A INVASÃO RUSSA NO AFEGANISTÃO (1979-1989): OS IMPACTOS DO CONFLITO NA

HISTÓRIA AFEGÃ

Emilly de Freitas Oliveira 1

Emilly De Freitas Oliveira 2

Raquel Gonçalves Vieira Machado De Melo Morais 3

Ana Paula Gonçalves Cunha 4

Anna Carletti 5

Resumo:

O presente trabalho propõe o aprofundamento sobre os impactos político-econômicos e sociais causados

no Afeganistão no período da invasão russa (1979-1989) e de um curto período posterior. Para compor a
pesquisa foram utilizados, principalmente, procedimentos metodológicos bibliográficos
predominantemente qualitativos. Abrange-se o período histórico, como ocorreram os conflitos, seus
impactos domésticos e de âmbito internacional. O Afeganistão foi um território estratégico durante a
Guerra Fria, pois era palco para as duas grandes potências da época atuarem e modificarem o modus
vivendi local com intervenções diretas ou indiretas. Isso faz com que sua situação atual deva-se a sua
estruturação histórica conflituosa e de extrema dependência externa. Por isso, esse artigo analisa a
importância dos atores externos no agravamento da situação afegã, tanto por parte de Estados quanto de
forças transnacionais, incluindo etnias e a religião islâmica, estes últimos como fatores que incentivaram
a resistência até se tornarem os principais pontos para o surgimento dos conflitos internos no país.

Palavras-chave: Afeganistão; Invasão; Conflitos

Modalidade de Participação: Iniciação Científica

A INVASÃO RUSSA NO AFEGANISTÃO (1979-1989): OS IMPACTOS DO CONFLITO NA

HISTÓRIA AFEGÃ
1 Aluno de graduação. e.millyfreitas41@gmail.com. Autor principal

2 Aluno de graduação. e.millyfreitas41@gmail.com. Apresentador

3 Estudante de graduação na Unipampa - Livramento. raquelm422@gmail.com. Co-autor

4 Graduanda em Relações Internacionais na Unipampa - Livramento. anapaulagc18@gmail.com. Co-autor

5 Docente. annacarlettib@hotmail.com. Orientador

Anais do 10º SALÃO INTERNACIONAL DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO - SIEPE

 $ ,19$6-2 5866$ 12 $)(*$1,67-2
2V LPSDFWRV GR FRQIOLWR QD KLVWyULD DIHJm

5HVXPR 2 SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR SURS}H R DSURIXQGDPHQWR VREUH RV LPSDFWRV SROtWLFR HFRQ{PLFRV H VRFLDLV
FDXVDGRV QR $IHJDQLVWmR QR SHUtRGR GD LQYDVmR UXVVD H GH XP FXUWR SHUtRGR SRVWHULRU 3DUD FRPSRU
D SHVTXLVD IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH SURFHGLPHQWRV PHWRGROyJLFRV ELEOLRJUiILFRV SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH
TXDOLWDWLYRV $EUDQJH VH R SHUtRGR KLVWyULFR FRPR RFRUUHUDP RV FRQIOLWRV VHXV LPSDFWRV GRPpVWLFRV H GH kPELWR
LQWHUQDFLRQDO 2 $IHJDQLVWmR IRL XP WHUULWyULR HVWUDWpJLFR GXUDQWH D *XHUUD )ULD SRLV HUD SDOFR SDUD DV GXDV
JUDQGHV SRWrQFLDV GD pSRFD DWXDUHP H PRGLILFDUHP R PRGXV YLYHQGL ORFDO FRP LQWHUYHQo}HV GLUHWDV RX LQGLUHWDV
,VVR ID] FRP TXH VXD VLWXDomR DWXDO GHYD VH D VXD HVWUXWXUDomR KLVWyULFD FRQIOLWXRVD H GH H[WUHPD GHSHQGrQFLD
H[WHUQD 3RU LVVR HVVH DUWLJR DQDOLVD D LPSRUWkQFLD GRV DWRUHV H[WHUQRV QR DJUDYDPHQWR GD VLWXDomR DIHJm WDQWR
SRU SDUWH GH (VWDGRV TXDQWR GH IRUoDV WUDQVQDFLRQDLV LQFOXLQGR HWQLDV H D UHOLJLmR LVOkPLFD HVWHV ~OWLPRV FRPR
IDWRUHV TXH LQFHQWLYDUDP D UHVLVWrQFLD DWp VH WRUQDUHP RV SULQFLSDLV SRQWRV SDUD R VXUJLPHQWR GRV FRQIOLWRV
LQWHUQRV QR SDtV

3DODYUDV FKDYH $IHJDQLVWmR ,QYDVmR &RQIOLWRV

5HVXPR H[SDQGLGR

2 SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR REMHWLYD DERUGDU DV UHSHUFXVV}HV GD LQYDVmR VRYLpWLFD QR

$IHJDQLVWmR HQWHQGHQGR FRPR HUD R SDtV DQWHULRU D LQYDVmR TXDLV IRUDP RV IDWRUHV LQIOXHQWHV
SDUD HVWD H FRPR R $IHJDQLVWmR VH HVWUXWXURX DSyV HVWH SHUtRGR $R WRPDU FRQKHFLPHQWR GD
DPSOLWXGH GR WHPD DERUGDGR RSWRX VH SRU GHOLPLWDU FURQRORJLFDPHQWH R DUWLJR GH
D ILP GH XPD PDLRU FRPSUHHQVmR GR WHPD ID]HQGR DR PHVPR WHPSR XP DSDQKDGR KLVWyULFR
FRP DOJXQV UHIOH[RV QR $IHJDQLVWmR SyV LQYDVmR 7DPEpP MXOJRX VH SHUWLQHQWH GLYLGLU R
SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR FLHQWtILFR HP WUrV SDUWHV D VDEHU R $IHJDQLVWmR SUp LQYDVmR DV UHODo}HV
DIHJmV VRYLpWLFDV H DV IRUoDV WUDQVQDFLRQDLV FRP R SULQFLSDO SURSyVLWR GH H[SDQGLU D TXHVWmR
H YHULILFDU QRVVD KLSyWHVH
3DUWLX VH GD KLSyWHVH GH TXH R $IHJDQLVWmR SRVVXL XP DSDUDWR KLVWyULFR FRQIOLWXRVR H
LVVR UHVXOWRX HP VXD GHSHQGrQFLD H[WHUQD DWp RV GLDV GH KRMH ID]HQGR R WDPEpP XP SDOFR
SDUD R LQWHUYHQFLRQLVPR GH RXWURV (VWDGRV HP VHX WHUULWyULR $R FRPSUHHQGHU D LPSRUWkQFLD
JHRHVWUDWpJLFD GR $IHJDQLVWmR TXH FKDPRX DWHQomR GH GLYHUVRV WHyULFRV GD iUHD GH HVWXGRV GD
*HRJUDILD 3ROtWLFD FRPR 0DFNLQGHU H 6S\NPDQ VH ID] QHFHVViULR HQWHQGHU VHX SDVVDGR LVWR
p DQDOLVDU EUHYHPHQWH VXD KLVWyULD SDUD FRPSUHHQGHUPRV RV PRWLYRV SHORV TXDLV HVWH SDtV
HQIUHQWD DWp RV GLDV GH KRMH WDQWRV FRQIOLWRV $ SDUWLU GH HQWmR D LQYDVmR VRYLpWLFD H R
LQWHUHVVH HVWDGXQLGHQVH VH WRUQDUDP XP SRQWR FUXFLDO SDUD DVVLPLODU D FRQMXQWXUD DWXDO
(YLWDQGR RV SDUDGLJPDV GRPLQDQWHV H SUHWHQGHQGR VH D DEDQGRQDU FRQKHFLPHQWRV
SUpYLRV TXH SRGHULDP UHVXOWDU QR SUp MXOJDPHQWR GRV IDWRV HVWD SHVTXLVD GH FDUiWHU
H[SORUDWyULR XWLOL]RX VH PDMRULWDULDPHQWH GR PpWRGR TXDOLWDWLYR H GH SHVTXLVDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV
H HOHWU{QLFDV SDUD DSURIXQGDU VH QR WHPD
3DUD GDU LQtFLR DR WUDEDOKR QR WySLFR H QR VXEWySLFR GHX VH D LPSRUWkQFLD GH
GLVFRUUHU VREUH R SHUtRGR DQWHULRU j LQYDVmR UXVVD DQDOLVDQGR FRPR R $IHJDQLVWmR VH
FRQVWLWXLX WHUULWyULR LQGHSHQGHQWH DSyV WHU SDVVDGR SRU DOJXPDV GRPLQDo}HV HVWUDQJHLUDV WDLV
TXDLV ,PSpULR %ULWkQLFR H GR ,PSpULR 5XVVR TXH DOPHMDYDP D H[SDQVmR GH VHXV LPSpULRV
$LQGD IH] VH XP SDQRUDPD JHUDO VREUH D LPSRUWkQFLD KLVWyULFD JHRSROtWLFD GR WHUULWyULR
DIHJmR H VHX PDSHDPHQWR pWQLFR MXQWDPHQWH FRP D rQIDVH TXH D FXOWXUD H D UHOLJLmR SRVVXHP
XP SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH H DWLYR QR (VWDGR
 2V SUHFHGHQWHV H RV PRWLYRV LQLFLDLV SDUD LQWHUYHQomR UXVVD WDPEpP VmR WUDWDGRV
QHVVHV SRQWRV DQWHULRUHV FRPR R WUHFKR H[SOLFLWD D VHJXLU

(P D 8566 H R $IHJDQLVWmR DVVLQDUDP XP 7UDWDGR GH

$PL]DGH %RD 9L]LQKDQoD H &RRSHUDomR QR LQWXLWR GH SURPRYHU D
DVVLVWrQFLD H R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR P~WXR (QWUHWDQWR XP DQR GHSRLV
D 8566 FRP UHFHLR D SHUGHU VXD LQIOXrQFLD H R SUHWH[WR GH HVWDU
DWHQGHQGR D XP FKDPDGR GH DX[tOLR VDOYDJXDUGDQGR D VHJXUDQoD GH
DPERV SDtVHV LQYDGLX R $IHJDQLVWmR HQWUDQGR HP GLVSXWD GH IRUPD
GLUHWD SHOR SRGHU &RPEDWHQGR RV PXMDKHGLQV MRYHQV PLOLWDQWHV GD
MLKDG JXHUUD VDQWD H R SUHVLGHQWH $PLQ TXH QDTXHOH PRPHQWR
KDYLD DVVXPLGR R SRGHU HP GHFRUUrQFLD GD PRUWH GH 7DUDNL GRLV
PHVHV DQWHV HPSRVVDQGR VHX LQFRQGLFLRQDO DOLDGR .DUPDO H
DWULEXLQGR OKH R GRPtQLR GR (VWDGR DIHJmR &RP LVVR FRPHoD D
JXHUUD FLYLO H D JXHUUD UXVVR DIHJm RX DLQGD VRYLpWLFD DIHJm $
SDUWLU GH FRP R DSRLR HVWDGXQLGHQVH DRV PXMDKHGLQV
DEDVWHFHQGR RV EHOLFDPHQWH D JXHUUD PXGRX R VHX FXUVR S

(P VHTXrQFLD QR WySLFR GLVFRUUHX VH VREUH D LPSRUWkQFLD GR WHUULWyULR DIHJmR SDUD D

8QLmR 6RYLpWLFD DVVLP FRPR DV UHODo}HV GHVWD FRP R $IHJDQLVWmR TXH GHUDP VH TXDQGR D
8566 IRL D SULPHLUD D UHFRQKHFHU R VWDWXV GR (VWDGR HP TXHVWmR FRPR SDtV LQGHSHQGHQWH H
TXH GHYLGR D LVVR R (VWDGR Mi VH HQFRQWUDYD GHEDL[R GD LQIOXrQFLD VRYLpWLFD HP GLYHUVDV
iUHDV GR JRYHUQR DVVLP

R $IHJDQLVWmR HUD GHPDVLDGDPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH SDUD D 8QLmR

6RYLpWLFD PHVPR QmR WHQGR DFHVVR DR PDU QmR VRPHQWH SRU
SUHFLVDU H[SDQGLU VXD ]RQD GH LQIOXrQFLD SHOR H[WHULRU SUy[LPR
WHQWDQGR HYLWDU LQYDV}HV H LQIOXrQFLDV GRV (8$ H REWHU PDLV IRUoD
H DOLDGRV SHOR FRQWH[WR YLJHQWH GD *XHUUD )ULD PDV WDPEpP GHYLGR
D H[SDQVmR GR LVODPLVPR H GR ³WHUURULVPR¶¶ JHQHUDOL]DGR FRPR HP
VHX WHUULWyULR (VVH ~OWLPR IDWRU VH REVHUYD SHORV PRYLPHQWRV
VHSDUDWLVWDV TXH RFRUULDP QD 5~VVLD FRP VXD SRSXODomR PXoXOPDQD
SULQFLSDOPHQWH QD UHJLmR GD &KHFKrQLD QHVVH DVSHFWR HVWULWR D
5~VVLD VH FRORFDYD DR ODGR GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV SDUD D *XHUUD GR
7HUURULVPR SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR SHUtRGR SyV JXHUUD DIHJm VRYLpWLFD
LVVR OHJLWLPDULD DV DWURFLGDGHV UHDOL]DGDV SHOR JRYHUQR QR WHUULWyULR
VHSDUDWLVWD UXVVR H R LQWHUYHQFLRQLVPR GLUHWR HP PRPHQWRV
SRVWHULRUHV (VVHV DSRQWDP DOJXQV SRUTXrV GD VXSUHPDFLD UXVVD VHU
WmR H[WHQVLYD DEUDQJHQWH H FDGD YH] PDLV FRQWURODGRUD GHVGH D
LQGHSHQGrQFLD DIHJm R TXH UHVXOWRX SRU ILP QD LQYDVmR S

3DUD DOpP GRV GLVFXUVRV TXH SUHWHQGLDP OHJLWLPDU D LQYDVmR UXVVD QHVVH WySLFR
WUDWD VH WDPEpP GH FRPR RFRUUHX R ILP GD JXHUUD DIHJm VRYLpWLFD FRP D IRUWH UHVLVWrQFLD GD
SRSXODomR DIHJm H SROtWLFDV GH JRYHUQR GH 0LNKDLO *RUEDFKHY QD 5~VVLD WDLV TXDLV D *ODVQRVW
H 3HUHVWRLN $SyV LVVR R $IHJDQLVWmR SyV LQYDVmR H R LQtFLR GDV JXHUUDV FLYLV QR WHUULWyULR VmR
LQWURGX]LGDV HP DVSHFWR FUtWLFR H DQDOtWLFR WDQWR GR kPELWR LQWHUQR TXDQWR H[WHUQR QR TXH VH
ID] UHIHUrQFLD D RXWURV (VWDGRV HQYROYLGRV QR FRQIOLWR PDLV HVSHFLILFDPHQWH RV (VWDGRV
8QLGRV
1R TXH GL] UHVSHLWR jV LQWHUYHQo}HV HP WHUULWyULR DIHJmR IRUDP UHVHUYDGRV R VXEWySLFR
H R WySLFR SDUD GLVFRUUHU VREUH D LQWHUIHUrQFLD GDV JUDQGHV SRWrQFLDV GD *XHUUD )ULD
5~VVLD H (VWDGRV 8QLGRV H GH RXWURV (VWDGRV H JUXSRV QD UHJLmR $SyV XP UHODWR KLVWyULFR
PDLV GHWDOKDGR VREUH R JRYHUQR GD pSRFD TXH VH IH] QHFHVViULR SDUD HQWHQGHUPRV R LQtFLR GR
FRQIOLWR IRUDP DERUGDGDV DV TXHVW}HV TXH OHYDUDP WDQWR RV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV TXDQWR D 5~VVLD D
VH PRELOL]DUHP UHODWDQGR WDPEpP TXHVW}HV GH ILQDQFLDPHQWRV DR FRQIOLWR RULXQGRV GH
GLYHUVRV SDtVHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH (VWDGRV GR 2ULHQWH 0pGLR
)RUDP DQDOLVDGDV WDPEpP D SDUWLFLSDomR GH JUXSRV JXHUULOKHLURV FRPR RV PXMDKHGLQV
LQLFLDOPHQWH ILQDQFLDGRV SHORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV RV LQWHUHVVHV GD 812&$/ 8QLRQ 2LO
&RPSDQ\ RI &DOLIRUQLD HPSUHVD DPHULFDQD H DWXDo}HV GD 218 IUHQWH D WDO TXHVWmR e
LPSRUWDQWH VDOLHQWDUPRV TXH R $IHJDQLVWmR QmR p XP WHUULWyULR GH FRQIOLWR DSHQDV HVWDWDLV PDV
WDPEpP FRQWD FRP D DWXDomR GD $O 4DHGD GR 7DOLEm H GR (VWDGR ,VOkPLFR TXH YLVDP
SULQFLSDOPHQWH DFDEDU FRP D LQIOXrQFLD RFLGHQWDO QD UHJLmR 3RU HVVD UD]mR D DQiOLVH GHVVHV
JUXSRV WDPEpP IRL DERUGDGD QHVVH DUWLJR YLVDQGR DVVLP WHU XPD YLVmR PDLV DPSOD GRV DWRUHV
TXH FDXVDUDP H FDXVDP FRQIOLWRV QR WHUULWyULR DIHJmR
3RUWDQWR D UHOHYkQFLD GHVWD SHVTXLVD FRQWULEXL SDUD D H[SODQDomR GD TXHVWmR GR
$IHJDQLVWmR FRPR XP DWRU GR VLVWHPD LQWHUQDFLRQDO PDUFDGR SRU XPD JDQJUHQD KLVWyULFD (VWD
SHVTXLVD DX[LOLD QD DQiOLVH FRQMXQWXUDO GR $IHJDQLVWmR DWXDO EDVHDGR HP XP GRV PRPHQWRV
PDLV WHQVRV GH VXD KLVWyULD &RPR Mi FLWDGR R REMHWLYR GR SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR QmR p VRPHQWH
WUDWDU GDV UHSHUFXVV}HV GD LQYDVmR VRYLpWLFD QR $IHJDQLVWmR FRPR WDPEpP VH IDPLOLDUL]DU
FRP HVWD TXHVWmR D ILP GH GHVHQYROYHU IXWXUDV SHVTXLVDV PDLV DSURIXQGDGDV 'HVVD IRUPD
FRQILUPRX VH HQWmR D KLSyWHVH LQLFLDO PRVWUDQGR TXH R KLVWyULFR FRQIOLWXRVR GR $IHJDQLVWmR
FRQWULEXLX H GHVHQYROYHX XP SDtV GHSHQGHQWH H[WHUQDPHQWH H DLQGD XWLOL]DGR FRPR SDOFR SDUD
LQWHUYHQFLRQLVPR HVWUDQJHLUR

5HIHUrQFLDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV

$)*+$1,67$1 DQG 81,21 2) 629,(7 62&,$/,67 5(38%/,&6 7UHDW\ RI

IULHQGVKLS JRRG QHLJKERXUOLQHVV DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ 0RVFRX 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWS ZZZ FDZDWHU LQIR QHW DIJKDQLVWDQ SGI DIJKDQLVWDQBXVVUBFRRSHUDWLRQB BHQ SGI !
$FHVVR HP DEU

$7:$1 $EGHO %DUL +RO\ :DUULRU 7KH 7DOLEDQ ,Q $7:$1 $EGHO %DUL 7KH VHFUHW
KLVWRU\ RI $O 4DHGD &DOLIRUQLD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV FDS S
'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWSV ERRNV JRRJOH FRP EU ERRNV"LG MM/Y'( )\ & SULQWVHF IURQWFRYHU KO SW %5 Y R
QHSDJH T WDOLEDQ I IDOVH! $FHVVR HP PDLR

%$37,67$ 3DXOR /XtV $IHJDQLVWmR 8PD DQiOLVH *HRSROtWLFD 5HIOH[}HV VREUH TXHVW}HV
GD 3D] H GD *XHUUD /LVERD Q DEU 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWSV ZZZ UHYLVWDPLOLWDU SW DUWLJRSGI ! $FHVVR HP DEU

(8$ TXHUHP SDVVDU JDVRGXWR SHOR $IHJDQLVWmR GL]HP DQDOLVWDV (VWDGmR 6mR 3DXOR
PDLR 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWS LQWHUQDFLRQDO HVWDGDR FRP EU QRWLFLDV JHUDO HXD TXHUHP SDVVDU JDVRGXWR SHOR DIHJDQLV
WDR GL]HP DQDOLVWDV S ! $FHVVR HP DEU

)($785( +,6725< 6RYLHW $IJKDQ :DU P V 'LVSRQtYHO HP

KWWSV ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y )'4/+)%S D0! $FHVVR HP DEU
)25,*8$ 52-$6 (PHUVVRQ *XHUUD HQ $IJDQLVWiQ /D H[SHULHQFLD VRYLpWLFD 3DSHO
SROtWLFR %RJRWi Y Q S MDQ MXQ 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWS ZZZ UHGDO\F RUJ DUWLFXOR RD"LG ! $FHVVR HP PDU

*$5&,$ 0DUFR $QWRQLR /D LQWHUYHQFLyQ VRYLpWLFD HQ $IJDQLVWiQ

'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSV VHQGHURVGHODKLVWRULD ZRUGSUHVV FRP !
$FHVVR HP PDLR

,167,787( )25 7+( 678'< 2) :$5 5XVVLD DQG $IJKDQLVWDQ 'LVSRQtYHO HP

KWWS ZZZ XQGHUVWDQGLQJZDU RUJ UXVVLD DQG DIJKDQLVWDQ! $FHVVR HP PDLR

0('(,526 &DUORV $JXLDU GH $ HFRQRPLD SROtWLFD GD WUDQVLomR QD 5~VVLD $ HVWUDWpJLD GH

UHIRUPD GH *RUEDWFKHY ,Q 0('(,526 &DUORV $JXLDU GH HW DO 2UJ 8PD ORQJD WUDQVLomR
YLQWH DQRV GH WUDQVIRUPDo}HV QD 5~VVLD %UDVtOLD ,3($ FDS S 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWS ZZZ LSHD JRY EU SRUWDO LPDJHV VWRULHV 3')V OLYURV OLYURV OLYURBUXVVLD SGI! $FHVVR
HP PDLR

3$87$662 'LHJR '( 2/,9(,5$ /XFDV .HUU $ VHJXUDQoD HQHUJpWLFD GD &KLQD H DV

UHDo}HV GRV (8$ 3UREOHPDV GH VHJXUDQoD HQHUJpWLFD 5HYLVWD &RQWH[WR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 5LR
GH -DQHLUR Y Q S PDLR DJR 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWS ZZZ VFLHOR EU SGI FLQW Y Q Y Q D SGI! $FHVVR HP PDLR

52'5Ë*8(= (QULTXH $IJDQLVWiQ \ OD JHRSROtWLFD LQWHUQDFLRQDO 0DGULG 3OD]D \ 9DOGpV

'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWSV ERRNV JRRJOH HV ERRNV"KO SW %5 OU LG N.-;9LV 24& RL IQG SJ 3$ GT
DIJDQLVWDQ DQWHV GH OD JXHUUD RWV RD()[-S 7] VLJ BY3=KFR$P JM]'1&+ Y ( G*T
Y RQHSDJH T DIJDQLVWDQ DQWHV GH OD JXHUUD I IDOVH! $FHVVR HP PDU

6&+:$'( 7LDJR 2 GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR WHUURULVPR LVODPLWD PRGHUQR QR $IHJDQLVWmR

5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWSV ZZZ XQLYDWHV EU EGX ELWVWUHDP 7LDJR,VPDHO6FKZDGH SGI! $FHVVR
HP PDLR

69(,1%-2517 =ELJQLHZ %U]H]LQVNL WR WKH 0XMDKLGHHQ <RXU FDXVH LV ULJKW DQG *RG
LV RQ \RXU VLGH P 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWSV ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y $ 5&)=Q:*( ! $FHVVR HP DEU

6=&=(3$16., .DOOLH 7KH 0XMDKLGHHQ RI $IJKDQLVWDQ MXQ 'LVSRQtYHO HP

KWWSV ZZZ WKRXJKWFR FRP WKH PXMDKLGHHQ RI DIJKDQLVWDQ ! $FHVVR HP DEU

7$11(5 6WHSKHQ $IJKDQLVWDQ D PLOLWDU\ KLVWRU\ IURP $OH[DQGHU 7KH *UHDW WR WKH IDOO
RI WKH 7DOLEDQ &DPEULGJH 'D &DSR 3UHVV

75$80$11 $QGUHZ .$0,16., 0DULQD 2 :DWHUORR GD *XHUUD )ULD DQWHFHGHQWHV GD

LQYDVmR VRYLpWLFD DR $IHJDQLVWmR 5HYLVWD GH $QiOLVH ,QWHUQDFLRQDO &XULWLED 9RO Q
S DJR GH] 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWS ZZZ KXPDQDV XISU EU SRUWDO QHSUL ILOHV $QGUHZ SGI! $FHVVR HP PDU