Agroindústria

BNDES Setorial 44, p. 125-156

Impactos ambientais da suinocultura:

desafios e oportunidades

Minoru Ito
Diego Guimarães
Gisele Amaral*

Resumo
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suínos no Brasil e nos principais produtores, apesar de possibilitar ganhos
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e nos principais produtores, as linhas e programas de apoio do BNDES
ao setor e as principais tecnologias mitigadoras dos impactos ambientais
mais importantes.

*
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 126 Introdução
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Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

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de carne suína.
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dejetos líquidos e gasosos, e algumas tecnologias mitigadoras são apontadas.
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são indicados os principais produtos para apoio ao setor. E, por último, são
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Panorama da suinocultura no Brasil

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Agroindústria
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rentes daquelas que deram origem às leitoas.
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genético fornecido aos produtores comerciais de suínos.
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Sanidade animal
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nética é o cuidado com a sanidade dos animais. Por conta do combate às
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Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

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estados, além do Distrito Federal, reconhecidos internacionalmente pela
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Estrutura da indústria
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mencionam-se a Aurora, de Santa Catarina, e a Frimesa, do Paraná.
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e o independente.
Na região Sul, em especial no estado de Santa Catarina, que é o maior
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técnica ao criador, que se compromete a entregar o suíno pronto para o abate 129
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Agroindústria
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entre os produtores e a empresa.
Contudo, sobretudo em outras áreas do país, alguns produtores optam
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mão de obra.
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de suínos abaixo do mínimo exigido pela indústria.
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 130 Tabela 1 | Participação da integração na suinocultura, por classe de suínos
alojados, Brasil, 2006
Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

Classe de suínos Total de Integrados Participação Participação

alojados estabelecimentos integrados/total entre os
com suínos (%) integrados (%)
Menos de 50/sem     
declaração
De 51 a 100    3
De 101 a 500     
De 501 a 1.500   73  
De 1.501 a 5.000    
De 5.001 a 15.000    
De 15.001 a 30.000    
Acima de 30.000    
Total 1.496.422 21.576 1 100
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seriam considerados, atualmente, granjas de pequeno porte.
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máquinas e equipamentos e a indústria de abate e processamento.

Impactos ambientais
Uso da água
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da água.

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dos animais.

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Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

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seguidas pela água de higiene e pela perda de bebedouros.

Tabela 2 | Volume e fontes de diluição de dejetos

Categoria dos suínos Fezes e Água de Perda de Total

urina higiene bebedouros (l/dia)
(l/dia) (l/dia) (l/dia)
Unidade de produção de leitões      
(matriz alojada)
Unidade de terminação        
(suíno alojado)
Unidade de ciclo completo    
(matriz alojada)
)RQWH2OLYHLUD  

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UHQWHVIDVHVGRVLVWHPDGHSURGXomR2SLFRGDSURGXomRGHGHMHWRVRFRUUH
GXUDQWHDODFWDomRTXDQGRDJHUDomRGHHVWHUFRHXULQDFKHJDDNJGLDH
VmRSURGX]LGRVOLWURVGHGHMHWRVOtTXLGRV
Tabela 3 | Produção de dejetos 133

Categoria animal Esterco + urina (kg/dia) Dejetos líquidos (l/dia)

Agroindústria
Suínos    
Porca – gestação  
Porca – lactação + leitões  
Cachaço    
Leitões na creche    
)RQWH.RQ]HQ  apud)HUQDQGHV  

Impactos ambientais dos dejetos

$VXLQRFXOWXUDLQWHQVLYDGDGDDDOWDFRQFHQWUDomRGHDQLPDLVSRUiUHD
JHUDXPYROXPHHOHYDGRGHGHMHWRVFRQIRUPHDSRQWDGRQDVHomRDQWHULRU
6HXVSULQFLSDLVFRPSRQHQWHVSROXHQWHVVmRRQLWURJrQLR 1 RIyVIRUR 3 
HRVPHWDLVSHVDGRVFRPR]LQFR =Q HFREUH &X DOpPGHPLFURUJDQLV-
PRVIHFDLVSDWRJrQLFRV &22/6et alapud)(51$1'(6 
2PDQHMRLQGHYLGRGRVGHMHWRVSRGHSURYRFDUJUDYHVLPSDFWRVDPELHQWDLV
sobre a água, a terra e o ar.
2VUHVtGXRVVXLQtFRODVWrPLPSDFWRVREUHRVUHFXUVRVKtGULFRVRTXHSUR-
YRFDRSURFHVVRGHHXWUR¿]DomRGRVFRUSRVG¶iJXDDOWHUDDELRGLYHUVLGDGH
DTXiWLFDHSURPRYHDSUHVHQoDGHRUJDQLVPRVSUHMXGLFLDLVDRVHUKXPDQR
DFDUUHWDQGRSUREOHPDVFRPRYHUPLQRVHVDOHUJLDVHKHSDWLWH HDRVDQLPDLV
JHUDQGRDPRUWHGHSHL[HVHDXPHQWDQGRDWR[LFLGDGHHPSODQWDV 
$SROXLomRGDiJXDWDPEpPVHPDQLIHVWDQDIRUPDGHPLFURUJDQLVPRV
IHFDLVSDWRJrQLFRVTXHSRGHPFDXVDUVpULRVULVFRVjVD~GHGRVKRPHQVH
dos animais que a consumirem, como leptospirose, tularemia, febre aftosa
HSHVWHVXtQDFOiVVLFD 2/,9(,5$ 
8PDGDVSULQFLSDLVDSOLFDo}HVGRGHMHWRVXtQRpDIHUWLOL]DomRDJUtFROD
GRVROR&RQWXGRWDOSUiWLFDVHPRGHYLGRFRQWUROHJHUDXPJUDQGHULVFRGH
SROXLomRDPELHQWDOSHORVHIHLWRVGDLQ¿OWUDomRGRQLWURJrQLRQRVRORHGRHV-
FRUULPHQWRVXSHU¿FLDOGRIyVIRUR 2/,9(,5$181(6 
2XWURLPSDFWRDPELHQWDOGDVXLQRFXOWXUDpDHPLVVmRGHJDVHVYROiWHLV
SHODXULQDHSHODVIH]HVGHVXtQRV6HJXQGR/RSHV)LOKRH$OYHV  R
FDUEDPDWRGHDP{QLD +1&221+ pXPFRPSRVWRSUHVHQWHQRVGHMHWRV

 3URFHVVRSRUPHLRGRTXDOXPFRUSRGHiJXDDGTXLUHQtYHLVDOWRVGHQXWULHQWHV

 134 VXtQRVGHRGRUGHVDJUDGiYHOHFRPDFDSDFLGDGHGHVHGLVVRFLDUQRVJDVHVGH
DP{QLD 1+3 HGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR &2 $DP{QLDpXPJiVTXHSURYRFD
Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

HIHLWRVDGYHUVRVDRVHUKXPDQRFRPRLUULWDomRRFXODUQDVDOHQDSHOHDOpP
GHJHUDUGLVW~UELRVQDFRQGXomRQHXUDOGRFpUHEUR$VVLPYHUL¿FDVHTXH
RVGHMHWRVGDVXLQRFXOWXUDWDPEpPWrPLPSDFWRGLUHWRVREUHRFRQIRUWRGD
SRSXODomRQDIRUPDGHPDXVRGRUHVHSUROLIHUDomRGHLQVHWRV
*HQRYD3XFFLH6DUXEEL  LQGLFDPTXHDDP{QLDDLQGDSRGHSUR-
YRFDUDFKXYDiFLGDTXHWHPLPSOLFDo}HVWy[LFDVVREUHRVRORHDiJXD2
GLy[LGRGHFDUERQRpXPGRVJDVHVTXHFDXVDPRHIHLWRHVWXIDDJUDYDQGR
RDTXHFLPHQWRJOREDO2XWURJiVLPSDFWDQWHDRPHLRDPELHQWHJHUDGR
SHODVXLQRFXOWXUDpRPHWDQR &+ TXHpXPVXESURGXWRGDGHFRPSRVL-
omRDQDHUyELDGHPDWHULDORUJkQLFR'HDFRUGRFRP/RSHV)LOKRH$OYHV
 WUDWDVHGHXPJiVYH]HVPDLVLPSDFWDQWHDRHIHLWRHVWXIDTXHR
JiVFDUE{QLFR$OpPGLVVRDVXLQRFXOWXUDSURGX]WDPEpPRVJDVHVDP{QLR
1+ y[LGRQLWURVR 12 HQLWURJrQLR 1 TXHDWXDPFRPRSURPRWRUHV
do efeito estufa.

Principais tecnologias para tratamento dos dejetos

3DUDDPLQLPL]DomRGRVLPSDFWRVDPELHQWDLVGDVXLQRFXOWXUDRPDQHMR
adequado dos dejetos é um item fundamental. Mais do que isso, o correto
WUDWDPHQWRGRVGHMHWRVSRGHSURPRYHURSRUWXQLGDGHV ao setor, como a
SURGXomRGHELRIHUWLOL]DQWHVHGHELRJiV$IRUPDGRPDQHMRSRGHYDULDU
GHDFRUGRFRPRPpWRGRGHFULDomRGHVXtQRV2OLYHLUDH1XQHV  H
%UDVLO  HOHQFDPDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHPDQHMRGHVXtQRVQRVVHJXLQWHV
VLVWHPDVRFRQYHQFLRQDORGHFRPSRVWDJHPRGHFULDomRGHVXtQRVHP
cama sobreposta e o uso de biodigestores.
2PpWRGRFRQYHQFLRQDOpFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUHGL¿FDo}HVFRQVWUXtGDV
com piso de concreto ripado, paredes compactas, uso de forro e baias para
RVDQLPDLV1HOHRVGHMHWRVVmRUHFROKLGRVLQWHUQDPHQWHQDVHGL¿FDo}HV
onde os suínos se encontram, por meio de canais cobertos por barras (em
DOJXQVFDVRVFRPRXVRGHOkPLQDG¶iJXD HVmRHQFDPLQKDGRVH[WHUQD-
mente para armazenamento em esterqueiras ou lagoas.72WUDWDPHQWRGRV


 (VVHWHPDVHUiDSURIXQGDGRQDVHomR³2SRUWXQLGDGHV ELRJiVHELRIHUWLOL]DQWHV ´

 $VHVWHUTXHLUDVFRQVWLWXHPVHHPGHSyVLWRVTXHWrPSRUREMHWLYRSULQFLSDODDUPD]HQDJHPGRVGHMHWRV
OtTXLGRVSURYHQLHQWHVGHVLVWHPDVGHFULDomRGHVXtQRV .81=+,*$5$6+,2/,9(,5$ 
7
 6HJXQGR2OLYHLUD&RVWDH7URJOLR  RVGHMHWRVGHYHPSDVVDUSRUFLQFRODJRDVGHWUDWDPHQWR
SDUDDPHOKRUGHVSROXLomR
GHMHWRVpIHLWRSRUWUDQVIRUPDo}HVSRUPHLRVItVLFRTXtPLFRVHELROyJLFRV 135
QRVORFDLVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRPRGL¿FDQGRVXDFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDHD

Agroindústria
FRQVLVWrQFLDItVLFDSDUDSRVWHULRUXVRDJUtFRODQDSUySULDSURSULHGDGH
RXQDVYL]LQKDV
$VODJRDVQR%UDVLOVHJXQGR2OLYHLUDH1XQHV  VmREDVWDQWHXWLOL]D-
das por facilidade de uso e baixos custos. Demandam, porém, grandes áreas,
H[LJHPWHPSRVORQJRVGHGHWHQomRQmRFRPEDWHPLQWHLUDPHQWHRSURFHVVR
GHQLWUL¿FDomRHHPLWHPRGRUHVHJDVHVGHHIHLWRHVWXIDIUXWRVGDIHUPHQWDomR
DQDHUyELDDOpPGHDWUDtUHPPRVFDVSRUVHUHPXPVLVWHPDDEHUWR
2VLVWHPDGHFRPSRVWDJHPEDVHLDVH³QRSURFHVVRGHR[LGDomRELR-
OyJLFDDHUyELDHFRQWURODGDGDPDWpULDRUJkQLFDSURGX]LQGR&2, calor e
XPUHVtGXRHVWDELOL]DGRGHQRPLQDGRGHFRPSRVWR´ 2/,9(,5$181(6
 1HOHRVGHMHWRVOtTXLGRVVHWUDQVIRUPDPHPFRPSRVWRRUJkQLFRGH
DOWDTXDOLGDGHTXHFDVRDWHQGDj,QVWUXomR1RUPDWLYDGHGHMXOKR
GHGR0DSDSRGHDSyVUHJLVWURVHUYHQGLGRFRPR³IHUWLOL]DQWH´
RUJkQLFR %5$6,/ 
2WUDWDPHQWRGRVGHMHWRVYLDVLVWHPDGHFRPSRVWDJHPFRQVLVWHEDVLFD-
PHQWHQDPLVWXUDGRVGHMHWRVEUXWRVRULXQGRVGDVHGL¿FDo}HVFRQYHQFLRQDLV
GHFULDomRGHVXtQRVHPXQLGDGHVGHFRPSRVWDJHPFRQVWLWXtGDVSRUOHLWRV
IRUPDGRVSRUPDUDYDOKD serragem ou palha.
2VPRGHORVGHXQLGDGHVGHFRPSRVWDJHPSRGHPVHUGRVPDLVVLPSOHV
até os automatizados, dependendo da escala na qual o processo será implan-
WDGR1HVVHVLVWHPDHPYLUWXGHGDFRPSRVWDJHPDHUyELDRVRGRUHVVmR
IRUWHPHQWHUHGX]LGRVDVVLPFRPRDVHPLVV}HVGRVJDVHVPHWDQRDP{QLD
y[LGRQLWURVRHQLWURJrQLR2VHIHLWRVGHOL[LYLDomRVmRPLQLPL]DGRVDRVH
¿[DURQLWURJrQLRDRFRPSRVWRRUJkQLFRTXHpVHFRHSRGHVHUDUPD]HQDGR
IDWRQmRSRVVtYHOQRPpWRGRWUDGLFLRQDOTXHJHUDGHMHWRVWUDWDGRVOtTXLGRV
$VGHVYDQWDJHQVHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVDRFXVWRGRVXEVWUDWRQHFHVVLGDGHGH
PRQLWRUDPHQWRFRQVWDQWHPmRGHREUDHVSHFt¿FDHSUHYLVmRGHXPDXQLGDGH
GHLQVWDODomRFREHUWD %5$6,/ 
2VLVWHPDGHFULDomRGHVXtQRVHPFDPDVREUHSRVWDSRGHVHUWUDGX]LGR
FRPRXPSURFHVVRGHFRPSRVWDJHPGHQWURGDVLQVWDODo}HVRQGHHVWmRRV
DQLPDLV1HVVHVORFDLVKiXPDFDPDGDGHVXEVWUDWRVyOLGR RVSURGXWRVFR-
PXPHQWHXWLOL]DGRVVmRPDUDYDOKDSDOKDFDVFDGHDUUR]HEDJDoRGHFDQD 

 0DUDYDOKDVVmRUDVSDJHQVRXDSDUDVGHPDGHLUD

 136 onde os animais despejam seus dejetos. As bactérias dos dejetos degradam a
PDWpULDRUJkQLFDGDFDPDHDiJXDGRVGHMHWRVpSUDWLFDPHQWHHOLPLQDGDQD
Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

HYDSRUDomR1HVVHVLVWHPDSDUWHGRQLWURJrQLRHGRIyVIRUR¿FDUHWLGDQDFDPD
diminuindo a capacidade poluidora. Porém, a cama sobreposta não é capaz
GHGLPLQXLUVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHDHPLVVmRGRVJDVHVDP{QLDHy[LGRQLWURVR
2/,9(,5$181(6 DOpPGHJHUDUFDORUDGLFLRQDODRDPELHQWH
demandando um consumo maior de água.
3RU¿PRVLVWHPDGHELRGLJHVWmRpFRQVWLWXtGRGHXPDFkPDUDKHUPHWLFD-
PHQWHIHFKDGDHPTXHpGHSRVLWDGRRPDWHULDORUJkQLFRSDUDGHFRPSRVLomR
YLVDQGRDSURGXomRGHELRJiVHGHELRIHUWLOL]DQWH UHVtGXRGRSURFHVVRGH
GHFRPSRVLomR (VVDFkPDUD ELRGLJHVWRU SRGHVHUWDQWRXPDFRQVWUXomR
TXDQWRXPWDQTXHUHYHVWLGRHFREHUWRSRUPDQWDLPSHUPHiYHOIXQFLRQDQGR
no Brasil, em geral, de forma contínua.
2ELRJiVJHUDOPHQWHpTXHLPDGRHPFDOGHLUDVRXXVDGRSDUDPRYHU
PRWRUHVRXSURGX]LUHQHUJLDVHQGRRH[FHGHQWHTXHLPDGRHPÀDUHV TXHL-
PDGRUHV WUDQVIRUPDQGRRPHWDQRSUHVHQWHQDFRPSRVLomRGRELRJiVHP
JiVFDUE{QLFRPHQRVSROXHQWH %5$6,/ 
2XWUDIRUPDGHDSURYHLWDURVGHMHWRVGHVXtQRVpVXDXWLOL]DomRQD
DOLPHQWDomRDQLPDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHQDGHERYLQRVGHFRUWHHSHL[HVSUR-
SRUFLRQDQGRQHVVHFDVRUHGXomRQRFXVWRGHDOLPHQWDomRGHVVHVDQLPDLV
Apesar de bastante usada no exterior, sobretudo na piscicultura, como essa
GHVWLQDomRDOWHUQDWLYDGRVGHMHWRVVXtQRVpSROrPLFDSHODSUHRFXSDomRGHRV
GHMHWRVVHUYLUHPFRPRYHWRUGHSDWyJHQRVHGRHQoDV ',(6(/0,5$1'$
3(5'202 HODQmRVHUiGHWDOKDGDQHVWHDUWLJR

Políticas socioambientais no Brasil e nos principais

produtores mundiais

Políticas socioambientais no Brasil

As políticas socioambientais da suinocultura brasileira seguem as regras
GHWHUPLQDGDVSHODOHJLVODomRGRVHWRU1RFDVRGHSURGXWRUHVH[SRUWDGR-
UHVDVGHPDQGDVGRVPHUFDGRVHVSDOKDGRVSHORPXQGRWDPEpPGHYHP
ser respeitadas.


 9HUVHomR³2SRUWXQLGDGHV ELRJiVHELRIHUWLOL]DQWHV ´SDUDPDLVGHWDOKHVVREUHRUHWRUQRHFRQ{PLFR
para o produtor.
 (PUHODomRjOHJLVODomREUDVLOHLUDKiQRUPDVIHGHUDLVHHVWDGXDLVD 137
TXHDVHPSUHVDVGHYHPDWHQGHUQRPDQHMRGRVGHMHWRVOtTXLGRVHGRVUH-

Agroindústria
VtGXRVVyOLGRV$VHJXLUVmRFRPHQWDGDVDVSULQFLSDLVUHJUDVDSOLFiYHLV
à suinocultura.
4XDQWRDRVGHMHWRVOtTXLGRVVHXODQoDPHQWRHPHÀXHQWHVpUHJXODPHQ-
WDGRSHOD5HVROXomR&RQDPDGHGHPDUoRGHTXHGLVS}H
VREUHDFODVVL¿FDomRGRVFRUSRVG¶iJXDHGHWHUPLQDGLUHWUL]HVDPELHQWDLV
SDUDVHXHQTXDGUDPHQWRDVVLPFRPRHVWDEHOHFHDVFRQGLo}HVHRVSDGU}HV
GHODQoDPHQWRGHHÀXHQWHV3DUDDViJXDVGHVWLQDGDVDRFRQVXPRKXPDQR
HjSUHVHUYDomRGRHTXLOtEULRDPELHQWDORVOLPLWHVPi[LPRVWROHUDGRVGH
VXEVWkQFLDVSROXHQWHVVmRPDLVULJRURVRV+iWDPEpPDOHJLVODomRGHFDGD
HVWDGRVREUHRODQoDPHQWRGHGHMHWRV3RUH[HPSORQRFDVRGRVSURGXWRUHV
GH6DQWD&DWDULQDDVHPSUHVDVGHYHPVHJXLURGLVSRVWRQR&yGLJR(VWDGXDO
GR0HLR$PELHQWH /HLGHGHDEULOGH TXHUHJXODDVFD-
UDFWHUtVWLFDVGRVHÀXHQWHVODQoDGRVHPFRUSRVG¶iJXD
2VUHVtGXRVVyOLGRVVmRUHJXODGRVSHOD5HVROXomR&RQDPDGH
GHRXWXEURGHTXHFODVVL¿FDRVUHVtGXRVRUJkQLFRVGHSURFHVVRFRPR
VHERHRVVRVHPFODVVH,,RX,,,RTXHVLJQL¿FDTXHRVUHMHLWRVGRIULJRUt¿FR
GHYHPWHUFRPRGHVWLQRDWHUURVDQLWiULRGHYLGDPHQWHOLFHQFLDGR
$OpPGDVQRUPDVFLWDGDV3DOKDUHV  OLVWDRXWUDVOHJLVODo}HVDP-
ELHQWDLVIHGHUDLVDSOLFiYHLVjVXLQRFXOWXUD 4XDGUR 

Quadro 1 | Legislação ambiental federal – suinocultura

Legislação
Decreto 24.643, de 10 de junho de 1934
Lei 4.771, de 15 setembro de 1965
Lei 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981
Descrição
&yGLJRGHÈJXDV
&yGLJR)ORUHVWDO
(VWDEHOHFHD¿QDOLGDGHHPHFDQLVPRV
GHIRUPXODomRHDSOLFDomRGD3ROtWLFD
Nacional do Meio Ambiente, constitui
o Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente
6LVQDPD HLQVWLWXLR&DGDVWURGH'HIHVD
Ambiental e o Conselho Nacional de Meio
$PELHQWH &RQDPD 
Continua

 7DLVGLVSRVLo}HVEDOL]DPRSURFHVVRGHOLFHQFLDPHQWRDPELHQWDOUHDOL]DGRSHORVyUJmRVDPELHQWDLV


TXHDQDOLVDPRSRWHQFLDOSROXLGRUGRHPSUHHQGLPHQWRDXWRUL]DQGRRXQmRVXDLPSOHPHQWDomR
 138 &RQWLQXDomR

Legislação Descrição
Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

Lei 7.347, de 24 de julho de 1985 'LVFLSOLQDDDomRFLYLOS~EOLFDGH

Resolução Conama 1, de 23 de janeiro
de 1986
Lei 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998
Lei 9.433, de 8 de janeiro de 1997
Lei 9.984, de 17 de julho 2000
)RQWH3DOKDUHV  
responsabilidade por danos causados
ao meio ambiente e ao consumidor e dá
RXWUDVSURYLGrQFLDV
Estabelece diretrizes gerais para uso
HLPSOHPHQWDomRGD$YDOLDomRGH
Impacto Ambiental e Estudo de Impacto
Ambiental.
'LVS}HVREUHDVVDQo}HVSHQDLVH
DGPLQLVWUDWLYDVGHULYDGDVGHFRQGXWDVH
DWLYLGDGHVOHVLYDVDRPHLRDPELHQWH
Institui o Cadastro Técnico Federal de
$WLYLGDGHV3RWHQFLDOPHQWH3ROXLGRUDVRX
8WLOL]DGRUDVGH5HFXUVRV$PELHQWDLV
&ULDD$JrQFLD1DFLRQDOGHÈJXDV $1$ 
SDUDLPSOHPWHQWDomRGD3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDO
GH5HFXUVRV+tGULFRVHFRRUGHQDomRGR
6LVWHPD1DFLRQDOGH*HUHQFLDPHQWRGH
5HFXUVRV+tGULFRV

2XWURSRQWRUHOHYDQWHGDVSROtWLFDVVRFLRDPELHQWDLVVmRDVH[LJrQFLDVGRV
mercados consumidores aos produtos exportados. Para estar apto a acessar
FHUWRVPHUFDGRVRSURGXWRUGHYHVHJXLUGLYHUVRVSDUkPHWURVLPSRVWRVSHORV
SDtVHVLPSRUWDGRUHVTXHHQYROYHPTXHVW}HVVDQLWiULDVGHPHLRDPELHQWH
bem-estar animal e boas práticas na indústria. Dessa forma, os produtores
H[SRUWDGRUHVVXEPHWHPVHDSROtWLFDVVRFLRDPELHQWDLVDLQGDPDLVUHVWULWLYDV
que o resto do país.
$DGHTXDomRDPELHQWDOQDFULDomRGHVXtQRVRFRUUHGHIRUPDKHWHURJr-
QHDQR%UDVLORVHVWDGRVGR6XOFRPHOHYDGRVQtYHLVGHLQGXVWULDOL]DomR
HFRQFHQWUDomRGHSURGXomRHVWmRHPXPSDWDPDUGHLPSODQWDomRPDLV
DYDQoDGRTXHRUHVWRGRSDtVTXHDLQGDDSUHVHQWDSDGU}HVEDL[RVGHH¿FLrQ-
FLDDPELHQWDO 3$/+$5(6 ,VVRpUHÀH[RGDQHFHVVLGDGHPDLRUGH
FXLGDGRVFRPDTXHVWmRVRFLRDPELHQWDOXPDYH]TXHDSURGXomRLQWHQVLYD
do Sul é geradora de uma grande quantidade de dejetos.

 'HDFRUGRFRP$%3$  GRVDEDWHVGHVXtQRVRFRUUHPQRVHVWDGRVGDUHJLmR6XO


Políticas socioambientais nos principais produtores mundiais 139

As principais características das políticas socioambientais dos maiores

Agroindústria
SURGXWRUHVGHFDUQHVXtQDGRPXQGRGHSHQGHPGRQtYHOGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWR
GHFDGDSDtV1RWDVHTXHSDtVHVGHVHQYROYLGRVFRPRRVGD8QLmR(XURSHLD
HRV(8$WrPUHJUDVPDLVUtJLGDVHQTXDQWRRVSDtVHVHPGHVHQYROYLPHQWR
VmRPDLVOHQLHQWHVFRPDSROXLomR,VVRVHGHYHDRIDWRGHTXHDVSULRULGDGHV
GRVSDtVHVVXEGHVHQYROYLGRVDLQGDVmRTXHVW}HVEiVLFDVFRPRDVVRFLDLVH
DVUHODFLRQDGDVjSREUH]DHDRIRUQHFLPHQWRGHDOLPHQWRSDUDDSRSXODomR
-iSDtVHVGHVHQYROYLGRVWHQGRVXSULGRDPDLRUSDUWHGHWDLVSUREOHPDV
FRQFHQWUDPVHQDVTXHVW}HVDPELHQWDLVLPSRQGRFRQGLFLRQDQWHVHSXQLo}HV
PDLVGXUDV 3$/+$5(6 
(PUHODomRj&KLQDDPDLRUSURGXWRUDGHVXtQRVGRPXQGRpLPSRUWDQWH
REVHUYDUTXHRPpWRGRGHSURGXomRSDVVRXSRUXPDJUDQGHLQÀH[mRQRV
~OWLPRVDQRVVDLQGRGRPRGHORIDPLOLDUSDUDRLQWHQVLYR&HUFDGH
GHVXDSURGXomRpUHDOL]DGDHPJUDQGHVID]HQGDVHQTXDQWRRUHVWDQWHp
representado por pequenos produtores. As políticas socioambientais nesse
~OWLPRJUXSRSUDWLFDPHQWHLQH[LVWHPVHQGRDSURGXomRFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRU
métodos precários e altamente poluentes.
-iQDSURGXomRLQWHQVLYDFKLQHVDRULVFRDPELHQWDOpHOHYDGRHPUD]mRGD
JUDQGHFRQFHQWUDomRDQLPDOTXHSRWHQFLDOL]DDJHUDomRGHGHMHWRV$WXDOPHQWH
DSULRULGDGHGRJRYHUQRFKLQrVpJDUDQWLUDH[SDQVmRGDRIHUWDGDFDUQHVXt-
QDSDUDDWHQGHUDRLPHQVRPHUFDGRLQWHUQRFRPPHGLGDVTXHIDYRUHFHPD
SURGXomRLQWHQVLYD *82;0&25,67.+$03(( UHOHJDQGRHP
segundo plano a questão socioambiental. Consequentemente, as políticas
VRFLRDPELHQWDLVFKLQHVDVVmRPDLVSUHFiULDVTXHDVGRVSDtVHVGHVHQYROYLGRV
1RVSDtVHVGD8QLmR(XURSHLDDVXLQRFXOWXUDWDPEpPpGRPLQDGDSHORV
JUDQGHVSURGXWRUHVTXHUHSUHVHQWDPGHWRGDDSURGXomR2EVHUYDVH
DWHQGrQFLDGRDXPHQWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGDSURGXomRHPJUDQGHVID]HQ-
das, em detrimento das de menores rebanhos, fruto de intensos subsídios
JRYHUQDPHQWDLVTXHLQFHQWLYDUDPDH[SDQVmRGDSURGXomRUHVXOWDQGRHP
XQLGDGHVPDLVGHQVDV2XWURDVSHFWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRSURGXWLYDpDUHJXOD-
omRDPELHQWDOPDLVGHPDQGDQWHTXHWRUQRXPDLVRQHURVDVDVDGHTXDo}HV
jVUHJXODo}HVDPELHQWDLVSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHPHQRVFXVWRVDVDRVJUDQGHV
produtores. Apesar disso, em todos esses países, existem as pequenas fazen-
GDVFXMDLPSRUWkQFLDQDSURGXomRpPDLRUHPSDtVHVPHQRVGHVHQYROYLGRV
GR/HVWH(XURSHX 0$548(55$%$'()257, FRPR5RPrQLD
 H(VORYrQLD  
 140 $OHJLVODomRDPELHQWDOGRVHXURSHXVVHJXHDVGHPDQGDVSDUWLFXODUHVGH
FDGDSDtVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHYROWDGDVjUHGXomRGRVLPSDFWRVDPELHQWDLVFRP
Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

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socioambientais dos países da Europa e da América do Norte.

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Quadro 2 | Políticas socioambientais da Europa 141

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Impactos ambientais da suinocultura: desafios e oportunidades

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dejetos para outras áreas.
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Quadro 3 | Políticas socioambientais da América do Norte

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de nutrientes.
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colocada em descanso.
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Oportunidades (biogás e biofertilizantes)

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e de biodigestores nas granjas e o potencial do mercado de seus principais
subprodutos, o biofertilizante e o biogás.
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em biodigestão, a fonte de receita foi apenas a economia de energia (ou
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apenas, de difundir esses resultados entre os criadores, além de fazer os ajus-
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leis mais rígidas quanto ao tratamento desses dejetos para esses criadores pode,
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Uso e mercado do biogás

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gestores. Seus usos principais, nas propriedades rurais, são sua queima em
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utilizam o biogás, a partir de biomassa agroindustrial ou resíduos animais,
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mente o oriundo de produtos e resíduos pecuários, agrícolas e agroindus-
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Agroindústria
Esses números, confrontados à demanda e ao potencial de crescimento
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do uso de substitutos dos fertilizantes minerais no mercado nacional.
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148
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