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[97]
7
LAS MEDIDAS DE ALGUNAS
PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS DE LOS
ALIMENTOS Y SU CORRELACIÓN CON
LAS MEDIDAS SENSORIALES
Susana M. Fiszman
Ana Salvador
subjetiva de este último sea menor sin que cambie, obviamente, la valoración
instrumental.
Otras determinaciones como el contenido en humedad, la actividad de
agua, diversos índices del grado de rancidez de grasas, el seguimiento de
determinados compuestos por HPLC-masas o cromatografía de gases, recuento
de microorganismos, etc. constituyen, entre otros, toda una batería de análisis de
laboratorio con la que se cuenta para hacer un seguimiento instrumental de los
cambios que acontecen durante el almacenamiento de cualquier alimento hasta su
consumo. Es tarea del tecnólogo de alimentos o del investigador conocer y valorar
la mayor o menor relación que guardan aquéllas con los cambios sensoriales
correspondientes.
En la literatura actual, existe abundancia de trabajos de investigación en los que
se establecen correlaciones entre parámetros instrumentales y sus correspondientes
medidos instrumentalmente; cuando la correspondencia es buena, suele resaltarse
su bondad, pero es difícil encontrar un análisis exhaustivo del porqué de las faltas
de correlación.
El objetivo del presente capítulo es apuntar una serie de consideraciones
necesarias en la búsqueda de la correlación entre las medidas instrumentales y
sensoriales, centrándose específicamente en las medidas de textura y de color de
alimentos sólidos.
−de modo que la superficie de contacto viene definida por ésta− ; así, el émbolo
en un principio comprimirá la muestra y luego la penetrará (figura 7.2); como
resultado, las fuerzas que actuarán durante el ensayo no serán de un solo tipo.
evaluadores que valoren “la facilidad para amasar, en cinco segundos, una bolita
a partir de un trozo de miga de la zona central de una rodaja de pan”, y 2) la
cohesividad instrumental, calculada a partir del perfil de textura instrumental
efectuado sobre la parte central de rodajas de pan comprimidas un 40%. La
correlación entre ambas medidas no fue buena. Como consecuencia de estos
resultados se buscó un parámetro instrumental que se asociara mejor con la acción
llevada a cabo con la mano. Así, se ideó una ensayo instrumental que consiste en
atravesar la parte central de las rodajas con un émbolo cilíndrico de base plana
de 1,5 cm de diámetro, que comprime primero y desgarra después, hasta cortar
dicha sección de las mismas. De las curvas obtenidas se puede calcular la fuerza
necesaria para atravesar la rodaja de pan por completo y la distancia recorrida por
el émbolo (que se mide como tiempo transcurrido). Estos nuevos parámetros están
alentadoramente bien correlacionados con la cohesividad sensorial manual.
Este es un ejemplo sencillo que resume la alerta que debe despertar en el
tecnólogo o investigador una mala correlación entre medidas sensoriales e
instrumentales, y cómo, mediante el conocimiento de los mecanismos que se
ponen en marcha durante las respectivas evaluaciones, se puede diseñar un método
adecuado que mejore las coincidencias en la detección de diferencias.
color. Es evidente que ambos caminos descritos son muy diferentes y por lo tanto
también son muy diferentes los resultados obtenidos.
Es importante que un usuario comprenda que el color percibido de un alimento
(o de cualquier objeto) no es algo absoluto sino relativo al entorno y por lo tanto su
especificación va unida a las condiciones de observación.
Además, distintas distribuciones espectrales pueden conducir a una misma
sensación (fenómeno denominado metamerismo), por lo que es necesario
compaginar la colorimetría con los fenómenos de la percepción cromática.
Una persona que ve el color de un alimento e intenta describirlo con palabras
se encuentra con que tiene una gran limitación de vocabulario para definirlo.
Por otro lado, el ser humano es capaz de discriminar entre una gran cantidad de
colores, por lo que es muy bueno para establecer comparaciones; sin embargo,
tiene una gran falta de memoria para el color, por lo que evaluará bien diferencias
entre colores sólo si todas las muestras están presentes o cuenta con patrones para
efectuar igualaciones.
El croma (C) es la distancia del color al eje vertical central acromático (de negro
a blanco). Los valores máximos de C serían los de máxima pureza disponible.
Estos máximos dependen del tono y claridad del color en cuestión. La claridad
(V) varía entre 0 (negro) y 10 (blanco). Entre estos valores se encuentran todos
los grises. Las muestras físicas, al estar confeccionadas con pigmentos reales,
nunca alcanzan los valores máximos teóricos, y dependiendo del color, se
alejan más o menos del eje central.
Por lo tanto el sólido que representa el atlas de Munsell es un cuerpo geométrico
que no es cilíndrico (figura 7.3, derecha). La edición más completa del libro de
Munsell es una colección de 1500 muestras brillantes y 1300 mates distribuidas
en 41 páginas correspondientes a un tono constante (figura 7.3, izquierda).
de medida suprimiendo el entorno, así como los brillos y las sombras mediante
el uso de un ángulo de medida apropiado. Todas estas “ventajas” que hacen que
las medidas instrumentales sean reproducibles introducen, a su vez, un desfase
entre los resultados y la percepción sensorial que es necesario tener en cuenta en
el momento de sacar conclusiones.
Se puede considerar que una medición instrumental está cuantificando
la sensación humana en función del sistema teórico de color seleccionado. La
instrumentación para medir color que se dispone en la actualidad es muy amplia y
variada. No obstante los fundamentos teóricos son muy parecidos. Las diferencias
recaen en el grado de sofisticación y, dependiendo de la aplicación para la que se
ha construido el aparato en cuestión, la disposición de los elementos de medida y
la presentación de la muestra al mismo.
El caso más corriente es disponer de un colorímetro triestímulo o
espectrocolorímetro. Una desventaja que tienen los colorímetros es que su
respuesta es integrada; con ellos se obtiene un único conjunto de datos triestímulo
para toda la superficie de medida de la muestra; por lo tanto, si en el área de
medida existen variaciones de color, se deberá reducir el área con el fin de que
la medida sea más exacta. En este sentido, el ojo humano es capaz de evaluar
un color “abstrayéndose” de zonas cercanas de otros colores, como sucede, por
ejemplo, con la apreciación del color amarillo propio de un plátano maduro sin
tener en cuenta la presencia de pintas negras.
No se va a entrar en detalles de cómo funciona un colorímetro triestímulo,
pero se puede recordar que las medidas se basan en un observador patrón
(CIE) que caracteriza el sistema visual, iluminantes patrón −también definidos
con precisión− y estándares de referencia. Así, las coordenadas cromáticas de
una muestra se podrán definir en término de sus valores triestímulo del sistema
elegido, normalmente CIELAB, que puede ser entendido como un espacio de
apariencia de color.
Estas coordenadas cromáticas son L*, a* y b* y están relacionadas con la
percepción fisiológica del color: claro u oscuro, rojo o verde y amarillo o azul. Es
muy sencillo obtener estos números debido a que todos los colorímetros modernos
poseen un software para calcular estas coordenadas. Pero es necesario que la
interpretación de estos números se haga con una base científica.
Se debe recordar que el ojo humano cuando aprecia el color de un objeto no
distingue separadamente la cantidad de “verde-rojo”, de “amarillo-azul” o de
7. Las medidas de algunas propiedades físicas de los alimentos
y su correlación con las medidas sensoriales
[109]
“claridad”, sino que percibe un color que podrá calificar como “claro u oscuro”
−que se identifica con la claridad−, “vivo o apagado” −que se identifica con la
pureza o croma−, y el tono − el color en sí, en el que probablemente no pueda
distinguir qué cantidad de otros tonos están presentes−; por ello, en muchos casos
no resulta intuitivo analizar la evolución de los valores L*, a* y b* por separado.
Así, por ejemplo, carece de sentido afirmar que después de un período de
almacenamiento existe un aumento del “rojo” o del “amarillo” de la miga de un
pan de molde porque se haya registrado un aumento en los valores de a* o de
b* (ambos en su zona positiva), cuando sensorialmente sólo se aprecia un color
“blanquecino, más o menos típico de la miga de pan”, sin que ninguna persona sea
capaz de ver algo de “rojo” o algo de “amarillo”. Lamentablemente, este tipo de
ejemplo es bastante representativo de lo que puede encontrarse en la bibliografía.
En general, esta falta de coherencia en el análisis de resultados se debe a que la
teoría del color es una materia muy amplia en la que están implicadas numerosas
disciplinas como la física, la fisiología, psicofísica, estadística, etc. y es necesario
poder medir e interpretar sobre una buena base teórica; esto conlleva en ocasiones
que haya una mala utilización de la terminología colorimétrica.
Cuando se trata de trabajar con colores, lo más intuitivo es hacerlo en términos
de los atributos de la percepción visual: tono (el color mismo, asociado a la longitud
de onda predominante), saturación o croma (su intensidad, vivacidad o pureza) y
claridad (cantidad de luz percibida, o grado de claro u oscuro).
Por último, se debe recordar que existe una gran diversificación de aparatos,
y que es necesario utilizarlos citando sus características de medida: geometría e
intensidad de la fuente de luz utilizada, ya que el desconocimiento de estos datos
puede generar resultados erróneos.
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[111]