KIM MARTINELI SOUZA GONÇALVES 

 
 
 
 
Análise numérica e experimental de falhas em 
juntas de materiais compósitos tipo ​
single‐lap 
fixadas por parafusos escareados 
 
 
 
 
 
Dissertação  apresentada  à  escola  de 
Engenharia  de  São  Carlos,  da 
Universidade  de  São  Paulo,  como  parte 
dos  requisitos  para  obtenção  do  título  de 
Mestre em Ciências. 
 
Área de concentração:​  Projeto Mecânico 
 
Orientador: ​
Prof. Dr. Jonas de Carvalho 
 

 
 

São Carlos 

2015 
AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO,
POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS
DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE.

Gonçalves, Kim Martineli Souza

G635a Análise numérica e experimental de falhas em juntas
de materiais compósitos tipo single-lap fixadas por
parafusos escareados / Kim Martineli Souza Gonçalves;
orientador Jonas de Carvalho. São Carlos, 2015.

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação

em Engenharia Mecânica e Área de Concentração em
Projeto Mecânico -- Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
da Universidade de São Paulo, 2015.

1. Compósito. 2. Junta parafusada. 3. Elementos

finitos. 4. Fibra de carbono. 5. Resina epoxy. 6.
Critério de Hashin. I. Título.


/dMZ/


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FRP PRGHORV UHDLV VHJXLQGR DOJXQV FULWpULRV GH IDOKDV H QRUPDV SDUD MXQWDV GH
FRPSyVLWR SDUDIXVDGDV XVDGDV QD LQG~VWULD DHURHVSDFLDO DHURQiXWLFD H
DXWRPRELOtVWLFD $ SHVTXLVD VREUH MXQWDV SDUDIXVDGDV GH FRPSyVLWR FUHVFHX PXLWR
QRV ~OWLPRV DQRV H DUWLJRV H RXWURV WUDEDOKRV SXEOLFDGRV VmR D PDLRULD GH
SHVTXLVDGRUHVIRUDGR%UDVLO

$V MXQWDV SDUDIXVDGDV GH HVWUXWXUDV PHWiOLFDV Mi VmR EHPFRQKHFLGDVPDVD

QDWXUH]D RUWRWUySLFD RX DQLVRWUySLFD GRV PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV FULDP D QHFHVVLGDGH
GH QRYDV IHUUDPHQWDV SDUD VLPXODomR $ SUHYLVmR GH HVIRUoRV H IDOKDV QDV
HVWUXWXUDV GXUDQWH D IDVH GH SURMHWR p GH H[WUHPD LPSRUWkQFLD GR SRQWR GH YLVWD
HFRQ{PLFRSRGHQGRJHUDUUHGXo}HVQRFXVWRGRFLFORGHYLGDGRSURGXWR

   


 



2 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA 

2.1 Materiais compósitos 

2 WHUPR FRPSyVLWR VLJQLILFD D FRPELQDomR GH PDWHULDLV TXH GLIHUHP HP

FRPSRVLomR HRX IRUPD HP XPD HVFDOD PDFURVFySLFD RQGH JHUDOPHQWH SRGHP VHU
LGHQWLILFDGRV YLVXDOPHQWH H H[LEHP XPD LQWHUIDFH HQWUH HOHV 2V FRQVWLWXLQWHV
PDQWrP VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV RX VHMD HOHV QmR VH GLVVROYHP RX VH IXQGHP
FRPSOHWDPHQWHPDVDWXDPGHIRUPDFRPELQDGD-21(652%(570S

1RV PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV SROLPpULFRV UHIRUoDGRV FRP ILEUDV SROtPHURV

PDWUL]HV H ILEUDV UHIRUoRV FRP DOJXPDV SURSULHGDGHV ItVLFDV H PHFkQLFDV
GHVHMiYHLV VmR FRPELQDGRV UHVXOWDQGR HP XP PDWHULDO FRP SURSULHGDGHV
VXSHULRUHV

2.1.1 Fibras 

$V ILEUDV VmR PDWHULDLV ILODPHQWDUHV SRGHQGR VHU QDWXUDLV RX DUWLILFLDLV (ODV
VmR RV HOHPHQWRV EiVLFRV SDUD IRUPDU WHFLGRV H RXWUDV HVWUXWXUDV Wr[WHLV 6mR
XVDGDV FRPR UHIRUoRV H SRU LVVR JHUDOPHQWH SRVVXHP DOWR 0yGXOR GH(ODVWLFLGDGH
H DOWD 5HVLVWrQFLD j 7UDomR HP XPD GLUHomR (VVHV UHIRUoRV ³DGLFLRQDP´ ULJLGH] j
SHoD H SULQFLSDOPHQWH SUHYLQH D SURSDJDomR GH WULQFDV &DUERQR YLGUR $UDPLGD
1\ORQ SROLpVWHU WLWkQLR ERUR VmR H[HPSORV GH PDWHULDLV XVDGRV QD IRUPD GH ILEUDV
FRPR UHIRUoRV HVWUXWXUDLV SDUD PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV 2V UHIRUoRV SRGHP WHU DV
VHJXLQWHVJHRPHWULDVYLGH)LJXUD

Ɣ 3DUWLFXODGR VmR FDUDWHUL]DGRV SRUSDUWtFXODVGLVSHUVDVFRPIRUPDVGHHVIHUD

HOLSVH RX HVFDPDV H SRGHP VHU PDFLoDV RX RFDV (VVDV SDUWtFXODV SRGHP
VHU FRQVWLWXtGDV GH PDWHULDLV PHWiOLFRVFRPRRFKXPERRDOXPtQLRHRFREUH
RXQmRPHWiOLFRVFRPRRYLGURDUDPLGD

Ɣ )LEUDV GHVFRQWtQXDV 6mR ILEUDV FXUWDV TXH SRGHP SRVVXLU FRPSULPHQWRV

ORQJRV FRPSDUDGRV DR VHX GLkPHWUR H SRGHP VHU RULHQWDGDV VHJXQGR XPD
GLUHomRRXVHUHPGLVSHUVDVUDQGRPLFDPHQWHQDPDWUL]

Ɣ )LEUDV XQLGLUHFLRQDLV H 7HFLGRV PXOWLGLUHFLRQDLV  8PD IRUPD PDLV


 



DYDQoDGD SDUD IDEULFDomR GH PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV QR TXDO DV ILEUDV
FRQWtQXDV SRGHP WHU XPD GLUHomR RX DLQGD VHUHP HQWUHODoDGDV SDUD IRUPDU
XPD PDOKD TXH SRVVXHP UHVLVWrQFLD QDV GXDV GLUHo}HV DR LQYpV GH XP Vy
FRPR QDV ILEUDV XQLGLUHFLRQDLV *HUDOPHQWH VH XWLOL]D YiULDV FDPDGDV GR
WHFLGR SDUD IRUPDU XPD SHoD H FDGD FDPDGD SRGH WHU XPD RULHQWDomR GH
DFRUGRFRPRVHVIRUoRVTXHHVVDSHoDVRIUHUi

Figura 2.1 ­ Exemplos das formas de fibras (vidro) 

2.1.2 Matrizes 

$V PDWUL]HV VmR HVVHQFLDOPHQWH PDWHULDLV KRPRJrQHRV QRV TXDLV DV ILEUDV
VmR HPEXWLGDVHSRVVXHPDVPDLVYDULDGDVH[LJrQFLDV(ODVGHYHPPDQWHUDVILEUDV
QD SRVLomR H RULHQWDomR GHVHMDGDV VHSDUDQGR DV ILEUDV SDUD HYLWDU DEUDVmR $V
PDWUL]HV WDPEpP SUHFLVDP GLVWULEXLU RV HVIRUoRV HQWUH DV ILEUDV TXDQGR HVWmR QD
GLUHomR GHVWDV H UHVLVWHP QR FDVR GRV HVIRUoRV WUDQVYHUVDLV jV ILEUDV PHVPR
SRVVXLQGR EDL[D UHVLVWrQFLD (P FDVRV HVSHFtILFRV HVVHV PDWHULDLV GHYHP SURWHJHU
WDPEpP DV ILEUDV GR DPELHQWH GH DWDTXHV TXtPLFRV UHVLVWLU D WHPSHUDWXUD H D
XPLGDGH VHUHP LVRODQWHV RX FRQGXWRUDV 5HVLQDV YLQtOLFDV SROLpVWHU HSy[L HRXWURV
SOiVWLFRVVmRH[HPSORVGHPDWHULDLVXVDGRVFRPRPDWUL]HVSROLPpULFDV


 



Figura 2.2 ­ Representação da seção em corte de um compósito 

2V PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV VmR FODVVLILFDGRV HP WUrV FDWHJRULDV SULQFLSDLV GH
DFRUGR FRP R WLSR JHRPHWULD H RULHQWDomR GR UHIRUoR FRPR p PRVWUDGR QD )LJXUD


Figura 2.3 ­ Categorias de compósitos (Adaptado de DANIEL e ISHAI, 1994) 


 



2.1.3 Uso de compósitos 

2 XVR GH PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV IRL XP DGYHQWR TXH SHUPLWLX D DYLDomR
FRPHUFLDO HP SRXFRV DQRV WURFDU RV DYL}HV PRWRUL]DGRV SDUD DYL}HV FRP WXUELQDV
GHYLGR D SHUIRUPDQFH VXSHULRU H DRV EDL[RV FXVWRV GH PDQXWHQomR -21(6
52%(57 0  S  2 QRPH FRPSyVLWR DYDQoDGR p PXLWR XWLOL]DGR QD
LQG~VWULD SDUD GLVWLQJXLU RV PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV TXH SRVVXHP ULJLGH] H UHVLVWrQFLD
PXLWR DOWDV FRPR RV UHIRUoRV GH ERUR H FDUERQR GH RXWURV PDWHULDLV FRP ULJLGH] H
UHVLVWrQFLDPDLVEDL[DVFRPRILEUDVQDWXUDLVILEUDGHYLGURHWF 

$OJXQV FRPSyVLWRV SRGHP VHU IDEULFDGRV FRP D PHVPD ULJLGH] H UHVLVWrQFLD

GH XP DoR HVWUXWXUDO H DLQGD VHU  PDLV OHYH RX DLQGD  YH]HV PDLV UHVLVWHQWH
TXH RV DOXPtQLRV XVDGRV HP DHURQDYHV FRP DSHQDV  GR SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH
-21(652%(570S

eLPSRUWDQWHHQWHQGHUDFRQWULEXLomRSDUDRPDWHULDOFRPSyVLWRFRPRXPWRGR
GH FDGD XP GH VHXV FRQVWLWXLQWHV PDWUL] H ILEUDV TXH FRQWULEXHP GLUHWDPHQWH SDUD
DV SURSULHGDGHV ILQDLV GH UHVLVWrQFLD H ULJLGH] GR PDWHULDO PDV WDPEpP R PRGR GH
IDEULFDomR FRQVLGHUDQGR RV kQJXORV GD ILEUD GHQWUR GD PDWUL]HPFDGDXPDGHVXDV
OkPLQDV 1D ILJXUD  SRGHVH YHU D LQIOXrQFLDGRVHOHPHQWRVEHPFRPRGRPpWRGR
GHHPSLOKDPHQWRGDVOkPLQDVQRODPLQDGR

Figura 2.4 ­ Comparação de rigidez e resistência entre fibra e matriz (Adaptado de JONES, 
Mechanics of Composite Materials, 1999, p.28) 


 



3RGHVH QRWDU FRPR GLWR DQWHULRUPHQWH TXH DV ILEUDV XQLGLUHFLRQDLV XVDGDV
HP FRPSyVLWRV DYDQoDGRV SRVVXHP DOWD ULJLGH] H DOWD UHVLVWrQFLD PHFkQLFD
(PEXWLQGR HVVDV ILEUDV HP XPD PDWUL] TXH p XP PDWHULDO WLSLFDPHQWH GH EDL[D
ULJLGH] H EDL[D UHVLVWrQFLD PHFkQLFD IDEULFDVH XPD ODPLQD XQLGLUHFLRQDO (VWD SRU
VXD YH] SRVVXL GLIHUHQoDV HQRUPHV GH ULJLGH] HP GLIHUHQWHV GLUHo}HV GH DWXDomR
3DUDOHODPHQWH jV ILEUDVWHPVHDPDLRUULJLGH]HUHVLVWrQFLDHQTXDQWRSHUSHQGLFXODU
ž WHPVH D PHQRU ULJLGH] H UHVLVWrQFLD FRP DOJXPDV YDULDo}HV $OJXQV WLSRV GH
ILEUDVSRGHPID]HUFRPTXHDžVHMDDPHQRUULJLGH]GRFRPSyVLWR

8PD IRUPD GH H[SUHVVDU D HILFiFLD GD ULJLGH] H UHVLVWrQFLD GH XP PDWHULDO p
ID]HQGR D UD]mR HQWUH HVVD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD H D GHQVLGDGH SHVRYROXPH (VVHV
YDORUHV VmR FKDPDGRV GH UHVLVWrQFLD HVSHFtILFD H ULJLGH] HVSHFtILFD RV GRLV FRP
GLPHQVmRGHFRPSULPHQWR

Figura 2.5 ­ Resistência Específica x Rigidez Específica (Adaptado de JONES, Mechanics of 
Composite Materials, 1999, p.28) 

2.1.4 Custos 

2V PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV WLYHUDP VHX FXVWR GLPLQXtGR FRQIRUPH D SURGXomR

HP ODUJD HVFDOD ILFRX PDLV HILFLHQWH H QRYDV WHFQRORJLDV GH SURGXomR IRUDP VHQGR


 



LQWURGX]LGDV 2 SUHoR SDVVRX GHDOJXPDVFHQWHQDVGHGyODUHVSRUNJaNJ

GR PDWHULDO QR FRPHoR GRV DQRVSDUDNJQRVDQRV-21(652%(570
 S  (P XPD HVWUXWXUD SRUpP R FXVWR GD PDWpULD SULPD p JHUDOPHQWH
DSHQDVXPDSHTXHQDSDUWHGRFXVWRWRWDOGRFLFORGHYLGDGHVVHSURGXWR

2 FXVWR RSHUDFLRQDO H GH PDQXWHQomR HP HVWUXWXUDV GH FRPSyVLWR VmR

PHQRUHV TXH DV HVWUXWXUDV PHWiOLFDV H SRUWDQWR R FXVWR LQLFLDO GD PDWpULD SULPD
DSHQDV QmR SRGH VHU XVDGR FRPR EDVH SDUD GHFLVmR 2V FXVWRV RSHUDFLRQDLV VmR
FRPSRVWRV GH LWHQV FRPR FRPEXVWtYHO H RXWURV FRQVXPtYHLV 2V FXVWRV GH
PDQXWHQomR HQYROYHP ORJLFDPHQWH R SUHoR GDV PDQXWHQo}HV PDV WDPEpP D
TXDQWLGDGH GH PDQXWHQo}HV HP XP GDGR SHUtRGR (VVHV LWHQV WRUQDP HVWUXWXUDV
IDEULFDGDVHPFRPSyVLWRVPDLVUHQWiYHLVTXHHVWUXWXUDVPHWiOLFDV

Figura 2.6 ­ Elemento de custo de um ciclo de vida 

2.2 Juntas Parafusadas 

(VWUXWXUDV DHURQiXWLFDV VmR DSOLFDo}HV LGHDLV SDUD PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV

ODPLQDGRV (VVDV HVWUXWXUDV GHYHP SRVVXLU DOWR PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDGH EDL[R
FRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVmR WpUPLFD H HVWDELOLGDGH GLPHQVLRQDO &RPSyVLWRV GH DOWD
SHUIRUPDQFH VDWLVID]HP HVVHV UHTXHULPHQWRV RIHUHFHQGR DLQGD EDL[D GHQVLGDGH
UHGX]LQGRPXLWRDPDVVDILQDOGDVSHoDV

&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH D PDLRULD GHVVDV HVWUXWXUDV FRQWpP MXQWDV GHYLGR D

UHVWULo}HV GH IDEULFDomR H PRQWDJHP RX DLQGD SDUD PDQXWHQomR H XVDELOLGDGH DV
MXQWDV PHFDQLFDPHQWH SDUDIXVDGDV RIHUHFHP YDULDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH DV WRUQDP
VXSHULRUHV QD MXQomR GH FRPSyVLWRV ODPLQDGRV (QWUH HVVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWmR D
IDFLOLGDGH GH IDEULFDomR R TXH UHGX] FXVWR H D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH GHVPRQWDJHP GDV
SHoDV SRUpP JHUDP HVIRUoRV FRQFHQWUDGRV TXH HQIUDTXHFHP H GLPLQXHP D ULJLGH]


 



GD HVWUXWXUD H SDUDIXVRV H UHELWHV PHWiOLFRV DXPHQWDP R SHVR GD HVWUXWXUD GH
FRPSyVLWR

$ PDLRULD GRV UHIRUoRV XVDGRV DSUHVHQWDP FRPSRUWDPHQWR PHFkQLFR IUiJLO

WRUQDQGR HVVDV HVWUXWXUDV ODPLQDGDV DOWDPHQWH RUWRWUySLFDV DXPHQWDQGR DVVLP DV
FRQFHQWUDo}HVGHWHQV}HVTXHGHYHPVHUOHYDGDVHPFRQWDDRSURMHWDUXPDMXQWDGH
FRPSyVLWR $ HILFLrQFLD GDV MXQWDV GH FRPSyVLWRV VmR EHP PHQRUHV TXH QDV MXQWDV
GH PDWHULDLV PHWiOLFRV $*$5:$/ % ' %52870$1 / -$VVLPDMXQWD
UHSUHVHQWD D SDUWH FUtWLFD GD HVWUXWXUD GHFRPSyVLWRHSRUWDQWRpRSURMHWRGHODTXH
YDLGHWHUPLQDUJUDQGHSDUWHGRFXVWRHGRSHVRGDHVWUXWXUD

-XQWDV SDUDIXVDGDV WHP VLGR XVDGDV H[WHQVLYDPHQWH HP DHURQDYHV GHVGH R

FRPHoR GD DYLDomR H PHVPR KRMH HP GLD FRP DV SHoDV GH FRPSyVLWR FRQWLQXDP
FRP XP SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH QDV HVWUXWXUDV DHURQiXWLFDV $ LQWHUDomR HQWUH DV SDUWHV
GDV MXQWDV SRGH VHU FRPSOH[D GHYLGR D GLILFXOGDGH LQHUHQWH GH VH SUHYHU R
FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV DLQGDPDLVFRPFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHWHQV}HV
UHVXOWDQWHV GRV IXURV GDV MXQWDV H WDPEpP GHYLGR DR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH PXLWRV
SDUkPHWURV GLItFHLV GH VH SUHYHU FRPR R FRHILFLHQWH GH DWULWR SUp FDUJD H IROJD GD
MXQWD ,VVR GHYH VHU HVWXGDGR FRP XPD JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH WHVWHV H[SHULPHQWDLV
FRP R LQWXLWR GH YDOLGDU HVWDWLVWLFDPHQWH RV PRGHORV YLUWXDLV R TXH FRQVRPH PXLWR
WHPSRHGLQKHLUR

0XLWRV HVWXGRV Mi IRUDP UHDOL]DGRV QHVWD iUHD SDUD VH GHVHQYROYHU PRGHORV
PDWHPiWLFRV DSUR[LPDGRV TXH VmR GH ³UiSLGD´ VROXomR QXPpULFD RX VHMD
FRQYHUJHP SDUD XPD VROXomR UDSLGDPHQWH (.+ H 6&+g1  GHVHQYROYHUDP
XP PRGHOR XQLGLPHQVLRQDO FRPSRVWR GH HOHPHQWRV HVWUXWXUDLV SRGHQGR VLPXODU RV
HIHLWRVGHDWULWRSUpFDUJDHIROJDGRSDUDIXVR

2XWURV PRGHORV ELGLPHQVLRQDLV GH HOHPHQWRV ILQLWRV IRUDP GHVHQYROYLGRV

SDUD R HVWXGR GDV MXQWDV (VWHV FRQVLGHUDYDP RV SDUDIXVRV VXSHUItFLHV UtJLGDV H R
FRPSyVLWR FRPR HOHPHQWRV GH FDVFD (PERUD VHMDP PRGHORV IiFHLV H UiSLGRV GH
VHUHP HODERUDGRV H FDOFXODGRV HOHV QmR UHSUHVHQWDYDP FRP SURIXQGLGDGH D
LQWHUDomR FRPSOH[D GD MXQWD Mi TXH RV PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV VmR FRPSRVWRV GH
FDPDGDVFRPXPDLQWHUDomRSUySULD


 



2.3 Análise de Tensões e Deformações 

3DUD HQWHQGHU RV PHFDQLVPRV GH IDOKD GH XP PDWHULDO SULPHLUDPHQWH p
SUHFLVR DQDOLVDU FRPR p R HVWDGR GH WHQV}HV HP XP SRQWR &RQVLGHUDQGR XP PHLR
FRQWtQXR SRGHVH GHVFUHYrOR SHOR WHQVRU 7  ı௙
LM TXH SRVVXL QRYH FRPSRQHQWHV GH

WHQVmR RQGH LM     FRPR LOXVWUDGR QD ILJXUD  6LPLODUPHQWH R HVWDGR GH
GHIRUPDo}HV p GHVFULWRSHORVQRYHFRPSRQHQWHVGHGHIRUPDomRİ௙ 7HPVHDVVLPD
LM௙

SDUWLUGDVHTXDo}HVFRQVWLWXWLYDV(THDVVHJXLQWHVUHODo}HV

Figura 2.7 ­ Estado tridimensional de tensões e deformações 



$ OHL GH +RRNH JHQHUDOL]DGD H[SUHVVD D UHODomR OLQHDU HOiVWLFD HQWUH RV
FRPSRQHQWHV GH WHQV}HV H GHIRUPDo}HV $WUDYpV GDV HTXDo}HV D VHJXLU HVFULWDV
HPQRWDomRLQGLFLDOSRGHVHYHUHVVDUHODomR

ıi C ij İj ⇔ C −ij ı j  RQGHLM  

1D IRUPD GH PDWUL] p PHOKRU YLVXDOL]DGD D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] &௙  H DPDWUL]GH
LM௙
௙
IOH[LELOLGDGH &௙  TXH VmR PXLWR XVDGDV HP PDWHULDLV RUWRWUySLFRV H DQLVRWUySLFRV
LM௙


 



GHYLGRDGLIHUHQoDGHULJLGH]HPFDGDGLUHomRSULQFLSDO



2V YDORUHV Ȗ VmR DV YDULiYHLV GH HQJHQKDULD SDUD GHIRUPDomR SRU
FLVDOKDPHQWR 3RGH VHU XVDGR PXLWDV YH]HV R HVWDGR SODQR GH WHQV}HV SDUD
PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV GHYLGR DHVSHVVXUDVSHTXHQDVTXDQGRFRPSDUDGDVjVRXWUDV
GLPHQV}HV 3RUpP QR FDVR GDV MXQWDV SDUDIXVDGDV XPD DQiOLVH WULGLPHQVLRQDO p
QHFHVViULD SDUD LGHQWLILFDU DV WHQV}HV HP FDGD OkPLQD 3RU LVVR PRGHORVDQDOtWLFRV
VmR SRXFR XVDGRV GHYLGR D FRPSOH[LGDGH GDV PDWUL]HV WRUQDQGR R PpWRGR
QXPpULFRXPDRSomRYLiYHO

0DWHULDLV RUWRWUySLFRV WrP WUrV SODQRV RUWRJRQDLV GH VLPHWULD &RQVLGHUDQGR

RV YHWRUHV EDVHV ௙
 TXH VmR QRUPDLV DRV SODQRV GH VLPHWULD WHPVH XPD
 ௙
WUDQVIRUPDomRGHFRRUGHQDGDVFRPRVHJXH



2QGH

Ɣ pRPyGXORGH௙
<RXQJ௙
QRHL[R 

Ɣ pRPyGXORGHFLVDOKDPHQWRQDGLUHomR QRSODQRQRUPDODGLUHomR 

Ɣ  p R PyGXOR GH 3RLVVRQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH j FRQWUDomR QD GLUHomR 

TXDQGRXPDH[WHQVmRpDSOLFDGDQDGLUHomR 


 



2.4 Falha em compósitos 

)DOKD HP FRPSyVLWRV GLIHUHQWHGHPHWDLVpXPSURFHVVRFRPSOH[RGHYiULRV

HVWiJLRV ([LVWHP YiULRV PHFDQLVPRV GH IDOKDV HP PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV $
GHILQLomR GH ³IDOKD´ HP XPHOHPHQWRHVWUXWXUDOFRUUHVSRQGHFRPRVHQGRRPRPHQWR
HP TXH R PHVPR QmR SRGH PDLV GHVHPSHQKDUDIXQomRSDUDDTXDOIRLSURMHWDGR$
IDOKD SRGH VHU LQLFLDGD SRU XP GRV PRGRV GH IDOKD SRUpP D SURSDJDomR H UXSWXUD
ILQDOSRGHPVHUHPPRGRVGLIHUHQWHV0$77(:6)/5$:/,1*65'

([LVWHP PRGRV GH IDOKD LQWUDODPLQDUHV TXH VmR RV GDQRV QD PDWUL] QD ILEUD
RX QD LQWHUIDFH PDWUL]ILEUD H GDQRV LQWHUODPLQDUHV TXH FRUUHVSRQGHPDRIHQ{PHQR
GHGHODPLQDomRRQGHRFRUUHDVHSDUDomRGHGXDVOkPLQDVDGMDFHQWHV

0DWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV SRVVXHP SDUWLFXODULGDGHV H[DWDPHQWH SHOD QDWXUH]D GH

VHU FRPSRVWR SRU GRLV RX PDLV PDWHULDLV 2V ODPLQDGRV VmR FRQVWUXtGRV D SDUWLU GH
OkPLQDV GLVWLQWDV H SRU LVVR p LPSRUWDQWH HQWHQGHU FRPR IXQFLRQD D GLVWULEXLomR GH
FDUJDV DWUDYpV GDV OkPLQDV 7DPEpP p LPSRUWDQWH FRPSUHHQGHU H GLVWLQJXLU DV
IDOKDVQDPDWUL]GDVIDOKDVGRVUHIRUoRV

3RGHP RFRUUHU IDOKDV LQWHUQDV QR PDWHULDO FRPSyVLWR VHP TXH HVWDV
DFDUUHWHP DOWHUDo}HV QR FRPSRUWDPHQWR PHFkQLFR GD HVWUXWXUD HRX HP VXD
DSDUrQFLD FRPR XP WRGR 1D PDLRULD GRV FDVRV D IDOKD GH XPD HVWUXWXUD GH
FRPSyVLWR LQLFLD LQWHUQDPHQWH SRUpP VRPHQWH DSyV DOJXPD SURSDJDomR XPD
DOWHUDomR QR FRPSRUWDPHQWR H QD DSDUrQFLD GD HVWUXWXUD SRGH VHU SHUFHELGD
6HJXQGR $*$5:$/ H %52870$1  DV IDOKDV LQWHUQDV D VHJXLU SRGHP
RFRUUHU GH GLYHUVDV IRUPDV LVRODGDPHQWH RX VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH $V IDOKDV VHUmR
PRVWUDGDVSULPHLUDPHQWHHPUHODomRjOkPLQDHSRVWHULRUPHQWHDRODPLQDGR

2.4.1 Ruptura das fibras (transversal ou longitudinal) 

(VVD IDOKD LQWUDODPLQDU RFRUUH TXDQGR D UHVLVWrQFLD D WUDomR GD ILEUD p EDL[D
RX LQDGHTXDGD SDUD RV HVIRUoRV DSOLFDGRV )LEUDV QDWXUDLV HP PDWUL]HV SROLPpULFDV
SRGHP DSUHVHQWDU HVVD IDOKD GHYLGR j EDL[D UHVLVWrQFLD GH WUDomR GD ILEUD
FRPSDUDGD j UHVLVWrQFLD GD PDWUL] 3RU LVVR D IDOKD SRU WUDomR GDV ILEUDV HP
FRPSyVLWRV DYDQoDGRV pUDUD8PFDUUHJDPHQWRWUDWLYRHPXPDGLUHomRGLIHUHQWHGD


 



SULQFLSDOQmRTXDOLILFDFRPRIDOKDGDVILEUDVSRUWUDomR


Figura 2.8 ­ Falha interna por ruptura das fibras 

2.4.2 Fissuras na matriz 

(VWD IDOKD LQWUDODPLQDU RFRUUH TXDQGR D UHVLVWrQFLDDWUDomRGDPDWUL]pPXLWR

EDL[D SDUD D DSOLFDomR SRGHQGR KDYHU D IRUPDomR GR PHFDQLVPR GH ³)LEHU
%ULGJLQJ´ TXDQGR RFRPSyVLWRSRVVXHILEUDVIUiJHLVGHDOWDUHVLVWrQFLDHDVPDWUL]HV
VmR G~FWHLV H LQWHUIDFH IRUWH 'HVWH PRGR D ILVVXUD VH SURSDJD SHOD PDWUL] H D ILEUD
UHVLVWH DRV HVIRUoRV FRPR VH IRVVH XPD SRQWH HQWUH DV GXDV VXSHUItFLHV GD PDWUL]
IUDWXUDGD ,VVRID]FRPTXHDIURQWHLUDGDILVVXUDWHQKDUHJL}HVFRPFRQFHQWUDomRGH
WHQVmRDWpPHVPRIRUDGRSODQRGHSURSDJDomR


Figura 2.9 ­ Falha interna por fissuras na matriz 

2.4.3 Separação entre as fibras e a matriz (descolamento na interface entre a fibra e a 
matriz) 

4XDQGR D LQWHUIDFH HQWUH UHIRUoR H PDWUL] QmR p VXILFLHQWHPHQWH IRUWH RFRUUH

R ௙
GHERQGLQJ ࣱ
RX GHVSUHQGLPHQWR HQWUH D ILEUD H PDWUL] 'HVVD IRUPD D ILVVXUD
FRQWLQXDUi VH SURSDJDQGR VHP QHFHVVDULDPHQWH URPSHU D ILEUD 0XLWDV YH]HV D
HVFROKD LQDGHTXDGD GR SROtPHUR PDWUL] SDUD XP GHWHUPLQDGR UHIRUoRILEUDVSRGH
DFDUUHWDUHVVDIDOKD


 



Figura 2.10 ­ Falha interna por separação entre fibras e matriz 

2.4.4 Carregamento axial de compressão (Microflambagem e Cisalhamento) 

4XDQGR XP FRPSyVLWR p FDUUHJDGR D[LDOPHQWH VmR JHUDGDV LQVWDELOLGDGHV

FRPR HP FRUSRVPHWiOLFRVHVEHOWRVMiTXHDILEUDSRVVXLGLPHQV}HVPXLWRSHTXHQDV
FRPSDUDGDV DR VHX FRPSULPHQWR H VmR GLItFHLV GH SUHYHU 8PD GDV IDOKDV TXDQGR
FDUUHJDGR D[LDOPHQWH pDPLFURIODPEDJHPXPDGHIRUPDomRGDVILEUDVGDOkPLQDQR
VHQWLGR SHUSHQGLFXODU D HODV (VVDIDOKDSRGHRFRUUHUQDHVWUXWXUDFRPRXPWRGRRX
HP SDUWHV HVSHFtILFDV HP ILEUDV LQGLYLGXDLV (P SDLQpLV GR WLSR ³VDQGXtFKH´ H[
+RQH\FRPEࣱ
 D VXSHUItFLH H[WHUQD SRGH ³HQUXJDU´ TXDQGR VXEPHWLGD D HVIRUoRV
FRPSUHVVLYRV H DVVLP RFRUUH R GHVWDFDPHQWR HQWUH DV FDPDGDV JHUDOPHQWH FRP
WHQV}HVPXLWRDEDL[RGDWHQVmRGHUXSWXUD

7DPEpP VRE FDUUHJDPHQWR D[LDO SRGH RFRUUHU R FLVDOKDPHQWR GDV ILEUDV H

PDWUL]SRUFDXVDGDGLVWULEXLomRGHHVIRUoRV

Figura 2.11 ­ Falha por microflambagem e cisalhamento 

7RGDV HVVDV IDOKDV LQWHUQDV QmR OHYDP HP FRQVLGHUDomR GHIHLWRV GH
IDEULFDomR TXH WDPEpP VmR PXLWR FRPXQV GHYLGR DR QtYHO WHFQROyJLFR UHTXHULGR
SDUDVHSURGX]LUHVWUXWXUDVHPPDWHULDLVFRPSyVLWRV


 



&DUUHJDPHQWRV IRUD GR SODQR FULDP WHQV}HV IOH[LYDV TXH QRUPDOPHQWH HP
PHWDLVpFRQVLGHUDGRDFRPSUHVVmRHPXPDIDFHWUDomRQDRXWUDHFLVDOKDPHQWRQR
FHQWUR PDV HP ODPLQDGRV p XP SRXFR PDLV FRPSOH[R )DOKDV SRU IOH[mR GHYHP
OHYDU HP FRQVLGHUDomR R FLVDOKDPHQWR QR FHQWUR GR SDLQHO GHODPLQDo}HV HQWUH
OkPLQDVFHQWUDLVHH[WHUQDVDOpPGHIDOKDVH[WHUQDVSRUWUDomRHFRPSUHVVmR

'LYHUVRV IDWRUHV LQIOXHQFLDP QD IDOKD GR PDWHULDO WDLV FRPR D QDWXUH]D H
VHQWLGR GR HVIRUoR DSOLFDGRSURSULHGDGHVItVLFDVTXtPLFDVHPHFkQLFDVGDVILEUDVH
GD PDWUL] SURFHVVR GH IDEULFDomR FRQILJXUDomR GR PDWHULDO WHPSHUDWXUD GH
WUDEDOKR H R SHUFHQWXDO GH ILEUDV H GH YD]LRV QR PDWHULDO 2V HIHLWRV GHVVHV GDQRV
LQWHUQRV VREUH R FRPSRUWDPHQWR PDFURVFySLFR GD HVWUXWXUD VRPHQWH VmR
REVHUYDGRV D SDUWLU GH XPD PXGDQoD VHQVtYHO QR VHXGHVHPSHQKR1RHQWDQWRHP
PXLWRV FDVRV R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GD HVWUXWXUD p DOWHUDGR DQWHV PHVPR GH XPD IDOKD
PDFURVFySLFD

2.4.5 Delaminação (separação entre camadas de um compósito laminado) 

2VPHFDQLVPRVGHIDOKDVHPFRPSyVLWRVVHDVVHPHOKDDRGRVPHWDLVTXDQWR
j HYROXomR GR SURFHVVR RX VHMD D IDOKD QRV PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV LQLFLDVH SRU
PHFDQLVPRV PLFURVFySLFRV GDQRV LQWUDODPLQDUHV YLVWRV DQWHULRUPHQWH SDUD GHSRLV
HQWmR RFRUUHU RV PHFDQLVPRV PDFURVFySLFRV IDOKD LQWHUODPLQDU FRPR D
GHODPLQDomR 1RUPDOPHQWH R SURFHVVR GH IDOKD VH LQLFLD QDV OkPLQDV RULHQWDGDV D
๦ HP UHODomR DRV FDUUHJDPHQWRV $SyV R DSDUHFLPHQWR GR SULPHLUR GDQR R
FDUUHJDPHQWR QD HVWUXWXUD p UHGLVWULEXtGR SURYRFDQGR R DSDUHFLPHQWR GH PDLV
UHJL}HV GDQLILFDGDV QD PHVPD OkPLQD RX HP RXWUDV OkPLQDV (VVH SURFHVVR RFRUUH
VXFHVVLYDPHQWH DWp TXH HVVDV UHJL}HV GDQLILFDGDV VH XQDP IRUPDQGR DVVLP XPD
ILVVXUD GLVFUHWD $V ERUGDV GDV ILVVXUDV TXH VH IRUPDP HP XPD OkPLQD HQFRQWUDP
OkPLQDV DGMDFHQWHV FRP kQJXORV GH RULHQWDomR GLIHUHQWH (QWmR DV WHQV}HV GH
FLVDOKDPHQWR LQWHUODPLQDUHV DXPHQWDP UDSLGDPHQWH H ID]HP FRP TXH R ODPLQDGR
FRPHFH D GHODPLQDU &RP R LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUUHJDPHQWR R Q~PHUR GH
GHODPLQDo}HV DXPHQWD HP TXDQWLGDGH H VH SURSDJD SHOD HVWUXWXUD $V IDOKDV
LQWHUODPLQDUHV VmR SURYRFDGDV SRU WHQV}HV GH FLVDOKDPHQWR LQWHUODPLQDUHV H
WHQV}HVQRUPDLVTXHSURYRFDPDVHSDUDomRGDVOkPLQDVDGMDFHQWHV


 



Figura 2.12 ­ a) Tensões geradas na delaminação. b) Modos básicos de delaminação 

1D ILJXUD  SRGHVH YHU XP FRUSR GH SURYD VXEPHWLGR DFRPSUHVVmRTXH
JHUD HVIRUoRV FLVDOKDQWHV QDV OkPLQDV RFDVLRQDQGR DVVLP D GHODPLQDomR MXQWR D
RXWURVPRGRVGHIDOKDFRPRDIDOKDSRUFLVDOKDPHQWRGHYLGRDPLFURIODPEDJHP

Figura 2.13 ­ Falha por delaminação. a) Representação da delaminação entre as camadas. b) Corpo 
de prova em ensaio de compressão 


 



2.5 Falhas em juntas parafusadas 

$ RFRUUrQFLD GH XP PRGR GH IDOKD SDUWLFXODU GHSHQGH SULQFLSDOPHQWH QD
JHRPHWULD GD MXQWD H QR ௙
OD\XS ࣱ
GDV ILEUDV -XQWDV SDUDIXVDGDV SRGHP IDOKDU HP
YiULRV PRGRV FRPR YLVWR QD )LJXUD  2V PRGRV GH IDOKD VmR LQIOXHQFLDGRV SHOR
GLkPHWUR GR SDUDIXVR ODUJXUD GRODPLQDGRGLVWkQFLDGRIXURjERUGDHHVSHVVXUDGR
FRPSyVLWR 2 WLSR GH SDUDIXVR WDPEpP DIHWD D MXQWD SDUD PRGRV GH IDOKDV
SDUWLFXODUHV

1HVWH HVWXGR VHUi GHPRQVWUDGD D XWLOL]DomR GH MXQWDV GH FRPSyVLWRV

SDUDIXVDGDVFRPSDUDIXVRVGHFDEHoDFKDWDHVFDUHDGRGHYLGRDRDPSORXVRGHVWH
HP HVWUXWXUDV ௙
DHURQiXWLFDV Mi TXH R SHUILO GD FDEHoD TXH QmR ILFD H[WHUQD j
HVWUXWXUD SRUpP TXH QHFHVVLWD GH XP FKDQIUR QR IXUR DXPHQWDQGR DVVLP R
GLkPHWURGRIXURHDSUR[LPLGDGHGHVWHjERUGD

$ KDVWH UHJLmR VHP URVFDGRSDUDIXVRXWLOL]DGRQDMXQWDGHFRPSyVLWRVGHYH

HVWDU HP FRQWDWR FRP R IXUR GR FRPSyVLWR H QmR D UHJLmR GD URVFD SRLV D URVFD
SRGHULD FDXVDU XPD IDOKD SHOD FRQFHQWUDomR GH WHQVmR GHYLGR j PHQRU iUHD GH
FRQWDWR 3DUDIXVRV FRPHUFLDLV SRGHP QmR HVWDU GLVSRQtYHLV GH DFRUGR FRP D
FRQILJXUDomR GR SURMHWR H SRUWDQWR XP RXWUR HVWXGR GHYH VHU UHDOL]DGR SDUD
LGHQWLILFDUDLQIOXrQFLDGDURVFDQDUHVLVWrQFLDGDMXQWD

Figura 2.14 ­ Principais modos de falhas de juntas parafusadas 

$ IDOKD SRU WUDomR RFRUUH TXDQGR R GLkPHWUR GR SDUDIXVR p XPD SDUWH


 



VLJQLILFDWLYD GD ODUJXUD GD HVWUXWXUD $ UD]mR HQWUH GLkPHWUR H ODUJXUD GZ GH 
RX PDLRU HP FRPSyVLWRV TXDVLLVRWUySLFRV GH FDUERQR௙
HSR[\ p XP YDORU VXILFLHQWH
SDUD FDXVDU HVVD IDOKD $ IDOKD p FDUDFWHUL]DGD SHOR URPSLPHQWR GDV ILEUDV QD
GLUHomRSULQFLSDOGRVHVIRUoRV

$ IDOKD SRU FLVDOKDPHQWR HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRP D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH R IXUR H D

ERUGD GD HVWUXWXUD DOpP GR UHIRUoR IDOKDU QD GLUHomR SHUSHQGLFXODU jSULQFLSDO(VWD
IDOKDSRGHVHLQLFLDUSHUWRGDERUGDGDHVWUXWXUDDRLQYpVGHSUy[LPRDRSDUDIXVR

2 DODUJDPHQWR VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU XP DIURX[DPHQWR GR SDUDIXVRFDXVDGRSRU

GHIRUPDo}HV SOiVWLFDV QD IDFH LQWHUQD GR IXUR GHYLGR D HVIRUoRV H[FHVVLYRV RX SRU
FLFORV DOWRV (VVH DODUJDPHQWR HPERUD D MXQWD QmR WHQKD VH SHUGLGR SRGH VHU
FRQVLGHUDGR XPD IDOKD GH PRGR TXH D ULJLGH] GD MXQWDIRLSHUGLGDHDHVWUXWXUDQmR
SRGHUiH[HUFHUDPHVPDIXQomR

([LVWH WDPEpP D IDOKD SRU DUUDQFDPHQWR ௙

SXOOWKURXJKࣱ
 TXDQGR D FDEHoD GR
SDUDIXVR DWUDYHVVD WRGDV DV FDPDGDV GR ODPLQDGR DVVLP TXH HOH IOH[LRQD (VVD
IDOKD p PXLWR HVSHFtILFD GR WLSR GH SDUDIXVR GH FDEHoD FKDWD HVFDUHDGR TXH VHUi
DSUHVHQWDGRQHVVHHVWXGR

Figura 2.15 ­ Falha por arrancamento (​
Fastener Pull­through​
) 

7RGDVHVVDVIDOKDVSRGHPYDULDUGHDFRUGRFRPDJHRPHWULDHSULQFLSDOPHQWH
FRP R PRGR GH HPSLOKDPHQWR DV OkPLQDV 0XGDQGR D VHTXrQFLD GH HPSLOKDPHQWR
GRV kQJXORV GDV ILEUDV HPEXWLGDV QD PDWUL] PXGDVH D UHVLVWrQFLD GD HVWUXWXUD
FRPR XP WRGR 8P PRGR FRPELQDGR GH IDOKDV SRGH RFRUUHU SRUpP LVVR QmR GHYH
DFRQWHFHU TXDQGR VH HVWi DQDOLVDQGR FRUSRV GH SURYDV VHJXLQGR R SDGUmR GR
+DQGERRNࣱ
GHVFULWRPDLVDGLDQWHQHVWHHVWXGR


 



2.6 Critérios de Falhas em Compósitos 

2V FULWpULRV GH IDOKDV VmR SURFHVVRVPDWHPiWLFRVGHILQLGRVFRPRREMHWLYRGH

HVWLPDU RV HIHLWRV FDXVDGRV SRU HVIRUoRV DSOLFDGRVHPXPDHVWUXWXUDPRVWUDQGRVH
H[LVWH RX QmR D LQFLGrQFLD GH XPDIDOKDQDSHoDHVWXGDGR'HDFRUGRFRP&DUYDOKR
RVFULWpULRVGHIDOKDVVmRFODVVLILFDGRVQRVVHJXLQWHVJUXSRV

Ɣ /LPLWHV FULWpULRV HP TXH VH YHULILFD RV OLPLWHV GR PDWHULDO QmR FRQVLGHUDQGR
DVLQWHUDo}HVHQWUHDVWHQV}HVRXGHIRUPDo}HV
Ɣ ,QWHUDWLYRV FULWpULRV TXH XWLOL]DPVH GDV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH DV FRPSRQHQWHV GH
WHQV}HVHGHIRUPDo}HV
Ɣ +tEULGRVFRPELQDo}HVGHFULWpULRVGLIHUHQWHV
Ɣ 0LFURPHFkQLFRVFULWpULRVEDVHDGRVQRVPLFURPHFDQLVPRVGHIDOKD
Ɣ 0HFDQLVPRV GH IUDWXUD FULWpULRV EDVHDGRV QD DSOLFDomR GRV FRQFHLWRV GH
PHFkQLFDGDIUDWXUDHPPDWHULDLVFRPSyVLWRV
Ɣ 0HFDQLVPRV GH GDQR FULWpULRV GHVFULWRV PDWHPDWLFDPHQWH D SDUWLU GH YiULRV
WLSRVGHGDQRVREVHUYDGRVHPFRPSyVLWRV
Ɣ )HQRPHQROyJLFRV FULWpULRV TXH XWLOL]DP D REVHUYDomR GRV IHQ{PHQRV
UHODFLRQDGRVDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRVFRPSyVLWRV

(P PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV MXQWDPHQWH FRP R FULWpULR GH IDOKD XWLOL]DGR

GHYHVH GHILQLU R TXH VHUi FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR IDOKD GD HVWUXWXUD &RPR YLVWR
DQWHULRUPHQWH D IDOKD QD HVWUXWXUD HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRP D IXQomR GHVVD HVWUXWXUD
QmR DWHQGHQGR PDLV RV UHTXLVLWRV SDUD RV TXDLV HVVD HVWUXWXUD IRL SURMHWDGD 'HVWH
PRGR H[LVWHP GRLV PpWRGRV GH VH GHILQLU D IDOKD GR PDWHULDO 3RGHVH FRQVLGHUDU
TXH D HVWUXWXUDIDOKRXTXDQGRDSULPHLUDOkPLQDIDOKD)3)RXVHMDDHVWUXWXUDQmR
GHVHPSHQKDUi D PHVPD IXQomR VH DSHQDV XPD OkPLQD IDOKDU SRU H[HPSOR HP
YDVRV GH SUHVVmR TXH SRGH RFRUUHU XPD WULQFDQDPDWUL]GRODPLQDGRDSyVXPDGDV
OkPLQDV IDOKDUHP H HVVD HVWUXWXUD QmR VXSRUWDUi PDLV SUHVVmR SRUWDQWR IDOKRX (
SRGHVH FRQVLGHUDU WDPEpP TXH D HVWUXWXUD IDOKRX FRPSOHWDPHQWH TXDQGR D ~OWLPD
OkPLQD IDOKD /3) 8P H[HPSOR SDUD LVVR VmR DV HVWUXWXUDV SDUDIXVDGDV TXH
SRGHP PDQWHU D IL[DomR GD HVWUXWXUD PHVPR GHSRLV GH YiULDV OkPLQDV WHUHP VH
URPSLGR 1RV JUiILFRV GRV HQVDLRV p SRVVtYHO YHU HVVH IHQ{PHQR $ HVFROKD GR


 



PpWRGRV )3) p PDLV FRQVHUYDGRUD YLVWR TXH D GLVWULEXLomR GH WHQV}HV

WULGLPHQVLRQDLV SRGH YDULDU PXLWR HQWUH DV OkPLQDV H QmR QHFHVVDULDPHQWH D
HVWUXWXUDSHUGHVXDUHVLVWrQFLDDSyVXPDOkPLQDIDOKDU

2.6.1 Critério da Máxima Tensão  

2 FULWpULR GD Pi[LPD WHQVmR QmR FRQVLGHUD DV LQWHUDo}HV H[LVWHQWHV HQWUH RV
FRPSRQHQWHV WHQVRULDLV H GHWHUPLQD TXH RFRUUH D IDOKD VH TXDOTXHU GDV WHQV}HV
DWXDQWHV QRV HL[RV SULQFLSDLV GR PDWHULDO H[FHGHU R OLPLWH FRUUHVSRQGHQWH GH
UHVLVWrQFLD REWLGR QR HQVDLR GH WUDomR $ FRQGLomR GH IDOKD SRUWDQWR RFRUUH
TXDQGRXPDGDVWUrVFRQGLo}HVHTXDo}HVDVHMDVDWLVIHLWD

ı i ≥ X Ti  RQGHL  

ı i ≤ − X Ci  RQGHL  

∣ı ∣≥ S  RQGHL HLM 

∣ ij ∣ ij
1R HVWDGR SODQR GH WHQV}HV R FULWpULR GD Pi[LPD WHQVmR QR FRPSyVLWR WHP
FLQFR OLPLWHV FDGD XP FRUUHVSRQGH D XP GRV FLQFR PRGRV GH IDOKD IXQGDPHQWDLV
TXH VmR D WUDomR H FRPSUHVVmR QDV GLUHo}HV SULQFLSDLV GR FRUSR H FLVDOKDPHQWRQR
SODQR 6H TXDOTXHU XP GHVVHV OLPLWHV p H[FHGLGR SHOD WHQVmR FRUUHVSRQGHQWH QRV
HL[RV SULQFLSDLV FRQVLGHUDVH D RFRUUrQFLD GD IDOKD $ IDOKD SRGH RFRUUHU WDPEpP
TXDQGRKiXPDFRPELQDomRGHGRLVRXPDLVGHVVHVPRGRVGHIDOKD

'H DFRUGR FRP $*$5:$/ H %52870$1  R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR

PDWHULDO IUHQWH jV WHQV}HV GH FLVDOKDPHQWR UHIHUHQWHV DRV HL[RV SULQFLSDLV
LQGHSHQGH GR VLQDO GHVVDV WHQV}HV VHQGR FRQVLGHUDGR DVVLP VRPHQWH RV YDORUHV
DEVROXWRV


 



Figura 2.16 ­ Critério de máxima tensão para estado plano de tensões (SOUZA, 2003)  

&RQVLGHUDQGR DRULHQWDomRGDVILEUDVSDUDHVVHFULWpULRGHIDOKDDVILEUDVTXH
QmR HVWmR DOLQKDGDV FRP D FDUJD DSOLFDGD RX DLQGD D FDUJD DSOLFDGD IRUPD XP
kQJXOR ș HP UHODomR jV ILEUDV GD OkPLQD REWrPVH DV WHQV}HV QDV GLUHo}HV
SULQFLSDLV GR PDWHULDO DWUDYpV GD PDWUL] GH WUDQVIRUPDomR >7@ HTXDomR 
SRVVLELOLWDQGRDXWLOL]DomRGRFULWpULR

$ YDULDomR GD UHVLVWrQFLD HP XPD OkPLQD XQLGLUHFLRQDO HP IXQomR GR kQJXOR
GH RULHQWDomR ș GDV ILEUDV FRP UHODomR j GLUHomR GD WHQVmR DSOLFDGD ı௙
[ VmR

REVHUYDGDV HP WUrV GLIHUHQWHV FXUYDV TXH FRUUHVSRQGHP D WUrV PRGRV GH IDOKD GR
FULWpULR IDOKD GDV ILEUDV IDOKD SRU FLVDOKDPHQWR QR SODQR GD OkPLQD H IDOKD
WUDQVYHUVDOjVILEUDV


 



Figura 2.17 ­ Influência da orientação das fibras na resistência da lâmina (SOUZA, 2003) 

$ IDOKD HQWmR RFRUUH SRU WUDomR RX FRPSUHVVmR ORQJLWXGLQDO VHRkQJXORșHP

UHODomR j FDUJD DSOLFDGD IRU SHTXHQRSRUWUDomRRXFRPSUHVVmRWUDQVYHUVDOTXDQGR
R kQJXOR ș VH DSUR[LPD GH ž H SRU FLVDOKDPHQWR QR SODQR SDUD kQJXORV
LQWHUPHGLiULRV

2.6.2 Critério da Máxima Deformação 

$QiORJR DR GD Pi[LPD WHQVmR R FULWpULR GD Pi[LPD GHIRUPDomR SDUD R
HVWDGR SODQR GH GHIRUPDo}HV QD OkPLQD WDPEpP SRVVXL FLQFR OLPLWHV TXH
FRUUHVSRQGHP D FLQFR PRGRV GH IDOKDV IXQGDPHQWDLV 6H XP GHVVHV OLPLWHV p
H[FHGLGRRFRUUHDIDOKD

İi ≥ ︿
İiT   RQGHL  

İi ≤ − ︿
İiC  RQGHL  

∣Ȗ ∣≥ ︿
Ȗ 
∣  ∣ 
/kPLQDV GH UHVLQD HSy[L H UHIRUoRV GH ILEUD GH YLGUR SRVVXHP XP
FRPSRUWDPHQWR OLQHDU HOiVWLFR DWp D RFRUUrQFLD GD IDOKD VHJXQGR $JDUZDO H
%URXWPDQ  H RV FULWpULRV GD Pi[LPD WHQVmR H GD Pi[LPD GHIRUPDomRSRGHP


 



VHU FRUUHODFLRQDGRV FRP DOJXPDV GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH RV FRHILFLHQWHV GH 3RLVVRQ 1RV
FDVRV RQGH R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR PDWHULDO QmR DSUHVHQWD XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR OLQHDU
HOiVWLFR DWp D VXD IDOKD RV GRLV FULWpULRV VmR LQGHSHQGHQWHV H GHYHP VHU DSOLFDGRV
VHSDUDGDPHQWH SRLV RFRUUHUHUi JUDQGHV GLIHUHQoDV QDV HVWLPDWLYDV 6HJXQGR
0DWWKHZV H 5DZOLQJV  TXH FLWDP R IHQ{PHQR GD QmROLQHDULGDGH SURYRFDGD
SRU WHQV}HV GH FLVDOKDPHQWR QR SODQR FRPSDUDQGR FRP HQVDLRV H[SHULPHQWDLV R
FULWpULR GD Pi[LPD GHIRUPDomR DSUHVHQWD PHOKRUHV UHVXOWDGRV TXH R GD Pi[LPD
WHQVmR

2.6.3 Critério de Hill 

2 FULWpULR GH +LOO  p EDVHDGR QR FULWpULR GH HVFRDPHQWR GH 9RQ 0LVHV
PDV SDUD PDWHULDLV DQLVRWUySLFRV XVD XPD JHQHUDOL]DomR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR HP
HVFRDPHQWR GH PHWDLV G~FWHLV LQLFLDOPHQWH LVRWUySLFRV TXH QRV FDVRV GH JUDQGHV
GHIRUPDo}HV WHQGHP D DSUHVHQWDU VXD HVWUXWXUD FULVWDOLQD DOLQKDGD QD GLUHomR GR
HVIRUoR WRUQDQGR R FRPSRUWDPHQWRDQLVRWUySLFR52:/$1'62FULWpULRWHP
VXD HTXDomR QD IRUPD TXDGUiWLFD HP WHUPRV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV GH WHQVmR
FRQVLGHUDQGR DV LQWHUDo}HV HQWUH DV WHQV}HV H VHU LQYDULiYHO DR VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDV e DSOLFiYHO DRV PDWHULDLV DQLVRWUySLFRV H RUWRWUySLFRV QD VHJXLQWH
IRUPDGDHTXDomR

F ı  − ı    Gı  − ı    H ı  − ı    Lı
  M ı   N ı 
 



2V FRHILFLHQWHV)*+/01VmRSDUkPHWURVGRPDWHULDODQLVRWUySLFR(OHV
VmR GHWHUPLQDGRV SHODV WHQV}HV GH HVFRDPHQWR QDV GLUHo}HV SULQFLSDLV GRPDWHULDO
; < H = VHQGR DV WHQV}HV QRUPDLV QDV GLUHo}HV   H  UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
6XEVWLWXLQGRWHPVH

   
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$V WHQV}HV OLPLWHV GH HVFRDPHQWR HP FLVDOKDPHQWR QRV SODQRV SULQFLSDLV
VmR6௙ 6௙
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2.6.4 Critério de Tsai Hill  

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Figura 2.18 ­ Envelopes de falhas segundo Tsai­Hill (JANG, 1994) 

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2.6.5 Critério de Tsai Wu 

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Figura 2.19 ­ Superfície de falha pelo critério Tsai Wu para estado plano de tensões (HYER, 1998) 

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2.6.6 Critério de Hashin 

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2.6.7 Critério de Falha Tridimensional 

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IDOKDQDPDWUL]VREWUDomRHDVVLPFDOFXODUDVUHVLVWrQFLDVORFDLVDVVRFLDGDV 


 



3 PROCEDIMENTOS E TESTES 

3.1 Materiais Utilizados 

$HVFROKDGRVPDWHULDLVSDUDXPDHVWUXWXUDGHFRPSyVLWRpHVVHQFLDOSDUDXP
SURMHWR GH HQJHQKDULD 'HYHVH DQDOLVDU RV UHTXLVLWRV GR SURMHWR H HQWmR ID]HU XPD
SHVTXLVDGRVPDWHULDLVGLVSRQtYHLVQRPHUFDGR

$ ILEUD GH FDUERQR SRVVXL XPD UD]mR HQWUH UHVLVWrQFLDPHFkQLFDHGHQVLGDGH

PXLWR DOWD GHYLGR DR DOLQKDPHQWR GRV iWRPRV GH FDUERQR QD HVWUXWXUD FULVWDOLQD
0LOKDUHV GH ILODPHQWRV VmR DJUXSDGRV SDUD IRUPDU XP IHL[H H HQWmR WUDQoDGRV SDUD
IRUPDU ILWDVRXWHFLGRV2UHIRUoRXVDGRQRHVWXGRIRLXP௙
WHFLGRELD[LDOGHILEUDVGH
FDUERQR N  ILODPHQWRV SRU IHL[H FRP D UD]mR GH PDVVD SRU iUHD GH ௙

JPð H WUDPD GXSOD௙
 DJUHJDQGR R GREUR GH IHL[HV QR WHFLGR WUDQoDGR (OH IRL
HVFROKLGR YLVDQGR D UHVLVWrQFLD PHFkQLFD SRLV HVVH WHFLGR SRVVXL XPD UHVLVWrQFLD
PDLRU TXH GXDV FDPDGDV GR WHFLGR N  ILODPHQWRV SRU IHL[H GH JPð
VHQGR UHFRPHQGDGR SDUD HVWUXWXUDV SRUpP SRVVXL XP DFDEDPHQWR LQIHULRU TXH
SRGH VHU VROXFLRQDGR FRPXPD~OWLPDFDPDGDGHDFDEDPHQWRIHLWDFRPILEUDVILQDV
VHP SURSULHGDGH HVWUXWXUDO 3RU VHU XPD ILEUD ELD[LDO RX VHMD ILEUDV D ž H ž XP
HPSLOKDPHQWR >    @௙
QVSUHFLVDDSHQDVGHGXDVRULHQWDo}HVGHILEUDV

HIDFLOLWDQGRRSURFHVVRGHSUHSDUDomRGDVILEUDV

$ PDWUL] SROLPpULFDGHYHWHUDILQLGDGHFRPRUHIRUoRHVFROKLGRSDUDQmRKDYHU
R GHVFRODPHQWR GHYH SRVVXLU UHVLVWrQFLD DR DPELHQWH HP TXH HVWi H[SRVWD H GHYH
GLVWULEXLU RV HVIRUoRV GD HVWUXWXUD SDUD DV ILEUDV GH PRGR D DXPHQWDU D UHVLVWrQFLD
ILQDO GR FRPSyVLWR $ PDWUL] XWLOL]DGD QHVWH HVWXGR IRLD௙
UHVLQDHSy[L64௙
XPD
UHVLQD GH DVSHFWR OtTXLGR LQFRORU REWLGD QD UHDomR GH ELVIHQRO$ FRP D HSLFORULGULQD
GH YLVFRVLGDGH PpGLD  D  3DV D  ž& H GHQVLGDGH GH  JFPñ 2
HQGXUHFHGRU ௙
GHVWD UHVLQD p R ௙
64௙
 OtTXLGR kPEDU D EDVH GH $PLQD
&LFORDOLIiWLFD PRGLILFDGD GH EDL[D YLVFRVLGDGH  D  3DV D  ž& H GHQVLGDGH
 JFPñ TXH UHDJH FRP UHVLQDV HSy[L SDUD IRUPDU VLVWHPDV WHUPRIL[RV (VWH
HQGXUHFHGRU WHP EDL[D H[RWHUPLD RX VHMD OLEHUD SRXFR FDORU GXUDQWHDUHDomRTXH


 



pFUtWLFRSDUDJUDQGHVHVWUXWXUDV 

2XWURV PDWHULDLV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD R SURFHVVR GH IDEULFDomR FRPR ILOPHV

SOiVWLFRVHGHVPROGDQWHVVmRGHVFULWRVjIUHQWHQRWySLFRGH௙
)DEULFDomR௙


3.2 Ensaios 

7HVWDU H DQDOLVDU DV MXQWDV GH XPD HVWUXWXUD GH FRPSyVLWRpHVVHQFLDOSDUDD

FRQILDELOLGDGH GR SURMHWR GH HVWUXWXUDV 2V HQVDLRV IRUDP UHDOL]DGRV VHJXLQGR D
GHILQLomR GH WHVWH HP EORFRV SDUWLQGR GH HQVDLRV EiVLFRV SDUD R SURMHWR GH
HVWUXWXUDVGHPDWHULDLVFRPSyVLWRV

Handbook ‐ല
3.2.1 ല  MIL‐HDBK‐17 

2V SDVVRV UHDOL]DGRV QHVVH HVWXGR IRUDP REWLGRV D SDUWLU GR ௙

+DQGERRN
³3RO\PHU 0DWUL[ &RPSRVLWHV´ ࣱ
GR 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH 'HIHVD $PHULFDQR UHYLVmR
0,/+'%.( 9ROXPH    2௙
+DQGERRNࣱ
IRUQHFHJXLDVGHSURFHGLPHQWRVH
SURSULHGDGHV GH PDWHULDLV SDUD FRPSyVLWRV FRP PDWUL]HV SROLPpULFDV XWLOL]DGDV
QHVVH HVWXGR 2V WUrV SULPHLURV YROXPHV GHVWH ௙
+DQGERRN ࣱ
IRFDP FRPSyVLWRV
SROLPpULFRV XWLOL]DGRV QD LQG~VWULD DHURHVSDFLDO &RPSyVLWRV GH PDWUL] PHWiOLFD
00& PDWUL] FHUkPLFD &0& H PDWUL] GH FDUERQR && ID]HP SDUWH GH RXWURV
YROXPHV

2 SULQFLSDOSURSyVLWRGR௙
+DQGERRNࣱ
HSRULVVRDHVFROKDGHOHFRPRUHIHUrQFLD
p D QRUPDWL]DomR GRV GDGRV GH HQJHQKDULD FRP PpWRGRVHFDUDFWHUL]DomRGH WHVWH
H SURFHGLPHQWRV UHGXomR GH GDGRV H UHODWyULRV GH SURSULHGDGHVGRVFRPSyVLWRV2
WH[WR WDPEpP LQGLFD FRPR VHOHFLRQDU R PDWHULDO TXDLV DV HVSHFLILFDo}HV GHOH
SURFHVVDPHQWRHSURMHWRFRUUHWRDQiOLVHHFRQWUROHGHTXDOLGDGH

1D ILJXUD  YrVHRIRFRGR௙

+DQGERRNࣱ
FRPWRGDVDVVHo}HVWUDWDGDVSRUHOH
GHQWUR GR TXDGUDGR FLQ]D H PDUFDGR HP YHUPHOKR DV VHo}HV XWLOL]DGDV QHVWH
HVWXGR $ FDUDFWHUL]DomR GD PDWUL] H UHIRUoRV QmR IRL QHFHVViULD SRLV R IDEULFDQWH
GLVSRQLELOL]D HVVHV GDGRV $ DYDOLDomR ௙
3UH3UHJ WDPEpP QmR IRL QHFHVViULD SRUTXH
QmR IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV UHIRUoRV SUp LPSUHJQDGRV ( D DYDOLDomR GH IUDWXUDV H WULQFDV
QmRpRIRFRGHVWHHVWXGR


 



Figura 3.1 ­ Foco do Handbook (Adaptado de MIL­17, Vol E, 1997). 

3.2.2 Corpos de provas (CP) 

$DQiOLVHGDHVWUXWXUDFRPRXPWRGRQmRpDGHTXDGDSDUDXPSURMHWRGHXPD
HVWUXWXUD GH FRPSyVLWR $R LQYpV GH DQDOLVDU D HVWUXWXUD LQWHLUD GH XPD Vy YH]
GHYHVH XWLOL]DU XPD DERUGDJHP GH EORFRV SULPHLUDPHQWH RQGH VH DQDOLVD
HOHPHQWRV EiVLFRV H SHoDV VHSDUDGDV SDUD GHSRLV FRQVWUXLU PRQWDJHQV PDLV
FRPSOH[DV DWp FKHJDU QD HVWUXWXUD FRPSOHWD (VVH PpWRGR p HVVHQFLDO SDUD D
TXDOLILFDomR H FHUWLILFDomR GDV HVWUXWXUDV SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU FDXVD GD VHQVLELOLGDGH
GH HVIRUoRV IRUD GR SODQR HPFRPSyVLWRVHWDPEpPSRUFDXVDGRVYiULRVPRGRVGH
IDOKDVHDIDOWDGHXPPpWRGRDQDOtWLFR

$ DERUGDJHP GH WHVWHV HP EORFRV YLVWD QD ILJXUD  p XVDGD WDPEpP SDUD
HVWDEHOHFHU FRPSHQVDo}HV FOLPiWLFDV FRPR WHPSHUDWXUD H XPLGDGH HP DPELHQWHV
FRQWURODGRV RQGH HVWUXWXUDV LQWHLUDV VHULD PDLV GLItFLO H SULQFLSDOPHQWH PXLWR FDUR
SDUD ID]HU 7HVWHV SHTXHQRV SRGHP IDFLOPHQWH VHU IHLWRV HP ODERUDWyULRV FRP
DPELHQWH FRQWURODGR FRPSHQVDQGRVH RV YDORUHV SRVWHULRUPHQWH QR DPELHQWH UHDO


 



1HVWH HVWXGR D WHPSHUDWXUD GD VDOD GH HQVDLRV VH PDQWHYH HP  ž& H XPLGDGH
UHODWLYD HP  SRUpP R ௙
+DQGERRN ࣱ
H[SORUD RXWURV YDORUHV SDUD SDUkPHWURV
DPELHQWDLV 7HVWHVPHQRUHVSRGHPWDPEpPHVWXGDURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRFRPSyVLWR
HP FDUJD YDULiYHO H DQDOLVDU D UHVLVWrQFLD j IDGLJD H XWLOL]DU HVVHV YDORUHV QD
HVWUXWXUDFRPSOHWDVHPWHUTXHGDQLILFiODHPHQVDLRVGHVWUXWLYRV


Figura 3.2 ­ A pirâmide de testes (Adaptado de MIL­17, Vol E, 1997) 

'HYLGR j FRPSOH[LGDGH GD LQWHUDomR HQWUH DV OkPLQDV H D DQiOLVH HVWUXWXUDO

GRV PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV R IRFR GHVVH HVWXGR VH HQFRQWUD QDEDVHGHVVDSLUkPLGH
H VHUmR DSUHVHQWDGDV DV GLVWULEXLo}HV GH WHQV}HVSUHVHQWHVQDVOkPLQDVHDVIDOKDV
GRODPLQDGR

3.2.2.1 Fabricação 

2V PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV SRGHP VHU IDEULFDGRVGHGLYHUVDVPDQHLUDVFRPRR

SURFHVVR GH HPSLOKDPHQWR PDQXDO GH OkPLQDV HQURODPHQWR ILODPHQWDU SXOWUXVmR
570HQWUHRXWURV&DGDSURFHVVRGHIDEULFDomRWHPVXDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVHDHVFROKD
GR SURFHVVR DGHTXDGR GHYH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR XPD HWDSD HVVHQFLDO SDUD R
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHXPDHVWUXWXUDGHFRPSyVLWR

1R JHUDO D IDEULFDomR GH SHoDV GH FRPSyVLWR HQYROYH LPSUHJQDU PLVWXUDURX


 



VDWXUDU RV UHIRUoRV FRP D PDWUL] H GHSRLV FXUDU HVVD PDWUL] FRP FDORU HRX UHDomR
TXtPLFD HP XPD HVWUXWXUD UtJLGD 1RUPDOPHQWH VH ID] XVR GH PROGHV DEHUWRV RX
IHFKDGRVPDVRVSURFHVVRVHPDWHULDLVXVDGRVYDULDPFRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH

Figura 3.3 ­ Fibra biaxial utilizada (espessura 0,45 mm)

2 SURFHVVR GH ODPLQDomR H HPSLOKDPHQWR PDQXDO GDV ILEUDV p XP SURFHVVR

DUWHVDQDO TXH SRVVXL XPD EDL[D SURGXWLYLGDGH PDV XP ERP FRQWUROH GD TXDOLGDGH
3DUD D IDEULFDomR GRV FRUSRV GH SURYDV IRUDP VHSDUDGRV SHGDoRV GH XPD PDQWD
WHFLGR ELD[LDO FRQIRUPH D RULHQWDomR QHFHVViULD GH FDGD FRUSR H HQWmR SHVDGDV
HP XPD EDODQoD GH SUHFLVmR SDUD SRGHU GHVFREULU D IUDomR YROXPpWULFD GD UHVLQD H
GDV ILEUDV $ IUDomR YROXPpWULFD p LPSRUWDQWH SDUD FRQWURODU D TXDOLGDGH GD
LPSUHJQDomR GD UHVLQD QDV ILEUDV SRLV R H[FHVVR GH UHVLQD SRGH FDXVDU XPD
GLPLQXLomR VLJQLILFDWLYD GR PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDGH H UHVLVWrQFLD GR PDWHULDO
FRPSyVLWR

8WLOL]DQGR XP PROGH p SRVVtYHO FRPELQDU RV UHIRUoRV HPDWUL]HPXPIRUPDWR

SUp GHWHUPLQDGR PDQWHQGR HVVH IRUPDWR GXUDQWH D FXUD GR PDWHULDO $ HVFROKD GR


 



PROGH p IHLWD SHQVDQGR QD PDWUL]XWLOL]DGDFRQVLGHUDQGRDSRVVtYHOUHDomRTXtPLFD

DGHVLYLGDGH GD PDWUL] FRP R PROGH H WDPEpP D WHPSHUDWXUD GH FXUD GD PDWUL]
$OJXPDV SHoDV SRGHP VHU IDEULFDGDV VRESUHVVmRHDUHVLVWrQFLDGRPROGHWDPEpP
p XP SDUkPHWUR LPSRUWDQWH 2V SURGXWRV PROGDGRV VmR QRUPDOPHQWH FKDPDGRV GH
SDLQpLVHSDUDSURFHVVRVFRQWtQXRVSRGHPVHUQRPHDGRVGHSHUILV

Figura 3.4 ­ Processo de fabricação manual (hand lay up) 

-XQWDPHQWH FRP R PROGH SRGHVH XWLOL]DU VDFRV GH YiFXR SDUD PHOKRUDU DV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ILQDLV GD HVWUXWXUD GH FRPSyVLWR 2 VDFR p XP ILOPH IOH[tYHO VHODGR
SHOR TXDO VHUi UHWLUDGR R DU GH GHQWUR GHOHHDVVLPDSUHVVmRH[WHUQDDRVDFRSRGH
VHU D DWPRVIpULFD RX PDLRU QR FDVR GHDXWRFODYHVFRPSULPHDSHoDGXUDQWHDFXUD
DX[LOLDQGR D DEVRUomR GR H[FHVVR GH UHVLQD SHOR DEVRUYHGRU H IRUoDQGR DV ILEUDV
FRQWUD R PROGH H DVVLP JDUDQWLQGR R IRUPDWR GD SHoD $ ILJXUD  PRVWUD R PROGH


 



FKDSD SODQD FRP RV FRUSRV GH SURYDV ODPLQDGRV HP FLPD GHOH FREHUWRV SRU XP
ILOPH GH ௙
WHIORQ ࣱ
SHUIXUDGR ௙
SHHO SO\ࣱ
 TXH SHUPLWH D SDVVDJHP GH UHVLQD SDUD R WHFLGR
DEVRUYHGRU PDV QmR SHUPLWH TXH KDMD DGHVLYLGDGH HQWUH HVVDV FDPDGDV GHSRLV R
WHFLGR DEVRUYHGRU FRP XPD FDPDGD H[WUD SDUD XPD PHOKRU UHPRomR GR DU WRGRV
GHQWURGRVDFRGHYiFXR(VVHVLVWHPDIRLHQWmRFRORFDGRHPXPIRUQRSDUDGLPLQXLU
R WHPSR GH HQGXUHFLPHQWRGHKRUDVjWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHSDUDKRUDDž&
2 WHPSR GH FXUD FRPSOHWD D  ž& p GH KRUDVHQHVWDWHPSHUDWXUDDUHVLVWrQFLDj
WUDomR GD UHVLQD p Pi[LPD  03D $ ERPED GH YiFXR GHYH VHU PDQWLGD OLJDGD
GXUDQWH WRGR R SURFHVVR GH FXUD 2 YDORU GD SUHVVmR DEVROXWD REWLGD FRP D ERPED
XWLOL]DGDpGHPP+JRXN3DYiFXRILQDO

Figura 3.5 ­ Corpos  de provas laminados no molde com saco de vácuo 

8P GHVPROGDQWH GHYH VHU SDVVDGR QD VXSHUItFLH GR PROGH SDUD IDFLOLWDU D
UHWLUDGD GD SHoD H QmR FRPSURPHWHU VXD LQWHJULGDGH GXUDQWH D UHPRomR 2
GHVPROGDQWHXWLOL]DGRIRLR&KHP/HDVHWDPEpPGD5HGHOHDVH


 



Figura 3.6 ­ Corpo de prova depois da laminação 

)RUDP IDEULFDGRV  WLSRV GH FRUSRV GH SURYD GH PRGR D GHILQLU DV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR PDWHULDO XVDGR D UHVLVWrQFLD DR DODUJDPHQWR GD MXQWD H D
UHVLVWrQFLD GD MXQWD SDUDIXVDGD FRP XPSDUDIXVRHVFDUHDGR2VFRUSRVGHSURYDV
D  SRGHP VHU XWLOL]DGRV  YH]HV FDGD FRUWDQGR D SDUWH GDQLILFDGD QR WHVWH H
ID]HQGRXPQRYRIXURORJRDEDL[R

Figura 3.7 ­ Corpos de provas cortados e lixados (1 a 3 ­ Ensaio de Tração; 4 e 5 ­ Ensaio de 
alargamento; 6 e 7 ­ Ensaio de Junta Simples) 

$ IDEULFDomR GH HVWUXWXUDV GH FRPSyVLWR UHTXHU PXLWR FRQKHFLPHQWR H

WpFQLFD H PHVPR RV SURFHVVRV PDQXDLV VmR VXVFHWtYHLV j IDOKDV GH IDEULFDomR
FRPR SRU H[HPSOR EROKDV QR PHLR GR PDWHULDO (VVHV FRUSRV GHSURYDVGHIHLWXRVRV


 



IRUDPUHMHLWDGRVSRLVGDULDPUHVXOWDGRVLQVDWLVIDWyULRV

Figura 3.8 ­ Problemas na manufatura dos corpos de provas 

3.2.2.2 CP para Ensaios de Tração 

3DUD DGTXLULU GDGRV GRV PDWHULDLV XWLOL]DGR IRUDP UHDOL]DGRV  HQVDLRV GH
WUDomR VHJXLQGR D QRUPD $670 ' GH IDEULFDomR GH FRUSRV GH SURYD TXH
UHTXHU XP FRUSR GH SURYD FRP³DEDV´௙
WDEEHGVSHFLPHQࣱ
HPLQJOrVFRPDVPHGLGDV
PRVWUDGDVQDILJXUDSDUDXPDODPLQDomRRUWRWUySLFD>@௙ 
QV௙

(P FRUSRVGHSURYDGHPDWHULDOFRPSyVLWRGHYHPVHUDGLFLRQDGDVDEDVDQWHV
GRV HQVDLRV SRU GRLV PRWLYRV SDUD SURWHJHU D VXSHUItFLH GH IL[DomR GR FRUSR GH
SURYDV GH GDQRV FDXVDGRV SHODV IRUoDV DSOLFDGDV SHOD JDUUDGXUDQWHRWHVWHHSDUD
DXPHQWDU D iUHD GH FDUUHJDPHQWR H DVVLP GLVWULEXLU PHOKRU DV FDUJDV GLPLQXLQGR
FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH WHQVmR 1RUPDOPHQWH HP PDWHULDLV DOWDPHQWH RUWRWUySLFRV H GH
DOWDULJLGH]RXVRpGDVDEDVVHID]QHFHVViULR


 




Figura 3.9 ­ Corpo de provas com abas (​
tabbed specimen​
) conforme ASTM D3039 

1RV HQVDLRV GH WUDomR FRPR RV TXH IRUDP UHDOL]DGRV DV DEDV SURWHJHP R
FRUSR GH SURYD GH GDQRV FDXVDGRV SHOD JDUUD GD PiTXLQD (VVH WLSR GH
FDUUHJDPHQWR D[LDO LQWURGX]LGR DWUDYpV GH FLVDOKDPHQWR HQWUH D JDUUD H D VXSHUItFLH
GD DED UHTXHU XPD IRUoD QRUPDO DOWD FDXVDQGR JUDQGH DWULWR SDUD TXH QmR KDMD
HVFRUUHJDPHQWR SRUpP HVVD IRUoD QRUPDO DOWD LQGX] WHQV}HV FRPSUHVVLYDV
LQWHUODPLQDUHVQmRGHVHMDGDVQRFRPSyVLWR

3DUD D IDEULFDomR GHVWHV FRUSRV GH SURYDV IRUDP XWLOL]DGDV  FDPDGDV GR
WHFLGR GH  PP GH HVSHVVXUD GH PRGR D VH REWHU  PP GH HVSHVVXUD ILQDO
GHSRLVGHOL[DGDDVXSHUItFLH

Figura 3.10 ­ Abas de vidro colada no corpo de provas 

$V DEDV GHYHP ³FRPELQDU´ FRP R PDWHULDO FRPSyVLWR XWLOL]DGR WDQWR QDV
GLPHQV}HV FRPR QD LQWHUDomR HQWUH R DGHVLYR XVDGR HQWUH RV GRLV 3DUD HVVH
H[SHULPHQWR IRUDP XWLOL]DGDV DEDV GH HVSHVVXUD VHPHOKDQWH j GR FRUSR GH SURYD
IHLWDV GH ILEUD GH YLGUR SRU VHU XP PDWHULDO DOWDPHQWH UHVLVWHQWH j FRPSUHVVmR 2


 



FRUSR GH SURYD H DV DEDV WrP PDWUL] GH UHVLQD HSy[L H SRUWDQWR IRL XWLOL]DGR D
PHVPD UHVLQD FRPR DGHVLYR HQWUH DV SHoDV (VVDV YDULiYHLV QmRSRGHPLQIOXHQFLDU
QR UHVXOWDGR GRVHQVDLRVPDVDOJXPDVFRQVLGHUDo}HV$'$06'2H$'$06'
)GHYHPVHUOHYDGDVHPFRQWD

Ɣ 2 PDWHULDO GD DED H GR DGHVLYR GHYH VHU PDLV PDFLR PHQRU ULJLGH] TXH R
PDWHULDO GR FRUSR GH SURYD PDV GHYH VHU FDSD] GH WUDQVIHULU DV FDUJDV GD
JDUUD SDUD R FRUSR GH SURYD &RPR D ILEUD GHYLGURSRVVXLXPDULJLGH]PHQRU
TXHDILEUDGHFDUERQRRODPLQDGRGHODWDPEpPGHYHVHUPHQRVUtJLGR
Ɣ 2 FKDQIUR GD DED GLPLQXL GHVFRQWLQXLGDGHV HQWUH D VHomR FRP D DED H D
VHomR GR FRUSR GH SURYD GLPLQXLQGR DVVLP D FRQFHQWUDomR GH WHQVmR QHVVD
UHJLmR 3RUpP FRPR HVVH FKDQIUR QmR p VXSRUWDGR SHODV JDUUDVHOHIOH[LRQD
SDUD IRUD TXDQGR XP FLVDOKDPHQWR p DSOLFDGR WUDFLRQDQGR D VXSHUItFLH GR
FRUSR GH SURYD RQGH HVWi FRODGR $ UHVLVWrQFLD j WUDomR LQWHUODPLQDU QmR
FRVWXPD VHU DOWD SRU VHU GHSHQGHQWH SULQFLSDOPHQWH GD UHVLVWrQFLD GDPDWUL]
DVVLP HVVDV WHQV}HV SRGHP VHU VLJQLILFDWLYDV H FDXVDU D GHODPLQDomR FRPR
YLVWDDQWHULRUPHQWH

2 WHFLGR GHYLGURHPEXWLGRHPHSy[LpXPyWLPRPDWHULDOSDUDDVDEDVGHYLGR
D VXD UHVLVWrQFLDHOHYDGDHULJLGH]PHQRUGRTXHDGDILEUDGHFDUERQR$HVSHVVXUD
GH  PP H R kQJXOR GH ž D ž QR FKDQIUR GD DED VmR UHFRPHQGDGRV SRU
> @௙
DOJXQV DXWRUHV௙  $V WHQV}HV GH GHODPLQDomR GLPLQXHP FRP R DXPHQWR GR
kQJXOR SRUpP D FRQFHQWUDomR GH WHQVmR DXPHQWD 2 DGHVLYR GHYH WHU UHVLVWrQFLD
DOWD HSy[LV VmR VXILFLHQWHV H XPD HVSHVVXUD GH  PP TXH SRGH VHU FRQWURODGD
PHGLQGR D HVSHVVXUD ILQDO GR FRUSR GH SURYDV FRP DV DEDV (VSHVVXUDV PDLRUHV
SRGHP VHU XWLOL]DGDV SDUD GLPLQXLU DV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH WHQVmR QD UHJLmR GH
DSOLFDomRGHFDUJDTXDQGRVmRXVDGRVkQJXORVPDLVDJXGRVQRVFKDQIURVGDVDEDV

6H DOJXP SUREOHPD GH DGHUrQFLD RX UHVLVWrQFLD GDV DEDV IRU HQFRQWUDGR R
SULPHLUR SDVVR VH SRVVtYHO p GLPLQXLU D HVSHVVXUD GR FRUSR GH SURYDV GLPLQXLQGR
DVVLPRHVIRUoRQHFHVViULRSDUDURPSrOR

3.2.2.3 CP para Ensaios de Alargamento (Bearing Test) 

6HJXQGR R ௙
+DQGERRNࣱ
 SDUD DGTXLULU D UHVLVWrQFLD DR DODUJDPHQWR GH XPD


 



MXQWD SDUDIXVDGD XP WHVWH GH GXSOR FLVDOKDPHQWR GHYH VHU UHDOL]DGR H R FRUSR GH
SURYDGHYHWHUDVVHJXLQWHVGLPHQV}HVHPPLOtPHWURVYLVWDVQD)LJXUD

(P HVWUXWXUDV UHDLV R FDUUHJDPHQWRGHFLVDOKDPHQWRVLPSOHVpPDLVFRPXP

UHVXOWDQGR HP FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH WHQVmR PDLRUHV QD GLUHomR GD HVSHVVXUD HQWUH
OkPLQDV H GLPLQXLQGRFRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWHDUHVLVWrQFLDDRDODUJDPHQWR௙
EHDULQJࣱ
2V
YDORUHVREWLGRVGHVWHVWHVWHVQmRSRGHPVHUXVDGRVGLUHWDPHQWHSDUDMXQWDVVLPSOHV
VHPDQWHVID]HUXPDFRUUHODomR2VWHVWHVGHMXQWDVLPSOHVVHUmRYLVWRVDVHJXLU

7HVWHV GH DODUJDPHQWR VmR IHLWRV DSHQDV VRE WUDomR XPD YH] TXH VRE
FRPSUHVVmR D JUDQGH GLVWkQFLD GD ERUGD H !! 'LQIOXHQFLDDVWHQV}HVQDUHJLmR
GR IXUR DSHQDV VH R ODPLQDGR WLYHU PXLWDV OkPLQDV FRP ILEUDV GLUHFLRQDGDV D ž
FDVR FRQWUiULR RFRUSRGHSURYDLUiIDOKDUSRULQVWDELOLGDGHIODPEDJHPGHYLGRDVHX
DOWRFRHILFLHQWHGHHVEHOWH]

Figura 3.11 ­ Desenho do corpo de prova para ensaio de alargamento (Adaptado de MIL­17, Vol E, 
1997) 

$ UHFRPHQGDomR GDV GLPHQV}HV p IHLWD GH PRGR D REWHUVH XP UHVXOWDGR

XQLIRUPH SRUpP VH IRU QHFHVViULR R HVWXGR GH GLPHQV}HV GLIHUHQWHV GHYHVH OHYDU
HPFRQVLGHUDomR

Ɣ 9DORUHV GH E' PHQRUHV TXH  SRGHP DFDUUHWDU D IDOKD SRU WUDomR QD
VHomR GR FRUSR GH SURYDVRQGHVHORFDOL]DRIXURFRPRYLVWRQDVHomR



 



Ɣ 9DORUHV GH H' PHQRUHV TXH  SRGHP DFDUUHWDU D IDOKD SRU

FLVDOKDPHQWR
Ɣ 2 IXURGRSDUDIXVRGHYHVHUIHLWRFRPXPDEURFDGHGLPHQVmRPHQRUH
DMXVWDGR DWp D GLPHQVmR FRP XP DODUJDGRU GHPRGRDQmRGDQLILFDUD
UHJLmR TXH UHFHEHUiRSDUDIXVRHJDUDQWLUXPDMXVWHFRPXPDSHTXHQD
IROJDPPPP
Ɣ 2 SDUDIXVR GHYH VHU IHLWR GH DoRWHPSHUDGRD+5FHFDVRVHMD
XWLOL]DGR XP SDUDIXVR FRPHUFLDO FXMDV GLPHQV}HV WHP XPD WROHUkQFLD
DEHUWD R IXUR GHYH VHU DMXVWDGR SDUD HVVH SDUDIXVR HP TXHVWmR YLVWR
TXH XPD IROJD PDLRU GD MXQWD FRP R SDUDIXVR WHQGHP D GDU YDORUHV
PHQRUHVGHWHQVmRPi[LPD
Ɣ 2 HTXLSDPHQWR SDUDIXVR H FRUSR GH SURYD GHYHP HVWDU OLPSRV SDUDR
WHVWHHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHOXEULILFDQWHV
Ɣ 3DUD XPD DQiOLVH HVWDWtVWLFD YiOLGD SHOR PHQRV  FLQFR HQVDLRV
GHYHPVHUUHSOLFDGRV&RPRHPFDGDFRUSRGHSURYDSRGHVHUIHLWRDWp
HQVDLRVFRUSRVGHSURYDHQVDLRVVmRDGHTXDGRV

3DUD D IDEULFDomR GHVWHV FRUSRV GH SURYDV IRUDP XWLOL]DGDV  FDPDGDV GR
WHFLGRGHPPGHHVSHVVXUDGHPRGRDVHREWHUPPGHHVSHVVXUDILQDO

Figura 3.12 ­ Esquemático da montagem da máquina de tração para teste de alargamento 


 



(Adaptado de MIL­17, Vol E, 1997) 

3.2.2.4 CP para Ensaio de Junta Simples 

3DUD D IDEULFDomR GRV FRUSRV GH SURYD SDUD R HQVDLR GH -XQWD 6LPSOHV
6LQJOH/DS7HVWQRYDPHQWHVHJXQGRR௙
+DQGERRNࣱ
WHPVHDVVHJXLQWHVGLPHQV}HV

Figura 3.13 ­ Desenho de um corpo de provas para teste de Junta Simples (Adaptado de MIL­17, Vol 
E, 1997) 

$VVLP FRPR QRV FRUSRV GH SURYD FRP DEDV SDUD R HQVDLR GH WUDomR HVVH
PRGHOR GH FRUSR GH SURYD SRVVXL XPD DED PDV FRP XPD IXQomR GLIHUHQWH3RUVHU
XPD MXQWD VLPSOHV FLVDOKDPHQWR~QLFRXPJUDQGHPRPHQWRpFULDGRSHODGLVWkQFLD
HQWUH D DSOLFDomR GD IRUoD H D R FHQWUR GD MXQWD H SHOD IRUoD GH WUDomR DSOLFDGD $
DED FRPXPHQWH FKDPDGD GH ௙
GRXEOHU GREUDGRU HP LQJOrV YLVWD QD ILJXUD 
GHYHSRVVXLUDPHVPDHVSHVVXUDGRFRUSRGHSURYDVHDVVLPFHQWUDOL]DUDIRUoD

0HVPR XWLOL]DQGR D DED XPD IOH[mR VHFXQGiULD p SHUFHELGD GHYLGR D

GHIRUPDomR GR FRUSR H WDPEpP SHTXHQRV HUURV GH IDEULFDomR Mi TXH D IRUoD GH
WUDomRDSOLFDGDpDOWD


 



1R UHVXOWDGR GD VLPXODomR DVVLP FRPR QR HQVDLR H[SHULPHQWDO LVWR SRGH VHU
QRWDGR H LQIOXL IRUWHPHQWH QD UHVLVWrQFLD GD MXQWD 3DUD TXH HVVD URWDomR GD MXQWD
VHMDGLPLQXtGDXPDFRQILJXUDomRFRPRXPDLVSDUDIXVRVSRGHVHUXVDGD

Figura 3.14 ­ Corpo de prova com o dobrador 

2 SDUDIXVR XWLOL]DGR VHJXH D QRUPD ,62  FRPR YLVWR QD ILJXUD 
SRUpP R IXUR GR FRPSyVLWR VHJXH R +DQGERRN H D IROJD HQWUH SDUDIXVR H IXUR QmR
SRGH VHU PDLRU TXH  PP FRPR QR HQVDLR SDUD DODUJDPHQWR H R IXUR GHYH VHU
IHLWR FRP XPD EURFD PHQRU  PP H DODUJDGR DWp  PP QR Pi[LPR SRLV R
SDUDIXVR 0 XWLOL]DGR QHVWH HVWXGR SRVVXL  PP QD KDVWH SDUWH VHP URVFDTXH
p D UHJLmRGHFRQWDWRFRPRFRPSyVLWR&RPRGLWRDQWHULRUPHQWHVHDSDUWHURVFDGD
GR SDUDIXVR ILFDU HP FRQWDWR FRP R FRPSyVLWR D FDUJD ILQDO UHVLVWLGDSHODMXQWDVHUi
PHQRUGHYLGRjVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHWHQVmRFULDGDV


 



Figura 3.15 ­ Dimensão recomendada pela ISO 10642 para parafusos escareados 

3.3 Máquina de teste 

3DUD UHDOL]DU RV HQVDLRV GH WUDomR D PiTXLQD XWLOL]DGD IRL D (0,& PRGHOR
'/ HTXLSDGD FRP XPD FpOXOD GH FDUJD FRP  N1  NJI GH IXQGR GH
HVFDOD 4XDOTXHU PiTXLQD GHWUDomRFRPSHORPHQRVN1GHFDSDFLGDGHSRGHVHU
XWLOL]DGDSDUDUHDOL]DURVHQVDLRVGHVFULWRVQHVWHHVWXGR

Figura 3.16 ­ Máquina utilizada para realizar os ensaios 


 



8P H[WHQV{PHWURIRLXWLOL]DGRQRVFRUSRVGHSURYDSDUDHQVDLRGHWUDomRSDUD
PHGLU D GHIRUPDomR QR FHQWUR GR FRUSR 3DUD RV RXWURV HQVDLRVIRLXWLOL]DGRDSHQDV
R GHVORFDPHQWR GD PiTXLQD H HQWmR FDOFXODGD D GHIRUPDomR HP IXQomR GR
FRPSULPHQWR OLYUH GRV FRUSRV GH SURYD FRQIRUPH HVWHV IRUDP VHQGR FRUWDGRV SDUD
HQVDLRVVXEVHTXHQWHV

Figura 3.17 ­ Extensômetro utilizado 

3.4 Resultados 

3.4.1 Ensaios de Tração 

$SyV DSOLFDGR XP GHVORFDPHQWR QRV FRUSRV GH SURYDV RV VHJXLQWHV
UHVXOWDGRV IRUDP REVHUYDGRV 2 kQJXOR GD IUDWXUD p GH ƒ WUDQVYHUVDO FRP R
FDUUHJDPHQWR ,VWR SRUTXH R WHFLGR XVDGR SDUD D IDEULFDomR GRV FRUSRV GH SURYDV
VmR ELD[LDLV H OkPLQDV GH ž QmR IRUDP XVDGDV SRUWDQWRDUHVLVWrQFLDQRVVHQWLGRV
SULQFLSDLV VmR VLPLODUHV PDV R FLVDOKDPHQWR p EHP PHQRU 1RWDVH WDPEpP TXH
DOJXPDV OkPLQDV IDOKDUDP HP SRVLo}HV GLIHUHQWHV XPDV GDV RXWUDV DOJXQV
PLOtPHWURV GH GLVWkQFLD SRGHQGR DVVLP VHU XVDGR DQiOLVH GH IDOKDV SURJUHVVLYD
FRPR/3)O௙
DVWSO\IDLOXUHࣱ



 



Figura 3.18 ­ CPs para teste de tração 

2V UHVXOWDGRVGDWDEHODPRVWUDPXPDGLIHUHQoDFRQVLGHUiYHOHQWUHFRUSRV
GH SURYDV GHYLGR jV YDULiYHLV GH IDEULFDomR $ PpGLD IRL XVDGD QR PRGHOR
FRPSXWDFLRQDO GH PRGR D PLQLPL]DU HUURV $V FXUYDV GD ILJXUD  PRVWUDP TXH R
FULWpULR GH GHIRUPDomR Pi[LPD QmR GHYH VHU XVDGR FRPR FULWpULR GH IDOKD Mi TXH R
GHVYLRSDGUmRpDOWRSDUDHVVHWLSRGHPDWHULDO


Tabela 3.1 ­ Resultados dos ensaios de tração 

$ WHQVmR GH UXSWXUD QmR WHYH JUDQGHV YDULDo}HV PDLRUGLIHUHQoDHSRU

LVVR SRGH VHU XVDGD FRPR FULWpULR GH IDOKD SDUD HVWUXWXUDV PDV QmR SDUD DV MXQWDV
SDUDIXVDGDV e SRVVtYHO YHU WDPEpP QDV FXUYDV R FRPSRUWDPHQWR IUiJLO GHVWH
PDWHULDO FRPSyVLWR FRP SUDWLFDPHQWH QDGD GHGHIRUPDomRSOiVWLFDHSRUHVVDUD]mR
R FULWpULR GH +DVKLQ GHPRQVWUD FRP DFXUDFLGDGH R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH PDWHULDLV
FRPSyVLWRVHPHVWUXWXUDVQRHVWDGRSODQRGHWHQV}HV


 




Figura 3.19 ­ Ensaios de tração ­ Tensão x Deformação 

3.4.2 Ensaios de Alargamento (Bearing Test) 

)RL DSOLFDGR XP GHVORFDPHQWR FRP YHORFLGDGH FRQVWDQWH QRV FRUSRV GH
SURYDVSDUDRHQVDLRGHDODUJDPHQWR&RPRGLWRDQWHULRUPHQWHHVWHHQVDLRJHUDXP
HVIRUoR GH FLVDOKDPHQWRQDMXQWD2VFRUSRVGHSURYDVGDQLILFDGRVSRGHPVHUYLVWRV
QD ILJXUD  H QRWDGRTXHDSULPHLUDIDOKDpREYLDPHQWHSRUDODUJDPHQWR௙
EHDULQJࣱ

H SUy[LPR GD ERUGD RFRUUH D IDOKD SRU FLVDOKDPHQWR ௙
VKHDURXWࣱ
 GHYLGR D UD]mR H'
VHUSHTXHQD


 



Figura 3.20 ­ CPs para teste de alargamento 

&DGD FRUSR GH SURYDV IRL HQVDLDGR  WUrV YH]HV WRWDOL]DQGRHQVDLRV8PD

FXUYDWtSLFDGHDODUJDPHQWR௙
+DQGERRNࣱ
YLVWDQDILJXUDUHSUHVHQWDGDHP
FDUJD SRU GHVORFDPHQWR GHPRQVWUD  SRQWRV SULQFLSDLV R OLPLWH SURSRUFLRQDO R
HVFRDPHQWRHDUXSWXUD

Figura 3.21 ­ Curva típica de um ensaio de alargamento (Adaptado de MIL­17, Vol E, 1997) 


 



$ FXUYD VH SDUHFH FRP XPD FXUYD GH XP HQVDLR GH WUDomR SDUD PDWHULDLV
PHWiOLFRV TXH SRVVXHP RV PHVPRV SRQWRV ,VWR VH GHYH DR IDWR GD MXQWD
SDUDIXVDGD VRIUHU FLVDOKDPHQWR H R WLSR GH ODPLQDGR VHU TXDVLLVRWUySLFR RX VHMD
OkPLQDV HPSLOKDGDV D ž ž ž ž GD VXD GLUHomR SULQFLSDO 7HPVH DVVLP DV
UHVLVWrQFLDVQDVGLUHo}HVSULQFLSDLVFRPRDVGHXPPDWHULDOLVRWUySLFR

(VWH HQVDLR p PXLWR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD GHVFREULU D UHVLVWrQFLD DR DODUJDPHQWR

GDMXQWDSRLVHVVHYDORUPXLWDVYH]HVFRUUHVSRQGHjIDOKDGDHVWUXWXUD

1DV FXUYDV GD ILJXUD  REWLGDV GRV HQVDLRV H[SHULPHQWDLV p SRVVtYHO YHU
HVVHV SRQWRV SRUpP D HVFDOD GH GHVORFDPHQWR IRL DXPHQWDGD SDUD ILFDUHP PDLV
YLVtYHLV 2XWURV FRUSRV GH SURYDV WLYHUDP FXUYDV XP SRXFR GLIHUHQWH GHYLGR j
GLPHQVmR GR IXUR TXH GHYH VHU DODUJDGR H QmR IXUDGR FRP EURFD GLUHWDPHQWH QD
PHGLGD 0HVPR D RSHUDomR GH DODUJDPHQWR SRGH VRIUHU YDULDo}HV GH GLPHQV}HV
TXHPXGDPDFXUYDGDMXQWD

Figura 3.22 ­ Curvas do ensaio de alargamento ­ Carga x Deslocamento 

0HVPR FRP IXURV PDLV IROJDGRV HP UHODomR DR SDUDIXVR KRXYH SRXFDV
YDULDo}HV QRV UHVXOWDGRV 1RV HQVDLRV GH WUDomR RV FRUSRV GH SURYDV DJXHQWDUDP


 



PDLV GR TXH  N1 HQTXDQWR QRWHVWHGHDODUJDPHQWRQmRSDVVRXGHN1PHVPR

FRP XPD HVSHVVXUD PDLRU ,VVR VH GHYH SRUTXH D VHomRTXHHVWiVHQGRWUDFLRQDGD
QmRpPDLVDGRFRUSRGHSURYDVHVLPDVHomRGRIXUR'[W

Tabela 3.2 ­ Resultados dos ensaios de alargamento 

$ UHVLVWrQFLD GD MXQWD DR DODUJDPHQWR p PXLWR EDL[D  N1 ≣  03D
TXDQGR FRPSDUDGD j UHVLVWrQFLD GR FRPSyVLWR TXH GHPRQVWUD D IUDTXH]D GR
PDWHULDOFRPSyVLWRHDUD]mRGHVWHHVWXGRVHULPSRUWDQWH

3.4.3 Ensaio de Tração de Junta Simples (Single Lap Test) 

3RU~OWLPRIRUDPIHLWRVRVHQVDLRVGHWUDomRGHMXQWDVLPSOHV

Figura 3.23 ­ Corpo de provas durante e após ensaio 


 



(PERUD YLVXDOPHQWHRUHVXOWDGRGRFRUSRGHSURYDDSyVRGDQRVHMDSDUHFLGR
FRPRGRHQVDLRGHDODUJDPHQWRRVUHVXOWDGRVVmRPXLWRGLIHUHQWHV'HYLGRjIOH[mR
VHFXQGiULD XPD SDUWH GD FDUJD p DSOLFDGD QR VHQWLGR QRUPDO DR FRUSR GH SURYDV H
SRU LVVRRGDQRFDXVDGRSHODFDEHoDGRSDUDIXVRRQGHRGLkPHWURpPDLRUTXHRGR
FRUSR WDPEpP p PDLRU 3RGHVH YHU QD ILJXUD  TXH R SDUDIXVR HP XP GRV
FDVRVDWUDYHVVDDVILEUDVVXSHULRUHVHILFDVXSRUWDGRSHODVILEUDVLQIHULRUHV

$ IRUoD Pi[LPD VXSRUWDGD SHOD MXQWD IRL  PDLRU QD PpGLD TXH QR HQVDLR
GH DODUJDPHQWR SRUpP LVVR VH GHYH j iUHD GH VHomR PDLRU Mi TXH R IXUR DJRUD
SRVVXL XP FKDQIUR 3RUpP p SRU HVVD PHVPD UD]mR TXH D UHVLVWrQFLD WHQVmR GH
UXSWXUD GD MXQWD GLPLQXL  &RPR GLVFXWLGR DQWHULRUPHQWH IXURV PDLRUHV
SRGHP FDXVDU XPD IDOKD SRU WUDomR DR LQYpV GH IDOKDSRUDODUJDPHQWRFDVRDUD]mR
E'VHMDPHQRUTXH

Tabela 3.3 ­ Resultados dos ensaios de junta 

2 JUiILFR GD ILJXUD  PRVWUD RV UHVXOWDGRV REWLGRV QRV HQVDLRV GH WUDomR
GH MXQWD VLPSOHV FRP GLIHUHQWHV YHORFLGDGHV GH GHVORFDPHQWR FRPR PRVWUDGR QD
~OWLPD OLQKD GD WDEHOD  )RL YHULILFDGR SHTXHQDV GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH RV HQVDLRV
PHVPR FRP YHORFLGDGHV GH GHVORFDPHQWR PXLWR VXSHULRUHV (VWDV YHORFLGDGHV
VHUmRSRVWHULRUPHQWHXWLOL]DGDVQRPRGHORFRPSXWDFLRQDO


 



 

Figura 3.24 ­ Ensaio de junta simples (várias velocidades) ­ Carga x Tempo 

9HORFLGDGHV PXLWR DOWDV GH GHVORFDPHQWR SRGHP FDXVDU YDULDo}HV QD

UHVLVWrQFLD Pi[LPD DWLQJLGD SHOR FRPSyVLWR SRU QmR KDYHU WHPSR VXILFLHQWH SDUD RV
HVIRUoRV VHUHP GLVWULEXtGRV HQWUH DV ILEUDV GH UHIRUoR TXH DLQGD QmR VH URPSHUDP
$VVLP D YHORFLGDGH UHFRPHQGDGD SDUD RV HQVDLRV HP FRPSyVLWRV p GH PPPLQH
HVWDIRLDYHORFLGDGHXVDGDWDPEpPQRPRGHORFRPSXWDFLRQDO

Figura 3.25 ­ Flexão secundária no ensaio de tração de junta simples 

8WLOL]DQGR XP SDUDIXVR GH FRPSULPHQWR PDLRU p SRVVtYHO YHU D IOH[mR

VHFXQGiULD FDXVDGD SHOR PRPHQWR DWXDQWH QD XQLmR SDUDIXVDGDVLPSOHV&RPRGLWR
DQWHULRUPHQWH p SRVVtYHO GLPLQXLU HVVD URWDomRH[FHVVLYDFRPXPDFRQILJXUDomRGH
MXQWDFRPGRLVRXPDLVSDUDIXVRV


 



4 SIMULAÇÕES 

4.1 Software Utilizado 

2 VRIWZDUH HVFROKLGR IRL R $%$486&$( 6WXGHQW (GLWLRQ  GD 'DVVDXOW

6\VWqPHV SRU VHU XP VRIWZDUH UREXVWR TXH SRVVXLPyGXORVGHGHVHQKRPRQWDJHP
JHUDomR GH PDOKDV VLPXODomR HQWUH RXWURV LQWHJUDGRV HP XPD LQWHUIDFH ~QLFD 2
PyGXOR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HVVH HVWXGR p R GH FRPSyVLWRV RQGH p SRVVtYHO JHUDU
DVVHo}HVGHFDGDODPLQDHPXPDPELHQWHPXLWRIiFLOGHXVDU

2 PRGHOR GH IDOKD DQLVRWUySLFR GR $%$486 p EDVHDGR QRV PRGRV GH IDOKD
GHVFULWRV SRU 0DW]HQPLOOHU HW DO  +DVKLQ H 5RWHP  +DVKLQ  H
&DPDQKR H 'DYLOD  1R VRIWZDUH R DSDUHFLPHQWR GR GDQRpGHWHUPLQDGRSHOR
FULWpULR GH LQLFLDomR SURSRVWR SRU +DVKLQ H 5RWHP  H +DVKLQQRTXDOD
VXSHUItFLH TXH IDOKD p H[SUHVVDGD DWUDYpV GR HVWDGR WULD[LDO GH WHQV}HV D WHQVmR
TXHDJHVREUHXPDiUHDTXHHIHWLYDPHQWHUHVLVWHjIRUoD

'H PRGR D GLPLQXLU D GHSHQGrQFLD GH XPD PDOKD PXLWR UHILQDGD GXUDQWH R
UHOD[DPHQWR GR PDWHULDO GLPLQXLQGR ULJLGH] FRP D GHIRUPDomR RVRIWZDUHLQWURGX]
XP FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH FRPSULPHQWR QD IyUPXOD ID]HQGR FRP TXH DVOHLVFRQVWLWXWLYDV
VHMDP H[SUHVVDV HP UHODomR D WHQVmR H GHVORFDPHQWR $ LQFOLQDomR SRVLWLYD GD
FXUYD GH WHQVmR YV GHVORFDPHQWR DQWHV GR GDQR LQLFLDU FRUUHVSRQGH DR PDWHULDO VH
FRPSRUWDQGR HODVWLFDPHQWH H D LQFOLQDomR QHJDWLYD GHSRLV GR LQtFLR GR GDQR VH Gi
SHODHYROXomRGDVYDULiYHLVGHGDQRV

Outputല
4.1.1 Arquivos de saída (ല ) 

2 VRIWZDUH $%$486 FULD YDULiYHLV H[WUDV GH VDtGD SDUD R FULWpULRGHIDOKDGH

+DVKLQ H VmR UHODFLRQDGRV HVSHFLILFDPHQWH FRP R LQtFLR GR GDQR QR PDWHULDO
VHJXLQGRRPRGHORGHIUDWXUDGHFRPSyVLWRV$VYDULiYHLVFULDGDVSHORVRIWZDUHVmR

Ɣ '0,&577RGRVRVFULWpULRVGHLQtFLRGHGDQR
Ɣ +61)7&57 &ULWpULRGHLQLFLDomRFRPEDVHQRYDORUPi[LPRGHWUDomR
QDILEUDGXUDQWHDDQiOLVH
Ɣ +61)&&57  &ULWpULR GH LQLFLDomR FRP EDVH QR YDORU Pi[LPR GH


 



FRPSUHVVmRGDILEUDGXUDQWHDDQiOLVH
Ɣ +6107&57  &ULWpULR GH LQLFLDomR FRP EDVH QR YDORU Pi[LPR GH
WUDomRQDPDWUL]GXUDQWHDDQiOLVH
Ɣ +610&&57  &ULWpULR GH LQLFLDomR FRP EDVH QR YDORU Pi[LPR GH
FRPSUHVVmRGDPDWUL]GXUDQWHDDQiOLVH

3DUD HVVDV YDULiYHLV R FULWpULR GH IDOKD p VDWLVIHLWR TXDQGR R YDORUGHVWDVIRU

LJXDO RX PDLRU TXH  XP 6H IRU GHILQLGR XP PRGHOR GH HYROXomR GR GDQR R YDORU
Pi[LPR GHVWDV YDULiYHLV QmR H[FHGH  XP SRUpP VH QmR IRU GHILQLGR FRPR D
HYROXomR GR GDQR p GDGD YDORUHV PDLRUHV TXH  PRVWUDP R TXDQWR R FULWpULR IRL
H[FHGLGR

4.2 Modelo 

4.2.1 Tipo de Elemento 

3DUDFDGDWLSRGHSUREOHPDH[LVWHXPWLSRGHHOHPHQWRTXHPHOKRUVDWLVID]DV
FRQGLo}HV GDTXHOH SUREOHPD (OHPHQWRV ELGLPHQVLRQDLV TXH IXQFLRQDP FRPR
PHPEUDQDV H SRVVXHP DomR GH IOH[mR VmR FKDPDGRV GH HOHPHQWRV GH FDVFD
௙
VKHOOࣱ
 3RGHP VHU SODQRV RX FXUYRV FRP IRUPDV WULDQJXODUHV RX TXDGULODWHUDLV 2V
QyV ௙
QRGHVࣱ
 VmR FRORFDGR QRV YpUWLFHV GH IRUPD D OLJDU HOHPHQWRV FRP RXWURV
HOHPHQWRV 3DUD PDLRU SUHFLVmR GRV UHVXOWDGRV DOJXQV QyV DGLFLRQDLV SRGHP VHU
FRORFDGRVQDVDUHVWDVHDWpPHVPRGHQWURGRHOHPHQWR

(OHPHQWRV GR WLSR FDVFD FRVWXPDP VHU SRVLFLRQDGRV QD FDPDGD FHQWUDO GD
HVSHVVXUD GD SHoD VHQGR HQWmR GHVLJQDGD D HOH XPD HVSHVVXUD (OHPHQWRV
JHQpULFRV FRPR R 6 JHUDP VROXo}HV UREXVWDV H SUHFLVDV SDUD WRGRV RV WLSRV GH
FDUUHJDPHQWR HP SUREOHPDV GH FKDSDV GH HVSHVVXUD ILQD H JURVVD 9DULDomR GH
HVSHVVXUD GHYLGR j GHIRUPDomR p SHUPLWLGR HPVXDIRUPXODomR(OHVQmRVRIUHPGH
WUDYDPHQWR GH FLVDOKDPHQWR WUDQVYHUVDO H QHP GHPRGRVGH³DPSXOKHWD´௙
KRXUJODVV
PRGHVࣱ


$ WHRULD GLVFUHWD GH .LUFKKRII SDUD SODFDV p LPSRVWD HP WRGRV RV HOHPHQWRV
GR WLSR FDVFD QR $%$486 2 FRPSRUWDPHQWR GRV HOHPHQWRVWLSRFDVFD65SRVVXL
XPD IOH[LELOLGDGH QRFLVDOKDPHQWRHUHVXOWDHPFDPSRVGHGHVORFDPHQWRVXDYHVSRU


 



VHU GH VHJXQGD RUGHP 6mR PDLV UHFRPHQGDGRV SDUD SUREOHPDV FRP PDOKDV
UHJXODUHV H FKDSDV HVSHVVDV DOpP GLVVR HOHV SRVVXHP R GREUR GH QyV H WRUQDP D
VLPXODomRPDLVGHPRUDGD

2V HOHPHQWRV VyOLGRV QR $%$486 SHUPLWHP GHIRUPDomRHURWDomRILQLWDVHP

DQiOLVHV GH JUDQGHV GHVORFDPHQWRV (OHV VmR QHFHVViULRV SDUD SUREOHPDV TXH
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4.2.2 Tamanho do Elemento 

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PDOKD UHILQDGD GHPDLVSRGHXWLOL]DUUHFXUVRVFRPSXWDFLRQDLVH[FHVVLYRVWRUQDQGRD
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PRVWUDGR DEDL[R GH FDGD PDOKD ILJXUD  &RQIRUPH RV UHVXOWDGRV WDEHOD 
SRGHVH SHUFHEHU TXH D PDOKD JURVVD SUHYLX XP GHVORFDPHQWR PHQRV SUHFLVR
SRUpP D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH DV PDOKDV QRUPDO ILQD H VXSHU ILQD IRL PXLWR SHTXHQD $
PDOKDQRUPDOpSRUWDQWRFRQYHUJHQWHTXDQWRDGHVORFDPHQWRV

Figura 4.1 ­ Diferentes densidades de malha (Adaptado de ABAQUS Doc) 


 



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Tabela 4.1 ­ Resultados das simulações com diferente densidades de malha (adaptado de ABAQUS 
Doc) 

2 SLFR GH WHQVmR QR IXUR FRQYHUJH PXLWR PDLV GHYDJDU TXH R GHVORFDPHQWR
GHYLGR D WHQVmR H D GHIRUPDomR VHUHP FDOFXODGDV DSDUWLUGHJUDGLHQWHVYDULDo}HV
GH GHVORFDPHQWR DVVLP XPD PDOKD PXLWD PDLV UHILQDGD p QHFHVViULD SDUD HVVHV
JUDGLHQWHV

1R HQJDVWH GHVVD IL[DomR H[LVWH XPD VLQJXODULGDGH GHYLGR D XP FDQWR YLYR
TXH FDXVD XPD FRQFHQWUDomR GH WHQVmR QHVVH ORFDO 7HRULFDPHQWH D WHQVmR QHVVH
SRQWR p LQILQLWD DVVLP VLPSOHVPHQWH DXPHQWDU D GHQVLGDGH GH HOHPHQWRV QmR LUi
FRQYHUJLU PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH 2 PRGHOR GHYH HQWmR VHU PRGLILFDGRSDUDTXHKDMDXP
FKDQIUR RX DUUHGRQGDPHQWR QHVVH ORFDO SDUD XP UHVXOWDGR PDLV SODXVtYHO VH HVVD
LQIRUPDomR IRU UHTXHULGD ,GHDOL]Do}HV DVVLP GHYHP VHU XWLOL]DGDV FRP FDXWHODSDUD
TXHRVUHVXOWDGRVGDVVLPXODo}HVVHMDPSUy[LPRVGRVUHDLV

3DUD HVWUXWXUDV WULGLPHQVLRQDLV FRPSOH[DV XP UHILQDPHQWR ORFDO p R PDLV

LQGLFDGR YLVWR TXH XPD HVWUXWXUD GLILFLOPHQWH SRVVXL XPD GLVWULEXLomR GH WHQV}HV
XQLIRUPH 'HYHVH XWLOL]DU HOHPHQWRV PHQRUHV SHUWR GDV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH WHQVmR H
HOHPHQWRVPDLRUHVRQGHDPDJQLWXGHGDVWHQV}HVQmRLQWHUHVVDP

$VVLP FRPR QR H[HPSOR GR SUySULR $%$486 XP HVWXGR IRL FRQGX]LGR SDUD
GHILQLU XP WDPDQKR GH HOHPHQWR H DVVLP XPD GHQVLGDGH GHPDOKDSDUDDSDUWHGD
IL[DomR GR FRUSR GH SURYD RXWUR WDPDQKR SDUD R FHQWUR GR FRUSR GH SURYD H RXWUR
PDLV UHILQDGR SDUD D ³FDEHoD´ GR FRUSR GH SURYD RQGH VH HQFRQWUD R IXUR JHUDGRU
GHFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHWHQVmR

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HOHPHQWRV GH  H  PP XVDQGR DVVLP D PDOKD FRP HOHPHQWRV ' &'5 GH


 



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IRL GHWHUPLQDGR XP HOHPHQWR ' 65 GHYLGR DR PDWHULDO VHU LVRWUySLFR H DWHQVmR
QmR VHU GLVWULEXtGD HP FDPDGDV FRPR HP XP FRPSyVLWR 2 $%$486 FDOFXOD DV
GLIHUHQWHVWHQV}HVFLVDOKDQWHVQDHVSHVVXUDGHXPHOHPHQWRGRWLSRFDVFDPDVQmR
RV HVIRUoRV QRUPDLV SRU LVVR QR PDWHULDO FRPSyVLWR WHYH TXH VHU XVDGR XP
HOHPHQWRGRWLSRVyOLGR

Figura 4.2 ­ Convergência entre malha de 0,8 mm (esquerda) e 0,1 mm (direita) 

&RPR D GHIRUPDomR GR SDUDIXVR p DOJR TXH GHYH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR QRHVWXGR
GH MXQWDV SDUDIXVDGDV RV HOHPHQWRV GR SDUDIXVR WDPEpP VmR GR WLSR VyOLGR
&'5FRPWDPDQKRSUy[LPRDPP

3DUD DV GHPDLV UHJL}HV TXH QmR SRVVXHP WHQV}HV DOWDV FRPR YLVWR HP XP
GRV HQVDLRV DQWHULRUHV HOHPHQWRV GR WLSR FDVFD FRP  PP IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV ,VVR
UHVXOWRX HP XP PRGHOR OHYH FRP UHVXOWDGRV GH GHVORFDPHQWRV H WHQV}HV PXLWR
SUy[LPRV GR UHDO $ PDLRU OLPLWDomR GD YHUVmR DFDGrPLFDVmRRVQyVWRUQDQGR
PXLWR GLItFLO ID]HU XPD PDOKDGHERPUHILQDPHQWRFRPHOHPHQWRV'2PRGHORILQDO
SRVVXL  HOHPHQWRV H  QyV FRQWUD  HOHPHQWRV H  QyV FDVR WRGR
PRGHORIRVVHJHUDGRFRPHOHPHQWRVVyOLGRVGHPP


 



Figura 4.3 ­ Diferença entre malha refinada e malha refinada localmente 

$UHGXomRGHHOHPHQWRVDOpPGHVHUXPDUHVWULomRGDYHUVmRGHHVWXGDQWHGR
$%$486 WDPEpPDMXGDDUHGX]LURWHPSRGHSURFHVVDPHQWR&38&RPRDPDOKD
ORFDOPHQWH UHILQDGD R WHPSR GH &38FDLXGHPLQXWRVSDUDVHJXQGRV,VVRSDUD
XPD XPD HVWUXWXUD FRPSOH[D UHSUHVHQWD PXLWR WHPSR GH VLPXODomR FRP XP FXVWR
HOHYDGR

4.2.3 Empilhamento das lâminas 

2 VRIWZDUH SRVVXL XP PyGXOR GHGLFDGR D PDWHULDLV FRPSyVLWRV 3DUD LQVHULU

DV GHILQLo}HV GR PDWHULDO R VRIWZDUH FRQWD FRP XPD WDEHOD RQGH p SRVVtYHO LQVHULU
OkPLQD SRU OkPLQD SRGHQGR VHU HODV GH PDWHULDLV GLIHUHQWHV FRPELQDQGR SRU
H[HPSORV FDPDGDV GH ILEUD GH FDUERQR FRP FDPDGDV GH DUDPLGD RX YLGUR $
UHSUHVHQWDomR GDV OkPLQDV FRP VXDV UHVSHFWLYDV HVSHVVXUDV H RULHQWDo}HV GDV
ILEUDV DOpP GR SODQR GH UHIHUrQFLD SRGH VHU YLVWD QD ILJXUD  $ ILJXUD FRP 


 



OkPLQDV UHSUHVHQWDDSDUWHGRGREUDGRU௙
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Figura 4.4 ­ Modo de empilhamento das lâminas 

4.3 Condições de contorno 

8WLOL]DQGR GDGRV GR SUREOHPD UHDO DV FRQGLo}HV GH FRQWRUQRIRUDPGHILQLGDV

$ SHoD GH FRPSyVLWR IRL HQJDVWDGD QR GREUDGRU HP WRGD D ODUJXUD GR FRUSR GH
SURYDV H DWp  PP GH FRPSULPHQWR HP WRGRV RV JUDXVGHOLEHUGDGHUHVXOWDQWHGDV
JDUUDVTXHVHJXUDPDSHoDQDPiTXLQD

(QWUH R FRUSR GH SURYDV GH FRPSyVLWR H D SHoD GH DoR TXH YDL WUDFLRQDU R
FRQMXQWR IRL FRORFDGR XP SDUDIXVR HVFDUHDGR PRGHODGR MXQWDPHQWH FRP D SRUFD
SHoD ~QLFD YLVWR TXH D WHQVmR GH FLVDOKDPHQWR FDXVDGR QR HQVDLR p EHP PHQRU
TXH D WHQVmR DGPLVVtYHOGRSDUDIXVR3RUpPXPDPDOKDEHPUHILQDGDQRSDUDIXVRp
~WLO SDUD FDOFXODU FRP PHOKRU SUHFLVmR RV HVIRUoRV DWXDQWHV QD MXQWD H DLQGD PDLV
LPSRUWDQWHFDVRDIDOKDQRHQVDLRH[SHULPHQWDORFRUUDQRSDUDIXVR

5HODo}HV GH FRQWDWR IRUDP FULDGDV HQWUH R SDUDIXVRHDVSHoDVGHFRPSyVLWR

H DoR OHYDQGR HP FRQVLGHUDomR TXH GHYLGR j IOH[mR VHFXQGiULD D FDEHoD
HVFDUHDGD GR SDUDIXVR WHQGH D WRFDU QR FRPSyVLWR GR ODGR RSRVWR j WUDomR H
SRUWDQWR GHYH VHU PRGHODGR WDPEpP 8P FRHILFLHQWH GH DWULWR IRL DWULEXtGR VHJXQGR
(OLH]HU = HW DO GHHWHPJUDQGHLQIOXrQFLDGHYLGRDVJUDQGHVURWDo}HVH
GHVORFDPHQWRVGDMXQWD

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FDVFD Mi TXH RV UHVXOWDGRV GH WHQVmR GHOD QmR VmR OHYDGR HP FRQVLGHUDomR QHVWH
HVWXGR 2 FDUUHJDPHQWR IRL DSOLFDGR QHVVD SHoD WDPEpPQDODUJXUDLQWHLUDHPP
GH FRPSULPHQWR GD ERUGD SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU R HIHLWR GD JDUUD $R LQYpV GH DSOLFDU
FDUJDV WUDWLYDV IRUoD FRQFHQWUDGD RX GLVWULEXtGD IRL DSOLFDGR XP GHVORFDPHQWR GH
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IXQomRUDPSDGRVRIWZDUH$VFRQGLo}HVGHFRQWRUQRSRGHPVHUYLVWDVQDILJXUD

Figura 4.5 ­ Condições de contorno utilizadas na simulação 

2V HVIRUoRV FRPSUHVVLYRV FDXVDGRV SHOD JDUUD QmR IRUDP PRGHODGRV SRLV
QmRIRLHQFRQWUDGRTXDOTXHUHIHLWRGHVWHVQRVHQVDLRVH[SHULPHQWDLV

4.4 Resultados da Simulação 

&RP R PRGHOR FRPSXWDFLRQDO EHPSUy[LPRGRPRGHORUHDOHDVFRQGLo}HVGH

FRQWRUQR PHQFLRQDGDV DQWHULRUPHQWH D DQiOLVH SRU HOHPHQWRV ILQLWRV WHYH XP
UHVXOWDGR VDWLVIDWyULR 2 FRUSR GH SURYDV GH FDUERQR VH FRPSRUWRX FRPR QR WHVWH
H[SHULPHQWDO PHVPR HP JUDQGHV GHIRUPDo}HV H URWDo}HV DWp PHVPR QR PRGHOR
SDGUmR LPSOtFLWR $ IOH[mR VHFXQGiULD GR SDUDIXVR H D IDOKD ILQDO SRU DODUJDPHQWR
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IDVWHQHU SDUWLDO SXOOWKURXJKࣱ
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ILJXUDHFRUUHVSRQGHPjVIDOKDVYLVWDVQRVWHVWHVH[SHULPHQWDLV

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FRPSDUDQGR FRP D PpGLD GRV UHVXOWDGRV H[SHULPHQWDLV FRPSURYDQGRDHILFiFLDGR

FULWpULRGH+DVKLQHGHPi[LPDWHQVmRSDUDXPPDWHULDOTXDVLLVRWUySLFR

Figura 4.6 ­ Resultado da falha de uma junta parafusada no software ABAQUS 

&RP HUURV QRV UHVXOWDGRV PHQRUHV TXH  PRVWURXVH TXH LGHQWLILFDQGR RV
SULQFLSDLV SRQWRV GH WHQV}HV SRGHVH UHGX]LU R WDPDQKR GR PRGHOR H DVVLP VHX
WHPSR GH VROXomRQXPpULFDYLDELOL]DQGRRPpWRGRGHHOHPHQWRVILQLWRVGLPLQXLQGRD
QHFHVVLGDGH GRV HQVDLRV GH WUDomR WUDGLFLRQDLV DFHOHUDQGR DVVLP R SURFHVVR H
GLPLQXLQGRFXVWRVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRSURGXWR

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)RUoDQRSDUDIXVR1 

'HIRUPDomRPi[LPDFRPSyVLWR 

7HQVmRGH5XSWXUDFRPSyVLWR03D 

Tabela 4.2 ­ Resultados da simulação de elementos finitos   


 



Figura 4.7 ­ Comparação entre ensaios e simulação (velocidade 4mm/min) ­ Carga x Tempo 

$ VLPXODomRIRLH[HFXWDGDDWpXPGRVFULWpULRVGHIDOKDGH+DVKLQVHUDWLQJLGR
YDORU LJXDO D XP H R FULWpULR DWLQJLGR IRL R GH IDOKD SRU WUDomR GD ILEUD 1HVWH
LQVWDQWH D FDUJD QR SDUDIXVR HUD Pi[LPD FRP YDORU  1 SUy[LPR GRV
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WDPEpP QR LQVWDQWH GD IDOKD SRU WUDomR GD ILEUD WHYH XP UHVXOWDGR SUy[LPR SRUpP
QmRpFRQVHUYDGRUYLVWRTXHXPGRVFRUSRVGHSURYDVIDOKRXFRPWHQVmRPHQRU

&RPR GLVFXWLGR DQWHULRUPHQWH D WHQVmR DGPLVVtYHO p PXLWR PHQRU TXDQGR

FRQVLGHUDGD D ௙
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5 CONCLUSÕES 

2 HVFRSR GHVWH HVWXGR HUD JHUDU XP PRGHOR FRPSXWDFLRQDO VLPSOHV H OHYH
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ODPLQDGR TXH DOJXQV IRUQHFHGRUHV SRVVXHP PDV GHYLGR D YDULDo}HVGHIDEULFDomR
SRGHP WHU YDORUHV GLIHUHQWHV 2V YDORUHV GH ULJLGH] H UHVLVWrQFLD GR PDWHULDO VmRGH
H[WUHPDLPSRUWkQFLDSRLVVmRGDGRVGHHQWUDGDSDUDDVLPXODomR

1R VRIWZDUH R FULWpULR GH +DVKLQ p LPSOHPHQWDGR SDUD HOHPHQWRV SODQRV

FDVFD SRUpP p SRVVtYHO LPSOHPHQWiORDHOHPHQWRVWULGLPHQVLRQDLVFRPURWLQDVGH
SURJUDPDomR DWUDYpV GH DOJRULWPRV H SURFHGLPHQWRV HVSHFtILFRVDVTXDLVSRGHULDP
VHUGHVHQYROYLGDVHPWUDEDOKRVIXWXURV

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GR SUREOHPD HVWXGDGR IRL FRUUHODFLRQDGR FRP RV WHVWHV H[SHULPHQWDLV TXH
VHJXLUDP DV QRUPDV SUHVHQWHV QR ௙
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