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Capítulo 4

El mercado cambiario y los


regímenes cambiarios

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31 Por simplificación, denominaremos a la moneda peruana como el sol.


84 Macroeconomía

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86 Macroeconomía


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32 ଵ
Al inicio, el tipo de cambio de 2 soles por un dólar era lo mismo que 0.5 dólares por un sol ቀଶ ൌ ͲǤͷቁ;
posteriormente, cuando el tipo de cambio pasa a 3 soles por un dólar, se tiene que 0.33 dólares

ቀଷ ൌ ͲǤ͵͵ቁ equivale a un sol.
Juan León Mendoza 87

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33 Véase capítulo 6 de Gámez y Mochón (1995)


Juan León Mendoza 89

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90 Macroeconomía

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Capítulo 5

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