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MINDFULNESS
E PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE
São Paulo
2018
Marcelo Marcos Piva Demarzo,
Professor Adjunto do Departamento de
Medicina Preventiva da Universidade
Federal de São Paulo, apresenta este
texto de acordo com o Regimento
Interno de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa
da Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
como forma de sistematização de sua
produção científica, abrangendo as
pesquisas realizadas após a titulação
de doutorado até outubro de 2018.
2
FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA
3
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO PAULO
Presidente da Banca:
Banca Examinadora:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Média final = 9,45 [provas: escrita, prática, didática | arguição do memorial e tese]
4
Dedico essas páginas aos meus dois
irmãos e minha irmã; aos meus dois
filhos e minha filha; à minha esposa;
aos meus amigos e amigas; aos colegas
de trabalho; a todos meus professores,
orientadores e mestres; e a cada um de
meus alunos. Cada um, à sua maneira e
ao seu tempo, foram fundamentais.
5
Agradecimentos
6
Minha gratidão também às agências de fomento e outros apoiadores e
financiadores dos estudos aqui apresentados: CNPq, CAPES, FAPESP, FAP-
UNIFESP, Ministério da Saúde, e o Centro Mente Aberta.
Especialmente, minha eterna gratidão à minha família pelo suporte irrestrito,
compreensão e paciência nas horas sem fim de trabalho nas “madrugas e fins
de semana da vida”.
7
“Esse eu que é vós pois não
ser apenas mim, preciso dos
outros para me manter de pé,
tão tonto que sou, eu
enviesado, enfim que é que se
há de fazer senão meditar
para cair naquele vazio pleno
que só se atinge com a
meditação. Meditação não
precisa de ter resultados: a
meditação pode ter como fim
apenas ela mesma. Eu medito
sem palavras e sobre o nada.
O que me atrapalha a vida é
escrever...”
Clarice Lispector
“A Hora da Estrela”
8
Sumário
RESUMO .......................................................................................................................... 15
APRESENTAÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 16
INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................. 18
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE versus PREVENÇÃO .......................................................... 18
CONCEITO DE PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE ................................................................. 18
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE versus PREVENÇÃO DE DOENÇAS ................................ 22
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE NO BRASIL....................................................................... 23
O QUE É MINDFULNESS?........................................................................................... 24
MINDFULNESS COMO ESTADO PSICOLÓGICO .................................................... 26
MINDFULNESS COMO TRAÇO PSICOLÓGICO ...................................................... 27
MINDFULNESS COMO TÉCNICA OU PRÁTICA ...................................................... 28
MINDFULNESS E PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE................................................................ 29
PROGRAMAS DE INTERVENÇÃO BASEADOS EM MINDFULNESS ......................... 31
QUANDO INDICAR? ................................................................................................. 32
PROGRAMA DE PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE BASEADA EM MINDFULNESS (MBHP) 41
JUSTIFICATIVA ........................................................................................................... 44
MECANISMOS DE ATUAÇÃO DE MINDFULNESS......................................................... 46
ENSAIO ESPECULATIVO – HIPÓTESES..................................................................... 46
Demarzo MM, et al. Mindfulness may both moderate and mediate the effect of physical
fitness on cardiovascular responses to stress: a speculative hypothesis. Front Physiol.
2014 .............................................................................................................................. 46
MECANISMOS PSICOLÓGICOS .................................................................................. 47
Barros VV, Opaleye ES, Demarzo M, et al. Dispositional mindfulness, anticipation and
abstinence symptoms related to hypnotic dependence among insomniac women who
seek treatment: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018............................................. 47
Cebolla A, Campos D, Galiana L, Oliver A, Tomás JM, Feliu-Soler A, Soler J, García-
Campayo J, Demarzo M, Baños RM. Exploring relations among mindfulness facets and
various meditation practices: Do they work in different ways? Conscious Cogn. 2017 ... 49
Montero-Marín J, Gaete J, Demarzo M, et al. Self-Criticism: A Measure of
Uncompassionate Behaviors Toward the Self, Based on the Negative Components of the
Self-Compassion Scale. Front Psychol. 2016 ................................................................ 50
Montero-Marin J, Zubiaga F, Cereceda M, Piva Demarzo MM, et al. Burnout Subtypes
and Absence of Self-Compassion in Primary Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-
Sectional Study. PLoS One. 2016 ................................................................................. 51
9
Montero-Marin J, Tops M, Manzanera R, Piva Demarzo MM, et al. Mindfulness,
Resilience, and Burnout Subtypes in Primary Care Physicians: The Possible Mediating
Role of Positive and Negative Affect. Front Psychol. 2015............................................. 53
Soler J, Franquesa A, Feliu-Soler A, Cebolla A, García-Campayo J, Tejedor R, Demarzo
M, et al. Assessing decentering: validation, psychometric properties, and clinical
usefulness of the Experiences Questionnaire in a Spanish sample. Behav Ther. 2014 .. 54
Soler J, Cebolla A, Feliu-Soler A, Demarzo MM, et al. Relationship between meditative
practice and self-reported mindfulness: the MINDSENS composite index. PLoS One.
2014 .............................................................................................................................. 55
Garcia-Campayo J, Navarro-Gil M, Andrés E, Montero-Marin J, López-Artal L, Demarzo
MM. Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms
of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014 ....................... 57
Cebolla A, Luciano JV, Demarzo MP, et al. Psychometric properties of the Spanish
version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in patients with fibromyalgia.
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013 .................................................................................. 58
MECANISMOS PSICOBIOLÓGICOS ............................................................................ 59
Alda M, Puebla-Guedea M, Rodero B, Demarzo M, et al. Zen meditation, Length of
Telomeres, and the Role of Experiential Avoidance and Compassion. Mindfulness (N Y).
2016 .............................................................................................................................. 59
Garcia-Martin E, Ruiz-de-Gopegui E, Otin S, Blasco A, Larrosa JM, Polo V, Pablo LE,
Demarzo M, Garcia-Campayo J. Assessment of Visual Function and Structural Retinal
Changes in Zen Meditators: Potential Effect of Mindfulness on Visual Ability.
Mindfulness. 2016 ......................................................................................................... 60
Tanaka GK, Maslahati T, Gongora M, Bittencourt J, Lopez LC, Demarzo MM, et al.
Effortless Attention as a Biomarker for Experienced Mindfulness Practitioners. PLoS
One. 2015 ..................................................................................................................... 62
REVISÕES NARRATIVAS E SISTEMÁTICAS .............................................................. 63
Medina WL, Wilson D, de Salvo V, Vannucchi B, de Souza ÉL, Lucena L, Sarto HM,
Modrego-Alarcón M, Garcia-Campayo J, Demarzo M. Effects of Mindfulness on Diabetes
Mellitus: Rationale and Overview. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2017 .......................................... 63
Sanada K, Montero-Marin J, Alda Díez M, Salas-Valero M, Pérez-Yus MC, Morillo H,
Demarzo MM, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Salivary Cortisol in
Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analytical Review. Front Physiol. 2016 ..................................... 64
Sanada K, Alda Díez M, Salas Valero M, Pérez-Yus MC, Demarzo MM, et al. Effects of
mindfulness-based interventions on biomarkers in healthy and cancer populations: a
systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 ................................................ 65
ARTIGO COMPLETO: Atanes AC, Andreoni S, Hirayama MS, Montero-Marin J, Barros
VV, Ronzani TM, Kozasa EH, Soler J, Cebolla A, Garcia-Campayo J, Demarzo MM.
Mindfulness, perceived stress, and subjective well-being: a correlational study in primary
care health professionals. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 .................................... 67
Abstract......................................................................................................................... 67
10
Background ................................................................................................................... 67
Methods ........................................................................................................................ 69
Design ....................................................................................................................... 69
Procedure and ethics ................................................................................................. 69
Measures .................................................................................................................. 69
Data analysis ............................................................................................................. 71
Results .......................................................................................................................... 71
Characteristics of participants .................................................................................... 71
Table 1 ...................................................................................................................... 72
Table 2 ...................................................................................................................... 72
Professional categories and length of service ............................................................ 72
Table 3 ...................................................................................................................... 73
Associations between mindfulness, stress, and well-being......................................... 74
Table 4 ...................................................................................................................... 74
Discussion..................................................................................................................... 75
Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 78
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 79
Funding ......................................................................................................................... 79
Footnotes ...................................................................................................................... 79
References.................................................................................................................... 80
IMPACTO DOS PROGRAMAS DE MINDFULNESS EM DIFERENTES POPULAÇÕES . 83
Cicuto KM, Fuentes D, Demarzo M. Estudo sobre os efeitos de uma intervenção
baseada em mindfulness nas funções neuropsicológicas de estudantes universitários.
São Paulo, 2017............................................................................................................ 83
Barros VV, Demarzo M, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention on the
Chronic Use of Hypnotics in Treatment-Seeking Women with Insomnia: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. 2017. ................................................................................................... 85
Van Gordon W, Shonin E, Dunn TJ, Garcia-Campayo J, Demarzo MMP, Griffiths MD.
Meditation awareness training for the treatment of workaholism: A controlled trial. J
Behav Addict. 2017 ....................................................................................................... 86
ARTIGO COMPLETO [RESEACH LETTER]: Demarzo MM, et al. Mindfulness-based
stress reduction (MBSR) in perceived stress and quality of life: an open, uncontrolled
study in a Brazilian healthy sample. Explore (NY). 2014 ................................................ 88
Introduction................................................................................................................ 88
Methods .................................................................................................................... 88
Results ...................................................................................................................... 89
Discussion ................................................................................................................. 91
11
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 91
References ................................................................................................................ 92
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE MINDFULNESS EM SISTEMAS DE SAÚDE .............................. 94
ESTUDOS DE INTERVENÇÃO .................................................................................... 97
Demarzo M, et al. Efficacy of 8- and 4-Session Mindfulness-Based Interventions in a
Non-clinical Population: A Controlled Study. Front Psychol. 2017 .................................. 97
Sopezki D, Demarzo M. Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based
Intervention (“Breathworks for Stress”) versus Relaxation in the Symptoms of Burnout in
Primary Care Providers: A Mixed-Methods Pragmatic Controlled Study. 2017............... 98
Lopes SA, Vannucchi BP, Demarzo M, et al. Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based
Intervention in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain in Nursing Workers. Pain
Manag Nurs. 2018 ....................................................................................................... 100
INQUÉRITOS .............................................................................................................. 102
Cebolla A, Demarzo M, et al. Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A
multicentre survey. PLoS One. 2017 ........................................................................... 102
ENSAIOS TEÓRICOS E ESTUDOS DE REVISÃO ..................................................... 103
Demarzo MM, et al. The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Primary Care: A
Meta-Analytic Review. Ann Fam Med. 2015 ................................................................ 103
García-Campayo J, Demarzo M, et al. How Do Cultural Factors Influence the Teaching
and Practice of Mindfulness and Compassion in Latin Countries? Front Psychol. 2017104
Plaza I, Demarzo MM, et al. Mindfulness-based mobile applications: literature review and
analysis of current features. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2013 ........................................... 105
ARTIGO COMPLETO: Demarzo MM, Cebolla A, Garcia-Campayo J. The implementation
of mindfulness in healthcare systems: a theoretical analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015
................................................................................................................................... 109
Abstract ................................................................................................................... 109
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 110
Implementing mindfulness in the healthcare system: the case of United Kingdom ... 110
PC: the gateway for mindfulness in healthcare systems........................................... 112
MBIs are “complex interventions” in healthcare systems .......................................... 112
Professional qualifications to teach and deliver MBIs ............................................... 118
Funding, costs and number of instructors ................................................................ 119
Cost effectiveness of MBIs ...................................................................................... 121
“Stepped-care” and “low intensity–high volume”: key concepts for the large-scale
implementation of mindfulness................................................................................. 122
Conclusion and agenda for future studies ................................................................ 124
Conflict of Interest.................................................................................................... 125
Author Contributions ................................................................................................ 125
12
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... 126
References .............................................................................................................. 126
CONTINUIDADE DA LINHA DE PESQUISA .................................................................. 131
ARTIGOS EM FASE DE REDAÇÃO OU SUBMETIDOS ............................................. 131
SUBMETIDOS ......................................................................................................... 131
Sopezki D, Demarzo M. Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based
Intervention (“Breathworks for Stress”) versus Relaxation in the Symptoms of Burnout
in Primary Care Providers: A Mixed-Methods Pragmatic Controlled Study. 2018.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02387528. ............................................................. 131
EM FASE DE REDAÇÃO ........................................................................................ 132
Demarzo M, et al. Preliminary Efficacy of 8- and 2-session Mindfulness-Based
Interventions in Primary Care Providers: a Randomized Controlled Study. 2018...... 132
Demarzo M, et al. Validation of the long and short Brazilian versions of the “Burnout
Clinical Subtype Questionnaire” (BCSQ): a cross-sectional study among primary care
professionals. 2018 ................................................................................................. 132
Barros VV, Demarzo M, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention on the
Chronic Use of Hypnotics in Treatment-Seeking Women with Insomnia: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. 2018. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02127411. .......................... 132
Cicuto KM, Fuentes D, Demarzo M. Association between mindfulness, impulsivity and
neuropsychological measures in a non-clinical population: a correlational study. 2018.
................................................................................................................................ 133
Otero TB, et al, Demarzo M. Psychological Flexibility in Primary Care
Providers: psychometric and usefulness of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire
(AAQ-II) in mood disorders-related psychological distress. 2018.............................. 133
Oliveira D, et al., Demarzo M. An Outpatient Mindfulness Clinic for Chronic Condition:
a Learning Report from the Brazilian Center “Mente Aberta”. 2018 .......................... 134
Favarato ML, Demarzo M. Avaliação da usabilidade e eficácia preliminar de um
programa online de autocuidado baseado em Mindfulness nos níveis de Burnout em
profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). 2019.......................................... 134
Cicuto KM, Fuentes D, Demarzo M. Effects of the Mindfulness-based Health
Promotion (MBHP) program on neuropsychological functions of Brazilian college
students: an exploratory RCT. 2019......................................................................... 134
PROJETOS EM ANDAMENTO OU SUBMETIDOS A AGÊNCIAS DE FOMENTO ...... 135
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE MINDFULNESS EM SISTEMAS DE SAÚDE ...................... 135
Demarzo M, Fortes S. Capacitação de profissionais do sistema único de saúde (SUS)
para facilitação de grupos de promoção da saúde baseados em mindfulness – projeto
“MEDITASUS!”. 2019. ............................................................................................. 135
Salvo V, Kristeller J, Montero Marin J, Sanudo A, Lourenço BH, Schveitzer MC,
D'Almeida V, Morillo H, Gimeno SGA, Garcia-Campayo J, Demarzo M. Mindfulness as
13
a complementary intervention in the treatment of overweight and obesity in primary
health care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018................. 136
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE MINDFULNESS NA SAÚDE ESCOLAR ............................. 137
Oliveira DR, D´Almeida V, Terzi AM, Demarzo M. Desenvolvimento de um programa
promoção da saúde baseado em mindfulness para professores (MBHP-educa):
avaliação das funções cognitivas e modificações epigenéticas. 2018. ..................... 137
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE MINDFULNESS NA SAÚDE DO TRABALHADOR E
ORGANIZAÇÕES.................................................................................................... 138
Trombka M, Rocha N, Demarzo M, et al. Study protocol of a multicenter randomized
controlled trial of mindfulness training to reduce burnout and promote quality of life in
police officers: the POLICE study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 ........................................ 138
PROJETOS EM ANDAMENTO – PESQUISADOR ASSOCIADO ............................ 139
Dependência do álcool: estudo longitudinal de Prevenção das Recaídas Baseada em
Mindfulness (MBRP). 2018. Subprojeto de Projeto Temático FAPESP. ................... 139
Estudo de Viabilidade do Programa Prevenção de Recaída Baseado em Mindfulness
(Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention - MBRP) como adjunto ao tratamento
ambulatorial de transtornos por uso de substâncias. Projeto Regular FAPESP. 2018.
................................................................................................................................ 140
NOVO PROJETO – FASE DE REDAÇÃO................................................................... 142
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ............................................................................................ 143
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................... 144
ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................ 153
14
RESUMO
Nas últimas quatro décadas, pesquisadores de todo o mundo têm se dedicado a
estudar o papel dos programas e da prática regular de mindfulness (atenção
plena) para a promoção da saúde.
Encontradas em diversas tradições culturais, religiosas e filosóficas, como por
exemplo no budismo e estoicismo, o conceito e as práticas de meditação do tipo
mindfulness (atenção plena) têm sido cada vez mais integradas na prática clínica
contemporânea de forma secular, laica e não-sectária, principalmente na
psicologia e medicina.
Apesar da meditação ser praticada há pelo menos 3.000 anos, e ser parte
integrante do arsenal terapêutico de alguns sistemas tradicionais de medicina do
oriente, apenas nas últimas décadas têm ocorrido esforços sistemáticos para
sua integração nas intervenções clínicas dentro da medicina dita convencional.
No Brasil, a meditação está oficialmente no rol de práticas integrativas da atual
Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC) desde
2017.
Existem evidências crescentes, a partir de estudos observacionais e
experimentais, incluindo ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados, revisões
sistemáticas e meta-análises, de que a prática regular de mindfulness (prática
da atenção plena) pode contribuir para a prevenção e tratamento de diversas
doenças e condições clínicas, crônicas não transmissíveis principalmente, fato
este associado ao aumento da qualidade de vida e do estado de saúde, e à
redução dos níveis prejudiciais de sintomas de estresse, ansiedade e depressão.
Essa tese apresentará a articulação entre os resultados de diversos estudos
epidemiológicos observacionais e experimentais visando a compreensão do
“fenômeno” mindfulness como estratégia de promoção da saúde, com foco nos
programas de intervenção baseados em mindfulness, incluindo seus
mecanismos de atuação, impacto na saúde de diferentes populações, e a
implementação desses programas como opções terapêuticas em sistemas de
saúde, em especial na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS).
15
APRESENTAÇÃO
16
Em cada eixo, além dos resumos comentados dos principais resultados dos
projetos de pesquisa, inclui-se também o texto na íntegra de 1 dos artigos
relevantes publicados no referido eixo, totalizando-se três artigos com texto
integral, a fim de facilitar a compreensão dos métodos principais e resultados
obtidos.
Por fim, sugiro a leitura prévia do MEMORIAL circunstanciado, haja vista que ele
traz detalhes temporais de minhas atividades como professor e pesquisador e
dos recursos recebidos para as pesquisas.
17
INTRODUÇÃO
18
constatou que 80% das causas das doenças estavam relacionadas a estilo de
vida e ambiente. Esse foi um disparador para o questionamento sobre a
capacidade das ações sanitárias setoriais de resolver os problemas de saúde
sozinhas. Isso levou Lalonde a atribuir ao governo a responsabilidade por outras
medidas, como o controle de fatores que influenciam o meio ambiente (poluição
do ar, eliminação de dejetos humanos, água de abastecimento público, etc.) (ALI
e KATZ, 2015; DEMARZO, 2012; FERREIRA e CASTIEL, 2009; LEAVELL e
CLARK, 1953). Assim, um processo de (re)valorização e (re)conceituação da
promoção da saúde começa a surgir a partir da demanda do controle dos custos
crescentes, referentes à assistência médica – que não correspondiam a
resultados igualmente significativos –, bem como da necessidade de
enfrentamento do quadro crescente de doenças crônico-degenerativas em uma
realidade de envelhecimento populacional.
19
possibilidades de controlar os determinantes do processo saúde-doença (PSD)
e, com isso, ensejarem uma mudança positiva nos níveis de saúde. Implica na
identificação dos obstáculos à adoção das políticas públicas de saúde e em um
modo de removê-los, além de considerar a intersetorialidade das ações, a
implementação de ações coletivas e comunitárias e a reorientação dos serviços
de saúde (FRY e ZASK, 2016).
20
Quadro 1- CINCO CAMPOS DE AÇÃO PARA A PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE
(FRY e ZASK, 2016).
Criação de ambientes Uma vez reconhecida a saúde como sendo produzida socialmente
favoráveis à saúde e em diferentes espaços de convivência, é fundamental a reflexão
e construção de escolas, municípios, locais de trabalho e habitação
saudáveis.
21
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE versus PREVENÇÃO DE
DOENÇAS
É importante salientar a diferença entre “prevenção de doenças” e “promoção da
saúde”, lembrando que ambas são importantes para a condição de “saúde”:
enquanto a prevenção trabalha no sentido de garantir proteção a doenças
específicas, reduzindo suas incidência e prevalência nas populações, a
“promoção da saúde” mais moderna visa incrementar a saúde e bem-estar
gerais, promovendo mudanças nas condições internas (autoeficácia) e externas
(de vida e de trabalho) capazes de beneficiar a saúde de camadas mais amplas
da população, ou seja, facilitar o acesso a escolhas mais saudáveis (FRY e
ZASK, 2016).
Prevenção de
Categoria Promoção da saúde doenças
22
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE NO BRASIL
No Brasil, em 2006, o Ministério da Saúde propôs a Política Nacional de
Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) (MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE SECRETARIA DE
VIGILÂNCIA EM SAÚDE SECRETARIA DE ATENÇÃO À SAÚDE, 2006), com o
objetivo de promover a qualidade de vida e reduzir vulnerabilidade e riscos à
saúde relacionados aos seus determinantes e condicionantes – modos de viver,
condições de trabalho, habitação, ambiente, educação, lazer, cultura, acesso a
bens e serviços essenciais. O documento traz a promoção da saúde como uma
das estratégias de produção de saúde, ou seja, como um modo de pensar e de
operar articulado às demais políticas e tecnologias desenvolvidas no sistema de
saúde brasileiro, contribuindo na construção de ações que possibilitam
responder às necessidades sociais em saúde.
Alimentação saudável
Prática corporal/atividade física
Prevenção e controle do tabagismo
Redução da morbimortalidade em decorrência do uso abusivo de álcool e
outras drogas
Redução da morbimortalidade por acidentes de trânsito
Prevenção da violência e estímulo à cultura de paz
Promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável
23
O QUE É MINDFULNESS?
24
Cardoso e colegas (CARDOSO e colab., 2004) trazem uma definição mais
operacional da meditação, buscando uma padronização para fins científicos e
clínicos. Esses autores definem a meditação segundo 05 parâmetros:
25
MINDFULNESS COMO ESTADO PSICOLÓGICO
“Mindfulness” pode se referir a um estado mental ou psicológico caracterizado
por dois componentes principais (BISHOP e colab., 2004):
26
apenas que a pessoa estava desatenta, ou sem os óculos, ou que simplesmente
não lhe reconheceu. O problema é que essa avaliação enviesada da realidade
(viés cognitivo), mesmo que de um fato banal, pode levar a ruminações de horas
ou dias, provocando cansaço mental, tristeza, culpa, ou mesmo exacerbações
ou recorrências de quadros patológicos como ansiedade e depressão, em
pessoas predisponentes.
27
MINDFULNESS COMO TÉCNICA OU PRÁTICA
“Mindfulness” também pode designar uma série de exercícios, técnicas ou
práticas (práticas formais de mindfulness), que treinam e cultivam o estado
psicológico de mindfulness descrito acima, as quais são, em sua maioria,
derivadas de práticas meditativas tradicionais, adaptadas principalmente do Zen
Budismo (“caminhada com atenção plena”; “atenção plena na respiração”), do
Ioga (“movimentos com atenção plena”), e da tradição Vipassana (“body scan”
ou “escaneamento corporal”) (DEMARZO, MMP, 2015). Os estudos têm
mostrado que a partir da prática regular de mindfulness, por meio dessas
técnicas ou exercícios, pode-se aprimorar o traço de mindfulness (dispositional
mindfulness), o que está associado a uma série de benefícios para a saúde,
conforme discutiremos (DEMARZO, Marcelo M. P. e colab., 2014). Pode-se fazer
uma analogia com a prática regular de atividade física, a qual leva a uma melhora
da aptidão cardiovascular, entre outros benefícios, o que por sua vez melhora a
qualidade de vida no dia a dia (DEMARZO, Marcelo M. P. e colab., 2014).
28
MINDFULNESS E PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE
Por exemplo, no Reino Unido, além de mindfulness ser uma das ferramentas
terapêuticas baseadas em evidência no NHS 1 (National Health Services)
(CRANE e KUYKEN, 2012), e os próprios parlamentares têm sido treinados em
mindfulness, com o intuito de catalisar a inserção futura de mindfulness na
1
Para maiores informações, acessar: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90
29
sociedade como um todo, a partir de uma política pública que propõe a
implementação de mindfulness nas áreas da educação, organizações, e sistema
de justiça, além da área da saúde 2.
2
Para maiores informações, acessar: http://parliamentarywellbeinggroup.org.uk/
30
PROGRAMAS DE INTERVENÇÃO BASEADOS EM
MINDFULNESS
31
programas de mindfulness têm sido aplicados na sociedade em geral, como na
educação (LANGER e colab., 2015) e nas organizações (AIKENS e colab.,
2014), incluindo programas voltados a escolas de ensino fundamental, ao mundo
corporativo e a atletas de alto desempenho (DEMARZO, Marcelo M. P. e colab.,
2014; GARDNER e MOORE, 2012).
QUANDO INDICAR?
DESTAQUE
32
MANEJO DO ESTRESSE CRÔNICO
Nessa seção se faz uma distinção sobre o contexto em que ocorre o estresse,
podendo ocorrer em indivíduos saudáveis, ou como resultado de doenças
somáticas ou psiquiátricas.
33
CONDIÇÕES CLÍNICAS ESPECÍFICAS
34
Transtornos de Ansiedade
Historicamente, a ansiedade foi um dos primeiros transtornos abordados com o
programa MBSR. Jon Kabat-Zinn (1982), em seu artigo seminal, descreveu a
técnica de mindfulness em pacientes com dor crônica (J. e KABAT-ZINN, 1982),
e a seguir descreveu os benefícios do programa para pacientes com transtornos
de ansiedade (KABAT-ZINN, J e colab., 1992; MILLER e colab., 1995), com
resultados promissores, apesar de muito preliminares.
Uma das meta-análises mais completas sobre a eficácia das MBI em transtornos
de ansiedade é a de Hofmann e colegas (2010) (S.G. e colab., 2010). Foram
analisados 39 estudos com 1.140 pacientes com transtornos de ansiedade e
depressão, ou com sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em outras patologias.
Observou-se que as MBI são moderadamente eficazes no manejo de sintomas
de ansiedade (Hedges g: 0,63) em outras patologias, e muito eficaz para o
tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade (Hedges g: 0,97). Estes resultados são
robustos e consistentes, não são afetados pelo ano de publicação ou tipo de
intervenção, e se mantém nos períodos de seguimento (follow-up). Os autores
defenderam a hipótese de que a eficácia em pacientes com diferentes níveis de
severidade, e em diferentes condições, pode ser devido a mecanismos
transdiagnósticos, que não são específicos para um diagnóstico particular, mas
têm como alvo processos subjacentes relevantes, por exemplo, uma melhor
regulação emocional e a diminuição de vieses cognitivos (S.G. e colab., 2010).
35
MBCT foi o único a se mostrar eficaz nessa meta-análise, em comparação com
o MBSR (STRAUSS e colab., 2014).
Transtornos Depressivos
A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) prevê que até 2030, a depressão maior
(unipolar) representará o maior impacto negativo sobre a saúde das populações
em termos de anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (metodologia DALY), ou
seja, em relação ao número de anos saudáveis que uma pessoa perde devido a
um problema de saúde, incluindo a invalidez ou a morte precoce relacionadas
((WHO), 2008). A evidencia cientifica mais robusta sobre os efeitos de
mindfulness se refere ao tratamento dos transtornos depressivos (KUYKEN e
colab., 2015, 2016; W. e colab., 2012), e com base nela o Reino Unido incluiu o
programa MBCT como opção terapêutica para a prevenção de recaída em
quadros de depressão maior recorrente (mais de três episódios prévios) nas
diretrizes clínicas baseadas em evidência do NICE (National Institute for Health
and Care Excellence) (RYCROFT-MALONE e colab., 2014). Além da eficácia de
mindfulness para o tratamento de sintomas ou transtornos depressivos agudos,
já apresentada nas seções anteriores, há evidencias consistentes de que
mindfulness, em especial o programa MBCT, é tão ou mais eficaz do que os
tratamentos usuais ditos como “golden-standards” (padrão-ouro, farmacológicos
36
e psicoterápicos) (KUYKEN e colab., 2015, 2016) na prevenção de recaída em
quadros de depressão maior (unipolar) recorrente (três ou mais episódios
prévios) (KUYKEN e colab., 2015, 2016).
37
IC: 0,58-0,82), mesmo quando o programa foi comparado com outros
tratamentos ativos (hazard ratio: 0,79; IC 95%: 0,64-0,97). Em análises de
subgrupos, observou-se que pacientes com maior gravidade dos sintomas
depressivos residuais antes do início do tratamento tiveram maiores benefícios
com o programa MBCT, em comparação com os outros tratamentos (KUYKEN
e colab., 2016).
Câncer
Já existem algumas revisões e meta-análises sobre a eficácia de mindfulness
em pacientes com câncer, uma das condições médicas nas quais as MBI mais
têm sido aplicadas. Uma das primeiras revisões sistemáticas foi a de Smith e
colegas (2005) (SMITH e colab., 2005), que analisou a eficácia do MBSR no
câncer em geral a partir de três estudos randomizados e 7 não controlados.
Observou-se melhora no humor, na qualidade do sono e em sintomas de
estresse, com uma relação dose-resposta clara; ressaltando-se as várias
limitações metodológicas, como por exemplo a grande heterogeneidade dos
diferentes estudos e diferentes desenhos metodológicos (SMITH e colab., 2005).
A meta-análise de Zhang e colegas (2015) é a mais recente no tema (ZHANG e
colab., 2015), e apenas analisa o efeito das MBI nos níveis de ansiedade e
depressão em pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer. Foram incluídos 7 estudos
randomizados num total de 469 pacientes. Mindfulness se mostrou
moderadamente eficaz em sintomas de ansiedade, e grandemente eficaz para
alívio dos sintomas de depressão. Os efeitos foram mantidos em até 12
semanas, mas não além desse período; e não houve nenhuma variável que
38
previu a eficácia da intervenção (ZHANG e colab., 2015). A meta-análise de
Gotink e colegas (2015) (GOTINK, Rinske A. e colab., 2015) também se focou
sobre o tema, identificando 16 ensaios clínicos randomizados com 1.668
participantes. Observou-se uma melhoria significativa na saúde mental
(especialmente em sintomas de depressão, ansiedade, e estresse), e na
melhora da qualidade de vida, mas não em sintomas físicos (sem alterações em
variáveis como insônia ou massa corporal), sendo que foi encontrada uma
relação dose-resposta entre o tempo de prática de mindfulness e melhora nos
sintomas de depressão (GOTINK, Rinske A. e colab., 2015).
Dor Crônica
Junto com o câncer, esta é certamente uma das condições clínicas somáticas
com mais estudos sobre a eficácia das MBI. A meta-análise de Veehof e colegas
(2011) (VEEHOF, Martine M e colab., 2011) se debruçou sobre quadros álgicos
crônicos em geral, e foram incluídos 22 estudos (14 estudos controlados, e 8 não
controlados), com um total de 1.235 pacientes. As variáveis principais estudadas
foram intensidade da dor e sintomas de depressão, e as secundárias foram
relacionados à saúde física, ansiedade e qualidade de vida. Observou-se que o
tamanho do efeito de mindfulness nos ensaios clínicos randomizados foi
pequeno para a intensidade da dor (0,37) e depressão (0,32), sendo que as MBI
tiveram um efeito comparável (não superiores) às terapias cognitivas
comportamentais, sendo, portanto, uma opção terapêutica aceitável (VEEHOF,
Martine M e colab., 2011). Essa meta-análise foi atualizada recentemente
(VEEHOF, M M e colab., 2016), neste caso, incluindo 25 estudos randomizados
com 1.285 pacientes com dor crônica, chegando a conclusões semelhantes (MBI
como opções terapêuticas aceitáveis para esse tipo de paciente), porém
apontando a ainda baixa qualidade metodológica dos estudos até o momento.
Os tamanhos de efeito variaram de pequeno (em todas as variáveis, exceto
ansiedade e interferência da dor) a moderados (melhora de sintomas de
ansiedade e na intensidade da dor) no pós-tratamento; e de pequenos
(intensidade da dor e incapacidade) a grandes (interferência da dor) no follow-
up (VEEHOF, M M e colab., 2016). A meta-análise de Bawa e colegas (2015)
(MARIKAR e colab., 2015) sobre a eficácia especifica do programa MBSR em
diversas condições como a fibromialgia, artrite reumatoide e dor
39
musculoesquelética crônica, verificou, a partir de 11 estudos randomizados, que
mindfulness foi levemente eficaz em sintomas de depressão (0,12), mas
altamente eficaz tanto para melhora da insônia (1,32), quanto para a aceitação
da dor (1,59) (pain acceptance), o que seria esperado para as características
das MBI (MARIKAR e colab., 2015).
40
PROGRAMA DE PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE BASEADA EM
MINDFULNESS (MBHP)
O programa utiliza sessões mais curtas que o modelo MBSR, para seja mais
factível sua implementação em serviços de APS, e numa sequência mais
didática de conteúdo, para facilitar o processo de aprendizagem de pacientes e
usuários. Essa sequência mais clara e didática de conteúdos facilita também o
processo de formação de profissionais da APS (e de outros profissionais de
saúde de níveis do sistema de saúde), assim catalisando a implementação de
tais programas em sistemas universais de saúde (DEMARZO, M M e colab.,
2015). Pensando na escalabilidade das MBI, o mesmo modelo de programa
(PSBM) está sendo testado em suas versões mais breves com menos sessões
presenciais (2 ou 4 sessões), baseado no conceito de “intervenções breves”
(modelo stepped-care) (DEMARZO, Marcelo e GARCIA-CAMPAYO, 2015), e
também em versões a distância (EaD, online), mas ambos projetos ainda estão
em fase de pilotagem, sem resultados publicados até o momento.
41
CAMPAYO, 2015). Aos participantes também são dadas sugestões de
atividades para serem implementadas em ambiente domiciliar ou de trabalho,
diariamente, e com duração média de 15-20 minutos, podendo chegar a 45
minutos, para participantes mais motivados e aderentes. Os mesmos são
instruídos no sentido de procurarem incorporar a ideia de mindfulness em suas
vidas diárias (atividade chamada de prática informal), fazendo com que as
atividades rotineiras se tornem, de certa forma, uma oportunidade para usarem
o estado de mindfulness. As principais técnicas de mindfulness utilizadas
(resumidas na figura 2, são a prática de “atenção plena” na respiração, o
"escaneamento" corporal (técnica relativamente similar ao relaxamento muscular
progressivo), a caminhada com atenção plena, os movimentos com atenção
plena, nos quais são utilizadas atividades corporais consideradas leves,
podendo ser realizada por indivíduos com diferentes níveis de capacidade e com
limitações físicas. Além dessas 4 práticas fundamentais, são introduzidas
dinâmicas para o melhor entendimento dos conceitos apresentados (“1º e 2º
sofrimentos”, “oi-obrigado-tchau”), a prática de kindly awareness, que trabalha
aspectos inter-relacionais, e de equanimidade, baseados nas práticas budistas
de compaixão e autocompaixão, e a prática de 3 minutos de mindfulness (essas
últimas adaptadas do programa do Instituto Breathworks3, do Reino Unido). Uma
das sessões (sexta sessão) é realizada em silencio, com o intuito de
aprofundamento das práticas (DEMARZO, Marcelo e GARCIA-CAMPAYO,
2015).
3
www.breathworks-mindfulness.org.uk (Instituto “Breathworks”, Inglaterra, Reino Unido, informações
em inglês)
42
Figura 2- Práticas principais de mindfulness ensinadas no programa MBSR e
MBHP (DEMARZO, Marcelo e GARCIA-CAMPAYO, 2015).
MBSR
MOVIMENTOS
ESCANEAMENTO
COM ATENÇÃO
CORPORAL
PLENA
43
JUSTIFICATIVA
4
Acessível livremente em: https://goamra.org/resources/
44
Por outro lado, a grande maioria dos estudos ainda se concentra em populações
de cultura anglo-saxã (GARCÍA-CAMPAYO e colab., 2017), sendo fundamentais
novos estudos em populações ibero-americanas, e em particular no Brasil, onde
as MBI ainda são pouco conhecidas e implementadas.
Assim, justifica-se a necessidade da compreensão do fenômeno “mindfulness” e
de seu impacto na saúde de populações e sistemas de saúde na região Ibero-
americana, para posterior desenho e avaliação de intervenções mais
apropriadas e adaptadas culturalmente às essas populações, em particular no
Brasil.
Nesse sentido, conforme já comentado, os capítulos aqui apresentados
discutirão projetos e resultados de pesquisa desenvolvidos eminentemente em
populações ibero-americanas, incluindo o Brasil, divididos didaticamente em 3
eixos inter-relacionados (e com “zonas cinzas” de solapamento): Eixo 1) Estudos
endereçando perguntas e hipóteses sobre os mecanismos de atuação de
mindfulness, com base em variáveis explicativas dos efeitos de mindfulness
para a promoção da saúde, através, eminentemente, de estudos transversais,
ensaios teóricos ou revisões da literatura; Eixo 2) Estudos com perguntas sobre
o impacto dos programas de mindfulness em variáveis de saúde e bem-estar
em diferentes populações; Eixo 3) Estudos com perguntas sobre as variáveis
envolvidas na implementação de mindfulness em sistemas de saúde, com
foco na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), incluindo variáveis relacionadas à
viabilidade e impacto da implementação de programas de mindfulness no
“mundo real” dos sistemas e saúde, por meio de ensaios teóricos, revisões da
literatura, e estudos experimentais de viabilidade e efetividade, avaliando
também o uso de tecnologias de comunicação e informação (TICs).
45
MECANISMOS DE ATUAÇÃO DE
MINDFULNESS
46
an internally directed focus, improving interoceptive attention to bodily
sensations. In addition, MBIs seem to share similar mechanisms with physical
fitness (PF) by which they may influence cardiovascular responses to stress.
Based on these facts, it is feasible to raise the question of whether physical
training itself may induce the development of that particular quality of awareness
associated with mindfulness, or if one's dispositional mindfulness (DM) (the
tendency to be more mindful in daily life) could moderate the effects of exercise
on cardiovascular response to stress. The role of mindfulness as a mediator or
moderator of the effect of exercise training on cardiovascular responses to stress
has barely been studied. In this study, we have hypothesized pathways
(moderation and mediation) by which mindfulness could significantly influence
the effects of PF on cardiovascular responses to stress and discussed potential
practical ways to test these hypotheses.
MECANISMOS PSICOLÓGICOS
Barros VV, Opaleye ES, Demarzo M, et al. Dispositional
mindfulness, anticipation and abstinence symptoms related
to hypnotic dependence among insomniac women who seek
treatment: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018 Mar
16;13(3):e0194035. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194035.
INTRODUCTION: Dispositional mindfulness can be described as the mental
ability to pay attention to the present moment, non-judgmentally. There is
47
evidence of inverse relation between dispositional mindfulness and insomnia and
substance use, but as of yet, no studies evaluating the specific association
between dispositional mindfulness and the components of hypnotic use disorder.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dispositional mindfulness and
the components of dependence among female chronic hypnotic users. DESIGN
AND METHOD: Seventy-six women, chronic users of hypnotics, who resorted to
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for the cessation of hypnotic use were
included in the study. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
evaluated the levels and facets of mindfulness, and the subscales of the
Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire (BENDEP) assessed dependence
on hypnotics. We also evaluated sociodemographic variables and symptoms of
insomnia and anxiety. The associations between the FFMQ facets and the
BENDEP subscales were evaluated with binomial logistic regression, adjusted
for income, schooling, anxiety, and insomnia. RESULTS: We observed
associations between facets of the FFMQ and specific aspects of hypnotic
dependence. The facet "observing" was inversely associated with the "concern
about lack of availability of the hypnotic" [aOR = 0.87 95% CI (0.79-0.97)], and
the facet "non-reacting to inner experience" with "noncompliance with the
prescription recommendations" [aOR = 0.86 95% CI (0.75-0.99)]. The total score
of the FFMQ was inversely associated to those two dependence subscales [aOR
= 0.94 95% CI (0.89-0.99)]. "Observing" and "non-reactivity to inner experience"
were also inversely associated with the "impairments related to the withdrawal
symptoms" [aOR = 0.84 95% CI (0.73-0.97)] and [aOR = 0.78 95% CI (0.63-
0.96)], respectively. The FFMQ was not associated with "awareness of
problematic hypnotic use". CONCLUSION: Dispositional mindfulness,
specifically the facets "observing" and "non-reactivity to inner experience, were
inversely associated with the components of hypnotic dependence related to the
anticipation of having the substance, its expected effect, and the impairments
caused by the abstinence. We discuss the implications of those results for the
clinical practice and future investigations.
48
mindfulness” (dispositional mindfulness), mostrando associação inversa entre as
facetas “observando com atenção plena” e “não reatividade à experiência” e
variáveis da dependência por hipnóticos, em especial de “antecipação”, e
também com sintomas de abstinência. O estudo, além de inédito, tem relevância
em saúde pública, haja vista a alta prevalência do uso abusivo de hipnóticos do
tipo benzodiazepínicos, e a inexistência de estratégias de tratamento adequada,
abrindo um novo campo de estudo sobre a aplicação de programas de
mindfulness nessa condição.
49
Esse foi o primeiro estudo transversal correlacional em nível internacional que
explorou a relação entre as facetas (dimensões) do “traço de mindfulness”
(dispositional mindfulness) e o tipo de prática meditativa, mostrando que
diferentes práticas desenvolvem habilidades distintas no ponto de vista da
promoção da saúde mental. O estudo, além de inédito, tem relevância no
refinamento dos programas de intervenção baseados em mindfulness, pois
possibilita o refinamento do conteúdo do programas, a fim de maximizar seus
efeitos dependendo da vulnerabilidade especifica do público-alvo.
50
factor, which has been named "self-criticism" [CFI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.06 (90%
CI = 0.05-0.07); SRMR = 0.05]. This solution was supported by both samples,
presented partial metric invariance [CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.06 (90% CI = 0.05-
0.06); SRMR = 0.06], and showed significant correlations with other health-
related psychological constructs. Reliability was adequate for all the dimensions
(R ≥ 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The original structure proposed for the SCS was not
supported by the data. Self-criticism, comprising only the negative SCS factors,
might be a measure of uncompassionate behaviors toward the self, with good
psychometric properties and practical implications from a clinical point of view,
reaching a stable structure and overcoming possible methodological artifacts.
51
was to confirm the validity and reliability of the burnout subtype model in Spanish
primary healthcare professionals, and to assess the explanatory power of the
self-compassion construct as a possible protective factor. METHOD: The study
employed a cross-sectional design. A sample of n = 440 Spanish primary
healthcare professionals (214 general practitioners, 184 nurses, 42 medical
residents) completed the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-36), the
Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS), the Self-Compassion
Scale (SCS), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Positive and
Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The factor structure of the BCSQ-36 was
estimated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) by the unweighted least
squares method from polychoric correlations. Internal consistency (R) was
assessed by squaring the correlation between the latent true variable and the
observed variables. The relationships between the BCSQ-36 and the other
constructs were analysed using Spearman's r and multiple linear regression
models. RESULTS: The structure of the BCSQ-36 fit the data well, with adequate
CFA indices for all the burnout subtypes. Reliability was adequate for all the
scales and sub-scales (R≥0.75). Self-judgement was the self-compassion factor
that explained the frenetic subtype (Beta = 0.36; p<0.001); isolation explained the
underchallenged (Beta = 0.16; p = 0.010); and over-identification the worn-out
(Beta = 0.25; p = 0.001). Other significant associations were observed between
the different burnout subtypes and the dimensions of the MBI-GS, UWES and
PANAS. CONCLUSIONS: The typological definition of burnout through the
BCSQ-36 showed good structure and appropriate internal consistence in Spanish
primary healthcare professionals. The negative self-compassion dimensions
seem to play a relevant role in explaining the burnout profiles in this population,
and they should be considered when designing specific treatments and
interventions tailored to the specific vulnerability of each subtype.
52
Montero-Marin J, Tops M, Manzanera R, Piva Demarzo MM,
et al. Mindfulness, Resilience, and Burnout Subtypes in
Primary Care Physicians: The Possible Mediating Role of
Positive and Negative Affect. Front Psychol. 2015 Dec
17;6:1895. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01895.
PURPOSE: Primary care health professionals suffer from high levels of burnout.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations of mindfulness and
resilience with the features of the burnout types (overload, lack of development,
neglect) in primary care physicians, taking into account the potential mediating
role of negative and positive affect. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was
used. Six hundred and twenty-two Spanish primary care physicians were
recruited from an online survey. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS),
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Positive and Negative Affect
Schedule (PANAS), and Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-12)
questionnaires were administered. Polychoric correlation matrices were
calculated. The unweighted least squares (ULS) method was used for developing
structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Mindfulness and resilience presented
moderately high associations (φ = 0.46). Links were found between mindfulness
and overload (γ = -0.25); resilience and neglect (γ = -0.44); mindfulness and
resilience, and negative affect (γ =-0.30 and γ = -0.35, respectively); resilience
and positive affect (γ = 0.70); negative affect and overload (β = 0.36); positive
affect and lack of development (β = -0.16). The links between the burnout types
reached high and positive values between overload and lack of development (β
= 0.64), and lack of development and neglect (β = 0.52). The model was a very
good fit to the data (GFI = 0.96; AGFI =0.96; RMSR = 0.06; NFI = 0.95; RFI =
0.95; PRATIO = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions addressing both
mindfulness and resilience can influence burnout subtypes, but their impact may
occur in different ways, potentially mediated by positive and negative affect. Both
sorts of trainings could constitute possible tools against burnout; however, while
53
mindfulness seems a suitable intervention for preventing its initial stages,
resilience may be more effective for treating its advanced stages.
54
intervention. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable model fit,
sbχ(2)=243.8836 (p<.001), CFI=.939, GFI=.936, SRMR=.040, and RMSEA=.06
(.060-.077), and psychometric properties were found to be satisfactory (reliability:
Cronbach's α=.893; convergent validity: r>.46; and divergent validity: r<-.35). The
scale detected changes in decentering after a 10-session intervention in
mindfulness (t=-4.692, p<.00001). Differences among groups were significant
(F=134.8, p<.000001), where psychiatric participants showed the lowest scores
compared to non-psychiatric meditative and non-meditative participants. The
Spanish version of the EQ-Decentering is a valid and reliable instrument to
assess decentering either in clinical and nonclinical samples. In addition, the
findings show that EQ-Decentering seems an adequate outcome instrument to
detect changes after mindfulness-based interventions.
55
mindfulness skills is not consistently reported and little is known about how the
characteristics of meditative practice affect different components of mindfulness.
The present study explores the role of practice parameters on self-reported
mindfulness skills. A total of 670 voluntary participants with and without previous
meditation experience (n = 384 and n = 286, respectively) responded to an
internet-based survey on various aspects of their meditative practice (type of
meditation, length of session, frequency, and lifetime practice). Participants also
completed the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the
Experiences Questionnaire (EQ). The group with meditation experience obtained
significantly higher scores on all facets of FFMQ and EQ questionnaires
compared to the group without experience. However different effect sizes were
observed, with stronger effects for the Observing and Non-Reactivity facets of the
FFMQ, moderate effects for Decentering in EQ, and a weak effect for Non-
judging, Describing, and Acting with awareness on the FFMQ. Our results
indicate that not all practice variables are equally relevant in terms of developing
mindfulness skills. Frequency and lifetime practice--but not session length or
meditation type--were associated with higher mindfulness skills. Given that these
6 mindfulness aspects show variable sensitivity to practice, we created a
composite index (MINDSENS) consisting of those items from FFMQ and EQ that
showed the strongest response to practice. The MINDSENS index was able to
correctly discriminate daily meditators from non-meditators in 82.3% of cases.
These findings may contribute to the understanding of the development of
mindfulness skills and support trainers and researchers in improving
mindfulness-oriented practices and programs.
56
Assim, o estudo tem relevância para todo o campo de pesquisas das
intervenções baseadas em mindfulness.
57
correlation with the MAAS. The correlation between the total score of the long
and short SCS form was r = 0.92. CONCLUSION: The Spanish versions of the
long (26-item) and short (12-item) forms of the SCS are valid and reliable
instruments for the evaluation of self-compassion among the general population.
These results substantiate the use of this scale in research and clinical practice.
58
reliability of the measures. Pearson's correlation tests were run to evaluate
univariate relationships between scores on the MAAS and criterion variables.
RESULTS: The MAAS scores in our sample were low (M = 56.7; SD = 17.5). CFA
confirmed a two-factor structure, with the following fit indices [sbX2 = 172.34 (p
< 0.001), CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.06. MAAS was found
to have high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.90) and adequate test-retest
reliability at a 1-2 week interval (ICC = 0.90). It showed significant and expected
correlations with the criterion measures with the exception of the Euroqol
(Pearson = 0.15). CONCLUSION: Psychometric properties of the Spanish
version of the MAAS in patients with FM are adequate. The dimensionality of the
MAAS found in this sample and directions for future research are discussed.
MECANISMOS PSICOBIOLÓGICOS
Alda M, Puebla-Guedea M, Rodero B, Demarzo M, et al. Zen
meditation, Length of Telomeres, and the Role of
Experiential Avoidance and Compassion. Mindfulness (N Y).
2016;7:651-659.
Mindfulness refers to an awareness that emerges by intentionally focusing on the
present experience in a nonjudgmental or evaluative manner. Evidence regarding
its efficacy has been increasing exponentially, and recent research suggests that
the practice of meditation is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length.
However, the psychological mechanisms underlying this potential relationship are
unknown. We examined the telomere lengths of a group of 20 Zen meditation
59
experts and another 20 healthy matched comparison participants who had not
previously meditated. We also measured multiple psychological variables related
to meditation practice. Genomic DNA was extracted for telomere measurement
using a Life Length proprietary program. High-throughput quantitative
fluorescence in situ hybridization (HT-Q-FISH) was used to measure the telomere
length distribution and the median telomere length (MTL). The meditators group
had a longer MTL (p = 0.005) and a lower percentage of short telomeres in
individual cells (p = 0.007) than those in the comparison group. To determine
which of the psychological variables contributed more to telomere maintenance,
two regression analyses were conducted. In the first model, which applied to the
MTL, the following three factors were significant: age, absence of experiential
avoidance, and Common Humanity subscale of the Self Compassion Scale.
Similarly, in the model that examined the percentage of short telomeres, the same
factors were significant: age, absence of experiential avoidance, and Common
Humanity subscale of the Self Compassion Scale. Although limited by a small
sample size, these results suggest that the absence of experiential avoidance of
negative emotions and thoughts is integral to the connection between meditation
and telomeres.
60
J. Assessment of Visual Function and Structural Retinal
Changes in Zen Meditators: Potential Effect of Mindfulness
on Visual Ability. Mindfulness. 2016; 7(4): 979–987. Doi:
10.1007/s12671-016-0537-5.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether Zen meditation (a
mindfulness-based practice) stimulates visual function and increases retinal and
retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. This cross-sectional controlled study
included 36 eyes of 18 meditators and 76 eyes of 38 age- and sex-matched
healthy non-meditators. The average response of both eyes in each subject was
analyzed. All subjects underwent evaluation of high and low contrast visual acuity
(using ETDRS charts), contrast sensitivity vision (CSV) using the Pelli Robson
chart and CSV 1000E test, color vision (using the Farnsworth and L’Anthony
desaturated D15 color tests), stereoscopic vision using the TNO test, and retinal
and RNFL thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Differences in
visual function and RNFL thickness were compared between groups. Our results
indicated that meditators exhibited significantly better visual acuity with the three
contrast levels used and significantly better contrast sensitivity vision (CSV
1000E) than healthy non-meditators (p ≤ 0.05). Retinal and RNFL structural
measurements did not differ significantly between groups. Ganglion cell layer
thickness was moderately correlated with visual acuity, CSV, color vision, and
stereoscopic vision (p ≤ 0.05; r > 0.6). In conclusion, visual function was
enhanced in meditators without significant alterations in the retinal morphologic
structure. Further studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal
association between mindfulness and visual function improvement.
61
Tanaka GK, Maslahati T, Gongora M, Bittencourt J, Lopez
LC, Demarzo MM, et al. Effortless Attention as a Biomarker
for Experienced Mindfulness Practitioners. PLoS One. 2015
Oct 12;10(10):e0138561. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138561.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at comparing frontal beta power between
long-term (LTM) and first-time meditators (FTM), before, during and after a
meditation session. We hypothesized that LTM would present lower beta power
than FTM due to lower effort of attention and awareness. METHODS: Twenty
one participants were recruited, eleven of whom were long-term meditators. The
subjects were asked to rest for 4 minutes before and after open monitoring (OM)
meditation (40 minutes). RESULTS: The two-way ANOVA revealed an interaction
between the group and moment factors for the Fp1 (p<0.01), F7 (p = 0.01), F3
(p<0.01), Fz (p<0.01), F4 (p<0.01), F8 (p<0.01) electrodes. CONCLUSION: We
found low power frontal beta activity for LTM during the task and this may be
associated with the fact that OM is related to bottom-up pathways that are not
present in FTM. SIGNIFICANCE: We hypothesized that the frontal beta power
pattern may be a biomarker for LTM. It may also be related to improving an
attentive state and to the efficiency of cognitive functions, as well as to the long-
term experience with meditation (i.e., life-time experience and frequency of
practice).
62
REVISÕES NARRATIVAS E SISTEMÁTICAS
Medina WL, Wilson D, de Salvo V, Vannucchi B, de Souza
ÉL, Lucena L, Sarto HM, Modrego-Alarcón M, Garcia-
Campayo J, Demarzo M. Effects of Mindfulness on Diabetes
Mellitus: Rationale and Overview. Curr Diabetes Rev.
2017;13(2):141-147. doi: 10.2174/1573399812666160607074817.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an emerging global healthcare problem and its
prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate. Despite improvements in both
medical and pharmacological therapies, a complex medical condition may
demand a diversified approach, such as: drug therapy, healthy diet and
exercises, diabetes education programs, adherence to medical treatment and
active participation of the patients in their lifestyle changes, such as stress
management. The concept of mindfulness is here defined as the awareness that
unfolds from the intention to attentively observe the current experience in a non-
judgmental and non-evaluative way. This state of awareness can be enhanced
through the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), which have been
associated to many physical and psychological health indicators. The aim of this
overview is to offer the rationale and potential benefits of mindfulness in the
control of DM and its complications.METHODS: a narrative review of the current
and updated literature available on online database and which came up using the
terms "mindfulness" and "diabetes mellitus". Mindfulness-based Interventions
(MBIs) can be seen as preventive and complementary interventions in DM,
particularly for the relief of symptoms related to depression and anxiety in diabetic
patients and also in the management of other factors, including mindful eating,
physical exercises and treatment adherence. Although many studies only present
research protocols, mindfulness seems to have beneficial effects on all aspects
of diabetes, including incidence, control and complications. Furthermore, longer
term and more carefully controlled trials are necessary in order to draw consistent
conclusions on the beneficial role of MBIs on DM.
63
mindfulness para pessoas com diabetes, mostrando benefícios esperados nos
níveis psicológicos e clínicos, contribuindo para a melhor compreensão dos
mecanismos de ação de mindfulness nessa condição clínica altamente
prevalente de relevância em saúde pública.
64
implemented in accordance with standard programmes and measurements of
salivary cortisol under rigorous strategies in healthy adult populations.
65
involved in changes from a depressive/carcinogenic profile to a more normalized
one. However, given the complexity and different contexts of the immune system,
and the fact that this investigation is still in its preliminary stage, additional
randomized controlled trials are needed to further establish the impact of MBI
programmes on biomarkers in both clinical and non-clinical populations.
66
ARTIGO COMPLETO: Atanes AC, Andreoni S, Hirayama
MS, Montero-Marin J, Barros VV, Ronzani TM, Kozasa EH,
Soler J, Cebolla A, Garcia-Campayo J, Demarzo MM.
Mindfulness, perceived stress, and subjective well-being: a
correlational study in primary care health professionals. BMC
Complement Altern Med. 2015 Sep 2;15:303. doi: 10.1186/s12906-
015-0823-0.
Abstract
Background
There is a growing interest in the associations between awareness and the well-
being of health care professionals [1], as a result of positive research evidence
on mindfulness in this population [2]. Mindfulness involves the self-regulation of
attention to the experience of the present moment and decentered, non-
judgmental awareness, referring to openness to one’s internal experiences and
external events [3, 4]. Mindfulness has its roots in Buddhist philosophy, but its
current construct goes beyond religious concepts [4] and can be improved by
attention training and meditation [4, 5].
From a sample of professionals from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) of the
Unified Health System of Brazil, 62 % presented high levels of perceived stress
(psychological symptoms in 48 %, physical in 39 % and both symptoms in 13 %)
[9]. Research shows that these type of professionals report lack of adequate
training, work overload, poor work conditions, and feelings of professional
helplessness and frustration [8, 10, 11].
67
The health system works by dividing the provision of care into metropolitan areas
(health districts), whereas the FHS model is based on the
“team/community/family and team/team” “bonding” relationship [11]. Among
many difficulties the strategy faces is the non-comprehension of some workers
and health administrators about its purpose [10]. Furthermore, evidence also
indicates that demographic aspects can be a risk factor for burnout in this
population, with men showing twice as much propensity to develop exhaustion.
Age was also another factor [8], specifically in PHPs aged 29 years or less [12].
Those working at FHS as their first employment experience showed a four times
greater likelihood of displaying burnout [13]. Finally, Leonelli and colleagues
measured perceived stress in a sample of FHS professionals, showing
differences in (PS levels per PHP category and length of time working in the job.
They observed that one year or more in the same position predicted high levels
of PS [14].
Evidence taken from samples of PHPs worldwide has shown, however, that an
8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) [3] intervention, based on
exercises of meditation, attention control to experience without elaboration,
affective attitude of openness, and other coping strategies, decreased PS,
distress, and burnout, and increased self-compassion and subjective well-being
- satisfaction with life (SWS_SL) [15]. Irving, Dobkin and Park’s review on MBSR
and health professionals also showed significant evidence of better physical and
mental health after completion of MBSR programs [2].
68
Therefore, in order to start exploring trait mindfulness and to direct future
mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on professionals in the FHS, the main
goal of the present study was to explore these associations across different
professional categories, taking into consideration the length of time in the same
job.
Methods
Design
We collected data between October, 2011, and February, 2012, and invited
participants via local managers, phone calls, posters, and other printed materials,
and visits to FHS facilities. The questionnaires were answered collectively, during
working hours, in accordance with every FHS timetable, for the purpose of
causing minimum disturbance to the service, and with flexibility to fit working
patterns. Participants signed an informed consent form. The Ethical Committee
of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) approved the study protocol.
Measures
69
I.
II.
III.
IV.
70
unsatisfied with my life”). Total scores are calculated by the sum of all
items and reversed items were recoded (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1).
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants
We evaluated the 450 PHPs who agreed to participate in the study. Participants
consisted of 65.8 % CHWs (n = 296), 18 % NAs (n = 82), 10.0 % RNs (n = 45) and
6.0 % FPs (n = 27), the mean age was 36.7 (SD = 9.1), 94 % were female, and
83.1 % had work period over 1 year (Table 1). Descriptives and internal
consistency of the questionnaires can be seen in Table 2. Total Cronbach’s
alphas of the scales showed good internal consistency, with all of them ≥ 0.85.
71
Table 1
Table 2
72
Table 3
PHPs who were in the job for 1 year or more, compared to 6 months or less,
showed significant differences in subjective well-being, demonstrating lower
positive affect (β = −9.0, p < 0.001), increased negative affect (β = 5.3, p = 0.020),
and decreased satisfaction with life (β = −5.0, p = 0.023). They also showed
higher differences in stress (β = 4.8, p = 0.08).
73
Associations between mindfulness, stress, and well-being
Table 4
74
Fig. 1
Discussion
75
delivering further training for CHWs and NAs. Furthermore, during data collection
we noticed that many community-oriented primary care units had an absence of
FPs, increasing the workload under the responsibility of RNs. On the other hand,
the CHW’s role includes living and working directly within the community
(normally associated with complex needs, violence, poverty, infectious disease).
In addition, the literature on CHWs demonstrates this type of professional to be
the most vulnerable to burnout due to the propensity of becoming enmeshed with
the suffering showed by service users [9, 19]; which may explains our results of
CHWs displaying significantly low SW_ satisfaction with life.
With regard to the Brazilian version of MAAS on this population, the scale had
good correlations with relational constructs, which is consistent with previous
research [16]. The internal consistency of the scale was within the average range
(0.80 to 0.90), proposed by the author of the original MAAS [6]. As expected,
MAAS mindfulness was positively correlated to SW_Satisfaction with life and
SW_Positive Affect, and was negatively correlated to PS and SW_Negative
affect. The construct of MAAS mindfulness relates to the ability of one performing
with present moment attention and awareness [6]. Our findings that RNs and FPs
show the lowest levels of mindfulness are congruent with previous research
linking levels of stress to poor attention performance, deficient communication,
work disorganization, and lack of productivity in PHPs working in the FHS [10].
76
Mindfulness also refers to openness to experience, and mindfulness-based
programs have been demonstrated to increase the clarity of values and ability to
withstand exposure [23], to one’s capacity to sustain openness to
unpleasant/pleasant dynamics, without becoming cut off from awareness of the
present moment. This, in theory, leads to a more real and healthier experience,
based on acceptance of reality rather than its suppression [24]. The concept of
acceptance involving mindfulness, as a prerequisite to the relationship between
health professionals and patients is emphasized by Schmidt [24], linking
acceptance to empathy in his statement: “accepting, warm-hearted relationship
with self is primary to any healing intention” ([24]; p. S7), as the capacity of one
connecting with one’s own suffering, to then connecting with the suffering of
others. Empathy was found to be a mediator between mindfulness and PS,
showing dispositional mindfulness to have an indirect effect on PS mediated
through the regulation of emotion and the ability of critical care personnel to use
emotions (e.g., empathy) [25]. This could explain the high mean values of MAAS
mindfulness in CHWs working for the Brazilian health service. This category,
although not classified as working with critical care, is considered to be working
under the highest levels of stress as a result of “being part of” and “direct work
with” a vulnerable community. And empathy is evident through statements
reported from qualitative research studying this population: “I keep looking at that
big queue of patients and I keep thinking - What if it was me there…” ([26];
p.1309).
However, taking into consideration the challenges of providing service and the
poor working conditions reported by research on PHPs working in the FHS, it was
striking that mean values of SW_Positive Affect and SW_ Satisfaction with Life,
exceeded mean values of Perceived Stress and SW _Negative Affect.
77
Another possibility is that answering instruments in the workplace may have
predisposed subjects to social desirability biases. Other limitations include the
cross-sectional design not revealing the nature and causal direction of the
relationships found; the disparity in sample sizes of some categories, such as the
large numbers of CHWs (65.8 %) and small numbers of FPs (6.0 %), due to the
structure of the FHS; research based solely on self-report questionnaires and
depending on motivation and the correct understanding of questions. For
instance, the high (above average) levels of MAAS mindfulness in our study could
therefore express misunderstanding of the questionnaire by CHWs, coupled with
the high representation of this category in our sample. Further restrictions of
sampling include data collected only in one region of Sao Paulo and the exclusion
of PHPs on leave and off work, for instance, due to stress-related health
conditions.
Despite the aforementioned, the relatively large sample of the study provides
further support for the relationship between trait mindfulness, subjective well-
being, and perceived stress. To our knowledge, this was the first study involving
those outcome variables across different categories of PHPs, adjusted for time
working in the same role. One consideration for future research is to use
additional questionnaires and alternative data-collection methods to support the
findings. For instance, cortisol in saliva for the investigation into mindfulness and
stress [6, 28], and event-related brain potential (ERP) markers as measures for
mindfulness [29] and subjective well-being [30]. Particularly for this population,
future research could focus on investigating the acceptability of mindfulness-
based interventions across different PHP categories, to provide to service
managers with further understanding on how mindfulness can be best applied
into the health service for staff self-care.
Conclusions
This was the first study to investigate mindfulness, subjective well-being, and
stress on Brazilian PHPs. As it particularly highlights the dynamics involving these
associations across different professional health categories, the current work
gives us a picture of how these relationships and specific vulnerabilities may
affect PHPs differently. The findings potentially encourage reflections around
78
practitioners’ level of awareness affecting their health, well-being, and work. The
study explores a variety of elements that can support the development of
mindfulness interventions for stress prevention, staff well-being, and
improvement of services as a whole.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. Luiz B Leonelli for all support during data collection and to
the CAPES - Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education
Personnel - for a master fellowship supporting the first author (ACMA).
Funding
Footnotes
Competing interests
Authors’ contributions
MMPD designed the research protocol that was revised by EHK and TMR. ACMA performed data
collection. SA and ACMA performed the statistical analyses. All authors interpreted the results, drafted
the abstract, read, and approved the final version.
79
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82
IMPACTO DOS PROGRAMAS DE
MINDFULNESS EM DIFERENTES
POPULAÇÕES
83
aleatoriamente em um grupo de intervenção de mindfulness e um grupo controle
passivo, e foram investigados efeitos da intervenção nas medidas
neuropsicológicas. Resultados: correlações entre níveis de mindfulness e
impulsividade foram encontradas no estudo baseline; e foram encontradas
associações entre melhoras nas medidas cognitivas (atenção e memória) e a
intervenção direta de mindfulness, sem serem intermediadas por outras
variáveis. Conclusão: há evidência de correlação entre os constructos de
mindfulness e impulsividade, e evidências de benefícios cognitivos associados a
intervenção de mindfulness.
84
Barros VV, Demarzo M, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based
Relapse Prevention on the Chronic Use of Hypnotics in
Treatment-Seeking Women with Insomnia: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02127411. Parte
da Tese (Doutorado) de Viviam Vargas de Barros-Universidade Federal de São
Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Psicobiologia. Co-orientador (Orientador: Profa. Dra. Ana Regina Noto).
Hypnotics are one of the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide, especially
for women, and their chronic use may lead to tolerance, dosage escalation,
dependence, withdrawal syndrome and cognitive impairments, a relevant public
health problem without an effective approach until now. Consistent evidence from
previous studies shows benefits of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) for
substance use disorders (SUD) and insomnia. However, to date there is a lack of
evidence about the effects of MBIs on reduction/cessation of chronic hypnotic
use among women with insomnia. The present randomized trial evaluated the
efficacy of the Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) program in an
intervention group (IG, n=34) compared with weekly phone monitoring only in the
control group (CG, n=36) in reducing hypnotic use and insomnia severity over a
six-month follow-up period. Results showed that hypnotic use in the intervention
group reduced, while it increased in the control group b=2.22 (CI:0.26;4.19), in
the first follow-up. In addition, the IG had a greater reduction in insomnia severity
four months b=4.33 (CI:1.75;6.91) and six months b=3.65 (CI:1.07;6.22) after the
end of the intervention. These data show preliminary evidence of the benefits of
MBRP for reducing chronic hypnotic use and insomnia severity, paving the way
for a new therapeutic possibility to reduce inappropriate consumption of these
medications, addressing this global public health issue.
85
buscam tratamento. O estudo, cuja ideia inicial foi proposta por mim, além de
inédito, tem relevância em saúde pública, haja vista a alta prevalência do uso
abusivo de hipnóticos do tipo benzodiazepínicos, e a inexistência de estratégias
de tratamento adequada, abrindo um novo campo de estudo sobre a aplicação
de programas de mindfulness nessa condição.
86
Essa colaboração internacional foi o primeiro estudo de intervenção controlado
em nível internacional que verificou os efeitos de uma intervenção baseada em
mindfulness (Programa “Meditation Awareness Training - MAT) em variáveis
psicológicas relacionadas à adição ao trabalho (workaholism), mostrando efeitos
positivos de mindfulness para o bem-estar de trabalhadores e,
consequentemente, para as organizações. Os achados, apesar de preliminares,
foram promissores e muito interessantes, pois houve diminuição do número de
horas trabalhadas, sem o prejuízo da performance, mostrando que programas
de mindfulness são potencialmente eficazes na promoção da saúde do
trabalhador dentro das organizações e empresas, contribuindo para esse
essencial campo de estudo dentro das aplicações de mindfulness.
87
ARTIGO COMPLETO [RESEACH LETTER]: Demarzo MM,
et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in
perceived stress and quality of life: an open, uncontrolled
study in a Brazilian healthy sample. Explore (NY). 2014 Mar-
Apr;10(2):118-20. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2013.12.005.
Introduction
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) are effective therapies for a variety of
psychological problems, especially for improving anxiety, mood disorders and
other stress-related conditions, and so may have potential application in and
impact on national health systems on a cost-effective basis (1-6). In Brazil,
meditative practices, along with many other complementary and integrative
therapies, have been encouraged and supported by the Ministry of Health, which
established the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices
(PNPIC) inside the Brazilian National Health System in 20067. According to
PNPIC, these actions should ideally be carried out by Primary Care (PC) teams,
whose practitioners, including community health trainers, could be trained to
implement MBI with the potential to impact on more than 100 million people.
Despite this fact and the existing literature on meditation and health (7-9), there
is still a lack of studies on MBI in the Brazilian population. Culture specific studies
on MBI are in great need, and so our aim was to explore the impact of an MBI
program on perceived stress (PS) and quality of life (QoL) in a healthy sample in
Brazil.
Methods
A one-group pre/post-test design was used to measure the impact of the
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program (8-week; 2.5h/wk; retreat-
day) using the Brazilian validated version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
(10) and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (11). Eligibility criteria included: (1)
18 years of age or older; (2) lack of any clinical problems or conditions; and (3)
able to understand, read, and write in Portuguese. Subjects (n=23) were students
at a major public university who completed the evaluated scales prior to and at
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the end of the program (protocol period from September through December,
2009).
All scores were transformed to a one-hundred point scale (ranging from 0 to 100
points, with 100 meaning the lowest PS and highest QoL). Paired t-tests were
used to compare the final and baseline mean scores of those scales. Pearson
correlations were also calculated between the changes from baseline. The
Ethical Committee of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) approved
the study protocol.
Results
The participants were all single and with ages ranging between 18 and 27 years
(mean=20.7, SD=2.5), 78.3% were female (n=18), 77% were self-rated as white
and 13% as black. All participants completed at least 6 weeks of the program
(17.4%, 52.1%, 30.5% attended, respectively, 6, 7 and 8 weeks). Improvements
from baseline in PS (p=0.001) and in all dimensions of WHOQOL-BREF
(p_0.003) were observed at the end of the intervention program. Stronger
correlations were found between final changes from baseline in PS and QoL
(overall and psychological domains of WHOQOL-BREF), and between changes
in physical and psychological or environment domains of WHOQOL-BREF.
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the main results.
89
90
Discussion
We observed high levels of adherence to the MBSR program and demonstrated
promising pre-post session intervention effects on PS and QoL in a Brazilian
healthy sample. These preliminary results are similar to previous studies and
reviews (2,5,6,12,13) and support the feasibility of implementing MBI in Brazil. As
expected, changes in PS are correlated but probably do not explain all changes
in the QoL domains and vice-versa, and others variables such as those related
to improvements in anxiety and mood symptoms, self-awareness, -regulation and
-transcendence may be involved (2,5,6,14). It is interesting to notice this study
was carried out during final examinations period, a well-known source of distress
(15), which may make results more significant. On the other hand, results should
be interpreted with caution because of the lack of a control group and the small
sample size.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Brazil exploring
MBSR effects on a healthy sample of individuals, and demonstrated its potential
health promotion benefits with overall improvement in PS and QoL. Mindfulness-
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based interventions may be suitable for the general population in Brazil, and
future research should be directed at determining intervention effects, cost
effectiveness, contribution of different programs and individual components, long-
term outcomes, attitudes towards mindfulness, and impacts on clinical and non-
clinical populations to foster and support an effective implementation of MBI in
the Brazilian National Health System.
References
1- McCabeRuff K, Mackenzie ER. The role of mindfulness in healthcare reform:
a policy paper. Explore (NY). 2009 Nov-Dec;5(6):313-23.
7- Busato S, Tanaka EC, Santos Ada S, Higuchi TE, Leite JR, Kozasa EH.
Traditional and integrative medical practices in public health services in the
downtown-west region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and their relation to health
promotion. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Nov;14(9):1071-2.
92
8- Leite JR, Ornellas FL, Amemiya TM, de Almeida AA, Dias AA, Afonso R, Little
S, Kozasa EH. Effect of progressive self-focus meditation on attention, anxiety,
and depression scores. Percept Mot Skills. 2010 Jun;110(3):840-8.
9- Afonso RF, Hachul H, Kozasa EH, Oliveira Dde S, Goto V, Rodrigues D, Tufik
S, Leite JR. Yoga decreases insomnia in postmenopausal women: a randomized
clinical trial. Menopause. 2012 Feb;19(2):186-93. doi:
10.1097/gme.0b013e318228225f.
10- Luft, CDB; Sanches, SO; Mazo, GZ; Andrade, AA. Versão brasileira da
Escala de Estresse Percebido: tradução e validação para idosos. Rev Saúde
Pública. São Paulo. 2007;41(4): 606-15.
15- Shah et al.: Perceived Stress, Sources and Severity of Stress among medical
undergraduates in a Pakistani Medical School. BMC Medical Education 2010
10:2. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-10-2.
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IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE MINDFULNESS EM
SISTEMAS DE SAÚDE
Implementação e Acesso
Para a prescrição de mindfulness, o pré-requisito é que as pessoas possam ter
acesso à intervenção, e no caso de sistemas de saúde, as MBI devem estar
implementadas como parte da carteira de serviços e ações, em especial na APS.
No caso do Brasil, conforme foi apresentado, a inserção das MBI no SUS pode
ser feita via PNPICs. A referência internacional de implementação de MBIs em
sistemas de saúde é o caso do NHS (National Health Service) do Reino Unido,
que desde de 2004 tem ofertado oficialmente o uso de mindfulness, em especial
do programa MBCT, no tratamento de recorrência em adultos com diagnóstico
de depressão maior (unipolar)5.
5
Ver http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG90/NICEGuidance/pdf/English (diretrizes para tratamento da
depressão em adultos, texto em inglês)
94
Algumas etapas são fundamentais para a implementação de mindfulness em
sistemas de saúde, visando o aumento do acesso e conhecimento sobre a
intervenção, são sumariamente apresentadas na Tabela 1 (DEMARZO, M M e
colab., 2015), sendo a aplicação das intervenções para profissionais de saúde,
um passo estratégico, melhorando a saúde dos mesmos, ao mesmo tempo que
facilita o processo de implementação, diminuindo resistências e barreiras. Outro
aspecto fundamental para a ampliação do acesso às intervenções é o estudo de
modelos de intervenção do tipo “stepped-care”, uma área inovadora de pesquisa
dentro das intervenções baseadas em mindfulness.
A seguir apresento projetos e artigos de minha autoria e coautoria que vão nesse
sentido, dentro do campo da implementação de mindfulness nos sistemas de
saúde, em especial no SUS.
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Tabela 1- Etapas fundamentais para a efetiva implementação de mindfulness em
sistemas de saúde. Elaborado a partir de Demarzo e colegas (2015) (DEMARZO,
M M e colab., 2015).
PASSO TEMA PÚBLICO-ALVO ESTRATÉGIA SUGESTÃO DE MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO PARA
AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO
1) SENSIBILIZAÇÃO Líderes e 1) Palestras e workshops Abordagem qualitativa (principal): Identificação
stakeholders introdutórios de percepções, crenças, facilitadores e
(políticos, secretário 2) Oferta de Grupos de mindfulness barreiras
de saúde, de 8 semanas (ou modelos mais
coordenadores de breves – 4 semanas, por
áreas técnicas, exemplo)
membros do conselho 3) Comissão para Elaboração de
municipal de saúde, Plano Estratégico de
etc.) implementação de mindfulness
no sistema de saúde (nacional,
estadual, regional, ou local)
2) CUIDANDO DOS Profissionais de Oferta de Grupos de mindfulness de 8 Abordagem mista qualitativa e quantitativa:
PROFISSIONAIS saúde, com foco em semanas (ou modelos mais breves – 4 1) Identificação de percepções, crenças,
APS semanas, por exemplo – pode ser facilitadores e barreiras
blended – presencial + online) 2) Escalas: burnout, mindfulness,
autocompaixão, qualidade de vida
3) TREINAMENTO Profissionais de Oferta de Formação Profissional em Abordagem mista qualitativa e quantitativa
DOS saúde, com foco em Mindfulness (modelo de 3 módulos – (preferencialmente com grupo controle) :
PROFISSIONAIS APS, e em Mente Aberta): 1) Identificação de percepções, crenças,
Champions (que - avaliar impacto nos pacientes facilitadores e barreiras (programa de
passaram pelos (primeiro grupo) – focar em transtornos formação)
grupos de mentais comuns 2) Escalas profissionais: burnout,
mindfulness, se mindfulness, autocompaixão, qualidade
identificaram com a de vida
proposta, e que sejam 3) Escalas pacientes (transtornos mentais
lideranças locais, e comuns): ansiedade e depressão,
que mindfulness, autocompaixão, qualidade
preferencialmente já de vida
ofereçam grupos de
promoção da saúde)
4) CUIDANDO DOS Usuários, com foco Oferta Regular de Mindfulness para Abordagem mista qualitativa e quantitativa
USUÁRIOS em APS Usuários – focar em transtornos (preferencialmente com grupo controle):
mentais comuns - Escalas pacientes (transtornos mentais
comuns): ansiedade e depressão, mindfulness,
autocompaixão, qualidade de vida
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ESTUDOS DE INTERVENÇÃO
Demarzo M, et al. Efficacy of 8- and 4-Session Mindfulness-
Based Interventions in a Non-clinical Population: A
Controlled Study. Front Psychol. 2017 Aug 8;8:1343. doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01343.
Background: Many attempts have been made to abbreviate mindfulness
programmes in order to make them more accessible for general and clinical
populations while maintaining their therapeutic components and efficacy. The aim
of this study was to assess the efficacy of an 8-week mindfulness-based
intervention (MBI) programme and a 4-week abbreviated version for the
improvement of well-being in a non-clinical population. Method: A quasi-
experimental, controlled, pilot study was conducted with pre-post and 6-month
follow-up measurements and three study conditions (8- and 4-session MBI
programmes and a matched no-treatment control group, with a sample of 48, 46,
and 47 participants in each condition, respectively). Undergraduate students
were recruited, and mindfulness, positive and negative affect, self-compassion,
resilience, anxiety, and depression were assessed. Mixed-effects multi-level
analyses for repeated measures were performed. Results: The intervention
groups showed significant improvements compared to controls in mindfulness
and positive affect at the 2- and 6-month follow-ups, with no differences between
8- vs. 4-session programmes. The only difference between the abbreviated MBI
vs. the standard MBI was found in self-kindness at 6 months, favoring the
standard MBI. There were marginal differences in anxiety between the controls
vs. the abbreviated MBI, but there were differences between the controls vs. the
standard MBI at 2- and 6-months, with higher levels in the controls. There were
no differences in depression between the controls vs. the abbreviated MBI, but
differences were found between the controls vs. the standard MBI at 2- and 6-
months, favoring the standard MBI. There were no differences with regard to
negative affect and resilience. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first
study to directly investigate the efficacy of a standard 8-week MBI and a 4-week
abbreviated protocol in the same population. Based on our findings, both
97
programmes performed better than controls, with similar effect size (ES). The
efficacy of abbreviated mindfulness programmes may be similar to that of a
standard MBI programme, making them potentially more accessible for a larger
number of populations. Nevertheless, further studies with more powerful designs
to compare the non-inferiority of the abbreviated protocol and addressing clinical
populations are warranted. Clinical Trials.gov Registration ID: NCT02643927.
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providers. The main goal of this study was to compare the feasibility and
preliminary efficacy of an eight-week MBI (Group 1 or G1) on burnout symptoms
in Brazilian PHC providers, compared to a briefer, four-week relaxation-based
intervention (Group 2 or G2) and to a waiting list control group (Group 3 or G3).
The initial hypothesis was that the MBI is superior to relaxation and to the waiting
list group. Methods: A non-randomized controlled trial was performed, with
mixed-methods evaluation. Added to sociodemographic data, the Maslach
Burnout Inventory – General Survey) (MBI-GS ) was used to identify symptoms
of BS, The Positive and Negative Scale (PANAS) to evaluate affection, Five Facet
Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) to measure mindfulness dimensions; the
Experience Scale to measure decentering and rumination (ES), and the Self-
Compassion Scale (SCS) to measure compassion. Results: 142 professionals
took part in the study. The prevalence of burnout symptoms in the total sample
was moderate. Exhaustion and depersonalization were correlated with all the
negative dimensions of the scales used in this study. Results of the intervention
study partially confirmed the hypothesis of superiority of MBI. There was
significant superiority compared to the other groups in the measurement of
goodness, total self-compassion (SCS), non-judgmental and not-react subscales
(FFMQ). Similar results in G1 and G2 were observed in the measurement of
exhaustion (MBI-GS), self-criticism and isolation (SCS). G1 was superior to G3
in the following subscales: cynicism (MBI-GS), positive and negative affection
(PANAS), decentering (ES), fixation, mindfulness (SCS), describe and observe
(FFMQ); while G2 was not superior to G3 in the same variables. Regarding
qualitative data, two groups, G1 and G2, were compared by thematic analysis in
order to derive feedback about the interventions and identify barriers and possible
facilitators to implementating the interventions. Conclusion: Mindfulness and
relaxation interventions may be efficacious in addressing burnout symptoms in
PHC providers, probably with distinct and synergic effects and mechanisms of
action. Further studies with a randomized design and larger sample should be
performed to confirm these preliminary data. Also, additional investigations
should test the hypothesis that a mix of both interventions (mindfulness and
relaxation) would be more effective than each intervention alone to manage BS
in PHC providers.
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Esse foi o primeiro estudo de intervenção controlado em nível internacional que
comparou a eficácia de uma intervenção padrão de mindfulness, contra um
controle ativo do tipo relaxamento num modelo de intervenção breve em
população de profissionais da APS, com o intuito de verificar a eficácia
comparada entre as intervenções para sintomas de burnout e bem-estar
psicológico, e a viabilidade dos modelos de intervenção para serem
implementados nos sistemas de saúde. Os resultados foram inéditos e
inovadores, pois mostraram-se diferenças significativas entre as intervenções
em relação às distintas variáveis, sendo ambas efetivas, porém com impactos
distintos. De maneira interessante, a intervenção de relaxamento se mostrou
mais eficaz para a dimensão de exaustão do burnout, abrindo caminho para a
testagem futura de intervenções híbridas, com diferentes intensidades de
treinamento. O estudo de viabilidade trouxe informações relevantes sobre a
implementação das intervenções em ambientes “reais” no sistema de saúde,
apontando potenciais barreiras (resistências no nível gerencial, por exemplo),
que podem informar estudos futuros no tema.
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chronic pain symptoms. METHODS: Sixty-four female nursing technicians with a
mean age of 47.01 years (standard deviation = 9.50) and MSP participated in this
prospective study. Before the intervention (T0), scores of anxiety, depression,
mindfulness, musculoskeletal complaints, pain catastrophizing, self-compassion,
and perception of quality of life were quantified. These scores were reevaluated
after 8 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) of weekly AMP sessions (60 minutes
each). The variables were evaluated by analysis of variance for repeated
measures, followed by the Bonferroni test. RESULTS: AMP reduced the scores
of musculoskeletal symptoms, anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing
(p < .001). A significant increase was identified in self-compassion scores and
perception of quality of life in the physical, psychological, and overall assessment
(p ≤ .04). Positive effects of AMP occurred at T1 and remained unchanged at T2.
CONCLUSION: AMP contributed to a reduction in painful symptoms and
improved the quality of life of nursing workers, with a lasting effect until the 20th
week of follow-up, indicating utility as an effective strategy for the management
of MSP in the group studied.
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INQUÉRITOS
Cebolla A, Demarzo M, et al. Unwanted effects: Is there a
negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey. PLoS
One. 2017 Sep 5;12(9):e0183137. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183137.
OBJECTIVES: Despite the long-term use and evidence-based efficacy of
meditation and mindfulness-based interventions, there is still a lack of data about
the possible unwanted effects (UEs) of these practices. The aim of this study was
to evaluate the occurrence of UEs among meditation practitioners, considering
moderating factors such as the type, frequency, and lifetime duration of the
meditation practices. METHODS: An online survey was developed and
disseminated through several websites, such as Spanish-, English- and
Portuguese-language scientific research portals related to mindfulness and
meditation. After excluding people who did not answer the survey correctly or
completely and those who had less than two months of meditation experience, a
total of 342 people participated in the study. However, only 87 reported
information about UEs. RESULTS: The majority of the practitioners were women
from Spain who were married and had a University education level. Practices
were more frequently informal, performed on a daily basis, and followed by
focused attention (FA). Among the participants, 25.4% reported UEs, showing
that severity varies considerably. The information requested indicated that most
of the UEs were transitory and did not lead to discontinuing meditation practice
or the need for medical assistance. They were more frequently reported in
relation to individual practice, during focused attention meditation, and when
practising for more than 20 minutes and alone. The practice of body awareness
was associated with UEs to a lesser extent, whereas focused attention was
associated more with UEs. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale, multi-
cultural study on the UEs of meditation. Despite its limitations, this study suggests
that UEs are prevalent and transitory and should be further studied. We
recommend the use of standardized questionnaires to assess the UEs of
meditation practices.
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Esse estudo transversal, multicêntrico, foi o primeiro estudo empírico com
amostra relevante a endereçar o tema dos potenciais efeitos adversos ou não-
esperados das práticas de meditação ou mindfulness, sugerindo que esses
efeitos existem e são relativamente comuns, afetando aproximadamente 25%
dos participantes do estudo. Em geral, esses efeitos são leves e transitórios, e
não impedem a continuidade das práticas. Porém, há uma porcentagem desses
efeitos (aproximadamente 30% dos relatos da amostra estudada) que são mais
intensos e podem gerar abandono dos programas, e são em geral associados a
práticas mais longas e intensas (retiros prolongados de prática, por exemplo), o
que não é o caso dos programas de mindfulness (o que tem sido demostrado
por estudos mais recentes de segurança do paciente durante as intervenções).
O presente estudo é muito relevante do ponto de vista da implementação de
programas de mindfulness em larga escala dentro de sistemas de saúde, pois a
mesma pode aumentar a incidência de tais efeitos pelo número aumentado de
praticantes, e assim estudos como esse são fundamentas para informar gestores
e pesquisadores sobre esse fenômeno.
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random effects models. RESULTS: The meta-analyses were based on 6 trials
having a total of 553 patients. The overall effect size of MBI compared with a
control condition for improving general health was moderate (g = 0.48; P = .002),
with moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 59; P <.05). We found no indication of
publication bias in the overall estimates. MBIs were efficacious for improving
mental health (g = 0.56; P =.007), with a high heterogeneity (I(2) = 78; P <.01),
and for improving quality of life (g = 0.29; P = .002), with a low heterogeneity (I(2)
= 0; P >.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of randomized controlled
trials applying MBIs in primary care is still limited, our results suggest that these
interventions are promising for the mental health and quality of life of primary care
patients. We discuss innovative approaches for implementing MBIs, such as
complex intervention and stepped care.
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and Compassion in Latin Countries? Front Psychol. 2017 Jul
11;8:1161. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01161.
Mindfulness- and Compassion-based (M and C) programs are currently being
implemented in Latin countries and empirical findings attest to their effectiveness.
However, the use of M and C treatments in Latin countries gives rise to a number
of cultural challenges. Although the recommendations for addressing these
challenges are informed by both practice and research, there is a need for
targeted empirical investigation in order to better understand (i) the specific
cultural differences that influence the effectiveness of M and C approaches in
Latin countries, and (ii) how to modify and tailor M and C approaches in order to
account for these differences. In a similar manner, there is a need to develop a
bank of assessment instruments, validated in the languages and culture of Latin
countries, that can be used for research and clinical purposes. Based on our
narrative review, the three most different issues affecting the teaching of
mindfulness and compassion in Latin countries, in comparison with the UK and
US, are the amount of daily practice (this should probably be shorter for Latins),
the role of informal practice and interpersonal mindfulness (more important in
Latin environments), and the issue of potential religious influences.
Esse ensaio teórico do tipo revisão narrativa da literatura, inédito, teve o objetivo
de levantar os temas mais relevantes referentes às adaptações culturais
necessárias para a implementação das intervenções baseadas em mindfulness
para populações ibero-americanas, incluindo o Brasil; trazendo um quadro
referencial que pode informar estudos futuros sobre temas fundamentais como
potenciais barreiras no nível individual (menor adesão às prescrições de práticas
e exercícios regulares) e coletivo (barreiras e resistências religiosas, por
exemplo).
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features. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2013 Nov 1;1(2):e24. doi:
10.2196/mhealth.2733.
BACKGROUND: Interest in mindfulness has increased exponentially, particularly
in the fields of psychology and medicine. The trait or state of mindfulness is
significantly related to several indicators of psychological health, and
mindfulness-based therapies are effective at preventing and treating many
chronic diseases. Interest in mobile applications for health promotion and disease
self-management is also growing. Despite the explosion of interest, research on
both the design and potential uses of mindfulness-based mobile applications
(MBMAs) is scarce. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to study the features
and functionalities of current MBMAs and compare them to current evidence-
based literature in the health and clinical setting. METHODS: We searched online
vendor markets, scientific journal databases, and grey literature related to
MBMAs. We included mobile applications that featured a mindfulness-based
component related to training or daily practice of mindfulness techniques. We
excluded opinion-based articles from the literature. RESULTS: The literature
search resulted in 11 eligible matches, two of which completely met our selection
criteria-a pilot study designed to evaluate the feasibility of a MBMA to train the
practice of "walking meditation," and an exploratory study of an application
consisting of mood reporting scales and mindfulness-based mobile therapies.
The online market search eventually analyzed 50 available MBMAs. Of these,
8% (4/50) did not work, thus we only gathered information about language,
downloads, or prices. The most common operating system was Android. Of the
analyzed apps, 30% (15/50) have both a free and paid version. MBMAs were
devoted to daily meditation practice (27/46, 59%), mindfulness training (6/46,
13%), assessments or tests (5/46, 11%), attention focus (4/46, 9%), and mixed
objectives (4/46, 9%). We found 108 different resources, of which the most used
were reminders, alarms, or bells (21/108, 19.4%), statistics tools (17/108, 15.7%),
audio tracks (15/108, 13.9%), and educational texts (11/108, 10.2%). Daily,
weekly, monthly statistics, or reports were provided by 37% (17/46) of the apps.
28% (13/46) of them permitted access to a social network. No information about
sensors was available. The analyzed applications seemed not to use any external
sensor. English was the only language of 78% (39/50) of the apps, and only 8%
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(4/50) provided information in Spanish. 20% (9/46) of the apps have interfaces
that are difficult to use. No specific apps exist for professionals or, at least, for
both profiles (users and professionals). We did not find any evaluations of health
outcomes resulting from the use of MBMAs. CONCLUSIONS: While a wide
selection of MBMAs seem to be available to interested people, this study still
shows an almost complete lack of evidence supporting the usefulness of those
applications. We found no randomized clinical trials evaluating the impact of
these applications on mindfulness training or health indicators, and the potential
for mobile mindfulness applications remains largely unexplored.
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108
ARTIGO COMPLETO: Demarzo MM, Cebolla A, Garcia-
Campayo J. The implementation of mindfulness in
healthcare systems: a theoretical analysis. Gen Hosp
Psychiatry. 2015 Mar-Apr;37(2):166-71. doi:
10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.11.013.
Abstract
Objective
Evidence regarding the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) is
increasing exponentially; however, there are still challenges to their integration in
healthcare systems. Our goal is to provide a conceptual framework that
addresses these challenges in order to bring about scholarly dialog and support
health managers and practitioners with the implementation of MBIs in healthcare.
Method
This is an opinative narrative review based on theoretical and empirical data that
address key issues in the implementation of mindfulness in healthcare systems,
such as the training of professionals, funding and costs of interventions, cost
effectiveness and innovative delivery models.
Results
We show that even in the United Kingdom, where mindfulness has a high level
of implementation, there is a high variability in the access to MBIs. In addition, we
discuss innovative approaches based on “complex interventions,” “stepped-care”
and “low intensity–high volume” concepts that may prove fruitful in the
development and implementation of MBIs in national healthcare systems,
particularly in Primary Care.
Conclusion
In order to better understand barriers and opportunities for mindfulness
implementation in healthcare systems, it is necessary to be aware that MBIs are
“complex interventions,” which require innovative approaches and delivery
models to implement these interventions in a cost-effective and accessible way.
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Keywords
Mindfulness, Primary Care, Healthcare systems, Implementation, Stepped-care
model.
Introduction
One of the main challenges faced by all types of psychotherapies, including
mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), is the conversion of studies on their
efficacy, developed under controlled conditions, to routine clinical practice within
national healthcare systems. It has now been more than three decades since
MBIs were proposed to improve symptoms of chronic pain, depression, and
anxiety symptoms among patients and the general population, and exponential
evidence-based data have built a scientific foundation for the use of these
interventions in healthcare (1). However, no healthcare system seems to offer
suitable and equitable access for MBIs to patients and the general population
who could benefit from these interventions.
110
developed country in terms of the formal implementation of MBIs in an integrated
national healthcare system (3–5), which involves institutional support in terms of
funding and the training of human resources. In the UK, Mindfulness-based
Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), applied to patients with a history of major depression
who are at risk of relapse, is recommended in clinical guidelines and its
implementation in the health system is a priority (3,4).
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PC: the gateway for mindfulness in healthcare systems
Primary Care (PC) is the main gateway for patients in a healthcare system and
is essential for the proper prevention and management of chronic mental
illnesses (6). The characteristics of PC (equitable access; services close to
people’s residence; continuous, lifelong, person-centered care; focus on
preventive actions and people’s health needs) may enhance the accessibility of
and adherence (motivation and compliance) to MBIs.
112
key question to be clarified by researchers, managers, and developers of “best
practices” policies for mindfulness in health systems is: are MBIs effective and
cost-effective in health systems?
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Table 1- Dimensions of mindfulness-based interventions that are defined as
“complex interventions” (8,9).
114
- Variability in individual results may be due to the characteristics of health
systems. Therefore, an adequate sample size and the use of appropriate
methodological designs (cluster samples, for example) are key to
decreasing the influence of such factors. It is best to use a range of
variables and indicators for processes and results (physiological,
psychological, clinical, use of services, etc.) rather than focusing on a few
indicators.
- The requirement of strict faithfulness to intervention protocols may not be
appropriate, as interventions may work more effectively if there exists the
ability to adapt to local conditions and health care systems.
115
Table 3- Theoretical framework for the development and assessment of MBIs,
based on the model for “complex interventions” (8,9).
116
complementary information on the effect size of the intervention and its
viability.
5. The next step would be the large-scale experimental evaluation of MT
or testing it in experimentally controlled conditions in several centres and
services and using appropriate methods for this through “pragmatic”
studies.
6. The final step would be the long-term monitoring of the effects of MT on
patients, professionals, and the health care system. This step, although
difficult to implement and manage, would be key for the effective
implementation of the MT, as it would shed information that is difficult to
obtain in controlled experimental studies, such as unexpected or adverse
effects of interventions, or context barriers that were not identified in
experimental studies.
117
Another point concerns how information on results from investigation,
evaluations, clinical guidelines, and “best practice” guides for MBIs are delivered
to opinionmakers, professionals, managers, patients, and the general population
(8,9). Among scientific publications, there should also be a standard orientation
that addresses the characteristics of complex interventions and their evaluations,
such as describing in detail the content, the mode of application, and the barriers
identified in studies on implementation in healthcare systems (10–13).
6
http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/trainingteachers/index.aspx
7
www.mindfulnessteachersuk.org.uk
118
nurses specialising in psychiatry (55% of services) administering these groups.
Other professionals who teach groups, if less frequently, are cognitive behavioral
therapists, dieticians, family therapists, psychiatrists, and physiotherapists (4).
Moreover, the type of professional background required depends on the type of
target patient or population.
It is well established that mindfulness teachers should only work with certain
patients or certain health conditions if they have been professionally trained to
work with them, or if they are part of a larger team prepared to manage those
conditions. This is a fundamental issue to ensure that patients with more severe
problems will not be guided by teachers or teams who are not experienced to
deal with or recognize these problems.
Specific professional skills are also important as criteria for determining when
individuals are able to begin teaching MBIs. According to Crane et al. (2012) (14),
in addition to recommended training qualifications to manage certain types of
patients, instructors should integrate the following skills: knowing and complying
with the content of the mindfulness programs in which they are trained; having
relational skills; knowing how to direct mindfulness practices; appropriately
approaching fundamental theoretical themes and participants’ demands during
courses; and, most importantly, incorporating mindfulness qualities into their daily
lives and during the courses. Importantly, these skills are developed throughout
life and, thus, may be classified in stages, from someone being “not competent”
in teaching MBIs to someone being at an “advanced” level (14).
119
To encourage the implementation of mindfulness in services, the national health
system could offer awards to professionals who choose to train and teach
mindfulness, as well as for universities that invest in offering training for these
professionals (5). In addition to benefiting patients, this initiative would also be
useful for professionals and managers, as the effects of MBIs are well known to
prevent burnout and its consequences, such as absences and frequent changes
in service professionals (5).
Although there are no studies on the subject, if the programs are general like
MBSR, reaching diverse patient populations (with anxiety, depression, chronic
pain, etc.) and people or professionals with high-stress symptoms, a greater
number of instructors will be needed. Based on the calculation by Patten et al.
(15), considering a hypothetically conservative prevalence of these conditions at
approximately 30% of the general population and an acceptable rate of
mindfulness of 20%, the need for MBI instructors would be approximately 12 for
every 200,000 people, or 1 for every 15,000 people.
Another author (16) has speculatively estimated that the cost of providing a MBIS
group is 2.25 euros (3 US dollars) per hour/patient. Therefore, a group of eight 2-
hour sessions with 15 participants would cost approximately 540 euros. This
estimate does not include extra costs, such as room rental, materials (pillow,
mattresses, blankets, prints, CDs with audiovisual guides) or professional
training, which may cost up to 3,500 euros per person.
120
Cost effectiveness of MBIs
Appropriate cost-effectiveness is essential in order for MBIs to be accepted and
implemented in healthcare systems. Studies on the cost effectiveness of MBIs
are still scarce, but the results of some of the existing studies are encouraging.
For example, in 2002, Roth and Stanley (2002) (17) showed that an 8-week
MBSR group at a primary care center in the US decreased the number of visits
to the health center for chronic illnesses among the patients who attended the
group, suggesting that MBIs may be effective and cost-effective. Recently, similar
results regarding health service utilization were observed in a large population-
based study conducted in Canada by Kurdyac and colleagues (18). Based on a
controlled retrospective cohort of 10,663 patients receiving MBCT, they observed
that among high utilizers (4,851 patients), there was a significant reduction in
non-mental health service utilization when comparing MBCT recipients to a
control group (number needed to treat was two for a reduction in one non-mental
health visit).
Moreover, in 2008, Kuyken et al. (2008) (19) studied the prevention of relapse in
patients with recurrent depression. The authors observed that the patients who
attended a MBCT group, compared to patients who took antidepressants (usual
treatment), showed a lower rate of relapse (47% vs. 60%), took less medication,
showed fewer residual depression systems, and had a better score on quality of
life questionnaires. No differences in annual costs were found between the two
groups (19).
121
“Stepped-care” and “low intensity–high volume”: key
concepts for the large-scale implementation of mindfulness
When we discuss the implementation of MBIs in healthcare systems, we consider
high-volume interventions. A large-scale strategic implementation plan for
mindfulness may benefit from concepts such as “stepped-care” and “low
intensity-high volume” interventions (22–24), thereby making the models of these
types of MBIs more flexible and increasing access to MBIs.
The “stepped-care” intervention model is based on the notion that there is a gap
between population demand for these therapies and the ability of services to offer
them. In other words, there is an access barrier to therapies, mainly related to the
lack of professional skills needed to provide them (22–24). A useful strategy
would be the “stepped-care” model, which consists of offering the same
interventions (trying to keep the same theoretical models and practices normally
offered) in increasing levels (steps) of intensity, according to the needs of
patients, and maximizing healthcare system resources. That is, a person with a
low level access to systems is offered a low-intensity intervention, often based on
self-care (with or without professional supervision). This, thereby, reserves the
most classic intensive models of therapies, using highly specialized
professionals, for the most acute patients.
122
stairs, and active cycling for transportation. The same idea also guides the
“stepped-care” model, which understands that a modest clinical effect of an
intervention applied on a large scale may cause more health benefits for a
population than a high-impact intervention whose application is restricted to a
very small number of patients (24).
This is a theoretical and speculative model; therefore, the same principles applied
to all therapies should be followed: quality, safety, patient acceptability, clinical
123
effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency (understood here as having
clinical results at least equal to other intervention models, but with lower costs)
(22–24).
MBCT type Physical “Classic” (8 Patients with Complementar “Classic” Professionals trained in the
of MT exercise sessions) / more complex y treatment specific context /
(specific (specific adapted with clinical collaborative care between
contexts) context) help of ICT conditions skilled professionals and
primary care
MBSR type Physical “Classic” (8 General Health “Classic” General health practitioners
of MT Exercise sessions) / population / promotion /
(general) (general) adapted with primary care complementar
help of ICT patients y treatment
124
and assessment model for MBIs, based on the approach for “complex
interventions” (see table 3) (8,9). This general framework facilitates addressing
the unresolved research questions of MBIs, specifically those related to its
implementation in healthcare systems (4,5,24), which generally are as follows:
- Are MBIs interventions that may be used alone in certain clinical conditions
(such as anxiety or depression), or are they always employed as a complement
to standard treatments?
- Are they acceptable for patients, professionals, and managers from different
countries, ethnic groups, and health care systems?
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any
commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential
conflict of interest.
Author Contributions
MMPD and JGC presented the initial concept, drafted the first version, and
organized subsequent versions until the final format of the manuscript. All authors
contributed to the development and improvement of the manuscript until its final
version.
125
Acknowledgments
MMPD is grateful to the CNPq - Brazilian National Council for Research and
Technological Development - for a postdoctoral fellowship under supervision of
Professor Javier García-Campayo (“Science without Borders Program”). The
authors thank Rebecca S Crane, Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
(CMRP), Dean Street Building, Bangor University, LL571UT, UK, for the revision
of previous drafts of this paper, and Mari Cruz Pérez-Yus, Instituto Aragonés de
Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain, for her technical support.
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130
CONTINUIDADE DA LINHA DE PESQUISA
SUBMETIDOS
131
Parte da Tese (Doutorado) de Daniela Sopezki-Universidade Federal de São
Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde
Coletiva. Orientador.
EM FASE DE REDAÇÃO
132
Treatment-Seeking Women with Insomnia: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. 2018. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT02127411. [fase final de redação].
Parte da Tese (Doutorado) de Viviam Vargas de Barros-Universidade Federal de
São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Psicobiologia. Co-orientador (Orientador: Profa. Dra. Ana Regina Noto).
133
Oliveira D, et al., Demarzo M. An Outpatient Mindfulness
Clinic for Chronic Condition: a Learning Report from the
Brazilian Center “Mente Aberta”. 2018 [fase final de redação].
Resultados parciais do Ambulatório de Mindfulness do Centro Mente Aberta –
UNIFESP. Estudo longitudinal naturalístico.
134
PROJETOS EM ANDAMENTO OU SUBMETIDOS A
AGÊNCIAS DE FOMENTO
135
Salvo V, Kristeller J, Montero Marin J, Sanudo A, Lourenço
BH, Schveitzer MC, D'Almeida V, Morillo H, Gimeno SGA,
Garcia-Campayo J, Demarzo M. Mindfulness as a
complementary intervention in the treatment of overweight
and obesity in primary health care: study protocol for a
randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018 May 11;19(1):277. doi:
10.1186/s13063-018-2639-y. [submetido ao edital Universal – CNPq –2018].
BACKGROUND: Mindfulness has been applied in the United States and Europe
to improve physical and psychological health; however, little is known about its
feasibility and efficacy in a Brazilian population. Mindfulness may also be relevant
in tackling obesity and eating disorders by decreasing binge eating episodes-
partly responsible for weight regain for a large number of people-and increasing
awareness of emotional and other triggers for overeating. The aim of the present
study protocol is to evaluate and compare the feasibility and efficacy of two
mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) addressing overweight and obesity in
primary care patients: a general programme called Mindfulness-Based Health
Promotion and a targeted mindful eating protocol called Mindfulness-Based
Eating Awareness Training. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial
will be conducted to compare treatment as usual separately in primary care with
both programmes (health promotion and mindful eating) added to treatment as
usual. Two hundred forty adult women with overweight and obesity will be
enrolled. The primary outcome will be an assessment of improvement in eating
behaviour. Secondary outcomes will be (1) biochemical control; (2)
anthropometric parameters, body composition, dietary intake and basal
metabolism; and (3) levels of mindfulness, stress, depression, self-compassion
and anxiety. At the end of each intervention, a focus group will be held to assess
the programme's impact on the participants' lives, diet and health. A feasibility
study on access to benefits from and importance of MBIs at primary care facilities
will be conducted among primary care health care professionals and participants.
Monthly maintenance sessions lasting at least 1 hour will be offered, according
136
to each protocol, during the 3-month follow-up periods. DISCUSSION: This
clinical trial will result in more effective mindfulness-based interventions as a
complementary treatment in primary care for people with overweight and obesity.
If the findings of this study confirm the effectiveness of mindfulness programmes
in this population, it will be possible to improve quality of life and health while
optimising public resources and reaching a greater number of people. In addition,
on the basis of the evaluation of the feasibility of implementing this intervention
in primary care facilities, we expect to be able to suggest the intervention for
incorporation into public policy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov,
NCT02893150.
137
sociais no contexto escolar. Alguns estudos apontam que a prática de
mindfulness reduz alguns biomarcadores como, cortisol, proteína serina-treonina
quinase 2 de interação com receptor (RIPK2), ciclooxiganase 2 (COX2),
interleucina 6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral alpha (TNF-±) e histona deacetilase
(HDAC). Sabe-se que, esses marcadores estão relacionados com a inflamação
e o estresse. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS-2013) tem estimulado a
aplicação de estratégias para a promoção da saúde mental ao redor do mundo,
que têm como um dos focos a doença ocupacional. Esta pesquisa pretende
elaborar um programa de Promoção da Saúde Baseado em Mindfulness para
professores (MBHP-educa) ou Mindfulness-Based Health Promotion - educators
(MBHP - educa). A eficácia do programa será avaliada por testes cognitivos.
Amostras de sangue serão coletadas para a avaliação das moléculas
previamente mencionadas relacionadas ao estresse. Esse programa visa
ulteriormente à promoção e recuperação da atenção à saúde do professor na
escola pública. A pesquisa contribuirá com a discussão das políticas públicas
para a promoção da atenção à saúde destinadas ao professor do sistema público
de educação no Brasil.
138
promote quality of life in a variety of settings, although its efficacy in this context
has yet to be systematically evaluated. Therefore, this trial will investigate the
efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention versus a waitlist control in improving
quality of life and reducing negative mental health symptoms in police officers.
METHODS: This multicenter randomized controlled trial has three assessment
points: baseline, post-intervention, and six-month follow-up. Active police officers
(n = 160) will be randomized to Mindfulness-Based Health Promotion (MBHP) or
waitlist control group at two Brazilian major cities: Porto Alegre and São Paulo.
The primary outcomes are burnout symptoms and quality of life. Consistent with
the MBHP conceptual model, assessed secondary outcomes include perceived
stress, anxiety and depression symptoms, and the potential mechanisms of
resilience, mindfulness, decentering, self-compassion, spirituality, and religiosity.
DISCUSSION: Findings from this study will inform and guide future research,
practice, and policy regarding police offer health and quality of life in Brazil and
globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03114605.
139
e concentração de ocitocina plasmática) que possam explicar o efeito do MBRP
nos referidos desfechos.
140
141
NOVO PROJETO – FASE DE REDAÇÃO
142
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
143
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