EMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE GULLY, BANHADO GRANDE

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA, CITY OF GLORINHA, RIO

GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL

ETCHELAR, Cecilia Balsamo 1

GUASSELLI, Laurindo Antonio 2
¹ ² Post-Graduation Program in Remote Sensing - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,
Porto Alegre, Brazil.

¹ cecibalsamo@gmail.com
² laurindo.guasselli@ufrgs.br

RESUMO

A Área de Proteção Ambiental do Banhado Grande (APABG) abrange um conjunto de banhados. No início da
década de 1970, parte do rio Gravataí foi canalizado, com objetivo de drenar as áreas úmidas para viabilizar a
expansão do cultivo de arroz. Assim, o estudo propôs: Mapear e quantificar, a partir de uma série temporal de
imagens de alta resolução espacial, a evolução do processo erosivo da voçoroca entre 2003 a 2015. Os resultados
do mapeamento mostraram um significativo aumento da voçoroca passando de 2909,62 m² no ano de 2003, e
7109,68 m² no ano de 2010 a 12097,70 m² em 2015. O fluxo hidríco contínuo no interior da voçoroca pela
ressurgência do lençol freático e a disposição da estrutura do solo, possibilitou o contínuo arrastamento de
sedimentos das camadas de solo que estão em contato direto com a água, levando ao solatamento das camadas
superficiais, e formando as circulares que evoluem para o alargamento da voçoroca, e a verticalização do
processo erosivo. Esse aumento de área do processo erosivo do tipo voçoroca evidencia o impacto da alteração
da drenagem pelos canais de irrigação, levou a um processo de erosão em sulco que evoluiu para uma voçoroca
de grande extensão, além disso, o uso da área para o pastoreio tem acelerado e contribuído para este processo.

Palavras-chave: Áreas Úmidas, Banhado, Voçoroca, Erosão.

ABSTRACT

The Banhado Grande Environmental Protection Area (EPABG) encompasses an area formed by a set of swamps.
At the beginning of the 1970’s, part of the Gravataí river was channeled, in order to drain wetlands and enable
the expansion of rice cultivation areas. WL’s degradation has consequences such as the increase in flooding
frequency, as well as the deterioration of the soil and the vegetation of various pioneer species, becoming
susceptible to erosion. Through the temporal evolution of this gully in Banhado Grande, this study proposes:
Mapping and quantifying, starting from a temporal series of high space resolution images, the evolution of the
erosive process of the gully between 2003 and 2015. Mapping results showed a significant increase, going from
2909.62 m² in 2003 to 7109.68 m² in 2010 to 12097.70 m² in 2015. The continuous water flow inside the gully
because of the upwelling of the water table and the placement of the soil structure enabled the continuous
dragging of sediments from the soil layers that are directly in contact with water, leading to the undermining of
the superficial layers and creating the circular slides that evolve to the enlargement of the gully and the
verticalization of the erosive process. This increase in the gully-type erosive process area highlights the impact
of drainage alteration by irrigation channels; it lead to a furrow erosion process that evolved into a much
extended gully. In addition, the use of the area for grazing has accelerated and contributed to this process.

Keywords: Wetlands, Swamp, Gully, Erosion.

INTRODUCTION
 2

Erosion and bad weather are natural processes that occur alongside soil formation,
according to the evolution of the relief over time (PRESS, 2008). However, the erosion may
have an anthropic origin, caused by the intense and inadequate use of soil (CORRÊA, 1959;
TOMMASINO, 2005). Erosion in more frequently triggered or accelerated by a combination
of inadequate land use and extreme rain events (GALETI, 1984; RISER; 1995; VALENTIM
et al., 2005; GUERRA, 2011).
Conceptually, it is important to distinguish processes of laminar flow erosion from
processes of accelerated linear erosion, which involve the movement of great amounts of soil
and sediments, known in Brazil as furrows, ravines and gullies (D’ AGOSTINI, 1999;
ALMEIDA FILHO, 2016).
Gullies have steep side walls and, in general, flat bottom; during rainy periods, there is
water flow inside it. Gullies may be originated by the deepening and enlargement of ravines,
or by the erosion caused by superficial draining, creating ducts. Erosion in ducts occurs under
the effect of superficial and sub-superficial draining water, which penetrates in biogenic holes
or cracks from different origins (GUERRA et al., 1999; BIGARELLA, 2003;
SUERTEGARAY et al., 2008).
Physical variables such as spillway areas and sandy soils characterize areas that are
susceptible to gully-type erosion. Soil erosion is a significant environmental threat for the
sustainability and the productive capacity of agriculture all over the world (IMESON e
CURFS, 2006; CHRISTOPHERSON, 2013).
In spite of being recognized as a problem, there are still relatively few publications
that analyze systematically the extent of the erosion induced by irrigation. Most inventories
about erosion are meant for the development of technology to understand, anticipate and
mitigate the erosion induced by rain, leaving a gap about the erosion induced by irrigation
(SOJKA et al., 2007).
Erosive processes in irrigation channels and the formation of gullies are even less
observed in Wetlands (WL’s). WL’s degradation has consequences such as the increase in
flooding frequency and the occurrence of turf fires (MCCARTHY et al., 2007), as well as the
deterioration of the soil and the vegetation of various pioneer species, becoming susceptible to
erosion.
WL’s fragmentation is one of the main problems related to the conservation of
biodiversity, through the decrease of connectivity areas among natural habitats (ROLON et
al., 2010). In Rio Grande do Sul, the biggest rice producer in the country, this fragmentation
 3

is caused mainly by the organization of an irrigation channel network associated to the

practice of irrigated rice culture.
A stretch of the Gravataí river was rectified by the extinct National Department for
Construction and Sanitation (DNOS), through governmental incentives, with the intention of
expanding areas for rice culture. This opening occurred at the end of the 1960’s and the
beginning of the 1970’s, and it goes from the river middle reach to one of its springs,
Banhado Grande, running a distance of approximately 20 km (FEPAM, 2014).
Despite the suspension of the channel opening, thinking about the conservation and
maintenance of swamps, rural producer made an investment on their own and expanded up to
5.8 km the drainage channel towards Banhado Grande. The indiscriminate opening of these
drainage channels altered the water regime of the basin, creating free ways for the draining of
water (IPH, 2010; Brenner, 2016) and causing impacts on its hydrologic regime.
In WL’s, the opening of channels creates preferential routes for the water discharge, starting
from the enlargement, deepening and draining of these channels. The channeling of rivers and
streams threatens biologic communities and accelerates the drainage of WL’s, exposing some
species to high predation rates (HOOVER, 2009). 
The alteration of drainage by irrigation channels led to a furrow erosion process that
evolved into a much extended active gully in the area of Banhado Grande. In addition, the use
of the area for grazing has accelerated and contributed to this process. According to Dias
(2001), livestock contributes to the erosion, not only due to the collapse of banks (direct
effect), but also to the difficulty of rain water infiltration. The superficial draining removes
and transports great amounts of sediments into the channel (indirect effect).
Thus, the goal of this work is to understand the temporal evolution of the gully in the
Banhado Grande Environmental Protection Area between 2013 and 2015.

STUDY AREA

The hydrographic basin of the Gravataí river is located in the Eastern region of Rio
Grande do Sul state. It goes from Porto Alegre and the Jacuí river delta on the West, and the
coastal lagoons area, between the 50°27' and 51°12' longitudes West. On the North, it shares
borders with the hydrographic basin of the Rio dos Sinos, and on the South with the swamps
and streams that drain to the Lagos dos Patos, between the latitudes of 29°45' and 30°12'
South (RUBBO, 2002).
 4

Created on October 23rd, 1998 to make the socioeconomic development compatible

with the protection of the existing natural ecosystems, the Banhado Grande Environmental
Protection Area (EPABG) is located in the hydrographic basin of the Gravataí river, Figure 1.

Figure 1: Location of the erosion area, Banhado Grande EPA.

 5

EPABG has 136,935 ha, distributed among the cities of Santo Antônio da Patrulha,
Gravataí, Viamão and Glorinha. In the EPA central area, there is an extended and important
dense swamp area, composed mainly by the swamps Pachecos, Chico Lomã and Banhado
Grande. Together, these swamps are part of the so-called Banhado Grande System
(Meneghetti, 1998; Acordi & Hartz, 2006), integrating a Wet Lands compound which
originates the Gravataí river.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A temporal series of images was obtained from the satellite image bank available on
the Google Earth Pro software, to map the evolution of the erosive process in the Banhado
Grande area, with the following dates: (a) 11/14/2003; (b) 03/18/2010; (c) 03/05/2012; (d)
01/30/2013; (e) 04/04/2014; and (f) 07/29/2015.
In order to elaborate mosaics, images were cut with a 30% overlap, on a total of 100
images. Image capturing was obtained with a 400 meters altitude, in order to obtain better
details of the features for mapping.
Mosaics were geo-referenced with the ArcGIS 10.3 software, based on the geographic
coordinates obtained by Google Earth Pro. In order to overlap images after geo-referencing,
reference points of all images were defined for rectification, through the SHIFT tool, and
correction of full scenes.
On ArcMaps, erosive processes were vectorized, starting from the mosaic temporal
series of the years 2003, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015; their quantification was also
performed. The overlapping of erosion shapes allowed analyzing the progress of the erosive
process in the Banhado Grande area.
Soil samples were collected inside the gully for particle analysis, in order to verify the
percentages of Sand, Silt and Clay for each profile horizon. Approximately 500 g of soil were
collected, stored in plastic bags and properly identified. Soils were denominated profile 1, 2, 3
and 4 in a sequence from top to bottom and processed in the PANICOM/SAG program. After
removing the altered profile soil in the shape of a pipe, four well defined horizons were
identified.
 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The vectorization of the gully area in Banhado Grande, starting from the temporal
analysis of satellite images, allowed following the evolution of the erosive process from 2003
to 2015, Figure 2.

Figure 2: Temporal analysis of the gully, between 2003 and 2015, Banhado Grande.

In the drainage channels of Banhado Grande, the water flow goes from the swamp area to the
flood plain of the Gravataí river. The mapping of the gully by the image dated November
2003, compared to the one dated June 2015, shows a considerable evolution in the subrosion
process. This process is characterized mainly by the enlargement and headward erosion of
these drains, and leads to a quick transformation of the swamp landscape.
According to AGUSTIN et al. (2006) in order for a channel to evolve into a swamp, the
necessary condition is, as well as the erosion action, the presence of a set of processes, among
 7

which there are soil undermining and ducts. They destabilize the walls and the headboard of
the channel, causing its enlargement and its evolution upstream, characterizing a gully.
In the image dated November 2003, it is possible to observe a tendency of the gully to
evolve towards the Northern direction. However, in the following images, it is possible to
observe that the vegetation played a fundamental role in soil stabilization. CHAVES et al.
(2012), recommend for little drained soils, that is, for humid or sub-humid soil the
leguminous plant “Mimosa bimucronata”, commonly known as “Giant mimosa”, for the
recovery and stabilization of areas that were degraded by erosive processes.
Built perpendicularly in relation to the direction of the flow of superficial and
underground waters, the channel opened by rice producers influenced the change in the flow
dynamics of the swamp. According to IPH (2010), the water speed in the channel is different
from the natural situation. Before rectification, the Gravataí river course was meandering and
was associated to low declivities. Currently, in the channel, the situation is the opposite, with
a rectilinear stretch and high speed.
The hydrographic basin of the Gravataí river has a morpho-structural domain of the
sedimentary deposits corresponding to plain units and sea and lake terraces, together with
plain areas resulting from the convergence of colluvial fans and mudslide deposits (Rio
Grande do Sul state, 2012).
Gullies are generated in a region bordering two different geologic structures,
composed of wetland and lagoon plain deposits, which characterizes the soil profile of the
area with the overlapping of sandy horizons over clayey horizons.
The erosive process is headward, and it settles starting from the moment when rain intensity
exceeds the infiltration rate (Embrapa, 2011). As the flood moves, the water infiltration into
soil decreases, and the superficial draining increases, Figure 3. When arriving at the
channeled stretch, which cuts perpendicularly the seepage of the water coming out of the
swamp towards the flood plain of the Gravataí river, the formation process of the gully starts.
It is important to highlight that the channeled stretch already went through an intense
erosive process, with accentuated verticalization. Starting from the accentuated unevenness of
the swamp in relation to the channel, the superficial draining creates the gully in a headward
way.
 8

Figure 3. Flooded swamp highlighting the water flow in the gully area.

Soil analysis of samples 01, 02 and 03, ordered top to bottom, demonstrated the
predominance of sandy soil; on the other hand, sample 04 presents a great percentage of clay.
This horizon encompasses the base level of the gully. Thus, it is possible to justify that the
erosive process reaches the base level when it gets to the horizon referring to sample 04,
Table 1, denominated Clayey-silty-sandy. Horizons 01, 02 and 03 with Sandy-silty-clayey
soil are more susceptible to erosive processes, since the present the sand particle size
predominance.

Table 1: Soil Particle Size Analysis

Sample 01 Sample 02 Sample 03 Sample 04

Sandy-silty- Sandy-clayey- Sandy-silty- Clayey-silty-
clayey silty clayey sandy
Gravel 0% 0% 0% 0%
Sand 63.9605% 74.8062% 52.2424% 16.7553%
Silt 29.8769% 10.3912% 18.1198% 22.6188%
Clay 6.1626% 14.8026% 29.6378% 60.6259%

Soil exposed on the gully streamflow is susceptible to the mechanical action applied
by water. According to BIGARELLA (2007), the collapsing process of the headland,
followed by the liquefaction of the sandy material of the streamflows, is responsible for the
considerable erosion speed in gullies.
 9

Still in Figure 2, it is important to highlight, in March 2012, the presence of circular

formations in the gully. These shapes, classified as ovoids, are typical and present the
configuration of an amphitheater, with steep walls on the upper part and a narrow channel
downstream (MAGALHÃES, 2003).
Figure 4 gives an example of the dynamic of these circular formations. The continuous
wavelike water flow inside the gully because of the upwelling of the water table and the
placement of the soil structure enables the continuous dragging of sediments from the soil
layers that are directly in contact with water, Figure 3a. They lead to the undermining of the
superficial layers, Figure 3 b, creating circulars that evolve to the enlargement of the gully,
that is, the verticalization of the erosive process (Bigarella, 2007).

Figure 4. Scheme of the circular formations on the gully streamflow. Source: Modified from
Bigarella, 2007.

In spite of the analysis gap between 2003 and 2010, starting from the 2010 image, it is
possible to highlight the considerable increase and enlargement of the erosive process, mainly
between 2013 and 2014.
This progress of the gully may be related to an event of hard rain in August 2013. This
flood pulse dynamic may increase the disaggregation and carriage power of soil. The
historical rain average in August in Porto Alegre (series 1961-1990) is 140.0 mm. In August
2013, the most rainy month of the last decades was recorded; the average of eleven rain
stations in the area was 252.50 mm, concentrating on August 26 th, 27th and 28th, 2013 most of
the total rain volume (CEIC, 2016).
This heavy rain led to the rupture of a dam in the Porto Alegre protection system
against floods at the flood plain of the Gravataí river, causing severe floods in the Northern
region of the city of Porto Alegre (GROHMANN, 2013).
 10

Grazing activities are also accelerating agents of the erosive processes. Livestock
removes the vegetation from the banks, thus eliminating the filtering function played by the
vegetation (DIAS, 2011). In addition, there is soil removal by landslide, which occurs when
the livestock crosses from one bank of the channel to the other. Consequences resulting from
the management of livestock may include alterations in the hydrology of hydrographic basins,
such as changes in the water flow, morphology and erosion, soil compaction, destruction of
the vegetation and deficiencies in the water quality. (AGOURIDIS et al., 2005).
It is only since 2014 that the livestock has been removed from the gully area; until
then, it was a common practice in the area. With that, in some areas, there was an increase in
the vegetation recomposition. This change led to the stabilization of the erosive process in
some points of the gully, highlighted by the images between 2014 and 2015, Chart 1.
Other processes are also avoided, such as cattle treading, a practice that leads to the
compaction of soil, the formation of preferential pathways for water seepage and to the
landslide of the banks due to the erosion caused by the access of the livestock to the water and
the crossing performed by animals from one side of the channel to the other.

Chart 1. Gully area, Banhado Grande EPA.

The evolution of the gully makes it turn into an accumulated flow channel, where
there is a preference in the water draining of the swamp towards the irrigation channel.
Probably, before the channel rectification, this water flow acted like a superficial flow
towards the flood plain, as observed in a study conducted on WL’s by WHITLOW (1994).
 11

Once part of the superficial water flow ends up being concentrated inside the gully, as
well as increasing the carriage power of sediments, the surrounding area does not remain
flooded, (MCCARTHY, 2007) leading the swamp to remain dried for a longer time, thus
changing its vegetation.
Once ravines and gullies developed, as well as the accumulated flow, there is often the
drainage of sediments and chemical products from farms to waterways. Thus, there is a need
for monitoring, experimental studies and molding of the gully as a basis to predict the effects
of environmental changes over erosion rates (POESEN et al., 2002).
The overlapping of the gully’s boundaries in the years 2003, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014
and 2015 allows stating that there is an intense process of lateral enlargement of the gully.
According to Figure 5, the process is in full evolution process. It is important to highlight that
the enlargement of the gully has a more accentuated erosion tendency on the North,
downstream to upstream.

Figure 5. Synthesis map of the gully’s temporal evolution, Banhado Grande EPA.
 12

In the erosion created on the South of the gully, Figure 6 and Chart 2, there is a
comparison with 2003, where there was a stabilization of the erosive process with the
regeneration of vegetation and a decrease in exposed soil; there was an area of 1091.13 m² in
2003; 397.57 m² in 2010; 143.42 m² in 2012; 83.9 m² in 2013; 6.56 m² in 2014. The erosive
process reached zero in 2015.
Chart 2. Erosion located South of the gully

The regeneration and stabilization of the erosive process South of the gully may be
associated to the recovery/stabilization of the vegetation cover in this spot, as well as the
concentration and accumulation of the water flow in the gully.
The Giant Mimosa is a spontaneous shrub over all Brazilian coastlines, more
concentrated in the Southern region and recommended for the stabilization of erosive
processes, Figure 6. Its characteristic is to improve the quality of soils suffering with erosive
processes, as well as properly adapting to humid soil that are subjected to periodic flood
(CARVALHO, 2004).

Figure 6. Erosion stabilization on the South of the gully, between 2010 and 2015.
 13

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

The temporal series of images to analyze the features of the gully allowed effectively
mapping and quantifying the accelerated dynamic of the erosive process evolution, going
from 2909.62 m² in 2003 to 12097.70 m² in 2015.
Being a swamp area, the gully’s dynamic is not associated to the absence of vegetation
cover or declivity, but to a history of improper use and occupation of the land by the practice
of the irrigated rice and the management of this culture in association with cattle production.
The soil analysis of the gully streamflow allowed identifying superficial horizons with
higher sand percentages, until the “base level”, with soils having higher clay percentages.
The channel built by DNOS went through a headward erosive process, reaching the
area close to the swamp and the channel that perpendicularly crosses the water seepage
coming out of the swamp towards the flood plain of the Gravataí river, causing the
accelerated process of gully formation in the period of twelve years, in this area.

SOFTWARE

The satellite images were processed and composed of false color in ArcGIS 10.3, in
which the mapping Was performed and for the production of the final layout of the map.
Google Earth Pro was used to visualize the area in its temporality.  A 3D environment.
CorelDraw X7 was used to assemble the mosaics.

MAP DESIGN

For the elaboration of the main map, the ordering of the dates of the images and the
color of the yellow shapes were prioritized, which identify the delimitation of the erosion,
which allows to follow with ease the evolution of the erosive process from 2003 to 2015.
Images is 1: 10,000 your projection: Transverse Mercator and the geographical coordinate
system is the Sirgas_2000_UTM_Zone_22S.
The maps presented in this study maintain the same layout pattern for all data
structures, such as: scale, caption, north, and grid.
 14

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