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DATOS DE EDICION:
Primera edicin, 2008
Katz Editores
Charlone 216 C1427BXF-Buenos Aires
Fernn Gonzlez, 59 Bajo A
28009 Madrid
www.katzeditores.com
Carlos Altamirano
ISBN Argentina: 978-987-1283-78-1
ISBN Espaa: 978-84-96859-36-4
1. Historia Intelectual. I. Altamirano, Carlos, dir.
CDD 306.42
El contenido intelectual de esta obra se encuentra
protegido por diversas leyes y tratados internacionales
que prohben la reproduccin ntegra o extractada,
realizada por cualquier procedimiento, que no cuente
con la autorizacin expresa del editor.
Diseo de coleccin: tholon knst
Impreso en la Argentina por Latingrfica S. R. L.
Hecho el depsito que marca la ley 11.723.







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