Orphan: is the first line of a paragraph on the last line of a page

To get rid of an orphan, preceded the paragraph with \clearpage.

\clubpenalty
valor padro = 150
\clubpenatly = 10000
\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip}
faz a pgina ficar um pouco menor,
para a linha que comeou erradamente nesta pgina possa ir para a prxima
ou pode usar
\clearpage
\pagebreak
ou aumentar o espao entre pargrafos
\setlength{\parskip}{3ex plus 2ex minus 2ex}

Widow: is the lastline of the paragraph on a new page

To get rid of a widow is harder
\looseness=-1 na ltima palavra para no ir para a prxima pgina (widow)
ou fazer a pgina um pouco mais longa
\widowbreak
valor padro = 150
\widowbreak = 10000
\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} % aumenta a pgina um pouco para a ltima linha perd
ida (viva) volta para a pgina

\pagebreak[3]
....
\pagebreak[3] % menor = 0 ; mais forte = 4

\samepage previne o break

\@setpar prevent breaks between paragraphs

\newenvironment{blah}{\part
\samepage
\@setpar{\@@par\nobreak}%
}{%
\par
\allowbreak
}

flexibilidade do tamanho da pgina

\raggedbottom
\clubpenalty para rfos (valor padro = 150)
\widowpenalty para vivas (valor padro = 150)

\looseness=-1 para no deixar ir para a prxima pgina

\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip}
\penalty
\looseness -1
\linepealty
\displaywidow- penalty
\displaywidowpenalty
\displaywidowpenalty to 50

\raggedbottom is the opposite of \flushbottom

nomalmente usados no preambulo
\begin{doublespace}
\end{doublespace}
\begin{spacing}{2.5}
\end{spacing}

nonbreak space = ~
Fernando~Carvalho
or \mbox{Fernando Carvalho}

to avoid hyphenation
\hyphenpenalty=100000

\package{needspace}
\needspace{5\baselineskip}

para diminuir os floats para outra pgina

\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.8}
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.8}
s muda de pgina se for maior que 75%
\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75}
\floatpagefraction tem que ser sempre menor que \topfraction

\clubpenalty=0 % Page break after a single line of text starting a parag

raph
\widowpenalty=0 % Page break before a single line of text ending a paragr
aph
\predisplaypenalty=0 % Page break before math display
\postdisplaypenalty=0 % Page break after math display

padro do TeX
\brokenpenalty to 100

\AtBeginDocument{
\let\savedfullstop.
\catcode`\.=\active
\def.{\savedfullstop\penalty-1000\relax}
}

\clubpenalty10000
\widowpenalty10000

\question[\half]{What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?}

\nopagebreak\noindent\begin{minipage}[]{\linewidth}\begin{checkboxes}{}
\choice 10 m/s
\CorrectChoice What do you mean? African or European swallow?
\choice 8 m/s
\choice 12 m/s
\end{checkboxes}\end{minipage}{}

% permite uso dos 10pt

\raggedbottom
\addtolength{\topskip}{0pt plus 10pt}
% to cancel
\addtolength{\topskip}{0pt plus-10pt}
\needspace

\par
\needspace{4\baselineskip}
\Needspace{4\baselineskip}
\Needspace*{4\baselineskip}
% outro truque
\filbreak % antes de cada pequeno bloco
\let\oldsubsubsection=\subsubsection
\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{%
\filbreak
\oldsubsubsection
}