1o Teste - Mecânica Quântica I (FI001)

Um sistema de dois estados é caracterizado pela Hamiltoniana:

H = H 11 1 1 + H 22 2 2 + H 12 [ 1 2 + 2 1 ]
Nesta expressão, H 11 , H 22 e H 12 são números reais com dimensão de energia, e 1
e 2 são autoestados de algum observável (que não H). Encontre os autoestados e
os autovalores de energia1. Certifique-se de que o seu resultado faz sentido para a
situação na qual H 12 = 0 .

S ⋅ nˆ :

β β
S ⋅ nˆ nˆ;+ = nˆ;+ nˆ;+ = cos + + e iα sen −
2 2 2
! " " #

$ % & ! " α β n̂ + −
' " ( )

S= σ * σ = σ x xˆ + σ y yˆ + σ z zˆ *
2

0 1 0 −i 1 0
σx = ; σy = ; σx =
1 0 i 0 0 −1

x 1 − cos(x ) x 1 + cos(x )
sen 2 = ; cos 2 =
2 2 2 2
Gabarito

+ " ,

b
a1 + bS ⋅ nˆ = a1 + σ ⋅ nˆ
2

$ n̂ :

nˆ = cos(α )sen (β )xˆ + sen (α ) sen (β ) yˆ + cos(β )zˆ

- & ,

a 0 b cos(β ) cos(α ) sen (β ) − i sen (α ) sen (β )

a1 + bS ⋅ nˆ = +
0 a 2 cos(α )sen (β ) + i sen (α ) sen (β ) − cos(β )

a 0 b cos(β ) sen (β )[cos(α ) − i sen (α )]

= +
0 a 2 sen (β )[cos(α ) + i sen (α )] − cos(β )

a 0 b cos(β ) sen (β )e − iα
= +
0 a 2 sen (β )e iα − cos(β )

+ " '
. ! & /
0# + ,

b b
a+ cos(β ) sen (β )e −iα H 11 H 12
2 2 =ˆ
b b H H 22
sen (β )e iα a − cos(β ) 12
2 2

" / %
! a b α β H 11 , H 22 e H 12 :

b
a+ cos(β ) = H 11
2
b
a − cos(β ) = H 22
2
b
sen (β )e −iα = H 12
2
b
sen (β )e iα = H 12
2

% " 1 &
& ,

e −iα = e + iα α =0
 % " 2 a / &
% 3 a % &
4 % a b β:

H 11 + H 22
a=
2
1
b cos(β ) = (H 11 − H 22 )

2
b sen (β ) = H 12

$ & . % 5
. / % 4 .2 + ,

b 2 = b 2 cos 2 (β ) + b 2 sen 2 (β ) =
1
2
[(H 11 − H 22 ) + 4 H 12
2
]
1
b= (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12

+ / & b&
! " β ,

cos(β ) =
(H 11 − H 22 )
(H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12
2 H 12
sen (β ) =
(H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12

+ 2 " / 6&
. / & !
. " & 7 "
7 8
S ⋅ nˆ , / ! "
09 ,

(a1 + bS ⋅ nˆ ) nˆ;± = a±b

2
nˆ;±

- & . &
H 11 & H 22 H 12 9 ,

{a1 + bS ⋅ nˆ} nˆ;± =

H 11 + H 22
2
±
1
2
(H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12 nˆ;±

9 . " ' &

: + −
 ' , 1 =ˆ + 2 =ˆ − /
" . 3 *
,

β β
nˆ;+ = cos + + e iα sen −
2 2

" n̂;− & nˆ;− = − nˆ;+ − n̂ &

% . ,

α inv = π + α
β inv = π − β

; ,

π −β π −β
nˆ;− = − nˆ;+ = cos + + e iπ e iα sen −
2 2

β β
nˆ;− = sen + − e iα cos −
2 2

$ 2 &
/ & / "
!

" H 11 & H 22 H 12 "

. ( 2 & + ,

β 1 − cos(β ) 1 (H 11 − H 22 )
sen = = 1−
2 2 2 (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12

cos
β
=
1 + cos(β )
=
1
1+
(H 11 − H 22 )
2 2 2 (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12

: ,
/ . & + : 2 ,

1 (H 11 − H 22 ) 1 (H 11 − H 22 )
nˆ;+ = 1+ + + 1− −
2 (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12 2 (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12

1 (H 11 − H 22 ) 1 (H 11 − H 22 )
nˆ;− = 1− + − 1+ −
2 (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12 2 (H 11 − H 22 )2 + 4 H 12
 %
H 12 = 0 :

1
nˆ;+ = [1 + χ ] + + 1 [1 − χ ] −
2 2
χ=
(H 11 − H 22 )
nˆ;− =
1
[1 − χ ] + − 1 [1 + χ ] − (H 11 − H 22 )2
2 2

& χ / (H 11 − H 22 ) 9
H 11 > H 22 χ = 1,

nˆ;+ = +
nˆ;− = − −

/ , " &
3 & 1 2 &
+ − & # (
" $ / " 9
H 11 < H 22 χ = −1 $ .
. " % & !
/ n̂;+ /
" #