RSROtPHURVGHSHVRVPROHFXODUHVVHPHOKDQWHVHFRPSRVLo}HV
TXtPLFDV GLIHUHQWHV SRGHP HOXLU HP YROXPHV GLIHUHQWHV GHYLGR jV GLIHUHQoDV GH
YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR DVVXPLGR SHOD PDFURPROpFXOD HP VROXomR R TXDO p IXQomR
GDVGLIHUHQoDVGHLQWHUDomRHQWUHDVFDGHLDVSROLPpULFDVHRVROYHQWHTXHFRQVWLWXLD
IDVH PyYHO $V FXUYDV FURPDWRJUiILFDV VHPSUH PRVWUDP D GLVWULEXLomR GH YROXPH
KLGURGLQkPLFR (P JHUDO VH WRGDV DV FDGHLDV GR FRSROtPHUR SRVVXtUHP PHVPD
FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD D GLVWULEXLomR REVHUYDGD QR 6(& FRUUHVSRQGHUi j GLVWULEXLomR
&URPDWRJUDILD
GHSHVRVPROHFXODUHV1DSUiWLFDRYROXPHKLGURGLQkPLFRGRVFRSROtPHURVGHSHQGH
GRSHVRPROHFXODUHGDFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFD
8PDGDVTXHVW}HVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHVQDDQiOLVHGHFRSROtPHURVSRU6(&pGHFLGLU
VH R YROXPH KLGURGLQkPLFR GHSHQGH GD FRPSRVLomR ,VWR SRGH VHU FRPSURYDGR
GHWHUPLQDQGRVHDYLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDGHDPRVWUDVGRFRSROtPHURFRPGLIHUHQWHV
FRPSRVLo}HV TXtPLFDV H SHVRV PROHFXODUHV YDULDGRV 6H D GHSHQGrQFLD GD
YLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDFRPRSHVRPROHFXODUSDUDFRSROtPHURVFRPFRPSRVLomRTXt
PLFDGLIHUHQWHGHURULJHPDXPDPHVPDUHWDSRGHVHGL]HUTXHSDUDRVLVWHPDHP
TXHVWmRDFRPSRVLomRQmRH[HUFHLQIOXrQFLDVLJQLILFDWLYDQRYROXPHKLGURGLQkPLFR
3DUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGDFRPSRVLomRGHFRSROtPHURVpQHFHVViULDDXWLOL]DomRGH
GRLV GHWHFWRUHV TXH IRUQHoDP UHVSRVWD HP WHUPRV GH FRQFHQWUDomR H FRPSRVLomR
3DUDHVWHHVWXGRVmRXWLOL]DGRVXPGHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHXPEDVHDGRQD
HVSHFWURVFRSLD GH XOWUDYLROHWD e LPSRUWDQWH TXH XP GRV FRPSRQHQWHV GR
FRSROtPHURIRUQHoDVLQDOGLIHUHQFLDGRHPXPGRVGHWHFWRUHV
7RPHPRV FRPR H[HPSOR XP FRSROtPHUR GH HVWLUHQRDFULODWR GH PHWLOD $PERV
RV FRPSRQHQWHV GR FRSROtPHUR VmR YLVtYHLV DR GHWHFWRU GH tQGLFH GH UHIUDomR
(QWUHWDQWR XWLOL]DQGRVH R GHWHFWRU GH XOWUDYLROHWD GH FRPSULPHQWR GH RQGD IL[D
LJXDODQPVRPHQWHRFRPSRQHQWHHVWLUHQRpFDSD]GHVHUGHWHFWDGR
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GD FRPSRVLomR GR FRSROtPHUR p QHFHVViULR DGTXLULU
DPRVWUDVSDGUmR GH GLIHUHQWHV FRPSRVLo}HV H DQDOLViODV SRU 6(& XWLOL]DQGRVH RV
GRLVGHWHFWRUHV2VLQDOIRUQHFLGRSRUDPERVRVGHWHFWRUHVpVHPSUHSURSRUFLRQDOj
FRQFHQWUDomR GD VXEVWkQFLD $SyV D DQiOLVH FRORFDVH HP JUiILFR D DOWXUD GR SLFR
IRUQHFLGR SRU FDGD GHWHFWRU HP IXQomR GD TXDQWLGDGH GH DFULODWR GH PHWLOD QD
DPRVWUD FRPR LOXVWUDGR QD )LJXUD 2 VLQDO IRUQHFLGR SHOR GHWHFWRU GH
XOWUDYLROHWDpUHODWLYRDSHQDVDRFRPSRQHQWHHVWLUHQR
&RQVLGHUHPRV R HVWLUHQR FRPR FRPSRQHQWH H R DFULODWR GH PHWLOD FRPR
FRPSRQHQWH 2 VLQDO REWLGR D SDUWLU GR GHWHFWRU GH XOWUDYLROHWD p SURSRUFLRQDO j
IUDomRGHHVWLUHQRVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
RUV = c (1 w1 ) kUV ,2 (7.34)
RQGH F p D FRQFHQWUDomR GR FRSROtPHUR Z p D IUDomR HP PDVVD GR DFULODWR QR
FRSROtPHURHN89pDFRQWULEXLomRGRHVWLUHQRQRGHWHFWRUGHXOWUDYLROHWD
3RURXWURODGRRVLQDOREWLGRDSDUWLUGRGHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRSRVVXLD
FRQWULEXLomRGHDPERVRVFRPSRQHQWHVFRPRH[SUHVVDD(TXDomR
RIR = c [w1 k IR ,1 + (1 w1 )k IR , 2 ] (7.35)
RQGHN,5HN,5VmRDFRQWULEXLomRGRDFULODWRHGRHVWLUHQRQRGHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGH
UHIUDomRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
&RPELQDQGRDV(TXDo}HVHpSRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDUDIUDomRHPPDVVDGH
DFULODWRQRFRSROtPHUR
)LJXUD5HVSRVWDVGRVGHWHFWRUHVGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHGHXOWUDYLROHWDUHODFLRQDGDVDFRSROtPHURGH
HVWLUHQRDFULODWRGHPHWLODHPIXQomRGDFRPSRVLomR
SCromatografia ortogonal
8PD DPRVWUD GH FRSROtPHUR TXH FRQWHQKD FDGHLDV FRP FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD
GLIHUHQWHV SRGH VHU DQDOLVDGD XWLOL]DQGRVH XPD FRPELQDomR GH GXDV WpFQLFDV
FURPDWRJUiILFDV(VWDWpFQLFDFRQKHFLGDFRPRFURPDWRJUDILDRUWRJRQDOXWLOL]DGRLV
VLVWHPDVGH6(&$)LJXUDLOXVWUDDVHSDUDomRGHXPDDPRVWUDGHFRSROtPHURGH
HVWLUHQRPHWDFULODWRGHEXWLODSRUFRPSRVLomRXWLOL]DQGRVHGRLVVLVWHPDVGH6(&$
OHWUD$UHIHUHVHjXQLGDGHGHHVWLUHQRQRFRSROtPHURHDOHWUD%UHIHUHVHjXQLGDGH
GHPHWDFULODWRGHEXWLOD2SULPHLURVLVWHPDGH6(&6(&XWLOL]DXPDIDVHPyYHO
WHWUDKLGURIXUDQR 7+) TXH p XP ERP VROYHQWH SDUD R FRSROtPHUR 1HVWD SULPHLUD
IDVH D DPRVWUD p IUDFLRQDGD SHOR VHX WDPDQKR PROHFXODU $ DPRVWUD DR VDLU GR
SULPHLUR VLVWHPD GH 6(& p LQWURGX]LGD QR VLVWHPD GH LQMHomR GR VHJXQGR
FURPDWyJUDIR 6(& (VWH VHJXQGR FURPDWyJUDIR WUDEDOKD FRP XPD IDVH PyYHO
FRQVWLWXtGD GH XPD PLVWXUD GH 7+) H QKHSWDQR 2 QKHSWDQR QmR p XP ERP
VROYHQWHSDUDRSROLHVWLUHQRORJRDVPROpFXODVULFDVHPHVWLUHQRVHHQFROKHUmRPDLV
QHVWD IDVH PyYHO H HOXLUmR D XP YROXPH EHP PDLRU GR TXH DTXHODV ULFDV HP
PHWDFULODWRGHEXWLOD
&URPDWRJUDILD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGHXPDFURPDWRJUDILDRUWRJRQDOGHXPFRSROtPHURTXHPRVWUDR IUDFLRQDPHQWRSRU
WDPDQKR6(&HSRUFRPSRVLomR6(&
7.4.4.8. Problemas experimentais encontrados na cromatografia de

excluso por tamanho
2 DODUJDPHQWR GR SLFR DIHWD VXEVWDQFLDOPHQWH D UHVROXomR H p RULJLQDGR GH YiULRV
IHQ{PHQRV$OJXQVGHOHVVHUmRGLVFXWLGRVDVHJXLU
$ODUJDPHQWRGHYLGRjGLIXVmRD[LDO2DODUJDPHQWRGHEDQGDVpGLUHWDPHQWH
SURSRUFLRQDODRFRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRHLQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDOjYHORFLGDGH
GR IOX[R 1RV HTXLSDPHQWRV PRGHUQRV GH DOWD UHVROXomR D GLIXVmR D[LDO
LQIOXHQFLDPXLWRSRXFRQRDODUJDPHQWRGDVEDQGDV
$ODUJDPHQWR GHYLGR D HIHLWRV GH IOX[R 'LIXVmRWRUWXRVDHGG\GLIXVLRQHP
XPD FROXQD HPSDFRWDGD H[LVWH XP ODELULQWR GH FDQDLV LQWHUFRQHFWDGRV FRP
ODUJXUDV H RULHQWDo}HV GLIHUHQWHV $ YHORFLGDGH GR OtTXLGR TXH VH PRYH DWUDYpV
GHVWD FROXQD SRGH YDULDU VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH GHSHQGHQGR GD HILFLrQFLD GR
HPSDFRWDPHQWRGDFROXQD(VWHHIHLWRpEHPLOXVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
(P XPD FROXQD PDO HPSDFRWDGD DOJXPDV PROpFXODV HQFRQWUDUmR ]RQDV

FRQWHQGR JUDQGHV FDQDLV H SRU LVVR DWUDYHVVDUmR PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH IOX[R D GD
)LJXUD (VWHV JUDQGHV FDQDLV QR OHLWR FURPDWRJUiILFR VmR IRUPDGRV GHYLGR DR
WDPDQKRGHSDUWtFXODTXHFRQVWLWXLDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD4XDQWRPDLRUIRURWDPDQKR
GHSDUWtFXODPDLRUVHUiDSUREDELOLGDGHGHVHIRUPDUHPHVWHVFDQDLV
3RU RXWUR ODGR RXWUDV PROpFXODV SRGHP VH GLIXQGLU SDUD ]RQDV HVWDJQDGDV H
GHPRUDU PDLV SDUD VHUHP HOXtGDV (VWH HIHLWR p FRQKHFLGR FRPR GLIXVmR WRUWXRVD
HGG\GLIIXVLRQIOX[REGD)LJXUD
4XDQGR R UHFKHLR GD FROXQD p FRQVWLWXtGR SRU SDUWtFXODV SHTXHQDV H GH
GLVWULEXLomRGHWDPDQKREHPXQLIRUPHDVPROpFXODVGRVROXWRDWUDYHVVDUmRROHLWR
FURPDWRJUiILFRDXPDYHORFLGDGHLQWHUPHGLiULDIOX[RFGD)LJXUD(VWD~OWLPD
FRQGLomRpFRQVLGHUDGDLGHDOSDUDDREWHQomRGHXPERPFURPDWRJUDPD
3DUD GLPLQXLU RV HIHLWRV UHODFLRQDGRV DFLPD p LPSRUWDQWH TXH D FROXQD SRVVXD
ERP HPSDFRWDPHQWR VHQGR FRQVWLWXtGD SRU SDUWtFXODV GH WDPDQKR XQLIRUPH H
SHTXHQR $ )LJXUD FRPSDUD RV WLSRV GH HPSDFRWDPHQWR H R UHVSHFWLYR
FURPDWRJUDPDHVSHUDGR
)LJXUD9DULDo}HVGHYHORFLGDGHQD]RQDGHIOX[RHPXPOHLWRFURPDWRJUiILFR
'HVORFDPHQWR GDV VXEVWkQFLDV QD IDVH PyYHO RXWUR HIHLWR TXH FRQWULEXL SDUD R
DODUJDPHQWRGRSLFRpRSUySULRGHVORFDPHQWRGDVXEVWkQFLDQDIDVHPyYHO$]RQD
HQWUH DV SDUWtFXODV GR UHFKHLR ]RQD LQWHUVWLFLDO SRGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XP
FDSLODUHRIOX[RDRORQJRGHVWHVFDQDLVSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRXPIOX[RODPLQDU2
SHUILO GH YHORFLGDGH QHVWH IOX[R ODPLQDU SRVVXL XP IRUPDWR EHP FRQKHFLGR R GH
XPD SDUiEROD )LJXUD 4XDQGR D VROXomR p LQWURGX]LGD HP XP OHLWR
FURPDWRJUiILFRDSDUWHFHQWUDOPRYHVHPDLVUDSLGDPHQWHGRTXHDVROXomRTXHIOXL
SUy[LPR jV SDUHGHV GHVWH FDQDO 4XDQWR PDLRU IRU R WDPDQKR GH SDUWtFXOD GD IDVH
HVWDFLRQiULD PDLV ODUJRV VHUmR HVVHV FDQDLV H PDLRU VHUi R DODUJDPHQWR GR SLFR
GHYLGR DR HIHLWR GH GHVORFDPHQWR GD VXEVWkQFLD (VWH HIHLWR p WDPEpP LPSRUWDQWH
TXDQGRVHDXPHQWDDYHORFLGDGHGHIOX[R
&URPDWRJUDILD
3DUDPLQLPL]DURVHIHLWRVGHIOX[RQRDODUJDPHQWRGDVEDQGDVpUHFRPHQGiYHO
TXH D FROXQD HVWHMD EHP HPSDFRWDGD FRP XP UHFKHLR FRQVWLWXtGR SRU SDUWtFXODV
SHTXHQDVXQLIRUPHV
)LJXUD&RPSDUDomRHQWUHRHPSDFRWDPHQWRGDVFROXQDVHVHXVUHVSHFWLYRVFURPDWRJUDPDV
5HVLVWrQFLD j WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH PDVVD $ YHORFLGDGH GH PRYLPHQWR GDV

PROpFXODVGRVROXWRQDVIDVHVHVWDFLRQiULDHPyYHOSRGHVHUXPIDWRULPSRUWDQWH
SDUDRDODUJDPHQWRGRSLFR'XUDQWHRSURFHVVRFURPDWRJUiILFRRVSRURVGDIDVH
HVWDFLRQiULDFRQWrPRVROXWRRXRVROYHQWHTXHFRQVWLWXLDIDVHPyYHO2VROYHQWH
HVWDJQDGRQRVSRURVGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULDVySHUPLWHTXHDVPROpFXODVGRVROXWR
DWLQMDP HVWHV SRURV SRU GLIXVmR (VWH HIHLWR DXPHQWD FRP R DXPHQWR GR
FRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmR
'LIXVmRGRVROXWRSDUDRLQWHULRUGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD$VPROpFXODVGRVROXWR
TXHSHUPHLDPQRVSRURVSUHFLVDPVHGLIXQGLUGHYROWDSDUDUHWRPDUDGLUHomRGR
IOX[R(VWHSURFHVVRTXHVHUHSHWHDRORQJRGDFROXQDFRQWULEXLSDUDRDXPHQWR
GRWHPSRGHHOXLomRSURYRFDQGRFRQVHTHQWHPHQWHRDODUJDPHQWRGRSLFR
$ODUJDPHQWR GHYLGR j DPRVWUD SROLPpULFD 8PD DPRVWUD SROLPpULFD FRQWpP
FDGHLDV GH YiULRV WDPDQKRV EHP SUy[LPRV HQWUH VL ,VWR FDXVD XP DOWR JUDX GH
VXSHUSRVLomRGDVFXUYDVGHFRQFHQWUDomRFRPRPRVWUDD)LJXUD
)LJXUD&URPDWRJUDPDGHXPDDPRVWUDSROLPpULFDSROLGLVSHUVD
$ODUJDPHQWRGHYLGRjFRQFHQWUDomRGDVROXomR2DXPHQWRGDFRQFHQWUDomR
GDVROXomRDVHULQWURGX]LGDQROHLWRFURPDWRJUiILFRUHVXOWDHPXPDODUJDPHQWR
GR SLFR FRPR SRGH VHU REVHUYDGR QD )LJXUD &RP R DXPHQWR GD
FRQFHQWUDomR PXLWDV PROpFXODV ILFDP UHWLGDV QR IOX[R GHYLGR DR GLkPHWUR
SHTXHQRGD]RQDLQWHUVWLFLDOHDFDEDPHOXLQGRDXPYROXPHPDLRU(VWHHIHLWRp
PDLVSURQXQFLDGRSDUDDPRVWUDVGHDOWRSHVRPROHFXODURXHPHTXLSDPHQWRVGH
DOWD UHVROXomR $ FRQFHQWUDomR LGHDO GH XPD VROXomR SROLPpULFD SDUD DQiOLVH
FURPDWRJUiILFDSRU6(&pDTXHODFXMDYLVFRVLGDGHGDVROXomRpPHQRURXLJXDOD
GXDVYH]HVDYLVFRVLGDGHGRVROYHQWHRXVHMD sol 2 solvente
&URPDWRJUDILD
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHHOXLomRGHXPDDPRVWUDGHSROLHVWLUHQRHPIXQomRGDTXDQWLGDGHGHDPRVWUDQRIOX[R
YROXPHGHLQMHomR P/
'HJUDGDomR GD DPRVWUD SRU FLVDOKDPHQWR &URPDWyJUDIRV OtTXLGRV GH DOWD
UHVROXomRWUDEDOKDPFRPDOWDSUHVVmR3DUDXPDERDUHVROXomRDVSDUWtFXODVTXH
FRQVWLWXHP D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD SRVVXHP WDPDQKRV XQLIRUPHV H EHP SHTXHQRV
FRQWULEXLQGR SDUD XP HVWUHLWDPHQWR GRV FDQDLV LQWHUVWLFLDLV $ PDFURPROpFXOD
DRDWUDYHVVDUHVWHVFDQDLVHQWUHDVSDUWtFXODVVRIUHIRUoDVFLVDOKDQWHVTXHSRGHP
UHVXOWDUHPTXHEUDGDFDGHLD(VWHIHQ{PHQRGHGHJUDGDomRpPDLVSURQXQFLDGR
HPPDFURPROpFXODVGHDOWRSHVRPROHFXODULVWRpDFLPDGH
2XWURV SUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV j WpFQLFD (P FROXQDV HPSDFRWDGDV FRP
PDWHULDO DSRODU RX IUDFDPHQWH SRODU FRPR p R FDVR GR UHFKHLR FRQVWLWXtGR GH
HVWLUHQRGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR RFRUUH XP DXPHQWR QD UHWHQomR GR VROXWR DSRODU
TXDQGRVHXWLOL]DHOXHQWHSRODUFRPRGLPHWLOIRUPDPLGD'0)(VWHHIHLWRpPDLV
SURQXQFLDGRFRPVXEVWkQFLDVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU
2XWURIDWRUTXHFRQWULEXLSDUDRDODUJDPHQWRGRSLFRpRIHQ{PHQRGHSDUWLomR
GR VROXWR QDV SDUHGHV GD IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD 1HVWH FDVR H[LVWH XP FRQWDWR tQWLPR
HQWUHDVFDGHLDVGRSROtPHURTXHHVWiSHUPHDQGRQRVSRURVHRVVHJPHQWRVGRJHO
RUJkQLFR TXH FRQVWLWXL D IDVH HVWDFLRQiULD (VWH HIHLWR p EHP PDLRU HP VXSRUWHV
VXVFHWtYHLVDLQFKDPHQWRHFRPVXEVWkQFLDVGHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODUGHYLGRjPDLRU
IDFLOLGDGHGHSHUPHDomRDWUDYpVGRVSRURVGRUHFKHLR
%DONH 67 &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI &RPSOH[ 3RO\PHUV E\ 6L]H ([FOXVLRQ
&KURPDWRJUDSK\ DQG +LJK3HUIRUPDQFH /LTXLG &KURPDWRJUDSK\ (P %DUWK
+ * DQG 0D\V - : 0RGHUQ 0HWKRGV RI 3RO\PHU &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ -RKQ
:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUN
%DONH 6 7 H 3DWHO 5 ' $GY &KHP 6HU 2UWKRJRQDO
FKURPDWRJUDSK\ SRO\PHU FURVVIUDFWLRQDWLRQ E\ FRXSOHG JHO SHUPHDWLRQ
FKURPDWRJUDSK\
%HOHQNLL % * H 9LOHQFKLN / = -RXUQDO RI &KURPDWRJUDSK\ /LEUDU\ YRO
0RGHUQ/LTXLG&KURPDWRJUDSK\RI0DFURPROHFXOHV(OVHYLHU1HZ<RUN
,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
(OLDV + * 0DFURPROHFXOHV 6WUXFWXUH DQG 3URSHUWLHV 3OHQXP 3UHVV 1HZ
<RUN
*O|FNQHU*-RXUQDORI&KURPDWRJUDSK\/LEUDU\YRO3RO\PHU&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ
E\/LTXLG&KURPDWRJUDSK\(OVHYLHU1HZ<RUN
-RKQVRQ ( / H 6WHYHQVRQ 5 %DVLF /LTXLG &KURPDWRJUDSK\ 9DULDQ $VVRFLDWHV
,QF&DOLIRUQLD
0HLUD * 5 'DWD 5HGXFWLRQ LQ 6L]H ([FOXVLRQ &KURPDWRJUDSK\ RI 3RO\PHUV (P
%DUWK+*DQG0D\V-:0RGHUQ0HWKRGVRI3RO\PHU&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ
-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUN
2KOZHLOHU 2 $ )XQGDPHQWRV GH $QiOLVH ,QVWUXPHQWDO /LYURV 7pFQLFRV H
&LHQWtILFRV(GLWRUD5LRGH-DQHLUR
1HZ<RUN
6ZLQHKDUW - 6 2UJDQLF &KHPLVWU\ $Q ([SHULPHQWDO $SSURDFK 0HUHGLWK
&RUSRUDWLRQ1HZ<RUN
&URPDWRJUDILD
&DStWXOR
Fundamentos Bsicos da
Anlise Trmica
2V PpWRGRV GH DQiOLVH WpUPLFD PHGHP YDULDo}HV GH XP GHWHUPLQDGR SDUkPHWUR
RFRUULGDV FRPR XPD IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD 7 DTXHFLPHQWR RX UHVIULDPHQWR RX
FRPRXPDIXQomRGRWHPSRWDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWHPRGRLVRWpUPLFR
$VWpFQLFDVWHUPRDQDOtWLFDVHPSUHJDGDVFRPPDLRUIUHTrQFLDVQDFDUDFWHUL]DomR
GHSROtPHURVVmR
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD7*
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULDGHULYDWLYD'7*
DQiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO'7$
FDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUD'6&
DQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD70$
DQiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD'07$
DQiOLVHWHUPRGLHOpWULFD'(7$
$V WpFQLFDV WHUPRDQDOtWLFDV IRUQHFHP UHVXOWDGRV QD IRUPD GH FXUYDV DV TXDLV
FRQWrPDVLQIRUPDo}HVDUHVSHLWRGDYDULDomRGRSDUkPHWURPHGLGR1D)LJXUD
HVWmR H[HPSOLILFDGDV FXUYDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD DQiOLVH GH SROtPHURV XWLOL]DQGR DV
WpFQLFDVFLWDGDV
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHFXUYDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDDQiOLVHGHSROtPHURVXWLOL]DQGRWpFQLFDV
GHDQiOLVHWpUPLFDHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUD7RXGRWHPSRW
1D WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD 7* R SDUkPHWUR PHGLGR p D PDVVD LVWR p GHWHFWDVH

XWLOL]DQGRVHXPDWHUPREDODQoDRJDQKRRXSHUGDGHPDVVDTXHRFRUUHQDDPRVWUD
HPIXQomRGHXPDYDULDomRGHWHPSHUDWXUDRXWHPSRD7FRQVWDQWH2WUDQVGXWRU
RX VHQVRU XWLOL]DGR QD DQiOLVH WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD p XPD EDODQoD UHJLVWUDGRUD
7DPEpP QD WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD GHULYDWLYD '7* R LQVWUXPHQWR HPSUHJDGR p XPD
EDODQoDUHJLVWUDGRUDSRUpPQHVWHFDVRRSDUkPHWURPHGLGRpDYDULDomRGHPDVVD
HPIXQomRGRWHPSRGPGWTXHWDPEpPSRGHVHUGHVFULWRFRPRYHORFLGDGHRXWD[D
GHYDULDomRGHPDVVD
1D DQiOLVH WpUPLFD GLIHUHQFLDO '7$ R SDUkPHWUR PHGLGR p D GLIHUHQoD GH
WHPSHUDWXUD7HQWUHDDPRVWUDHPDQiOLVHHXPPDWHULDOGHUHIHUrQFLDRTXDOQmR
VRIUH WUDQVIRUPDo}HV HQYROYHQGR YDULDo}HV GH HQHUJLD FDORUtILFD QD IDL[D GH
)XQGDPHQWRV%iVLFRVGD$QiOLVH7pUPLFD
WHPSHUDWXUD GH RSHUDomR 2 LQVWUXPHQWR XWLOL]DGR p XP '7$ H R WUDQVGXWRU RX
VHQVRUXPWHUPRSDUWHUPLVWRU
$ YDULDomR GH HQWDOSLD HP IXQomR GR WHPSR G+GW p R SDUkPHWUR PHGLGR QD
FDORULPHWULD GLIHUHQFLDO GH YDUUHGXUD '6&H DVVLP HVWD WpFQLFD IRUQHFH LQIRU
PDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GR IOX[R GH FDORU QR FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD DPRVWUD HP IXQomR GD
YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD RX GR WHPSR D 7 FRQVWDQWH 1HVWH FDVR R LQVWUXPHQWR
HPSUHJDGR p XP FDORUtPHWUR '6& H R WUDQVGXWRU RX VHQVRU p XPD UHVLVWrQFLD GH
SODWLQD
1DDQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD70$RSDUkPHWURPHGLGRpDGHIRUPDomRRYROXPH
RXRFRPSULPHQWR'HSHQGHQGRGRDFHVVyULRXWLOL]DGRGHWHFWDVHXPDGHIRUPDomR
QD DPRVWUD RX XPD YDULDomR QR YROXPH RX FRPSULPHQWR / HP IXQomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUD RX GR WHPSR D 7 FRQVWDQWH XWLOL]DQGRVH XP GLODW{PHWUR 1HVWD
DQiOLVHXPWUDQVIRUPDGRUGLIHUHQFLDOOLQHDUYDULiYHOpXVDGRFRPRVHQVRU
$DQiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD'07$PHGHRPyGXORGRPDWHULDOeFDSD]
GH GHVPHPEUDU DV FRQWULEXLo}HV HOiVWLFD H YLVFRVD IRUQHFHQGR VHXV UHVSHFWLYRV
PyGXORV ( H ( $OpP GLVVR WDPEpP IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GR DPRUWH
FLPHQWR GD DPRVWUD DWUDYpV GD UD]mR HQWUH RV PyGXORV YLVFRVR H HOiVWLFR ((
GHQRPLQDGRWDQJHQWHRXVLPSOHVPHQWHWDQ
2 UHOD[DPHQWR GLHOpWULFR GD DPRVWUD p R SDUkPHWUR PHGLGR GD DQiOLVH
WHUPRGLHOpWULFD'(7$$VVLPHVWDWpFQLFDIRUQHFHLQIRUPDo}HVVREUHDYDULDomRGD
SHUPLVVLYLGDGHRXFRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGDDPRVWUDGRIDWRUGHSHUGDRTXDO
pSURSRUFLRQDOjFRQGXWkQFLDHGRIDWRUGHGLVVLSDomRH[SUHVVRFRPRWDQGH
PRGRDQiORJRjDQiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD
%LNDOHV10HG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI3RO\PHUV(QF\FORSHGLD5HSULQWV:LOH\
,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
&RWWHULOO 5 0 - (P &KDSR\ / / H 6RUHQVHQ $ HGV 7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV RI
3RO\PHULF0DWHULDOV3RO\PHUWHNQLVN6HOVNDE/\QJE\
+DWDNH\DPD7H4XLQQ);7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV)XQGDPHQWDOVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
WR3RO\PHU6FLHQFH-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV/WG1HZ<RUN
0DWKRW 9 % ) HG &DORULPHWU\ DQG 7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV RI 3RO\PHUV +DQVHU
3XEOLVKHUV0XQLFK
1HZ<RUN
8WUDFNL/$3RO\PHU$OOR\VDQG%OHQGV+DQVHU3XEOLVKHUV0XQLFK
:LGPDQ*(P&KDSR\//H6RUHQVHQ$HGV7KHUPDO$QDO\VLVRI3RO\PHULF
0DWHULDOV3RO\PHUWHNQLVN6HOVNDE/\QJE\
)XQGDPHQWRV%iVLFRVGD$QiOLVH7pUPLFD
&DStWXOR

Anlise Termogravimtrica
(TGA) ou Termogravimetria
(TG) e Termogravimetria
Derivativa (DTG)
9.1 Introduo
$DQiOLVH WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD p GHILQLGD FRPR XP SURFHVVRFRQWtQXR TXH HQYROYH D
PHGLGDGDYDULDomR GH PDVVDGHXPDDPRVWUDHPIXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD
YDUUHGXUD GH WHPSHUDWXUD RX GR WHPSR D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVWDQWH PRGR
LVRWpUPLFR
$DPRVWUD SRGH VHUDTXHFLGD RX UHVIULDGD DXPD YHORFLGDGH VHOHFLRQDGD RX SRGH
VHU PDQWLGD DXPD WHPSHUDWXUD IL[D2 PRGR PDLVFRPXP GH RSHUDomR QD DQiOLVH
GH VLVWHPDV SROLPpULFRV pRSURJUDPD GHDTXHFLPHQWR DYHORFLGDGHV QDIDL[D GH D
R
&PLQ
2UHVXOWDGR GD DQiOLVHHP JHUDO pPRVWUDGR VRED IRUPD GH XP JUiILFR FXMD
DEFLVVDFRQWpPRVUHJLVWURVGHWHPSHUDWXUDRXGRWHPSRHDRUGHQDGDR
SHUFHQWXDO HP PDVVD SHUGLGR RXJDQKR 8P H[HPSOR WtSLFRpGDGR SRU XP VLVWHPD
SROLPpULFR VHQGR VXEPHWLGR DXP SURJUDPD GHDTXHFLPHQWR HP TXHDWHPSHUDWXUD
R R
YDULD GH D & D XPD YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR GH &PLQ H TXH HP
GHWHUPLQDGD WHPSHUDWXUD VRIUH FRPSOHWD GHJUDGDomR FRP HYROXomR GH SURGXWRV
YROiWHLV2 UHVXOWDGR GDDQiOLVH GH WDOSROtPHUR pPRVWUDGR QD)LJXUD $R VRIUHU
GHJUDGDomR R PDWHULDO SHUGH PDVVD VREDIRUPD GHSURGXWRV YROiWHLVHRVHQVRU YDL
UHJLVWUDQGR HVVD SHUGD GHPDVVD LOXVWUDGD SHOD FXUYD
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
)LJXUD&XUYDGHGHFRPSRVLomRWpUPLFDGHXPPDWHULDO
1R H[HPSOR DSUHVHQWDGR VmR LGHQWLILFDGDV GXDV WHPSHUDWXUDV TXH SRGHP VHU
FRQVLGHUDGDVLPSRUWDQWHV7LH7I$SULPHLUD7LpGHILQLGDFRPRDPHQRU
WHPSHUDWXUD HP TXH SRGH VHU GHWHFWDGR RLQtFLR GD YDULDomR GH PDVVD SDUD XP
GHWHUPLQDGR FRQMXQWR GHFRQGLo}HV H[SHULPHQWDLV RQVHW$ RXWUD7I
p DPHQRU
WHPSHUDWXUD TXH LQGLFD TXH R SURFHVVR UHVSRQViYHO SHOD YDULDomR GH PDVVD IRL
FRQFOXtGR
$SHVDU GRPRGR PDLVFRPXP GHH[SUHVVDU RV UHVXOWDGRV GH7* VHUHP WHUPRV GH
GHSHUGD GHPDVVD pSRVVtYHOHQFRQWUDU QD OLWHUDWXUD DOJXQV JUiILFRVFXMDDEVFLVVD
pH[SUHVVD HP WHUPRV GHPDVVD
,QVWUXPHQWRV HTXLSDGRV FRP FRPSXWDGRU SHUPLWHP DFRPSDQKDU DVDOWHUDo}HV
VRIULGDV SHODDPRVWUD DGTXLULQGR RVGDGRV VRE DIRUPD DQDOyJLFD RX GLJLWDOH
SRGHP IRUQHFHU WDPEpP DGHULYDGD GDFXUYD 1HVWHV HTXLSDPHQWRV DYHORFLGDGH GH
YDULDomRGHPDVVDHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGPG7RXGRWHPSRGPGWp
GHQRPLQDGD '7* WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD GHULYDWLYD $ FXUYD GH '7* pPXLWR ~WLO
QRV
FDVRV HP TXH R UHJLVWUR GH 7* DSUHVHQWD VREUHSRVLo}HV GHFRUUHQWHV GR WLSR GH
DPRVWUDRXPHVPRGDVFRQGLo}HVH[SHULPHQWDLV$)LJXUDH[HPSOLILFDR
UHVXOWDGR GHXPD FXUYD GH7*HP TXHIRLFDOFXODGD DFXUYD GH'7*
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDGHGHFRPSRVLomRWpUPLFDGHXPPDWHULDOUHJLVWURGDGHFRPSRVLomRWpUPLFD7*
UHJLVWURGDGHULYDGDGDFXUYDGHGHFRPSRVLomRWpUPLFD'7*
1D)LJXUDDOLQKDFRQWtQXDLOXVWUD
DGHFRPSRVLomR WpUPLFDTXHRFRUUH
HP
GXDVHWDSDVRX HVWiJLRV$OLQKD
SRQWLOKDGD PRVWUD DFXUYD GDGHULYDGD
RQGHRV
SLFRV
LQGLFDP DV WHPSHUDWXUDV HP TXH D
YHORFLGDGH GH GHFRPSRVLomR pPi[LPD
WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGD WD[D
Pi[LPD GHFRQYHUVmRG&GWPi[
9.2 Fatores que podem afetar os resultados obtidos por TG

6HH[LVWLUHP YDULDo}HVQDV FRQGLo}HV GHDQiOLVH DVFXUYDVGH 7* SRGHP DSUHVHQWDU
UHVXOWDGRV TXH QmRVHUmR UHSURGXWtYHLV (QWUH RVIDWRUHVTXH DIHWDP DVFXUYDV GH
GHJUDGDomR SRGHP VHUFLWDGRV DTXHOHVUHODWLYRV D
SDPRVWUD D
DQiOLVHpDIHWDGD SHOD
PDVVD YROXPH H
IRUPD ItVLFDGDDPRVWUD
SVRQGD
DIRUPDHQDWXUH]D GDVRQGDWrP LQIOXrQFLDQDDQiOLVH
SDWPRVIHUDGDFkPDUD WLSRQDWXUH]D HSUHVVmR GRJiVWDQWR RGHDUUDVWHFRPR
DTXHOHDRUHGRUGDDPRVWUDFRQVWLWXHPIDWRUHVTXHDIHWDPRUHVXOWDGRGD
DQiOLVH
SFRQGLo}HV RSHUDFLRQDLV
YHORFLGDGH GH YDULDomR GDWHPSHUDWXUD DTXHFLPHQWR
RX UHVIULDPHQWRWDPDQKR HJHRPHWULD GR FDGLQKR HSRVLFLRQDPHQWR GR VHQVRU
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
WHUPRSDU
SURGX]HP
HIHLWRV
TXH
WrP
LQIOXrQFLD
QR
SURFHVVR
RX
GHWHFomR
GD
GHFRPSRVLomR
([HPSORV
WtSLFRV
GH
DOJXQV
GRV
HIHLWRV
FLWDGRV
VHUmR
DSUHVHQWDGRV
D
VHJXLU

9.2.1 Efeito da forma da amostra

$)LJXUD
LOXVWUD
DLQIOXrQFLD
GDIRUPD
GDDPRVWUDQD
FXUYDGH7*
9HULILFDVH
TXH
H[LVWHPGLIHUHQoDVQtWLGDVQDWHPSHUDWXUDHPTXHRPDWHULDOFRPHoDDVRIUHU
GHFRPSRVLomR H
QRSURFHVVRGHGHFRPSRVLomR
SURSULDPHQWHGLWR
)LJXUD&XUYDVGH7*GHDPRVWUDVGH300$VREIRUPDVItVLFDVGLIHUHQWHV
$ UHFRPHQGDomR SDUDHYLWDUHVVH
WLSR
GHSUREOHPDpXWLOL]DUDPRVWUDV
HPTXHD
PDVVD pDPHQRU SRVVtYHO GHQWURGRVOLPLWHV
GH RSHUDomR GRHTXLSDPHQWR$V
IRUPDV GHDPRVWUDFRQVLGHUDGDV PDLVDGHTXDGDVVmRDTXHODV VRED
IRUPDGHSy
RX
SDUWtFXODVSHTXHQDV
9.2.2 Efeito da velocidade de aquecimento

$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDFXUYDVWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDVGHXPPHVPRPDWHULDO
SROLPpULFR DQDOLVDGR DGLIHUHQWHV YHORFLGDGHVGHDTXHFLPHQWR 1RWDVH
TXH TXDQWR
PDLRU IRU DYHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR PDLVGHVORFDGD SDUDWHPSHUDWXUDV PDLV
HOHYDGDV HVWDUiDFXUYDGHGHJUDGDomR GR
PDWHULDO
)LFDFODUD
DJRUD D
LPSRUWkQFLD GH
UHODWDUDWHPSHUDWXUD GHGHJUDGDomR GHXPPDWHULDOHHVWDLQIRUPDomRGHYH HVWDU
FRPSOHPHQWDGD SHODLQGLFDomRGD YHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWR XVDGDQDDQiOLVH,VWR
PRVWUD DLPSRUWkQFLD GH VHIL[DU XPD PHVPD YHORFLGDGH GHDTXHFLPHQWR SDUD
DQDOLVDUHFRPSDUDU PDWHULDLVGLVWLQWRV
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDVWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDVGHXPPDWHULDOSROLPpULFRUHJLVWUDGDVDYiULDVYHORFLGDGHVGH
DTXHFLPHQWRDR&PLQER&PLQFR&PLQ
9.2.3 Efeito do tipo e condies do gs de arraste

$)LJXUDLOXVWUDGXDVFXUYDVWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDVGHXPPHVPRSROtPHUR
DQDOLVDGR VRE XP SURJUDPD GH DTXHFLPHQWR DXPD YHORFLGDGH GHDTXHFLPHQWR IL[D
R
GH &PLQ HP TXH IRUDP YDULDGDV DVFRQGLo}HV GDDWPRVIHUD QDTXDO RPDWHULDO
HVWDYD H[SRVWR 1D SUHVHQoD GH QLWURJrQLR 1 TXH p XP JiV LQHUWHDDPRVWUD p
WHUPLFDPHQWH PDLV HVWiYHO TXH VRE DWPRVIHUD GH DUHLVWRSRGH VHUREVHUYDGR SHOR
GHVORFDPHQWR GDFXUYD GD DQiOLVH UHDOL]DGD VRE DWPRVIHUD GH 1
SDUD WHPSHUDWXUDV
PDLVHOHYDGDV
(P JHUDODV DQiOLVHV VmR UHDOL]DGDV VRE IOX[R GHXP JiV SRUH[HPSOR 1$
PDLRU RXPHQRU YD]mR GHVVH IOX[R LUiUHVXOWDUQXPD DWPRVIHUD PDLV RXPHQRV ULFD
HP 1 QRORFDO GDTXHLPD $VVLP REVHUYDVH TXH RFRUUH XPD YDULDomRQD SRVLomR GD
FXUYD HP IXQomR GDYD]mR GHIOX[R GH QLWURJrQLR
(QWmR DRUHODWDUD WHPSHUDWXUD GH GHJUDGDomR GHXPD DPRVWUD HVWDLQIRUPDomR
GHYH YLU DFRPSDQKDGD QmR Vy GD YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR GD DQiOLVHFRPR
WDPEpP GD DWPRVIHUD XWLOL]DGD RX YD]mR GHIOX[R GR JiV XWLOL]DGR
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
)LJXUD(IHLWRGRWLSRGHDWPRVIHUDVREUHDFXUYDGH7*GHXPPHVPRPDWHULDOPDQWHQGRVHFRQVWDQWHV
DVGHPDLVFRQGLo}HVGHDQiOLVH
9.3 O equipamento
2HTXLSDPHQWRGHWHUPRJUDYLPHWULDpEDVLFDPHQWHFRQVWLWXtGRSRUXPD
PLFUREDODQoDXPIRUQRXPSURJUDPDGRUGHWHPSHUDWXUDHXPVLVWHPDGH
DTXLVLomR
GHGDGRV
FRPSXWDGRU
$)LJXUDPRVWUDRGHVHQKRGHWDOKDGRGHXPLQVWUXPHQWRGH
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD'HVHQKRGHWDOKDGRGHXPLQVWUXPHQWRGHWHUPRJUDYLPHWULD
2
GLDJUDPD
GH
EORFRV
XVXDO
GH
XPD
WHUPREDODQoD
p
DSUHVHQWDGR
QD
)LJXUD

0LFUREDODQoD &RPSXWDGRU RX

UHJLVWUDGRU
JUiILFR
)RUQR 3URJUDPDGRUGH
WHPSHUDWXUD

)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVEiVLFRVGHXPDWHUPREDODQoD
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
2V GHWDOKHVHVSHFtILFRVGH
FDGDFRPSRQHQWH
GHSHQGHP GD
DSOLFDomRSDUWLFXODU
TXHpUHTXHULGDGR LQVWUXPHQWR'H
XPPRGRJHUDO
FDGD
FRPSRQHQWHDSUHVHQWD DV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
GHVFULWDVD
VHJXLU
9.3.1 Forno
8PD DPSODYDULHGDGH GHIRUQRV HVWiGLVSRQtYHO&DGDIRUQR RSHUD HP XPD IDL[DGH
R
WHPSHUDWXUD HVSHFtILFDGHQWUR GRVOLPLWHV GHD &&RPR PHQFLRQDGR
DFLPDFDGDFRPSRQHQWHpGLPHQVLRQDGRGHDFRUGRFRPDXWLOL]DomRGR
LQVWUXPHQWR $VVLP SDUD SROtPHURV R IRUQRSRGHFKHJDU DR& QmR KDYHQGR D
QHFHVVLGDGHGHWHPSHUDWXUDVPDLVHOHYDGDVYLVWRTXHDJUDQGHPDLRULDGRV
PDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRVGHJUDGDDEDL[RGHVWDWHPSHUDWXUD3RURXWURODGRRV
HTXLSDPHQWRV XWLOL]DGRV HP HVWXGR GH PLQHUDLVVmR FRQVWUXtGRV FRP IRUQRV TXH
R
DWLQJHP WHPSHUDWXUDV EHP PDLV HOHYDGDV SRGHQGRFKHJDU D &
$ 7DEHOD
H[HPSOLILFD YiULRVHOHPHQWRV TXHSRGHP VHUXVDGRV SDUD FRPSRU R
IRUQR H
DWHPSHUDWXUD Pi[LPD OLPLWHTXH FDGD
IRUQRp FDSD] GH
UHVLVWLUHPIXQomR
GRHOHPHQWR XWLOL]DGRSDUD VXDFRQIHFomR
7DEHOD/LPLWHGHWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPDTXHRIRUQRSRGHDWLQJLUHPIXQomRGRHOHPHQWRXWLOL]DGRSDUD
VXDPDQXIDWXUD
(OHPHQWR 7HPSHUDWXUDDSUR[LPDGDR&
&URPR
3ODWLQD
5yGLR
0ROLEGrQLR
7XQJVWrQLR
$FRQVWUXomRGRHTXLSDPHQWRSRGHWHURIRUQRSRVLFLRQDGRGHWUrVPRGRV
GLVWLQWRVFRPRPRVWUD D)LJXUD
2IRUQRSRGHHVWDUSRVLFLRQDGRDEDL[RDFLPD
RX SDUDOHORj
EDODQoD2VHTXLSDPHQWRV PDLV
EDUDWRVSRVVXHP R
IRUQRSRVLFLRQDGR
DEDL[RGDEDODQoD(VWDFRQVWUXomRVRPHQWHpXVDGDSDUDWHPSHUDWXUDV
UHODWLYDPHQWHEDL[DVFRPRpRFDVRGDDQiOLVHGHPDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRV3DUD
WHPSHUDWXUDV HOHYDGDVXWLOL]DVH
DFRQVWUXomR
E
GD)LJXUD
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD3RVLFLRQDPHQWRGRIRUQRHPUHODomRjEDODQoDDDEDL[REDFLPDHFSDUDOHOR
9.3.2 Programador de temperatura do forno

$YHORFLGDGH GHYDULDomR GHWHPSHUDWXUD HOHYDomR H UHGXomRGR IRUQRHP JHUDO
R
HVWiQDIDL[DGHD &PLQ(VWDYHORFLGDGHGHYDULDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDp
FRQWURODGD SRUXP SURJUDPDGRU GH WHPSHUDWXUD GR IRUQR(VWHGHYH VHUFDSD] GH
XPD SURJUDPDomR GH WHPSHUDWXUD OLQHDULVWRpDWHPSHUDWXUD GR IRUQRGHYH VHU
GLUHWDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO DRWHPSR SDUDYiULDV IDL[DV GHWHPSHUDWXUD GLIHUHQWHV
&RQVHTXHQWHPHQWH R SURJUDPDGRU GHWHPSHUDWXUD WHP TXH VHUFRPSDWtYHO FRP
YiULRVWHUPRSDUHVGLIHUHQWHV
$VVLP R
VLVWHPDGH DTXHFLPHQWR GRIRUQR GHYHVHU
SOLQHDU FRP R
WHPSR
SUHSURGXWtYHO
9.3.3 Controle da atmosfera

$DWPRVIHUD TXHHQYROYH DDPRVWUD GXUDQWHDDQiOLVH
SRGH
VHU
FRQWURODGD
3RU
H[HPSORpSRVVtYHOUHDOL]DUD
DQiOLVHVREDWPRVIHUD
SR[LGDWLYD DU
2
SLQHUWH1
SFRUURVLYD 62
SD SUHVVmRUHGX]LGDDWpa
[ WRUU
YiFXR
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
2IDWR GHSRGHUUHDOL]DUDDQiOLVH HP DWPRVIHUDVGLIHUHQWHV
pPXLWR LPSRUWDQWH
GRSRQWR GHYLVWD
GHUHSURGX]LU DVUHDLVFRQGLo}HV QD
TXDLVRPDWHULDO
VHUiXWLOL]DGR
&RPRYLVWRDQWHULRUPHQWHQD)LJXUDRVUHVXOWDGRVGHWHPSHUDWXUDGH
GHJUDGDomR GHXPPDWHULDO YDULDP VH HVWHHVWiH[SRVWRDXPDDWPRVIHUD R[LGDWLYD
RXLQHUWH
8P PRGR RSHUDFLRQDOULJRURVR H[LJH TXHDYD]mRGHIOX[R
GHJiVVHMDFRQWURODGD
H
PDQWLGD FRQVWDQWHTXDQGR VmRUHDOL]DGDV DQiOLVHV
FRPSDUDWLYDV
9.3.4 Balana registradora

(VWHp RFRPSRQHQWH PDLV LPSRUWDQWH GD WHUPREDODQoD 8PD EDODQoD UHJLVWUDGRUD
DGHTXDGDGHYHDSUHVHQWDUDVVHJXLQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSUHFLVmRH[DWLGmR
VHQVLELOLGDGH UHVLVWrQFLD jFRUURVmRLQpUFLD DYDULDo}HV GHWHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH H
UHVSRVWD UiSLGD jVYDULDo}HV GH PDVVD
(P JHUDOD FDSDFLGDGH GHDPRVWUD QHVVHV LQVWUXPHQWRV pGH DWp JH D
SUHFLVmR pGH $IDL[D GHVHQVLELOLGDGHGH FDGD LQVWUXPHQWR HVWDUiGHDFRUGR
FRP VHX XVR 3DUD XVR FRP SROtPHURV RHTXLSDPHQWR DSUHVHQWD HP JHUDO
XPD
VHQVLELOLGDGH GH 1J
(P DOJXQV PRGHORV RIOX[R GHJiV LQHUWH TXHSDVVD SHODEDODQoD pFRQWURODGR
SHORRSHUDGRU (VWHIOX[R WHP SRUILQDOLGDGH SURWHJHU DEDODQoD GHSURGXWRV YROiWHLV
JHUDGRV GXUDQWH DDQiOLVH$ EDODQoD WDPEpP QHFHVVLWD GHFDOLEUDomR PHFkQLFD RX
HOHWU{QLFDTXH GHYH VHUUHDOL]DGD SHULRGLFDPHQWH
9.3.5 Cadinho (ou porta amostra)

2WLSRGHSRUWDDPRVWUD XWLOL]DGR GHSHQGH GH
SQDWXUH]D GDDPRVWUD
STXDQWLGDGH GHDPRVWUD
SUHDWLYLGDGH GDDPRVWUD
SWHPSHUDWXUD Pi[LPD GHVHMDGD
(P IXQomR GDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GDDQiOLVHHGD DPRVWUD DVHU
DQDOLVDGDRPDWHULDO
XVDGR SDUDFRQIHFFLRQDU RFDGLQKR SRGH VHUSODWLQDDOXPtQLRTXDUW]R RXYLGUR1D
DQiOLVHGHSROtPHURV RPDWHULDO XWLOL]DGR pSODWLQD2V FDGLQKRV
SDUD DPRVWUDV HP
Sy VmRDFKDWDGRVPDV SDUD HYLWDULQFKDPHQWR RX SURMHo}HVpPDLVLQGLFDGR RXVR
GHFDGLQKRV FRP SDUHGHV PDLV DOWDV2VPDWHULDLV OtTXLGRVGHYHP VHUDQDOLVDGRVHP
FDGLQKRV FRPIRUPD DOWD
9.3.6 Registrador
$PDLRULD
GDVWHUPREDODQoDVFRPHUFLDLVUHJLVWUD
DYDULDomR
GH
PDVVD
GD
DPRVWUD
H
QmRDYDULDomRGHPDVVDHPSRUFHQWDJHPTXHpDSHQDVXPDIRUPDPDLV
FRQYHQLHQWH
GHDSUHVHQWDomR
GRVUHVXOWDGRV
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
$VVLPDPDVVDLQLFLDOGHDPRVWUDTXHRRSHUDGRUGHSRVLWDQRFDGLQKRp
GHWHUPLQDGD SHODEDODQoD UHJLVWUDGRUDH
FRUUHVSRQGH DR
GHPDVVDGDDPRV
WUD'XUDQWHD DQiOLVHRVYDORUHVGHYDULDomR GHPDVVD
VmRREWLGRV
GLUHWDPHQWH
WDPEpP GDEDODQoDUHJLVWUDGRUDHD
YDULDomRGH PDVVD
HPSRUFHQWDJHPpFDOFXODGD
HDSUHVHQWDGDVRED IRUPDGHJUiILFR
)LJXUD
9.3.7 Sensor de temperatura

$YDULDomR GHPDVVD pFRQWLQXDPHQWH UHJLVWUDGD FRPRXPD IXQomR GDWHPSHUDWXUD
(VVD WHPSHUDWXUD pWRPDGD QRORFDO RQGH RWHUPRSDU HVWi SRVLFLRQDGR2VWUrV
ORFDLVPDLV FRPXQV RQGHR WHUPRSDU SRGH HVWDUSRVLFLRQDGRVmR
SQD DPRVWUD
SSUy[LPR j
DPRVWUD
SQR FRPSDUWLPHQWR GRIRUQR
$SHVDU GR ORFDOPDLV LQGLFDGR SDUD FRQWURODU DWHPSHUDWXUD GD DPRVWUDVHUR
WHUPRSDU SRVLFLRQDGR QD SUySULDDPRVWUD R ORFDOPDLVXWLOL]DGR pQRFRPSDU
WLPHQWR GRIRUQRSRU QmR SURSRUFLRQDU LQWHUIHUrQFLDVQRPHFDQLVPR GD
EDODQoD$
)LJXUD PRVWUD DOJXQV HVTXHPDV WtSLFRVXVDGRV SDUDR
SRVLFLRQDPHQWR GRVHQVRU
GHWHPSHUDWXUD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDVWtSLFRVGRSRVLFLRQDPHQWRGRWHUPRSDUGDDPRVWUD
eUHFRPHQGDGR TXH RIRUQR

VHMD
DTXHFLGRDWp.
DOpP GDIDL[D
GH
WHPSHUDWXUD
VHOHFLRQDGDSDUDR
H[SHULPHQWR SDUD
JDUDQWLUTXHR
FRQWUROHGDWHPSHUDWXUD
HVWHMD
FRUUHWRGXUDQWHD
DQiOLVH
9.4 Calibrao da temperatura do forno

$ UHDOL]DomR GH DQiOLVHVFRQILiYHLV HUHSURGXWtYHLV UHTXHU TXHDWHPSHUDWXUD GR
IRUQR GRHTXLSDPHQWR VHMDFDOLEUDGD
2 PpWRGR GHFDOLEUDomR HRV
SDGU}HV
XWLOL]DGRV
SDUD HVVDILQDOLGDGHGHYHP DWHQGHUDOJXQVSUpUHTXLVLWRV UHODFLRQDGRVD
VHJXLU
$ ODUJXUD GDWUDQVLomR GHYH VHUDPDLVHVWUHLWDSRVVtYHO HFRPSHTXHQDHQHUJLD
GHWUDQVIRUPDomR
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
$WUDQVLomRGHYHVHUUHYHUVtYHOSDUDSHUPLWLUGLYHUVRVUHJLVWURVGXUDQWHD
RWLPL]DomRGDFDOLEUDomR
$WHPSHUDWXUD QD TXDORFRUUHDWUDQVLomRGHYH VHULQGHSHQGHQWHGDVFRQGLo}HV
RSHUDFLRQDLVFRPR SRUH[HPSOR DWPRVIHUDHRX SUHVVmR
HQmR
VRIUHUDOWHUDo}HV
SHODSUHVHQoDGHGLYHUVDVVXEVWkQFLDVSDGUmR
$WUDQVLomRGHYHVHUGHIiFLO
REVHUYDomR QHFHVVLWDQGRGHDSHQDVDOJXQV PLOLJUD
PDV GHPDWHULDO
GHUHIHUrQFLDSDUDUHDOL]DU
DFDOLEUDomR
$VVLPFRQVLGHUDQGR RV
IDWRUHVUHODFLRQDGRV DFLPDQmR VmRUHFRPHQGDGRV FRPR
SDGU}HVGH FDOLEUDomR RVPDWHULDLVTXH DSUHVHQWHP
WUDQVLo}HV RX GHFRPSRVLo}HV TXH HQYROYDP DSHUGDGH SURGXWRVYROiWHLV(VWH
WLSR
GH WUDQVLomR pLUUHYHUVtYHO
HDSUHVHQWD IDWRUHV
FLQpWLFRV
UHDo}HV GH GHVLGUDWDomR XPD YH] TXH HODVSRGHP VHUDIHWDGDVSHODVFRQGLo}HV
DWPRVIpULFDV GR IRUQR
([LVWHP YiULRVPpWRGRV GH FDOLEUDomR HHQWUH HOHV DTXHOH EDVHDGR QR SRQWR GH
&XULH GHPDWHULDLV IHUURPDJQpWLFRV pUHFRPHQGDGR SRU IDEULFDQWHV GRHTXLSDPHQWR
2 SRQWR GH &XULH pGHILQLGR FRPR DWHPSHUDWXUD QD TXDO R PDWHULDO IHUUR
PDJQpWLFR WRUQDVHSDUDPDJQpWLFR
$FDOLEUDomR p
IHLWDFRORFDQGRVH RPDWHULDO IHUURPDJQpWLFR HP XP FDGLQKR TXH
SRU VXD YH] pFRORFDGR VRE DDomR GH XP FDPSR PDJQpWLFR FRQVWDQWH LPm SRVL
FLRQDGR DEDL[R GRFDGLQKR $EDODQoD UHJLVWUDUi XPD PDVVD LQLFLDOLJXDO DVRPD GD
PDVVD UHDO GRPDWHULDO PDLV D PDVVD GHYLGD jLQWHUDomR HQWUH RIHUURPDJQHWR HR
LPm 4XDQGR RIHUURPDJQHWR pDTXHFLGR DR DWLQJLU VHX SRQWR GH &XULH HOHSHUGH
VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVIHUURPDJQpWLFDV H
QmR pPDLV DWUDtGR SHORLPm RXVHMD DPDVVD
UHVXOWDQWH GDLQWHUDomR PDJQpWLFD pDQXODGD $VVLP DEDODQoD UHJLVWUDUi XPD SHUGD
GH PDVVD DSDUHQWH 1D 7DEHOD HVWmR UHODFLRQDGRV RV SDGU}HV XVXDOPHQWH XWLOL
]DGRV QHVWH PpWRGR $FDOLEUDomR IHLWDSRUHVWHPpWRGR WHP XPD SUHFLVmR GH .H
GHYH VHU IHLWDDSyV XPD SULPHLUD YDUUHGXUD TXH WHP SRU REMHWLYR DHOLPLQDomR GH
WHQV}HV PHFkQLFDV $ GHVYDQWDJHP GR PpWRGR pD VXDVHQVLELOLGDGH jFRPSRVLomR H
SXUH]DGRPDWHULDOIHUURPDJQpWLFR$)LJXUDLOXVWUDDFXUYDREWLGDSHOD
FDOLEUDomR SHORPpWRGR GDWHPSHUDWXUD GH&XULH

7DEHOD0DWHULDLVIHUURPDJQpWLFRVXVDGRVFRPRSDGUmRGHFDOLEUDomRSHORPpWRGRGRSRQWRGH&XULH
0DWHULDOIHUURPDJQpWLFR 7HPSHUDWXUDGH&XULH.
&URPHO
1tTXHO
3HUNDOOR\
)HUUR
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDREWLGDSHODFDOLEUDomRSHORPpWRGRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGH&XULH
9.5 Operao do equipamento

$SDUWHRSHUDFLRQDOGHXPHTXLSDPHQWRpEDVWDQWHHVSHFtILFDGHSHQGHQGRGR
PRGHOR H
PXLWRV GHWDOKHV VySRGHP VHUSHUFHELGRV DR VHUUHDOL]DGD XPD DQiOLVH2
REMHWLYR GHVWH WySLFRp GH XPD PDQHLUD JHUDOWRUQDU ROHLWRUTXH QmR SRVVXL XP
LQVWUXPHQWR XP SRXFR PDLV IDPLOLDUL]DGR FRP DVLPSOLFLGDGH GH RSHUDomR GH XP
7*FRP FRPSXWDGRU
S/LJDU R
HTXLSDPHQWR
S/LJDU R
IOX[R GHJiV GDEDODQoD H GDDPRVWUD
S(VWDEHOHFHUQRFRPSXWDGRUDVWHPSHUDWXUDVLQLFLDOHILQDOGDDQiOLVHHD
YHORFLGDGH GHYDULDomR GHWHPSHUDWXUD RXSDUD R PRGR LVRWpUPLFR IRUQHFHU D
WHPSHUDWXUD HRWHPSR GH DQiOLVH
S&RORFDU RFDGLQKR YD]LR QR HTXLSDPHQWR HSRU PHLR GR FRPSXWDGRU DFLRQDU R
FRPDQGR SDUD]HUDU DPDVVD GRFDGLQKR
S5HWLUDU R FDGLQKR GR HTXLSDPHQWR SUHHQFKrOR FRP DPRVWUD H UHFRORFiOR QR
HTXLSDPHQWR
S$FLRQDU XWLOL]DQGR R FRPSXWDGRU RFRPDQGR SDUD OHUDPDVVD GDDPRVWUD
S$FLRQDU XWLOL]DQGR R FRPSXWDGRU RFRPDQGR SDUD LQLFLDUDDQiOLVH
S$R WHUPLQDU DDQiOLVH UHWLUDURFDGLQKR H
XWLOL]DQGR FKDPD OHYiORDRUXEUR D
ILP GH HOLPLQDU TXDOTXHU UHVtGXR TXHSRU YHQWXUD WHQKD SHUPDQHFLGR DSyV D
DQiOLVH
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
S8WLOL]DQGRRFRPSXWDGRU
DFLRQDU
RFRPDQGRGH
LPSUHVVmRGDVFXUYDV
REWLGDV
GH PDVVD YHUVXV
WHPSHUDWXUDRXWHPSR
HRXGPG7 YHUVXVWHPSHUDWXUDRX
GPGW YHUVXV
WHPSR
2VWLSRVGH
FXUYDV
GH7* HVWmR
PRVWUDGRV QD)LJXUD
2EVHUYDomR3DUDJDUDQWLUTXHRFRQWUROHGDWHPSHUDWXUD GRIRUQRVHMDFRUUHWR
GXUDQWH R
H[SHULPHQWRpUHFRPHQGDGR TXH RIRUQRVHMDDTXHFLGRDWp
.DFLPD
GD
IDL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUDVHOHFLRQDGD
9.6 Aplicaes gerais da termogravimetria

$WHUPRJUDYLPHWULDpPXLWRXWLOL]DGDQDVPDLVGLYHUVDViUHDVWDLVFRPRDGH
TXtPLFDHDGH JHRORJLD$V DSOLFDo}HVHVSHFtILFDVGDWHUPRJUDYLPHWULDSRGHPVHU
UHVXPLGDVQRV WySLFRVDSUHVHQWDGRV DVHJXLU
S'HFRPSRVLomR WpUPLFD GH VXEVWkQFLDV LQRUJkQLFDVRUJkQLFDV
GH EDL[DPDVVD
PRODUHGHSROtPHURV GHWHUPLQDomR GDWHPSHUDWXUD GHGHFRPSRVLomR
S3LUyOLVH
GH GLYHUVDVVXEVWkQFLDV
S'HWHUPLQDomR GHXPLGDGH WHRUGHYROiWHLV
HGHFLQ]DV
S(VWXGRV GHGHJUDGDomR HKLJURVFRSLFLGDGH
S2[LGDomR WpUPLFD GHJUDGDWLYD GH
VXEVWkQFLDV SROLPpULFDV
S(VWXGRV FLQpWLFRVGHUHDo}HV
S&XUYDV GHDGVRUomR HGHVVRUomR
9.7 Degradao trmica de polmeros

6HUiDSUHVHQWDGDDVHJXLUXPDEUHYHDERUGDJHPWHyULFDVREUHDGHJUDGDomR
WpUPLFD GH SROtPHURV QHFHVViULD SDUD R PHOKRU HQWHQGLPHQWR GHGHWHUPLQDGRV
DVSHFWRV GDLQWHUSUHWDomR GHFXUYDV GH 7*PRVWUDGRV QRVH[HPSORV GHDSOLFDo}HV GR
PpWRGR RUD GHVFULWR
3ROtPHURV QDWXUDLV HVLQWpWLFRVSRGHP DSUHVHQWDU FHUWDLQVWDELOLGDGH TXtPLFD VRE
DDomRGHGHWHUPLQDGRVDJHQWHV(QWUHHVVHVSRGHPVHUFLWDGRVUDGLDo}HV
HOHWURPDJQpWLFDVUDLRVJDPDLQIUDYHUPHOKDXOWUDYLROHWDHWFHFLVDOKDPHQWR
3RUpP RHIHLWR GR FDORUVREUH DHVWDELOLGDGHGH PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV pRSURFHVVR
GH PDLRU LQWHUHVVH HRPDLV H[WHQVLYDPHQWH HVWXGDGR 1D VXD JUDQGH PDLRULDRV
PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV VmRVXEPHWLGRV DWHPSHUDWXUDV HOHYDGDV FRPR pRFDVR GH
SOiVWLFRVHHODVW{PHURVXVDGRVQDLQG~VWULDDXWRPRWLYDXWHQVtOLRVGRPpVWLFRV
DGLWLYRV SROLPpULFRV SDUDPLVWXUD DVIiOWLFDRXSDUDIOXLGRV GHUHFXSHUDomR GHSRoRV
GH SHWUyOHR HHP LQ~PHUDV RXWUDV DSOLFDo}HV2VSROtPHURV TXDQGR VXEPHWLGRV D
XP WUDWDPHQWR WpUPLFR SRGHP DSUHVHQWDU PXGDQoDV HVWUXWXUDLV FDUDFWHUL]DGDV SRU
UXSWXUD GHOLJDo}HV TXtPLFDV QDVFDGHLDV SULQFLSDO
HODWHUDLV(VVDVPRGLILFDo}HV VmR
HYLGHQFLDGDV SHODGLPLQXLomR QD PDVVD PRODUFRP HYROXomR GHSURGXWRV YROiWHLV
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
$UHVLVWrQFLDWpUPLFDGRVPDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRVpLQIOXHQFLDGDSRUGLYHUVRV
IDWRUHVRVTXDLVSRGHPVHUFODVVLILFDGRVFRPRTXtPLFRVHItVLFRV2VIDWRUHV
TXtPLFRV HVWmR UHODFLRQDGRV D
SIRUoDV GH OLJDomR SULPiULD VHFXQGiULDRXGHYDQGHU
:DDOV
H
OLJDo}HV
KLGURJrQLR

SPHFDQLVPR GH FOLYDJHP GDOLJDomR
SVLPHWULD PROHFXODU UHJXODULGDGH GDHVWUXWXUD

SULJLGH] GD HVWUXWXUD LQWUDPROHFXODU
SJUDX GHOLJDo}HV FUX]DGDV HUDPLILFDo}HV

2VIDWRUHV
ItVLFRVFRPSUHHQGHP
SPDVVD PRODUHGLVWULEXLomR GHPDVVD PRODU
SHPSDFRWDPHQWR PROHFXODU FULVWDOLQLGDGH

SLQWHUDo}HV
PROHFXODUHV HIHLWRGLSRODU

SSXUH]D
3ROtPHURV GLIHUHQWHV GHYHP JHUDUSURGXWRV YROiWHLVGLIHUHQWHVHP FRQFHQWUDo}HV

YDULDGDVTXDQGR VXEPHWLGRV DGHWHUPLQDGDV YDULDo}HVGH WHPSHUDWXUD $VHWDSDV
TXtPLFDV HQYROYLGDV QD IRUPDomR GRV SURGXWRV YROiWHLVSRGHP GLIHULU
HP QDWXUH]D
HOHWU{QLFDYLDUDGLFDLV OLYUHVRXL{QLFD'HDFRUGR FRP RVWLSRVGH SURGXWRVYROiWHLV
JHUDGRVRV PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV SRGHP VHUFODVVLILFDGRVHP SROtPHURV TXH

SGHVSROLPHUL]DP
SQmR GHVSROLPHUL]DP
SVRIUHP UHDo}HV LQWUD H
LQWHUPROHFXODUHV
9.7.1 Polmeros que despolimerizam

3DUD RV SROtPHURV TXH GHVSROLPHUL]DP RSURFHVVR GHGHJUDGDomR RFRUUHDWUDYpVGH
FOLYDJHPDOHDWyULDGDFDGHLDVHJXLGDGHGHVSROLPHUL]DomR(VWHSURFHVVRp
FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRUUHQGLPHQWRV HOHYDGRV GHPRQ{PHUR QRVSURGXWRV GHGHJUDGDomR
HGHFUpVFLPR OHQWRQD PDVVD PRODU GRSROtPHUR
$GHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD300$RFRUUHSRU
GHVSROLPHUL]DomR SURGX]LQGR TXDVH TXH GHPRQ{PHUR eXP SURFHVVRYLD
UDGLFDLV OLYUHVHpHVVHQFLDOPHQWH RLQYHUVRGD UHDomRGHSROLPHUL]DomR 1D)LJXUD
HVWi UHSUHVHQWDGR RSURFHVVR GHGHJUDGDomR GR300$ (VVDGHJUDGDomR RFRUUH
SRU PHLR GDFLVmR DOHDWyULDGD FDGHLD HQmRpDFRPSDQKDGD SRU WUDQVIHUrQFLDGH
KLGURJrQLR QRVtWLRGDFLVmRGHYLGRDR LPSHGLPHQWR HVSDFLDO
GRVJUXSDPHQWRV &+H
&22&+'HVWHPRGRDFLVmRUHVXOWDQDIRUPDomRGHGRLVUDGLFDLVOLYUHVTXH
RFDVLRQD HQWmR DGHVSROLPHUL]DomR (VWHSURFHVVR GHGHJUDGDomR DSDUHFH QDFXUYD
GH 7*LOXVWUDGD QD )LJXUD
HP XP ~QLFRHVWiJLR
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
)LJXUD'HJUDGDomRGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODDFLVmRDOHDWyULDGDFDGHLDEGHVSROLPHUL]DomRGRV
UDGLFDLVOLYUHV
)LJXUD&XUYDWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD
$VVLP FRPRR300$R SROLHVWLUHQR36WDPEpPGHVSROLPHUL]DYLD

UHDo}HVGH
UDGLFDLV
OLYUHV
HRSURGXWR YROiWLOSULQFLSDOpRPRQ{PHUR HVWLUHQR
SRUpP HP
SRUFHQWDJHQVEHPLQIHULRUHV$SHQDVFHUFDGHGHHVWLUHQRpIRUPDGRGD
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
GHJUDGDomR GR 36GHYLGR jRFRUUrQFLD GH WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH FDGHLD LQWUDPROHFXODU
UHVXOWDQGR HP XPD JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH ROLJ{PHURV $ WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH FDGHLD
LQWHUPROHFXODU UHVXOWDQDWHUPLQDomR GH UDGLFDLV IRUPDGRV QR ILQDO GD FDGHLD H LQLEH
RSURFHVVR GH GHVSROLPHUL]DomR %HQ]HQR H WROXHQR WDPEpP VmR JHUDGRV SRUpP HP
TXDQWLGDGHV PXLWRPHQRUHV
$ FRPSDUDomR GDSRUFHQWDJHP GH SURGXomR GH PRQ{PHUR DSDUWLU GHSROtPHURV
GH HVWLUHQR HGHXWHURHVWLUHQR HPHWLO HVWLUHQR PRVWUD FODUDPHQWH TXH R
iWRPR GHKLGURJrQLR pR TXH HVWi HQYROYLGR QR SURFHVVR GH WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH
FDGHLD 6XD VXEVWLWXLomR SRU GHXWpULR GLPLQXL D WUDQVIHUrQFLD HQTXDQWR TXH VXD
VXEVWLWXLomR SRU XP JUXSR PHWLODHOLPLQD FRPSOHWDPHQWH DUHDomR GH WUDQVIHUrQFLD
2SROLPHWLO HVWLUHQRILJXUDHQWUH RVSROtPHURV TXH SURGX]HP TXDVH TXH GH
PRQ{PHUR 2XWURVSROtPHURV TXH DSUHVHQWDP RPHVPR WLSRGH GHJUDGDomR DOpP GR
300$ MiPHQFLRQDGR LQFOXHP D SROLPHWDFULORQLWULOD RSROLFLDQHWR GH YLQLOLGHQR H
R
RSROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR(VWH~OWLPR VRIUH SURFHVVR GHSLUyOLVH HQWUH H &
9.7.2 Polmeros que no despolimerizam

3DUDRVSROtPHURVTXHQmRGHVSROLPHUL]DPDGHJUDGDomRRFRUUHSRUPHLRGD
FOLYDJHP DOHDWyULD GDFDGHLD VHJXLGD SRURXWUDV FOLYDJHQV DRDFDVR TXH OHYDP D
XPD SURGXomR GH PRQ{PHURV EDL[D HDXP UiSLGR GHFUpVFLPR QDPDVVD PRODU
&RPR H[HPSOR GHVWDFODVVH GHSROtPHURV SRGHP VHUFLWDGDVDV SROLROHILQDVTXH
UHSUHVHQWDP GDSURGXomR PXQGLDO GH SOiVWLFRV GHQWUH DVTXDLV VHGHVWDFDD
SURGXomRGHSROLHWLOHQRGHDOWDGHQVLGDGH3($'XWLOL]DGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHQD
PDQXIDWXUD GH SHoDV PROGDGDV HSROLHWLOHQR GH EDL[D GHQVLGDGH 3(%' XPD GDV
SULQFLSDLV PDWpULDVSULPDV GDLQG~VWULD GH
HPEDODJHQV SHORVHXUHODWLYR EDL[RFXVWR
H SRUVHU TXLPLFDPHQWH LQHUWH $HVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD GR3( HVWi UHODFLRQDGD DR
JUDXHQDWXUH]DGDVUDPLILFDo}HV23($'TXHSUDWLFDPHQWHQmRSRVVXL
UDPLILFDo}HV p WHUPLFDPHQWH PDLV HVWiYHO TXH R 3(%' TXH SRVVXL XP JUDX GH
UDPLILFDo}HV VLJQLILFDWLYRTXDQGR FRPSDUDGR DR3($' 2 SURFHVVR GHGHJUDGDomR GR
3( SURGX] XPD JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH PRQRROHILQDV GDV TXDLVDVPDLV DEXQGDQWHV
VmRRSURSHQRHRKH[HQR2PHFDQLVPRSULQFLSDOGHGHJUDGDomRpDFLVmR
KRPROtWLFD GD FDGHLD HDVUHDo}HV GH WUDQVIHUrQFLD RFRUUHP PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH QRV
iWRPRVGHKLGURJrQLRVOLJDGRVDiWRPRVGHFDUERQRWHUFLiULRV$FLVmRLQLFLDO
HQYROYH OLJDo}HV && SRQWRV GH UDPLILFDomR FRPR RFRUUH QR 3(%' RX RXWUDV
OLJDo}HVIUDFDV TXH SRGHP WHUVLGRIRUPDGDV GXUDQWH RSURFHVVR GHSROLPHUL]DomR
2XWURV GRLV H[HPSORV GHSROtPHURV TXH QmR GHVSROLPHUL]DP VmR RSROLy[LGRGH
HWLOHQR3(2HRSROLy[LGRGHSURSLOHQR332$GHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGHVVHV
SROtPHURVSURGX]TXDQWLGDGHVPXLWRSHTXHQDVGRVUHVSHFWLYRVPRQ{PHURV$
GHJUDGDomR WpUPLFD GRSROLy[LGR GH HWLOHQR SURGX] HP PDLRU SURSRUomR DOpP GR
y[LGRGHHWLOHQRaIRUPDOGHtGRHWDQROGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRHiJXD-iR
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
SROLy[LGR GHSURSLOHQR SURGX] DOpP GR y[LGR GH SURSLOHQR a XPD JDPD
PDLRU GH FRPSRVWRV SUHVHQWHV HP TXDQWLGDGHV VLJQLILFDWLYDVDFHWDOGHtGR SURSHQR
DFHWRQD pWHUGLSURStOLFR pWHUHWLOLVRSURStOLFR PHWLOHWLOFHWRQD LVRSURSDQRO HQWUH
RXWURV +i XPD SHTXHQD GLIHUHQoD QD HVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD GHVWHV GRLV SROLy[LGRV
VHQGR R 3(2 PDLV HVWiYHO TXH R332 (VWH IDWRHQWUH RXWURVOHYD jFRQFOXVmR TXH
iWRPRV GH FDUERQR WHUFLiULRVHTXDWHUQiULRV QDFDGHLD LQWURGX]HP SRQWRV IUDFRV QD
HVWUXWXUD GRSROtPHUR 3RU RXWURODGR SROLHWLOHQR HSROLSURSLOHQR VmR WHUPLFDPHQWH
PDLV HVWiYHLV TXHVHXV UHVSHFWLYRV pWHUHVLVWR p
DLQWURGXomR GH R[LJrQLR QD FDGHLD
KLGURFDUE{QLFD GR SROtPHUR UHGX] DHVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD SRUTXH DOLJDomR &2 p
PDLV IUDFD TXH DOLJDomR && $ VHJXLQWH RUGHP GH HVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD SRGH
HQWmRVHU HVWDEHOHFLGD
PPO < PEO < PP < PE
9.7.3 Polmeros que sofrem reaes intra- e intermoleculares

1R FDVR GH SROtPHURV TXH VRIUHP UHDo}HV LQWUD H LQWHUPROHFXODUHV RFRUUH XPD
UHDomR TXtPLFD LQWUDPROHFXODU VHJXLGD SRUXPD UHDomR GH UHWLFXODomR HFOLYDJHP
DOHDWyULDGDFDGHLD FRP JHUDomR GHDOWRWHRUGHYROiWHLV
(PFRQWUDVWHFRPR300$QRVGHPDLVSROLPHWDFULODWRVSRGHRFRUUHUD
GHFRPSRVLomR GR JUXSR pVWHU
3DUDR SROLPHWDFULODWR GHWHUWEXWLODSRU H[HPSOR D
UHDomR RFRUUH SRU XP PHFDQLVPR TXH HQYROYH D LQWHUDomR HQWUH R JUXSDPHQWR
FDUERQLOD H
RViWRPRV GHKLGURJrQLR GRiWRPR GHFDUERQR GR JUXSR pVWHU)LJXUD

2 SULQFLSDO IDWRUTXH GHWHUPLQD DSUHGRPLQkQFLD GD GHVSROLPHUL]DomR RXGD
GHFRPSRVLomR GR pVWHUpDUHODWLYD
IDFLOLGDGH GHWDOLQWHUDomR LVWRpDGHFRPSRVLomR
GRJUXSRpVWHUWRUQDVHLPSRUWDQWHVRPHQWHTXDQGRDXQLGDGHPRQRPpULFD
DSUHVHQWDSHORPHQRViWRPRVGHKLGURJrQLRQRiWRPRGHFDUERQR(VWH
PHFDQLVPR GHGHJUDGDomR HDSUHVHQWDGR QD FXUYD GH 7* GD )LJXUD FRPR XP
SURFHVVR HP GRLVHVWiJLRV
)LJXUD3URFHVVRGHGHFRPSRVLomRGRJUXSRpVWHUGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHWHUWEXWLODHQYROYHQGRXPDQHO

GHVHLVPHPEURV
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDVWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDVGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD300$SROLPHWDFULODWRGHDPLOD
3$0$HSROLPHWDFULODWRGHGHWEXWLOD3W%0$
8P H[HPSOR LPSRUWDQWH GH SROtPHUR GHVWD FODVVH pRSROLFORUHWRGHYLQLOD

39&
$SHVDU GHVWHSROtPHUR VHUWDOYH] RPDLV HVWXGDGR TXDQWR j VXDGHFRPSRVLomR VHX
PHFDQLVPR GHGHJUDGDomR DLQGD QmR pPXLWR EHP HVFODUHFLGR$ WD[DGH IRUPDomR
GH+&OpPXLWRGHSHQGHQWHGDVFRQGLo}HVH[SHULPHQWDLV*UDQGHSDUWHGD
GLVFRUGkQFLDH[LVWHQWHVREUHRPHFDQLVPRGDUHDomRGHYHVHDRIDWRGHTXH
SROtPHURVSUHSDUDGRVHPFRQGLo}HVGLIHUHQWHVIRUDPHVWXGDGRVVREFRQGLo}HV
H[SHULPHQWDLV GH GHJUDGDomR GLIHUHQWHV H JHUDUDP UHVXOWDGRV WDPEpP GLIHUHQWHV
'H XP PRGR JHUDO DGHFRPSRVLomR RFRUUH DWUDYpV GH XPD UHDomR LQWUDPROHFXODU
TXHHQYROYHGHVKLGURKDORJHQDomRHIRUPDomRGHXPSROLHQR2VSURGXWRVGD
GHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGR39&VmRRiFLGRFORUtGULFRHXPUHVtGXRDOWDPHQWH
FRQMXJDGR &RPR PHFDQLVPRV GH GHFRPSRVLomR VmR SURSRVWRV WDQWR RPROHFXODU
FRPR RYLDUDGLFDLVOLYUHV
2 HQWHQGLPHQWR FRPSOHWR GR PHFDQLVPR HQYROYLGR QDGHJUDGDomR WpUPLFD GH
SROtPHURV UHTXHUR FRQKHFLPHQWR GHWUrVSRQWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV
DYDULDomR GDPDVVD PRODU GRSROtPHUR HP IXQomR GDWHPSHUDWXUD HHYROXomR GR
SURFHVVR GHGHJUDGDomR
DFRPSRVLomR TXDOLWDWLYD HTXDQWLWDWLYD GRV SURGXWRV GH GHJUDGDomR YROiWHLVH
QmRYROiWHLVH
DVYHORFLGDGHV HHQHUJLDV GHDWLYDomR GRSURFHVVR GHGHJUDGDomR
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
9.8 Exemplos de curvas de TG tpicas e aplicaes no estudo de
polmeros
9.8.1 Estabilidade trmica de polmeros
$WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD SRGHVHUXVDGD VLPSOHVPHQWH SDUD
GHWHUPLQDU DWHPSHUDWXUD GH
GHFRPSRVLomR GH GLYHUVRVSROtPHURV 2X DLQGDSDUDUHDOL]DU HVWXGRVHVSHFtILFRV
FRPR SRU H[HPSOR GHHVWDELOLGDGHGH SROtPHURVFRQWHQGR IO~RURDXPHQWR GR WHRU
GHIO~RU QD PROpFXOD DXPHQWD D
HVWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFDGR PDWHULDO 1D)LJXUD
REVHUYDVHTXHRSROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQRpWHUPLFDPHQWHPDLVUHVLVWHQWHTXHR
SROLHWLOHQR8PD H[FHomRREVHUYDGD QHVWHFDVR
HTXHWDPEpP pPRVWUDGD QD)LJXUD
p DHVWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFD GRSROLKH[DIOXRURSURSLOHQR TXH pPHQRU TXH D GR
SROLSURSLOHQR
9.8.2 Estabilidade trmica de polmeros em funo da massa molar

$HVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD GH PDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRV SRGH YDULDUHP IXQomR GDVXD PDVVD
PRODU 8P H[HPSOR EDVWDQWH FODUR GLVWRp HQFRQWUDGR QDV FXUYDVGH GHJUDGDomR
WpUPLFDGRSROLGLPHWLOVLOR[DQR$PRVWUDVGHPDVVDPRODUQXPpULFDPpGLDGH
H DSUHVHQWDP XPD GLIHUHQoD GHHVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD
R
GH FHUFDGH & DXPHQWDQGR FRP RDXPHQWR GDPDVVD PRODU eEDVWDQWH UD]RiYHO
HQFRQWUDU XPD H[SOLFDomR SDUD HVWH IDWROHYDQGRVH HP FRQWDD PDLRU VXVFHSWL
ELOLGDGHGRV WHUPLQDLV GH FDGHLDjGHJUDGDomR $VVLP TXDQWR PHQRU D PDVVD PRODU
PDLRU RQ~PHUR GH WHUPLQDLV GHFDGHLDV HPHQRU D HVWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFD eLP
SRUWDQWH VDOLHQWDU TXHH[LVWHXPD WHQGrQFLD GDHVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFDPDQWHUVH TXD
VHTXH FRQVWDQWH DSDUWLUGHGHWHUPLQDGD PDVVD PRODU GD DPRVWUDTXDQGR RWDPD
QKR GDFDGHLD MipJUDQGH R
VXILFLHQWHSDUDWRUQDU TXDVH TXH GHVSUH]tYHODLQIOXrQFLD
GRV WHUPLQDLV GHFDGHLD (VVHYDORUGH PDVVD PRODU YDULDGH SROtPHURSDUD SROtPHUR
HQRUPDOPHQWH pGHWHUPLQDGD H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHGHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGHSROtPHURVDSROLKH[DIOXRURHWLOHQRESROLSURSLOHQRF
SROLHWLOHQRGSROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR
9.8.3 Estabilidade trmica do poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) em funo

da razo metacrilato de metil/azobisisobutironitrila (MMA/AIBN) na
polimerizao via radicais livres
8PD RXWUD IRUWHLQIOXrQFLD GRVWHUPLQDLVGH FDGHLDQDWHPSHUDWXUD HPHFDQLVPR GH
GHJUDGDomRGHXPSROtPHURpREVHUYDGDDRDQDOLVDUGXDVDPRVWUDVGH
SROLPHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD300$ REWLGDV YLDUDGLFDLVOLYUHVSRUpP FRP FRQFHQ
WUDo}HV GH LQLFLDGRU D]RELVLVREXWLURQLWULOD $,%1GLIHUHQWHV 8VDQGRVH SHTXHQD
TXDQWLGDGH GH LQLFLDGRU DDPRVWUD VLQWHWL]DGD DSUHVHQWDUi XPD FXUYDGHGHJUD
GDomR WtSLFDGR 300$ LVWRp
HP DSHQDV HVWiJLR$DPRVWUD VLQWHWL]DGDDSDUWLUGH
XPD HOHYDGD FRQFHQWUDomR GHLQLFLDGRUJHUDQGR FDGHLDV PHQRUHV HPDLRU GLVWUL
EXLomR GHWDPDQKR GDVFDGHLDVDSUHVHQWDUi XPDWHPSHUDWXUD LQLFLDOGH
GHJUDGDomR
PHQRU HXP PHFDQLVPR GHGHFRPSRVLomR GLIHUHQWHR TXH pUHIOHWLGRQDFXUYD HP
PDLVGH XPD HWDSD
9.8.4 Caracterizao de copolmeros em bloco versus aleatrio de estireno

e -metil estireno
$DQiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
GHDPRVWUDVGHSROLHVWLUHQR36SROLPHWLO
HVWLUHQR
3P6H RV
FRSROtPHURVHPEORFR
HDOHDWyULR
GH DPERV UHDOL]DGD VREDVPHVPDV
FRQGLo}HVIRUQHFHDVFXUYDVPRVWUDGDVQD)LJXUD'HVWDDQiOLVHSRGHVH
REVHUYDUTXHR36
pWHUPLFDPHQWHPDLVHVWiYHO
TXHR 3P6 HTXH VHXV
SURFHVVRV GH
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
GHJUDGDomRRFRUUHPHPDSHQDVXPHVWiJLR2FRSROtPHURDOHDWyULRVRIUH
GHFRPSRVLomR DXPD WHPSHUDWXUD LQWHUPHGLiULD DGRV KRPRSROtPHURV FRUUHVSRQ
GHQWHV WDPEpP HP XP ~QLFR HVWiJLR-iR
FRSROtPHUR HP EORFRGHFRPS}HVH HP
GRLVHVWiJLRVH[LELQGRXPD SHUGDGHPDVVD QRSULPHLUR HVWiJLR FRPSDUiYHO DR
WHRU
GHPHWLO HVWLUHQRSUHVHQWH QRFRSROtPHUR
'LDQWH GHVWHIDWR FRPSURYDGR H[SHUL
PHQWDOPHQWHpSRVVtYHOFDUDFWHUL]DUDPRVWUDVGHVFRQKHFLGDVGHFRSROtPHURGH
SROLHVWLUHQRFRPHWLOHVWLUHQRXVDQGR WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD HDLQGD
FDVRDFXUYDGH
GHJUDGDomR DSUHVHQWHVHHP GRLVHVWiJLRVR
TXHVLJQLILFDTXH DDPRVWUDHP TXHVWmR
p
XP FRSROtPHUR HP EORFRpSRVVtYHO
VHPLTXDQWLILFDURWHRUGH FRPRQ{PHURV
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHGHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGHDSROLPHWLOHVWLUHQRESROLHVWLUHQREPHWLOHVWLUHQR

FSROLHVWLUHQRFRPHWLOHVWLUHQRGSROLHVWLUHQR
9.8.5 Anlise quantitativa do teor de acetato de vinila em copolmeros EVA

$)LJXUD DSUHVHQWDDFXUYDGHGHJUDGDomR WpUPLFD GR FRSROtPHUR GH
HWLOHQR H
DFHWDWRGHYLQLOD(9$
$GHFRPSRVLomR WpUPLFDGRFRSROtPHUR GRWLSRSROLHWLOHQRFRDFHWDWR GHYLQLOD
R
RFRUUHHP GRLVHVWiJLRV
1RSULPHLURHVWiJLRDWpFHUFDGH & D
PROpFXOD SHUGH D
SRUomRDFHWR[L FRP D
HYROXomRTXDQWLWDWLYDGHiFLGRDFpWLFR2 UHVWDQWH
GD PROpFXOD
R R
DFDGHLDKLGURFDUE{QLFDGHFRPS}HVH QR HVWiJLR
QDIDL[D GH &
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDGHGHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGRSROLHWLOHQRFRDFHWDWRGHYLQLOD
'HVVH PRGR R WHRUGHDFHWDWR GHYLQLOD GDDPRVWUD SRGH VHUFDOFXODGR FRPR

PRVWUDGR DEDL[R
TAC = MAAcP x MMAV / MMAAc
RQGH7$& pRWHRU GHDFHWDWRGH YLQLOD0$$F3 pDPDVVD GH iFLGRDFpWLFRSHUGLGR
00$9 p
D PDVVD PRODU GRDFHWDWR GH YLQLOD H
00$$F pDPDVVD PRODU GRiFLGR
DFpWLFR
1R H[HPSOR GD )LJXUD WHPRV TXH D PDVVD GRiFLGR DFpWLFR SHUGLGDp
$VVLP RWHRUGHDFHWDWR GH YLQLODGD DPRVWUD VHULD[
R
eLPSRUWDQWH QRWDU TXHR HVWiJLR GD FXUYD GHGHJUDGDomR UHIHUHVHVRPHQWH j
GHFRPSRVLomR GD SRUomR DFHWR[L H QmR GR DFHWDWRGH YLQLOD3RU LVVRRWHRUGH
DFHWDWRGHYLQLODQmR pWRPDGR GLUHWDPHQWH GD SRUFHQWDJHP GH SHUGD GHPDVVD TXH
R
RFRUUHQR HVWiJLR
9.8.6 Determinao de teor de plastificante

$WHUPRJUDYLPHWULDWDPEpPSHUPLWHDGHWHUPLQDomRGRWHRUGHSODVWLILFDQWH
FRQWLGR
HPXPDDPRVWUDGH
SROtPHURVH DV
WHPSHUDWXUDV
GH
GHJUDGDomR
GH
DPERV
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
IRUHP VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GLVWLQWDVH QmR RFRUUHU QHQKXP WLSR GH LQWHUIHUrQFLD GH XP
QD GHJUDGDomR GR RXWUR LVWRpVH RSODVWLILFDQWH IRUFRPSOHWDPHQWH YRODWLOL]DGR
DQWHV GR LQtFLRGD GHJUDGDomR GR SROtPHUR
3DUD VHWHU FHUWH]D GDVWHPSHUDWXUDV GH GHJUDGDomR GH SODVWLILFDQWH HSROtPHUR
EDVWD ID]HU DVDQiOLVHV GHVWHVFRPSRQHQWHV SXURVH HVWDEHOHFHU VH WDLVWHPSHUDWXUDV
HQFRQWUDPVH VXILFLHQWHPHQWH DIDVWDGDV
$ )LJXUD PRVWUD DVFXUYDV GHGHJUDGDomR GH XPD DPRVWUD GHSROtPHUR D
H
R
SROtPHUR FRP GLIHUHQWHV WHRUHV GH SODVWLILFDQWH E HF&RPR R HVWiJLR GD
GHFRPSRVLomR SROtPHURSODVWLILFDQWH pUHODWLYR jYRODWLOL]DomR GR SODVWLILFDQWH VHX
WHRUpGHWHUPLQDGR GLUHWDPHQWH GD RUGHQDGD GHSRUFHQWDJHP GH PDVVD
$ SUHFLVmR GHVWD GHWHUPLQDomR SRGH VHU PHOKRUDGD XVDQGR XPD YHORFLGDGH GH
DTXHFLPHQWROHQWDRXJUDYLPHWULDLVRWpUPLFDRTXHYDLDVVHJXUDUDFRPSOHWD
YRODWLOL]DomR GR SODVWLILFDQWHDQWHV GRLQtFLR GD
GHJUDGDomR GRSROtPHUR
)LJXUD&XUYDVGH7*GHDSROtPHUR$SODVWLILFDQWHESROtPHUR$SXUR
9.8.7 Curvas de TG de homopolmeros e copolmeros

$V)LJXUDV HDSUHVHQWDPFXUYDVGHGHJUDGDomRGHKRPRSROtPHURVH
FRSROtPHURVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 2EVHUYDVH QD)LJXUD
TXHGRVGRLVFRSROtPHURV
DQDOLVDGRVXPDSUHVHQWDGHJUDGDomRHPXP~QLFRHVWiJLRHRRXWURHPGRLV
HVWiJLRV1D)LJXUDVmRPRVWUDGDVFXUYDVGHGHJUDGDomRDSHQDVGH
KRPRSROtPHURV 3RGH VHUQRWDGR TXH DOJXQV SROtPHURVGHJUDGDP HP XP ~QLFR
HVWiJLRHRXWURVHP GRLVHVWiJLRV
1HVWH SRQWR pLPSRUWDQWHFKDPDU DDWHQomR GH
TXHR Q~PHUR GHHVWiJLRVHP TXHDGHJUDGDomR RFRUUHQmRHVWi
UHODFLRQDGR FRP R
IDWR
GR PDWHULDO
VHUKRPR RXFRSROtPHURHVLPFRP RPHFDQLVPRGHGHJUDGDomR GD
DPRVWUD
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUD&XUYDVGH7*GHKRPRSROtPHURVDSROLPHWDFULODWRGHWEXWLOD3W%0$ESROLPHWDFULODWRGH
PHWLOD300$
)LJXUD&XUYDVGH7*GHFRSROtPHURVDSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODJ>y[LGRGHHWLOHQREy[LGRGH

SURSLOHQR@ESROLy[LGRGHSURSLOHQREy[LGRGHHWLOHQR
9.9 TG em sistemas acoplados

ePXLWR
LPSRUWDQWHSHUFHEHUTXHRVJUiILFRV
GH7*VmR
GHGH
PDVVD HPIXQomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUD
$VVLPDVFXUYDV7*IRUQHFHP LQIRUPDo}HVVRPHQWHVREUH
D YDULDomR
GHPDVVDTXH
RFRUUHD
GHWHUPLQDGD WHPSHUDWXUD 2
HTXLSDPHQWRVyPHGHDPDVVD H
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
QmR p FDSD] HP DEVROXWR GH GHWHUPLQDU D HVWUXWXUD GD PDVVD SHUGLGD 3DUD REWHU
LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GHHVWUXWXUD VH ID]VH QHFHVViULR RXVR GHRXWUDV WpFQLFDV
4XDQGR IRL PHQFLRQDGR QR H[HPSOR GH GHWHUPLQDomR TXDQWLWDWLYD GH WHRU GH
DFHWDWR GH YLQLOD HP (9$ SRU PHLR GH FXUYDV GH 7* DLQIRUPDomR GH TXH R R
HVWiJLR GD FXUYD pUHIHUHQWH j SHUGD GH iFLGR DFpWLFR GR JUXSDPHQWR DFHWDWR IRL
REWLGD SRU RXWUD WpFQLFD SRLVDDQiOLVH WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD QmR DQDOLVD HVWUXWXUD
$VWUrV WpFQLFDV PDLV LPSRUWDQWHV GR SRQWR GHYLVWD GD GHJUDGDomR GH SROtPHURV
VmR D DQiOLVH WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD 7*$ TXH HVWi VHQGR GHVFULWD QHVWH FDStWXOR D
FDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUD'6&QDTXDOpPHGLGDDDEVRUomRRX
OLEHUDomR GH FDORU HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD HP TXH RFRUUHP DVPXGDQoDV ItVLFDV
RXTXtPLFDVQRSROtPHURDVHUGLVFXWLGDQRSUy[LPRFDStWXORHDDQiOLVHGH
YRODWLOL]DomR WpUPLFD 79$ TXH p XPD IRUPD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH YHUViWLO GH DQDOLVDU RV
JDVHV IRUPDGRV QR SURFHVVR GH GHJUDGDomR
2XWURV PpWRGRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD R HVWXGR GD SLUyOLVH 3\ GH SROtPHURV VmR D
HVSHFWURVFRSLD GH DEVRUomR QD UHJLmR GR LQIUDYHUPHOKR ,5D
UHVVRQkQFLD PDJQpWLFD
QXFOHDU 105 D HVSHFWURPHWULD GH PDVVD 06 H DFURPDWRJUDILD HP IDVH JDVRVD
*&$ FURPDWRJUDILD GHSHUPHDomR HP JHO pXP PpWRGR UiSLGR GH GHWHUPLQDomR GH
PDVVD PRODU H DLQGD SRVVLELOLWD D TXDQWLILFDomR GH YDULDo}HV QD GLVWULEXLomR GH
PDVVDPRODUGXUDQWHRSURFHVVRGHGHJUDGDomR7DLVYDULDo}HVVmRXVDGDV
IUHTHQWHPHQWH QD HOXFLGDomR GH PHFDQLVPRV GH GHJUDGDomR
6LVWHPDV FRPELQDGRV WrP VLGR XWLOL]DGRV SDUD GHJUDGDU R SROtPHUR VHSDUDU RV
SURGXWRV JHUDGRV TXDQWLILFDU H LGHQWLILFDU HVVHV SURGXWRV 2V PDLV FRPXPHQWH
HQFRQWUDGRVQDOLWHUDWXUDVmR3\06063\*&06H7*06(PSDUWLFXODUR
VLVWHPD HP VpULH 3\*&06 p GH JUDQGH XWLOLGDGH QD LGHQWLILFDomR GRV SURGXWRV
YROiWHLVGDGHJUDGDomRXPDYH]TXHDFURPDWRJUDILDHPIDVHJDVRVDpXPD
H[FHOHQWH WpFQLFD GH VHSDUDomR GRV SURGXWRV GDSLUyOLVH HDHVSHFWURPHWULD GHPDVVD
pPXLWR~WLOSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGDHVWUXWXUDGHFDGDFRPSRVWR1DSLUyOLVHD
DPRVWUDpUDSLGDPHQWHDTXHFLGDDWpXPDWHPSHUDWXUDDOWDGHPRGRTXHD
GHFRPSRVLomR RFRUUD LVRWHUPLFDPHQWH 8P UHVXOWDGR VLPSOLILFDGR GHVWH VLVWHPD GH
FDUDFWHUL]DomR p PRVWUDGR QD )LJXUD SDUD D SLUyOLVH GR 300$ VHJXLGD GH
DQiOLVHSRUFURPDWRJUDILDHPIDVHJDVRVDHHVSHFWURPHWULDGHPDVVD$SyVD
SLUyOLVH RVSURGXWRV GD GHJUDGDomR VmR VHSDUDGRV SHOR FURPDWyJUDIR jJiV HFDGD
SLFR SRGH VHU LGHQWLILFDGR XWLOL]DQGR D HVSHFWURPHWULD GH PDVVD 1D )LJXUD F p
PRVWUDGR RSURFHVVR GHFOLYDJHP GR PHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD FXMRV IUDJPHQWRV GmR
RULJHPDRVSLFRVREVHUYDGRVQR06FRQILUPDQGRTXHRSURGXWRSULQFLSDOGD
GHJUDGDomR GR 300$ GHWHFWDGR D PLQXWRV SHOR FURPDWyJUDIR pR PRQ{PHUR
PHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
)LJXUDD&URPDWRJUDPDGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODDSyVSLUyOLVHE(VSHFWURGHPDVVDGRSURGXWR
SULQFLSDOGHWHFWDGRDPLQXWRVF3URFHVVRGHFOLYDJHPGRPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD
2DFRSODPHQWR7*06RIHUHFHDOJXPDVYDQWDJHQVVREUHRDQWHULRU$
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULDSRGHGHFRPSRU R
PDWHULDOD
XPD WD[DFRQWURODGD
GHDXPHQWRGH
WHPSHUDWXUDSURSRUFLRQDQGRXPDDQiOLVHPDLVFODUDGDVHWDSDVGLVWLQWDVGD
GHFRPSRVLomRRTXHIDFLOLWDRHQWHQGLPHQWRGRPHFDQLVPRGHGHJUDGDomR$
SULQFLSDO
GHVYDQWDJHPGRVLVWHPD 7*06pTXHRVSURGXWRV GD
GHJUDGDomRSULPiULD
SRGHP UHDJLU
HQWUH
VL
DQWHVGHVHUHPGHWHFWDGRVSHORHVSHFWU{PHWURGH
PDVVD
9.10 Reaes de recombinao no porta amostra

'XUDQWH
RSURFHVVRGHGHJUDGDomR
QR7*RV
SURGXWRV GH
GHJUDGDomRSRGHP UHDJLU
HQWUH
VL
JHUDQGR RXWURV
SURGXWRVTXHLUmR
YRODWLOL]DU
SRUpPQmRVmRRULXQGRVGD
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
GHJUDGDomRSULPiULDGRPDWHULDO7DLVUHDo}HVGHUHFRPELQDomRSRGHPVHU
REVHUYDGDV SHOR SURFHGLPHQWR DSUHVHQWDGR DVHJXLU
2FRSROtPHURJUDIWL]DGRGHQRPLQDGR&QD)LJXUDGHJUDGDHPGRLV
HVWiJLRV2VLVWHPD 3\*& IRL XWLOL]DGR SDUD DQDOLVDU XPD DPRVWUD GHVWHFRSROtPHUR
& HWDPEpP R UHVtGXR GR SRUWD DPRVWUD DSyV LQWHUURPSHU DDQiOLVH GH 7* GR
R
FRSROtPHUR &DR ILQDO GR HVWiJLR LVWRp RUHVtGXR VHULD
DSHQDV GRPDWHULDO TXH
R
DSyV R HVWiJLR DLQGD QmR WLQKD YRODWLOL]DGR 5DFLRFLQDQGR GH PRGR VLPSOHV VH
SDUWH GRPDWHULDO Mi IRLYRODWLOL]DGR HQWmR DTXDQWLGDGH GHPDWHULDO SDUDYRODWLOL]DU
TXH UHVWRXQR SRUWD DPRVWUD p PHQRU GR TXH RVYROiWHLV TXH VHULDP JHUDGRV SHOR
DPRVWUD&RULJLQDO,VWRpRQ~PHURGHFRPSRVWRVYROiWHLVJHUDGRVGD
GHFRPSRVLomR GD DPRVWUD & RULJLQDO VHULDPDLRU TXH RQ~PHUR GHYROiWHLVJHUDGRV
SHORPDWHULDOTXHUHVWRXQRSRUWDDPRVWUD,VWRWXGRVHULDUD]RiYHOFDGDQmR
RFRUUHVVHP UHDo}HV GH UHFRPELQDomR QR SRUWD DPRVWUD GXUDQWH DDQiOLVHGH 7*HR
TXH VHREVHUYD p MXVWDPHQWH RFRQWUiULR $ )LJXUD PRVWUD TXH RQ~PHUR GH
FRPSRVWRV YROiWHLV JHUDGRV D SDUWLU GDSLUyOLVH GRUHVtGXR QR
SRUWD DPRVWUD pPDLRU
TXH RQ~PHUR GH YROiWHLV JHUDGRV DSDUWLU GD SLUyOLVHGD DPRVWUD & FRQILUPDQGR
TXH GXUDQWH DDQiOLVH GH 7* R UHVtGXR QR SRUWD DPRVWUD pFRPSRVWR GRPDWHULDO
RULJLQDOGR FRSROtPHUR & TXH DLQGD QmR WLQKD YRODWLOL]DGRPDLV XP GHWHUPLQDGR
Q~PHUR GHFRPSRVWRV JHUDGRV GDV UHDo}HV GH UHFRPELQDomR
)LJXUDD&URPDWRJUDPDGHXPFRSROtPHURJUDIWL]DGR&DSyVSLUyOLVHE&URPDWRJUDPDGRUHVtGXR

GH&QRSRUWDDPRVWUDGR7*DQiOLVHLQWHUURPSLGDDaR&DSyVSLUyOLVH
$QiOLVH
7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
7*$
%LNDOHV1 0 HG
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI 3RO\PHUV (QF\FORSHGLD 5HSULQWV
:LOH\
,QWHUVFLHQFH 1HZ<RUN
&RWWHULOO5 0 - HP &KDSR\ //H 6RUHQVHQ $ HGV7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV RI
3RO\PHULF 0DWHULDOV 3RO\PHUWHNQLVN 6HOVNDE/\QJE\
+DWDNH\DPD 7H 4XLQQ);7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV)XQGDPHQWDOV DQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
WR 3RO\PHU 6FLHQFH-RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV /WG1HZ <RUN
0DWKRW 9 %) HG
&DORULPHWU\ DQG 7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV RI3RO\PHUV +DQVHU
3XEOLVKHUV 0XQLFK
5DEHN -) ([SHULPHQWDO 0HWKRGV LQ3RO\PHU &KHPLVWU\ -RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV
1HZ <RUN
6HSH0 35DSUD 5HYLHZ 5HSRUWV YROQRSiJV 7KHUPDO DQDO\VLV
RI SRO\PHUV
:LGPDQ * HP &KDSR\ //H
6RUHQVHQ $HGV
7KHUPDO $QDO\VLVRI3RO\PHULF
0DWHULDOV 3RO\PHUWHNQLVN 6HOVNDE /\QJE\
:XQGHUOLFK %7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV $FDGHPLF 3UHVV,QF
%RVWRQ
&DUDFWHUL]DomR
GH
3ROtPHURV
&DStWXOR
Anlise Trmica Diferencial

(DTA) e Calorimetria
Diferencial de Varredura
(DSC)
10.1 Introduo
4XDQGR XPD VXEVWkQFLD VRIUH XPD PXGDQoD ItVLFD RX TXtPLFD REVHUYDVH XPD
YDULDomRFRUUHVSRQGHQWHQDHQWDOSLD6HRSURFHVVRIRUSURPRYLGRSRUXPDYDULDomR
FRQWURODGD GH WHPSHUDWXUD LVWR FRQVWLWXL D EDVH GDV WpFQLFDV FRQKHFLGDV FRPR
DQiOLVH WpUPLFD GLIHUHQFLDO '7$ H FDORULPHWULD GLIHUHQFLDO GH YDUUHGXUD '6& 1D
SULPHLUD D YDULDomR HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD p GHWHFWDGD SHOD PHGLGD GD
GLIHUHQoDGHWHPSHUDWXUD7HQDVHJXQGDpPHGLGDDYDULDomRGHHQWDOSLDHQWUH
RPDWHULDOHPHVWXGRVHQGRXVDGDXPDDPRVWUDLQHUWHFRPRUHIHUrQFLDRXSDGUmR
1DV GXDV WpFQLFDV FRPR QDV GHPDLV D DQiOLVH SRGH VHU UHDOL]DGD FRP XP
SURJUDPD GH DTXHFLPHQWR RX UHVIULDPHQWR FRP YHORFLGDGH GH YDULDomR GH
WHPSHUDWXUD SURJUDPiYHO HP JHUDO QD IDL[D GH D R&PLQ +i DLQGD D
SRVVLELOLGDGH GR VLVWHPD VHU PDQWLGR D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVWDQWH LVWR p RSHUDU
QR PRGR LVRWpUPLFR D TXDOTXHU WHPSHUDWXUD GHQWUR GD IDL[D GH RSHUDomR GR
HTXLSDPHQWRGXUDQWHXPWHPSRGHWHUPLQDGR
10.2 Anlise trmica diferencial (DTA)

$ WpFQLFD GH '7$ VHUi GHVFULWD LQLFLDOPHQWH WRPDQGR FRPR EDVH XP SURJUDPD GH
DTXHFLPHQWR$)LJXUDPRVWUDRGLDJUDPDGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGH'7$QRTXDO
VmRFRORFDGRVRVGRLVSRUWDDPRVWUDVGDDPRVWUD$HGDUHIHUrQFLD5HRVLVWHPDp
DTXHFLGRSRUPHLRGHXPD~QLFDIRQWHGHDTXHFLPHQWR
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDQDDQiOLVH'7$
2EV2GLkPHWURGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDXVDGRSDUDDQiOLVHGHPDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRVpGHPP
$ DPRVWUD p FRORFDGD QR HTXLSDPHQWR H DTXHFLGD D XPD YHORFLGDGH GH

DTXHFLPHQWR XQLIRUPH $ WHPSHUDWXUD GD DPRVWUD p PRQLWRUDGD SRU PHLR GH XP
WHUPRSDU H FRPSDUDGD FRP D WHPSHUDWXUD GD UHIHUrQFLD LQHUWH D TXDO HVWi
VXEPHWLGD DR PHVPR SURJUDPD OLQHDU GH DTXHFLPHQWR $ UHIHUrQFLD SRGH VHU
DOXPLQDHPSyRXVLPSOHVPHQWHXPDFiSVXODYD]LDPHGLGDTXHDWHPSHUDWXUD
GR ORFDO RQGH HVWmR DV FiSVXODV p HOHYDGD D XPD YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR
FRQVWDQWH D WHPSHUDWXUD GD DPRVWUD 7D H GD UHIHUrQFLD 7U LUmR VH PDQWHU
LJXDODGDV DWp TXH RFRUUD DOJXPD DOWHUDomR ItVLFD RX TXtPLFD QD DPRVWUD 6H D
YDULDomR IRU H[RWpUPLFD D DPRVWUD LUi OLEHUDU FDORU H 7D VHUi PDLRU TXH 7U SRU XP
FXUWR SHUtRGR GH WHPSR 1R FDVR GD YDULDomR VHU HQGRWpUPLFD 7D VHUi WHPSR
UDULDPHQWH PHQRU TXH 7U (VWD GLIHUHQoD GH WHPSHUDWXUD 7 p UHJLVWUDGD HP XP
JUiILFR HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD 7 H PXGDQoDV QD DPRVWUD WDLV FRPR IXVmR H
FULVWDOL]DomRVmRUHJLVWUDGDVVREDIRUPDGHSLFRV)LJXUD8PWHUFHLURWLSRGH
YDULDomRSRGHVHUGHWHFWDGRXPDYH]TXHDVFDSDFLGDGHVFDORUtILFDVGDDPRVWUDHGD
UHIHUrQFLD VmR GLIHUHQWHV HQWmR 7 QXQFD VHUi UHDOPHQWH LJXDO D ]HUR H XPD YD
ULDomR QD FDSDFLGDGH FDORUtILFD FDXVDUi R GHVORFDPHQWR QD OLQKDEDVH FRPR
PRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD2H[HPSORPDLVFRQKHFLGRHLPSRUWDQWHQRFDVRGHDPRV
WUDVSROLPpULFDVpDTXHOHDVVRFLDGRFRPDWUDQVLomRYtWUHD
$QiOLVH7pUPLFD'LIHUHQFLDO'7$H&DORULPHWULD'LIHUHQFLDOGH9DUUHGXUD'6&

)LJXUD&XUYDWtSLFDGHXPDDQiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO
2XWUDV PXGDQoDV TXH SRGHP RFRUUHU QD DPRVWUD WDPEpP VmR GHWHFWDGDV SRU
H[HPSOR GHFRPSRVLomR UHWLFXODomR WUDQVLo}HV FRQIRUPDFLRQDLV H UHJLVWURV
LQGLFDGRUHVGDH[LVWrQFLDGHIRUPDVSROLPyUILFDV&RPRR7PHGLGRQR'7$pXPD
IXQomR GD FRQGXWLYLGDGH WpUPLFD H GD GHQVLGDGH GD DPRVWUD D DQiOLVH QmR p
TXDQWLWDWLYD HP WHUPRV GH TXDQWLGDGH GH FDORU HQYROYLGR QDV YDULDo}HV GH
WHPSHUDWXUD 2 UHJLVWUR IRUQHFH VRPHQWH RV YDORUHV GDV WHPSHUDWXUDV QDV TXDLV
RFRUUHP DV PXGDQoDV QD DPRVWUD H VH HVVDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV VmR HQGRWpUPLFDV RX
H[RWpUPLFDVRXDLQGDVHRFRUUHDSHQDVXPDYDULDomRQDFDSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFD
$PDJQLWXGHGH7DXPGHWHUPLQDGRWHPSRpSURSRUFLRQDOD
SYDULDomRGHHQWDOSLD
SFDSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFDH
SUHVLVWrQFLDWpUPLFDWRWDODRIOX[RGHFDORU5
$ DOWD VHQVLELOLGDGH GR HTXLSDPHQWR UHTXHU TXH R YDORU GH 5 VHMD JUDQGH
,QIHOL]PHQWH HVWH YDORU GHSHQGH GD QDWXUH]D GD DPRVWUD GD IRUPD SHOD TXDO IRL
HPSDFRWDGD QR SRUWDDPRVWUD H GD HILFLrQFLD GR FRQWDWR WpUPLFR HQWUH R SRUWD
DPRVWUD H R FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD DPRVWUD 5 WDPEpP YDULD FRP D WHPSHUDWXUD $
QHFHVVLGDGHGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDDLQIOXrQFLDGHVVHVIDWRUHVLQYLDELOL]DDFRQYHUVmRGD
iUHD GR SLFR HP XQLGDGHV GH HQHUJLD 2 SLFR p UHJLVWUDGR HP XP JUiILFR RQGH D
YDULDomRGH7pFRORFDGDHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDRXGRWHPSR
10.3 Calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC)
10.3.1 Comparao com o DTA
3DUD VXSULU D FDUrQFLD GH LQIRUPDo}HV GR '7$ IRL GHVHQYROYLGR XP SURFHGLPHQWR
DOWHUQDWLYR FRQKHFLGR FRPR FDORULPHWULD GLIHUHQFLDO GH YDUUHGXUD '6& $V FXUYDV
REWLGDVSRUPHLRGHVWDWpFQLFDVmRVLPLODUHVjVGR'7$PDVUHSUHVHQWDPUHDOPHQWH
DTXDQWLGDGHGHHQHUJLDHOpWULFDIRUQHFLGDSDUDRVLVWHPDHQmRDSHQDV7$VVLP
DViUHDVVRERVSLFRVVHUmRSURSRUFLRQDLVjVYDULDo}HVGHHQWDOSLDTXHRFRUUHPHP
FDGD WUDQVIRUPDomR $ FDOLEUDomR GR LQVWUXPHQWR LUi SHUPLWLU D GHWHUPLQDomR
TXDQWLWDWLYD GD FDSDFLGDGH FDORUtILFD GH XPD DPRVWUD ,VWR p REWLGR ID]HQGR XPD
DQiOLVH HP TXH D DPRVWUD p XPD VXEVWkQFLD SDGUmR LVWR p WHP RV YDORUHV GD
WHPSHUDWXUD GH IXVmR H GR FDORU GH IXVmR EHP GHWHUPLQDGRV H SDGURQL]DGRV 6mR
XVDGRVSDUDHVWDILQDOLGDGHiJXDVXEVWkQFLDVRUJkQLFDVHPHWDLVFRPRtQGLR,QH
HVWDQKR6Q2SURFHGLPHQWRGHFDOLEUDomRVHUiGHWDOKDGRPDLVDGLDQWH
3HUFHEHVHGHVWHPRGRTXHDWpFQLFDGH'6&IRUQHFHPDLVLQIRUPDo}HVGRTXHD
GH '7$ $VVLP VHUi GLVFXWLGR FRP XP SRXFR PDLV GH GHWDOKHV R '6& GH PRGR D
HQWHQGHUFRPRHVVDVLQIRUPDo}HVDGLFLRQDLVVmRREWLGDV
$)LJXUDPRVWUDRGLDJUDPDGRVFRPSDUWLPHQWRVGDDPRVWUD$HUHIHUrQFLD
5 FRP IRQWHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR LQGLYLGXDLV HP TXH D WHPSHUDWXUD H D HQHUJLD VmR
PRQLWRUDGDV H JHUDGDV SRU ILODPHQWRV GH SODWLQD LGrQWLFRV TXH DWXDP FRPR
WHUP{PHWURVUHVLVWLYRVHDTXHFHGRUHV
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDQDDQiOLVH'6&
(VWD WpFQLFD PDQWpP FRQVWDQWH R FDORU IRUQHFLGR 3RUpP DR LQYpV GH PHGLU D
GLIHUHQoD GH WHPSHUDWXUD GXUDQWH D WUDQVIRUPDomR TXH RFRUUH QD DPRVWUD XP
VLVWHPD GH FRQWUROH VHUYRVLVWHPD DXPHQWD LPHGLDWDPHQWH D HQHUJLD IRUQHFLGD
SDUD D DPRVWUD RX SDUD D UHIHUrQFLD GHSHQGHQGR GR SURFHVVR HQYROYLGR VHU

HQGRWpUPLFR RX H[RWpUPLFR ,VWR WHP FRPR ILQDOLGDGH PDQWHU D DPRVWUD H D
UHIHUrQFLD FRP D PHVPD WHPSHUDWXUD 2XWUD GHILQLomR SDUD '6& HQFRQWUDGD QD
OLWHUDWXUD p D GH TXH QHVWD WpFQLFD D WHPSHUDWXUD GD DPRVWUD DFRPSDQKD D
WHPSHUDWXUD GD UHIHUrQFLD DWUDYpV GR JDQKR RX SHUGD GH FDORU FRQWURODGR SHOR
HTXLSDPHQWR2VGHWDOKHVRSHUDFLRQDLVGHSHQGHPGDFRQVWUXomRGHFDGDIDEULFDQWH
PDV HP WRGRV RV FDVRV DV WHPSHUDWXUDV GD DPRVWUD H GD UHIHUrQFLD VmR PDQWLGDV
LJXDLV2UHJLVWURGDFXUYDGH'6&pH[SUHVVRHPWHUPRVGHIOX[RGHFDORUPLOLZDWWV
P:YHUVXVWHPSHUDWXUDR&RXWHPSRPLQ
(P '7$ R IOX[R GH FDORU G4GW p GHULYDGR GD PHGLGD GD GLIHUHQoD GH
WHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHXPPDWHULDOGHUHIHUrQFLDHDDPRVWUD8PDRXWUDGLIHUHQoDHQWUH
R'7$HR'6&pTXDQWRjIDL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHRSHUDomRTXHGHXPPRGRJHUDO
YDULDGHDR&SDUDR'7$HGHDR&SDUDR'6&
$)LJXUDPRVWUDGRLVGLDJUDPDVGHEORFRXPSDUDR'7$HRXWURSDUDR'6&
QRV TXDLV p SRVVtYHO REVHUYDU DV SULQFLSDLV GLIHUHQoDV GH FRQVWUXomR GRV
HTXLSDPHQWRV
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDVGHEORFRVGH'7$H'6&
$OJXQV DXWRUHV WHQGHP D WUDWDU DV WpFQLFDV '7$ H '6& FRPR GXDV WpFQLFDV
GLVWLQWDV H LQGHSHQGHQWHV (QWUHWDQWR D OLWHUDWXUD EiVLFD GH DQiOLVH WpUPLFD
DSUHVHQWDDVHJXLQWHUHODomRHQWUHDVGXDVRPpWRGRGHDQiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO
'7$ DSOLFDGR j PHGLGD GH FDORU p GHQRPLQDGR FDORULPHWULD GLIHUHQFLDO GH
YDUUHGXUD'6&$VVLP'7$VHULDRWHUPRJOREDODEUDQJHQGRWRGDVDVWpFQLFDVGH
DQiOLVH WpUPLFD GLIHUHQFLDO H '6& VHULD R WHUPR UHVHUYDGR SDUD R '7$ TXH IRUQHFH
LQIRUPDo}HVFDORULPpWULFDV
$ )LJXUD PRVWUD XPD FXUYD GH '6& WtSLFD RQGH DVVLP FRPR R '7$ WUrV
WLSRV EiVLFRV GH WUDQVIRUPDo}HV SRGHP VHU GHWHFWDGRV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV
HQGRWpUPLFDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV H[RWpUPLFDV H WUDQVLo}HV GH VHJXQGD RUGHP &RPR
H[HPSORGHWUDQVLomRGHVHJXQGDRUGHPSRGHVHUFLWDGDDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomR
YtWUHD 7J QD TXDO D HQWDOSLD QmR VRIUH YDULDomR PDV R FDORU HVSHFtILFR VRIUH XPD
PXGDQoDUHSHQWLQD
)LJXUD&XUYDGH'6&GHDPRVWUDGHSROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR3(7UHJLVWUDGDDR&PLQ
10.3.2 Aplicaes gerais do DSC

'HVWHPRGRHQWUHDVDSOLFDo}HVGR'6&SRGHPVHUFLWDGDV
determinao das temperaturas de transio em polmeros

SWUDQVLomRYtWUHD7J
SWHPSHUDWXUDGHFULVWDOL]DomR7F
SWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmR7P
medidas quantitativas
SFDORUHVSHFtILFR&S
SFDORUGHIXVmR+I

SFDORUGHFULVWDOL]DomR+F
SFDORUGHUHDomR+U
10.3.3 Procedimento experimental

$H[HPSORGRTXHIRLIHLWRSDUDDWHUPRJUDYLPHWULDVHUiGHVFULWRDVHJXLUGHPRGR
JHQpULFRRSURFHGLPHQWRGHXPDDQiOLVHGH'6&FRPRREMHWLYRGHIDPLOLDUL]DUR
OHLWRU TXH QmR WHQKD DFHVVR D XP HTXLSDPHQWR D UHVSHLWR GH SHTXHQRV GHWDOKHV
RSHUDFLRQDLV 1R FDVR GH KDYHU XP HTXLSDPHQWR GLVSRQtYHO p LPSUHVFLQGtYHO D
OHLWXUD GR PDQXDO ([LVWHP GHWDOKHV RSHUDFLRQDLV TXH VH QmR IRUHP REVHUYDGRV
FRPSURPHWHUmR RV UHVXOWDGRV IRUQHFLGRV SHOR HTXLSDPHQWR H DWp PHVPR R VHX
IXQFLRQDPHQWR
Procedimento operacional:
S/LJDURHTXLSDPHQWR
S$MXVWDUDDWPRVIHUDQRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGDDPRVWUD3RGHVHUXVDGRYiFXRDWp
a[WRUUJiVLQHUWHQLWURJrQLR1RXDLQGDDWPRVIHUDUHDWLYDRXFRUURVLYD
GLy[LGR GH HQ[RIUH 62 2 PRGR GH RSHUDomR PDLV FRPXP QD DQiOLVH GH
SROtPHURVpFRPIOX[RGHJiVLQHUWHQRUPDOPHQWH11DDQiOLVHGH'6&RIOX[R
GH1QmRLQIOXHQFLDRUHVXOWDGRGDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHWUDQVLomRREVHUYDGDV
S(VFROKD GRV SDUkPHWURV QR SURFHVVDGRU GH GDGRV PLFURFRPSXWDGRU
7HPSHUDWXUD LQLFLDO WHPSHUDWXUD ILQDO H YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR RX
UHVIULDPHQWR 1R FDVR GH SURFHGLPHQWR LVRWpUPLFR HVWDEHOHFHU D WHPSHUDWXUD D
VHUIL[DGDHRWHPSRGDDQiOLVH
S2EWHQomR GD OLQKDEDVH &RPR SRGH VHU REVHUYDGR QD )LJXUD D 7J p
GHWHFWDGD SRU XPD VLPSOHV GHVFRQWLQXLGDGH QR IOX[R GH FDORU 3DUD VH WHU
VHJXUDQoD QHVWD LQWHUSUHWDomR p QHFHVViULR TXH VH WHQKD D FHUWH]D GH TXH R
HTXLSDPHQWR QmR DSUHVHQWH QHQKXP WLSR GH YDULDomR QD FXUYD TXDQGR QmR
RFRUUH WUDQVIRUPDomR DOJXPD QD DPRVWUD 3DUD WDQWR p UHDOL]DGD XPD DQiOLVH
XWLOL]DQGR GXDV FiSVXODV SRUWDDPRVWUDV YD]LDV XPD QR FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD
DPRVWUDHRXWUDQRGDUHIHUrQFLD(VWHSURFHGLPHQWRGHYHUiIRUQHFHUXPJUiILFR
FRPXPDOLQKDSUDWLFDPHQWHUHWDWHQGHQGRDXPDSDUDOHODDRHL[RGDVDEFLVVDV
(VWDOLQKDpGHQRPLQDGDOLQKDEDVH
e LPSRUWDQWH LQIRUPDU TXH D FiSVXOD RX FDGLQKR RQGHDDPRVWUDpFRORFDGDp

YXOJDUPHQWHFRQKHFLGDSHORQRPHGHSDQHOLQKD
S&DOLEUDomR 2XWUR GHWDOKH LPSRUWDQWH p WHU FHUWH]D GH TXH D WHPSHUDWXUD QD
TXDORSLFRDSDUHFHUipUHDOPHQWHDWHPSHUDWXUDQDTXDODWUDQVIRUPDomRRFRUUH
HDWURFDGHFDORUHQYROYLGDpFRUUHWD$VVLPpQHFHVViULRFDOLEUDURLQVWUXPHQWR
XWLOL]DQGR XPD DPRVWUDSDGUmR $ DQiOLVH p UHDOL]DGD FRP R FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD
UHIHUrQFLD FRQWHQGR D FiSVXOD YD]LD H R FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD DPRVWUD FRQWHQGR
RXWUDFiSVXODFRPDVXEVWkQFLDSDGUmR$7DEHODDSUHVHQWDDOJXQVSDGU}HV
TXHVmRXWLOL]DGRVSDUDFDOLEUDomRGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQDHFDORUGH
IXVmR$HVFROKDGRSDGUmRDVHUXWLOL]DGRHVWiQRUPDOPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDjIDL[D
GHWHPSHUDWXUDGDVDQiOLVHVGHVHMDGDV8PDVXEVWkQFLDEDVWDQWHXWLOL]DGDFRPR
SDGUmRpRPHWDOtQGLR
7DEHOD3DGU}HVGHFDOLEUDomRSDUDDQiOLVHHP'6&
3DGU}HV 7PR& +IFDOJ

JXD
%HQ]RIHQRQD
1DIWDOHQR
FLGREHQ]yLFR
QGLR
(VWDQKR
&KXPER
=LQFR
$OXPtQLR
S$QiOLVH GD DPRVWUD $ DPRVWUD p SUHSDUDGD FRORFDQGRVH R PDWHULDO D VHU

H[DPLQDGR HP XPD FiSVXOD JHUDOPHQWH GH DOXPtQLR TXH p SURYLGD GH XPD
WDPSD $ DPRVWUD p SHVDGD H D VHJXLU D FiSVXOD p VHODGD HP XP GLVSRVLWLYR
HVSHFLDOSDUDHVWHILPGHQRPLQDGRGHSUHQVD2FRQWDWRHQWUHDVVXSHUItFLHVGR
PDWHULDOHDGDFiSVXODGHYHVHUPi[LPRXPDYH]TXHLVWRPHOKRUDDUHVROXomR
GRSLFRUHJLVWUDGR2VWLSRVGHDPRVWUDPDLVUHFRPHQGDGRVVmRGLVFRVILOPHVRX
JUmRVILQRV$SUHQVDVHODDFiSVXODPDVHODQmRILFDKHUPHWLFDPHQWHIHFKDGD
%DVLFDPHQWHH[LVWHPGRLVWLSRVGHFiSVXODVXPDSDUDDPRVWUDVOtTXLGDVHRXWUD
SDUD DPRVWUDV VyOLGDV 1R FDVR GH DPRVWUDV OtTXLGDV R IRUPDWR GD FiSVXOD p
GLIHUHQWHGRXVDGRSDUDPDWHULDLVVyOLGRVDDPRVWUDILFDPDLVKHUPpWLFD
$VVLPpQHFHVViULRHVFROKHURWLSRGHFiSVXOD'HYHVHHQWmRSHVDUDDPRVWUDQD
FiSVXOD DGHTXDGD IHFKiOD H FRORFiOD QR FRPSDUWLPHQWR GD DPRVWUD 2 FRP
SDUWLPHQWR GD UHIHUrQFLD SURYDYHOPHQWH Mi HVWDUi FRP XPD FiSVXOD VHPHOKDQWH
YD]LDDPHVPDTXHIRLXWLOL]DGDSDUDDREWHQomRGDOLQKDEDVHHFDOLEUDomR'LJLWDU
D PDVVD GD DPRVWUD QR FRPSXWDGRU H LQLFLDU D DQiOLVH 5HDOL]DU SHOR PHQRV GRLV
FLFORV GH DTXHFLPHQWRUHVIULDPHQWR LJXDLV *HUDOPHQWH R SULPHLUR UHJLVWUR p GHV
SUH]DGR$ILQDOLGDGHGHVWHSURFHGLPHQWRpHOLPLQDUDKLVWyULDWpUPLFDGRPDWHULDO
SROLPpULFRH[DPLQDGR(QWUHWDQWRFRPRVHUiGLVFXWLGRDGLDQWHFHUWRVSURFHVVRVGH

WUDQVIRUPDomR VmR UHJLVWUDGRV VRPHQWH GXUDQWH R SULPHLUR FLFOR XP H[HPSOR p D
UHDomRGHUHWLFXODomRGHSROtPHURVFXUD
10.3.4 Anlise da curva de DSC

'HSRVVHGDFXUYDGH'6&DVWUDQVLo}HVGHLQWHUHVVHSRGHPVHUREVHUYDGDV$VHJXLU
VHUmRGHVFULWRVDOJXQVPpWRGRVGHGHWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDUHODFLRQDGDDHVVDV
WUDQVLo}HV&RPRH[HPSORYDPRVFLWDUDOHLWXUDGH7JH7P
10.3.4.1 Determinao da temperatura de fuso (Tm)

$7PSRGHVHUWRPDGDHPSRQWRVFRPRPRVWUDD)LJXUDDQRLQtFLRGRSLFR
EQRPi[LPRGRSLFRHFQRILPGRSLFR$VWHPSHUDWXUDVQRLQtFLRHQRILQDOGR
SLFR VmR GHWHUPLQDGDV QD LQWHUVHomR GRV SURORQJDPHQWRV 2 SRQWR D GHQRWD D
IXVmRGRVSULPHLURVFULVWDLVRSRQWREDIXVmRGDPDLRULDGRVFULVWDLVHRSRQWRF
DWHPSHUDWXUDHPTXHRFRUUHDIXVmRGHWRGRVRVFULVWDLV
)LJXUD'HWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQD7PGHXPDFXUYDGH'6&QRLQtFLRGDIXVmR
7QRPi[LPRGRSLFR7QRILPGDIXVmR7
1HVWHSRQWRXPDPHVPDTXHVWmRpVHPSUHDERUGDGD
Qual o mtodo mais significativo?

1RFDVRGHWUDQVLo}HVGHSULPHLUDRUGHPFRPRIXVmRFULVWDOL]DomRHWFDHVFROKDGR
PpWRGR GHSHQGHUi GR HVWXGR TXH HVWi VHQGR IHLWR 6H R REMHWLYR GR HVWXGR IRU D
GHWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDQDTXDORVFULVWDLVFRPHoDPDVHIXQGLUDWHPSHUDWXUD
GHYHVHUOLGDQRSRQWRD$OHLWXUDQRSRQWRESRGHVHUXVDGDSDUDHVWDEHOHFHUD
WHPSHUDWXUD QD TXDO D PDLRULD GRV FULVWDLV VH IXQGHP $ OHLWXUD QR SRQWR F p
DGRWDGDTXDQGRIRUGHLQWHUHVVHHVWDEHOHFHUDWHPSHUDWXUDFRUUHVSRQGHQWHjIXVmR
FRPSOHWDGRVFULVWDLV
10.3.4.2 Determinao da temperatura de transio vtrea (Tg)
2YDORUGH7JWDPEpPSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGRSRUPpWRGRVGLVWLQWRVFRPRPRVWUDD
)LJXUDDQRLQtFLRGDWUDQVLomR7EQDPHLDDOWXUDGRVSURORQJDPHQWRV7
HFQRSRQWRGHLQIOH[mRGDFXUYD72LQtFLRGDWUDQVLomRpWRPDGRDSDUWLUGD
LQWHUVHomR GRV SURORQJDPHQWRV GD GHVFRQWLQXLGDGH $ PHLD DOWXUD GRV
SURORQJDPHQWRVGL]UHVSHLWRDRSURORQJDPHQWRGDVOLQKDVWDQJHQWHVjFXUYDDQWHVH
DSyV D WUDQVLomR WUDoDQGRVH XPD SHUSHQGLFXODU D HVWHV SURORQJDPHQWRV D TXDO p
FRUWDGD DR PHLR SHOD FXUYD GH '6& 2 SRQWR GH LQIOH[mR p DTXHOH QR TXDO D
GHVFRQWLQXLGDGH p Pi[LPD 1DV FXUYDV j HVTXHUGD GD )LJXUD REVHUYDVH TXH
SUDWLFDPHQWHQmRKiYDULDomRQRYDORUGDWHPSHUDWXUDWRPDGDSHORVWUrVPpWRGRV
GLVWLQWRV 3RUpP QRUPDOPHQWH RFRUUH XPD YDULDomR QD WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDQVLomR
HPIXQomRGRPpWRGRGHGHWHUPLQDomRXWLOL]DGRFRPRLOXVWUDPDVFXUYDVjGLUHLWD
GD)LJXUD,VWRpGHSHQGHQGRGRPpWRGRXWLOL]DGRRYDORUREWLGRSDUD7JVHUi
GLIHUHQWH
)LJXUD0pWRGRVGHGHWHUPLQDomRGH7JHPFXUYDVGH'6&

6HDPHGLGDTXHHVWiVHQGRIHLWDpGH7JpPDLVDFRQVHOKiYHOXVDURPpWRGRE
SRUTXHSHUPLWHPHGLURXWURVSDUkPHWURVFRPRDODUJXUDGDWUDQVLomRYtWUHD7JH
D YDULDomR GD FDSDFLGDGH FDORUtILFD &S (VWHV SDUkPHWURV VmR ~WHLV QR FDVR GR
HVWXGR GH FRSROtPHURV H PLVWXUDV GH SROtPHURV e R PpWRGR PDLV DFHLWR H HVWi
GHVFULWRQD$670'
$VVLP WDQWR SDUD 7P TXDQWR SDUD 7J R YDORU GD WHPSHUDWXUD GHSHQGHUi GR
PpWRGRGHGHWHUPLQDomRXWLOL]DGR,VVRH[SOLFDDLPSRUWkQFLDGHVHXVDUVHPSUHR
PHVPRPpWRGRHPHVWXGRVFRPSDUDWLYRVSRGHQGRDLQGDFLWDURPpWRGRXWLOL]DGR
TXDQGRQHFHVViULR
10.3.4.3 Determinao do calor especfico (Cp)

$GHWHUPLQDomRGRFDORUHVSHFtILFRpRXWURWLSRGHPHGLGDTXHSRGHVHUREWLGDSRU
PHLR GD FXUYD GH '6& 2 FDORU HVSHFtILFR p ~WLO SDUD DYDOLDU DV SURSULHGDGHV GRV
VLVWHPDV IRUPDGRV SRU SROtPHURV 4XDQGR D DPRVWUD p VXEPHWLGD D XPD YDULDomR
OLQHDU GD WHPSHUDWXUD D YHORFLGDGH FRP TXH R FDORU IOXL GHQWUR GD DPRVWUD p
SURSRUFLRQDODRVHXFDORUHVSHFtILFR&SQDTXHOHLQVWDQWH2FDORUHVSHFtILFRGHXPD
DPRVWUD GHSHQGH GD WHPSHUDWXUD (OH SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR SRU PHLR GD
FRPSDUDomR HQWUH DV YDULDo}HV GR IOX[R GH FDORU FRP D WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLGD SDUD
HVVHPDWHULDOHSDUDXPDVXEVWkQFLDSDGUmR
2SURFHGLPHQWRpVLPSOHVHSRGHVHUGHVFULWRGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
SFRORFDU QR HTXLSDPHQWR GXDV FiSVXODV GH DOXPtQLR YD]LDV XPD QR
FRPSDUWLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDHDRXWUDQDUHIHUrQFLD
SVHOHFLRQDUDIDL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUDHPTXHVHUiPHGLGRRFDORUHVSHFtILFR
SUHJLVWUDU XPD OLQKDEDVH QD WHPSHUDWXUD PDLV EDL[D DXPHQWDU D WHPSHUDWXUD
DWpROLPLWHGDIDL[DSUHYLDPHQWHVHOHFLRQDGDHUHJLVWUDUDOLQKDEDVHLVRWpUPLFD
QDWHPSHUDWXUDPDLVDOWD2UHJLVWURGHVHMDGRFRUUHVSRQGHjOLQKDDGD)LJXUD

SUHSHWLU R SURFHGLPHQWR SDUD XPD PDVVD FRQKHFLGD GH XPD VXEVWkQFLD SDGUmR
FRPRSRUH[HPSORDVDILUDy[LGRGHDOXPtQLR
SUHSHWLURSURFHGLPHQWRSDUDXPDPDVVDFRQKHFLGDGDDPRVWUD
SFDOFXODURFDORUHVSHFtILFRSRUPHLRGDUHODomR
Cp a y a m s
= .
Cp s y s m a (10.1)
RQGH&SpRFDORUHVSHFtILFRHPFDOJ\pRGHVORFDPHQWRGDSHQDGRUHJLVWUDGRUD
XPD GHWHUPLQDGD WHPSHUDWXUD H P p D PDVVD 2V tQGLFHV D H V FRUUHVSRQGHP j
DPRVWUDHjVDILUD2VYDORUHVGRFDORUHVSHFtILFRGDVDILUDVmREHPHVWDEHOHFLGRVH
HVWmR WDEHODGRV $VVLP FRP DSHQDV GXDV OHLWXUDV GH G+GW IHLWDV D XPD PHVPD
WHPSHUDWXUDSDUDDDPRVWUDHSDUDRSDGUmRSRGHVHGHWHUPLQDUDUD]mRHQWUHRV
UHVSHFWLYRV&SV
$SDUHOKRVPDLVPRGHUQRVGLVS}HPGHSURJUDPDVHVSHFtILFRVSDUDFiOFXORGH&S
RVTXDLVVmREDVHDGRVQDGHVFULomRDFLPD
)LJXUD'HWHUPLQDomRGRFDORUHVSHFtILFRSRU'6&
10.3.5 Fatores que influenciam o resultado da anlise

8PDREVHUYDomRLPSRUWDQWHDVHUIHLWDVREUHDDQiOLVHGH'7$'6&pTXHDH[HPSOR
GR RFRUUH QD 7*$RYDORUGDWHPSHUDWXUDQDTXDORFRUUHDWUDQVIRUPDomRREWLGD
SHOD FXUYD GH DQiOLVH WpUPLFD H D UHVROXomR GD DQiOLVH GHSHQGHP GH IDWRUHV
LQVWUXPHQWDLVHGHIDWRUHVDVVRFLDGRVjDPRVWUDHjUHIHUrQFLD
2V IDWRUHV LQVWUXPHQWDLV PDLV VLJQLILFDWLYRV VmR D YHORFLGDGH GH YDULDomR GH
WHPSHUDWXUD R GLVSRVLWLYR TXH FRQWpP D DPRVWUD R VHQVRU GH WHPSHUDWXUD H D
IRUPD GH UHJLVWUR 3RU H[HPSOR VH D YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH DTXHFLPHQWR IRU
UiSLGD YHORFLGDGH DOWD SRGH KDYHU R GHVORFDPHQWR GR SLFR GH IXVmR SDUD
WHPSHUDWXUDVPDLVDOWDVHXPDXPHQWRQDiUHDVREDFXUYDGH'7$2VGLVSRVLWLYRV
XVDGRVFRPRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGHDPRVWUDSRGHPVHUFRQVWUXtGRVFRPGLYHUVRVWLSRV
GH PDWHULDO FRPR FREUH SUDWD DOXPtQLR H FHUkPLFD (VWHV PDWHULDLV WrP
FRQGXWLYLGDGHWpUPLFDHFDSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFDGLIHUHQWHVHSRUWDQWRSRGHPDIHWDUD
IRUPD GD FXUYD H D PDJQLWXGH GR HYHQWR WpUPLFR 4XDQWR DRV VHQVRUHV GH
WHPSHUDWXUDDVXDLQIOXrQFLDpPDLRUQDVFXUYDVGH'7$$IRUPDGHUHJLVWURJHUD
FXUYDVGLIHUHQWHVVHIRUHPXVDGRVHVTXHPDVGHUHJLVWURGLIHUHQWHV3RUH[HPSORD
FXUYD7YHUVXVWHPSHUDWXUDpGLIHUHQWHGDFXUYD7YHUVXVWHPSR

$ DPRVWUD SRGH LQIOXHQFLDU R UHVXOWDGR SHOR VHX WDPDQKR SHOD IRUPD GH
HPSDFRWDPHQWRSHORWDPDQKRHGLVWULEXLomRGDVSDUWtFXODVTXHDFRQVWLWXHPSHOD
DWPRVIHUDHPTXHDDQiOLVHpUHDOL]DGDHSHORWUDWDPHQWRSUpYLR
2 HIHLWR GD UHIHUrQFLD p PDLRU QR FDVR GR '7$ HP TXH Ki D QHFHVVLGDGH GD
DQiOLVH VHU UHDOL]DGD FRP PDWHULDO LQHUWH HP WRGD D IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUD XVDGD H
FRPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWpUPLFDVHIDL[DGHWDPDQKRGHSDUWtFXODVSUy[LPDVGDDPRVWUD
2'6&XWLOL]DFRPRUHIHUrQFLDXPDFiSVXODYD]LD
$ LQIOXrQFLD GD YHORFLGDGH GH YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD HVFROKLGD SRGH VHU
LOXVWUDGDFRPPDLRUGHWDOKH$)LJXUDPRVWUDRVYDORUHVGH7PHQFRQWUDGRVHP
FXUYDV GH '6& SDUD DQiOLVHV GH XPD DPRVWUD GH 3(7 UHDOL]DGDV D GLIHUHQWHV
YHORFLGDGHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR 3RGHVH REVHUYDU TXH D WHPSHUDWXUD GH IXVmR
GHWHUPLQDGD SHODV FXUYDV GH '6& DXPHQWD FRP R DXPHQWR GD YHORFLGDGH GH
DTXHFLPHQWR ,VWR RFRUUH SRUTXH D DPRVWUD QmR SHUFHEH HVVH DXPHQWR WmR
UDSLGDPHQWH1RWHTXHQDUHWDFRUUHVSRQGHQWHjDPRVWUDVREDIRUPDGHJUkQXORR
HIHLWR p PDLV HYLGHQWH SRLV R FDORU VH GLVWULEXL SRU WRGD D DPRVWUD FRP PDLRU
GLILFXOGDGHTXHQDDPRVWUDVREDIRUPDGHSy
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGD7PFRPDYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRSDUDDPRVWUDVGH3(7VREDIRUPDGHSyH
JUkQXOR
$)LJXUDLOXVWUDDLQIOXrQFLDGDYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRGDDQiOLVHVREUH
D UHVROXomR GR SLFR 8P H[HPSOR p D PLVWXUD GH GXDV DPRVWUDV GH SROtPHURV
VHPLFULVWDOLQRV FXMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH IXVmR HVWHMDP EHP SUy[LPDV $R UHDOL]DU D
DQiOLVHVRPHQWHXPSLFRGHIXVmRpUHJLVWUDGR(VWHUHVXOWDGRGiDLPSUHVVmRTXH
H[LVWHDSHQDVXPDUHJLmRFULVWDOLQDTXDQGRVHVDEHTXHVHWUDWDGHGXDVDPRVWUDV
VREDIRUPDGHSyFRORFDGDVHPFRQWDWRQDFiSVXOD
possvel que cadeias dos dois tipos de polmeros possam apresentar

apenas um tipo de cristal?
$UHVSRVWDpVLPSOHVLVVRQmRRFRUUH$RSUHSDUDURXWUDDPRVWUDGDPHVPDPLVWXUD
FRPRPHVPRSURFHGLPHQWRHUHDOL]DUDDQiOLVHDXPDYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWR
PDLVOHQWDVmRREVHUYDGRVGRLVSLFRVFDGDXPUHODWLYRjIXVmRGDUHJLmRFULVWDOLQD
GHFDGDSROtPHUR
Por que isto ocorre ?

5HDOL]DQGRVHDDQiOLVHDXPDYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRVXILFLHQWHPHQWHEDL[DDR
DWLQJLU D WHPSHUDWXUD GH IXVmR GD UHJLmR FULVWDOLQD TXH IXQGH D PDLV EDL[D
WHPSHUDWXUDRVFULVWDLVYmRFRPHoDUDIXQGLUHDJUDQGHPDLRULDGRVFULVWDLVMiWHUi
IXQGLGRDQWHVTXHDWHPSHUDWXUDGHDQiOLVHVHMDVXILFLHQWHSDUDLQLFLDUDIXVmRGRV
FULVWDLVGDRXWUDDPRVWUDGHSROtPHUR3RURXWURODGRUHDOL]DQGRVHDDQiOLVHDXPD
YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR UHODWLYDPHQWH UiSLGD RV FULVWDLV GH XPD DPRVWUD
FRPHoDPDVHIXQGLUHUDSLGDPHQWHDWHPSHUDWXUDGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDMi
p VXILFLHQWH SDUD LQLFLDU D IXVmR GRV FULVWDLV GD RXWUD DPRVWUD MXQWDPHQWH FRP D
IXVmRGDPDLRULDGRVFULVWDLVGDSULPHLUDDPRVWUD(VWHIHQ{PHQRQDFXUYDGH'6&
DSDUHFHFRPRXP~QLFRSLFR
eLPSRUWDQWHVDOLHQWDUTXHDSHVDUGDUHVROXomRGDDQiOLVHVHUPHOKRUDGDDXPD
YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR PDLV OHQWD LVWR QmR VLJQLILFD TXH VHPSUH VHUi SRVVtYHO
REWHU SLFRV VHSDUDGRV FRPR IRL FLWDGR DFLPD &DVR DV WUDQVLo}HV VHMDP PXLWR
SUy[LPDV H[LVWHP RXWUDV OLPLWDo}HV FRPR D IDL[D GD WUDQVLomR ODUJXUD GR SLFR
JUDX GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH KLVWyULD WpUPLFD WDPDQKR GD DPRVWUD SUHFLVmR GR
HTXLSDPHQWRHWF

)LJXUD$QiOLVHGH'6&GHDPRVWUDVGHSROLHWLOHQRUHDOL]DGDVDGLIHUHQWHVYHORFLGDGHVGHDTXHFLPHQWR
&RPR D YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR LQIOXHQFLD QR YDORU GD WHPSHUDWXUD

HQFRQWUDGD SDUD D WUDQVIRUPDomR D QRUPD $670 ' HVSHFLILFD FRPR
YHORFLGDGHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR DGHTXDGDV R&PLQ SDUD GHWHUPLQDomR GH 7P H
R&PLQ SDUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GH 7J e FODUR TXH D DQiOLVH SRGH VHU IHLWD QD
YHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRTXHVHGHVHMDURXTXHIRUHPDVPDLVFRQYHQLHQWHVPDV
HP QtYHO GH FRPSDUDomR FRP UHVXOWDGRV SXEOLFDGRV QD OLWHUDWXUD UHFRPHQGDVH
VHJXLUDQRUPD$670
10.3.6 Relao entre entalpia e rea do pico

$WpDTXLDDQiOLVHGDFXUYDGH'6&VHUHVWULQJLXSULRULWDULDPHQWHjGHWHUPLQDomRGD
WHPSHUDWXUD QD TXDO D DPRVWUD VRIUH XPD WUDQVIRUPDomR 0DV FRPR IRL GLWR QR
LQtFLR GR FDStWXOR HVVDV LQIRUPDo}HV SRGHP VHU REWLGDV WDPEpP QR '7$ H TXH R
'6& IRUQHFH DLQGD LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GD TXDQWLGDGH GH FDORU HQYROYLGR QD
WUDQVIRUPDomR(VWDTXDQWLGDGHGHFDORUHVWDULDGLUHWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDjiUHDGR
SLFRJHUDGRSHODUHIHULGDWUDQVIRUPDomR3RUH[HPSORDiUHDGHXPSLFRGHIXVmRp
SURSRUFLRQDODR+IGDDPRVWUDHjTXDQWLGDGHGHDPRVWUDFRORFDGDQDFiSVXOD1mR
VH GHYH HVTXHFHU TXH VH D DPRVWUD VRIUH XPD WUDQVIRUPDomR HQGRWpUPLFD TXDQWR
PDLRU IRU D TXDQWLGDGH GH DPRVWUD DQDOLVDGD PDLV FDORU VHUi DEVRUYLGR GXUDQWH D
WUDQVIRUPDomR $VVLP UHSUHVHQWDQGR D PDVVD GD DPRVWUD SRU P D YDULDomR GH
HQWDOSLDGHIXVmRSRU+IHDiUHDGRSLFRSRU$SRGHVHWHUDUHODomR
m. Hf = K.A (10.2)
RQGH.pDFRQVWDQWHGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGHDTXDOSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDFRPRXVR
GHXPDDPRVWUDSDGUmRFXMRYDORUGH+IHQFRQWUDVHWDEHODGR8PDYH]WHQGRVLGR
FDOFXODGR R YDORU GH . R +I GH TXDOTXHU DPRVWUD SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR
FRQKHFHQGRVH D TXDQWLGDGH GH DPRVWUD FRORFDGD QD FiSVXOD H D iUHD GR SLFR
FRUUHVSRQGHQWH
1D YHUGDGH LQVWUXPHQWRV HTXLSDGRV FRP FRPSXWDGRU IRUQHFHP GLUHWDPHQWH R
YDORU GH +I PDV p FRQYHQLHQWH OHPEUDU TXH HVVH YDORU QmR VXUJH GR QDGD R
FRPSXWDGRUHVWiDSHQDVID]HQGRRVFiOFXORVPRVWUDGRVDFLPD
10.3.7 Processos fsicos e qumicos que podem ser detectados por DSC
$7DEHODLOXVWUDDQDWXUH]DGDVWUDQVLo}HVPDLVXVXDLVGDVDSOLFDo}HVJHUDLVTXH
SRGHPVHUXWLOL]DGDVHPVLVWHPDVSROLPpULFRV
10.3.8 Exemplos de aplicaes

'HQWUHDVLQ~PHUDVDSOLFDo}HVH[LVWHQWHVSDUDHVWDVWpFQLFDVSRGHPVHUGHVWDFDGDV
DVVHJXLQWHV
SUHDo}HVGHGHFRPSRVLomR
SGLDJUDPDVGHIDVH
SFLQpWLFDGHUHDomR
SUHDo}HVGHGHVLGUDWDomR
SFDORUGHDGVRUomR
SFDORUGHUHDomRHSROLPHUL]DomR
SFDORUGHFULVWDOL]DomRIXVmRHVXEOLPDomR
SGHWHUPLQDomRGHSXUH]D
SHVWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFDHUHVLVWrQFLDjR[LGDomR
SGHWHUPLQDomRGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD
SGHWHUPLQDomRGHFDORUHVSHFtILFR
SGHWHUPLQDomRGHJUDXGHFULVWDOLQLGDGH
SFLQpWLFDGHFULVWDOL]DomR

7DEHOD7UDQVLo}HVUHODFLRQDGDVDRVSURFHVVRVItVLFRVHTXtPLFRVTXHRFRUUHPGXUDQWHRDTXHFLPHQWR
7UDQVLomR
3URFHVVR
(QGRWpUPLFD ([RWpUPLFD
$EVRUomR ;
$GVRUomR ;
&ULVWDOL]DomR ;
'HVVRUomR ;
)XVmR ;
6XEOLPDomR ;
)tVLFR 7UDQVLomRFULVWDOLQD ; ;
7UDQVLomROtTXLGRFULVWDOLQD ;
7UDQVLomRGHSRQWRGH&XULH ;
7UDQVLomRGHFDSDFLGDGH
$OWHUDomRGHOLQKDEDVH
FDORUtILFD
7UDQVLomRYtWUHD $OWHUDomRGHOLQKDEDVH
9DSRUL]DomR ;
&RPEXVWmR ;
'HFRPSRVLomR ; ;
'HJUDGDomRR[LGDWLYD ;
'HVLGUDWDomR ;
2[LGDomRHPDWPRVIHUD
;
JDVRVD
3ROLPHUL]DomR ;
4XtPLFR
3UpFXUD ;
5HDomRFDWDOtWLFD ;
5HDomRQRHVWDGRVyOLGR ; ;
5HDomRUHGR[ ; ;
5HGXomRHPDWPRVIHUD
;
JDVRVD
6RUomRTXtPLFD ;
$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD DV LQIRUPDo}HV WtSLFDV IRUQHFLGDV SHOR '6& SDUD
DPRVWUDVGHSROtPHURV
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRGDVLQIRUPDo}HVWtSLFDVIRUQHFLGDVSHOR'6&SDUDDPRVWUDVGH
SROtPHURV
(VWH GLDJUDPD PRVWUD PDLV XPD YH] R FDUiWHU H[RWpUPLFR GD 7F H GD
YXOFDQL]DomR H D QDWXUH]D HQGRWpUPLFD GD 7P e LPSRUWDQWH PHQFLRQDU TXH R
SURFHVVRGHGHJUDGDomRSRGHVHUHQGRRXH[RWpUPLFRGHSHQGHQGRGREDODQoRJOREDO
GH DEVRUomR H OLEHUDomR GH FDORU GDV UHDo}HV TXtPLFDV TXH RFRUUHP GXUDQWH HVWH
SURFHVVRGHWUDQVIRUPDomR
6HUmR DSUHVHQWDGRV D VHJXLU FRP PDLRUHV GHWDOKHV DOJXQV H[HPSORV GH
DSOLFDomR
10.3.8.1 Estabilidade trmica

$ HVWDELOLGDGH WpUPLFD GH SROtPHURV SRGH VHU HVWXGDGD SRU '6& $ )LJXUD
PRVWUD FXUYDV GH '6& GR SROLPHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD 300$ H FRSROtPHURV
JUDIWL]DGRV j EDVH GH 300$ H SROLy[LGRV QXP SURJUDPD GH DTXHFLPHQWR (VWDV
DPRVWUDV VmR DPRUIDV H VXDV 7JV SRGHP VHU REVHUYDGDV D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD HP
WRUQR GH R& 1mR Ki SLFR UHODWLYR j 7P SRLV DV DPRVWUDV VmR DPRUIDV &RP R
DXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDSRGHVHUREVHUYDGRRSURFHVVRGHGHJUDGDomRWpUPLFDGDV
DPRVWUDV 2 300$ DSUHVHQWD XP SLFR HP WRUQR GH R& LQGLFDQGR TXH VHX
SURFHVVR GH GHJUDGDomR RFRUUH HP XP ~QLFR HVWiJLR (VWDV REVHUYDo}HV HVWmR GH
DFRUGRFRPDDQiOLVHGDPHVPDDPRVWUDGH300$UHDOL]DGDSRUWHUPRJUDYLPHWULD
)LJXUD$OpPGLVVRDWUDYpVGDDQiOLVHGH'6&REWpPVHDLQIRUPDomRTXDQWR
DR FDUiWHU HQGRWpUPLFR GR SURFHVVR GH GHJUDGDomR GR 300$ $V RXWUDV GXDV

DPRVWUDVGHFRSROtPHURJUDIWL]DGRDSUHVHQWDPGRLVHVWiJLRVPDLVVLJQLILFDWLYRVGH
GHFRPSRVLomRWDPEpPFRPSURFHVVRJOREDOHQGRWpUPLFR
8PGHWDOKHSUiWLFRTXHSRGHVHUPHQFLRQDGRDTXLpRIDWRGHTXHHPJHUDOSDUD
HVWXGR GH GHJUDGDomR WpUPLFD HP '6& XWLOL]DVH D FiSVXOD VHP WDPSD D ILP GH
HYLWDU TXH RV SURGXWRV YROiWHLV SUHVVLRQHP R UHFLSLHQWH TXH SURPRYH D SHUGD GD
WDPSDHGHDOJXPPDWHULDODLQGDQmRYRODWLOL]DGR
)LJXUD&XUYDVGH'6&GH300$HFRSROtPHURVJUDIWL]DGRVGH300$FRPSROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQREy[LGR
GHSURSLOHQR&23H&23WHRUHVYDULDGRVGHFDGHLDJUDIWL]DGD
10.3.8.2 Influncia do peso molecular sobre a Tg

2 HIHLWR GR SHVR PROHFXODU PDVVD PRODU VREUH D 7J SRGH VHU HVWXGDGR SRU '6&
$PRVWUDVGHGLIHUHQWHVSHVRVPROHFXODUHVVmRFRORFDGDVHPGLYHUVDVFiSVXODVHVmR
UHDOL]DGDV DQiOLVHV GH FDGD XPD GHVVDV DPRVWUDV GHWHUPLQDQGRVH D 7J FRPR
PHQFLRQDGRDQWHULRUPHQWH&RQVWUXLQGRVHXPJUiILFRGHYDORUGH7JHQFRQWUDGRQD
FXUYDGH'6&HPIXQomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUGDDPRVWUDDQDOLVDGDREWpPVHDFXUYD
LOXVWUDGD QD )LJXUD $ 7J DSUHVHQWD XPD WHQGrQFLD GH DXPHQWDU FRP R
DXPHQWR GR SHVR PROHFXODU WRUQDQGRVH FRQVWDQWH D SDUWLU GH GHWHUPLQDGR YDORU
(VWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVHUHSHWHSDUDDPDLRULDGRVSROtPHURVHRYDORUOLPLWHGHSHVR
PROHFXODU QR TXDO D 7J VH PDQWpP FRQVWDQWH p IXQomR GD HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD GR
SROtPHUR
4XDQWRPHQRUIRURSHVRPROHFXODUPDLRUVHUiRQ~PHURUHODWLYRGHWHUPLQDLV
GH FDGHLD RV TXDLV HVWmR PDLV OLYUHV SDUD VH PRYLPHQWDU TXH RV VHJPHQWRV
SRVLFLRQDGRV QR PHLR GD FDGHLD H WDPEpP PHQRU R Q~PHUR GH HPDUDQKDPHQWRV
IRUPDGRVSHODVFDGHLDVRVTXDLVGLILFXOWDPRPRYLPHQWRPROHFXODU
)LJXUD9DULDomRGD7JHPIXQomRGRSHVRPROHFXODU
8PDH[FHomRDHVWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRRFRUUHSDUDRSROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR3(2$

)LJXUDPRVWUDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGDFXUYDGH7JYHUVXVSHVRPROHFXODUSDUDR
3(2 DQWHV GH D 7J DWLQJLU XP YDORU FRQVWDQWH (VWH HVWXGR FRP 3(2 p GH JUDQGH
LPSRUWkQFLDXPDYH]TXHGLYHUVRVSURGXWRVjEDVHGH3(2GHEDL[RSHVRPROHFXODU
VmRFRPHUFLDOL]DGRVHXWLOL]DGRVHPGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHSHVTXLVDV
)LJXUD9DULDomRGD7JHPIXQomRGRSHVRPROHFXODUGHDPRVWUDVGHSROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR

10.3.8.3 Variao de Tg em funo da adio de um plastificante
$LQIOXrQFLDGDDGLomRGHSODVWLILFDQWHVREUHD7JGHXPPDWHULDOSROLPpULFRWDPEpP
SRGHVHUHVWXGDGDGHPRGRVHPHOKDQWHDRH[HPSORDQWHULRU$PRVWUDVFRPWHRUHV
GH SODVWLILFDQWH YDULDGRV VmR SUHSDUDGDV H DQDOLVDGDV LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH 3DUD FDGD
DPRVWUD REWpPVH XPD FXUYD GH '6& H XP YDORU GH 7J p GHWHUPLQDGR &RP HVWHV
UHVXOWDGRV p SRVVtYHO FRQVWUXLU XP JUiILFR GH 7J YHUVXV WHRU GH SODVWLILFDQWH QD
DPRVWUD &RPR LOXVWUD D )LJXUD R SODVWLILFDQWH DWXD UHGX]LQGR D 7J GR
PDWHULDO4XDQWRPDLRUIRURWHRUGHSODVWLILFDQWHPHQRUVHUiRYDORUGD7JREWLGD2
SODVWLILFDQWH VXEVWkQFLD GH SHVR PROHFXODU PDLV EDL[R DX[LOLD QR PRYLPHQWR GDV
FDGHLDVGHSROtPHUR
)LJXUD9DULDomRGD7JHPIXQomRGRWHRUGHSODVWLILFDQWHHPXPDDPRVWUDGHSROtPHUR
10.3.8.4 Estudo de miscibilidade em polmeros

8PGRVFULWpULRVDGRWDGRVSDUDRHVWXGRGHPLVFLELOLGDGHHPVLVWHPDVSROLPpULFRV
EDVHLDVH QR IDWR GD PLVWXUD DSUHVHQWDU VRPHQWH XPD RX PDLV GH XPD 7J 'HVWH
PRGR R '6& p XP LQVWUXPHQWR EDVWDQWH ~WLO &RPR HVWH FULWpULR p EDVHDGR QD
YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD GR VLVWHPD WUDWDVH GH REVHUYDU R
HVWDGRDPRUIRGRPDWHULDO
&RQVLGHUDQGRVHXPSROtPHUR$FRPGHWHUPLQDGRYDORUGH7JHXPSROtPHUR%
FRPRXWURYDORUGH7J)LJXUDDRPLVWXUDUHVVHVGRLVSROtPHURVQDSURSRUomR
HVWHV SRGHP IRUPDU XPD PLVWXUD LPLVFtYHO SDUFLDOPHQWH PLVFtYHO RX
PLVFtYHO &DVR HVVHV SROtPHURV IRUPHP XPD PLVWXUD LPLVFtYHO VXDV FDGHLDV QmR
LQWHUDJHPHQWUHVLHVmRIRUPDGRVGRPtQLRVVHSDUDGRV,VWRVLJQLILFDTXHDVFDGHLDV
GRSROtPHUR$YmRDGTXLULUPRELOLGDGHQDPHVPDWHPSHUDWXUDUHJLVWUDGDFRPRVH
HVWLYHVVHP VR]LQKDV VHP VRIUHU D LQWHUIHUrQFLD GR SROtPHUR % 2 PHVPR DFRQWHFH
SDUD DV FDGHLDV GR SROtPHUR % 1HVWH FDVR VmR REVHUYDGDV GXDV 7JV QDV PHVPDV
WHPSHUDWXUDVGDV7JVGRVKRPRSROtPHURV$H%SXURV
8PD RXWUD SRVVLELOLGDGH p GH DV FDGHLDV GRV SROtPHURV $ H % WHUHP DOJXPD
DILQLGDGH HQWUH VL GH PRGR TXH H[LVWHP GRPtQLRV GH $ H % FRP DOJXPD
LQWHUSHQHWUDomR GH FDGHLD GH $ QRV GRPtQLRV GH % H YLFHYHUVD $ SUHVHQoD GH
FDGHLDV GH % TXH DGTXLUHP PRELOLGDGH D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD PDLV HOHYDGD QRV
GRPtQLRVGH$LUiGLILFXOWDUDPRELOLGDGHGHVWDVFDGHLDVHOHYDQGRVXD7J3RURXWUR
ODGRDSUHVHQoDGHFDGHLDVGH$MiFRPPRELOLGDGHQRVGRPtQLRVGH%LUiIDFLOLWDUD
PRELOLGDGHGHVWH~OWLPRUHGX]LQGRVXD7J2UHVXOWDGRGLVVRpDREVHUYDomRGHGXDV
7JV HP WHPSHUDWXUDV VLWXDGDV HQWUH RV YDORUHV GH 7J GRV KRPRSROtPHURV $ H %
SXURV
8PDWHUFHLUDSRVVLELOLGDGHpGHTXHRFRUUDFRPSOHWDLQWHUDomRHQWUHDVFDGHLDV
GRV SROtPHURV $ H % 6XDV FDGHLDV VH LQWHUSHQHWUDP FRPR VH WLYHVVHP D PHVPD
HVWUXWXUDIRUPDQGRXPVLVWHPDKRPRJrQHRTXHYDLDGTXLULUPRELOLGDGHGHXPDVy
YH]DXPDWHPSHUDWXUDLQWHUPHGLiULDjV7JVGRVKRPRSROtPHURVSXURV

)LJXUD(IHLWRGDPLVFLELOLGDGHQDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHDGHPLVWXUDVSROLPpULFDV

$7JGDPLVWXUDPLVFtYHOYDLGHSHQGHUGDFRPSRVLomRGHVVDPLVWXUDFRPRLOXVWUD
D)LJXUD8PPDLRUWHRUGRSROtPHUR$QDPLVWXUDPLVFtYHOID]FRPTXHD7J
HVWHMDPDLVGHVORFDGDSDUDRYDORUGD7JGRSROtPHUR$SXURHGRPHVPRPRGRXP
PDLRUWHRUGRSROtPHUR%ID]FRPTXHD7JGDPLVWXUDHVWHMDPDLVGHVORFDGDSDUDR
YDORUGD7JGRSROtPHUR%SXUR
)LJXUD(IHLWRGDFRPSRVLomRGHPLVWXUDSROLPpULFDPLVFtYHOQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD
possvel prever o valor da Tg?

2 YDORU GD 7J GD PLVWXUD PLVFtYHO RX FRSROtPHUR SRGH VHU SUHYLVWR SRU PHLR GH
GLYHUVDVHTXDo}HVLQLFLDOPHQWHHPStULFDVTXHIRUDPSURSRVWDVSDUDFDOFXODUD7JD
SDUWLU GRV YDORUHV GH 7J GRV FRPSRQHQWHV SXURV H GH VXDV SURSRUo}HV QD PLVWXUD
0DLV WDUGH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGDV YiULDV WHRULDV TXH GHUDP HPEDVDPHQWR
WHUPRGLQkPLFR jV UHODo}HV SURSRVWDV $ SULPHLUD HTXDomR p D UHJUD GDV PLVWXUDV
TXHHVWDEHOHFHTXH
Tg AB = W A .Tg A + WB .Tg B (10.3)
RQGH 7J$ 7J% H 7J$% VmR DV 7JV GRV KRPRSROtPHURV $ H % SXURV H GD PLVWXUD $%
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH H :$ H :% VmR DV IUDo}HV PiVVLFDV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV $ H % QD
PLVWXUD (VWD HTXDomR p DGHTXDGD D VLVWHPDV LGHDLV PLVFtYHLV H DPRUIRV FRP
LQWHUDo}HVIUDFDV4XDQGRHVWDHTXDomRQmRGHVFUHYHGHIRUPDDGHTXDGDRVYDORUHV
GH 7J GH VLVWHPDV GH PLVWXUDV ItVLFDV PLVFtYHLV H FRSROtPHURV DOHDWyULRV SRGH VHU
HPSUHJDGDDHTXDomRGH)R[QDTXDORYDORUGH7J$%pGDGRSRU
1 W A WB
= + (10.4)
Tg AB Tg A Tg B
RXHQWmRSRUPHLRGDHTXDomRGH*RUGRQ7D\ORU
W ATgA + WBTgB
Tg = (10.5)
W A + kWB
RQGHNpXPSDUkPHWURGHILQLGRSHODUD]mRGDYDULDomRGRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR
WpUPLFDLHQWUHRHVWDGRERUUDFKRVRHRHVWDGRYtWUHRGRVKRPRSROtPHURV$H%
(VWH SDUkPHWUR WHP VLGR FRQVLGHUDGR SRU DOJXQV DXWRUHV FRPR XP LQGLFDGRU GD
LQWHQVLGDGHGDVLQWHUDo}HVSUHVHQWHVQRVLVWHPD
$7DEHODUHVXPHDVUHODo}HVXWLOL]DGDVSDUDSUHYHUDGHSHQGrQFLDGD7JFRP
D FRPSRVLomR HP VLVWHPDV PLVWRV PLVFtYHLV EDVHDGDV QRV YDORUHV GH 7J GRV
FRPSRQHQWHVSXURV
eLPSRUWDQWHGHVWDFDUTXHQRFDVRGHVLVWHPDVTXHDSUHVHQWHPGXDV7JVHVWDV
GHYHPHVWDUVHSDUDGDVSHORPHQRVR&XPDGDRXWUDDILPGHTXHDDQiOLVHSRVVD
VHU EHP UHVROYLGD (QWmR SRGH VXUJLU D VHJXLQWH TXHVWmR VH R VLVWHPD IRU
SDUFLDOPHQWHPLVFtYHORXDWpPHVPRLPLVFtYHOHVXDV7JVVHMDPWmRSUy[LPDVTXHD
GLIHUHQoD HQWUH HODV QmR H[FHGD R& FRPR p SRVVtYHO DFRPSDQKDU SRU '6& D
PLVFLELOLGDGH GHVVH VLVWHPD VH D FXUYD Vy DSUHVHQWD XPD GHVFRQWLQXLGDGH
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHDSHQDVXPD7J"
(DUHVSRVWDDHVWDTXHVWmRpEDVWDQWHVLPSOHVQmRpSRVVtYHOGHYLGRjOLPLWDomR
GD WpFQLFD XWLOL]DGD XVDQGR D PHWRGRORJLD DWp DJRUD GLVFXWLGD (QWUHWDQWR WHRULDV
UHFHQWHV VXJHUHP XP WUDWDPHQWR WHyULFR EDVHDGR QD UD]mR HQWUH DV FDSDFLGDGHV
FDORUtILFDVGRVGRLVFRPSRQHQWHVHRVYDORUHVGH7JGRVFRPSRQHQWHVSXURV


7DEHOD5HODo}HVSDUDSUHYHUDGHSHQGrQFLDGD7JFRPDFRPSRVLomRHPVLVWHPDVPLVWRVPLVFtYHLV
$XWRU (TXDomR 2EVHUYDomR

5HJUDGDV 6H7J$7J%DVIXQo}HVORJ
GD(TSRGHPVHU
PLVWXUDV Tg AB = W A .Tg A + WB .Tg B (10.3)
H[SDQGLGDV
1 W A WB (10.4) 6H&SL7JLIRUFRQVWDQWH

)R[ = +
Tg AB Tg A Tg B HVWD(TLJXDODVHj(T
*RUGRQ WATgA + WBTgB

Tg = (10.5) K = B / A
7D\ORU WA + kWB
W T + kW TgB
&RXFKPDQ Tg =
A gA B
(10.6)
$GHTXDGDSLQWHUDo}HV
VHPHOKDQWHD WA + kWB
HVSHFtILFDVPXLWRIUDFDVRX
GH*RUGRQ
sendo k = Cp B DXVHQWHVTgA/TgB 1
7D\ORU
Cp A
W A Cp A ln Tg A + W B Cp B ln Tg B (10.7) (TXDomRWHyULFDTXHGiRULJHP
&RXFKPDQ ln Tg AB =
jVGHPDLV
W A Cp A + W B Cp B
W A Cp ATg A + W B Cp B Tg B (10.8) 6H7J$7J%D(TSRGH

&RXFKPDQ Tg AB =
W A Cp A + W B Cp B VHUVLPSOLILFDGD
%HDWW\H ln Tg AB = W A . ln Tg A + WB . ln Tg B (10.9) 6H&S$ &S%HVWD(T

3RFKDQ LJXDODVHj(T
$UD]mR Cp B pXVDGD
K=
Cp A
8WUDFNL WA . ln TgA + kWB . ln TgB (10.10)
ln Tg AB =
WA + kWB QD(T
&RXFKPDQH A A .Tg A + B B Tg B (10.11)

Tg AB = 9PJ9PO
.DUDV] A A + B B
8WUDFNLH Wn Cp n . ln Tg n (10.12)
ln Tg AB = 3DUDVLVWHPDVPXOWLFRPSRQHQWHV
&RXFKPDQ Wn Cp n
$H%VmRDVGLIHUHQoDVQRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFDQRHVWDGRYtWUHRHQRHVWDGRERUUDFKRVRSDUD
XPFRPSRQHQWHQpRQ~PHURGHFRPSRQHQWHV
10.3.8.5 Estudo de morfologia em funo do tratamento trmico
2 HIHLWR GR WUDWDPHQWR WpUPLFR VREUH D PRUIRORJLD GR SROtPHUR WDPEpP SRGH VHU
DFRPSDQKDGRSRU'6&9DPRVVXSRUDDQiOLVHGHXPKRPRSROtPHURVHPLFULVWDOLQR
3RUVHUVHPLFULVWDOLQRDFXUYDGH'6&LUiPRVWUDUXPD7JHXPD7PFRPRPRVWUDD
)LJXUD D $ DPRVWUD IRL FRORFDGD QD FiSVXOD H DTXHFLGD D R&PLQ DWp XPD
WHPSHUDWXUDDFLPDGDVXD7P$RILQDOGDDQiOLVH7IDDPRVWUDHQFRQWUDVHIXQGLGD
GHQWURGDFiSVXOD$RSURFHGHUXPDDQiOLVHGHUHVIULDPHQWRDSDUWLUGH7IWDPEpPD
R&PLQDWp7LjPHGLGDTXHDDPRVWUDYDLVHQGRUHVIULDGDHODYDLVROLGLILFDQGRH
FRPRDDPRVWUDWHPWHQGrQFLDDIRUPDUXPDUUDQMRFULVWDOLQRHODVROLGLILFDGHPRGR
RUJDQL]DGR UHFRQVWUXLQGR VXDV UHJL}HV FULVWDOLQDV $ IRUPDomR GRV FULVWDLV p
REVHUYDGD SHOR DSDUHFLPHQWR GH XP SLFR H[RWpUPLFR FRUUHVSRQGHQWH j 7F
WHPSHUDWXUD GH FULVWDOL]DomR )LJXUD E $R ILQDO GD DQiOLVH DJRUD j
WHPSHUDWXUDPDLVEDL[D7LDDPRVWUDHQFRQWUDVHQRHVWDGRVyOLGRWHQGRDGTXLULGR
QRYDPHQWH PRUIRORJLD VHPLFULVWDOLQD $VVLP DR SURFHGHU QRYR DTXHFLPHQWR D
R&PLQDWp7IVHUiREVHUYDGDXPDFXUYDFRPRDGD)LJXUDD1HVWHSRQWRD
DPRVWUD HQFRQWUDVH QRYDPHQWH IXQGLGD QD FiSVXOD 6H DJRUD VXEPHWHUPRV HVWD
DPRVWUDDXPUHVIULDPHQWRUiSLGRTXHQFKLQJDWp7LWHPSHUDWXUDDEDL[RGD7J
HODYDLVROLGLILFDUSRUpPDVFDGHLDVQmRWHUmRWHPSRGHVHRUJDQL]DUHIRUPDUDV
UHJL}HV FULVWDOLQDV TXH OKHV VmR FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV $ DPRVWUD HQFRQWUDVH HQWmR QR
HVWDGRVyOLGRDPRUIRDSHVDUGDVXDWHQGrQFLDDFULVWDOL]DUIRUPDQGRXPSROtPHUR
VHPLFULVWDOLQR 6XEPHWHQGR HVWD DPRVWUD QRYDPHQWH D XP SURJUDPD GH
DTXHFLPHQWR R&PLQ DWp 7I DV FDGHLD LUmR DGTXLULU PRELOLGDGH QD 7J H D XPD
WHPSHUDWXUD DFLPD GD 7J DV FDGHLDV WHUmR PRELOLGDGH VXILFLHQWH SDUD VH RUJDQL]DU
VHJXLQGRVXDWHQGrQFLDLVWRpKDYHUiDIRUPDomRGHUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDVHXPSLFR
H[RWpUPLFR UHODWLYR j 7F SRGH VHU REVHUYDGR )LJXUD F 3URVVHJXLQGR FRP R
DXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDRVFULVWDLVIRUPDGRVVRIUHUmRIXVmRHRSLFRHQGRWpUPLFR
UHODWLYRj7PSRGHVHUREVHUYDGR)LJXUDF0DLVXPDYH]DDPRVWUDHQFRQWUD
VHQDFiSVXODQRHVWDGRIXQGLGRSURQWDSDUDTXDOTXHUWLSRGHWUDWDPHQWRWpUPLFR
GHVHMDGR

)LJXUD(IHLWRGRWUDWDPHQWRWpUPLFRVREUHDVWUDQVLo}HVGHXPSROtPHURVHPLFULVWDOLQR
10.3.8.6 Estudo de cintica de cristalizao

8PD DPRVWUD GH SROtPHUR VHPLFULVWDOLQR HP XPD DQiOLVH GH DTXHFLPHQWR D
R&PLQ GHQWUR GR LQWHUYDOR GH WHPSHUDWXUD DGHTXDGR Gi RULJHP D XPD FXUYD
FRP7JH7P$RILPGDDQiOLVHRSROtPHURHQFRQWUDVHQRHVWDGRIXQGLGRHVHXP
UHVIULDPHQWR UiSLGR DWp 77J p UHDOL]DGR D DPRVWUD VROLGLILFD VHP TXH KDMD
IRUPDomRVLJQLILFDWLYDGHUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDVSRUTXHDEDL[RGD7JDVFDGHLDVQmRWrP
PRELOLGDGH VXILFLHQWH SDUD GLIXQGLU H VH RUJDQL]DU HP DUUDQMRV FULVWDOLQRV 6H D
DPRVWUDIRUUHVIULDGDUDSLGDPHQWHDWpXPDWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHD7JHD7PHPDQWLGD
QHVWD WHPSHUDWXUD GXUDQWH XP GHWHUPLQDGR WHPSR DQQHDOLQJ DV FDGHLDV
WHQGHUmR D FULVWDOL]DU SRLV H[LVWH PRELOLGDGH VXILFLHQWH SDUD TXH RFRUUD HVVD
RUJDQL]DomR $VVLP XP SLFR H[RWpUPLFR UHODWLYR j 7F SRGH VHU REVHUYDGR e IiFLO
SHUFHEHUTXHTXDQWRPDLVSUy[LPRGD7JRXGD7PIRUDWHPSHUDWXUDVHOHFLRQDGDD
GLILFXOGDGHGHFULVWDOL]DomRDXPHQWDSRUPRWLYRVGLVWLQWRV3Uy[LPRj7JDVFDGHLDV
HVWmR SHUGHQGR PRELOLGDGH H QmR FRQVHJXHP VH GLIXQGLU SDUD VH RUJDQL]DUHP
3Uy[LPR j 7P D PRELOLGDGH GDV FDGHLDV p PXLWR JUDQGH SDUD PDQWHU XP DUUDQMR
RUJDQL]DGR SHUPDQHQWH $ SULQFtSLR D TXDOTXHU WHPSHUDWXUD DFLPD GD 7J H DEDL[R
GD 7P p SRVVtYHO SURFHGHU D XPD FULVWDOL]DomR QXP SURFHVVR LVRWpUPLFR FRP R
WHPSR3RUpPGHSHQGHQGRGDWHPSHUDWXUDDYHORFLGDGHGHFULVWDOL]DomRLUiYDULDU
2HVWXGRGHFLQpWLFDGHFULVWDOL]DomRpIHLWRFRPEDVHQRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVFULWR
DFLPD$DPRVWUDpPDQWLGDDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHD7JHD7PHXP
SLFRH[RWpUPLFRpREVHUYDGR)LJXUD$DPRVWUDOHYDXPGHWHUPLQDGRWHPSR
DWpDWLQJLURPi[LPRGHFULVWDOL]DomR
)LJXUD3LFRGHFULVWDOL]DomRREVHUYDGRGXUDQWHXPH[SHULPHQWRLVRWpUPLFR
$HTXDomRGH$YUDPLUHODFLRQDDIUDomRGRPDWHULDOFULVWDOL]DGRQRWHPSRW[W
FRPDFRQVWDQWHGHYHORFLGDGHGHFULVWDOL]DomRJOREDONGRVHJXLQWHPRGR
kt n
x(t ) = 1 e (10.13)

RQGH Q p R H[SRHQWH GH $YUDPL R TXDO GHVFUHYH R PHFDQLVPR GH FULVWDOL]DomR H
IRUQHFH LQIRUPDomR TXDOLWDWLYD VREUH D QDWXUH]D GRV SURFHVVRV GH QXFOHDomR H
FUHVFLPHQWRGRVFULVWDLV2VHXYDORUSRGHYDULDUGHD
$ IUDomR GR PDWHULDO FULVWDOL]DGR p REWLGD SRU LQWHJUDomR GD iUHD VRE R SLFR
H[RWpUPLFRDLQWHUYDORVGHWHPSRSUpGHWHUPLQDGRVGHDFRUGRFRPDHTXDomR
dHt
0 dt dt
x (t ) =
dH
0 dt dt (10.14)
WRPDQGRW FRPRRLQVWDQWHHPTXHVHDWLQJHRHTXLOtEULRWpUPLFRHW FRPR
RILQDOGRSURFHVVRGHFULVWDOL]DomRHRQGHG+GWpDWD[DGHIOX[RGHFDORUH[WpD
IUDomRHPPDVVDGHPDWHULDOFULVWDOL]DGRQRWHPSRW
&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH DV LQWHJUDLV UHSUHVHQWDP iUHDV D HTXDomR DFLPD SRGH VHU
HVFULWDQDIRUPD
At
x(t ) = (10.15)
A
RQGH$WpDiUHDVREDFXUYDGHFULVWDOL]DomRGHVGHRLQVWDQWH]HURDWpRLQVWDQWHWH
$pDiUHDWRWDOVREDFXUYDGHFULVWDOL]DomR
$JUDQGH]D[WUHODFLRQDRJUDXGHFULVWDOLQLGDGHGHVHQYROYLGRHPFDGDLQVWDQWH
FRP D FULVWDOLQLGDGH WRWDO DVVRFLDGD D GHWHUPLQDGDV FRQGLo}HV H[SHULPHQWDLV
3RUWDQWRRYDORUQRUPDOL]DGRGH[WYDULDGH]HURD
$SDUWLUGRSLFRH[RWpUPLFRREWpPVHRVYDORUHVGH[WHPIXQomRGHW
Como utilizar esses valores para chegar em k e n ?

$(TXDomRGH$YUDPLSRGHVHUPDWHPDWLFDPHQWHUHDUUDQMDGDGRVHJXLQWHPRGR
n)
x(t ) = 1 e ( kt
n)
1 x(t ) = e ( kt
ln1 ln x(t ) = kt n (10.16)
ln[(ln1 ln x(t )] = n ln kt
ln{ ln[1 x(t )]}= n ln kt
(VWD H[SUHVVmR p D HTXDomR GH XPD UHWD 8VDQGR RV YDORUHV GH [W REWLGRV GR
SLFRH[RWpUPLFRSDUDFRQVWUXLUXPJUiILFRGHOQ^OQ>[W@`YHUVXVOQWGRFRHILFLHQWH
DQJXODU REWHUHPRV RV YDORUHV GH Q H N D SDUWLU GRV FRHILFLHQWHV DQJXODU H OLQHDU
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
2YDORUGRH[SRHQWHGH$YUDPLHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRPDJHRPHWULDGHFUHVFLPHQWR
FRPRPRVWUDD7DEHOD
7DEHOD9DORUHVGRH[SRHQWHGH$YUDPLGHDFRUGRFRPDJHRPHWULDGHFUHVFLPHQWRGRFULVWDO
*HRPHWULD
GH 1XFOHDomR
FUHVFLPHQWR
,QVWDQWkQHD (VSRUiGLFD +HWHURJrQHD
(VIHUXOLWR !Q!
'LVFR !Q!
%DVWmR !Q!
$YHORFLGDGHHPHFDQLVPRGHFULVWDOL]DomRSRGHPYDULDUFRPDWHPSHUDWXUDQD
TXDO D DPRVWUD IRL LQGX]LGD D FULVWDOL]DU )D]HQGRVH YiULDV LVRWHUPDV GH
FULVWDOL]DomR D WHPSHUDWXUDV YDULDGDV HQWUH D 7J H D 7P VHUmR REWLGDV FXUYDV
GLVWLQWDVFRPRPRVWUDD)LJXUD
3DUD FDGD XPD GHVWDV LVRWHUPDV SRGH VHU IHLWR R PHVPR WUDWDPHQWR GHVFULWR
DFLPDHREWHUHPRVXPYDORUGHNHQSDUDFDGDWHPSHUDWXUD

)LJXUD,VRWHUPDVGHFULVWDOL]DomRGHPDWHULDOSROLPpULFR3(7
10.3.8.7 Determinao de porcentagem de cristalinidade

$VDPRVWUDVGHSROtPHURVSRGHPVHUHQFRQWUDGDVHPGLYHUVRVJUDXVGHRUJDQL]DomR
GH VXDV FDGHLDV 8PD DPRVWUD QD TXDO DV FDGHLDV HQFRQWUDPVH WRWDOPHQWH
GHVRUJDQL]DGDV p GHQRPLQDGD DPRUID 6H DV FDGHLDV SXGHVVHP HVWDU WRWDOPHQWH
RUJDQL]DGDV D DPRVWUD VHULD GHQRPLQDGD WRWDOPHQWH FULVWDOLQD &RPR YLVWR
DQWHULRUPHQWH HVWD FRQGLomR GH FRPSOHWD RUJDQL]DomR DLQGD QmR IRL REVHUYDGD QD
SUiWLFD SDUD QHQKXP WLSR GH SROtPHUR ( RV SROtPHURV TXH WHQGHP D DSUHVHQWDU
FDGHLDV GLVWULEXtGDV HP UHJL}HV DPRUIDV H FULVWDOLQDV RUJDQL]DGDV HQWUH VL VmR
GHQRPLQDGRV VHPLFULVWDOLQRV 'HSHQGHQGR GH IDWRUHV WDLV FRPR
HVWHUHRUUHJXODULGDGHVLPHWULDHQWUHRXWURVRVSROtPHURVLUmRDSUHVHQWDUPDLRURX
PHQRU WHQGrQFLD D FULVWDOL]DU $ UHODomR HQWUH D UHJLmR DPRUID H FULVWDOLQD GH XPD
DPRVWUD GH SROtPHUR p H[SUHVVD HP WHUPRV GH SRUFHQWDJHP GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH RX
JUDX GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH $ YDULDomR QD SRUFHQWDJHP GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH LUi DIHWDU
GLUHWDPHQWHGLYHUVDVSURSULHGDGHVGRPDWHULDO$SRUFHQWDJHPGHFULVWDOLQLGDGHGH
XPSROtPHURSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDSRU'6&DSDUWLUGRSLFRHQGRWpUPLFRUHODWLYRj
IXVmR FULVWDOLQD $ iUHD VRE R SLFR HVWi GLUHWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGD j TXDQWLGDGH GH
FDORU DEVRUYLGD QD IXVmR 6H XP PDLRU WHRU GD DPRVWUD DSUHVHQWDVH QD IRUPD GH
DUUDQMRRUJDQL]DGRPDLVUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDVRXPDLRUJUDXGHFULVWDOLQLGDGHHQWmR
XPDPDLRUTXDQWLGDGHGHFDORUVHUiDEVRUYLGDQDIXVmR2RSRVWRpREVHUYDGRSDUD
DPRVWUDVFRPSHTXHQDSRUFHQWDJHPGHUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDV/RJRDSRUFHQWDJHPGH
FULVWDOLQLGDGHpFDOFXODGDGLUHWDPHQWHSRU
H f A
% de cristalinidade = x 100 (10.17)
H f A 100% cristalino
RQGH +I $ p D YDULDomR GH HQWDOSLD GH IXVmR GD DPRVWUD GH SRUFHQWDJHP GH
FULVWDOLQLGDGHGHVFRQKHFLGDH+I$FULVWDOLQRpDYDULDomRGHHQWDOSLDGHIXVmRSDUDD
DPRVWUDFULVWDOLQD
2YDORUGH+IGDDPRVWUDFULVWDOLQDpHQFRQWUDGRWDEHODGRSDUDXPDVpULH
GH SROtPHURV 3RUpP SDUHFH XP WDQWR HVWUDQKR WUDWDU GH +I GD DPRVWUD
FULVWDOLQD VH QR SDUiJUDIR DQWHULRU IRL FLWDGD D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH SUiWLFD GH VH REWHU
XPD DPRVWUD FULVWDOLQD 1D YHUGDGH H[LVWHP DOJXQV PRGRV GLVWLQWRV GH VH
FKHJDU DR YDORU GH +I GH XPD DPRVWUD FULVWDOLQD H XP GHOHV EDVHLDVH QD
FDUDFWHUL]DomRGHYiULDVDPRVWUDVGHXPPHVPRSROtPHURFRPGLIHUHQWHVJUDXVGH
FULVWDOLQLGDGH(VWDVDPRVWUDVWrPDSRUFHQWDJHPGHFULVWDOLQLGDGHGHWHUPLQDGDSRU
XPD WpFQLFD GLUHWD FRPR SRU H[HPSOR GLIUDomR GH UDLRV; H RV YDORUHV GH +I
GHWHUPLQDGRV SHOD SUySULD WpFQLFD GH '6& &RQVWUXLQGRVH XP JUiILFR GH
SRUFHQWDJHPGHFULVWDOLQLGDGHYHUVXV+IpSRVVtYHOVHREWHUR+IGDDPRVWUD
FULVWDOLQDSRUH[WUDSRODomR

10.3.8.8 Identificao de componentes de misturas de polmeros semi-
cristalinos
2 '6& WDPEpP SRGH VHU XWLOL]DGR SDUD LGHQWLILFDomR GH FRPSRQHQWHV HP PLVWXUDV
GH KRPRSROtPHURV VHPLFULVWDOLQRV &RPR Mi PHQFLRQDGR D LQWHUSHQHWUDomR GH
FDGHLDV GH SROtPHURV GLVWLQWRV QDV UHJL}HV DPRUIDV HVWi UHODFLRQDGD j DILQLGDGH
TXtPLFD GDV PHVPDV 3RUpP D LQWHUSHQHWUDomR GH FDGHLDV GH SROtPHURV GLVWLQWRV
QDV UHJL}HV FULVWDOLQDV GHSHQGH QmR Vy GD DILQLGDGH TXtPLFD FRPR WDPEpP GH
GLYHUVRV IDWRUHV WDPEpP Mi PHQFLRQDGRV WDLV FRPR UHJXODULGDGH H VLPHWULD HQWUH
DV FDGHLDV $VVLP VH Mi QmR p PXLWR FRPXP HQFRQWUDU GRLV KRPRSROtPHURV FRP
UHJL}HV DPRUIDV FRP FRPSOHWD LQWHUSHQHWUDomR GH VXDV FDGHLDV FRPSOHWD
PLVFLELOLGDGHpIiFLOSHUFHEHUDGLILFXOGDGHGHHQFRQWUDUGRLVKRPRSROtPHURVFRP
LQWHUSHQHWUDomRGHFDGHLDVQDVUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDV,VWRVXJHUHTXHDRPLVWXUDUGRLV
RX PDLV KRPRSROtPHURV VHPLFULVWDOLQRV DV VXDV UHJL}HV FULVWDOLQDV WHQGHP D VH
PDQWHU SUDWLFDPHQWH LQDOWHUDGDV H SRU FRQVHJXLQWH VXDV 7PV WDPEpP (VWH
FRPSRUWDPHQWR SHUPLWH HQWmR TXH PLVWXUDV GH FRPSRQHQWHV SRVVDP VHU
LGHQWLILFDGDVDWUDYpVGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRGHVXDVUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDV
10.3.8.9 Determinao de composio de misturas de polmeros

semicristalinos
$ FRPSRVLomR GH PLVWXUDV ItVLFDV GH SROtPHURV RV TXDLV SRVVXHP 7PV VXILFLHQ
WHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDSRU'6&DWUDYpVGHXPDUHODomRHQWUHRV
FDORUHVGHIXVmRLVWRpHQWUHDViUHDVVRERVSLFRVGHIXVmRGDVUHJL}HVFULVWDOLQDV
GRVUHVSHFWLYRVSROtPHURVQDPLVWXUD
&RPR GLVFXWLGR QR LWHP DQWHULRU PLVWXUDV GH GRLV KRPRSROtPHURV VHPLFULV
WDOLQRV DSUHVHQWDUmR GRLV SLFRV UHODWLYRV jV 7PV GDV UHJL}HV FULVWDOLQDV GRV UHVSHF
WLYRV KRPRSROtPHURV PDQWLGDV SUDWLFDPHQWH LQDOWHUDGDV $VVLP D DQiOLVH GH XPD
PLVWXUDV GH GRLV KRPRSROtPHURV VHPLFULVWDOLQRV D R&PLQ QR LQWHUYDOR GH WHP
SHUDWXUD RQGH RFRUUHP DV GXDV 7PV DSUHVHQWD XPD FXUYD FRPR PRVWUD D )LJXUD

)LJXUD3LFRVGHIXVmRREVHUYDGRVHPXPDPLVWXUDGHSROtPHURVVHPLFULVWDOLQRV
$UHODomRHQWUHRVFDORUHVGHIXVmRSRGHVHUH[SUHVVDHPWHUPRVGDSRUFHQWDJHP
GD iUHD GR SLFR UHODWLYR j IXVmR GR FRPSRQHQWH HP PHQRU TXDQWLGDGH 3$ 1HVWH
FDVR
rea DEF
PA = x 100 (10.18)
rea ABC + rea DEF
$SRUFHQWDJHPGHiUHDHQFRQWUDGDQmROHYDGLUHWDPHQWHDRWHRUGRFRPSRQHQWH
HP PHQRU TXDQWLGDGH QD PLVWXUD SRUTXH VDEHPRV TXH D IXVmR GH FDGD DUUDQMR
FULVWDOLQR HQYROYH XPD DEVRUomR GH FDORU FDUDFWHUtVWLFD $VVLP ID]VH QHFHVViULR
UHDOL]DU XPD FDOLEUDomR FRP PLVWXUDV GH FRPSRVLo}HV FRQKHFLGDV SDUD R SDU GH
SROtPHURV HP TXHVWmR &RPR SURFHGLPHQWR VmR SUHSDUDGDV DOJXPDV PLVWXUDV GH
FRPSRVLo}HV FRQKHFLGDV H FDGD XPD GHVVDV PLVWXUDV p DQDOLVDGD QR '6& SDUD
GHWHUPLQDomR GH VXDV SRUFHQWDJHQV GH iUHD GR SLFR UHODWLYR j IXVmR GD UHJLmR
FULVWDOLQD GR FRPSRQHQWH HP PHQRU TXDQWLGDGH &RP HVVHV GDGRV p SRVVtYHO
FRQVWUXLU XPD FXUYD GH FDOLEUDomR GH WHRU GH XP FRPSRQHQWH QD PLVWXUD YHUVXV
SRUFHQWDJHPGDiUHDGRSLFRUHODWLYRjIXVmRGRFRPSRQHQWHHPPHQRUTXDQWLGDGH
e LPSRUWDQWH REVHUYDU TXH FRPR D iUHD GR SLFR YDULD FRP R JUDX GH
FULVWDOLQLGDGHDFXUYDGHFDOLEUDomRGHYHVHUREWLGDDSDUWLUGHDPRVWUDVFRPJUDXV
GHFULVWDOLQLGDGHFRQVWDQWHVHDDPRVWUDGHVFRQKHFLGDWDPEpPGHYHVHUFRQVWLWXtGD

GH SROtPHURV FRP JUDXV GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH LJXDLV DRV GDV DPRVWUDV XVDGDV SDUD D
REWHQomRGDFXUYDSDGUmR,VWRSRGHVHUFRQWURODGRSHODKLVWyULDWpUPLFDGDPLVWXUD
'XDV RXWUDV WpFQLFDV GHVHQYROYLGDV D SDUWLU GD FDORULPHWULD GLIHUHQFLDO GH
YDUUHGXUD TXH WrP HQFRQWUDGR JUDQGH DSOLFDELOLGDGH QD LQYHVWLJDomR GRV PDLV
YDULDGRVSURFHVVRVTXHRFRUUHPHPPDWHULDLVFRPXPDIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDVmR
R'6&PRGXODGRHDIRWRFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDO
10.4 Calorimetria diferencial de varredura modulada (MDSC)

8P GRV GHVHQYROYLPHQWRV PDLV VLJQLILFDWLYRV HP DQiOLVH WpUPLFD QRV ~OWLPRV RLWR
DQRV IRL R ODQoDPHQWR GH XP LQVWUXPHQWR FRPHUFLDO TXH HPSUHJD D WpFQLFD
FRQKHFLGDFRPR'6&PRGXODGR0'6&2VWHUPRV'6&RVFLODWyULRRX'6&DOWHUQDGR
WDPEpP VmR XVDGRV SDUD GHVFUHYHU HVWH PpWRGR 2 '6& PRGXODGR HPSUHJD R
PHVPR SULQFtSLR HVVHQFLDO GH IOX[R GH FDORU GHVFULWR SDUD R '6& FRQYHQFLRQDO $V
GLIHUHQoDVFKDYHHVWmRQRPpWRGRH[SHULPHQWDOHQDDQiOLVHGHGDGRVGLVSRQtYHLVD
SDUWLU GHVWHV H[SHULPHQWRV 8PD PRGXODomR VHQRLGDO p DSOLFDGD VREUH D WD[D GH
DTXHFLPHQWRRXUHVIULDPHQWROLQHDUFRQYHQFLRQDOSDUDSURGX]LUXPSHUILOQRTXDOD
WHPSHUDWXUDPpGLDGDDPRVWUDYDULDFRQWLQXDPHQWHFRPRWHPSRHPXPPRGRQmR
OLQHDU $ )LJXUD PRVWUD XP SHUILO GH DTXHFLPHQWR WtSLFR GR 0'6& $
FDSDFLGDGHGHFRPELQDUWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRDOWDVLQVWDQWkQHDVFRPXPDWD[DGH
DTXHFLPHQWR EDL[D EiVLFD UHVROYH R FRQIOLWR HQWUH UHVROXomR H VHQVLELOLGDGH
HQFRQWUDGR QR '6& FRQYHQFLRQDO 1HVWH ~OWLPR D UHVROXomR p PD[LPL]DGD SHODV
EDL[DVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRHDVHQVLELOLGDGHSHODVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRDOWDV$
YDQWDJHPWHyULFDGR'6&PRGXODGRpTXHHVWHUHVROYHDUHVSRVWDGRIOX[RGHFDORU
WRWDOPHGLGRSRUXP'6&FRQYHQFLRQDOHPGXDVFRPSRQHQWHV8PDFRPSRQHQWHp
IXQomRGDFDSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFDGDDPRVWUDHGDWD[DGHYDULDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUD$
RXWUDFRPSRQHQWHpIXQomRGRWHPSRDEVROXWRGHDQiOLVHHGDWHPSHUDWXUD2'6&
FRQYHQFLRQDO PHGH R IOX[R GH FDORU WRWDO HQTXDQWR TXH R '6& PRGXODGR PHGH
LQGLYLGXDOPHQWHHVVDVGXDVFRPSRQHQWHVGRIOX[RGHFDORU
)LJXUD9DULDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDHGDWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRWtSLFDVGHXPH[SHULPHQWRHP0'6&
Qual a importncia da medida ser resolvida em duas componentes?

$OJXPDV WUDQVLo}HV LPSRUWDQWHV HVWXGDGDV SRU '6& HVWmR DVVRFLDGDV j FDSDFLGDGH
FDORUtILFD WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGD FRPSRQHQWH UHYHUVD SRU H[HPSOR D IXVmR
FULVWDOLQD H D WUDQVLomR YtWUHD 2XWUDV WUDQVLo}HV SRU H[HPSOR UHFULVWDOL]DomR H
UHOD[DomR HQWiOSLFD DV TXDLV RFRUUHP GXUDQWH XPD SURJUDPDomR GH DTXHFLPHQWR
HVWmR DVVRFLDGDV j FLQpWLFD GR SURFHVVR WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGD FRPSRQHQWH QmR
UHYHUVD 1R '6& FRQYHQFLRQDO DV WUDQVLo}HV DVVRFLDGDV j FRPSRQHQWH QmRUHYHUVD
ILFDP HPEXWLGDV RX PDVFDUDGDV SHODV WUDQVLo}HV DVVRFLDGDV j FRPSRQHQWH
UHYHUVD20'6&UHVROYHQGRDPHGLGDHPGXDVFRPSRQHQWHVSHUPLWHDVHSDUDomR
GHVVHVHYHQWRVHPVLQDLVLQGLYLGXDLV
'LYHUVDVYDQWDJHQVWrPVLGRLGHQWLILFDGDVSDUDRPpWRGRGH0'6&SRUH[HPSOR
DUHVROXomR
SGH WUDQVLo}HV FRPSOH[DV TXH IUHTHQWHPHQWH HQYROYHP XPD VREUHSRVLomR GH
HYHQWRV
SQRVLQDOGHIOX[RGHFDORUWRWDOFRPRHPXPDUHOD[DomRHQWiOSLFDVREUHSRVWDj
WUDQVLomRYtWUHDGHXPPDWHULDODPRUIRSURGX]LGDSRUHQYHOKHFLPHQWRItVLFR
SGD WUDQVLomR YtWUHD GR SROLFDUERQDWR 3& VREUHSRVWD j UHFULVWDOL]DomR GR
SROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR3(7HPXPDPLVWXUDItVLFD3&3(7

8PDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPDLVVLJQLILFDWLYDVGR0'6&pDFDSDFLGDGHGHUHVROYHUD
IXVmR GR FULVWDO D SDUWLU GD UHFULVWDOL]DomR 0XLWRV GRV WUDEDOKRV FRP 0'6& VmR
GLUHFLRQDGRV j GHWHUPLQDomR GH FULVWDOLQLGDGH GH PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV (P JHUDO
HVWHWLSRGHLQYHVWLJDomRpUHDOL]DGDPHGLQGRVHRFDORUODWHQWHGHIXVmRGRSURFHVVR
GHFULVWDOL]DomRXWLOL]DQGRR'6&FRQYHQFLRQDO3RUpPpXPDPHGLGDDSUR[LPDGD
SRLV R DTXHFLPHQWR DSOLFDGR j DPRVWUD SRGH DOWHUDU D HVWUXWXUD FULVWDOLQD GR
PDWHULDO &ULVWDLV LPSHUIHLWRV SRGHP IXQGLU H QRYDPHQWH FULVWDOL]DU FRPR SDUWH GH
RXWURVFULVWDLVPDLRUHVDQWHVGHRFRUUHUDIXVmRGDDPRVWUDFRPRXPWRGR2IOX[R
GH FDORU WRWDO IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV LQFRPSOHWDV GR SURFHVVR GH IXVmR H D FRQGLomR
LQLFLDO GR PDWHULDO p SHUGLGD 2 '6& PRGXODGR SURSRUFLRQD XPD DYDOLDomR PXLWR
PDLV FODUD GR SURFHVVR GH IXVmR SRUTXH UHVROYH D UHVSRVWDV HP GRLV SURFHVVRV
IOX[R GH FDORU UHYHUVR GH IXVmR GR FULVWDO H IOX[R GH FDORU QmRUHYHUVR GH
FULVWDOL]DomR1DPDLRULDGRVSROtPHURVHVWHVSURFHVVRVRFRUUHPVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHH
RIOX[RGHFDORUWRWDOQmRSHUPLWHDDTXLVLomRGHLQIRUPDo}HVVHSDUDGDVGHFDGDXP
GHVVHVSURFHVVRV$)LJXUDPRVWUDDVWUrVFXUYDVGLIHUHQWHVREWLGDVQR0'6&
SDUDXPSURFHVVRGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQD
2 '6& PRGXODGR WDPEpP SURSRUFLRQD XP PHLR GH PHGLU GLUHWDPHQWH D
FDSDFLGDGH FDORUtILFD GH XP PDWHULDO DOpP GH SRGHU SURGX]LU GDGRV GH
FRQGXWLYLGDGH WpUPLFD FRHUHQWHV FRP YDORUHV HVWDEHOHFLGRV SRU WpFQLFDV PDLV
FRQYHQFLRQDLV
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHIOX[RGHFDORUWRWDOHDVFRPSRQHQWHVUHYHUVDHQmRUHYHUVDREWLGDVSDUDXPPDWHULDO
SROLPpULFRVXEPHWLGRDXPSURJUDPDGHDTXHFLPHQWRHPXP0'6&
10.5 Fotocalorimetria diferencial
$IRWRFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDO'3&pXPDDGDSWDomRGR'6&TXHHQYROYHRXVRGH
XPDIRQWHGHOX]YLVtYHORXXOWUDYLROHWDSDUDHVWXGDURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVLVWHPDV
IRWRUUHDWLYRV$'3&HQFRQWUDDSOLFDomRHVSHFtILFDHPUHYHVWLPHQWRVILOPHVWLQWDV
DGHVLYRVHPDWHULDOGHQWiULR2LQVWUXPHQWRpXVDGRSDUDHVWXGDUDUHDWLYLGDGHGH
YiULRV LQLFLDGRUHV TXtPLFRV VREUH D YHORFLGDGH GH FXUD GH VLVWHPDV SROLPpULFRV 2
SULPHLURHTXLSDPHQWRIRLPRQWDGRDGDSWDQGRVHXPDIRQWHGHOX]XOWUDYLROHWDDXP
'6& FRQYHQFLRQDO (P D 7$ ,QVWUXPHQWV ,QF ODQoRX XP HTXLSDPHQWR
FRPHUFLDO DFRSODGR D XP FRPSXWDGRU FRP SURJUDPD DGHTXDGR DR WLSR GH DQiOLVH
UHDOL]DGD8WLOL]DQGRXP'3&pSRVVtYHOSRUH[HPSORDFRPSDQKDUDYHORFLGDGHGH
FXUD LQGX]LGD SRU UDGLDomR 89 FRPR XPD IXQomR GD FRQFHQWUDomR GH XP GDGR
LQLFLDGRU)LJXUD$VVLPFRPRQR'6&SRGHPVHUUHDOL]DGRVHVWXGRVFLQpWLFRV
GHVLVWHPDVIRWRUUHDWLYRVFRPH[SHULPHQWRVLVRWpUPLFRVDGLIHUHQWHVWHPSHUDWXUDV
RX FRP FRUULGDV GH DTXHFLPHQWR GLQkPLFR P~OWLSODV XWLOL]DQGR YHORFLGDGHV GH
DTXHFLPHQWRGLIHUHQWHV
)LJXUD(IHLWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGRLQLFLDGRUQDYHORFLGDGHGHIRWRUUHWLFXODomR

%LNDOHV10HG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI3RO\PHUV(QF\FORSHGLD5HSULQWV:LOH\
,QWHUVFLHQFH1HZ<RUN
)ULHG - 5 'HYHORSPHQWV LQ 3RO\PHU &KDUDFWHULVDWLRQ 'DZNLQV - 9 (G
$SSOLHG6FLHQFH3XEOLVKHUV/RQGRQ&KDS
$QQXDO%RRNRI$6706WDQGDUGV$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV
VHFWLRQYRO3KLODGHOSKLD
+DWDNH\DPD7H4XLQQ);7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV)XQGDPHQWDOVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
WR3RO\PHU6FLHQFH-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV/WG1HZ<RUN
0DWKRW 9 % ) HG &DORULPHWU\ DQG 7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV RI 3RO\PHUV +DQVHU
3XEOLVKHUV0XQLFK
1HZ<RUN
6HSH035DSUD5HYLHZ5HSRUWVYROQRSiJV7KHUPDODQDO\VLV
RISRO\PHUV
8WUDFNL/$3RO\PHU$OOR\VDQG%OHQGV+DQVHU3XEOLVKHUV0XQLFK
:LGPDQ*(P&KDSR\//H6RUHQVHQ$HGV7KHUPDO$QDO\VLVRI3RO\PHULF
0DWHULDOV3RO\PHUWHNQLVN6HOVNDE/\QJE\
:XQGHUOLFK%7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV$FDGHPLF3UHVV,QF%RVWRQ
:XQGHUOLFK:&KHQJ6='H/RXIDNLV. (P(QF\FORSHGLDRI3RO\PHU6FLHQFH
DQG (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO 0DUN + 0 %LNDOHV 1 0 2YHUEHUJHU & * H
0HQJHV*(GVQGHG-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUNS
&DStWXOR
Anlises Termomecnicas:
Anlise Termomecnica
(TMA) e Anlise
Termodinmico-mecnica
(DMTA)
11.1 Deformaes mecnicas em materiais

$QWHV GH DSUHVHQWDUPRV XP SRXFR GD WHRULD VREUH DV DQiOLVHV WHUPRPHFkQLFDV
SURSULDPHQWHGLWDVYDPRVUHFRUGDUDOJXQVFRQFHLWRVEiVLFRVVREUHGHIRUPDo}HVGH
PDWHULDLVXPDYH]TXHDDPRVWUDDVHUDQDOLVDGDHVWDUiVXMHLWDDXPDGHIRUPDomR
2VWUrVPRGRVSULQFLSDLVSHORVTXDLVRVVLVWHPDVVRIUHPGHIRUPDomRVmRWUDomR
FLVDOKDPHQWRHFRPSUHVVmR$)LJXUDLOXVWUDHVWHVWUrVWLSRVGHGHIRUPDo}HVHP
FRUSRVVyOLGRVRQGH)pDIRUoDDSOLFDGDjDPRVWUD
)LJXUD'HIRUPDomRSRUDWUDomREFLVDOKDPHQWRHFFRPSUHVVmR
4XDQGRXPDWHQVmRpH[HUFLGDVREUHXPFRUSRVyOLGRHVWHWHQGHUiDVRIUHUXPD
GHIRUPDomR $ UD]mR HQWUH D WHQVmR DSOLFDGD H D GHIRUPDomR RFRUULGD GHILQH R
PyGXORGRPDWHULDO$VVLPTXDQWRPDLRUIRURPyGXORGRPDWHULDOPDLRUVHUiVXD
UHVLVWrQFLDjGHIRUPDomR$7DEHODDSUHVHQWDRVWLSRVGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGD
GHIRUPDomR VRIULGD SHOR PDWHULDO H FRPR HVWH PyGXOR p FDOFXODGR HP FDGD FDVR
UHODFLRQDGRQD)LJXUD
7DEHOD7LSRVGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGDGHIRUPDomRVRIULGDSHORPDWHULDOHPRGRGHFDOFXODUFDGDXP
GHOHV
7LSRGH &RPSOLkQFLD
7HQVmR 'HIRUPDomR 0yGXOR
GHIRUPDomR
0yGXORGH
&RPSOLkQFLDGH
HODVWLFLGDGHRX
7UDomR W )$% && 7UDomR
0yGXORGH<RXQJ
' (
( W
0yGXORGH &RPSOLkQFLDGH

&LVDOKDPHQWR [& WDQ FLVDOKDPHQWR FLVDOKDPHQWR
V )$%
* V - *
0yGXORGH &RPSOLkQFLDGH
&RPSUHVVmR 3 )iUHD F 99R FRPSUHVVmR FRPSUHVVmR
. 3F % .
2EV$DEUHYLDomRSDUDRWHUPRWDQJHQWHXVDGDQHVWHOLYURpWDQGHYLGRjSRVVLELOLGDGHGHKDYHUFRQIXVmR
FRPRXWURVWHUPRVDEUHYLDGRVDQWHULRUPHQWHFRPR7J
1RWHTXHFDGDWLSRGHGHIRUPDomRGiRULJHPDXPWLSRGHPyGXORGHVLJQDGRSRU
OHWUDVGLVWLQWDV'HIRUPDo}HVGRWLSRWUDomRFLVDOKDPHQWRHFRPSUHVVmRGmRRULJHP
DRVPyGXORVUHSUHVHQWDGRVSHODVOHWUDV(*H.UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHXPDYH]TXHRV
YDORUHV GH PyGXOR YDULDP HP IXQomR GR WLSR GH GHIRUPDomR DSOLFDGD DR PDWHULDO
3DUDPDWHULDLVLVRWUySLFRVRVPyGXORVHVWmRUHODFLRQDGRVHQWUHVLSHOD(TXDomR
E = 2G (1 + ) = 3K (1 2 ) (11.1)
RQGHpDUD]mRGH3RLVVRQ
4XDQGR XP PDWHULDO p HVWLUDGR D iUHD GD VHomR UHWD YDULD DVVLP FRPR VHX
FRPSULPHQWR $ UD]mR GH 3RLVVRQ p D FRQVWDQWH TXH UHODFLRQD HVVDV PXGDQoDV
QDVGLPHQV}HVGRFRUSRGHSURYDGXUDQWHDGHIRUPDomR$VVLPDUD]mRGH3RLVVRQ
SRGHVHUHVFULWDFRPR
$QiOLVHV7HUPRPHFkQLFDV
A
var iao na l arg ura por unidade de comprimento A
= = (11.2)
var iao no comprimento por unidade de comprimento C
C
3RGH VHU GHPRQVWUDGR TXH VH R YROXPH GR PDWHULDO SHUPDQHFH FRQVWDQWH
TXDQGR HVWLUDGR D UD]mR GH 3RLVVRQ p (P JHUDO RV PDWHULDLV DXPHQWDP GH
YROXPH TXDQGR VXEPHWLGRV j WHQVmR H SRU LVVR 3DUD D PDLRULD GRV
PDWHULDLVDUD]mRGH3RLVVRQHQFRQWUDVHQDIDL[DHQWUHH3DUDHODVW{PHURVH
OtTXLGRV WHQGHSDUD
e LPSRUWDQWH REVHUYDU TXH XPD IRUoD p DSOLFDGD DR PDWHULDO PDV R YDORU GH
PyGXOR TXH p FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH FDGD PDWHULDO p FDOFXODGR FRP EDVH QR YDORU GD
WHQVmRDSOLFDGDLVWRpIRUoDSRUXQLGDGHGHiUHDGDVHomRWUDQVYHUVDOeEDVWDQWH
IiFLO FRPSUHHQGHU HVVD GLIHUHQoD 2 YDORU GH PyGXOR FRPR Mi PHQFLRQDGR p
FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH XP GDGR PDWHULDO 6H SUHSDUDUPRV GRLV FRUSRV GH SURYD GH XP
PHVPR PDWHULDO SROLPpULFR QR IRUPDWR GH ILOPH VHQGR XP GHOHV PXLWR ILQR H R
RXWUR PXLWR JURVVR REYLDPHQWH D IRUoD QHFHVViULD SDUD SURYRFDU D PHVPD
LQWHQVLGDGH GH GHIRUPDomR QHVVHV GRLV FRUSRV GH SURYD VHUi GLIHUHQWH 6H D IRUoD
DSOLFDGD IRU GLIHUHQWH RV YDORUHV GH PyGXOR FDOFXODGRV GLUHWDPHQWH FRP HVVDV
IRUoDV WDPEpP VHUmR GLIHUHQWHV ,VWR p R PyGXOR GR PDWHULDO HVWDULD YDULDQGR HP
IXQomR GDV GLPHQV}HV GD DPRVWUD H QmR VHULD XPD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD SUySULD GDTXHOH
PDWHULDOSROLPpULFR$ILPGHHOLPLQDURVHIHLWRVGDVGLPHQV}HVGRFRUSRGHSURYDR
PyGXOR GR PDWHULDO p FDOFXODGR FRP EDVH QD WHQVmR DSOLFDGD SDUD XPD PHVPD
WHQVmRTXDQWRPHQRUHVIRUHPDVGLPHQV}HVGRFRUSRGHSURYDPHQRUVHUiDIRUoD
QHFHVViULDSDUDGHIRUPiOR
8PD FXUYD WtSLFD GH XP HQVDLR GH WHQVmRGHIRUPDomR D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD
FRQVWDQWHpPRVWUDGDQD)LJXUD
)LJXUD&XUYDWtSLFDGHXPHQVDLRGHWHQVmRGHIRUPDomRDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWH
&RPRSRGHVHUYLVWRQD)LJXUDHPJHUDORPDWHULDODSUHVHQWDXPDUHJLmR
OLQHDU QD TXDO D UD]mR WHQVmRGHIRUPDomR p FRQVWDQWH (VWD UD]mR QDGD PDLV p GR
TXHRPyGXORGRPDWHULDOWHVWDGR&DVRDPHVPDDPRVWUDVHMDVXEPHWLGDDRPHVPR
HQVDLRSRUpPFRPXPDWHPSHUDWXUDVXSHULRURPyGXORWHQGHUiDGHFUHVFHULVWRp
DUHVLVWrQFLDGRPDWHULDOTXDQWRjGHIRUPDomRpUHGX]LGD)LJXUD
$V DQiOLVHV WHUPRPHFkQLFDV VmR FDSD]HV GH UHJLVWUDU RV YDORUHV GH PyGXOR HP
FDGDWHPSHUDWXUDHIRUQHFHUXP~QLFRJUiILFRFRPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
e LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH HQVDLRV GH WHQVmRGHIRUPDomR SRGHP VHU UHDOL]DGRV
DSOLFDQGRVHXPDWHQVmRHPHGLQGRVHDGHIRUPDomRVRIULGDSHORPDWHULDOHQVDLRGH
FHGrQFLD RX FUHHS RX DSOLFDQGRVH XPD GHIRUPDomR H PHGLQGRVH D WHQVmR
UHVSRVWDGRPDWHULDOHQVDLRGHUHOD[DPHQWRGHWHQVmR
)LJXUD&XUYDVWtSLFDVGHXPHQVDLRGHWHQVmRGHIRUPDomRDGXDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGLVWLQWDV
)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGRYDORUGRPyGXORHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUD
11.2 Anlise termomecnica (TMA)
11.2.1 Introduo
$DQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFDpDWpFQLFDQDTXDODVGHIRUPDo}HVGHXPDDPRVWUDVRED
DomRGHXPDFDUJDQmRRVFLODWyULDVmRPHGLGDVFRPRXPDIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUD
RX GR WHPSR D 7 FRQVWDQWH TXDQGR R PDWHULDO p VXEPHWLGR D XP SURJUDPD
FRQWURODGRGHWHPSHUDWXUD
$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDXPHVTXHPDGHXPDQDOLVDGRUWHUPRPHFkQLFR
2 VHQVRU HPSUHJDGR p XP WUDQVIRUPDGRU GLIHUHQFLDO YDULiYHO OLQHDU /9'7 R
TXDO p SRVLFLRQDGR QR HL[R GH GHVORFDPHQWR GR DSDUHOKR H GHWHFWD R TXDQWR HVWH
HL[RVHGHVORFDGXUDQWHDDQiOLVH
)LJXUD(VTXHPDGHXPDQDOLVDGRUWHUPRPHFkQLFR
'LIHUHQWHV DFHVVyULRV SRGHP VHU DGDSWDGRV QD H[WUHPLGDGH GR HL[R GH
GHVORFDPHQWR)LJXUDRTXHLUiGHWHUPLQDURWLSRGHGHIRUPDomRGDDQiOLVH
SSHQHWUDomR
SFRPSUHVVmR
SH[SDQVmR
SIOH[mR
SH[WHQVmR
)LJXUD7LSRVGHVRQGDVXWLOL]DGDVQDDQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFDDSHQHWUDomREH[SDQVmRF

FRPSUHVVmRGIOH[mRHH[WHQVmR
2V YiULRV PpWRGRV GH DQiOLVH WHUPRPHFkQLFD GHYHP VHU XWLOL]DGRV FRP RV
PHVPRVFXLGDGRVTXDQWRDWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRHWDPDQKRGDDPRVWUD(PIXQomR
GDH[LVWrQFLDGHWHPSRVGHUHOD[DomRDSURSULDGRVDRVSROtPHURVDVPHGLGDVGHYHP
VHU UHDOL]DGDV HP DPRVWUDV SHTXHQDV D WD[DV GH DTXHFLPHQWRUHVIULDPHQWR TXH
DMXVWHPDVFRQGLo}HVGRH[SHULPHQWRDRVWHPSRVGHUHOD[DomRGRPDWHULDO(VWXGRV
GRV HQVDLRV GH H[SDQVmR H SHQHWUDomR PRVWUDP TXH DV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH WUDQVLomR
VRIUHPDOWHUDo}HVHPIXQomRGDYDULDomRGDWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWR3RURXWURODGRRV
FRHILFLHQWHV GH H[SDQVmR LQGHSHQGHP GD YDULDomR GD WD[D PDV VmR VHQVtYHLV D
DOWHUDo}HVHVWUXWXUDLVGDPROpFXOD
$ DQiOLVH WHUPRPHFkQLFD SURSLFLD PHGLGDV VHQVtYHLV GH WHPSHUDWXUDV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRPDVSURSULHGDGHVYLVFRHOiVWLFDVGRPDWHULDO(VWHPpWRGRpFDSD]GH
PHGLUDOWHUDo}HVGLPHQVLRQDLVRXRFRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRHOiVWLFRGHDOJXPPDWHULDO
HPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDHWHPSR(QVDLRVQRPRGRGHH[SDQVmRIRUQHFHPGDGRV
UHODWLYRVDRVFRHILFLHQWHVGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFDOLQHDUHjVWUDQVLo}HVGHWHFWDGDVSHOD
PXGDQoD GHVWHV FRHILFLHQWHV RX VHMD DOWHUDo}HV QD LQFOLQDomR GDV FXUYDV GH
H[SDQVmR2PRGRGHFRPSUHVVmRFRPVRQGDVGHSHQHWUDomRIRUQHFHDWHPSHUDWXUD
GH DPROHFLPHQWR WUDQVLomR FDUDFWHUL]DGD SHOR LQtFLR GD SHQHWUDomR GD SRQWD GH
TXDUW]RQDDPRVWUDHPIXQomRGRDXPHQWRGHWHPSHUDWXUD
(QVDLRV GH IOH[mR HP 70$ YrP VHQGR XWLOL]DGRV QD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH FRP
SRUWDPHQWRVYLVFRHOiVWLFRV7DLVWHVWHVHQYROYHPPHGLGDVGHGHIOH[mRHPPDWHULDLV
VXVFHWtYHLV j IOH[mR PHGLDQWH R DXPHQWR GD WHPSHUDWXUD (VWH WLSR GH HQVDLR p
VHPHOKDQWH DR PpWRGR $670 ' TXH WDPEpP HQYROYH D GHWHUPLQDomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUD QD TXDO RFRUUH XPD GHIOH[mR DUELWUiULD $GLIHUHQoDHQWUHRVPHWRGRV
UHVLGHDSHQDVQDHVSHVVXUDGDVDPRVWUDVTXHVmREHPPHQRUHVQRFDVRGR70$
&RPRPHQFLRQDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHDVDQiOLVHVWHUPRPHFkQLFDVIRUQHFHPPHGLGDV
GDV DOWHUDo}HV GLPHQVLRQDLV VRIULGDV SHODV DPRVWUDV HP IXQomR GD YDULDomR GH
WHPSHUDWXUD 1HVWDV GHWHUPLQDo}HV VmR XWLOL]DGRV TXDWUR PRGRV GH RSHUDomR
H[SDQVmRFRPSUHVVmRSHQHWUDomRHIOH[mR
$V FRQGLo}HV JHUDLV GD DQiOLVH HVWmR UHVXPLGDV QR 4XDGUR (QWUHWDQWR
GHYLGR D DOJXPDV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV GH FDGD PRGR GLVWLQWR GH FRQGX]LU RV HQVDLRV
HVWHVVHUmRGLVFXWLGRVVHSDUDGDPHQWH9DOHHQIDWL]DUTXHHPDOJXQVFDVRVDFDUJD
DSOLFDGDSRGHVHUQXODLVWRpRHQVDLRSRGHVHUUHDOL]DGRVHPFDUJD
(P SULQFtSLR WRGRV RV PRGRV GH RSHUDomR SHUPLWHP D GHWHFomR GH 7J H 7P
HQWUHWDQWRRVYDORUHVGHVVDVWHPSHUDWXUDVSRGHPYDULDUOLJHLUDPHQWHHQWUHVLHHP
UHODomRDRVYDORUHVGHWHFWDGRVSRU'6&RXRXWUDVWpFQLFDV'HVWHPRGRRYDORUGD
WHPSHUDWXUD GHWHFWDGD WDPEpP GHYH YLU DFRPSDQKDGR GR PRGR GH RSHUDomR
XWLOL]DGRDOpPGDVGHPDLVLQIRUPDo}HVFRPRWLSRGHDQiOLVHWpUPLFDQRFDVR70$
WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR H PRGR GH GHWHUPLQDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD D SDUWLU GR JUiILFR
REWLGR
4XDGUR&RQGLo}HVJHUDLVGHDQiOLVHQRDQDOLVDGRUWHUPRPHFkQLFR70$
)DL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUD DR&
$WPRVIHUD +pOLRQLWURJrQLRRXDU
&DUJD DJ
9HORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWR DR&PLQ
(TXLSDPHQWRHVSHFLDOSDUD
1OtTXLGR
UHVIULDPHQWR
ILOPHRXSODFDGHaFPGH
'LPHQV}HVGDDPRVWUD iUHDDOWXUDPi[LPDPPH
GLkPHWURPi[LPRPP
11.2.2 Calibrao do instrumento
$QWHV GH LQLFLDU D DQiOLVH R HTXLSDPHQWR GHYH VHU FDOLEUDGR 7RGD D FDOLEUDomR GR
HTXLSDPHQWR p UHDOL]DGD FRP R DX[tOLR GH XP SURJUDPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHFDGDIDEULFDQWH2SURJUDPDSURSLFLDDFDOLEUDomRSDUDRVVHJXLQWHV
LWHQV
SDOWXUD
SWHPSHUDWXUD
SIRUoD
$ DOWXUD p DMXVWDGD FRP R DX[tOLR GH XP SDGUmR H[WHUQR GH DOWXUD FRQKHFLGD
IRUQHFLGR SHOR IDEULFDQWH GR HTXLSDPHQWR 2 YDORU UHDO GD DOWXUD p LQIRUPDGR DR
FRPSXWDGRUTXHSURFHVVDRGDGRHPFRQMXQWRFRPDPHGLGDHIHWXDGDSHODVRQGD
$FDOLEUDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDRFRUUHHPGXDVHWDSDVLFDOLEUDomRGRIRUQRHLL
FDOLEUDomR GR WHUPRSDU $ SULPHLUD DMXVWD D IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUD QD TXDO R IRUQR
GHYH WUDEDOKDU $SyV D PHGLomR SUpYLD GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH DPROHFLPHQWR GH GRLV
SDGU}HV TXH SRGHP VHU SRU H[HPSOR RV HOHPHQWRV tQGLR ,Q H HVWDQKR 6Q p
HIHWXDGDDFDOLEUDomRGRWHUPRSDU$FDOLEUDomRpIHLWDLQIRUPDQGRDRFRPSXWDGRU
RVYDORUHVUHDOHYLUWXDOGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHDPROHFLPHQWRGRSDGUmR
$IRUoDH[HUFLGDSHODVRQGDVREUHDDPRVWUDpFDOLEUDGDFRORFDQGRVHXPSHVRGH
PJVREUHDDPRVWUD
7RGD FDOLEUDomR p UHDOL]DGD QR PRGR RSHUDFLRQDO GH SHQHWUDomR &RQWXGR
TXDQGRpIHLWDDWUDQVIHUrQFLDSDUDRXWURVPRGRVGHRSHUDomRFRPRRGHH[SDQVmR
SRUH[HPSORpQHFHVViULRXPDMXVWHGDFDOLEUDomR
11.2.3 Modo de expanso

2V HQVDLRV GH H[SDQVmR VmR HIHWXDGRV GH PRGR D IRUQHFHU RV FRHILFLHQWHV GH
H[SDQVmRWpUPLFDOLQHDUDQWHVHGHSRLVGDRFRUUrQFLDGDWUDQVLomRGRHVWDGRYtWUHR
SDUD R ERUUDFKRVR $ WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD p GHWHUPLQDGD SHOR SRQWR
RQGHRFRUUHXPDPXGDQoDQRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR1DWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRD
DPRVWUDVRIUHXPDYDULDomRDFHQWXDGDGHYROXPH
$QWHVGHLQLFLDUDDQiOLVHRHTXLSDPHQWRGHYHHVWDUGHYLGDPHQWHFDOLEUDGR
2V FRUSRV GH SURYD GHYHP DSUHVHQWDU iUHD VXSHUILFLDO HP WRUQR GH PP H
HVSHVVXUD SUy[LPD D PP GH DFRUGR FRP D HVSHFLILFDomR GR HTXLSDPHQWR 7DLV
GLPHQV}HV SRGHP VHU DOFDQoDGDV SRU PHLR GR SUHSDUR GH ILOPHV FRP HVSHVVXUDV
YDULiYHLVHPWRUQRGHPPHVREUHSRVLomRGRVPHVPRVDWpTXHDDOWXUDGHVHMDGD
VHMD DOFDQoDGD 2 UHJLVWUR GD DOWXUD p HIHWXDGR TXDQGR D VRQGD GH H[SDQVmR p
FRORFDGDVREUHRFRQMXQWRGHOkPLQDVVREUHSRVWDV2VILOPHVGHYHPVHUVREUHSRVWRV
GHPRGRDQmRSURGX]LUHPLUUHJXODULGDGHVQDVXSHUItFLHGHFRQWDWRFRPDVRQGDRX
FRPRVXSRUWH4XDQWRPDLVSODQDIRUDVXSHUItFLHPDLVSUHFLVDVHUiDUHVSRVWD$
FHQWUDOL]DomR GD VRQGD VREUH D DPRVWUD WDPEpP FRODERUD SDUD D REWHQomR GH
PHOKRUHVUHVXOWDGRV
$ FDUJD D VHU DSOLFDGD VREUH D DPRVWUD SRGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGD HP IXQomR GD
GXUH]DGDVDPRVWUDV
2SDVVRVHJXLQWHFRQVLVWHQRDEDL[DPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDDWpRYDORUGHVHMDGR
TXDQGR HQWmR LQLFLDPVH RV FLFORV GH DTXHFLPHQWR H UHVIULDPHQWR FRQWtQXRV
PDQWHQGRVHDPHVPDFDUJD2VUHVXOWDGRVVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVVREDIRUPDGHJUiILFR
TXH GHVFUHYH D YDULDomR GD DOWXUD GD DPRVWUD HP IXQomR GD YDUUHGXUD GH
WHPSHUDWXUD
$HWDSDVHJXLQWHHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRPDH[HFXomRGRVFiOFXORVSDUDDREWHQomR
GRV FRHILFLHQWHV GH H[SDQVmR H GDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH WUDQVLomR 2V FiOFXORV VmR
HIHWXDGRVGLUHWDPHQWHVREUHRVUHVXOWDGRVREWLGRVSRULQWHUPpGLRGDXWLOL]DomRGH
SURJUDPDFRPSXWDFLRQDOIRUQHFLGRSHORIDEULFDQWHGRDSDUHOKR
$V )LJXUDV H DSUHVHQWDP FXUYDV REWLGDV SRU 70$ SDUD PDWHULDLV
SROLPpULFRV QD UHJLmR GH WHPSHUDWXUD RQGH RFRUUHP UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH D WUDQVLomR
YtWUHDHDIXVmR
)LJXUD&XUYDGH70$REWLGDQRPRGRGHH[SDQVmRSDUDXPSROtPHURQDUHJLmRGHWHPSHUDWXUDGD
WUDQVLomRYtWUHD
)LJXUD&XUYDGH70$REWLGDQRPRGRGHH[SDQVmRSDUDXPSROtPHURQDUHJLmRGHWHPSHUDWXUDGD
IXVmR
$ WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD p REWLGD SHOR PpWRGR FRQKHFLGR FRPR

WHPSHUDWXUDLQLFLDORQVHWTXHGHWHUPLQDDWHPSHUDWXUDDSUR[LPDGDRQGHRFRUUH
R LQtFLR GD WUDQVLomR (VWH SRQWR p REWLGR SHOD LQWHUVHomR GRV SURORQJDPHQWRV GH
GXDVUHWDV3RURXWURODGRFDGDVHJPHQWRGDFXUYDDSUHVHQWDGDQRVJUiILFRVUHODWD
XPDYDULDomRTXHGHVFUHYHRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFD$RVHUGHWHUPLQDGR
XP LQWHUYDOR GH WHPSHUDWXUD SRGHUi VHU REWLGR R FRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVmR OLQHDU
UHODWLYRDHVWDIDL[DFRPEDVHQD(TXDomR
(11.3)
RQGH pRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR /pDYDULDomRGDDOWXUDGDDPRVWUD 7pD
YDULDomRGHWHPSHUDWXUDH/RpDDOWXUDRULJLQDOGDDPRVWUDLOXVWUDGRVDFLPD
$WHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRpREWLGDQRSRQWRRQGHRFRUUHXPDYDULDomREUXVFDQDV
GLPHQV}HVGDDPRVWUDTXDQGRVRESURJUDPDGHDTXHFLPHQWR
11.2.4 Modo de compresso
2V HQVDLRV GH FRPSUHVVmR VmR UHDOL]DGRV GH PRGR D REWHU LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH D
GHIRUPDomR VRIULGD SHOD DPRVWUD VRE XP HVIRUoR FRQVWDQWH GH FRPSUHVVmR FRP D
YDULDomR GH WHPSHUDWXUD (VWH PRGR GH HQVDLR SHUPLWH D REWHQomR GR PyGXOR GH
<RXQJSRUPHLRGHFiOFXORVTXHVHUmRDSUHVHQWDGRVQRVH[HPSORVGHDSOLFDomR
$ FDOLEUDomR GHVWH PRGR RSHUDFLRQDO p UHDOL]DGD GH PRGR DQiORJR DR GH
H[SDQVmR
2VFRUSRVGHSURYDVmRSUHSDUDGRVGHPRGRVHPHOKDQWHDRXWLOL]DGRSDUDPRGR
GH H[SDQVmR )LOPHV FRP GLPHQV}HV DSUR[LPDGDV GH PP [ PP [ PP H
VXSHUItFLHV D PDLV SODQD SRVVtYHO VmR FRORFDGRV QR WXER GD DPRVWUD $ VRQGD GH
FRPSUHVVmR FRP D FDUJD DGHTXDGD p GHVORFDGD GH PRGR D WRFDU D DPRVWUD
HIHWXDQGRVHHQWmRDPHGLGDGDDOWXUDGRFRUSRGHSURYD$WHPSHUDWXUDGRIRUQR
SRGH VHU UHGX]LGD DWp R SRQWR GHVHMDGR VHQGR XWLOL]DGR XP EDQKR GH JHOR VHFR H
iOFRRO FDVR VHMD QHFHVViULR $SyV D HVWDELOL]DomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD p GDGR LQtFLR DR
HQVDLR FRP FLFORV GH DTXHFLPHQWR H UHVIULDPHQWR FRQWtQXRV PDQWHQGRVH D FDUJD
FRQVWDQWH 2 UHVXOWDGR DSDUHFH VRE D IRUPD GH JUiILFR GH FRPSUHVVmR DOWXUD HP
SRUFHQWDJHPYHUVXVWHPSHUDWXUDPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
$GHWHUPLQDomRGDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHWUDQVLomRpUHDOL]DGDGRPHVPRPRGRTXH
QRPpWRGRHPSUHJDGRQRVHQVDLRVGHH[SDQVmR
11.2.5 Modo de penetrao

2 PRGR RSHUDFLRQDO GH SHQHWUDomR SHUPLWH D LGHQWLILFDomR GR SRQWR GH
DPROHFLPHQWRGRPDWHULDODQDOLVDGR
$QWHVGHSURFHGHUjVDQiOLVHVGHSHQHWUDomRpDFRQVHOKiYHOXPDYHULILFDomRGDV
WHPSHUDWXUDVGHDPROHFLPHQWRGHSDGU}HVFRPRRtQGLRHRHVWDQKR$FDOLEUDomR
GHVWHPRGRRSHUDFLRQDOpUHDOL]DGDGHPRGRDQiORJRDRGHH[SDQVmR
)LJXUD&RPSRUWDPHQWRGDGHIRUPDomRQDFRPSUHVVmRVREFDUJDFRQVWDQWHHYDULDomRGH
WHPSHUDWXUD
$PRVWUDV FRP GLPHQV}HV DSUR[LPDGDV GH PP [ PP [ PP WrP VXDV
DOWXUDV UHJLVWUDGDV SHOD VRQGD GH SHQHWUDomR VRE XPD FDUJD FRQVWDQWH QD
WHPSHUDWXUD GH LQtFLR GD DQiOLVH 8PD YDUUHGXUD GH WHPSHUDWXUD p HIHWXDGD H
GHSHQGHQGRGDVWUDQVLo}HVDSUHVHQWDGDVSHODDPRVWUDVmRREVHUYDGDVXPDRXPDLV
GHIOH[}HV QR JUiILFR GH SHQHWUDomR YHUVXV WHPSHUDWXUD $ )LJXUD PRVWUD R
H[HPSOR GH XPD PDWHULDO SROLPpULFR TXH FRP R DXPHQWR GD WHPSHUDWXUD
DSUHVHQWDRVSURFHVVRVGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHDFULVWDOL]DomRHIXVmR
$GHWHUPLQDomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHDPROHFLPHQWRSRGHVHUHIHWXDGDSHORPpWRGR
GD OHLWXUD LQLFLDO 2 PpWRGR PDLV LQGLFDGR VHULD D GHWHUPLQDomR GR SRQWR GH
LQIOH[mRFRQWXGRQHPVHPSUHpSRVVtYHOLGHQWLILFiORGHPRGRFODURPHVPRFRPR
DX[tOLRGDFXUYDREWLGDSHODSULPHLUDGHULYDGDGDFXUYDUHJLVWUDGD
)LJXUD&XUYDGH70$QRPRGRSHQHWUDomRGHXPPDWHULDOSROLPpULFRTXHDSUHVHQWDRVSURFHVVRVGH
WUDQVLomRYtWUHDFULVWDOL]DomRHIXVmR
11.2.6 Modo de flexo

(VWH HQVDLR VHJXH R SULQFtSLR GHVFULWR SHOR PpWRGR $670 ' RQGH VmR
GHWHUPLQDGDVDVWHPSHUDWXUDVHPTXHDGHIOH[mRDWLQJHXPYDORUHVSHFtILFR
7DPEpP QHVWH FDVR D FDOLEUDomR p IHLWD GH PRGR VHPHOKDQWH DR PRGR GH
H[SDQVmRQHFHVVLWDQGRVRPHQWHGHXPDFRUUHomRFDVRRHTXLSDPHQWRMiWHQKDVLGR
FDOLEUDGRHPRXWURPRGRRSHUDFLRQDO
1HVWHPRGRGHHQVDLRXPSHTXHQRSHGDoRGHILOPHUHWDQJXODUSRGHVHUXVDGR
FRPRFRUSRGHSURYDRTXDOpVXEPHWLGRDXPDFDUJD$VGLPHQV}HVGDVXSHUItFLH
GR ILOPH VmR GH PP [ PP $ FDUJD D VHU XWLOL]DGD QR H[SHULPHQWR p REWLGD HP
IXQomRGRYDORUGDHVSHVVXUDGRFRUSRGHSURYDVHJXQGRD(TXDomR
(2 Sbd 2 )
P= (11.4)
3L
RQGH3pDFDUJDDSOLFDGDOEI6pDWHQVmRPi[LPDH[HUFLGDVREUHRFRUSRGHSURYD
SVLEpDODUJXUDGDDPRVWUDLQGpDHVSHVVXUDGDDPRVWUDLQH/pDGLVWkQFLD
HQWUHRVVXSRUWHVGDDPRVWUDLQ
$SyV D FRORFDomR GD FDUJD DSURSULDGD WHP LQtFLR D YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD D
XPD WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR FRQVWDQWH (VVD WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR SRGH VHU VXSHULRU
jTXHODXWLOL]DGDQRPpWRGR$670'&PLQGHYLGRDRIDWRGDVGLPHQV}HVGD
DPRVWUD VHUHP PXLWR SHTXHQDV $ SHTXHQD GLPHQVmR GD DPRVWUD SHUPLWH XPD
UiSLGDWURFDGHFDORUHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHRHTXLOtEULRWpUPLFRpDOFDQoDGR
3HOR PpWRGR GD GHWHUPLQDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GR LQtFLR GD WUDQVLomR RQVHW
LGHQWLILFDVHDWHPSHUDWXUDGHRFRUUrQFLDGDGHIOH[mRGRPDWHULDO)LJXUD
)LJXUD&XUYDGH70$QRPRGRIOH[mRGHXPPDWHULDOSROLPpULFRHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUD
11.2.7 Exemplos de aplicao

$R ORQJR GR WH[WR DOJXPDV DSOLFDo}HV GR 70$ Mi IRUDP FLWDGDV WDLV FRPR D
GHWHUPLQDomRGH
SWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD
SWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQD
SWHPSHUDWXUDGHFULVWDOL]DomR
SFRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVmR WpUPLFD OLQHDU GH XP PDWHULDO HP XPD GDGD IDL[D GH
WHPSHUDWXUD
$OpP GHVVDV DSOLFDo}HV DLQGD SRGHP VHU GHVFULWDV RXWUDV PXLWR LPSRUWDQWHV
SDUDRHVWXGRGHPDWHULDLVSROLPpULFRV
SDeterminao do valor de mdulo
$ FDUDFWHUL]DomR GR PyGXOR GH XP PDWHULDO FRP R DX[tOLR GR 70$ QmR p
QHFHVVDULDPHQWH GLVWLQWD GDV WpFQLFDV FRQYHQFLRQDLV 7DLV WpFQLFDV FRPR $670 '
IRUQHFHP R PyGXOR SRU LQWHUPpGLR GD UD]mR HQWUH D WHQVmR DSOLFDGD H D
GHIRUPDomRVRIULGDjWHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWHWDQWRHPHQVDLRVGHH[WHQVmRFRPR
QRVGHFRPSUHVVmR2SURFHGLPHQWRGRVWHVWHVGHFRPSUHVVmRWHPDOJXPDVIDOKDV
2XVRGHGLIHUHQWHVFRQILJXUDo}HVGDVDPRVWUDVDIHWDDVUHVSRVWDV3RUH[HPSORRV
GDGRVREWLGRVDSDUWLUGHFRUSRVGHSURYDFLOtQGULFRVHUHWDQJXODUHVQmRSRGHPVHU
FRPSDUDGRV
2VPDWHULDLVSOiVWLFRVSRGHPVHUSURMHWDGRVFRPEDVHHPLQIRUPDo}HVRULXQGDV
GH HQVDLRV GH FRPSUHVVmR (QWUHWDQWR p QHFHVViULD D DSOLFDomR GH IDWRUHV GH
FRUUHODomR VHMD SHOD IRUPD RX DWp PHVPR HP IXQomR GR VHX HVWDGR ItVLFR (VWDV
GLIHUHQoDVSRGHULDPVHUFDUDFWHUL]DGDVSRUH[HPSORSHODUD]mRGH3RLVVRQDTXDO
PXLWDV YH]HV p GLIHUHQFLDGD SDUD GLYHUVRV SROtPHURV H HP GLIHUHQWHV UHJL}HV
YLVFRHOiVWLFDV
$SULQFLSDOGLVWLQomRHQWUHHQVDLRVGHFRPSUHVVmRSRU70$HRVFRQYHQFLRQDLVp
REVHUYDGD TXDQGR p IHLWD D XWLOL]DomR GH FDUJD FRQVWDQWH VRE D DomR GH XPD
GHWHUPLQDGD YDULDomR GH WHPSHUDWXUD (VWH PpWRGR p FDSD] GH GHVFUHYHU R
FRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRHOiVWLFRGRVPDWHULDLVHGHQWUHDVYDQWDJHQVVmRGHVWDFDGDVD
UDSLGH] H D SHTXHQD TXDQWLGDGH GH DPRVWUD QHFHVViULD SDUD R H[SHULPHQWR 2
PyGXORGH<RXQJQHVWHFDVRpREWLGRSRULQWHUPpGLRGD(TXDomR
E =
(
3PR 1 2 ) [x 1/ 2
+ 0,252 x + 0,1588 x 3 / 2 + 0,2245 x 2 + 0,3069 x 5 / 2 + 0,2980 x 3 ]
3
3
4H (11.5)
VHQGR[REWLGRSHODUHODomR
Rd
x =
2
H
RQGH ( p R PyGXOR GH <RXQJ 3 p D FDUJD QRUPDO 5 p R UDLR GD SRQWD HVIpULFD GD
VRQGD+pDHVSHVVXUDGDDPRVWUDGpRFRPSULPHQWRGHSHQHWUDomRGDVRQGDHp
DUD]mRGH3RLVVRQ
$(TXDomRDSUHVHQWDDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHFRUUHomRGHDOJXPDVGLVWRUo}HVGRV
WHVWHV GH FRPSUHVVmR $ GHWHUPLQDomR GR PyGXOR HP IXQomR GD UD]mR GH 3RLVVRQ
IDFLOLWD SRU H[HPSOR D FRUUHomR UHODWLYD DRV HVWDGRV YLVFRHOiVWLFRV 3ROtPHURV
DPRUIRV H OLQHDUHV DSUHVHQWDP GLIHUHQWHV UD]}HV GH 3RLVVRQ HP IXQomR GH VHX
HVWDGR ItVLFR RX VHMD HP GLIHUHQWHV WHPSHUDWXUDV &RQWXGR D SULQFLSDO FRUUHomR
SDUHFHHVWDUUHODFLRQDGDjJHRPHWULDGDDPRVWUD8PDDPRVWUDDRVHUVXEPHWLGDD
XP HVIRUoR DSUHVHQWD XPD UHDomR TXH p IXQomR GH GRLV IDWRUHV EiVLFRV L VXD
JHRPHWULDHLLDIRUPDGDSRQWDGDVRQGDXWLOL]DGDQRH[SHULPHQWR$XWLOL]DomRGH
XPDSRQWDFLUFXODUHFKDWDSHUPLWHREVHUYDUDLQIOXrQFLDGDJHRPHWULDGDDPRVWUD
HP DOWR JUDX 7RPDQGR FRPR UHIHUrQFLD D OHL GD DomR H UHDomR REVHUYDVH QHVWDV
FLUFXQVWkQFLDVTXHDWHQVmRDSUHVHQWDGDSHODDPRVWUDQmRpDPHVPDHPWRGRVRV
SRQWRV GH FRQWDWR 3RUWDQWR D UHVSRVWD GR PDWHULDO SDVVD D VHU UHJLGD SHOD VXD
IRUPD
0XLWRV HVWXGRV WrP VLGR UHDOL]DGRV FRP R LQWXLWR GH FDUDFWHUL]DU D UHVSRVWD GH
GHWHUPLQDGDV IRUPDV GH DPRVWUD HP UHODomR D GLIHUHQWHV PRGRV GH DSOLFDomR GRV
HVIRUoRVRXVHMDGLIHUHQWHVSRQWDVGDVVRQGDVXWLOL]DGDVQDWUDQVPLVVmRGRHVIRUoR
$ DYDOLDomR GD UHVSRVWD HOiVWLFD FRP UHODomR j XWLOL]DomR GH XPD SRQWD GH IRUPD
HVIpULFDSRGHVHUXWLOL]DGDQDGHWHUPLQDomRGRPyGXORGH<RXQJ2XVRGHSRQWDV
HVIpULFDV p FDSD] GH DQXODU RV HIHLWRV GD JHRPHWULD GD DPRVWUD 1RWDVH TXH RV
HVIRUoRV UHDOL]DGRV SRU WDLV SRQWRV SURGX]HP UHVSRVWDV Pi[LPDV HP XPD UHJLmR
SUDWLFDPHQWH SRQWXDO QR FHQWUR GD VXSHUItFLH GH FRQWDWR (P RXWUDV SDODYUDV
REVHUYDVHDRFRUUrQFLDGHXPJUDGLHQWHGHIRUoDQDUHVSRVWDGRPDWHULDODRHVIRUoR
TXHWHPVHXPi[LPRORFDOL]DGRQRFHQWURGDDSOLFDomRGRHVIRUoR
([SHULPHQWDOPHQWHSDUDRFiOFXORGRPyGXORGH<RXQJDSDUWLUGHUHVXOWDGRVGH
70$ p QHFHVViULR REWHU GR FRPSXWDGRU RV YDORUHV UHODWLYRV jV GHIRUPDo}HV GR
FRUSRGHSURYD3DUDFDGDDPRVWUDHSDUDFDGDDTXHFLPHQWRVRIULGRpGHWHUPLQDGR
XP YDORU GH DOWXUD LQLFLDO D XPD GHWHUPLQDGD WHPSHUDWXUDEDVH TXH GHSHQGH GR
VLVWHPD SROLPpULFR HP DQiOLVH $SyV HVWD HWDSD VmR HVFROKLGDV WHPSHUDWXUDV TXH
DEUDQJHP WRGD D IDL[D GH DQiOLVH QDV TXDLV VmR PHGLGDV DV GHIRUPDo}HV UHODWLYDV
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHV 3RU H[HPSOR SDUD XPD WHPSHUDWXUDEDVH GH & SRGHP VHU
HVFROKLGDVDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGH&$VGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHDVDOWXUDV
OLGDV QHVWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV H D DOWXUD PHGLGD QD WHPSHUDWXUDEDVH IRUQHFHP D
GHIRUPDomRVRIULGDDFDGDWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDFDGDDTXHFLPHQWRUHDOL]DGR'HSRVVH
GDV GHIRUPDo}HV D FDGD WHPSHUDWXUD H XWLOL]DQGR D (TXDomR RV YDORUHV GH
PyGXORGH<RXQJSDUDFDGDWHPSHUDWXUDSRGHPVHUREWLGRV
$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD XP JUiILFR GH YDULDomR GH PyGXOR HP IXQomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUD SDUD XPD DPRVWUD SROtPHUR QR HVWDGR DPRUIR H QR HVWDGR
VHPLFULVWDOLQRREWLGRSRUPHLRGHDQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDXPSROtPHURDPRUIRHRXWURVHPLFULVWDOLQR
REWLGDVSRUPHLRGHDQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD
SVariao da Tg com o grau de cura

$ YDULDomR GD 7J FRP R JUDX GH FXUD SRGH VHU PRQLWRUDGD SRU DQiOLVH
WHUPRPHFkQLFD $ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD FXUYDV GH H[SDQVmR HP IXQomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUDSDUDGXDVDPRVWUDVGHERUUDFKDYXOFDQL]DGDVQDPHVPDWHPSHUDWXUD
HPWHPSRVGLIHUHQWHVWW2EVHUYDVHTXHD7JDXPHQWDFRPRDXPHQWRGRJUDX
GHFXUD
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHH[SDQVmRHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDGXDVDPRVWUDVGHERUUDFKDYXOFDQL]DGDV
QDPHVPDWHPSHUDWXUDGXUDQWHRVWHPSRVDWHEWVHQGRWW
11.3 Viscoelasticidade
$WpDTXLIRLDERUGDGRRFRQFHLWRGHPyGXORUHODFLRQDGRDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRHOiVWLFR
GRVPDWHULDLV9DPRVGLVFXWLUXPSRXFRPDLVVREUHRFRPSRUWDPHQWRPHFkQLFRGRV
PDWHULDLV
6yOLGRV SHUIHLWDPHQWH HOiVWLFRV TXDQGR VXEPHWLGRV D XPD GHIRUPDomR
DUPD]HQDP WRGD D HQHUJLD VRE D IRUPD GH HQHUJLD SRWHQFLDO 1D GHIRUPDomR GH
OtTXLGRVWRGDHQHUJLDXVDGDpGLVVLSDGDVREDIRUPDGHFDORU0DWHULDLVSROLPpULFRV
DSUHVHQWDP XP FRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRHOiVWLFRLQWHUPHGLiULRHQWUHVyOLGRHOtTXLGR
SDUWHGDHQHUJLDpDUPD]HQDGDHSDUWHpGLVVLSDGDVREDIRUPDGHFDORU
(P JHUDO RV SROtPHURV SRGHP H[LVWLU HP GLIHUHQWHV HVWDGRV PHFkQLFRV HP
IXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDHRXWHPSRpIiFLOLPDJLQDUTXHXPSOiVWLFRTXHDSUHVHQWD
XPD FHUWD ULJLGH] j WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH SRGH WRUQDUVH XP PDWHULDO PDLV IOH
[tYHOVHVXEPHWLGRDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDPDLVHOHYDGD(VWHVHVWDGRVSRGHPVHUGLYL
GLGRVHPWLSRVSULQFLSDLV
S(VWDGRYtWUHRVyOLGRHOiVWLFROLQHDU
S(VWDGRHOiVWLFRFRPHODVWLFLGDGHUHWDUGDGDVyOLGRYLVFRHOiVWLFR
S(VWDGRHOiVWLFRFRPHODVWLFLGDGHLQVWDQWkQHDIOXLGRYLVFRHOiVWLFR
S(VWDGRYLVFRVRIOXLGRYLVFRVROLQHDU
$ )LJXUD PRVWUD XP GLDJUDPD GH GHIRUPDomR UHVSRVWD GH FDGD WLSR GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWRPHQFLRQDGRDFLPDTXDQGRXPDWHQVmRpDSOLFDGD)LJXUDD
PDQWLGDGXUDQWHXPGHWHUPLQDGRWHPSRHHQWmRUHWLUDGD2HVWDGRPHFkQLFRGH
FRPSRUWDPHQWRGHVyOLGRHOiVWLFROLQHDU)LJXUDEDSUHVHQWDXPDGHIRUPDomR
UHVSRVWDLQVWDQWkQHDTXHVHPDQWpPFRQVWDQWHGXUDQWHRWHPSRHPTXHDWHQVmRp
PDQWLGDHpWRWDOPHQWHUHFXSHUDGDSDUDDVGLPHQV}HVRULJLQDLVTXDQGRDWHQVmRp
UHWLUDGD1HVWHFDVRWHPRVTXHDXPDWHQVmRFRQVWDQWHDGHIRUPDomRUHVSRVWD
p FRQVWDQWH H DPEDV HVWmR UHODFLRQDGDV DWUDYpV GH XPD FRQVWDQWH GH
SURSRUFLRQDOLGDGHRPyGXORGRVyOLGR(
o
E= (11.6)
o
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGRSHUILOGHWHQVmRDSOLFDGDHGHIRUPDomRVRIULGDD7HQVmR
DSOLFDGD+LVWyULDGHGHIRUPDomRFRUUHVSRQGHQWHSDUDEVyOLGRHOiVWLFROLQHDUFIOXLGRYLVFRVROLQHDUG
VyOLGRYLVFRHOiVWLFRHIOXLGRYLVFRHOiVWLFR
2FRPSRUWDPHQWRUHSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUDFpRGHXPIOXLGRYLVFRVROLQHDU
1RWH TXH QHVWH FDVR D GHIRUPDomR QmR p LQVWDQWkQHD HOD DXPHQWD JUDGXDOPHQWH
FRP R WHPSR HQTXDQWR D WHQVmR FRQVWDQWH p H[HUFLGD VREUH R PDWHULDO $SyV D
UHPRomR GD WHQVmR R IOXLGR PDQWpPVH GHIRUPDGR QmR UHFXSHUDQGR VXDV
GLPHQV}HVRULJLQDLV,VWRVLJQLILFDTXHGXUDQWHDDSOLFDomRGHXPDWHQVmRFRQVWDQWH
RFRUUH XPD YDULDomR OLQHDU GD GHIRUPDomR o WD[D GH GHIRUPDomR
UHODFLRQDGDV HQWUH VL SRU XPD FRQVWDQWH GH SURSRUFLRQDOLGDGH D YLVFRVLGDGH GR
IOXLGR
o
= (11.7)
o
$V UHVSRVWDV GRV PDWHULDLV UHSUHVHQWDGDV QDV )LJXUDV G H H VmR GRLV
H[HPSORV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWRV LQWHUPHGLiULRV HQWUH XP VyOLGR HOiVWLFR OLQHDU H XP
IOXLGRYLVFRVROLQHDUTXHVmRFRPSRUWDPHQWRVYLVFRHOiVWLFRV
11.4 Anlise dinmico-mecnica (DMA) ou anlise termodinmico-

mecnica (DMTA)
$ DQiOLVH GH '07$ p FDSD] GH IRUQHFHU LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR
YLVFRHOiVWLFR GR VLVWHPD GHVPHPEUDQGR R PyGXOR HP GXDV FRPSRQHQWHV D
FRQWULEXLomRHOiVWLFDHDYLVFRVD
11.4.1 Introduo
1HVWH WLSR GH H[SHULPHQWR D WHQVmR RX D GHIRUPDomR p XPD IXQomR RVFLODWyULD
QRUPDOPHQWH VHQRLGDO FRP XPD IUHTrQFLD DQJXODU I 6XSRQKDPRV TXH R
QRVVR HTXLSDPHQWR DSOLTXH XPD GHIRUPDomR VHQRLGDO GR WLSR = o sen( t ) H
PHoD D WHQVmR UHVSRVWD FRPR XPD IXQomR GD YDULDomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD RX GD
IUHTrQFLD(VVDWHQVmRUHVSRVWDLUiGHSHQGHUGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRPDWHULDO
0DWHPDWLFDPHQWH p SRVVtYHO DFRPSDQKDU FRPR DV LQIRUPDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GDV
FRQWULEXLo}HVHOiVWLFDHYLVFRVDGRPDWHULDOSRGHPVHUREWLGDV
6H XP FRUSR GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR HOiVWLFR LGHDO p VXEPHWLGR D XPD GHIRUPDomR
VHQRLGDOGRWLSR
= o sen ( t ) (11.8)
RQGH R p D DPSOLWXGH Pi[LPD GD GHIRUPDomR D WHQVmR UHVSRVWD WDPEpP VHUi

VHQRLGDOHHVWDUiHPIDVHFRPDGHIRUPDomRLVWRp
= o sen ( t ) (11.9)
FRPR
o
E= (11.10)
o
HQWmRDGHIRUPDomRUHVSRVWDSRGHVHUHVFULWDFRPR
= E o sen ( t ) (11.11)
3DUDXPFRUSRGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRVRLGHDODWHQVmRUHVSRVWDWDPEpPVHUi
GRWLSRVHQRLGDOSRUpPHVWDUiRIRUDGHIDVHFRPDGHIRUPDomR3DUDIOXLGRVD
WHQVmRHDWD[DGHGHIRUPDomRHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVHQWUHVLSHODYLVFRVLGDGH

= (11.12)

HQWmR
= (11.13)
&RPRDGHIRUPDomRDSOLFDGDp = o sen ( t )HQWmR

d
= = o cos( t ) (11.14)
dt
HDWHQVmRUHVSRVWDp
= o cos( t ) (11.15)
3DUDXPFRUSRGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRHOiVWLFROLQHDUDWHQVmRUHVSRVWDVHUiGR
WLSRVHQRLGDOHHVWDUiGHIDVDGDGDGHIRUPDomRSRUXPFHUWRkQJXOR
LVWRpFRPR
= o sen ( t ),
HQWmR
= o sen ( t + ) (11.16)

$ HTXDomR GD WHQVmR UHVSRVWD SRGH VHU GHVHQYROYLGD DSOLFDQGRVH D UHJUD GH
VHQ$% VHQ$FRV%VHQ%FRV$HREWpPVHHQWmR
= o sen ( t )cos + o cos( t )sen (11.17)

(VWD ~OWLPD HTXDomR PRVWUD TXH D WHQVmR UHVSRVWD SRGH VHU UHVROYLGD HP GXDV
FRPSRQHQWHV
( )
S o sen t cos TXH p D FRPSRQHQWH HP IDVH FRP D GHIRUPDomR H HVWi
UHODFLRQDGDjHQHUJLDHOiVWLFDDUPD]HQDGD
( )
S o cos t sen TXHpDFRPSRQHQWHRIRUDGHIDVHFRPDGHIRUPDomRH
HVWiUHODFLRQDGDjHQHUJLDYLVFRVDGLVVLSDGD
'LYLGLQGRVHFDGDXPDGHVVDVFRPSRQHQWHVGDWHQVmRUHVSRVWDSHODGHIRUPDomR
VHQRLGDODSOLFDGDREWrPVHGXDVFRPSRQHQWHVHPWHUPRVGHPyGXOR
o sen ( t )
E = cos (11.18)
o sen ( t )
H
o cos( t )
E = sen (11.19)
o sen ( t )
2PyGXORRULXQGRGDFRPSRQHQWHGDWHQVmRUHVSRVWDHPIDVHFRPDGHIRUPDomR
(pGHQRPLQDGRPyGXORGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR(RPyGXORRULXQGRGDFRPSRQHQWH
GHWHQVmRUHVSRVWDRIRUDGHIDVHFRPDGHIRUPDomR(pGHQRPLQDGRPyGXORGH
SHUGD $VVLP XP PDWHULDO YLVFRHOiVWLFR VHUi FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU GRLV YDORUHV GH
PyGXORR(HR(
0DWHPDWLFDPHQWH p FRPXP UHSUHVHQWDU R PyGXOR GR VLVWHPD ( FRPR XP
Q~PHURFRPSOH[RFRPSRVWRSHODVGXDVFRPSRQHQWHV
E* = E + iE (11.20)
RQGHDSDUWHUHDOGRQ~PHURFRPSOH[RFRQVWLWXLVHGRPyGXORGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRH
DSDUWHLPDJLQiULDGRPyGXORGHSHUGD
$UD]mRHQWUHRVYDORUHVGHPyGXORGHSHUGD(HPyGXORGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
(GHILQHXPDJUDQGH]DGHQRPLQDGDWDQJHQWHGHSHUGDWDQLVWRp
E
tan = tangente de perda (11.21)
E
(P RXWUDV SDODYUDV D WDQJHQWH GH SHUGD WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGD IULFomR LQWHUQD
RX DPRUWHFLPHQWR p D UD]mR HQWUH D HQHUJLD GLVVLSDGD SRU FLFOR H D HQHUJLD
SRWHQFLDO Pi[LPD DUPD]HQDGD GXUDQWH R FLFOR (VWD UHODomR p PXLWR ~WLO QD
FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH VLVWHPDV SROLPpULFRV $VVLP PDWHULDLV PDLV UtJLGRV LUmR
DSUHVHQWDU YDORUHV GH WDQ PHQRUHV H GR PHVPR PRGR PDWHULDLV PDLV IOH[tYHLV
LUmRDSUHVHQWDUYDORUHVGHWDQPDLRUHV
$V WUrV JUDQGH]DV GHILQLGDV DFLPD VmR HP JHUDO GDGDV HP IXQomR GD
WHPSHUDWXUD RX GD IUHTrQFLD HP XP HQVDLR GH '07$ 3RGHVH REWHU HP XP
PHVPRJUiILFRDVFXUYDVGH((HWDQ
$ )LJXUD UHSUHVHQWD DV IXQo}HV VHQRLGDLV GD GHIRUPDomR DSOLFDGD H GD
WHQVmR UHVSRVWD SDUD PDWHULDLV D HOiVWLFRV OLQHDUHV E YLVFRVRV OLQHDUHV H F
YLVFRHOiVWLFRV
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRGDVIXQo}HVVHQRLGDLVGDGHIRUPDomRDSOLFDGDHGDWHQVmRUHVSRVWDSDUD

PDWHULDLVDHOiVWLFRVOLQHDUHVEYLVFRVRVOLQHDUHVHFYLVFRHOiVWLFRV
3DUDPHOKRUFRPSUHHQGHURVLJQLILFDGRGHGHIRUPDomRVHQRLGDOYDPRVFRPSDUDU
RPRYLPHQWRTXHRFRUUHHPHQVDLRVWUDQVLWyULRHGLQkPLFRSDUDXPDGHIRUPDomRGR
WLSRWUDomR&RPRMiIRLYLVWRDQWHULRUPHQWHSDUDXPHQVDLRGHWUDomRWUDQVLWyULRR
FRUSRpGHIRUPDGRXPD~QLFDYH]HDWHQVmRGHVHQYROYLGDpPHGLGD)LJXUDD
(PXPPHVPRHQVDLRGHWUDomRSRUpPGLQkPLFR)LJXUDERSRQWRPyYHOID]
XPPRYLPHQWRGHYDLHYHP
11.4.2 Instrumentao
([LVWHP KRMH QR PHUFDGR GLYHUVRV HTXLSDPHQWRV FRPHUFLDLV FRP FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
GLVWLQWDV 7DLV HTXLSDPHQWRV SRGHP YDULDU SULQFLSDOPHQWH FRP UHODomR j IDL[D GH
IUHTrQFLDGHRSHUDomRIDL[DGHPyGXORGHOHLWXUDHWLSRVGHGHIRUPDomRDRVTXDLV
R PDWHULDO SRGH VHU VXEPHWLGR $ 7DEHOD H[HPSOLILFD DOJXQV HTXLSDPHQWRV
FRPHUFLDLVHVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHIDL[DGHIUHTrQFLDHGHPyGXOR
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRGRPRYLPHQWRUHDOL]DGRGXUDQWHXPHQVDLRGHWUDomRDWUDQVLWyULRHE
GLQkPLFR
7DEHOD(TXLSDPHQWRVFRPHUFLDLVHVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHIDL[DGHIUHTrQFLDHGHPyGXOR
)DL[DGH
(TXLSDPHQWR )DL[DGHPyGXOR3D
IUHTrQFLD+]
5KHRYLEURQ
'0$'X3RQW [
'07$5KHRPHWULFV [
'0$3HUNLQ(OPHU
'\QDVWDW
'H XP PRGR JHUDO RV HTXLSDPHQWRV DSUHVHQWDP FHUFD GH IUHTrQFLDV GH
RSHUDomRGHQWURGDIDL[DFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHIDL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHDR&FRP
SURJUDPDVGHDTXHFLPHQWRRXUHVIULDPHQWRTXHYDULDPGHDR&PLQRXDLQGD
RSHUDQGRQRPRGRLVRWpUPLFRDTXDOTXHUWHPSHUDWXUD
&DGD PHGLGD GLQkPLFD D XPD GDGD IUHTrQFLD SURSRUFLRQD VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH
GXDVTXDQWLGDGHVLQGHSHQGHQWHV(H(HDWpPHVPRWDQ
$ )LJXUD PRVWUD R HVSHFWUR REWLGR GH XPD DQiOLVH FRP SURJUDPD GH
DTXHFLPHQWR GH D R& D R&PLQ QR TXDO FDGD IUHTrQFLD GH RSHUDomR
DSUHVHQWDFXUYDV((HWDQ
$WXDOPHQWH RV HTXLSDPHQWRV VmR FRQHFWDGRV D XP PLFURFRPSXWDGRU SDUD
PDQLSXODomR GH GDGRV R TXH SHUPLWH LQFOXVLYH REWHU LQIRUPDo}HV GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWR HP PDLV GH XPD IUHTrQFLD HP XPD ~QLFD YDUUHGXUD GH
WHPSHUDWXUD
)LJXUD([HPSORGHXPJUiILFRWtSLFRREWLGRDSyVDQiOLVHQR'07$
$VWUDQVLo}HVTXHRFRUUHPQRPDWHULDOSROLPpULFRVmRGHWHFWDGDVSRUPHLRGH
SGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHQDFXUYDGH/RJ(YVWHPSHUDWXUD
SSLFRQDFXUYDGH/RJ(YVWHPSHUDWXUD
SSLFRQDFXUYDGH/RJWDQYVWHPSHUDWXUD
2V YDORUHV REWLGRV GH FDGD FXUYD VmR OLJHLUDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV DVVLP R YDORU GD
WHPSHUDWXUDGDUHOD[DomRGHYHYLUDFRPSDQKDGRGHLQIRUPDo}HVWDLVFRPR
SWLSRGHDQiOLVHGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD
SYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRGDDQiOLVHH[DWDPHQWHFRPRQRFDVRGR'6&
SIUHTrQFLDGHRSHUDomR
SFXUYDDSDUWLUGDTXDORYDORUIRLGHWHUPLQDGR(RX(RXWDQ
11.4.3 Transies secundrias

2V PpWRGRV GLQkPLFRPHFkQLFRV VmR PXLWR VHQVtYHLV jV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV RX
PRYLPHQWRV TXH RFRUUHP HP QtYHO PROHFXODU VHQGR FDSD]HV GH GHWHFWDU QmR Vy
PRYLPHQWRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV FRPR p R FDVR GD 7J FRPR WDPEpP PRYLPHQWRV PDLV
GLVFUHWRVFRQKHFLGRVFRPRUHOD[Do}HVVHFXQGiULDV
1HVWHSRQWRYDOHFKDPDUDDWHQomRSDUDXPDSRVVtYHOFRQIXVmRHQWUHRVWHUPRV
HDRUGHPFRPSULPiULDHVHFXQGiULD&RPRMiYLVWRDQWHULRUPHQWHD7JpGLWD
D
XPD WUDQVLomR WHUPRGLQkPLFD GH D RUGHP H D 7P GH D RUGHP $PEDV HVWmR
UHODFLRQDGDV D XP PRYLPHQWR VLJQLILFDWLYR GDV FDGHLDV PROHFXODUHV LVWR p D XPD
UHOD[DomR SULPiULD 0RYLPHQWRV PHQRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV TXH RFRUUHP QD PROpFXOD
SULQFLSDOPHQWH D WHPSHUDWXUDV DEDL[R GD 7J VmR GHQRPLQDGRV UHOD[Do}HV
VHFXQGiULDV $LQGD QD )LJXUD p SRVVtYHO REVHUYDU D 7J QD TXDO RFRUUH XP
PRYLPHQWRVLJQLILFDWLYRGDVFDGHLDVRTXDOSURYRFDXPSLFRDFHQWXDGRHPWRUQRGH
R& (QTXDQWR TXH PRYLPHQWRV PDLV GLVFUHWRV GH UHOD[Do}HV VHFXQGiULDV VmR
REVHUYDGRVHPSLFRVPDLVGLVFUHWRVHPWRUQRGHHR&
'H PRGR UHVXPLGR DV WUDQVLo}HV TXH RFRUUHP QDV PROpFXODV SRGHP VHU
GLYLGLGDV HP WUDQVLo}HV TXH RFRUUHP QD IDVH DPRUID H WUDQVLo}HV TXH RFRUUHP QD
IDVHFULVWDOLQD3RUFRQYHQomRDVUHOD[Do}HVSULPiULDVVmRGHVFULWDVSHODOHWUDJUHJD
$VVLP D WUDQVLomR UHODFLRQDGD j WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD TXH p D
UHOD[DomRDFHQWXDGDGDIDVHDPRUIDpUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUDHDWUDQVLomRUHODFLRQDGD
jWHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQDTXHpDUHOD[DomRDFHQWXDGDGDIDVHFULVWDOLQDp
UHSUHVHQWDGDSRU F5HODo}HVVHFXQGiULDVTXHRFRUUHPDEDL[RGH FHDFLPDGH D
HVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVFRPDSDUWHFULVWDOLQDHVmRUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUF7UDQVLo}HVTXH
RFRUUHP DEDL[R GH D HVWmR UHODFLRQDGDV FRP D SDUWH DPRUID GR PDWHULDO H VmR
UHSUHVHQWDGDVSHODVOHWUDVJUHJDV D D D HWFQDRUGHPHPTXHRFRUUHPGDPDLV
DOWD SDUD D PDLV EDL[D WHPSHUDWXUD (VWDV WUDQVLo}HV VmR PHOKRU REVHUYDGDV SHORV
SLFRV IRUPDGRV QDV FXUYDV GH ( RX WDQ $ 4XDGUR UHVXPH RV VtPERORV
XWLOL]DGRVSDUDDVUHOD[Do}HVHPSROtPHURV
Qual a origem dessas relaxaes secundrias, uma vez que a cadeia como
um todo se encontra sem mobilidade?
1HVWHFDVRRPDWHULDOHVWiDEDL[RGD7JHDSUHVHQWDXPHOHYDGRYDORUGHPyGXOR
&RPR DSUHVHQWDGR QD 4XDGUR DV UHOD[Do}HV VHFXQGiULDV TXH RFRUUHP
DEDL[R GD 7J SRGHP WHU RULJHP QR PRYLPHQWR PROHFXODU GH JUXSRV RX SDUWH GH
JUXSRV ODWHUDLV 2 WLSR GH PRYLPHQWR TXH D PROHFXOD LUi DSUHVHQWDU GHSHQGHUi GH
VXD HVWUXWXUD TXtPLFD 'H XP PRGR JHQpULFR DV UHOD[Do}HV PROHFXODUHV GD IDVH
DPRUIDIRUDPFODVVLILFDGDVHPTXDWURWLSRV$%&H'$)LJXUDH[HPSOLILFD
XPDFDGHLDHVHXVSRVVtYHLVPRYLPHQWRVPROHFXODUHVDEDL[RGD7J24XDGUR
UHVXPH RV WLSRV GH PRYLPHQWRV TXH SRGHP RFRUUHU QD PDFURPROpFXOD H WLSR GH
FODVVLILFDomRUHODFLRQDGDDFDGDWLSRGHPRYLPHQWR
4XDGUR6tPERORVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDUHOD[Do}HVTXHSRGHPRFRUUHPHPSROtPHURV
7LSRGH
6tPEROR 0RYLPHQWRPROHFXODUREVHUYDGR
WUDQVLomR
7UDQVLo}HVUHODFLRQDGDVFRPDSDUWHFULVWDOLQD
0RYLPHQWRGDVFDGHLDVTXHID]HPSDUWHGR
c 3ULPiULD
FULVWDO7UDQVLomRREVHUYDGDQDIXVmR7P
0RYLPHQWRGHFDGHLDVGRFULVWDLVTXH
FRQVWLWXHPIDVHVPHWDHVWiYHLVFRP
c 6HFXQGiULD
SRVWHULRUUHFULVWDOL]DomRHIXVmRGHILQLWLYD
HPF
7UDQVLo}HVUHODFLRQDGDVFRPDSDUWHDPRUID
0RYLPHQWRPROHFXODUGHXPVHJPHQWR
a 3ULPiULD GHFDGHLDHPIDVHDPRUIDFRPRXP
WRGR7UDQVLomRYtWUHD7J
0RYLPHQWRGHJUXSRVRXSDUWHGH
a, a, a JUXSRVODWHUDLVGDFDGHLDSROLPpULFD
6HFXQGiULD TXDQGRDFDGHLDSULQFLSDOFRPRXP
HWF VHJPHQWRFRQWtQXRQmRDSUHVHQWD
PRYLPHQWR
)LJXUD2VTXDWURWLSRVSULQFLSDLVGHPRYLPHQWRVPROHFXODUHV$%&H'TXHVmRSRVVtYHLVDEDL[RGD
7JHGmRRULJHPjVWUDQVLo}HVVHFXQGiULDV
4XDGUR&ODVVLILFDomRGRVWLSRVGHPRYLPHQWRVTXHSRGHPRFRUUHPHPPDFURPROpFXODVDPRUIDVDEDL[R
GD7J
0RYLPHQWRTXHRFRUUHQDPROpFXOD
0RYLPHQWRORFDOQDFDGHLDSULQFLSDO

([HPSORVUHOD[DomRGR39&UtJLGRR&
7,32$
UHOD[DomR GRSROLFDUERQDWRR&
5RWDomRGRJUXSRODWHUDOFRPRXPWRGRHPWRUQRGD

OLJDomRFRPDFDGHLDSULQFLSDO
7,32%
([HPSORUHOD[DomR GR300$R&
0RYLPHQWRLQWHUQRGHQWURGRJUXSRODWHUDOVHPD
LQWHUDomRFRPDFDGHLDSULQFLSDO
7,32& ([HPSORVUHOD[DomRGRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHQEXWLOD
UHOD[DomR GRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHFLFORKH[LOD
0RYLPHQWRGHXPDPROpFXODSHTXHQDGLVVROYLGDQR
SROtPHUR
7,32' ([HPSORPRYLPHQWRFRPRJUXSRQEXWLODGRIWDODWR
GHGLEXWLODSODVWLILFDQWH
2 PRYLPHQWR GR WLSR $ p PXLWR LPSRUWDQWH )UHTHQWHPHQWH HVWH WLSR GH

PRYLPHQWR GL] UHVSHLWR j WUDQVLomR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR TXHEUDGLoR SDUD R WHQD]
UHVLVWHQWH
&RPR p SRVVtYHO REVHUYDU QR 4XDGUR QmR H[LVWH XPD FRUUHODomR HQWUH R
PRYLPHQWRVHUGRWLSR$%&RX'FRPRVtPERORGDUHOD[DomRVHU RX 2V
WLSRV GH PRYLPHQWR HVWmR FODVVLILFDGRV FRPR PRVWUDGR QR 4XDGUR H RV
VtPERORV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD DV UHOD[Do}HV FRPR Mi PHQFLRQDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH VmR
HVFROKLGRV GH DFRUGR FRP D RUGHP QD TXDO HODV RFRUUHP 2 VtPEROR D p VHPSUH
XWLOL]DGRSDUDDUHOD[DomRUHODFLRQDGDjWUDQVLomRYtWUHD6HDPROpFXODVyDSUHVHQWDU
XP WLSR GH PRYLPHQWR DEDL[R GD 7J HVVD UHOD[DomR VHFXQGiULD VHUi UHSUHVHQWDGD
SHORVtPERORDPHVPRTXHRPRYLPHQWRVHMDGRWLSR'
2SROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODSRUDSUHVHQWDUYiULDVUHOD[Do}HVDEDL[RGD7JpXP
H[FHOHQWH H[HPSOR SDUD FRUUHODFLRQDU WLSR GH PRYLPHQWR H VtPERORV XWLOL]DGRV
7DEHOD
7DEHOD3URFHVVRVGHWUDQVLomRGHWHFWDGRVQRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODUHODFLRQDGRVDVXDRULJHP
PROHFXODU
7HPSH
7UDQ 2ULJHPGR
UDWXUD
VLomR PRYLPHQWR
R&
9LEUDomRPLFUR
EURZQLDQDQDFD
GHLDSULQFLSDO
0RYLPHQWRPROH
FXODUGRJUXSRpV
WHUSHQGHQWH
2EVHUYDGDDSHQDV
w QR300$FRP
iJXDDEVRUYLGD
9LEUDomR
PLFUREURZQLDQD
GRJUXSRPHWLOD
0RYLPHQWR
PLFUREURZQLDQR
GRJUXSRPHWLODGR
JUXSDPHQWR
SHQGHQWH
$V7DEHODVHDSUHVHQWDPDVWHPSHUDWXUDVQDVTXDLVRFRUUHPUHOD[Do}HV
HPDOJXQVSROtPHURVDPRUIRVHVHPLFULVWDOLQRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
7DEHOD5HOD[Do}HVHPDOJXQVSROtPHURVDPRUIRV
7HPSHUDWXUDoC)
3ROtPHUR (VWUXWXUDTXtPLFD

3ROLDFHWDWRGHYLQLOD [-CH2-CHOCOCH3-]n
3ROLDFULODWRGHPHWLOD [-CH2-CHCOO-CH3-]n
3ROLFDUERQDWR [-C6H4-C(CH3)2-C6H4OCO2-]n
3ROLFORUHWRGHYLQLOD [-CH2-CHCl-]n
3ROLHVWLUHQR [-CH2-CHPh-]n
3ROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD [-CH2-C(CH3)COO-CH3-]n
3ROLPHWDFULODWRGH
[-CH2-C(CH3)COO-(CH2)3-]n
QEXWLOD
7DEHOD5HOD[Do}HVHPDOJXQVSROtPHURVVHPLFULVWDOLQRV
7HPSHUDWXUDGDUHOD[DomRR&
3ROtPHURV (VWUXWXUDTXtPLFD )DVHDPRUID )DVHFULVWDOLQD
D D D F F
3ROLFDSURODFWDPD [-NH-(CH2)5-(CO)-]n
3ROLFORUHWRGHYLQLOLGHQR [-CH2-CCl2-]n
3ROLHWLOHQR [-CH2-]n linear
3ROLHWLOHQR [-CH2-]n ramificado
3ROLIOXRUHWRGH
[-CH2-CF2-]n
YLQLOLGHQR
3ROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR [-CH2-CH2-O]n
3ROLy[LGRGHPHWLOHQR [-CH2-O-]n
3ROLSURSLOHQR [-CH2-CH(CH3)-]n
11.4.4 Utilizao da Equao de Arrhenius
&RPR Mi PHQFLRQDGR QR LQtFLR GHVWH FDStWXOR R YDORU GD WUDQVLomR REVHUYDGD QR
HVSHFWUR GH UHOD[DomR REWLGR YDULD HPIXQomRGDIUHTrQFLDXWLOL]DGDQRHQVDLRH
SRULVVRID]VHQHFHVViULRPHQFLRQDUDOpPGHRXWUDVFRLVDVHPTXHIUHTrQFLDGH
HQVDLRDFXUYDIRLREWLGD3DUDIUHTrQFLDVGHHQVDLRPDLVHOHYDGDVDVWHPSHUDWXUDV
GH WUDQVLomR REVHUYDGDV QDV FXUYDV GR HVSHFWUR GH UHOD[DomR GHVORFDPVH SDUD
YDORUHV PDLV DOWRV FRPR SRGH VHU REVHUYDGR QD )LJXUD (VWH GHVORFDPHQWR
QmRRFRUUHGHPRGRDUELWUiULRHQHPpSDGUmRSDUDWRGRVRVPDWHULDLVHOHpIXQomR
GD HQHUJLD HQYROYLGD QR SURFHVVR GH WUDQVLomR $VVLP GH SRVVH GRV YDORUHV GH
WHPSHUDWXUD GD WUDQVLomR HP IXQomR GD IUHTrQFLD H ID]HQGR XVR GD (TXDomR GH
$UUKHQLXV (TXDomR D HQHUJLD HQYROYLGD QR SURFHVVR GH UHOD[DomR SRGH VHU
FDOFXODGD
Ea

log f = log f o (11.22)
2,3RTmx
$ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD GXDV FXUYDV REWLGDV D SDUWLU GR XVR GD (TXDomR GH
$UUKHQLXV HP XPD DPRVWUD GH SROLPHWDFULODWR GH PHWLOD 300$ H GH
SROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODJy[LGRGHHWLOHQR300$J3(22VUHVXOWDGRVPRVWUDP
TXH D HQHUJLD HQYROYLGD QD UHOD[DomR GR 300$ p PDLRU TXH DTXHOD HQYROYLGD QD
UHOD[DomRGR300$J3(2$FDGHLDGH3(2FRPPDLRUPRELOLGDGHUHGX]DHQHUJLD
QHFHVViULDDRPRYLPHQWRPROHFXODUGDVFDGHLDVGH300$
)LJXUD*UiILFRGH$UUKHQLXVGDWHPSHUDWXUDQRPi[LPRGRSLFRGHWDQHPIXQomRGDIUHTrQFLD
SDUDRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD300$HRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLODJy[LGRGHHWLOHQR300$J3(2
11.4.5 Correlao tempo-temperatura
$VVLPFRPRSDUDRVHQVDLRVPHFkQLFRVRVHQVDLRVGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFRVSRGHPVHU
UHDOL]DGRVHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDRXGRWHPSR2VHQVDLRVHPIXQomRGRWHPSR
PDQWrP D WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVWDQWH H UHJLVWUDP R YDORU GH PyGXOR $OJXQV
HTXLSDPHQWRVQmRVmRFDSD]HVGHUHDOL]DUUHJLVWURVHPIXQomRGRWHPSRPDVWRGRV
RVHTXLSDPHQWRVRSHUDPDIUHTrQFLDVYDULDGDVRTXHLQGLUHWDPHQWHQRVIRUQHFH
RFRPSRUWDPHQWRHPIXQomRGRWHPSRXPDYH]TXHDIUHTrQFLDpLJXDODRLQYHUVR
GR WHPSR W $ )LJXUD DSUHVHQWD XPD FXUYD WtSLFD GH PyGXOR HP
IXQomRGRWHPSRRXGDIUHTrQFLDWDPEpPGHQRPLQDGRHVSHFWURGHUHOD[DomR$
SULPHLUDREVHUYDomRDVHUIHLWDFRPUHODomRDHVWDFXUYDpDVXDVHPHOKDQoDFRPD
FXUYD GH PyGXOR HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD 'H IDWR VH DV FDGHLDV DGTXLUHP
PRELOLGDGH HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD IHQ{PHQR FRQKHFLGR SRU UHOD[DomR
PROHFXODUVREDDomRWpUPLFDRPHVPRpYHUGDGHSDUDDDomRGRWHPSRIHQ{PHQR
FRQKHFLGRSRUUHOD[DomRPROHFXODUVREDomRPHFkQLFD
)LJXUD&XUYDWtSLFDGHYDULDomRGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGRWHPSRWRXGDIUHTrQFLD
3DUD PHOKRU HQWHQGHU HVWH ~OWLPR IHQ{PHQR YDPRV WRPDU FRPR H[HPSOR XPD
VLWXDomR RQGH XWLOL]DPRV XPD SUDWHOHLUD GH PDWHULDO SROLPpULFR IL[DGD HP VXDV
H[WUHPLGDGHV SDUD VXVWHQWDU DOJXQV OLYURV HP VHX SRQWR FHQWUDO FRPR PRVWUD D
)LJXUD0HVPRTXHRVLVWHPDOLYURSUDWHOHLUDVHMDPDQWLGRDXPDWHPSHUDWXUD
FRQVWDQWHDSUDWHOHLUDWHQGHUiDFHGHUVRIUHQGRGHIRUPDomRFRPRWHPSRGHYLGRj
DomRGDFDUJDGRVOLYURV6HDSUDWHOHLUDFHGHXLVWRVLJQLILFDHPQtYHOPROHFXODUTXH
DVPROpFXODVPRYHUDPVHFRPRWHPSRRXPHOKRUDVPROpFXODVUHOD[DUDPVREXPD
DomRPHFkQLFD
)LJXUD(VTXHPDLOXVWUDWLYRGDGHIRUPDomRFRPRWHPSRGHXPDSUDWHOHLUDVXMHLWDDXPDFDUJD
LPSRVWDSHORSHVRGHOLYURV
$LQGD DQDOLVDQGR R JUiILFR GD )LJXUD DJRUD ILFD IiFLO HQWHQGHU TXH SDUD
WHPSRVFXUWRVGHHQVDLRVRPyGXORGRPDWHULDOpPDLRUGRTXHSDUDWHPSRVPDLV
ORQJRV 2 PyGXOR GR PDWHULDO WHQGH D FDLU FRP R DXPHQWR GR WHPSR LVWR p QyV
SRGHUHPRVREVHUYDUTXHRPDWHULDOHVWiFHGHQGRDSyVDOJXPWHPSRGHDQiOLVH
3RURXWURODGRRFRPSRUWDPHQWRHPIXQomRGDIUHTrQFLDpRLQYHUVRRPyGXOR
GRPDWHULDOWHQGHDFHGHUFRPDUHGXomRGDIUHTrQFLDGRHQVDLR3DUDIUHTrQFLDV
GHHQVDLRVPXLWRDOWDVRFLFORGDDomRLPSRVWDpPXLWRUiSLGRHDDPRVWUDQmRWHP
WHPSRSDUDUHOD[DUHUHVSRQGHUjTXHODVROLFLWDomRPHFkQLFD3DUDIUHTrQFLDVGH
HQVDLRVPXLWREDL[DVRFLFORGDDomRLPSRVWDpPXLWROHQWRHPDWHULDOWHUiWHPSR
SDUD UHOD[DU H VXD UHVSRVWD j VROLFLWDomR PHFkQLFD SRGHUi VHU REVHUYDGD LVWR p R
YDORU GH PyGXOR REVHUYDGR VHUi PHQRU 3DUD HQWHQGHU R VHQWLGR GH FLFOR GD DomR
LPSRVWD REVHUYH PDLV XPD YH] D )LJXUD VRE EDL[DV IUHTrQFLDV R
PRYLPHQWR GH YDL H YHP p UHDOL]DGR OHQWDPHQWH HQTXDQWR TXH VRE DOWDV
IUHTrQFLDVHVWHPRYLPHQWRpUHDOL]DGRUDSLGDPHQWH
1D SUiWLFD D DYDOLDomR GH PDWHULDLV HP IXQomR GR WHPSR QD WHPSHUDWXUD
DPELHQWHSRGHVHUUHVXPLGDGDVHJXLQWHIRUPDPDWHULDLVTXHDSUHVHQWDPYDORUHV
GH 7J XP SRXFR DEDL[R GD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH DSUHVHQWDUmR XPD TXHGD
DFHQWXDGD QR YDORU GH PyGXOR D WHPSRV UHODWLYDPHQWH FXUWRV HQTXDQWR TXH
PDWHULDLV TXH DSUHVHQWDP YDORUHV GH 7J PXLWR DFLPD GD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH
DSUHVHQWDUmR XPD TXHGD DFHQWXDGD QR YDORU GH PyGXOR D WHPSRV UHODWLYDPHQWH
ORQJRV%DVHDGRQRH[SRVWRDFLPDDUHDOL]DomRGHHQVDLRVHPIXQomRGRWHPSRGH
DPRVWUDVFRPYDORUHVGH7JUHODWLYDPHQWHDOWRVSDVVDPDVHULQYLiYHLV(VWHWLSRGH
SUREOHPD SRGH VHU FRQWRUQDGR XWLOL]DQGR R SULQFtSLR GH VXSHUSRVLomR WHPSR
WHPSHUDWXUD
2 SULQFtSLR GH VXSHUSRVLomR WHPSRWHPSHUDWXUD p D JURVVR PRGR EDVHDGR HP
GRLVIDWRVDVFXUYDVGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDVmRVHPHOKDQWHVjV
FXUYDVGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGRWHPSRDYDULDomRDFHQWXDGDGRYDORUGHPyGXOR
HPIXQomRGRWHPSRHVWiLQWLPDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDDRYDORUGH7JGRPDWHULDO
2 HQVDLR p UHDOL]DGR HP XP LQWHUYDOR GH WHPSR KiELO SUpGHWHUPLQDGR D XPD
WHPSHUDWXUDIL[D2VYDORUHVGHPyGXORHPIXQomRGRWHPSRVmRDUPD]HQDGRV(VWH
PHVPR HQVDLR p UHSHWLGR SDUD YiULDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GLIHUHQWHV H SRU LVVR VHUmR
REWLGDVYiULDVFXUYDVHPIXQomRGRWHPSRXPDSDUDFDGDWHPSHUDWXUDIL[DGDFRPR
PRVWUD R ODGR HVTXHUGR GD )LJXUD $ VREUHSRVLomR GDV FXUYDV IRUPDUi XPD
QRYD FXUYD HP XPD HVFDOD GH WHPSR EHP PDLRU TXH DTXHOD XWLOL]DGD QR HQVDLR
FRPRPRVWUDRODGRGLUHLWRGD)LJXUD
)LJXUD3UHSDUDomRGHXPDFXUYDSDGUmRDSDUWLUGHGDGRVH[SHULPHQWDLVGHFXUYDVGHPyGXORYV
WHPSRGHHQVDLRGHUHOD[DPHQWRGHWHQVmRHPYiULDVWHPSHUDWXUDV
3DUDDFRQVWUXomRGDFXUYDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDGHUHIHUrQFLDGHYHVHUHVFROKLGDHR
IDWRUGHGHVORFDPHQWRD7GDVFXUYDVGHYHVHUFDOFXODGR
2FiOFXORGRIDWRUGHGHVORFDPHQWRSRGHVHUUHDOL]DGRDSDUWLUGHXPDGDVGXDV
HTXDo}HVGLVSRQtYHLVDHTXDomRGH:/)(TXDomRHDHTXDomRGH$UUKHQLXV
(TXDomR
$ HVFROKD GD HTXDomR HVWi UHODFLRQDGD DR IDWR GD UHOD[DomR TXH RFRUUH QR
SROtPHURREHGHFHUDXPDRXRXWUDHTXDomR$OJXQVDXWRUHVFLWDPTXHD(TXDomRGH
:/) GHYHULD VHU XWLOL]DGD SDUD SURFHVVRV GH UHOD[DomR SULPiULD H D GH $UUKHQLXV
SDUDSURFHVVRVGHUHOD[DomRGHVHFXQGiULD([LVWHPDOJXPDVFRQWURYpUVLDVTXDQWRD
HVVDVHSDUDomRHPXLWRVDXWRUHVDVVXPHPTXHDPDLRULDGRVSURFHVVRVGHUHOD[DomR
HPSROtPHURVREHGHFHPD(TXDomRGH$UUKHQLXVHXWLOL]DPD(TXDomRSDUDR
FiOFXORGRIDWRUGHGHVORFDPHQWRD7
SEquao de WLF (Williams, Landel, Ferry)

C1 (T T0 )
log aT = (11.23)
C 2 + (T T0 )
RQGH& %IJ%pXPDFRQVWDQWHHIJpRYROXPHOLYUHIUDFLRQDOQD7JH&

IJIIpRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFDGRYROXPHOLYUHIUDFLRQDODFLPDGD7J
'HDFRUGRFRPDWHRULDGH:/)WRGRVRVSROtPHURVDPRUIRVOLQHDUHVDSUHVHQWDP
QD7JSURSULHGDGHVYLVFRHOiVWLFDVVLPLODUHV$WHPSHUDWXUDVHVSHFtILFDVDFLPDGD7J
WDOFRPR7J&ORJD7QD(TXDomRpLJXDODORJ77J4XDQGR7JpD
WHPSHUDWXUDGHUHIHUrQFLD& H&
9DOH OHPEUDU TXH D (TXDomR GH :/) Vy p YDOLGD SDUD SROtPHUR DPRUIR R TXH
OLPLWDDDSOLFDomRGRSULQFtSLRGHVXSHUSRVLomRWHPSRWHPSHUDWXUDDSHQDVSDUDHVWD
FODVVHGHSROtPHURV
SEquao de Arrhenius
aT = exp H / R (1 / T 1 / T0 ) (11.24)
RQGH+pDHQWDOSLDGHDWLYDomRGDUHOD[DomRH5pDFRQVWDQWHGRVJDVHV2IDWR
HVVHQFLDOpTXHjPHGLGDTXHDWHPSHUDWXUDDXPHQWDRYDORUGRWHPSRGHUHOD[DomR
QDTXHODWHPSHUDWXUDGLPLQXLGHPRGRTXHWRGRVRVHIHLWRVYLVFRHOiVWLFRVRFRUUHP
PDLVUDSLGDPHQWH
(P SULQFtSLR D VXSHUSRVLomR SHUPLWH D UHDOL]DomR GH H[SHULPHQWRV HP WHPSRV
FXUWRV GH DQiOLVH D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD HOHYDGD SDUD IRUQHFHU LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH DV
SURSULHGDGHV GH XP PDWHULDO DV TXDLV D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD PDLV EDL[D SRGHULDP
UHTXHUHU PXLWR PDLV WHPSR SDUD VHUHP REWLGDV 3RU H[HPSOR SDUD VDEHU D
FRPSOLkQFLDGHXPQRYRSROtPHURD&GDTXLDGH]DQRVSRGHVHUHDOL]DUWHVWHVD
& H REWHU LQIRUPDo}HV HP XP FXUWR SHUtRGR GH WHPSR 6XSRQGR TXH +
0-PRO YDORU WtSLFR SDUD UHOD[Do}HV HP XP SROtPHUR FULVWDOLQR RX HP XP
SROtPHURYtWUHRDEDL[RGDUHJLmRGD7JHWRPDQGR7R .H7 .D(TXDomR
IRUQHFH
aT = exp (0,12 x 106/8,31) (1/350 1/300) = 1,03 x 10-3
$VVLPUHDOL]DQGRRH[SHULPHQWRDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDGH&RWHPSRQHFHVViULR
SDUDREWHUDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHVHMDGDVQmRpGHDQRVPDVVLPGH [DQRV
LVWR p KRUDV RX XPD VHPDQD (VWH UHVXOWDGR p YiOLGR WDQWR SDUD HQVDLR GH
FHGrQFLDFUHHSTXDQWRSDUDGHUHOD[DPHQWRGHWHQVmR
$SHVDUGDDWUDWLYLGDGHGDVXSHUSRVLomRWHPSRWHPSHUDWXUDHSRWHQFLDOHFRQRPLD
GHWHPSRQDYHUGDGHRPpWRGRQmRWHPVLGRDPSODPHQWHXVDGRSDUDSUHYLVmRGH
SURSULHGDGHV 8PD ERD UD]mR SDUD D G~YLGD VREUH D SUHFLVmR GR PpWRGR UHVLGH QR
IDWR GD H[LVWrQFLD GR HQYHOKHFLPHQWR ItVLFR (QWUHWDQWR YDOH D SHQD WHU HP PHQWH
TXH L RV SURFHVVRV GH GHIRUPDomR SRU FHGrQFLD VmR PDLV UiSLGRV D WHPSHUDWXUDV
PDLV HOHYDGDV LL R WHPSR HIHWLYR D XPD WHPSHUDWXUD 7R p WD7 RQGH W p R WHPSR
UHTXHULGRSDUDRFRUUHURPHVPRHIHLWRPHFkQLFRHPXPDRXWUDWHPSHUDWXUD7
11.4.6 Aplicao de DMTA a sistemas de dois componentes - Miscibilidade

6mRFRQVLGHUDGRVVLVWHPDVGHGRLVFRPSRQHQWHV
S3ROtPHURVHSODVWLILFDQWH
S0LVWXUDVSROtPHURSROtPHUR
KRPRSROtPHURV
FRSROtPHURKRPRSROtPHUR
FRSROtPHURV
S&RSROtPHURVDOHDWyULRV
S&RSROtPHURVHPEORFRHJUDIWL]DGRV
$ XWLOL]DomR GH '07$ SDUD HVWXGR GH PLVFLELOLGDGH p EDVHDGD QD REVHUYDomR
IXQGDPHQWDO GH TXH VLVWHPDV PLVFtYHLV DSUHVHQWDP XP ~QLFR SLFR D FRPELQDGR
FXMD ORFDOL]DomR p GHSHQGHQWH GD FRPSRVLomR (VWH p R PHVPR SULQFtSLR XWLOL]DGR
SDUDHVWXGRGHPLVFLELOLGDGHHP'6&VLVWHPDVPLVFtYHLVDSUHVHQWDPXPD~QLFD7J
LQWHUPHGLiULDDRVYDORUHVGDV7JVGRVFRPSRQHQWHVSXURV
$EDL[R VHUmR H[HPSOLILFDGDV DV VLWXDo}HV GH FRPSOHWD PLVFLELOLGDGH HQWUH RV
VLVWHPDVFRPSOHWDLPLVFLELOLGDGHHPLVFLELOLGDGHSDUFLDO
$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDRHVSHFWURGHUHOD[DomRGHKRPRSROtPHURVKLSRWpWLFRV
SROL$ H SROL% H DV YDULDo}HV GH VHXV FRSROtPHURV DOHDWyULR HP EORFR H JUDIWL]DGR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHSROL$FR%SROL$E%HSROL$J%2SROL$DSUHVHQWDXPD7JGH
R&HRSROL%GHR&FRPRSRGHVHUREVHUYDGRHPVXDVFXUYDVGHPyGXORHP
IXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUD$PLVWXUDItVLFDGHVVHVGRLVKRPRSROtPHURVDSUHVHQWDGXDV
7JV ORFDOL]DGDV QDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD GRV KRPRSROtPHURV SXURV R
TXHVLJQLILFDTXHSROL$HSROL%VmRFRPSOHWDPHQWHLPLVFtYHLV
0RQ{PHURV $ $H% B
0LVWXUDItVLFD &RSROtPHUR &RSROtPHURHP &RSROtPHUR
&ODVVHGRSROtPHUR +RPRSROtPHUR +RPRSROtPHUR
DOHDWyULR EORFR JUDIWL]DGR
,GHQWLILFDomR 3ROL$ 3ROL$3ROL% 3ROL$FR% 3ROL$E% 3ROLDJ% 3ROL%
(VTXHPDGD
HVWUXWXUD
TXtPLFD
9DULDomRGR
PyGXOR(
HGDWDQ
)LJXUD(VSHFWURPHFkQLFRORJ(HWDQHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDDa+]SDUDKRPRSROtPHURVPLVWXUDItVLFDHFRSROtPHURVDOHDWyULRHP

EORFRHJUDIWL]DGR
$SUHSDUDomRGHXPFRSROtPHURDOHDWyULRRXDOWHUQDGRFRPRVPRQ{PHURV$H
% OHYD D XPD HVWUXWXUD HP TXH $ H % HVWmR OLJDGRV TXLPLFDPHQWH H EHP
GLVWULEXtGRVDRORQJRGDFDGHLD(VVDERDGLVSHUVmRGH$H%OHYDjIRUPDomRGHXP
VLVWHPD PLVFtYHO H R HVSHFWUR PHFkQLFR GR FRSROtPHUR DSUHVHQWD DSHQDV XPD 7J
HPWHPSHUDWXUDLQWHUPHGLiULDjV7JVGRVKRPRSROtPHURVSXURV2IDWRGD7JHVWi
ORFDOL]DGD HP WHPSHUDWXUD DEDL[R GH ]HUR TXH VHULD R YDORU PpGLR GDV 7JV GRV
FRPSRQHQWHV SXURV VLJQLILFD TXH R FRSROtPHUR DSUHVHQWD PDLRU WHRU GR
FRPSRQHQWHFXMD7JpGHR&LVWRpGHFRPSRQHQWH$
1DSUHSDUDomRGHFRSROtPHURVHPEORFRRXJUDIWL]DGRVDSHVDUGRVVHJPHQWRV
GHFDGHLD$H%HVWDUHPOLJDGRVTXLPLFDPHQWHRFRUUHUiDIRUPDomRGHGRPtQLRVGH
FDGD VHJPHQWR XPD YH] TXH HVWHV VHJPHQWRV GH FDGHLD QmR DSUHVHQWDP
PLVFLELOLGDGHFRPRIRLREVHUYDGRQRHVSHFWURGDPLVWXUDItVLFD2TXHVHREVHUYD
HQWmR VmR GXDV 7JV ORFDOL]DGDV QDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH WUDQVLomR YtWUHD GRV
KRPRSROtPHURVSXURVDVVLPFRPRDFRQWHFHXSDUDDPLVWXUDItVLFD$)LJXUD
DSUHVHQWD XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR VLPSOLILFDGD GD VHSDUDomR GH IDVHV TXH RFRUUH HP
FRSROtPHURVHPEORFRHJUDIWL]DGRV
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRVLPSOLILFDGDGDVHSDUDomRGHIDVHVTXHRFRUUHHPVLVWHPDVLPLVFtYHLVGHD
PLVWXUDVItVLFDVEFRSROtPHURVHPEORFRFFRSROtPHURVJUDIWL]DGRV
&RPSOHWDQGRRUDFLRFtQLRVLVWHPDVGHGRLVKRPRSROtPHURVSROL&HSROL'TXH
IRUPHP PLVWXUDV ItVLFDV PLVFtYHLV IRUPDUmR VLVWHPDV PLVFtYHLV TXDQGR IRUHP
SUHSDUDGRVTXDLVTXHUWLSRVGHFRSROtPHURV
$DQiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFDFRPRXPDIHUUDPHQWDSRGHURVDQRHVWXGR
GHSROtPHURVMiIRLDERUGDGDDRPHQFLRQDUDFDSDFLGDGHGHGHWHFomRGHUHOD[Do}HV
VHFXQGiULDV 1R FDVR GR HVWXGR GH VLVWHPDV GH GRLV FRPSRQHQWHV H VXD
PLVFLELOLGDGHR'07$PDLVXPDYH]PRVWUDVHXPDWpFQLFDPXLWRHVSHFLDOSRLVp
FDSD] GH DYDOLDU GH PDQHLUD PXLWR PDLV DFXUDGD D PLVFLELOLGDGH GH VLVWHPDV GR
TXH SRU H[HPSOR R '6& DSHVDU GH DPEDV DV WpFQLFDV XWLOL]DUHP R PHVPR
SULQFLSLR GH DYDOLDomR GH PLVFLELOLGDGH R GH REVHUYDomR GDV 7JV &RPR HVWH
SULQFtSLREDVHLDVHQDREVHUYDomRGHGXDV7JVHPVLVWHPDVLPLVFtYHLVDDQiOLVHQmR
VHUi FRQILiYHO TXDQGR R VLVWHPD HP HVWXGR HQYROYHU SRU H[HPSOR GRLV
KRPRSROtPHURV FXMDV 7JV RFRUUDP HP WHPSHUDWXUDV LJXDLV RX PXLWR SUy[LPDV
1HVWH FDVR VHUi REVHUYDGD DSHQDV XPD 7J H R SHVTXLVDGRU QmR SRGHUi FRQFOXLU
EDVHDGRVRPHQWHQHVWHUHVXOWDGRVHRVLVWHPDDSUHVHQWDDSHQDVXPD7JRXVHDV
GXDV 7JV HVWmR VREUHSRVWDV $ XWLOL]DomR GR '07$ SHUPLWH FRQWRUQDU HVWH
SUREOHPD SRLV FRPR Mi IRL YLVWR DQWHULRUPHQWH D 7J GHVORFDVH HP IXQomR GD
IUHTrQFLD H HVVH GHVORFDPHQWR p FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH FDGD VLVWHPD ,VWR p VH XP
VLVWHPD KLSRWpWLFR LPLVFtYHO DSUHVHQWDU GXDV 7JV VREUHSRVWDV QD IUHTrQFLD GH
+]FRPDYDULDomRGDIUHTrQFLDFDGD7JVRIUHUiVHXGHVORFDPHQWRFDUDFWHUtVWLFR
HDVWUDQVLo}HVVHUmRREVHUYDGDVVHSDUDGDVXPDGDRXWUD$)LJXUDLOXVWUD
GH PRGR HVTXHPiWLFR D YDULDomR GD REVHUYDomR GD WUDQVLomR HP IXQomR GD
IUHTrQFLD GH HQVDLR HYLGHQFLDQGR R GHVGREUDPHQWR GH WUDQVLo}HV HP VLVWHPDV
LPLVFtYHLV
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGDYDULDomRGH7JHPIXQomRGDIUHTrQFLDXWLOL]DGDQRHQVDLR
HYLGHQFLDQGRRGHVGREUDPHQWRGDVWUDQVLo}HVHPVLVWHPDVKLSRWHWLFDPHQWHLPLVFtYHLV
3DUDVLVWHPDVGHGRLVFRPSRQHQWHVVHMDPHOHVFRSROtPHURVRXPLVWXUDVItVLFDV
TXHDSUHVHQWHPFRPSOHWDPLVFLELOLGDGHDSHQDVXPD7JpREVHUYDGD$SRVLomRGD
7JGHVVDPLVWXUDLUiHQWmRGHSHQGHUGHVXDFRPSRVLomR$)LJXUDLOXVWUDR
FRPSRUWDPHQWRGHXPDPLVWXUDPLVFtYHOKLSRWpWLFDHPIXQomRGDFRPSRVLomR2
SLFR GH WDQ PRYHVH PRQRWRQLFDPHQWH GR YDORU GH 7J GH XP FRPSRQHQWH SXUR
SDUD R YDORU GH 7J GR RXWUR FRPSRQHQWH SXUR HP IXQomR GD FRPSRVLomR GD
PLVWXUD$VHTXDo}HVTXHSUHYrHPDSRVLomRGRSLFRGH7JHPVLVWHPDVPLVFtYHLV
EDVHDGDV QDV 7JV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV SXURV H QD FRPSRVLomR GD PLVWXUD HVWmR
DSUHVHQWDGDV QR FDStWXOR GH '6& 8P H[HPSOR FOiVVLFR GH PLVWXUD ItVLFD
FRPSOHWDPHQWHPLVFtYHOpRGRVLVWHPDGHSROLFORUHWRGHYLQLOD39&SODVWLILFDGR
FRPIWDODWRGHGLHWLOKH[LOD
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHWDQJHQWHHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDHYLGHQFLDQGRRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHXPD
PLVWXUDPLVFtYHOKLSRWpWLFDHPIXQomRGDFRPSRVLomR
2FDVRLQWHUPHGLiULRHQWUHDFRPSOHWDPLVFLELOLGDGHHDFRPSOHWDLPLVFLELOLGDGH
p D PLVFLELOLGDGH SDUFLDO GR VLVWHPD (P VLVWHPDV SDUFLDOPHQWH PLVFtYHLV VmR
REVHUYDGDV GXDV 7JV JHUDOPHQWH SRVLFLRQDGDV HQWUH RV YDORUHV GH 7J GRV
FRPSRQHQWHVSXURV2JUDXGHDSUR[LPDomRGHVVDV7JVpXPDPHGLGDGRJUDXGH
PLVFLELOLGDGH GR VLVWHPD 4XDQWR PDLV DIDVWDGDV HVWLYHUHP DV 7JV PHQRU VHUi R
JUDXGHPLVFLELOLGDGHGRVLVWHPDDWpUHYHODUDFRPSOHWDLPLVFLELOLGDGHFRPDV7JV
ORFDOL]DGDVQRVYDORUHVGDV7JVGRVFRPSRQHQWHVSXURVFRPRMiIRLGLWR3RURXWUR
ODGRTXDQWRPDLVSUy[LPDVHVWLYHUHPDV7JVPDLRUVHUiRJUDXGHPLVFLELOLGDGH
UHYHODQGR FRPSOHWD PLVFLELOLGDGH TXDQGR DV 7J MXQWDUHPVH HP XP ~QLFR YDORU
SDUDRVLVWHPD
$OpPGHIRUQHFHUDSRVLomRGRVSLFRVGH7JHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHLQIRUPDo}HVD
UHVSHLWR GH PLVFLELOLGDGH DOJXPDV LQIRUPDo}HV SRGHP VHU REWLGDV D SDUWLU GR
IRUPDWRGRVSLFRVGHWDQ RX($ODUJXUDGRSLFRTXHRFRUUHQDWUDQVLomRYtWUHD
HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRP D KRPRJHQHLGDGH GD IDVH TXH HVWi VRIUHQGR R UHIHULGR
SURFHVVR GH WUDQVLomR (P VLVWHPDV SDUFLDOPHQWH PLVFtYHLV p FRPXP RFRUUHU D
VROXELOLGDGHGDVFDGHLDVGHXPDIDVHQDRXWUDIDVHRTXHSRGHVHUDFRPSDQKDGR
SHOR DODUJDPHQWR GR SLFR UHODWLYR j WUDQVLomR YtWUHD GD IDVH QD TXDO FDGHLDV GD
RXWUDIDVHHVWmRVROXELOL]DGDV8PHVSHFWURGHUHOD[DomRWtSLFRGHVLVWHPDGHGRLV
FRPSRQHQWHVSROL$HSROL%SDUFLDOPHQWHPLVFtYHOQDTXDOH[LVWHXPDVROXELOLGDGH
GDVFDGHLDVGHSROL$QDIDVHGHSROL%pPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
)LJXUD&XUYDVGH'07$ORJ(HWDQ)GHXPVLVWHPDKLSRWpWLFRGHGRLVFRPSRQHQWHVSROL$HSROL%
FRPPLVFLELOLGDGHSDUFLDOQRTXDORFRUUHDVROXELOLGDGHGHFDGHLDVGHSROL$QDIDVHGHSROL%
$NORQLV--H0DF.QLJKW:-,QWURGXFWLRQWR3RO\PHU9LVFRHODVWLFLW\DHG
-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF1HZ<RUN
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
+HLMERHU - 6HFRQGDU\ ORVV SHDNV LQ JODVV\ DPRUSKRXV SRO\PHUV ,QWHUQ -
3RO\PHULF0DWHUYRO
0F&UXP1*%XFNOH\&3H%XFNQDOO&%3ULQFLSOHVRI3RO\PHU(QJLQHHULQJ
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG
0F&UXP 1 * 5HDG % ( H :LOOLDPV * $QHODVWLF DQG 'LHOHFWULF (IIHFWV LQ
3RO\PHULF6ROLGV-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF/RQGRQ
0XUD\DPD 7 '\QDPLFDO 0HFKDQLFDO 3URSHUWLHV (P (QF\FORSHGLD RI 3RO\PHU
6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ9RO0DUN+0%LNDOHV102YHUEHUJHU&*H
0HQJHV*(GVQGHG-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUNSiJ
6HSH 0 3 5DSUD 5HYLHZ 5HSRUWV YRO QR SiJV 7KHUPDO
DQDO\VLVRISRO\PHUV
:LGPDQ * (P &KDSR\ / / H 6RUHQVHQ $ HGV 7KHUPDO $QDO\VLV RI
:XQGHUOLFK%7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV$FDGHPLF3UHVV,QF%RVWRQ
&DStWXOR
Anlise dieltrica ou
termodieltrica (DEA ou
DETA)
12.1 Introduo
0pWRGRV GH WHVWH QmRGHVWUXWLYRV VmR SDUWLFXODUPHQWH ~WHLV SDUD DYDOLDU DV
SURSULHGDGHV ItVLFDV GH PDWHULDLV SROLPpULFRV TXDQGR p QHFHVViULR XP
HQWHQGLPHQWRGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRPDWHULDOHPQtYHOPROHFXODU
$ PDLRULD GDV WpFQLFDV SDUD DYDOLDU SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFDV VmR PpWRGRV
WUDQVLWyULRVRXQmRSHULyGLFRVHFREUHPXPLQWHUYDORGHWHPSRGHDWpVHJXQGRV
3DUD LQIRUPDo}HV UHODFLRQDGDV D WHPSRV FXUWRV p QHFHVViULR XWLOL]DU WpFQLFDV
SHULyGLFDV RX RVFLODWyULDV FRPR IRL GHVFULWR SDUD R '07$ FDStWXOR 2XWUD
WpFQLFD TXH WDPEpP IRUQHFH LQIRUPDo}HV UHODFLRQDGDV D WHPSRV FXUWRV p D DQiOLVH
GLHOpWULFD'($WDPEpPFRQKHFLGDFRPDQiOLVHWHUPRGLHOpWULFD'(7$(VWDWpFQLFD
RVFLODWyULD MXQWDPHQWH FRP D DQiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD'07$pXPDGDV
PDLV XWLOL]DGDV SDUD WDO SURSyVLWR 6LPLODUPHQWH DR '07$ R '(7$ p XP WLSR
SDUWLFXODUGHHVSHFWURVFRSLDGHUHOD[DomRGLHOpWULFDQDTXDODDPRVWUDpSHUWXUEDGD
SRUXPFDPSRHOpWULFRVHQRLGDOHDUHVSRVWDGRPDWHULDOpPHGLGDHPXPDDPSOD
IDL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUDHDGLIHUHQWHVIUHTrQFLDVGDIRUoDDSOLFDGD$SDUWLUGHXPD
DQiOLVH GD UHVSRVWD GR PDWHULDO p SRVVtYHO GHULYDU LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH PRYLPHQWRV
PROHFXODUHV QD DPRVWUD H FRPR HVWHV PRYLPHQWRV SRGHP DIHWDU D FRQVWDQWH
GLHOpWULFD DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH DPRUWHFLPHQWR HOpWULFR H WUDQVLo}HV HVWUXWXUDLV
$VVLPFRPRR'07$R'(7$SRGHVHUXVDGRSDUDREVHUYDUPRYLPHQWRVPROHFXODUHV
HPSROtPHURVOtTXLGRVRXVyOLGRV3RUpPQRFDVRGR'(7$DGHWHFomRVypSRVVtYHO
VHDUHOD[DomRRXWUDQVLomRHQYROYHUPRYLPHQWRGHXPGLSRORRXXPGHVORFDPHQWR
GH FDUJD (QWmR DSHVDU GH DSUHVHQWDUHP SULQFtSLRV GH IXQFLRQDPHQWR GLVWLQWRV H
PHGLUHP JUDQGH]DV WDPEpP GLVWLQWDV '07$ H '(7$ SRGHP SURSRUFLRQDU
LQIRUPDo}HV VLPLODUHV VREUH D DPRVWUD H VHU XVDGRV GH PRGR FRPSOHPHQWDU
HVSHFLDOPHQWHQRHVWXGRGHPHFDQLVPRVGHXPSURFHVVRSDUWLFXODUGHUHOD[DomRH
QDLGHQWLILFDomRGDSRODUL]DELOLGDGHGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRJUXSDPHQWRTXtPLFR
$ UHVSRVWD GD DPRVWUD DR FDPSR HOpWULFR RVFLODWyULR SURSRUFLRQD LQIRUPDo}HV
VREUH DV SURSULHGDGHV GH FRQGXWLYLGDGH H FDSDFLWkQFLD GRV PDWHULDLV H TXDQWLILFD
HVVDVSURSULHGDGHVFRPRXPDIXQomRGRWHPSRWHPSHUDWXUDRXIUHTrQFLD
3ROtPHURVVHFRVVmRPDXVFRQGXWRUHVGHHOHWULFLGDGHHSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRV
FRPR LVRODQWHV $ DSOLFDomR GH XP FDPSR HOpWULFR D XP SROtPHUR SRGH OHYDU j
SRODUL]DomR GD DPRVWUD D TXDO WHP XP HIHLWR VXSHUILFLDO 6H R SROtPHUR FRQWpP
JUXSRVTXHSRGHPDJLUFRPRGLSRORVSHUPDQHQWHVHQWmRRFDPSRDSOLFDGRFDXVDUi
XP DOLQKDPHQWR GHVVHV GLSRORV JUXSRV QD GLUHomR GR FDPSR 4XDQGR R FDPSR
HOpWULFR p UHWLUDGR RV GLSRORV SRGHP UHOD[DU H UHWRUQDU j RULHQWDomR DOHDWyULD
3RUpPGHYLGRjUHVLVWrQFLDIULFFLRQDORIHUHFLGDSHORVJUXSRVQRLQWHULRUGDDPRVWUD
HVWHUHWRUQRQmRVHUiLQVWDQWkQHR2SURFHVVRGHGHVRUGHPSRGHVHUFDUDFWHUL]DGR
SRU XP WHPSR GH UHOD[DomR PDV QHP VHPSUH p IDFLOPHQWH PHGLGR e PDLV
FRQYHQLHQWH DSOLFDU j DPRVWUD XPD YDULDomR GH YROWDJHP VHQRLGDO H HVWXGDU D
SRODUL]DomRGLSRODUQRHVWDGRHVWDFLRQiULR
1R '(7$ DSOLFDVH j DPRVWUD XP FDPSR HOpWULFR DOWHUQDGR H PHGHVH R
GHVORFDPHQWRGDFDUJD4SRUPHLRGDYDULDomRGDFRUUHQWHLL G4GW
$SHUPLVVLYLGDGHGLHOpWULFDFRPSOH[D SRGHVHUPHGLGDDSDUWLUGDYDULDomRQD
DPSOLWXGHHVHRDWUDVRGDIDVHHQWUHDYROWDJHPDSOLFDGDHDFRUUHQWHLQGX]LGDp
GHWHUPLQDGR)LJXUDHQWmR SRGHVHUUHVROYLGDHPGXDVFRPSRQHQWHV
S$FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
S$FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGHSHUGD
$QiOLVH'LHOpWULFDRX7HUPRGLHOpWULFD'($RX'(7$

)LJXUD'LDJUDPDHVTXHPiWLFRDGHXPDFpOXODGHPHGLGDHEGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGDYROWDJHP
DSOLFDGDHGDFRUUHQWHUHVSRVWDQR'(7$
5HVXPLQGR DV TXDWUR SURSULHGDGHVFKDYH TXH VmR PHGLGDV SHOR '(7$ VmR
SHUPLVVLYLGDGHIDWRUGHSHUGDFRQGXWLYLGDGHL{QLFDHIDWRUGHGLVVLSDomR
$SHUPLVVLYLGDGHWDPEpPFKDPDGDGHFRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRp
SURSRUFLRQDOjFDSDFLWkQFLDTXHpDFDSDFLGDGHGRPDWHULDOGHDUPD]HQDUFDUJD
HOpWULFD (VWD p XPD PHGLGD GD IDFLOLGDGH FRP TXH RV GLSRORV QR SROtPHUR VmR
DOLQKDGRVFRPRFDPSRHOpWULFR
2 IDWRU GH SHUGD WDPEpP GHQRPLQDGR GH FRQVWDQWH GLHOpWULFD GH SHUGD p
SURSRUFLRQDOjFRQGXWkQFLDTXHpDHQHUJLDUHTXHULGDSDUDDOLQKDURVGLSRORVH
PRYHU RV tRQV &RPR R PRYLPHQWR PROHFXODU HP XP SROtPHUR DEDL[R GD 7J p
LQVLJQLILFDQWH TXDQGR R PDWHULDO HVWi QR HVWDGR YtWUHR UHSUHVHQWD DSHQDV D
HQHUJLD UHTXHULGD SDUD DOLQKDU GLSRORV $FLPD GD 7J HVWi UHODFLRQDGR j
FRQGXWLYLGDGHL{QLFDSHODIUHTrQFLD
$FRQGXWLYLGDGHL{QLFDSRGHHVWDUUHODFLRQDGDjYLVFRVLGDGHeHVSHFLDOPHQWH~WLO
SDUDDQDOLVDUSURFHVVRGHFXUDHPPDWHULDLVWHUPRUUtJLGRV
2 IDWRU GH GLVVLSDomR p H[SUHVVR FRPR WDQ GHOWD H p DQiORJR j WDQ GHOWD
PHFkQLFDREWLGDSHOR'07$
8PD YH] GHILQLGDV DV SURSULHGDGHV SRGHP VHU IHLWDV DOJXPDV REVHUYDo}HV
DGLFLRQDLV
SRSURGXWRWDQpGLUHWDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDOjSHUGDGLHOpWULFDGDHQHUJLD
SRIDWRUGHGLVVLSDomRpXPDPHGLGDGDVSHUGDVGLVVLSDGDVVREDIRUPDGHFDORU
SHODVPROpFXODVGRSROtPHURFRPRUHVXOWDGRGDSRODUL]DomRGLHOpWULFDTXDQGRR
PHVPRpH[SRVWRDXPFDPSRHOpWULFR
SDVSHUGDVGLHOpWULFDVQRVGLHOpWULFRVSROLPpULFRVSUHFLVDPVHUFRQVLGHUDGDV
HP FRQH[mR FRP VXD HVWUXWXUD PROHFXODU H HP SDUWLFXODU HPUHODomRj
HVWUXWXUDGDXQLGDGHUHSHWLWLYD
SD SUHVHQoD GH DGLWLYRV FRPR DQWLR[LGDQWHV H RXWURV IDWRUHV FRPR GHJUDGDomR
WpUPLFDR[LGDomRFXUDLQFRPSOHWDHXPLGDGHSRGHPDXPHQWDURYDORUGHWDQ
([LVWH D GHSHQGrQFLD GD UHVSRVWD GLHOpWULFD FRP R WHPSR FRP D IUHTrQFLD GR
FDPSRHOpWULFRHFRPDWHPSHUDWXUD,VWRWHPVLGRPRVWUDGRSRUPHLRGHPRGHORV
TXH GHVFUHYHP RV SURFHVVRV DW{PLFRV H PROHFXODUHV GD SRODUL]DomR QDV PROpFXODV
GRVSROtPHURV
$VIUHTrQFLDVXVDGDVQDVPHGLGDVWrPTXHHVWDUQDIDL[DRQGHDSRODUL]DomRGH
RULHQWDomR GRV GLSRORV QR SROtPHUR VHMD DWLYD (VWDV IUHTrQFLDV VmR PXLWR PDLV
DOWDV GR TXH DTXHODV XVDGDV QRUPDOPHQWH SDUD R '07$ H WLSLFDPHQWH FDHP QD
IDL[DGH+]DN+]$SHVDUGDYDULiYHOSULQFLSDOVHUDWHPSHUDWXUDRVIDWRUHV
H SRGHPVHUHVWXGDGRVFRPRXPDIXQomRGDIUHTrQFLDDQJXODU HQDUHJLmR
GHIUHTrQFLDRQGHH[LVWHXPDUHOD[DomRHGHFUHVFHFRPRPRVWUDD)LJXUD$
PDJQLWXGH GHVWH GHFUpVFLPR R p XPD PHGLGD GD IRUoD GR GLSROR PROHFXODU
HQYROYLGR QD UHOD[DomR RQGH R p D FRQVWDQWH GLHOpWULFD HVWiWLFD UHODFLRQDGD DR
PRPHQWR GLSRODU UHDO GR SROtPHUR H p D FRQVWDQWH GLHOpWULFD PHGLGD D DOWDV
IUHTrQFLDV

)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRVIDWRUHVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRHSHUGD
FRPRXPDIXQomRGRORJDULWPRGDIUHTrQFLDDQJXODU0RVWUDWDPEpPDWDQJHQWHGHSHUGDGLHOpWULFD
FRPRXPDIXQomRGH
12.2 Comparao entre DMTA e DETA

'DGRV REWLGRV GH PHGLGDV PHFkQLFD H GLHOpWULFD SRGHP VHU UHODFLRQDGRV
TXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH PDV QHP VHPSUH SRGHP VHU UHODFLRQDGRV GH XP PRGR
TXDQWLWDWLYR
$FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRHTXLYDOHQWHjFRPSOLkQFLD
PHFkQLFD - PHOKRU GR TXH DR PyGXOR ,VWR HOXFLGD R IDWR GH TXH WpFQLFDV
PHFkQLFDVPHGHPDKDELOLGDGHGRVLVWHPDGHUHVLVWLUDRPRYLPHQWRHQTXDQWRTXH
DDYDOLDomRGLHOpWULFDpXPDPHGLGDGDFDSDFLGDGHGRVLVWHPDGHPRYLPHQWDUVH(
DLQGDRVJUXSRVHQYROYLGRVWrPTXHVHUGLSRODUHV
8P DVSHFWR LQWHUHVVDQWH p TXH D SHUGD GLHOpWULFD SDUHFH HVWDU PDLV
LQWLPDPHQWH DVVRFLDGD DR PyGXOR GH SHUGD ( RX * GR TXH j FRPSOLkQFLD GH
SHUGDTXDQGRRVGDGRVVmRFRPSDUDGRVSDUDRPHVPRVLVWHPD
$PEDV DV WpFQLFDV UHVSRQGHP GH PRGR VLPLODU D XPD YDULDomR QD IUHTrQFLD
PHGLGD 4XDQGR D IUHTrQFLD p DXPHQWDGD DV WUDQVLo}HV H UHOD[Do}HV TXH VmR
REVHUYDGDVQDDPRVWUDDSDUHFHPDWHPSHUDWXUDVPDLVHOHYDGDV,VWRpLOXVWUDGRQD
)LJXUDTXHPRVWUDXPDDQiOLVHGHSROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR2SLFRGHSHUGD
UHSUHVHQWDQGRDWUDQVLomRYtWUHDIRLPHGLGRSRU'07$H'(7$DYiULDVIUHTrQFLDV
HQWUH+]HN+]
)LJXUD&RPSDUDomRGDVFXUYDVREWLGDVSRU'07$H'(7$
2Pi[LPRGRSLFR7Pi[PRYHVHGHXPDWHPSHUDWXUDGHa&D+]SDUD

a& D N+] R TXH VLJQLILFD XP DXPHQWR GH & QXPD YDULDomR GH
IUHTrQFLD GH VHWH RUGHQV GH PDJQLWXGH (VWD YDULDomR DSUR[LPDVH GD QRUPD
SUiWLFD QD TXDO D WHPSHUDWXUD QR Pi[LPR GH XP SLFR GH SHUGD 7Pi[ RX XP
SURFHVVR GH UHOD[DomR LUi YDULDU GH FHUFD GH & SDUD FDGD GpFDGD GH YDULDomR QD
IUHTrQFLD(VWHWLSRGHPHGLGDSRGHVHUXVDGRSDUDHVWLPDUDHQHUJLDGHDWLYDomR
( GHXPDWUDQVLomRRXSURFHVVRGHUHOD[DomRDWUDYpVGD(TXDomR
E* = d (log )/d (1/Tmx) (12.1)
RQGHpDIUHTrQFLDGDDQiOLVH
$ UHSUHVHQWDomR JUiILFD GD (TXDomR p PRVWUDGD QD )LJXUD SDUD R
SURFHVVR GH UHOD[DomR HP XPD VpULH GH DPRVWUDV GH SROLPHWDFULODWR GH DOTXLOD

$PEDV DV WpFQLFDV '07$ H '(7$ IRUDP XVDGDV SDUD D REWHQomR GRV UHVXOWDGRV H
GmRVHSDUDGDPHQWHOLQKDVUHWDVFRPDPHVPDLQFOLQDomR3RUpPRIDWRGHTXHDV
UHWDV QmR VH VREUHS}HP LQGLFD TXH DV PHGLGDV SRGHP QmR VHU H[DWDPHQWH
HTXLYDOHQWHV
)LJXUD*UiILFRGDIUHTrQFLDHPIXQomRGRLQYHUVRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGH7PD[SDUDRSURFHVVRGHUHOD[DomR
QRSROLPHWDFULODWRGHPHWLOD300$SROLPHWDFULODWRGHHWLOD3(0$HSROLPHWDFULODWRGHWEXWLOD
3W%0$6tPERORVEUDQFRVUHSUHVHQWDPPHGLGDVUHDOL]DGDVSRUPpWRGRGLHOpWULFRHVtPERORVSUHWRVSDUD
PHGLGDVGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFDV
'LIHUHQoDVEiVLFDVQDVDQiOLVHVGH'07$H'(7$VmRFRPSDUDGDVQR4XDGUR
4XDGUR'LIHUHQoDVEiVLFDVQDVDQiOLVHVGH'07$H'(7$
&DUDFWHUtVWLFD '(7$ '07$

0HGHDSURSULHGDGHHPQtYHO
(VFDODGHGHWDOKHVHVWUXWXUDLV QP
PDFURVFySLFR
'HWHFomRGHHVWUXWXUDVHPXPD
$SDUrQFLDGHFRPSOHWD
PLVWXUDFRPGRPtQLRVPXLWR 6,0
PLVFLELOLGDGH
SHTXHQRV
$FRPSDQKDPHQWRGHUHDo}HVTXH
RFRUUHPQRV~OWLPRVHVWiJLRVGH 6,0 12
FXUDGHXPVLVWHPDWHUPRUUtJLGR
3ySDVWDVyOLGRVHOtTXLGRV
8PDPHVPDDPRVWUDSDUDXPD 6yOLGRVHPJHUDO
7LSRGHDPRVWUD
DPSODIDL[DGH WUDQVLomR /LPLWDo}HVPHFkQLFDV
VyOLGROtTXLGR
7RPDGDGHIUHTrQFLDQDIDL[DGH
GpFDGDV GpFDGDV
D+]
12.3 O equipamento
2LQVWUXPHQWREiVLFRFRQVLVWHGHXPIRUQRFRPXPSRUWDDPRVWUDGHIiFLOOLPSH]D
SDUD SUHYHQLU VXMHLUD H GDQRV QR IRUQR 8P VHQVRU p SRVLFLRQDGR HP XP
FRPSDUWLPHQWRHPEDL[RGRIRUQR([LVWHPTXDWURWLSRVGHVHQVRUHVRVTXDLVHVWmR
UHODFLRQDGRVDVHJXLU
S6HQVRUHPSODFDVFHUkPLFDVSDUDOHODV
S6HQVRUHPFHUkPLFDSDUDILOPHILQR
S6HQVRUHPFHUkPLFDSDUDVXSHUItFLH~QLFD
S6HQVRUUHPRWRSDUDVXSHUItFLH~QLFDFRQILJXUDomRGRWLSRSHQWHGHHOHWURGRV
2V VHQVRUHV GH SODFDV SDUDOHODV VmR XWLOL]DGRV SDUD PHGLU SURSULHGDGHV GR
LQWHULRU GD DPRVWUD H PRQLWRUDU UHOD[Do}HV PROHFXODUHV 6HQVRUHV GH VXSHUItFLH
VLPSOHVVmRXVDGRVSDUDDYDOLDUSURSULHGDGHVGHVXSHUItFLHHH[SHULPHQWRVGHFXUD
$VDPRVWUDVVmRFRORFDGDVGLUHWDPHQWHQDEDVHGRHOHWURGR1RPRGRGHVXSHUItFLH
VLPSOHV p DSOLFDGD SUHVVmR GLUHWDPHQWH VREUH D DPRVWUD 8P rPEROR FLOtQGULFR
FRQHFWDGR DR /9'7 /LQHDU 9DULDWLRQ 'LIIHUHQWLDO 7UDQVGXWRU PHGH D HVSHVVXUD GD
DPRVWUD$DQiOLVHpFRQWURODGDSRUXPSURJUDPDGHFRPSXWDGRURSHUDFLRQDOHXVD
DHQWUDGDDSDUWLUGRWUDQVGXWRUGHIRUoDHGR/9'7SDUDPRQLWRUDUDIRUoDDSOLFDGD
HDHVSHVVXUDGDDPRVWUD2HTXLSDPHQWRRSHUDQDIDL[DGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHD
&
12.4 Exemplos de aplicaes
12.4.1 Identificao de transies
&RPR R '(7$ UHVROYH D UHVSRVWD GH XP SROtPHUR HP VXDV FRPSRQHQWHV GH
DUPD]HQDPHQWR H GH SHUGD VLPLODU DR '07$ HOH p XPD IHUUDPHQWD YDOLRVD SDUD
LGHQWLILFDU WUDQVLo}HV HP SROtPHURV 3RU FDXVD GD DPSOD IDL[D GH IUHTrQFLD
GLVSRQtYHO R '(7$ SRGH RIHUHFHU XP QtYHO GH VHQVLELOLGDGH QmR HQFRQWUDGR HP
RXWUDV WpFQLFDV ,GHQWLILFDomR GH WUDQVLo}HV WHP VLGR UHDOL]DGD SDUD GLYHUVDV
PLVWXUDV GH SROtPHURV 2 '(7$ WDPEpP p FDSD] GH LGHQWLILFDU UHOD[Do}HV
VHFXQGiULDVHPSROtPHURVDVTXDLVQmRVmRGHWHFWDGDVSRU'07$
2V SROtPHURV DPRUIRV DSUHVHQWDP GRLV WLSRV GH SHUGDV GLHOpWULFDV 2 SULPHLUR
WLSR GH SHUGD GLHOpWULFD FKDPDGD SHUGD GLSRORVHJPHQWR GV GHVLJQDGD SHOD OHWUD
HVWiDVVRFLDGRDRHVWDGRERUUDFKRVRDFLPDGD7JGRSROtPHUR2VHJXQGRWLSR
FKDPDGR SHUGD GLSRORJUXSR GJ JHUDOPHQWH GHVLJQDGR SHODV OHWUDV JUHJDV
HWFGHSHQGHQGRGRPHFDQLVPRGHSHUGDpGHYLGRjRULHQWDomRGRVJUXSRVSRODUHV
$V SHUGDV GHVWH WLSR SRGHP RFRUUHU DQWHV GD 7J GR SROtPHUR QR HVWDGR YtWUHR H
GHSRLVGD7JQRHVWDGRERUUDFKRVR
$ RULHQWDomR GLSRODU GRV VHJPHQWRV GD FDGHLD SULQFLSDO GH XP SROtPHUR
JHUDOPHQWH LQGHSHQGH GD RULHQWDomR GLSRODU GRV VXEVWLWXLQWHV GD FDGHLD ODWHUDO
([LVWHXPDDOWDFRUUHODomRHQWUHDVGLIHUHQWHVRULHQWDo}HVGLSRODUHVGRVVHJPHQWRV

PROHFXODUHV QR SROtPHUR TXH p XPD FRQVHTrQFLD GDV LQWHUDo}HV LQWHU H
LQWUDPROHFXODUHV 4XDQWR PDLRUHV IRUHP HVWDV LQWHUDo}HV DV XQLGDGHV UHSHWLWLYDV
WHUmR PHQRU PRELOLGDGH &RQVHTXHQWHPHQWH PDLV DOWDV VHUmR DV WHPSHUDWXUDV HP
TXH D WDQ p Pi[LPD H PDLRUHV VHUmR RV WHPSRV GH UHOD[DomR $VVLP D SHUGD
GLHOpWULFD QRV SROtPHURV H VHX WHPSR GH UHOD[DomR PDLV SURYiYHO GHSHQGHP GD
FRQVWLWXLomR TXtPLFD GD XQLGDGH FRQVWLWXFLRQDO UHSHWLWLYD GD FDGHLD VHQGR
LPSRUWDQWHRQ~PHURGHJUXSRVSRODUHVDQDWXUH]DRWDPDQKRRVIDWRUHVHVWpULFRV
DVLQWHUDo}HVLQWUDHLQWHUPROHFXODUHVHDPRELOLGDGHGDVXQLGDGHV
6H QD FDGHLD SULQFLSDO GR SROtPHUR H[LVWLUHP JUXSRV SRODUHV FDSD]HV GH
RULHQWDUHPVHQRFDPSRHOpWULFRLQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHXPGRRXWURHDSUHVHQWDUHP
WHPSRVGHUHOD[DomRGLIHUHQWHVQDVFXUYDVGHWDQ YHUVXV7RXGHWDQ YHUVXV
VHUmRUHJLVWUDGRVGRLVSLFRVPi[LPRVGHSHUGD
$OJXQV DXWRUHV WrP GHPRQVWUDGR D XWLOLGDGH GR '(7$ QD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GH
WUDQVLo}HV TXH RFRUUHP TXDQGR D SROLpWHU pWHU FHWRQD 3((. SDVVD GR HVWDGR
IXQGLGRSDUDRHVWDGRVyOLGR1HVWHHVWXGRRVYDORUHVGHFRQGXWLYLGDGHL{QLFDIRUDP
LQGHSHQGHQWHV GD IUHTrQFLD TXDQGR R SROtPHUR HQFRQWUDYDVH QR HVWDGR IXQGLGR
(QWUHWDQWR TXDQGR R SROtPHUR HQFRQWUDYDVH QR HVWDGR FULVWDOL]DGR H
VXEVHTHQWHPHQWH SDVVRX SHOD WUDQVLomR YtWUHD j PHGLGD TXH IRL UHVIULDGR IRL
REVHUYDGR R DXPHQWR GHVVD GHSHQGrQFLD FRP D IUHTrQFLD $ FULVWDOL]DomR GH XP
PDWHULDO UHVIULDGR UDSLGDPHQWH D SDUWLU GR HVWDGR IXQGLGR WDPEpP IRL GHWHFWDGD
FRPRXPSURFHVVRGHSHQGHQWHGDIUHTrQFLD
12.4.2 Avaliao da borracha natural vulcanizada, contendo negro de fumo

3DUWtFXODVGHQHJURGHIXPRSRVVXHPXPDDOWDFRQGXWLYLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD$LQFOXVmR
GH QHJUR GH IXPR HP XPD ERUUDFKD YXOFDQL]DGD Gi RULJHP D XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR
GLHOpWULFR FRPSOH[R $V SURSULHGDGHV GLHOpWULFDV VXUJHP D SDUWLU GRV VHJXLQWHV
FRPSRQHQWHV D SHUGD GH GLSROR QRUPDO D SDUWLU GH FDGHLDV GD ERUUDFKD
YXOFDQL]DGD FRP HQ[RIUH E SHUGDV GH FRQGXWLYLGDGH GHYLGR D FDPLQKRV GH
FRQGXomR GLUHWD GDV SDUWtFXODV GH QHJUR GH IXPR OLJDGDV QD PDWUL] SROLPpULFD F
SHUGDV GH 0D[ZHOO:DJQHU GHYLGR j FDSDFLGDGH GDV SDUWtFXODV GH QHJUR GH IXPR
FRQGX]LUHP HP XP PHLR ERUUDFKRVR QmRFRQGXWRU G SHUGDV HVWUXWXUDLV
FDUDWHUL]DGDVSRUXPDSHUGDTXHpLQGHSHQGHQWHGDWHPSHUDWXUDHGDIUHTrQFLDD
XPDGDGDFRPSRVLomRGHQHJURGHIXPR$VSHUGDVGRWLSRGVmRXPDIXQomRGD
HVWUXWXUD UHDO IRUPDGD SHOR QHJUR GH IXPR QD PLVWXUD H GmR RULJHP D XPD
FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDDDOWDIUHTrQFLD TXHpPDLRUGRTXHDFRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFD
DDOWDIUHTrQFLDGHXPYXOFDQL]DGRFRPHQ[RIUHVHPDSUHVHQoDGRQHJURGHIXPR
$VSURSULHGDGHVGLHOpWULFDVGHERUUDFKDYXOFDQL]DGDFRPHQ[RIUHFRQWHQGRQHJUR
GHIXPRWrPVLGRHVWXGDGDVSRUPXLWRVSHVTXLVDGRUHV2VUHVXOWDGRVGHUDPRULJHP
D FXUYDV GH H FRPR XPD IXQomR GD IUHTrQFLD SDUD YiULDV DPRVWUDV GH
YXOFDQL]DGRV$VFXUYDVGHSHUGDH[LELUDPGRLVPi[LPRVXPDFVHRXWURD
FV$EDL[DVIUHTrQFLDVDSHUGDDXPHQWRXUDSLGDPHQWHFRPDGLPLQXLomRGD
IUHTrQFLD $ PDLV DOWDV IUHTrQFLDV R Pi[LPR GH SHUGD IRL GHYLGR j RULHQWDomR
GLSRODU D PDLV EDL[DV IUHTrQFLDV R Pi[LPR IRL GHYLGR j SRODUL]DomR GH 0D[ZHOO
:DJQHU H D EDL[D IUHTrQFLD VXUJH XPD SHUGD GHYLGR j FRQGXomR GH FRUUHQWH QD
DPRVWUD)RLREVHUYDGRTXHDPDLVDOWDIUHTrQFLDDFRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDSDUDXP
QHRSUHQHWUDWDGRSROLFORURSUHQRIRLGHHQTXDQWRTXHHSDUDDERUUDFKDSXUD
IRLGH(VWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRIRLDWULEXtGRDIDWRUHVHVWUXWXUDLV
8PHVWXGRPDLVFXLGDGRVRGDGHSHQGrQFLDGH H FRPDIUHTrQFLDHFRPD
WHPSHUDWXUD PRVWURX TXH XPD UHJLmR GH SHUGD DGLFLRQDO SRGHULD VHU UHVROYLGD D
TXDOIRLLQGHSHQGHQWHGDIUHTrQFLDHGDWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLGDTXHRWHRUGHQHJUR
GH IXPR QD ERUUDFKD QDWXUDO YXOFDQL]DGD IRL DXPHQWDGR HVWD UHJLmR GH SHUGD
DXPHQWRX7DOUHJLmRGHSHUGDpFRQKHFLGDFRPRDSHUGDHVWUXWXUDOXPDYH]TXH
VXDPDJQLWXGHGHSHQGHQmRDSHQDVGDTXDQWLGDGHGHQHJURGHIXPRSUHVHQWHPDV
WDPEpPGRWLSRGHQHJURGHIXPRXWLOL]DGR
2EVHUYDQGRVH R KLVWyULFR GD SHUGD HVWUXWXUDO IRL SRVVtYHO DVVRFLDU D
PDJQLWXGHGDSHUGDFRPDHVWUXWXUDRXRHVWDGRGHDJUHJDomRGRQHJURGHIXPRQD
PDWUL] ERUUDFKRVD $V HVWUXWXUDV GR QHJUR GH IXPR VmR GHVWUXtGDV TXDQGR D
ERUUDFKDpLQFKDGDRXHVWLUDGDHIRLHQFRQWUDGRTXHDSHUGDHVWUXWXUDOGLPLQXLX
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHHPDPERVRVFDVRV3RUH[HPSORQHQKXPDSHUGDHVWUXWXUDOIRL
REVHUYDGDDRLQFKDUDERUUDFKDHPVROXomRGHQKHSWDQRDRTXHVXJHUHTXHD
SHUGD HVWUXWXUDO VXUJH GH XPD VpULH GH UHDUUDQMRV GDV SDUWtFXODV GH QHJUR GH
IXPRLVWRpGDIRUPDomRGHXPDVpULHGHPLFURFDSDFLWRUHV
12.4.3 Estudos de cura

$ DQiOLVH GLHOpWULFD SHUPLWH FDUDFWHUL]DU DV DOWHUDo}HV UHROyJLFDV H[SUHVVLYDV TXH
DFRPSDQKDPXPSURFHVVRGHFXUD$VLQIRUPDo}HVREWLGDVSRGHPVHUXVDGDVSDUD
LGHQWLILFDUTXDODPHOKRUWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDDUPD]HQDPHQWRGHXPPDWHULDOHTXDLV
VmR DV FRQGLo}HV DGHTXDGDV SDUD R SURFHVVDPHQWR GH SROtPHURV WHUPRUUtJLGRV
HODVW{PHURV DGHVLYRV UHYHVWLPHQWRV HWF &RPR H[HPSORV SRGHP VHU FLWDGRV
HVWXGRV GH DOWHUDo}HV UHROyJLFDV HP SROLXUHWDQRV SHOR DFRPSDQKDPHQWR GR
SURFHVVRGHFXUDHVWXGRVVREUHIOX[RHFXUDGHDGHVLYRVHFRPSRVLo}HVGHVLOLFRQH
XVDGDVHPLVRODPHQWRHSURWHomRGHFRPSRQHQWHVHOHWU{QLFRV
12.4.4 Identificao da origem da relaxao molecular

2VUHVXOWDGRVGH'07$H'(7$SRGHPVHUXVDGRVGHXPPRGRFRPSOHPHQWDUSDUD
GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH UHOD[Do}HV HQYROYHQGR XQLGDGHV SRODUHV H DSRODUHV UHOD[DQGR QR
VLVWHPDSROLPpULFR([DPLQDQGRDUHVSRVWDGRSROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQRSRU'07$
H '(7$ SRGHP VHU LGHQWLILFDGRV GRLV SLFRV GH SHUGD SULQFLSDLV HP FDGD XPD GDV

DQiOLVHV )LJXUD 2 SLFR GH SHUGD D PDLV DOWD WHPSHUDWXUD SLFR HVWi
UHODFLRQDGRDRSURFHVVRGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHDLVWRpFRQILUPDGRSRUPHGLGDVGH'6&
2RXWURSLFRUHOD[DomR TXHDSDUHFHDWHPSHUDWXUDPDLVEDL[DVXJHUHTXHH[LVWH
XP SURFHVVR GH UHOD[DomR DWLYR QR HVWDGR YtWUHR 1mR p LPHGLDWDPHQWH yEYLR TXDO
JUXSR p UHVSRQViYHO SRU WDO SURFHVVR PDV HOH p DWLYR HP WHUPRV PHFkQLFRV H
GLHOpWULFRV 8P H[DPH GD HVWUXWXUD GR SROtPHUR VXJHUH TXH D UHOD[DomR QR VyOLGR
YtWUHR SRGHULD HQYROYHU RVFLODomR GR JUXSR IHQLOD PRYLPHQWR GD XQLGDGH
R[LFDUERQLODRXUHDUUDQMRGDXQLGDGH2&&2
3ROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR
1RHVSHFWURGD)LJXUDSRGHVHUREVHUYDGRTXHDLQWHQVLGDGHGRSLFR HP
UHODomR D GR SLFR p PXLWR PDLV IRUWH QD UHVSRVWD GLHOpWULFD GR TXH QD PHGLGD
PHFkQLFD,VWRVXJHUHTXHRJUXSRTXHHVWiVRIUHQGRUHOD[DomRHVWiDVVRFLDGRFRP
XP PRPHQWR GH GLSROR H HQWmR D RVFLODomR GR JUXSR IHQLOD p DFHLWiYHO FRPR XP
SURFHVVRSURYiYHO
)LJXUDD(VSHFWURGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFRGRSROLWHUHIWDODWRGHHWLOHQR3(7PRVWUDQGRRPyGXORGH
DUPD]HQDPHQWRHDWDQHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDE&RPSRUWDPHQWRGLHOpWULFRHWDQGR3(7

$NORQLV--H0DF.QLJKW:-,QWURGXFWLRQWR3RO\PHU9LVFRHODVWLFLW\DHG
-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF1HZ<RUN
6RQ/WG*ODVJRZ
0DWKHV . 1 (OHFWULFDO 3URSHUWLHV (P (QF\FORSHGLD RI 3RO\PHU 6FLHQFH DQG
(QJLQHHULQJ9RO0DUN+0%LNDOHV102YHUEHUJHU&*H0HQJHV*
(GVQGHG-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ<RUNSiJ
0F&UXP1*%XFNOH\&3H%XFNQDOO&%3ULQFLSOHVRI3RO\PHU(QJLQHHULQJ
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG
0F&UXP 1 * 5HDG % ( H :LOOLDPV * $QHODVWLF DQG 'LHOHFWULF (IIHFWV LQ
3RO\PHULF6ROLGV-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF/RQGRQ
6HSH035DSUD5HYLHZ5HSRUWVYROQRSiJV7KHUPDODQDO\VLV
RISRO\PHUV
Lista de Siglas
$670 $PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV
+(73 $OWXUDHTXLYDOHQWHDXPSUDWRWHyULFR
79$ $QiOLVHGHYRODWLOL]DomRWpUPLFD
'($ $QiOLVHGLHOpWULFD
'0$ $QiOLVHGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD
'7$ $QiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO
'(7$ $QiOLVHWHUPRGLHOpWULFD
'07$ $QiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD
7*$ $QiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
70$ $QiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD
'6& &DORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUD
0'6& &DORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUDPRGXODGD
*& &URPDWRJUDILDDJiV
/& &URPDWRJUDILDDOtTXLGR
7/& &URPDWRJUDILDGHFDPDGDILQD
6(& &URPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR
*3& &URPDWRJUDILDGHSHUPHDomRHPJHO
*/& &URPDWRJUDILDJiVOtTXLGR
*6& &URPDWRJUDILDJiVVyOLGR
+3/& &URPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHDOWDUHVROXomR
&(' 'HQVLGDGHGHHQHUJLDFRHVLYD
0:' 'LVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODURXSROLGLVSHUVmR
'/6 (VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]GLQkPLFR
6/6 (VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HVWiWLFR
4/6 (VSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]TXDVHHOiVWLFR
06 (VSHFWURPHWULDGHPDVVD
,5 (VSHFWURVFRSLDGHDEVRUomRQDUHJLmRGRLQIUDYHUPHOKR
'3& )RWRFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDO
'3 *UDXGHSROLPHUL]DomR
,83$& ,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQRI3XUHDQG$SSOLHG&KHPLVWU\
932 2VPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
30 3HVRPROHFXODU
30S 3HVRPROHFXODUGRSROtPHUR
30X 3HVRPROHFXODUGDXQLGDGHUHSHWLWLYD
3\ 3LUyOLVH
105 5HVVRQkQFLDPDJQpWLFDQXFOHDU
/&67 7HPSHUDWXUDFRQVROXWDLQIHULRU
8&67 7HPSHUDWXUDFRQVROXWDVXSHULRU
7* 7HUPRJUDYLPHWULD
'7* 7HUPRJUDYLPHWULDGHULYDWLYD
/9'7 7UDQVIRUPDGRUGLIHUHQFLDOYDULiYHOOLQHDU
89 8OWUDYLROHWD
Lista de Smbolos

T f $EDL[DPHQWRGRSRQWRGHFRQJHODPHQWR
$EVRUWLYLGDGHPRODURXFRHILFLHQWHGHH[WLQomRDXPFRPSULPHQWR
GHRQGDHVSHFtILFR
A $EVRUYkQFLDDXPFRPSULPHQWRGHRQGDHVSHFtILFR
g $FHOHUDomRGDJUDYLGDGH
a1 $WLYLGDGHGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
Cp &DSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFDRXFDORUHVSHFtILFR
Q &DUJD
D &RHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmR
Do &RHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmRWUDQVODFLRQDOSXUR
&RHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR
f &RHILFLHQWHGHIULFomR
K sed &RHILFLHQWHGHVHGLPHQWDomR
&RHILFLHQWHRXIDWRUGHH[SDQVmRGRQRYHORSROLPpULFRHPVROXomR
J &RPSOLkQFLDGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
B &RPSOLkQFLDGHFRPSUHVVmR
D &RPSOLkQFLDGHWUDomR
li &RPSULPHQWRGDOLJDomR
&RPSULPHQWRGHRQGD
o &RPSULPHQWRGHRQGDGDOX]QRYiFXR
c &RQFHQWUDomR
c2 &RQFHQWUDomRGRSROtPHUR
L &RQGXWLYLGDGHPiVVLFD
k &RQVWDQWHGH%ROW]PDQQ
&RQVWDQWHGHFRUUHODomRRXFRQVWDQWHGHUHOD[DomR
&RQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRRXSHUPLVVLYLGDGH
GLHOpWULFD
&RQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGHSHUGDRXIDWRUGHSHUGD
R &RQVWDQWHGRVJDVHV
&RQVWDQWHXQLYHUVDOGH)ORU\
i &RUUHQWH
'HIRUPDomR
'HQVLGDGH
R 'LIHUHQoDGDUHVLVWrQFLDHOpWULFD
p 'LIHUHQoDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
r 'LVWkQFLDH[WUHPRDH[WUHPR
r2 'LVWkQFLDH[WUHPRDH[WUHPRTXDGUiWLFDPpGLD
ro2 'LVWkQFLDH[WUHPRDH[WUHPRTXDGUiWLFDPpGLDPHGLGDHP
FRQGLo}HVQmRSHUIWXUEDGDV
G ( ) 'LVWULEXLomRGDVFRQVWDQWHVGHFRUUHODomR
Tb (OHYDomRGRSRQWRGHHEXOLomR
Ea (QHUJLDGHDWLYDomR
U (QHUJLDLQWHUQD
G (QHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEV
Gsol (QHUJLDOLYUHGHVROXomR
H (QWDOSLD
S (QWURSLD
n ([SRHQWHGH$YUDPL
aT )DWRUGHGHVORFDPHQWR
tan D )DWRUGHGLVVLSDomRGLHOpWULFD
P( ) )DWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWR
dQ )OX[RGHFDORU
dt
F )RUoDFHQWUtIXJD
x (t ) )UDomRGRPDWHULDOFULVWDOL]DGRQRWHPSRW
V2 )UDomRHPYROXPHGRSROtPHUR
V1 )UDomRHPYROXPHGRVROYHQWH
x )UDomRPRODU
x2 )UDomRPRODUGRVROXWRQDVROXomR
x1 )UDomRPRODUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
)UDomRYROXPpWULFDGDVSDUWtFXODVHVIpULFDV
)UHTrQFLD
f )UHTrQFLDDQiOLVHWpUPLFD
)UHTrQFLDDQJXODU
Xa *UDXGDIUDomRDPRUID
Xc *UDXGDIUDomRFULVWDOLQDRXJUDXGHFULVWDOLQLGDGH
n ,QFUHPHQWRGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHVSHFtILFR
c
n QGLFHGHUHIUDomR
no QGLFHGHUHIUDomRGRVROYHQWH
I ,QWHQVLGDGHGHOX]HVSDOKDGD
I ,QWHQVLGDGHGHOX]HVSDOKDGDQRkQJXOR
Io ,QWHQVLGDGHGHOX]LQFLGHQWH
w /DUJXUDGRSLFRPHGLGRQDOLQKDEDVH
E* 0yGXORFRPSOH[R
E 0yGXORGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
G 0yGXORGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
K 0yGXORGHFRPSUHVVmR
E 0yGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGHRXPyGXORGH<RXQJ
E 0yGXORGHSHUGD
ni 1~PHURGH i WLSRVGHOLJDomR
NA 1~PHURGH$YRJDGUR
Ni 1~PHURGHPROpFXODVGDHVSpFLH i
n 1~PHURGHPROHV
n2 1~PHURGHPROHVGRVROXWR
n1 1~PHURGHPROHVGRVROYHQWH
N 1~PHURGHSDUWtFXODVHVSDOKDQWHV
g 1~PHURGHSRQWRVGHUDPLILFDomRHPXPDPDFURPROpFXOD
UDPLILFDGD

N 1~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRV
f 1~PHURGHUDPLILFDo}HVGHXPSROtPHURHVWUHOD
o 3DUkPHWURGHIRUoDGRVROYHQWH
3DUkPHWURGHLQWHUDomRGH)ORU\+XJJLQVRX
SDUkPHWURGHLQWHUDomRSROtPHURVROYHQWH

3DUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGHGH+LOGHEUDQG
2 3DUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGHGRSROtPHUR
1 3DUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGHGRVROYHQWH
z 3DUkPHWURGHYROXPHH[FOXtGR
* 3HUPLVVLYLGDGHGLHOpWULFDFRPSOH[D
M 3HVRPROHFXODU
PM 3HVRPROHFXODU
Mi 3HVRPROHFXODUGDIUDomR i
Mn 3HVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLR
Mw 3HVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLR
Mv 3HVRPROHFXODUYLVFRVLPpWULFRPpGLR
3RODUL]DELOLGDGH
Tf 3RQWRGHFRQJHODPHQWRGRVROYHQWH
Tb 3RQWRGHHEXOLomRGRVROYHQWH
3RWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
i 3RWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRFRPSRQHQWH i QDVROXomR
1 3RWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
1o 3RWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHSXUR
~ 3RWHQFLDOTXtPLFRWRWDO
p 3UHVVmR
p2 3UHVVmRGHYDSRUGDPDFURPROpFXODQDVROXomR
pi 3UHVVmRGHYDSRUGRFRPSRQHQWH i QDVROXomR
pio 3UHVVmRGHYDSRUGRFRPSRQHQWH i SXUR
p1 3UHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
p1o 3UHVVmRGHYDSRUGRVROYHQWHSXUR
h 3UHVVmRH[SUHVVDHPFHQWtPHWURV
p 3UHVVmRKLGURVWiWLFD
3UHVVmRRVPyWLFD
Rs 5DLRGDSDUWtFXODHVIpULFDGRSROtPHUR
S 5DLRGHJLUDomR
S 2 5DLRGHJLUDomRTXDGUiWLFRPpGLR
S o2 5DLRGHJLUDomRTXDGUiWLFRPpGLRPHGLGRHPFRQGLo}HVQmR
SHUWXUEDGDV

Reff 5DLRHIHWLYRGDSDUWtFXOD
RH 5DLRKLGURGLQkPLFR
R 5D]mRGH5D\OHLJK
A2 6HJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
6HOHWLYLGDGHGHXPDFROXQDFURPDWRJUiILFD
tan 7DQJHQWH GLQkPLFRPHFkQLFR
7D[DGHGHIRUPDomR
T 7HPSHUDWXUD
Tc 7HPSHUDWXUDGHFULVWDOL]DomR
Tm 7HPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmRFULVWDOLQD
Tg 7HPSHUDWXUDGHWUDQVLomRYtWUHD
7HPSRGHUHOD[DomR
tR 7HPSRGHUHWHQomRHPFURPDWRJUDILD
7HQVmR
A3 7HUFHLURFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
Eio 9DULDomRGDHQHUJLDGHYDSRUL]DomRGHXPOtTXLGR
Gm 9DULDomRGDHQHUJLDOLYUHGHPLVWXUD
H f 9DULDomRGDHQWDOSLDGHIXVmR
H b 9DULDomRGDHQWDOSLDGHYDSRUL]DomRHEXOLRVFRSLD
H v 9DULDomRGDHQWDOSLDGHYDSRUL]DomR
S 9DULDomRGHHQWURSLD
9DULDomRGRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFD
9DULDomRGRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
9HORFLGDGHDQJXODUGHURWDomR
Q 9HORFLGDGHGHIOX[RGROtTXLGR
c 9HORFLGDGHGHSURSDJDomRGDOX]QRYiFXR
v 9HORFLGDGHGHSURSDJDomRGDRQGD
q 9HWRUGHRQGDGRHVSDOKDPHQWR
9LVFRVLGDGH
sp 9LVFRVLGDGHHVSHFtILFD
inh 9LVFRVLGDGHLQHUHQWH
[ ] 9LVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDPHGLGDHPFRQGLomRWHWD
[ ] 9LVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFDRXQ~PHURGHYLVFRVLGDGHOLPLWH
red 9LVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGD
r 9LVFRVLGDGHUHODWLYD
V 9ROXPH
Vest 9ROXPHGDIDVHHVWDFLRQiULD
Vm 9ROXPHGDIDVHPyYHO
v 9ROXPHGDSDUWtFXODHVIpULFD
V 9ROXPHGDVROXomR
Ve 9ROXPHGHHOXLomR
Vp 9ROXPHGHSRURV
VR 9ROXPHGHUHWHQomRHPFURPDWRJUDILD
Vg 9ROXPHGHUHWHQomRHVSHFtILFR
v sp 9ROXPHHVSHFtILFRGRSROtPHUR
v2 9ROXPHHVSHFtILFRSDUFLDOGRSROtPHUR
Vo 9ROXPHLQWHUVWLFLDO
Vi 9ROXPHPRODU
Vo 9ROXPHPRODUGRVROYHQWH
V1 9ROXPHSDUFLDOPRODUGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR
V1o 9ROXPHSDUFLDOPRODUGRVROYHQWHSXUR
ndice Remissivo
DEDL[DPHQWRGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
DEVRUWLYLGDGHPRODU
DEVRUYkQFLD
DILQLGDGHWHUPRGLQkPLFD
DODUJDPHQWRGRSLFR
DOWXUDHTXLYDOHQWHDXPSUDWRWHyULFR
DPRUWHFLPHQWR
DPRUWHFLPHQWRHOpWULFR
DQiOLVHGHJUXSRWHUPLQDO
DQiOLVHGLHOpWULFD
DQiOLVHGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD'0$
DQiOLVHWpUPLFDGLIHUHQFLDO
DQiOLVHWHUPRGLHOpWULFD
DQiOLVHWHUPRGLQkPLFRPHFkQLFD
DQiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
DQiOLVHWHUPRPHFkQLFD
DQiOLVHVGHSHQHWUDomR
DQQHDOLQJ
iUHDVXSHUILFLDO
DUUDQMRVFULVWDOLQRV
DWiWLFR
ERPVROYHQWH
ERXQGHGSKDVH
FDEHoDFDEHoDFDXGDFDXGD
FDEHoDFDXGD
FDOLEUDomRXQLYHUVDO
FDORUGHFULVWDOL]DomR
FDORUGHIXVmR
FDORUGHUHDomR
FDORUHVSHFtILFR
FDORUODWHQWH
FDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUDPRGXODGD
FDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDOGHYDUUHGXUD
FDORUtPHWUR
FDPSRHOpWULFRRVFLODWyULR
FDPSRHOpWULFRVHQRLGDO
FDPSRPDJQpWLFR
FDSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFD
FDSDFLWkQFLD
FLQpWLFDGHFULVWDOL]DomR
FLVDOKDPHQWR
FRHILFLHQWHGHDGVRUomR
FRHILFLHQWHGHGLIXVmR
FRHILFLHQWHGHGLVWULEXLomR
FRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRGRQRYHOR
FRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFD
FRHILFLHQWHGHH[SDQVmR
FRHILFLHQWHGHH[WLQomR
FRHILFLHQWHGHIULFomR
FRHILFLHQWHGHSDUWLomR
FRHILFLHQWHGHSHUPHDomR
FRHILFLHQWHVGHH[SDQVmRWpUPLFD
FRHILFLHQWHVGHVHGLPHQWDomR
FROXQDFDSLODU
FRPSOLkQFLDGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
FRPSOLkQFLDGHFRPSUHVVmR
FRPSOLkQFLDGHWUDomR
FRPSOLkQFLD
FRPSRQHQWHQmRUHYHUVD
FRPSRQHQWHUHYHUVD
FRPSRUWDPHQWRHOiVWLFRLGHDO
FRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRHOiVWLFROLQHDU
FRPSRUWDPHQWRYLVFRVRLGHDO
FRPSUHVVmR
FRPSULPHQWRGHRQGD
FRQGLomRWHWD
FRQGXWLYLGDGHL{QLFD
FRQGXWLYLGDGHWpUPLFD
FRQGXWLYLGDGH
FRQVWDQWHGHFRUUHODomR
FRQVWDQWHGH+XJJLQV
FRQVWDQWHGH.UDHPHU
FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFDHVWiWLFD
FRQVWDQWHGLHOpWULFD
FRQVWDQWHXQLYHUVDOGH)ORU\
FRSROtPHURDOWHUQDGR
FRSROtPHURHPEORFR
FRSROtPHURHVWDWtVWLFR
FRSROtPHURJUDIWL]DGR
FRSROtPHUR
FRSROtPHURVGHHVWLUHQRGLYLQLOEHQ]HQR
FRUUHODomRWHPSRWHPSHUDWXUD
FUHHS
FULRVFRSLD
FULVWDOL]DomR
FURPDWRJUDILDDJiV
FURPDWRJUDILDDOtTXLGR
FURPDWRJUDILDFRPIDVHOLJDGDUHYHUVD
FURPDWRJUDILDGHFDPDGDILQD
FURPDWRJUDILDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWR
FURPDWRJUDILDGHHOXLomR
FURPDWRJUDILDGHH[FOXVmRSRUWDPDQKR
FURPDWRJUDILDGHSDUWLomR
FURPDWRJUDILDHPFROXQD
FURPDWRJUDILDJiVOtTXLGR
FURPDWRJUDILDJiVVyOLGR
FURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVDLQYHUVD
FURPDWRJUDILDJDVRVD
FURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGDGHDOWDUHVROXomR
FURPDWRJUDILDOtTXLGD
FURPDWRJUDILDRUWRJRQDO
FURPDWRJUDILDSODQDU
FURPDWRJUDILDSRUDGVRUomR
FXUYDORUHQW]LDQD
GHFRPSRVLomRWpUPLFD
GHFUpVFLPRGRSRQWRGHFRQJHODPHQWR
GHIRUPDomRVHQRLGDO
GHJUDGDomRWpUPLFD
GHVORFDPHQWRGDVVXEVWkQFLDVQDIDVHPyYHO
GHVORFDPHQWRGHFDUJD
GHWD
GHWHFWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
GHWHFWRUGHtQGLFHGHUHIUDomR
GHWHFWRUGHXOWUDYLROHWD
GHWHFWRUGHYLVFRVLGDGH
GHWHUPLQDomRGDFRPSRVLomRGHFRSROtPHURV
GLIXVmRD[LDO
GLIXVmRWRUWXRVD
GLPHQV}HVQmRSHUWXUEDGDV
GLPHQV}HVSHUWXUEDGDV
GLSRORVSHUPDQHQWHV
GLVWkQFLDHQWUHDVH[WUHPLGDGHVGDFDGHLD
GLVWULEXLomRGHSHVRPROHFXODU
'07$
'6&PRGXODGR
HEXOLRVFRSLD
HIHLWR'RSSOHU
HILFLrQFLDGDFROXQD
HODVW{PHURV
HOHYDomRGRSRQWRGHHEXOLomR
HQHUJLDHOiVWLFDDUPD]HQDGD
HQHUJLDOLYUHGH*LEEV
HQHUJLDYLVFRVDGLVVLSDGD
HQVDLRGHFHGrQFLD
HQVDLRGHUHOD[DPHQWRGHWHQVmR
HQVDLRGHWHQVmRGHIRUPDomR
HQVDLRVGHFRPSUHVVmR
HQVDLRVGHH[SDQVmR
HQVDLRVGHIOH[mR
HQWDOSLDGHIXVmR
HQWDOSLD
HQWURSLD
HTXDomRGH$UUKHQLXV
HTXDomRGH$YUDPL
HTXDomRGH%HDWW\H3RFKDQ
HTXDomRGH&ODXVLXV&ODSH\URQ
HTXDomRGH&RXFKPDQ
HTXDomRGH&RXFKPDQH.DUDV]
HTXDomRGH)R[
HTXDomRGH*RUGRQ7D\ORU
HTXDomRGH+XJJLQV
HTXDomRGH.UDHPHU
HTXDomRGH.ULJEDXP
HTXDomRGH0DUN.XKQ+RXZLQN6DNXUDGD
HTXDomRGH0DUWLQ
HTXDomRGH3RLVHXLOOH
HTXDomRGH6KXO]%ODVFKNH
HTXDomRGH6WRFNPD\HUH)L[PDQ
HTXDomRGH6WRNHV(LQVWHLQ
HTXDomRGH6YHGEHUJ
HTXDomRGH8WUDFNL
HTXDomRGH8WUDFNLH&RXFKPDQ
HTXDomRGHYLVFRVLGDGHGH(LQVWHLQ
HTXDomRGH:/)
HTXDomRGH=LPP
HTXLOtEULRGHVHGLPHQWDomR
HVIHUDGH(LQVWHLQ
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]GLQkPLFR
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]HVWiWLFR
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]TXDVHHOiVWLFR
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHOX]
HVSHFWURGHUHOD[DomR
HVWDELOLGDGHWpUPLFD
HVWDGRERUUDFKRVR
HVWDGRWHWD
HVWDGRYLVFRVR
HVWDGRYtWUHR
HVWDGRVPHFkQLFRV
H[SRHQWHGH$YUDPL
IDWRUGHGHVORFDPHQWR
IDWRUGHGLVVLSDomR
IDWRUGHHVSDOKDPHQWR
IDWRUGHSHUGD
ILEUD
IOXLGRQmRQHZWRQLDQR
IOXLGRQHZWRQLDQR
IOXLGRYLVFRHOiVWLFR
IOXLGRYLVFRVROLQHDU
IOX[RODPLQDU
IRUoDVGHGLVSHUVmR
IRUoDVGHLQGXomR
IRUoDVGHYDQGHU:DDOV
IRUoDVGLSRODUHV
IRUoDVLQWHUPROHFXODUHV
IRWRFDORULPHWULDGLIHUHQFLDO
IULFomRLQWHUQD
IXQomRGHWHPSRGHFRUUHODomR
IXQomRRVFLODWyULD
IXQomRSDUFLDOPRODU
IXVmR
JHRPHWULDGHFUHVFLPHQWRGRFULVWDO
JUiILFRGH=LPP
JUDXGHFULVWDOLQLGDGH
JUDXGHFXUD
JUDXGHSROLPHUL]DomR
KHWHURWiWLFR
KLVWyULDWpUPLFD
KRPRSROtPHURVHPLFULVWDOLQR
KRPRSROtPHURV
LQFUHPHQWRGRtQGLFHGHUHIUDomRHVSHFtILFR
LVRWiWLFR
LVRWHUPDVGHFULVWDOL]DomR
OHLGH5DRXOW
OLJDomRKLGURJrQLR
OLJDo}HVFUX]DGDV
OLPLWHGHH[FOXVmR
OLQKDEDVH
PDXVROYHQWH
PHUR
PLVFLELOLGDGHHPSROtPHURV
PLVFLELOLGDGH
PLVWXUDItVLFD
PLVWXUDLPLVFtYHO
PLVWXUDPLVFtYHO
PLVWXUDSDUFLDOPHQWHPLVFtYHO
PRGHORGDSDUWtFXODPDFLoD
PRGHORGDSDUWtFXODVROYDWDGD
PRGHORGH6WRFNPD\HUH)L[PDQ
PRGHORGH=LPPH.LOE
PyGXORGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
PyGXORGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
PyGXORGHFRPSUHVVmR
PyGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGH
PyGXORGHSHUGD
PyGXORGH<RXQJ
PRQ{PHUR
PRYLPHQWREURZQLDQR
QRYHORSROLPpULFR
Q~PHURGHSUDWRVWHyULFRV
ROLJ{PHUR
RQVHW
RVPRPHWULDGHPHPEUDQD
RVPRPHWULDGHSUHVVmRGHYDSRU
SDUkPHWURGHIRUoDGRVROYHQWH
SDUkPHWURGHVROXELOLGDGH
SHUPLVVLYLGDGHGLHOpWULFD
SHVRPROHFXODUQXPpULFRPpGLR
SHVRPROHFXODUSRQGHUDOPpGLR
SHVRPROHFXODUYLVFRVLPpWULFRPpGLR
SLFRHQGRWpUPLFR
SLFRH[RWpUPLFR
SLUyOLVH
SOiVWLFRV
SODVWLILFDQWH
SRODUL]DELOLGDGH
SRODUL]DomRGLHOpWULFD
SRODUL]DomRGLSRODU
SROLGLVSHUVmR
SROLHOHWUyOLWRV
SROLPHUL]DomRHPFDGHLD
SROLPHUL]DomRHPHWDSDV
SROLPHUL]DomR
SROtPHUROLQHDU
SROtPHURUDPLILFDGR
SROtPHURUHWLFXODGR
SROtPHURVGHDGLomR
SROtPHURVGHFRQGHQVDomR
SROtPHURVGRWLSRHVWUHOD
SRQWRGH&XULH
SRWHQFLDOTXtPLFR
SUHVVmRGHLQFKDPHQWR
SUHVVmRGHYDSRU
SUHVVmRRVPyWLFD
SURFHVVRVGHQXFOHDomR
SURSULHGDGHV&ROLJDWLYDV
UDGLDomRHOHWURPDJQpWLFD
UDLRGHJLUDomR
UDLRKLGURGLQkPLFR
UD]mRGH3RLVVRQ
UD]mRGH5D\OHLJK
UHFKHLRVVHPLUtJLGRV
UHJUDGDVPLVWXUDV
UHOD[DomR
UHOD[DomRGLHOpWULFD
UHOD[Do}HVVHFXQGiULDV
UHOD[DPHQWRGLHOpWULFR
UHVIULDPHQWRUiSLGR
UHVLVWrQFLDjWUDQVIHUrQFLDGHPDVVD
VHGLPHQWDomR
VHJXQGRFRHILFLHQWHYLULDO
VHOHWLYLGDGHGDFROXQD
VHSDUDomRGHLV{PHURV
VpULHHOXRWUySLFD
VLQGLRWiWLFR
VLVWHPDVGHGRLVFRPSRQHQWHV
VyOLGRHOiVWLFROLQHDU
VyOLGRYLVFRHOiVWLFR
VROXomRLGHDO
VROXomRQmRLGHDO
VROXomRUHDO
VROYHQWHWHWD
WDQ
WDQJHQWH
WDQJHQWHGHSHUGD
WD[DGHGHIRUPDomR
WHPSHUDWXUDFRQVROXWDLQIHULRU/&67
WHPSHUDWXUDFRQVROXWDVXSHULRU8&67
WHPSHUDWXUDGHFULVWDOL]DomR
WHPSHUDWXUDGH&XULH
WHPSHUDWXUDGHIXVmR
WHPSHUDWXUDWHWD
WHPSRGHFRUUHODomR
WHPSRGHUHWHQomR
WHQVmRGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
WHUPREDODQoD
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULDGHULYDWLYD
WHUPRJUDYLPHWULD
WHUPRSOiVWLFRV
WHUPRUUtJLGRV
WUDomR
WUDQVIRUPDo}HVHQGRWpUPLFDV
WUDQVIRUPDo}HVH[RWpUPLFDV
WUDQVIRUPDGRUGLIHUHQFLDOOLQHDUYDULiYHO
WUDQVLomRYtWUHD
WUDQVLo}HVGHSULPHLUDRUGHP
WUDQVLo}HVGHVHJXQGDRUGHP
WUDQVLo}HVVHFXQGiULDV
WUDWDPHQWRWpUPLFR
XOWUDFHQWUtIXJD
XOWUDFHQWULIXJDomR
YDULDomRGDFDSDFLGDGHFDORUtILFD
YHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWR
YHORFLGDGHGHFLVDOKDPHQWR
YHORFLGDGHGHVHGLPHQWDomR
YLVFRHODVWLFLGDGH
YLVFRVLGDGHDEVROXWD
YLVFRVLGDGHHVSHFtILFD
YLVFRVLGDGHLQHUHQWH
YLVFRVLGDGHLQWUtQVHFD
YLVFRVLGDGHQHZWRQLDQD
YLVFRVLGDGHUHGX]LGD
YLVFRVLGDGHUHODWLYD
YLVFRVLPHWULD
YLVFRVtPHWURGRWLSR&DQQRQ)HQVNH
YLVFRVtPHWUR8EEHORKGH
YRODWLOL]DomR
YROWDJHPVHQRLGDO
YROXPHGHHOXLomR
YROXPHGHUHWHQomR
YROXPHH[FOXtGR
YROXPHKLGURGLQkPLFR
]RQDLQWHUVWLFLDO

Caracterizacao de Polimeros Determinação Peso Molecular e Analise Termica PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Caracterizacao de Polimeros Determinação Peso Molecular e Analise Termica PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Projeto grfico e diagramao

Para adquirir esta e outras publicaes, visite o site:

E-papers Servios Editoriais

)LJXUD(VWUXWXUDVGHPDFURPROpFXODV D DVIDOWHQR E SROL y[LGRGHHWLOHQR 

SClassificao quanto forma molecular fixada por ligaes qumicas

SClassificao quanto rotao dos tomos da cadeia em torno de

SClassificao quanto ao arranjo dos tomos

(VWUXWXUD 'HVLJQDomR 'HILQLomR

SClassificao quanto ao modo de preparao

8VDQGR D FODVVLILFDomR RULJLQDO GH &DURWKHUV RV SROLXUHWDQRV VHULDP

Classificao etapa-cadeia (segundo J. P. Flory)

)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHUHDo}HVGHSROLPHUL]DomR , HPHWDSDV ,, HPFDGHLD

$ FODVVLILFDomR GH SROtPHURV GH DFRUGR FRP R PHFDQLVPR GH SROLPHUL]DomR

SClassificao quanto ao comportamento mecnico

SClassificao quanto s caractersticas de fusibilidade

SClassificao quanto variedade de meros que compem a cadeia

1.3 Nomenclatura de polmeros

SNomenclatura baseada no(s) monmero(s) de origem, para polmeros

Para polmeros de adio

Para polmeros de condensao

SNomenclatura baseada na estrutura qumica repetitiva do polmero, para

Para polmeros de condensao

SNomenclatura estabelecida pela IUPAC

1RPH,83$& (VWUXWXUD 1RPHFRPXP

3ROL PHWLOHQR 3ROLHWLOHQR

3ROL SURSLOHQR 3ROLSURSLOHQR

3ROL IHQLOHWLOHQR 3ROLHVWLUHQR

3ROL R[LHWLOHQR 3ROL WHUHIWDODWRGH

3ROL GLIOXRURPHWLOHQR 3ROL WHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR

Gm = Gsol - Gcomp (energia livre de mistura) (2.1)

Vsol Vcomp ; Hsol Hcomp ; Ssol Scomp , etc

2.1 Potencial Qumico

$ S H 7 FRQVWDQWHV D DGLomR GH XPD TXDQWLGDGH LQILQLWDPHQWH SHTXHQD GR

RQGH=pXPDIXQomRWHUPRGLQkPLFDH[WHQVLYD YROXPHHQWDOSLDHQWURSLDHWF H

Si Si (ideal) = - R lnxi (2.10)

&RQVHTHQWHPHQWH D PXGDQoD QR SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR FRPSRQHQWH L HP

i = -T Si (ideal) = - RT lnxi 

)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUFRPDFRPSRVLomRGDVROXomR $ VROXomRLGHDO % GHVYLR

Smis Smis (ideal) (2.14)

Gexc = Gmis - G (ideal) (2.15)

Sexc = Smis - S (ideal) (2.16)

2.3 Processo de dissoluo de um polmero

2.4 Afinidade termodinmica entre um solvente e um polmero

2.4.1 Presso de vapor na soluo de polmero

2.4.2 Presso osmtica

2.4.4 Determinao do segundo coeficiente virial

2.5 Fatores que afetam a dissoluo e inchamento dos polmeros

2.5.1 Natureza qumica do solvente e do polmero

$V OLJDo}HV SULPiULDV H VHFXQGiULDV VmR FDUDFWHUL]DGDV SHODV GLVWkQFLDV

2.5.2 Peso molecular dos polmeros

2.5.3 Flexibilidade das cadeias polimricas

2.5.4 Empacotamento das macromolculas

2.5.5 Heterogeneidade relativa composio qumica do polmero

2.5.6 Estrutura cristalina de polmeros

2.5.7 Reticulao qumica

6ROYHQWH FDOFP  3ROtPHUR FDOFP 

2.7 Dimenses no-perturbadas de macromolculas

$ GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD HQWUH DV H[WUHPLGDGHV GD

4.1 Anlise de grupo terminal

CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK + H2O

2 PpWRGR p UHVWULWR D SROtPHURV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU $ VHQVLELOLGDGH GR

4.2 Propriedades Coligativas

RQGH 1 pRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR 1o pRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGR

)LJXUD(VWUXWXUDVGHPDFURPROpFXODVDDVIDOWHQRESROLy[LGRGHHWLOHQR

8VDQGR D FODVVLILFDomR RULJLQDO GH &DURWKHUV RV SROLXUHWDQRV VHULDP

)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDomRHVTXHPiWLFDGHUHDo}HVGHSROLPHUL]DomR,HPHWDSDV,,HPFDGHLD

$ FODVVLILFDomR GH SROtPHURV GH DFRUGR FRP R PHFDQLVPR GH SROLPHUL]DomR

3ROLPHWLOHQR 3ROLHWLOHQR

3ROLSURSLOHQR 3ROLSURSLOHQR

3ROLIHQLOHWLOHQR 3ROLHVWLUHQR

3ROLR[LHWLOHQR 3ROLWHUHIWDODWRGH

3ROLGLIOXRURPHWLOHQR 3ROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR

Vsol Vcomp ; Hsol Hcomp ; Ssol Scomp , etc

$ S H 7 FRQVWDQWHV D DGLomR GH XPD TXDQWLGDGH LQILQLWDPHQWH SHTXHQD GR

RQGH=pXPDIXQomRWHUPRGLQkPLFDH[WHQVLYDYROXPHHQWDOSLDHQWURSLDHWFH

&RQVHTHQWHPHQWH D PXGDQoD QR SRWHQFLDO TXtPLFR GR FRPSRQHQWH L HP

i = -T Si (ideal) = - RT lnxi

)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGDSUHVVmRGHYDSRUFRPDFRPSRVLomRGDVROXomR$VROXomRLGHDO%GHVYLR

6ROYHQWH FDOFP 3ROtPHUR FDOFP

$ GLVWkQFLD H[WUHPRDH[WUHPR TXDGUiWLFD PpGLD HQWUH DV H[WUHPLGDGHV GD

2 PpWRGR p UHVWULWR D SROtPHURV GH EDL[R SHVR PROHFXODU $ VHQVLELOLGDGH GR

RQGH 1 pRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGRVROYHQWHQDVROXomR 1o pRSRWHQFLDOTXtPLFRGR

4XDQGR D VROXomR p PXLWR GLOXtGD HOD WHQGH D DSUHVHQWDU XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR

3DUD VROXo}HV PXLWR GLOXtGDV (n1 + n2 ) p SUDWLFDPHQWH LJXDO D n1 Q~PHUR GH

RQGH 7IpRDEDL[DPHQWRGRSRQWRGHFRQJHODPHQWR pDGHQVLGDGHGRVROYHQWH

2 FRHILFLHQWH DQJXODU HQWUHWDQWR YDULD FRP D QDWXUH]D GR VROYHQWH 4XDQWR

3DUDXPGHWHUPLQDGRVROYHQWHH[FHWRHPFRQGLo}HVWHWDRYDORUGH$GHFUHVFH

$ FRQILDELOLGDGH GDV PHGLGDV REWLGDV SRU RVPRPHWULD GHSHQGH IXQGDPHQ

$V GHVYDQWDJHQV GD RVPRPHWULD GH PHPEUDQD HVWmR SULQFLSDOPHQWH

&RORFDQGRVH HP JUiILFR RV YDORUHV GH QF YHUVXV F H H[WUDSRODQGRVH j

RQGH $ p R YDORU GD OLQKD EDVH H % p R IDWRU SUpH[SRQHQFLDO FRQWHQGR FRQVWDQWHV

2 SDUkPHWUR & TXH UHSUHVHQWD D FRQWULEXLomR GH PRYLPHQWRV LQWHUQRV DR

)LJXUDD)RUPD6GHXPDOLQKDHVSHFWUDOTXHpDODUJDGDSHORHIHLWR'RSSOHUHEIXQomRGRWHPSR

4XDQGR RV FRSROtPHURV VmR SUHSDUDGRV p SUDWLFDPHQWH LPSRVVtYHO REWHU

RQGH pDYHORFLGDGHDQJXODUGHURWDomR r pDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHDUHJLmROLPLWHHR

RQGH k pDFRQVWDQWHGH%ROW]PDQQH T DWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWD$(TXDomRp

$ SDUWLU GD (TXDomR H FRQKHFHQGRVH Ksed H D R SHVR PROHFXODU M SD

RQGH rp pRUDLRGHXPSRQWRQRSDWDPDU c p pDFRQFHQWUDomRQHVVHSRQWRHp ra

4XDQGRXPDPDFURPROpFXODHVWiVREDDomRGHXPIOX[RODPLQDU)LJXUDD

)LJXUD7LSRVGHYLVFRVtPHWURD8EEHORKGHHE&DQQRQ)HQVNH

)LJXUD'HSHQGrQFLDGD+(73FRPDYHORFLGDGHGHIOX[RGDIDVHPyYHO'LDJUDPDGHYDQ 'HHPWHUD