B_R[GXKX[_B
DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 

 Dijdkgtis6
–Ç u`b brqugtkturb ijhk i pridkssb`kjti hb gjair`bìäi ç hgvghghi k` `ôhucis iu
pridkssis hgstgjtis. [` pridkssi ç rkspijsâvkc pkcb `bjutkjìäi hb gjair`bìäi
(Tkrvghir), kjqubjti quk iutri ç rkspijsâv
rkspijsâvkc
kc pkcb iotkjìäi his hbhis (Dcgkjtk)‐.

OBXXGTXG, (?>>2, pâl. 4=).

 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 

–Ç u`b boirhblk` hb di`putbìäi quk skpbrb is pridkssis k` pcbtbair`bs

gjhkpkjhkjtks quk gjtkrblk`, pkr`gtgjhi quk is rkdursis skfb` di`pbrtgcmbhis
kjqubjti sk iotç` i `âxg`i hk okjkaàdgi hk dbhb hgspisgtgvi hgakrkjtk, iu skfb,
Dcgkjtk/Tkrvghir ç u` `ihkci côlgdi‐. QBTEKQGXDM,
QBTEKQGXDM, (277;, pâl. 4<;).
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 

–Tgstk`b gjivbhir surlghi jis bjis 7> k `ugti utgcgzbhi ji `kgi dirpirbtgvi,
obskbhi k` træs di`pijkjtks prgjdgpbgs6 lkrkjdgb`kjti hk objdi hk hbhis, quk
aujdgijb` di`i skrvghirks5 rkhks, quk aujdgijb` di`i `kgi hk trbjspirtk hk
hbhis k, agjbc`kjtk, siatwbr
siatwbrks
ks pbrb bdkssi bis hbhis6 Dcgkjtks‐. OB
OBXXGTXG,
XXGTXG, (?>>2,
pâl 47).
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
 Kstruturb Oâsgdb6
K` u`b rkhk hk di`putbhir
di`putbhirks ks kxgstk` u`b iu `bgs `âqugjbs quk btub` di`i
skrvghirks, hgspijgogcgzbjhi rkdursis pbrb bs hk`bgs `âqugjbs, bs qubgs btub`
di`i dcgkjtks.

_KR[GTGXB

Dcgkjtk   Tkrvghir  Kxkdutb

  _KT^IJHK 
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Kstruturb Oâsgdb6
Xk`is skrvghirks pbrb brqugvis, objdi hk hbhis, k
iutrbs aujìûks, tbgs di`i6 skrvghirks hk g`prkssäi,
skrvghirks wko, ktd.
Objdi hk Hbhis
Tkrvghir hk
Brqugvis Iutris
Tkrvgìis

Dcgkjtks
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Ijhk6

Tkrvghirks6 säi
Tkrvghirks6  säi kqugpb`kjtis di` `bgir
pihkr hk pridkssb`kjti k br`bzkjb`kjti5

Dcgkjtks6 lkrbc`kjtk
Dcgkjtks6 lkrbc`kjtk `gdridi`putbhirks
 ^Ds cglbhis k` rkhk.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
 ^rgjdgpbgs dbrbdtkràstgdbs6
dbrbdtkràstgdbs6
Dcgkjtk6
Gjgdgb k tkr`gjb bs dijvkrsbìûks di` is Tkrvghir
Tkrvghirks,
ks,
sicgdgtbjhi skrvgìis hgstrgouàhis5


 Jäi sk di`ujgdb
 Jir`bc`kjtk di` iutris
rkspijsâvkc Dcgkjtks5
pkcb kjtrbhb k sbàhb hk
hbhis k di`ujgdbìäi di` i usuârgi5
 Xirjb b rkhk ”trbjspbrkjtk‗ bi usuârgi5

 Mbrhwbrk6 pihk skr u` `gdri sg`pcks5

 Tiatwbrk6 tk` gjàdgi k ag` hkagjghi.

 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
^rgjdgpbgs dbrbdtkràstgdbs6
dbrbdtkràstgdbs6
Tkrvghir6
 Kxkduìäi dijtàjub5
•

 _kdkok k rkspijhk b sicgdgtbìûks his Dcgkjtks5

•

 Jäi sk di`ujgdb di` iutris Tkrvghirk

•
Tkrvghirks5
s5
 ^rkstb skrvgìis hgstrgouàhis5
•

 Btkjhk b hgvkrsis Dcgkjtks sg`uctbjkb`kjtk5

•

 Mbrhwbrk5 kxglk `âqugjbs `bgs rioustbs, di`

•

lrbjhk dbpbdghbhk hk pridkssb`kjti5

 Tiatwbrk6 pridkssi sk`prk k` kxkduìäi,
•

blubrhbjhi skr dmb`bhi pkci Dcgkjtk.

 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
@bgarb`ks säi di`putbhirks hk lrbjhk pirtk quk abzk`
pridkssb`kjti hk hbhis hk air`b dkjtrbcgzbhb6 `ihkci
quk btç is bjis 7> rkgjbvb bosicuti.

^rgjdgpbgs Hksvbjtblkjs hi `ihkci `bgarb`k6

 Tkrvgìis k rkdursis rkhuzghis5

 Dkjtrbcgzbìäi hk hbhis k rkdursis hk pridkssb`kjti5

 Gjackxgogcghbhk5
 Gjvkrsbtgogcghbhk5
 Dustis kckvbhis.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Bpcgdbìûks
Bpcgdbìûks k`
k` Hubs
Hubs Db`bhbs6
Db`bhbs6

Objdi hk Hbhis

Dcgkjtks
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Bpcgdbìûks k` Hubs Db`bhbs6
Airb` utgcgzbhbs ji gjàdgi hb g`pcbjtbìäi hi `ihkci
Dcgkjtk/ Tkrvghir.
Tkrvghir. Bqug, b bpcgdbìäi Dcgkjtk rkspijhk
pkcbs sklugjtks aujìûks6 .

 Bprkskjtbìäi6
I dôhgli quk lkrb b gjtkrabdk vgsàvkc hi prilrb`b abz
pbrtk hb bpcgdbìäi
bpcgdb ìäi Dcgkjtk. Xihis
Xihis is air`ucârgis,
ai r`ucârgis, `kjus k
hk`bgs kck`kjtis
bctkrbìäi vgsubgs
jb gjtkrabdk jkck kstäi dijtghis.
hi prilrb`b Kjtäi u`b
rkqukr b lkrbìäi hk
u`b jivb vkrsäi pbrb tihis is di`putbhirks5
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 

 Côlgdb hi Jklôdgi6
Täi bs rklrbs quk hkagjk` di`i is hbhis skräi
bdkssbhis k pridkssbhis. Xihb b Côlgdb hi Jklôdgi
agdb ji Dcgkjtk.
gjstbcbhi, Rubjhi itihbs
säi gjstbcbhbs prilrb`b Dcgkjtk
bs rklrb
rklrbs ç
s hk bdkssi bi
objdi hk hbhis.
Ç jkdkssârgb u`b jivb vkrsäi hi prilrb`b dbhb vkz
quk bctkrbìûks
Xb`oç` idirrkrk`
ç jkdkssârgi quk ktihis
bs rklrbs `uhbrk`. quk
is di`putbhirks
kstkfb` di` b vkrsäi bjtkrgir rkdk
rkdkob`
ob` b jivb,
`ks`i quk skfb` dkjtkjbs iu `gcmbrks hk `gdris.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
  Dijtrgougìûks5
 Bvbjìis pbrb b k`prksb5

   Cg`gtbìûks5
 Hgagduchbhk hk @bjutkjìäi k lkrkjdgb`kjti.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Bpcgdbìûks k` Xræs Db`bhbs6

Tkrvghir hk Tkrvghir hk Objdi

Bpcgdbìûks hk Hbhis

Dcgkjtks
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Kvicuìäi6
_ktgrb bs _klrbs hi Jklôdgi hi dcgkjtk k bs dkjtrbcgzb
k` u` hktkr`gjbhi pijti, i qubc ç dmb`bhi hk
skrvghir hk bpcgdbìûks6
I bdkssi bi Objdi hk
Hbhis ç akgti btrbvçs
hbs rklrbs dijtghbs ji
Tkrvghir hk Bpcgdbìûks6
Tkrvghir hk Tkrvghir hk Objdi abdgcghbhk hk btubcgzbìäi
Bpcgdbìûks hk Hbhis hbs `ks`bs, pigs kstäi
dkjtrbcgzbhbs
öjgdi pijti. k` u`
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Dbrbdtkràstgdbs6
Bs _klrbs hi Jklôdgi (côlgdb) airb` hkscidbhbs pbrb i
Tkrvghir hk Bpcgdbìûks, kjtäi bcg skrâ hktkr`gjbhb b
`bjkgrb di`i is hbhis skräi utgcgzbhis. .


 Xihi i bdkssi hi dcgkjtk bi Objdi hk Hbhis ç akgti hk
bdirhi di` bs rklrbs dijtghbs ji Tkrvghir hk
Bpcgdbìûks. Jäi ç pissàvkc i bdkssi bi O. hk Hbhis sk`
prg`kgrb`kjtk pbssbr pkci Tkrvghir hk Bpcgdbìûks.
Bpcgdbìûks..

 Ji Tkrvghir hk O. hk Hbhis rksghk tihb gjair`bìäi

jkdkssârgb pbrb i aujdgijb`kjti hb bpcgdbìäi.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
 @kcmirb`kjtis6
  Btubcgzbìäi `bgs aâdgc hbs _klrbs hi Jklôdgi5
 Bu`kjti hb ackxgogcghbhk, dijskqókjtk`kjtk5
dijskqókjtk`kjtk5
 @bgir sklurbjìb k dijtrick hi bdkssi bis hbhis5

 Xirjb-sk `bgs aâdgc `bjtkr b bpcgdbìäi btubcgzbhb k lbrbjtgr

quk tihis is usuârgis tkräi bdkssi îs bctkrbìûks5

 Abcmb6
 Dijtgjub i priock`b hk btubcgzbìäi hb gjtkrabdk hk
bpcgdbìäi, dbhb vkz quk skfb` jkdkssârgbs `uhbjìbs jb
gjtkrabdk. ^irç`, bctkrbìûks jkcb säi `kjis arkqókjtks hi quk
bs quk idirrk` jbs _klrbs hi Jklôdgi.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
……….Bpcgdbìûks k` Rubtri Db`bhbs………
.

Ghçgb oâsgdb6
_ktgrbr b bprkskjtbìäi
bprkskjtbìäi hi dcgkjtk k dkjtrbcgzâ-cb k`
u` hktkr`gjbhi pijti, i qubc jb `bgirgb his dbsis
ç u`
Tkrvghir wko.
Bvbjìi6

I dcgkjtk hkgxb hk kxgstgr di`i u` prilrb`b quk

prkdgsb skr gjstbcbhi k` dbhb `gdri. I bdkssi î
bpcgdbìäi ç akgti btrbvçs hk u` jbvklbhir6 Gjtkrjkt
Kxpcirkr, Jktsdbpk Jbvglbtir
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 

Bpcgdbìûks k` Rubtri Db`bhbs

Tkrvghir hk — Kstruturb6
Bpcgdbìûks

Tkrvghir \ko Tkrvghir hk Objdi

hk Hbhis

Dcgkjtks
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Ksquk`b oâsgdi6
•
Dcgkjtk qukr bdkssbr b bpcgdbìäi
•
bdkssb i kjhkrkìi hb `ks`b btrbvçs hi jbvklbhir
•
skrvghir hk bpcgdbìûks vkrgagdb sk bi dcgkjtk ç pkr`gtghi i bdkssi
•

objdi hk hbhis cgokrbhi.

mttp6//www.k`prksb-
xy.di`/sgstk`bs/rm.bspx.

Objdi hk hbhis6
Tkrvghir hk Bpcgdbìûks  gjair`bìûks
hktkr`gjb hk quk `bjkgrb  jkdkssârgbs
 is hbhis skräi utgcgzbhis
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
Db`bhbs6
 8 Db`bhbs6
.

 Dcgkjtk6 Jbvklbhir5
 Bprkskjtbìäi6 Tkrvghir \ko, ijhk skräi akgtbs bs

bctkrbìûks hk gjtkrabdk5
 Côlgdb (_klrbs hi Jklôdgi)6 Tkrvghir hk Bpcgdbìûks,

ijhk skräi akgtbs bs bctkrbìûks jbs rklrbs hi jklôdgi,

qubjhi jkdkssârgbs5
jkdkssârgbs5
 Hbhis6 Tkrvghir hk Objdi hk Hbhis, di` tihbs bs

gjair`bìûks jkdkssârgbs.
 

B_R[GXKX[_B DCGKJXK/TK_QGHI_ 
  Qbjtblkjs6 Hksvbjtblkjs6
.

•
Tkrvgìis5 Di`pckxghbhk5
•
_kdursis5 Di`ujgdbìäi.
•
 ^ritidicis5
•
Cidbcgzbìäi5
•
 Hksdkjtrbcgzbìäi5
•
Ksdbcbogcghbhk5
•
 Gjtklrghbhk.
 

OGOCGIL_BAGB

OBXXGTXG, Föcgi. TRC Tkrvkr ?>>>6 Bh`gjgstrbìäi k

Hkskjvicvg`kjti — Dursi Di`pckti. ?. kh. _gi hk
Fbjkgri6 Bxdkcc Oiies, ?>>2.
QBTEKQGXDM, Hbvgh. Kstrbtçlgb Dcgkjtk/Tkrvghir6
u` lugb pbrb b rkkjlk
rkkjlkjmbrgb
jmbrgb hb k`prksb. Täi ^buci6
Okrekcky, 277;.
 

  OGOCGIL_BAGB
www.ujgdk.or/bjbdcbrb/sh>?>?/4hid
www.hdd.uarf.or/jcbooh/tkxti/dcgskrv.mt`
www.mp.or.gjtkr.jkt/dbts/po/poc.mt`c
www.gjaisgtks.di`.or/mthiks/brtgli/di`bjhis/>?.pmp
www.hkclrbjhk.di`.or/dbsks/sbjtbrgtb.mt`c
www.go`.di`.or/ws`gjair`btgdb/ds.mt`
www.hbtbaciw.di`.or/supirtk/lcissbrgi/brqugtdcgsvr.mt`
www.tkrrbvgstb.pt/gcmbhi`kc/?4==/bpi.mt`
www.tmgjjktwires.di`.or/tmgjdcgkjt.bsp