WORDS OF CONNECTION

(CONECTIVOS)
To sum up, linking devices, in my view, serve to raise the standard of written as well as spoken
English and support the fluency and native-likeness of any verbal discourse. (Irena Hulková)

Linking words are essential for your writing to be natural and clear. (Viv Quarry)

Cohesive devices are crucial in writing, for they turn separate clauses, sentences, and
paragraphs into connected prose, signalling the relationships between ideas, and making
obvious the thread of meaning the writer is trying to communicate. (Vivian Zamel)

... they can help to make clear the structure of what is being said; they can indicate what
speakers think about what they are saying or what others have said. (Michael Swan)

Words of transition, words of connection, logical connectors, transition devices, cohesive

devices, linking words/devices, discourse markers ou connective adjuncts, são algumas das
muitas expressões usadas para identificar este aspecto de grande relevância no estudo, não só do
inglês, como de todas as línguas. São principalmente conjunções ou locuções conjuntivas, mas
também advérbios, preposições, etc., que servem para estabelecer uma conexão lógica entre
frases e elementos da ideia. Em português essas palavras são chamadas de articuladores ou
palavras conectivas. O uso correto destas palavras confere solidez ao argumento e
consequentemente elegância ao texto.

Os conectivos, mais frequentemente usados, são:

INTRODUÇÃO INTRODUCTION

Em primeiro lugar, ... / Antes de tudo, ... / First of all, ... / In the first place, ... / To
Para começar, ... / Para início de conversa, ... begin with, ...

REFERÊNCIA REFERENCE

Com relação a ... / No que diz respeito a ... / Regarding ... / With regard to ... /
No que tange a ... Concerning ... / Considering ...

INTRODUÇÃO OPORTUNA DE NOVO ASSUNTO CHANGE OF SUBJECT

By the way, … / Speaking of that, … /

A propósito, … / Por falar nisso, …
Incidentally …

COMENTÁRIO DE REFORÇO REINFORCEMENT COMMENT

Por sinal, ... / Aliás, ... / Inclusive ... As a matter of fact ... / In fact ...

Pelo contrário, … / Na verdade, … On the contrary … / Actually …

CONFORMIDADE AGREEMENT
De acordo com ... / Conforme ... / Segundo ... According to ... / In accordance with ...

ÊNFASE EMPHASIS

Principalmente ... / Sobretudo ... / Especially ... / Mainly ... / In particular ... /
Especialmente ... / Ainda mais ... More important ...

CAUSA E MOTIVO CAUSE

Porque ... / Por causa de … / Uma vez que

Because … / Since …
… / Já que … / Visto que ... / Pois …

Em função de … / Em razão de ... / Por

As a result of ... / Due to …
motivos de ... / Em virtude de ... / Devido a …

DECORRÊNCIA RESULT, CONSEQUENCE

Levando isto em consideração, … / Por este With this in mind, … / For this reason … /
motivo, ... / Por esta razão, … / Por isso … That's why …

Desta forma, ... / Assim sendo (sendo assim),

This way ... / In doing so ...
... / Nesse sentido, ...

De maneira (forma) (modo) que … / Como

So that … / As a result, …
consequência, ...

Diante do exposto, … / Frente a ... In face of … / In view of …

CONCLUSÃO LÓGICA INFERENCE, CONCLUSION

Portanto, … / Então ... Therefore, … / So, …

PROPÓSITO PURPOSE

Com o objetivo de ... / A fim de ... / Para In order to ... / In order that … / So that ... /
que ... / Para ... In an effort to ...

DEMARCADORES DE PERÍODOS ENTRE O PRESENTE E O

PROJECTING THE PRESENT INTO THE FUTURE
FUTURO

A partir de agora ... / De agora em diante ... /

From now on ... / Henceforth ...
Daqui para a frente ...

DEMARCADORES DE PERÍODOS PASSADOS SCANNING THE PAST INTO THE PRESENT

Até agora ... / Até hoje ... / Até o momento ... So far ... / Up till now ...

Ainda ... Still ... / ... not ... yet.

INDICADORES DE PERÍODOS PRESENTES INDICATING PERIODS IN THE PRESENT

Por enquanto ... For the time being ... / ... for some time.
SIMULTANEIDADE SIMULTANEITY

Nesse meio tempo, ... / Enquanto isso, ... In the meantime, ... / Meanwhile, ...

Enquanto (durante o tempo em que) ... While (during the time) ...

INDICADORES DE CIRCUNSTANCIALIDADE DEFINING CIRCUMSTANCES

Em meio a ... In the midst of ...

GENERALIZAÇÃO E REGULARIDADE GENERALIZING

Em geral, … In general, …

Via de regra, … As a rule, …

EVENTOS COINCIDENTES COINCIDENTAL EVENTS

Sempre que … Whenever …

PROPORCIONALIDADE EM RELAÇÃO AO TEMPO TIME RELATIONSHIP

À medida que (o tempo passa,) … / Com o

As (time goes by,) …
passar (decorrer) do tempo, …

INDICADORES DE DESTINATÁRIO ADDRESSING

A quem interessar possa / Para sua To whom it may concern / For your
informação, ... information, ...

ENFRAQUECEDORES WEAKENERS

As far as I know, … / As far as I can tell,

Que eu saiba, … / Pelo que eu sei, … / Pelo
… / To my knowledge … / To the best of
que me consta, …
my knowledge, …

Se não me engano, … / Se eu não estiver

If I'm not wrong, … / If I remember well …
enganado … / Se não me falha a memória, …

Na minha opinião, … In my opinion, … / In my view …

EXCLUSÃO EXCLUSION

No que se refere a mim, … / No que depender

de mim, … / Quanto a mim, … / De minha As far as I'm concerned, … / As for me, …
parte, …

POSICIONAMENTO POSITION DEFINERS

Do ponto de vista de … / Do (sob) meu ponto From the standpoint of … / From my

de vista … / Partindo do pressuposto (de) standpoint … / From my point of view … /
que … Based on the assumption that …

CERTEZA ASSURANCE
Sem dúvida / Certamente / Com certeza / Of course / For sure / Definitely /
Evidentemente … Certainly / Without a doubt

EQUIVALÊNCIA, PARALELISMO EQUIVALENCE, PARALLEL IDEAS

Da mesma forma que … / Assim como … / In the same way that … / By the same
Tal como … token … / Likewise …

CONDIÇÃO CONDITION

Se … / Desde que … / Enquanto … / Contanto If … / As long as … / On condition that

que … … / Provided (that) …

CONTRASTE CONTRAST

Enquanto que … / Ao passo que … / Já … While … / Whereas … / By contrast …

Mas … / Entretanto, … / No entanto, … /

But … / However, … / …, though.
Todavia, … / Porém, … / Contudo, …

Even so … / Nevertheless, … /
Mesmo assim, … / Ainda assim, …
Nonetheless, … / Still, …

In spite of … / Despite … /
Apesar de (disso) … / Não obstante …
Notwithstanding …

Embora … / Ainda que … / E isso que … Although … / Even though …

Mesmo que … Even if …

(Por um lado, ...) Por outro lado, … / Em (On (the) one hand, ...) On the other hand,
compensação, … … / Conversely …

Ao contrário de … Unlike …

REITERANDO, DETALHANDO REITERATING, GIVING DETAILS

Em outras palavras, … / O que eu quero dizer In other words, … / What I'm trying to say
… / Quer dizer, … / Ou seja, … … / I mean … / That is, … / i.e., …

EXEMPLIFICANDO PROVIDING EXAMPLE

Por exemplo, … For example, … / For instance, …

… tais como … … such as …

SINALIZAÇÃO DE LINGUAGEM METAFÓRICA INDICATING METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE

… so to speak / … if you will / … if you

… por assim dizer … / … como que …
like / … like …

ALTERNÂNCIA ALTERNATION

Por sua vez, … / Por seu turno … In his/her/its turn, …

LIMITAÇÃO DE APLICABILIDADE APPLICABILITY LIMITATION

Em último caso, … As a last resort, …

If worse comes to worst … (If worst

Na pior das hipóteses, … / Se acontecer o
comes to worst) … / At worst … / In a
pior, …
worst-case scenario…

Na melhor das hipóteses, … At best …

Pelo (ao) menos … / No mínimo … / Nem que At (the) least … / If nothing else … / To
seja (para) … say the least

Para não dizer … / Isso se não for … If not …

ACRÉSCIMO ADDITION

Não apenas …, mas (também) … / Não só …

Not only …, but (also) …
como (também) … / Tanto … como …

Besides (that), … / In addition to (that),

Além disso, … / Ainda por cima, … / Além do
… / On top of that, … / Moreover … /
mais … / Afora (isso), …
Apart from (that), … / Aside from (that), …

EXCEÇÃO EXCEPTION

Apart from (that), … / Otherwise … / Other

A não ser por (isso), … / Com exceção de … /
than that, … / Except for … / Aside from
Afora (isso) … / … senão …
(that), …

A não ser que … / A menos que … Unless …

SUBSTITUIÇÃO SUBSTITUTION

Em vez de … / Em lugar de … / Ao invés de

Instead of … / In place of …
…

De preferência … Rather (than) …

CONSEQUÊNCIA DA NÃO-OCORRÊNCIA DE UMA CONDIÇÃO CONSEQUENCE OF NONFULFILLMENT

Senão … / Caso contrário, … / Do contrário,

Otherwise … / Or else … / If not …
… / Sob pena de …

DESCONSIDERANDO DISMISSAL

De qualquer modo (forma) (maneira), … / Anyway, … / In any case, … / Whatever

Seja como for, … / Seja qual for o motivo, … the case may be, …

RELEMBRANÇA REMINDER

Afinal … / Afinal de contas, … After all …

FINALIZAÇÃO, RESUMO CLOSURE, SUMMARY

 Finalmente, … / Por fim, … Finally, … / At last, …

Levando tudo isso em consideração, … / Em All in all, … / All things considered, … / In

resumo, … summary, …

Abaixo segue uma lista mais abrangente de palavras e locuções conectivas só do inglês, agrupadas por
tipo de ligação que estabelecem. Esta lista facilita a localização rápida do conectivo que se procura,
sendo útil especialmente para alunos avançados que possuem boa familiaridade com o inglês escrito:

INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCE on the other hand

as referred to considering regarding

(at) first first of all speaking of
by the way in reference to to begin with
changing the subject in the first place to start with
concerning initially with regard to

AGREEMENT in accordance with

according to in agreement
as per in conformity

COMPARISON in comparison (with)

comparing in the same way

likewise similarly

CONTRAST considering that still

in contrast
conversely then again
after (all) in (the) face of
despite
alternatively in (the) light of
even so though
although in spite of (that)
even though unlike
as opposed to meanwhile
for all that whereas
at the same time nevertheless
for (my, his, ...) part while
but nonetheless
yet
by contrast notwithstanding
given that
by the same token however on the other hand

EMPHASIS
 most important(ly) the basic cause
even more
the chief factor
above all in any event
most of all the key point
a key feature indeed
naturally unquestionably
a major concern in particular
particularly valuable to note
definitely least of all
positively without a doubt
especially (not) let alone
primarily
especially significant mainly
principally
more important(ly)
specifically

ADDITION both ... and last but not least on top of that
either ... or likewise
again equally important moreover or
also neither ... nor plus
and (then) further next similarly
as well as furthermore not only ... but also together with
at the same time in addition (to) what's more
indeed not to mention
besides jointly not to speak of

ADDING A REMARK in fact

on the contrary
as a matter of fact
incidentally the truth is

EXPLANATION OF CAUSE in view of

now that
as on account of
due to
as a result of since
for
in order that that is because
because (of)

RESULT for this reason such ... that

for which reason
accordingly hence that is why
as a consequence in short then
so much (so) that thereby
as a result therefore
consequently so that thus
PURPOSE
in return for
to the purpose of
in an effort to to this end
so as to
with this in mind
in order that so that
with this purpose
in order to to

TIME RELATIONSHIP now then

nowadays thereafter
after a while from now on presently throughout
afterward(s) henceforth shortly (after) thereupon
as time goes by immediately simultaneously until
in the meantime up until now
at last since while
at present lately so far yet at the same time
at this point later soon
currently meanwhile temporarily

ORDERING second then

secondly later
first third after that
firstly following
first of all last
in the first place next finally

CIRCUMSTANCES in my opinion
in terms of
as a last resort in the midst of
as a rule
from the standpoint of on the part of

ADDRESSING INFORMATION

for your information

to whom it may concern

ESTABLISHING A LIMIT as far as I'm concerned

as far as I can remember as far as I understand
as far as I can tell as well as I know
as far as I know
for the time being

CONDITION in the event (that) otherwise

if not
provided (that)
as long as in case of
on condition that providing (that)
even if in case (that)
only if
if in the event of
or (else) whether or not

DISMISSAL

anyway in any case

at any rate whatever the case may be

EXCEPTION / EXCLUSION

apart from (that) not ... yet

other than that
aside from
except for unless

EXAMPLE namely the following example

including
such as
for example in particular
take the case of to illustrate
for instance in this case
in another case in this manner that is

SUBSTITUTION / PREFERENCE

in place of rather (than)

instead of in exchange for

REITERATION / REFORMULATION

as I have said
or rather
I mean
that is
in other words
to put it another way
more simply
CONCLUSION
so
for this reason therefore

GENERALIZING by and large generally speaking

essentially
all in all for the most part in general
as a rule on the whole
basically generally overall

INTERMEDIATING
in doing so
by this way
by means of through (which)

CONCESSION
at the same time it may appear that
after all
although it is true that granted that naturally
although this may be true I admit of course

EVIDENCE
obviously
indeed
as you (anyone) can see it's no wonder of course
without question
naturally
certainly needless to say
evidently without a doubt

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY therefore

in short
after all in summary to conclude
at last last(ly) to summarize
all in all
finally on the whole
all things considered to sum up
in brief
in conclusion overall
as we have seen

http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html

http://mrkind.pro.br/blog/curso-de-ingles-gratis/unit-14-conjunctions-p-1/
READING COMPREHENSION – CONJUNCTION

(PUCRS/Porto Alegre)

The Silmarillion, now published four years after the death of its author, is an account of the Elder Days,
or the First Age of the World. In The Lord of the Rings were narrated the great events at the end of the
Third Age; but the tales of The Silmarillion are legends deriving from a much deeper past, when
Morgoth, the first Dark Lord, dwelt in Middleearth, and the High Elves made war upon him for the
recovery of the Silmarils.

Not only, however, does The Silmarillion relate the events of a far earlier time than those of The Lord of
the Rings; it is also in all the essentials of its conception, far the earlier work. (…) But it was never
published (though some indication of its content could be gleaned from The Lord of the Rings), and
throughout my father’s (J. R. R. Tolkien) long life he never abandoned it, nor ceased even in his last years
to work on it. In all that time The Silmarillion, considered simply as a large narrative structure,
underwent relatively little radical change; it became long ago a fixed tradition, and background to later
writings.

Christopher Tolkien

1- We can say that this text is

a) The review of a movie directed by Christopher Tolkien.

b) The preface for an edition of The Lord of the Rings.

c) The comparative study of Christopher Tolkien’s books.

d) The introductory statement to one of J. R. R. Tolkien’s works.

e) The tribute to J. R. R. Tolkien’s masterpiece.

2- According to the text, The Silmarillion was

a) Written by Christopher Tolkien.

b) Published by its author.

c) Conceived before The Lord of the Rings.

d) Meant as a sequel to The Lord of the Rings.

e) First published in several volumes.

3- According to the text, choose the alternative that best completes the sentence. The Silmarillion
is ______________ the earlier work that inspired The Lord of the Rings ____________ the story
of the First Age of the World.
a) Neither – nor

b) And – or

c) Both – and

d) Either – or

e) Or – or

4- The position of DOES in “Not only, however, does The Silmarillion relate the events” (line 09) is
due to the use of

a) Comparison.

b) Emphasis.

c) Negation.

d) A question.

e) Opposition.

5- A palavra “far” (linha 10) poderia ser substituida, sem alteracao de sentido, por

a) Very.

b) Much.

c) Some.

d) More.

e) A bit.

6- The correct form of the active voice of “it was never published” (line 12) is

a) They never published it.

b) They haven’t published it.

c) They never publish it.

d) They don’t publish it.

e) They had never published it.

7- The word “throughout” (line 14) could be correctly substituted by

a) Forever.
 b) Going all over.

c) During the whole of.

d) Covering it all.

e) Whenever.

8- As palavras de cada alternative possuem a mesma relacao grammatical entre si, EXCETO:

a) Earlier – deeper

b) Relatively – never

c) Deeper – later

d) Recovery – simply

e) Publised

GABARITO: 1 (d) / 2 (c) / 3 (c) / 4 (b) / 5 (b) / 6 (a) / 7 (c) / 8 (d)