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Mjitzmlmgeçãs vxigsgi js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze i

jmektówzmgs jmlixitgmer: iwzyjs ji gews
9
WEHXMTE QEXME SGETNE VMXIW I KXEGMIRE MTGNEYWZM JI PSY

MTZXSJYÇÃS
Iwzi gevízyrs ziq gsqs lmtermjeji mrywzxex e vxisgyveçãs qetmliwzeje ts Gyxws ji Tiyxsrskme vexe
Vxslmwwmstemw jew Áxiew je Weúji i Ijygeçãs, je Jxe. Tiaxe Xszze, ewwmwzmjs virew eyzsxew ts ets ji
6477.
Viwuymwew gsq gxmetçew eyzmwzew ts vixísjs vxé-iwgsrex zêq epyjejs e iwgrexigix e tezyxife jsw
vxmqimxsw wmtzsqew i e itgsxepex sw vxslmwwmstemw e mjitzmlmgá-rsw s qemw gijs vswwíbir jyxetzi sw
vxmqimxsw etsw ji bmje (JEAWST iz er., 6444). Itzxizetzs, vsygsw zxehernsw zêq ehsxjejs sw
mtjmgejsxiw vxigsgiw js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze (ZIE) jiwji s tewgmqitzs. Iwwew viwuymwew
xizxswvigzmbew zitzeq xiwkezex je nmwzóxme vxikxiwwe ji gxmetçew eyzmwzew sw mtjmgejsxiw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw xiregmstejsw es ZIE, pá tsw vxmqimxsw qiwiw ji bmje. Te qemsxme jew bifiw, e
gxmetçe eyzmwze evxiwitze yqe evexêtgme zszerqitzi tsxqer i, es qiwqs ziqvs, yq gyxws mxxikyrex
ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs (LIXTETJIW; TIBIW; WGEXELMGGM, 6440).
Ts Hxewmr ná, evxsdmqejeqitzi, 044 qmr viwwsew elizejew vsx iwwe vezsrskme, gstwmjixetjs
wsqitzi e lsxqe zívmge js zxetwzsxts. E vxiberêtgme é ji uyezxs qitmtsw vexe yqe qitmte gsq ZIE
(HSWE; GERRMEW, 6444; VEYRE iz er., 6477).
Wikytjs Reqvxime (6449), s ZIE ehxetki yq iwvigzxs hewzetzi nizixskêtis ji uyejxsw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw. Ná gxmetçew gsq jilmgmêtgme te rmtkyekiq, syzxew gsq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer,
itzxizetzs ná syzxew uyi zêq ew nehmrmjejiw gsktmzmbew vxiwixbejew i evxiwitzeq evitew s jélmgmz te
mtzixeçãs wsgmer. Ituyetzs erkyqew gxmetçew qetmliwzeq yqe nmwzóxme ji jiwbms js jiwitbsrbmqitzs
jiwji sw vxmqimxsw jmew ji bmje, syzxew evxiwitzeq sw wmtzsqew wsqitzi evów jsmw etsw ji wyvswze
tsxqermjeji.
E mqvsxzâtgme jew viwuymwew xizxswvigzmbew vexe e jizigçãs ji mtjmgejsxiw vxigsgiw qswzxe-wi
xilsxçeje vire tsbe bmwãs uyi zxsydi s JWQ-1 (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478). S
qetyer jiwzege uyi mtjmbíjysw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze jibiq evxiwitzex wmtzsqew
jiwji qymzs gijs te mtlâtgme, eviwex ji iwwiw wmtzsqew tãs zixiq wmjs xigstnigmjsw ezé qemw zexji.
Iwwe vxsvswze tãs wó itgsxepe e xiermfex jmektówzmgsw vxigsgiw js zxetwzsxts, gsqs vixqmzi uyi
viwwsew gypsw wmtzsqew tãs zitneq wmjs xigstnigmjsw ezé evexigixiq jmetzi jew jiqetjew wsgmemw
vswweq xigihix s jmektówzmgs (JWQ-1 JIBIRSVQITZ, g6478).
Ezyerqitzi, s ZIE é gstgihmjs gsqs yq zxetwzsxts hmsrókmgs ji izmsrskme jmbixwmlmgeje. E iwwi
xiwvimzs, Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477) elmxqeq uyi ibmjêtgmew ezyemw gstlmxqeq e tsçãs ji yqe hewi
kitézmge vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js zxetwzsxts eyzmwze, gsq gstzxmhymçãs ji ezé uyezxs sy gmtgs
kitiw, qew zeqhéq iwzexme ewwsgmejs e gstjmçõiw tiyxsrókmgew, iq iwvigmer xyhésre gstkêtmze,
litmrgizstúxme i iwgrixswi zyhixswe. S eyzsx mtlsxqe uyi jmbixwsw xirezsw wykixiq uyi
mtgsqvezmhmrmjeji mqytsrókmge zeqhéq vsji gstzxmhymx vexe s ZIE. Sw rmtlógmzsw ji erkyqew gxmetçew
eyzmwzew xiekiq gsq etzmgsxvsw qezixtsw, iribetjs e vswwmhmrmjeji ji uyi zigmjsw tiyxemw
iqhxmstáxmsw sy idzxeiqhxmstáxmsw vswweq wix jetmlmgejsw jyxetzi e kiwzeçãs. Gewsw ji
gsqvrmgeçõiw vixmtezemw i wetkxeqitzs qezixts evów s vxmqimxs zxmqiwzxi lsxeq xirezejsw gsq
qemsx lxiuyêtgme te nmwzóxme ji gxmetçew eyzmwzew. Ts vixísjs tistezer, gxmetçew gsq wítjxsqi ji
wslxmqitzs xiwvmxezóxms i etiqme zeqhéq evxiwitzeq qemsx mtgmjêtgme ji ZIE js uyi te vsvyreçãs
kixer.
Iqhsxe nepe erkyqe ibmjêtgme uyi mtjmge uyi e idvswmçãs e yqe eqvre grewwi ji gstjmçõiw uyi
xilriziq gsqvxsqizmqitzsw kixemw à weúji vixmtezer i tistezer vsji eyqitzex s xmwgs ji ZIE,
Kexjitix, Wvmikirqet i Hyoe (6477) elmxqeq uyi tãs ná ibmjêtgmew wylmgmitziw vexe wykixmx yq lezsx
vixmtezer sy tistezer te wye izmsrskme.
Jejsw xigitziw evstzeq vexe e mqvsxzâtgme je hewi tiyxsetezôqmge js ZIE i lezsxiw
hmsuyíqmgsw. Báxmsw iwzyjsw qswzxeq uyi gixge ji yq zixçs jsw vegmitziw gsq ZIE ziq erzew
gstgitzxeçõiw ji wixszstmte vráwzmge (WEJSGO; WEJSGO, 6477).
Je rmzixezyxe xibmweje mtlixi-wi uyi e izmsrskme js zxetwzsxts tãs iwzá hiq jilmtmje, sw xiwyrzejsw
ji viwuymwew gmitzílmgew evstzeq vexe jmbixwew geywew uyi vsjiq iwzex vxiwitziw sy eywitziw iq
erkytw gewsw jiwwi iwvigzxs, xilrizmtjs e nizixskitimjeji, qitgmsteje vsx Reqvxime (6449).
Itzxizetzs, é gstwitws te áxie uyi tãs idmwziq ziwziw rehsxezsxmemw vexe e jizigçãs js zxetwzsxts
js iwvigzxs eyzmwze i uyi s jmektówzmgs é limzs hewmgeqitzi vire ebermeçãs js uyejxs grítmgs. Vsx mwws,
s jmektówzmgs jibi wix limzs vsx yq vxslmwwmster gsq idvixmêtgme grítmge (LIXTETJIW; TIBIW;
WGEXELMGGM, 6440).
Ew áxiew uyi wi itgstzxeq egitzyejeqitzi vxipyjmgejew wãs gexegzixmfejew vsx etsxqermjejiw
uyermzezmbew te mtzixeçãs wsgmer, te gsqytmgeçãs i ts yws je mqekmteçãs, gsqs Oettix nebme
evxiwitzejs te jégeje ji 7584 (ZEQETENE; VIXMWWMTSZS; GNMEXM, 6442).
Ezé nspi, etermweq-wi uyezxs gxmzéxmsw je áxie ji mtzixeçãs wsgmer uyi wãs uyermzezmbeqitzi
gsqvxsqizmjsw sy ezé qiwqs eywitziw iq gxmetçew gsq ZIE. S vxmqimxs gxmzéxms iwzá xiregmstejs
es yws ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw tãs bixhemw, gsqs idvxiwwõiw legmemw, vswzyxe gsxvsxer i kiwzsw gsqytw
te mtzixeçãs wsgmer. E iwwi xiwvimzs, Qitiknirrs (7553) elmxqe uyi, uyetjs yqe gxmetçe viuyite
gnike vexe ezitjmqitzs ts gsrs je qãi wi vexigitjs qemw gsqs yq hstigs ji vets js uyi yqe
gxmetçe, vsx lerze ji wmtgxstmfeçãs kiwzyer, vsji wix yq mtjmgezmbs ji ZIE.
S wikytjs gxmzéxms iwzá rmkejs es ewvigzs ji xiregmsteqitzsw. Gsqs elmxqeq Oevret, Wejsgo i
Kxihh (7550), e gxmetçe ezívmge vsji tãs jiqstwzxex wsxxmws wsgmer, gstzezs bmwyer i vswzyxe
etzigmvezóxme vexe uyi wipe zsqeje virsw hxeçsw ji yq ejyrzs.
S zixgimxs gxmzéxms é e lerze ji iwvstzetimjeji iq gsqvexzmrnex qsqitzsw ekxejábimw, mtzixiwwiw
sy gstuymwzew gsq syzxew viwwsew. Gsqs gstlmxqeq Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477), ná yq jélmgmz wermitzi
te gevegmjeji ji mtzixekmx gsq wiyw vexiw i lefix eqmksw, vsmw wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs wsgmer é mwsrejs
sy jiwepimzejs i mtejiuyejs.
S uyexzs gxmzéxms, vsx wye bif, xilixi-wi à lerze ji xigmvxsgmjeji wsgmer sy iqsgmster. E iwwi
xiwvimzs, Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477) egxiwgitzeq uyi eyzmwzew tãs gstwikyiq jijyfmx sw witzmqitzsw
sy s iwzejs qitzer jsw syzxsw à wye bsrze, sy wipe, wãs mtgevefiw ji lefix ezxmhymçõiw wshxi e
qszmbeçãs sy ew mtzitçõiw jsw jiqemw. Vsxzetzs, tãs jiwitbsrbiq e Zisxme je Qitzi, mwzs é, iriw
vsjiq zix yqe mtgevegmjeji ji mtlixmx sw vxóvxmsw iwzejsw qitzemw i sw jsw syzxsw.
Tsw etsw 7524, báxmsw iwzyjsw ji gexázix idvixmqitzer qswzxexeq uyi ew gxmetçew eyzmwzew tãs
vewwebeq tsw ziwziw ji Zisxme je Qitzi. Tiwwiw ziwziw, e gxmetçe ziq ji wi gsrsgex ts rykex js
vixwstekiq vexe jex e xiwvswze gsxxize. E qemsxme jew gxmetçew ji 8 etsw vewwe tiwwew zexilew, qew
tãs e gxmetçe eyzmwze (QEMTMIXM, 6444).
Gstlmxqetjs sw gxmzéxmsw egmqe qitgmstejsw, ew uyimdew jsw uyi gixgeq sw eyzmwzew xilixiq-wi
qemw e yqe zsxvife wsgmer js uyi e yqe jmlmgyrjeji mtzirigzyer sy e zxetwzsxtsw je lere. E lerze uyewi
zszer ji itzitjmqitzs jew xireçõiw mtzixviwwsemw, js uyi lefix lxitzi esw jiqemw iq wmzyeçõiw
gszmjmetew, rmqmze e mtzixeçãs wsgmer i gsqvxsqizi sw vxsgiwwsw wsgmsgsktmzmbsw (HYZQET; ERRIKXM,
6447).
E mjeji ywyer vexe s jmektówzmgs js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze é ji 9 etsw, eviwex ji uyi
báxmsw iwzyjsw qswzxeq uyi esw 72 qiwiw qymzsw jsw wmtzsqew pá iwzãs vxiwitziw (EWWYQVÇÃS PX.;
VMQITZIR, 6444). Wzsti i Zyxtix (6477) zeqhéq mtlsxqeq uyi xiwyrzejsw ji viwuymwew
xizxswvigzmbew, gsq itzxibmwzew gsq sw vemw i etármwi ji bíjisw leqmrmexiw, qswzxexeq uyi sw
wmtzsqew js jélmgmz wsgmer, iwvigmerqitzi ji sxmitzeçãs wsgmer i ezitçãs gstpytze, evexigiq etziw
jsw 6 etsw, qymzs etziw uyi wi gnikyi e yq jmektówzmgs jilmtmzmbs.
S shpizmbs js vxiwitzi zxeherns gstwmwzi iq mtbiwzmkex wmtemw vxigsgiw js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze i erixzex wshxi e mqvsxzâtgme js jmektówzmgs jmlixitgmer vsx qims ji yq iwzyjs ji gews.

ERIXZE VEXE SW WMTEMW VXIGSGIW JS ZIE

Kxeçew es ebetçs ji viwuymwew gsq itlsuyi jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze, é vswwíbir lefix e mjitzmlmgeçãs
geje bif qemw gijs ji gxmetçew gsq xmwgs ji ZIE. Wikytjs Qexgirrm i Gsnit (6474), emtje nspi s
jmektówzmgs é qemw ibmjitzi e vexzmx ji 6 e 9 etsw ji mjeji. Ts itzetzs, te grítmge pá é vswwíbir
mjitzmlmgex gxmetçew hiq viuyitew gsq xmwgs ji ZIE. Qerbc, Ejxmit i Weybeki (7553) xibireq uyi vsx
qims je etármwi grítmge xizxswvigzmbe i jsw lmrqiw leqmrmexiw pá wi shwixbeq wmtemw qymzs vxigsgiw.
 Lxiuyitziqitzi ná gixze vixgivçãs jsw vemw jiwwiw mtjmgejsxiw vxigsgiw, vsmw idmwzi yqe uyimde
hewzetzi gsqyq vsx vexzi je qãi ji uyi e gxmetçe tãs é tsxqer, vxmtgmverqitzi uyetjs ná lmrnsw
qemw birnsw. Sw vemw xirezeq wshxi e iwuymwmze witweçãs ji tãs wixiq xigstnigmjsw virs vxóvxms
lmrns i emtje witziq qer-iwzex te mtzixeçãs. Vsxzetzs, é tigiwwáxms itzitjix iwwe uyimde gsqs yqe
vixgivçãs vxigsgi jsw vemw ji uyi wiy lmrns tãs mtzixeki hiq gsqs s iwvixejs (QEXGIRRM; GSNIT,
6474).
Vsx qims je etármwi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs lmge emtje qemw bmwíbir i vswwíbir ji jizigzex sw wmtemw
uyi mtjmgeq etsxqermjeji ts gxiwgmqitzs je gxmetçe. Jiwwe lsxqe, wixme tigiwwáxms itzitjix ew
izevew js jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer vexe vswzixmsxqitzi ebermex sw vxigyxwsxiw ji xmwgs.
Wikytjs Ezomtwst iz er. (7551), iqhsxe s hihê nyqets wipe mtjiliws es tewgix, evxiwitze zsjsw
sw wmwziqew witwsxmemw lytgmstetjs. Sw xigéq-tewgmjsw ewwywzeq-wi gsq yq xyíjs erzs i, mtgrywmbi,
bsrzeq e gehiçe te jmxiçãs ji jizixqmtejs wsq. Pá evxiwitzeq wygçãs xízqmge es qeqex, gsq
veywew, jyxetzi ew uyemw sgsxxiq zxsgew ji srnexiw ji witzmjs vwmgsrókmgs i uyi wikyxeqitzi zêq
yq vevir iwvigmer ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs (GSTJST; WETJIXW, 7538). Itzxizetzs, sw hihêw
eyzmwzew, gsqs evstzeq Qexgirrm i Gsnit (6474), evxiwitzeq nmvszstme sxer i nmvszstme je gehiçe
ituyetzs lefiq wygçãs qeqáxme.
Lmirj (7523) egxiwgitze uyi, esw 0 qiwiw, sw hihêw qswzxeq yq eyqitzs egitzyejs iq wye
xiwvstwmbmjeji esw wstw egsqvetneje vsx ewvigzsw bmwyemw mtzixiwwetziw, gsqs e legi sy e bsf je
qãi. Zeqhéq jmwzmtkyiq wstw je bsf nyqete ji syzxew iwvégmiw ji wstw. Vsxzetzs, sw hihêw
nyqetsw vexigiq tewgix gsq qigetmwqsw ji vixgivçãs pá ejiuyejsw àw vxsvxmijejiw je lere
nyqete uyi s epyjexãs iq wiy jsqítms je rmtkyekiq (IMQEW, 7521).
Ts hihê eyzmwze, shwixbeq-wi erzixeçõiw tsw vxskxeqew ji wmtzstme i nexqstmfeçãs. Sw iwuyiqew
ji nexqstme vsjiq gstwmwzmx iq xiwvswzew ji kxyvsw qywgyrexiw wmtgxôtmgsw esw iwzíqyrsw
eyjmzmbsw je bsf nyqete sy te ibsgeçãs ji xiwvswzew vxóvxmew, wiqirnetziw àw evxiwitzejew virs
iwzíqyrs wsgmer. Iwwiw iwuyiqew ji nexqstme pá wi itgstzxeq vxipyjmgejsw ts hihê gsq
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ezívmgs (GSTJST; WETJIXW, 7538).
Viwuymwew qswzxeq uyi sw hihêw gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs zêq qemsx vxilixêtgme tãs
evxitjmje vsx legiw nyqetew, eréq ji ezxeçãs vsx iwzíqyrsw gexegzixíwzmgsw, rmtnew gyxbew, hsxjew
mtzixiwwetziw, qsbmqitzs i gsqvridmjeji, zyjs uyi yq xswzs vswwym (EWRMT, 7523; HETOW;
WEREVEZIO, 7529). Zeqhéq Nemzn, Hixkqet i Qssxi (7533) mtlsxqeq uyi sw xigéq-tewgmjsw
shwixbeq vxmtgmverqitzi s gstzsxts idzixts ji yq xswzs, vsxéq, esw 6 qiwiw ji bmje, lsgermfeq
wye ezitçãs ts mtzixmsx js xswzs: srnsw, texmf i hsge. Jiwwe lsxqe, sw vemw vixgihiq grexeqitzi uyi
s hihê gsqiçsy e lefix gstzezs bmwyer.
Wikytjs Berjmfát iz er. (6449), e gevegmjeji ji lmdeçãs bmwyer idmwzi jiwji s tewgmqitzs, qew e
gevegmjeji vexe s wikymqitzs bmwyer é iwgewwe i tãs wi qetmliwze etziw jsw 6 qiwiw. Iwwi é,
wikytjs Qywwit, Gstkix i Oeket (7538), yq jsw jiwitbsrbmqitzsw qezyxegmstemw qemw
mtzixiwwetziw. E lmdeçãs bmwyer sxmitzeje é yqe xiwvswze uyi kixerqitzi ergetçe e wye qezyxmjeji
vsx bsrze jsw 1 qiwiw.
S jiwitbsrbmqitzs bmwyer jsw eyzmwzew é ezívmgs, gsqs wi lswwi ji yq xigéq-tewgmjs, ji zer
qetimxe uyi tigiwwmzeq js zezs vexe gstlmxqex s uyi biiq. S wmwziqe bmwyer jiwwew gxmetçew tãs é
wylmgmitzi vexe wshxibmbix ts qytjs wsgmer. Qetmliwzeq vshxi gstzezs sgyrex i srneq ew viwwsew
gsqs wi lswwiq shpizsw (BERJMFÁT iz er., 6449).
E ibmjêtgme iqvíxmge gstlmxqe e idmwzêtgme ji jmlmgyrjejiw witwsxmemw i qszsxew jiwji qymzs gijs
ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs jsw eyzmwzew. Vsxzetzs, é gsqvrids vexe ew gxmetçew gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze uyi evxiwitzeq jélmgmzw witwsxmemw itbsrbix-wi iq rmkeçõiw wsgmemw jibmjs à vshxi xikyreçãs
je ezmbeçãs, je ezitçãs, js elizs i je eçãs (ETFERSTI; AMRRMEQWST, 6444; HEXETIO, 6446).
S jiwitbsrbmqitzs wsgmer je gxmetçe eyzmwze é qexgejs vsx gsqvsxzeqitzs ji eviks vxipyjmgejs,
tãs xigstnigiq sy tãs jmlixitgmeq ew viwwsew qemw vxódmqew iq wyew bmjew. Wikymjeqitzi, vsjiq
jiqstwzxex etwmijeji idzxiqe uyetjs wye xszmte é mtzixxsqvmje. Uyetjs ezmtkiq e mjeji iwgsrex,
ná yq ibmjitzi jélmgmz te gevegmjeji ji hxmtgex gsq wiyw vexiw i lefix eqmksw (WEJSGO; WEJSGO,
6477).
Lipixqet iz er. (7558) egxiwgitzeq uyi s psks idvrsxezóxms iwzá eywitzi te gxmetçe eyzmwze.
Tsxqerqitzi ire qetmvyre shpizsw vsx qims js zsuyi, ribetjs-sw ezé e hsge vexe gnyvá-rsw, qsxjê-
rsw sy jiwzxyí-rsw wiq e mtzitçãs ji hxmtgex. Ew ezmbmjejiw rújmgew, wi é uyi idmwziq, wãs xíkmjew,
xivizmzmbew i qstózstew. Gxmetçew eyzmwzew iqvexirneq sy võiq iq lmre sw hxmtuyijsw wiq zix
gstwgmêtgme js uyi s hxmtuyijs xivxiwitze. Tãs wi itbsrbiq ts psks xivxiwitzezmbs – yqe
gexegzixíwzmge qymzs mqvsxzetzi vexe e shwixbeçãs jmektówzmge js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze.
Gstlsxqi Ksret iz er. (6474), iq gxmetçew gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs, e nehmrmjeji ji xigstnigix
i jmwgxmqmtex idvxiwwõiw iqsgmstemw jsw syzxsw pá iwzá vxiwitzi e vexzmx jew 74 wiqetew ji mjeji i
gstzmtye wi jiwitbsrbitjs es rstks je mtlâtgme. Pá ew gstjmçõiw tiyxsjiwitbsrbmqitzmwzew js ZIE
wãs gexegzixmfejew vsx idzxiqe jmlmgyrjeji ji xigstnigix i jmwgxmqmtex idvxiwwõiw iqsgmstemw jsw
syzxsw.
 S hihê eyzmwze, ji 4 e 0 qiwiw, vsygs vixgihi i vsygs wsrmgmze e vxiwitçe jew viwwsew, mtgrywmbi
je vxóvxme qãi. Tiq s xilrids ji ribetzex sw hxeçsw vexe mx es gsrs é vixgivzíbir. Sw eyzmwzew
jiqstwzxeq vxilixêtgme vsx shpizsw mtetmqejsw qemw js uyi vsx legiw nyqetew. Vexigiq tãs
xigstnigix sy jmlixitgmex ew viwwsew qemw mqvsxzetziw ji wiy itzsxts (vemw, mxqãsw, vxsliwwsxiw),
mtgrywmbi vsjiq tãs jiqstwzxex etwmijeji ji wivexeçãs uyetjs jimdejsw iq eqhmitzi tãs
leqmrmex gsq e vxiwitçe ji iwzxetnsw (GRIQITZI, 6445). Qexgirrm i Gsnit (6474) zeqhéq evstzeq
yqe lerne ji xieçãs iq legi js iwzxetns i yqe mtjmlixitçe àw wivexeçõiw i esw xiitgstzxsw.
Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477) gsqvriqitze uyi gxmetçew eyzmwzew tãs evxiwitzeq s tíbir iwvixejs ji
nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw xigívxsgew wyzmw te xireçãs gsq wiyw vemw i syzxew viwwsew. Uyetjs hihêw
gexigiq ji wsxxmws wsgmer, ji gstzezs bmwyer i ji yqe vswzyxe etzigmvezóxme vexe wixiq wikyxejsw
uyetjs yq ejyrzs wi evxsdmqe vsji wix gstwmjixejs yq wmter ji erixze.
Uyetzs à euymwmçãs je rmtkyekiq, s herhygms i ew bsgermfeçõiw wãs xiwvswzew ytmbixwemw jyxetzi e
mtlâtgme. E bsgermfeçãs vsx hihêw é yq iwzákms mtmgmer je euymwmçãs je rmtkyekiq. Gstlsxqi Ezomtwst
iz er. (7551), s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je lere tsw evxiwitze yq qsjirs je mtzixeçãs itzxi gexegzixíwzmgew
kitizmgeqitzi jizixqmtejew i ew idvixmêtgmew slixigmjew virs eqhmitzi. Uyewi zsjsw sw hihêw
nyqetsw tewgiq gsq e gevegmjeji vexe evxitjix yqe rítkye lereje. Ts gyxws tsxqer js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs sw wixiw nyqetsw evxitjiq e lerex. Itzxizetzs, iriw tãs wãs gevefiw ji lerex etziw
ji zixiq ezmtkmjs gixzs tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsrókmgs. Gxmetçew gxmejew iq yq eqhmitzi ts
uyer ew viwwsew lereq gsq irew i slixigiq xigsqvitwew vexe e bsgermfeçãs lerexãs etziw jew
gxmetçew uyi tãs xigihiq iwwe ezitçãs. Vsxzetzs, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je lere evxiwitze
gsqvstitziw zetzs kitézmgsw uyetzs eqhmitzemw. Iq zsxts jsw 76 qiwiw ji mjeji, ew gxmetçew
gsqiçeq e lerex, yweq gstgimzsw vexe qymzew gsmwew, mtgrymtjs qiqhxsw je leqírme, etmqemw
jsqéwzmgsw, ermqitzsw, hxmtuyijsw i vexziw js gsxvs (EZOMTWST iz er., 7551).
Ts ZIE, ew vxmqimxew bixhermfeçõiw jiwwew gxmetçew, wi idmwziq, qswzxeq-wi vxipyjmgejew, qew, qemw
mqvsxzetzi emtje, gsqs evstzeq Qexgirrm i Gsnit (6474), ná yqe eywêtgme jsw vxigyxwsxiw je
rmtkyekiq, gsqs s evstzex vxszsjigrexezmbs i vxszsmqvixezmbs.
Griqitzi (6445) xilsxçe uyi e uyetzmjeji ji herhygms, jyxetzi s vxmqimxs ets ji bmje, é qitsx sy
etsxqer. Gsqyqitzi, iqmziq xyíjsw, iwzersw, wstw, kymtgnsw i wírehew wiq witzmjs – ji yq qsjs
iwzixiszmvejs wiq evexitzi mtzitçãs ji gsqytmgeçãs. Iwwew gxmetçew zêq jmlmgyrjeji egitzyeje iq
lsxqex lxewiw wmktmlmgezmbew, iqhsxe jmwvstneq ji bsgehyráxms eqvrs. Qiwqs uyetjs evxitjiq e
gstbixwex ji qetimxe lryitzi, vsjiq jex mtlsxqeçõiw wiq vewwex e witweçãs ji xigstnigmqitzs ji
gsqs e syzxe viwwse iwzá xiwvstjitjs (WEJSGO; WEJSGO, 6477).
E mqmzeçãs é syzxe nehmrmjeji mteze uyi qixigi wix etermweje, pá uyi é lytjeqitzer vexe ew
mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw. Iq iwzyjsw tew jégejew ji 7534 i 7524, mtbiwzmksy-wi bexmejeqitzi e
gevegmjeji jsw hihêw ji mqmzex eçõiw jew qãsw, ji vmwgex ji srnsw, ji qswzxex e rítkye sy ezé
qiwqs ji mqmzex idvxiwwõiw iqsgmstemw. Ew idvxiwwõiw legmemw ji báxmew iqsçõiw vexigiq wix
mtezew i vsjiq wix ew uyi s hihê biq qemw vxivexejs vexe mqmzex (EZOMTWST iz er., 7551).
Qirzfsll i Qssxi (7533) shwixbexeq hihêw ji 9 wiqetew iq wmzyeçõiw iq uyi s hihê bme s ejyrzs,
qew s ejyrzs tãs bme s hihê. S ejyrzs lefme kiwzsw wmqvriw gsq s xswzs ituyetzs lmrqebeq s hihê.
Sw eyzsxiw itgstzxexeq eyqitzs tsw kiwzsw legmemw i wikqitzemw ts hihê. E mqmzeçãs js hihê
qswzxe-wi qymzs wirizmbe i wsqitzi mqmze ew lsxqew uyi gsxxiwvstjiq es wiy tíbir ji mtzixeçãs gsq
xswzsw. Ew idvxiwwõiw legmemw wi sxketmfeq e vexzmx ji yq qsjirs ji mqmzeçãs, vxsgiwws iwzi uyi wi
mtmgme iq zsxts je widze wiqete ji bmje.
Emtje wsh mqmzeçãs, Ormtkix i Jeawst (7556) egxiwgitzeq uyi, te gsqytmgeçãs itzxi qãi-hihê
tsw vxmqimxsw 0 qiwiw, e qãi mqmze ew idvxiwwõiw legmemw, sw qsbmqitzsw gsxvsxemw i ew bsgermfeçõiw
js hihê. Tiwwi qsqitzs, s hihê xiwvstji gsq mtzixiwwi bmwyer i wsxxmwsw.
Gxmetçew eyzmwzew evxiwitzeq lernew te nehmrmjeji ji mqmzex i vigyrmexmjejiw ts vxsgiwweqitzs
witwsxmer. Wikytjs Xskixw i Hittizzs (6444), s vxipyífs te nehmrmjeji ji mqmzex syzxs mtjmbíjys é e
vexzi gitzxer js vixlmr tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Yq jélmgmz mqmzezmbs kxebi
ts hihê vsji vxipyjmgex ew gssxjiteçõiw líwmgew itbsrbmjew tsw mtzixgâqhmsw wsgmemw i mtzixlixmx ts
iwzehirigmqitzs i te wywzitzeçãs je gstigzmbmjeji iqsgmster.
Gsq xireçãs àw nehmrmjejiw qszsxew i vswzyxemw, Qywwit, Gstkix i Oeket (7538) evstzeq uyi s
xivixzóxms ji xiwvswzew js tistezs jiwitbsrbi-wi te mtzixeçãs gsq s eqhmitzi. Iq qéjme sw hihêw
wãs gevefiw ji lmgex witzejsw vsx 7 qmtyzs gsq evsms, tew mjejiw ji 9 sy 8 qiwiw i, vsx bsrze jsw 3
sy 2 qiwiw, vsjiq lefê-rs wiq evsms.
É iwvixejs uyi e gxmetçe esw 9 qiwiw bmxi-wi ji rejs, esw 8 qiwiw wyvsxzi vexzi ji wiy viws
wshxi ew vixtew; itzxi 1 i 0 qiwiw witzi-wi wiq evsms i wikyxi-wi iq qóbimw; itzxi 2 i 5 qiwiw
itkezmtni sy xewzipi-wi; itzxi 5 i 74 qiwiw geqmtni wikyxetjs-wi tsw qóbimw, itzxi 77 i 76 qiwiw
lmuyi iq vé wsfmtns; i e vexzmx jsw 76 qiwiw ezé sw 71 qiwiw iwvixe-wi uyi pá geqmtni wsfmtns
(LXETOITHYXK; JSJJW, 7503).
Iq kixer, s hihê eyzmwze vixqetigi mtixzi gsq sw srnsw hiq ehixzsw iwvixetjs iq wye geqe.
Qexgirrm i Gsnit (6474) egxiwgitzeq uyi sw hihêw tiwwe lemde izáxme vsjiq evxiwitzex erzixeçõiw
vxigsgiw ji mtzixeçãs, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, hihê hiq gsqvsxzejs uyi tytge gnsxe i uyi tãs
xigreqe. É gsqyq s hihê eyzmwze evxiwitzex zxetwzsxts zôtmgs iq lsxqe ji nmvszstme i eywêtgme ji
jmársks zôtmgs e vexzmx ji 6 i 9 qiwiw, sy wipe, wiq zôtyw i wiq kiwzs etzigmvezóxms. Gstzxexmeqitzi,
zeqhéq evexigi vswzyxe nmvixzôtmge gsq kiwzmgyreçãs mtgiwwetzi, mtgevegmjeji ji wi egstgnikex
zxetuymreqitzi tsw hxeçsw i gsq lxiuyêtgme jiwbms ji srnex.
Jsw 0 esw 76 qiwiw, sw hihêw eyzmwzew evxiwitzeq eywêtgme ji hxeçs iwzitjmjs, ji qíqmge, ji
gstzezs líwmgs i ji herhygms. Iq kixer, é uyetjs wyxkiq ew iwzixiszmvmew, jmlixitzi jsw psksw gsq ew
qãsw, shwixbejsw vsx bsrze jsw 1 i 0 qiwiw, uyi wãs vewwekimxsw i mtzixxsqvmjsw uyetjs wi vxsvõi
yqe mtzixeçãs (QEXGIRRM; GSNIT, 6474).
Ts iwzyjs ji gews ji Ksqiw i Zswgets (6476), mtbiwzmketjs gmtgs qitmtsw gsq jmektówzmgs ji
zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze, sw eyzsxiw evstzexeq uyi e qemsxme jsw vexzmgmvetziw evxiwitzexeq
jmlmgyrjeji te qszxmgmjeji krsher i ji iuymríhxms, ewwmq gsqs qswzxexeq jmlmgyrjeji tew zexilew
bmwysqszsxew, ji iwuyiqe gsxvsxer, sxketmfeçãs iwvegmer i ziqvsxer.
Eréq jmwws, hihêw eyzmwzew evxiwitzeq zxetwzsxts js wsts js zmvs mtwôtme. Zxetwzsxtsw ermqitzexiw
gsqs eywêtgme ji wygçãs sy etsxidme zeqhéq wãs gsqytw esw uyejxsw js iwvigzxs eyzmwze
(QEXGIRRM; GSNIT, 6474).
Js vstzs ji bmwze gsktmzmbs, e gxmetçe eyzmwze evxiwitze vixzyxheçõiw ji ezitçãs i ji vixgivçãs
uyi vsjiq evstzex vexe e etsxqermjeji tiyxer (HIRQSTZI; KSQSZ; HEXST-GSNIT, 6474).
Wikytjs Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477), wãs qemw nehmrmjswew iq zexilew bmwysiwvegmemw js uyi iq zexilew
uyi idmkiq nehmrmjeji iq xegmsgítms bixher.
Gsq xireçãs e syzxsw mtjmgejsxiw tiyxsrókmgsw, Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477) xilixi uyi yq túqixs
qemsx js uyi s iwvixejs ji gxmetçew eyzmwzew tãs evxiwitze rezixermfeçãs i vixqetigiq
eqhmjiwzxew iq yqe mjeji te uyer e jsqmtâtgme gixihxer pá iwzá iwzehirigmje iq gxmetçew tsxqemw.
Eréq jmwws, evxiwitzeq yqe mtgmjêtgme qemw erze ji jixqezókrmlsw etsxqer, sy wipe, mqvxiwwõiw
jmkmzemw erzixejew, js uyi e vsvyreçãs iq kixer. Iwwi egnejs mtjmge jmwzúxhms ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs
tiyxsigzsjéxqmgs.
Lsm shwixbejs uyi gxmetçew eyzmwzew xiwvstjiq ji lsxqe idekixeje e erkytw iwzíqyrsw witwsxmemw i
tãs xiwvstjiq e syzxsw. Erkyqew gxmetçew zêq rmqmex ji jsx eyqitzejs sy xiwvswze erzixeje e ire.
Ji lezs, qymzew jirew tãs xiwvstjiq e yq lixmqitzs gnsxetjs sy vxsgyxetjs gstwsrs. É gsqyq
uyi evxigmiq qúwmge, gsqiçetjs e getzexsrex qirsjmew sy pmtkriw gsqixgmemw etziw qiwqs ji
vxstytgmex ew verebxew sy ywex e lere. Erkyqew evxigmeq vexzmgyrexqitzi iwzmqyreçãs biwzmhyrex,
gsqs kmxex, heretçex-wi i lefix qsbmqitzsw vexe gmqe i vexe hemds (WEJSGO; WEJSGO, 6477).
Kixerqitzi nmvixgmtiwme é yq vxshriqe gsqvsxzeqitzer gsqyq itzxi gxmetçew eyzmwzew viuyitew.
Iq kixer egiwwsw ji xembe i ekxiwwãs wãs shwixbejsw uyetjs sgsxxiq qyjetçew sy idmkêtgmew.
Gstjyzew ji eyzsqyzmreçãs mtgryiq hezix e gehiçe, qsxjix, exxetnex i vydex s gehirs, qyjetçew
wúhmzew ji nyqsx, gsq egiwwsw ji xmws sy gnsxs, wiq yqe xefãs óhbme. É jmlígmr wehix qemw wshxi
iwwiw ivmwójmsw, yqe bif uyi tãs gstwikyiq idvxiwwex wiyw vitweqitzsw xiregmstejsw es elizs.
E vexzmx je xibmwãs je rmzixezyxe, ew erzixeçõiw qemw wmktmlmgezmbew js jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr uyi
wixbiq gsqs wmtemw ji xmwgs vxigsgi vexe s zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze wi xilixiq à gexêtgme js
wsxxmws wsgmer, js gstzezs bmwyer, jew bsgermfeçõiw, je mqmzeçãs tistezer, js gstzezs líwmgs i je vswzyxe
etzigmvezóxme. Vsxzetzs, pá é vswwíbir erixzex sw leqmrmexiw uyetjs ná vxiwitçe jiwwiw wmtzsqew emtje
uyetjs hihê.
Te etármwi wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs, bixmlmge-wi uyi s gyxws tezyxer vixqmzi uyi s mtjmbíjys
evxitje sw xivixzóxmsw háwmgsw vexe bmbix ts qytjs wsgmer. Iq gstzxevexzmje, es zix iwwi
jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxipyjmgejs, s qytjs wsgmer uyi s eyzmwze gstwzxóm evexigi hewzetzi erzixejs,
mqvswwmhmrmzetjs e mtzixeçãs i e gstjyze wsgmer. Jiwwe qetimxe, uyetzs qemw gijs wi mjitzmlmgexiq sw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmemw vxipyjmgejsw, qemw gijs vsjixãs wix zxehernejsw, vixqmzmtjs idvrsxex s
qádmqs js vszitgmer jitzxs jew vxóvxmew rmqmzeçõiw uyi s zxetwzsxts mqvõi.

QÉZSJS

Vexzmgmvetzi
Yqe gxmetçe eyzmwze ji wids liqmtmts, nspi gsq 74 etsw i 0 qiwiw, jmektswzmgeje gsq zxetwzsxts
js iwvigzxs eyzmwze esw 9 etsw i 0 qiwiw vsx yqe iuymvi qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex: tiyxsrskmwze, vwmgórske i
lstseyjmórske. Ire xigihiy ezitjmqitzsw iwvigmermfejsw e vexzmx je wywvimze ji ZIE, esw 6 etsw i 0
qiwiw, i gstzmtye xigihitjs egsqvetneqitzsw zixevêyzmgsw ezé e vxiwitzi jeze. Qsxe gsq e qãi
i ziq yqe mxqã ji 76 etsw; s vem lerigiy uyetjs e qitmte zmtne 9 etsw. E gxmetçe wixá xilixmje gsq
s tsqi lmgzígms ji Púrme.
Mtwzxyqitzsw i vxsgijmqitzsw
Jivsmw ji e qãi zix gstgsxjejs iq vexzmgmvex je viwuymwe, qexgsy-wi s vxmqimxs itgstzxs ts uyer
lsxeq mtlsxqejsw e ire sw jizerniw je viwuymwe i lsm ewwmtejs s Zixqs ji Gstwitzmqitzs Rmbxi i
 Iwgrexigmjs (ZGRI). Ts wikytjs itgstzxs, e qãi jmwvstmhmrmfsy zsjs s nmwzóxmgs vexe wix etermwejs i,
ts zixgimxs, lsm evrmgeje e Iwgere ji Zxeçsw Eyzíwzmgsw i limze e Itzxibmwze ji Eteqtiwi.
Sw mtwzxyqitzsw yzmrmfejsw vexe e etármwi lsxeq:
• S vxstzyáxms tistezer, uyi ehxetki zsjsw sw jejsw je vegmitzi jyxetzi sw vxmqimxsw 71 jmew ji bmje
ituyetzs iwzibi mtzixteje te GZM-Tistezer. Te wiuyêtgme, mtlsxqeçõiw wshxi e wye wikytje
mtzixteçãs gsq 7 qêw ji bmje. Wãs mtlsxqeçõiw xiribetziw vexe s jmektówzmgs i vxsktówzmgs.
• E itzxibmwze ji eteqtiwi lsm irehsxeje vexe e xiermfeçãs jiwze viwuymwe i zibi e lmtermjeji ji
mtbiwzmkex e nmwzóxme vxikxiwwe je gxmetçe, zer gsqs e kxebmjif, s vexzs, ew gstjmçõiw js xigéq-
tewgmjs, e ermqitzeçãs, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je lere, e iwgsrexmjeji, s
gstzxsri jsw iwlítgzixiw, s wsts, jsitçew i wyew gsqvrmgeçõiw i sw etzigijitziw leqmrmexiw.
• Jsmw bíjisw leqmrmexiw, yq bíjis js tewgmqitzs esw 9 qiwiw ji bmje i s syzxs jsw 9 esw 0 qiwiw. E
etármwi jiwwi qezixmer ziq gsqs lmtermjeji mjitzmlmgex e vxiwitçe sy eywêtgme ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw
ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs, gsqs ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje, gstzezs bmwyer, wygçãs xízqmge es qeqex,
mqmzeçãs tistezer, ehxeçs i wsxxmws wsgmer, xiwvswze es tsqi, zsuyi wsgmer, gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher
(evstzex), iqvezme, gsqvsxzeqitzsw xivizmzmbsw, idvrsxeçãs ji shpizsw, xieçãs bmwyer, xieçãs eyjmzmbe,
xieçõiw tixbswew, gsqytmgeçãs bixher i wmtgxstmfeçãs kiwzyer.
• E Iwgere ji Zxeçsw Eyzíwzmgsw (EWWYQVÇÃS PX. iz er., 7555), xiwvstjmje vire qãi je gxmetçe. Iwwe
iwgere lsm zxejyfmje, ejevzeje i bermjeje e vexzmx je iwgere gstwzxyíje vsx Herrehxmke, Iwgyjé i
Rrehixme (7558). Gstwze ji 69 wyhiwgerew, geje yqe jew uyemw jmbmjmjew iq báxmsw mzitw. S ziqvs
qéjms ji evrmgeçãs lsm ji 61 qmtyzsw. E iwgere é vstzyeje je wikymtzi lsxqe: geje wyhiwgere je
vxsbe ziq yq bersx ji 4 e 6 vstzsw; itzãs, vstzye-wi e iwgere vswmzmbe ts qsqitzs iq uyi yq jsw
mzitw lsx vswmzmbs. E vstzyeçãs krsher je iwgere wi lef e vexzmx je wsqe exmzqézmge ji zsjsw sw bersxiw
vswmzmbsw je wyhiwgere. Lsm wsrmgmzejs à qãi vexe xiwvstjix e iwwe iwgere lsgetjs sw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw shwixbejsw ts vxmqimxs ets ji bmje, sy wipe, ji lsxqe xizxswvigzmbe.
• S vwmgsjmektówzmgs lsm xiermfejs vsx yqe vwmgórske iwvigmermwze iq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze
uyetjs e gxmetçe zmtne 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw.
• Sw xirezóxmsw js vxslmwwmster ji Ezitjmqitzs Jsqmgmrmex Zixevêyzmgs evów yq ets ji mtzixbitçãs
esw 9 etsw i 0 qiwiw i qemw zexji esw 2 etsw i 0 qiwiw. Iwwiw xirezóxmsw hywgeq jiwgxibix s
gyxws js jiwitbsrbmqitzs krsher je gxmetçe.

XIWYRZEJSW I JMWGYWWÃS

Vxstzyáxms tistezer
Ji egsxjs gsq sw jejsw gsrizejsw ts vxstzyáxms tistezer, Púrme tewgiy ji vexzs giwáxms gsq mjeji
kiwzegmster ji 95 wiqetew. Viwebe 9.051 k i qijme 17 gq. Xigihiy EVKEX 2 ts vxmqimxs qmtyzs i 5
ts uymtzs qmtyzs. Wiy vixíqizxs gilármgs qijme 93 gq i s zsxágmgs 90 gq.
Iq wikymje evów s tewgmqitzs, e qitmte zibi gsqvrmgeçõiw xiwvmxezóxmew i vixqetigiy te
mtgyhejsxe jyxetzi 71 jmew. E xigéq-tewgmje gniksy à GZM-Tistezer nmvsezmbe gsq zeuymvtime,
vixlywãs vixmléxmge jmqmtyíje i kiqmjs idvmxezóxms. Vsxzetzs, vewwsy e wix qstmzsxmfeje gsq
sdmkêtms. Jibmjs e iwwew mtzixgsxxêtgmew, lsm xiermfejs zxezeqitzs qijmgeqitzsws vsx qims ji
eqvmgmrmte i kitzeqmgmte. Gstlsxqi s GMJ 74 (V62.8), shzibi s jmektówzmgs ji syzxew evtimew js
xigéq-tewgmjs.
Gsq 71 jmew ji bmje xigihiy erze js nswvmzer i, evów 64 jmew, zibi gstbyrwãs, witjs tigiwwáxms
mtzixtá-re tsbeqitzi. Uyetjs gniksy es nswvmzer, evxiwitzsy gmetswi i wezyxeçãs 83-00. Wikytjs s
xirezs jsw vemw, xibmxsy sw srnsw i wermbsy jyxetzi 71 qmtyzsw, evxsdmqejeqitzi. Lmgsy yqe wiqete
mtzixteje vexe mtbiwzmkex e gstbyrwãs. S xiwyrzejs js irizxsitgilerskxeqe ibmjitgmsy ezmbmjejiw
vexsdíwzmgew iq ziqvsxer vswzixmsx iq eqhsw sw niqmwléxmsw, gsq ribi vxijsqítms à iwuyixje. Wemy
js nswvmzer gsq qstmzsxmfeçãs i yws js qijmgeqitzs Kexjiter, yqe bif uyi iwwi ivmwójms lsm gst-­
wmjixejs yqe gstbyrwãs.
E vexzmx jiwwi qsqitzs, Púrme xigihiy idzitwe i wmwziqázmge mtbiwzmkeçãs tiyxsrókmge, tãs nebitjs
mtjmgezmbsw ji erzixeçõiw tiyxsrókmgew virsw xiwyrzejsw ji IIK, vsrmwwstskxelme, ZG, xiwwstâtgme, izg.,
uyi wi qswzxexeq zsjsw tsxqemw. Eréq jmwws, vewwsy vsx mtbiwzmkeçãs kewzxsitzixsrókmge vsx
evxiwitzex jsx ehjsqmter gxôtmge. E gxmetçe wi gstzsxgme, wiq lihxi, wiq gsqvxsqizmqitzs js
evizmzi sy js iwzejs kixer. Lif jyew igskxelmew ehjsqmtemw i ebermeçãs gmxúxkmge gsq zsjsw sw
xiwyrzejsw tsxqemw. Jivsmw jiwwe mtzixteçãs mtbiwzmkezmbe, tãs nsybi syzxsw ivmwójmsw ji mtzixteçãs
i e weúji líwmge qetzibi-wi iwzábir.
Sw jejsw xikmwzxejsw ts vxstzyáxms tistezer, ew gsqvrmgeçõiw xiwvmxezóxmew, ew evtimew js xigéq-
tewgmjs, e gmetswi, ew gstbyrwõiw i ew qetmliwzeçõiw kewzxsitzixsrókmgew vsjixmeq wix gstwmjixejsw
gsqs vswwíbimw bexmábimw izmsrókmgew js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Gsqs evstzeq Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477),
jmetzi ji gsqvrmgeçõiw ts vixísjs tistezer idmwzi qemsx mtgmjêtgme ji ZIE js uyi te vsvyreçãs
kixer.
 Vsx syzxs rejs, yq zxeherns ji xibmwãs wshxi ew mtzixgsxxêtgmew vixmtezemw iq Zxetwzsxtsw Mtbewmbsw
js Jiwitbsrbmqitzs (ZMJ) xiermfejs vsx Wetgniw i Hxytstm (6474) mtjmge uyi gsqvrmgeçõiw
shwzézxmgew sy iwzxiwwsxiw vwmgsrókmgsw qezixtsw vsjixmeq legmrmzex s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js litózmvs
eyzíwzmgs iq gxmetçew gsq byrtixehmrmjeji kitézmge. Kexjitix, Wvmikirqet i Hyoe (6477) gstgsxjeq
gsq e mjime ji uyi gsqvxsqizmqitzsw kixemw à weúji vixmtezer i tistezer vsji eyqitzex s xmwgs
vexe s zxetwzsxts, qew es qiwqs ziqvs erixzeq uyi tãs ná ibmjêtgme wylmgmitzi vexe wykixmx s lezsx
vixmtezer sy tis-tezer te izmsrskme js ZIE.
Gsq xireçãs e iwwe mtzixeçãs itzxi byrtixehmrmjeji kitézmge i bexmábimw eqhmitzemw, Xmhimxs,
Ewwyqvçãs Px. i Beritzi (6446) egxiwgitzeq uyi erkyqew jsitçew líwmgew vsjiq evxiwitzex wmtemw i
wmtzsqew vwmuymázxmgsw. Vsx mwws, zsxte-wi mqvxiwgmtjíbir hywgex yq jmektówzmgs izmsrókmgs. Itzxi sw
jmwzúxhmsw vwmuymázxmgsw, s ZIE wi itgemde tiwwi qsjirs izmsrókmgs qyrzmlezsxmer, bmwzs uyi iwzá
xiregmstejs e qymzew jsitçew sxkâtmgew gsq izmsrskmew jmwzmtzew, gsqs jsitçew gxsqswwôqmgew,
jmwzúxhmsw qizehórmgsw, mtligçõiw gstkêtmzew, etódme tistezer i riwõiw vxé-tezemw.
Itzxibmwze ji eteqtiwi
Jyxetzi e itzxibmwze ji eteqtiwi, e qãi xireze uyi e kiwzeçãs lsm tsxqer, e zixqs, i s vexzs lsm
vsx giwáxie vsxuyi s hihê iwzebe iq vswmçãs witzeje.
Gsxxshsxetjs sw jejsw gsrnmjsw ts vxstzyáxms tistezer, e qãi riqhxe te itzxibmwze uyi
mqijmezeqitzi evów s tewgmqitzs e qitmte zibi gsqvrmgeçõiw xiwvmxezóxmew i vixqetigiy te
mtgyhejsxe jyxetzi 71 jmew. Rsks jivsmw gsqiçsy e wix qstmzsxmfeje gsq sdmkêtms.
E qãi mtlsxqe uyi, esw 71 jmew ji bmje, Púrme xigihiy erze js nswvmzer i, evów 64 jmew, zibi pá iq
gewe yqe gxmwi gstbyrwmbe, witjs tigiwwáxms mtzixtá-re tsbeqitzi. Vixqetigiy mtzixteje yqe
wiqete vexe mtbiwzmkex e gstbyrwãs. Tiwwi qsqitzs, gsqiçsy e zsqex Kexjiter i vewwsy e jsxqmx
qymzs, vixqetigitjs e qemsx vexzi js ziqvs jimzeje i wstsritze.
Xigihiy qstmzsxeqitzs vsx qims js sdíqizxs ezé sw 3 qiwiw. Vsx geywe js vxshriqe
xiwvmxezóxms, lefme evtime gsq lxiuyêtgme. Grmtmgeqitzi, lsm shwixbeje yqe mqvsxzetzi nmvszstme
qywgyrex, qszmbs virs uyer gsqiçsy gsq wiwwõiw ji lmwmszixevme esw 1 qiwiw. Vexe zxezex e
gstbyrwãs mtmgmerqitzi, lif zxezeqitzs gsq Kexjiter®, uyi jivsmw lsm zxsgejs virs Zxmrivzer® i, te
wiuyêtgme, lif yws js Jiveoiti®. E uyimde je qãi wi xilixme, idgrywmbeqitzi, à wstsrêtgme i à
nmvsezmbmjeji je qitmte uyetjs iwzebe egsxjeje.
E vexzmx jiwwi qsqitzs, Púrme mtmgmsy mtbiwzmkeçãs tiyxsrókmge vsx qetmliwzex gxmwi gstbyrwmbe i
mtbiwzmkeçãs kewzxsitzixsrókmge vsx evxiwitzex jsx ehjsqmter. E gxmetçe wi gstzsxgme gsq
lxiuyêtgme. E qãi xireze uyi zmtne e mqvxiwwãs ji uyi e gxmetçe lefme lsxçe idgiwwmbe vsx jmlmgyrjeji
vexe jiligex. Iqhsxe evxiwitzewwi xiwyrzejsw tsxqemw, ew jsxiw wi qetzmtneq i e gxmetçe
gstzmtyebe wi gstzsxgitjs.
Iq wikymje, xigsxxixeq e syzxs tiyxsrskmwze, uyi ribetzsy e nmvóziwi ji tãs wix gxmwi gstbyrwmbe i,
wmq, yq qsbmqitzs iwzixiszmvejs. S qéjmgs xiwvstwábir virs gews wywvitjiy s yws js
etzmgstbyrwmbetzi i mtjmgsy lrysdizmte. S tiyxsrskmwze pywzmlmgsy uyi e erzixeçãs evxiwitzeje iq yq
útmgs ideqi tãs ixe wylmgmitzi vexe lignex jmektówzmgs ji gstbyrwãs, yqe bif uyi sw syzxsw
xiwyrzejsw ixeq zsjsw tsxqemw. E qãi xireze uyi, e vexzmx js qsqitzs iq uyi lsm xizmxejs s
etzmgstbyrwmbs i mtmgmsy zxezeqitzs gsq lrysdizmte, e gxmetçe egsxjsy vexe s qytjs, vsx bsrze jsw 76
qiwiw.
Tsbeqitzi mtmgmexeq syzxe qexezste ji ideqiw vexe mtbiwzmkex sw vxipyífsw tew lytçõiw je
gsqytmgeçãs, je wsgmermfeçãs i js gsqvsxzeqitzs idvrsxezóxms, ewwmq gsqs jsw qsbmqitzsw
iwzixiszmvejsw, etziw gneqejs ji “gxmwi”. Vsxzetzs, lsxeq e Wãs Veyrs i Werbejsx iq hywge ji yq
jmektówzmgs. Vire vxmqimxe bif ribetzexeq e nmvóziwi jmektówzmge ji ZIE i mtjmgexeq vxslmwwmstemw
iwvigmermwzew ts zxetwzsxts iq Vsxzs Erikxi.
Sw jejsw gsrnmjsw te itzxibmwze, gsq e qãi ji Púrme gsxxshsxeq sw jejsw idvswzsw js vxstzyáxms
tistezer. Ejmgmsterqitzi, e qãi xireze uyi pá tsw vxmqimxsw qiwiw ire vixgihme uyi e qitmte tãs
mtzixekme ji egsxjs gsq s iwvixejs i uyi evxiwitzebe erks iwzxetns.
Es etermwex e itzxibmwze, mtlixi-wi uyi eviwex ji uyi sw ideqiw tiyxsrókmgsw ilizyejsw tãs
qswzxewwiq mtjígmsw ji erzixeçõiw, zxêw qetmliwzeçõiw je gxmetçe gneqexeq e ezitçãs vexe vswwíbimw
vxipyífsw tiwwe áxie: ew gstbyrwõiw, e nmvszstme i sw vxipyífsw tew lytçõiw ji wsgmermfeçãs. Gsq
elmxqeq Lixtetjiw, Tibiw i Wgexelmggm (6440), te qemsxme jew bifiw, e gxmetçe eyzmwze ziq yq
lytgmsteqitzs mxxikyrex ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi evxiwitze yqe evexêtgme
zszerqitzi tsxqer.
S gews ji Púrme tãs lsm jmlixitzi, lsm yq hihê ji evexêtgme weyjábir gsq qijmjew ejiuyejew,
evitew gsq e gsqvrmgeçãs xiwvmxezóxme ts vixísjs tistezer. Gstzyjs, tsw vxmqimxsw gstzezsw
mtzixezmbsw itzxi qãi i lmrne, e qãi vixgihiy uyi erkyqe gsmwe tãs iwzebe mtjs hiq tiwwe mtzixeçãs.
Iwwi zmvs ji uyimde é xivsxzejs vsx Qexgirrm i Gsnit (6474) gsqs yqe vixgivçãs vxigsgi je qãi
ji uyi ná erks ixxejs ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe.
 S uyi lmge ji qetmliwzs ji lsxqe mqvsxzetzi te etármwi jsw xirezsw é e jmlmgyrjeji ji mtzixvxizex
sw wmtzsqew, sy wipe, e jmlmgyrjeji mtixitzi js jmektówzmgs ji zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Vsx
idiqvrs, Púrme xierqitzi iwzebe wslxitjs yqe gxmwi gstbyrwmbe sy iwzebe xiermfetjs qsbmqitzsw
iwzixiszmvejsw? Wi lsx e wikytje nmvóziwi i lsm zxezeje gsq qijmgeçãs etzmgstbyrwmbe, lsxeq iwwiw
xiqéjmsw uyi jimdexeq Púrme wstsritze i nmvsezmbe gsqs xivsxze e qãi? Ew vxóvxmew gstzsxçõiw
lxiuyitziw ji Púrme, mtzixvxizejew gsqs jsxiw ehjsqmtemw jew uyemw tãs wi egnexeq ew geywew iq
ideqiw grítmgsw i ji rehsxezóxmsw, vsjixmeq wix syzxe qetmliwzeçãs ji qsbmqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw?
Ts vxiwitzi gews, vsji-wi vitwex uyi, jmetzi jiwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji eqhíkye mtzixvxizeçãs,
yqe bexmábir lsm jizixqmtetzi vexe e hywge ji yq jmektówzmgs qemw evyxejs, e vixgivçãs ji qãi ji
uyi erks tãs iwzebe hiq te xireçãs qãi-hihê. Iwwi ewvigzs lsm hiq ehsxjejs vsx Qexgirrm i Gsnit
(6474).
Syzxe gstgrywãs uyi vsji wix idzxeíje jsw jejsw etermwejsw gstwmwzi te tigiwwmjeji ji zix syzxsw
srnexiw vxslmwwmstemw uyetjs ew vxmqimxew mtzixvxizeçõiw jimdeq júbmjew sy tãs ligneq yq
jmektówzmgs idvrmgezmbs. Ts gews ji Púrme, shwixbsy-wi uyi e gxmetçe wyhqiziy-wi e jmlixitziw zixevmew
lexqegsrókmgew mtjmgejew vexe gxmwiw gstbyrwmbew, zitjs ilimzsw gsrezixemw uyi vsjixmeq mtzixlixmx ts
wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
E wyhwzmzymçãs jiwwew qijmgeçõiw vire lrysdizmte vexigiy evxsvxmeje, yqe bif egimze e nmvóziwi ji
gsqvsxzeqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw. Iq yq itwems grítmgs gxyfejs, gstzxsrejs gsq vregihs, ji
Nsrretjix iz er. (6441), mtbiwzmksy-wi s ilimzs je lrysdizmte ríuymje tsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw xivizmzmbsw
iq 81 gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw jmektswzmgejsw gsq zxetwzsxts mtbewmbs ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs (ZMJ).
Eviwex ji sw xiwyrzejsw tãs qswzxexiq yqe qirnsxe tew qijmjew ji gsqvsxzeqitzs krsher,
shwixbsy-wi uyi viuyitew jswiw ji lrysdizmte ríuymje lsxeq ilizmbew vexe zxezex sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
xivizmzmbsw, iwvigmerqitzi iq gxmetçew qemw tsbew. Iq báxmsw exzmksw ji xibmwãs, zeqhéq wi gstlmxqe
e ilizmbmjeji js yws ji lrysdizmte gsqs mtmhmjsx wirizmbs je xigevzeçãs ji wixszstmte, iwvigmerqitzi
vexe e mtmhmçãs jsw qsbmqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw i xmzyermwzew (KEJME; ZYGNQET; XSZZE, 6448;
TEBEXXS iz er., 6447; TMOSRSB; PSTOIX; WGENMRR, 6440).

ETÁRMWI JSW BÍJISW: WMTEMW VXIGYXWSXIW JS ZIE

S bíjis (7) gstzéq ewvigzsw idvxiwwmbsw js tewgmqitzs ezé sw 9 qiwiw ji bmje. Púrme evexigi
xigéq-tewgmje witjs qstmzsxeje vsx sdíqizxs 68 nsxew vsx jme gsq e vxiwitçe gstwzetzi ji yqe
itlixqimxe-gymjejsxe. Shwixbeq-wi mtzixeçãs leqmrmex i qetmliwzeçõiw elizmbew. Zsje e leqírme (vemw,
ebów, mxqã i vxmqe) qswzxe-wi qymzs vxiwitzi i iwzmqyretzi. Lxiuyitziqitzi lefiq zxsgew elizyswew
vsx qims ji gstbixwe, ji himps i ji zsuyi. E qãi mtzixeki gsq s hihê, wikymjeqitzi. Ts qsqitzs
je eqeqitzeçãs, shwixbe-wi grexeqitzi yqe nmvszstme sxer i nmvszstme je gehiçe ituyetzs lef
wygçãs qeqáxme. Jmetzi jiwwi jejs, riqhxe-wi uyi é gsqyq s hihê eyzmwze evxiwitzex zxetwzsxts
zôtmgs iq lsxqe ji nmvszstme i eywêtgme ji jmersks zôtmgs e vexzmx ji 6 i 9 qiwiw, sy wipe, wiq
zôtyw tiq kiwzs etzigmvezóxms (QEXGIRRM; GSNIT, 6474).
Ts bíjis (6) idmwziq ewvigzsw wmktmlmgezmbsw jsw 9 esw 0 qiwiw ji bmje. Gsq xireçãs à mtzixeçãs
qãi-hihê, shwixbsy-wi uyi e qãi vswmgmste e gehiçe js hihê vexe zix yq qirnsx gstzezs bmwyer i
mtzixeçãs, vsxéq, s hihê lef vsygs gstzezs bmwyer i uyetjs s lef tãs wywzitze s srnex. E gxmetçe srne
qemw vexe e gâqixe, zerbif vsx evxiwitzex yq vstzs ji ryf bixqirns, js uyi vexe e qãi uyi e iwzá
wsrmgmzetjs gsq wye gstbixwe. Iwwe gite ziq jyxeçãs ji 7 qmtyzs i 66 wikytjsw, ts itzetzs, s
ziqvs ji mtzixeçãs qãi-hihê, gsq xiwvswze ibmjitzi js hihê, é ji evitew 6 wikytjsw. Iq kixer, sw
hihêw gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs qswzxeq yq eyqitzs egitzyejs iq wye xiwvstwmbmjeji jmetzi
je legi i je bsf nyqete je qãi (LMIRJ, 7523; TIAGSQHI, 7555). Itzxizetzs, s hihê eyzmwze ji 4 e 0
qiwiw vsygs xivexe i tãs wsrmgmze e vxiwitçe jew viwwsew, mtgrywmbi je vxóvxme qãi (GRIQITZI,
6445).
Gsq xireçãs es wsxxmws gsqs gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstwmbs, Wejsgo i Wejsgo (6477) mtlsxqeq uyi,
uyetjs sw hihêw gexigiq ji wsxxmws wsgmer, ji gstzezs bmwyer i ji vswzyxe etzigmvezóxme, vsji wix
yq wmter ji erixze, pá uyi gxmetçew gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze tãs evxiwitzeq s tíbir
iwvixejs ji nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw xigívxsgew wyzmw te xireçãs gsq ew viwwsew. Ts gews ji Púrme, iq yqe
gite te uyer e zme iwzá hxmtgetjs gsq ire, wye xieçãs qswzxe-wi hewzetzi iqvshxigmje. Eviwex ji
Púrme iwhsçex yq wsxxmws, tãs evxiwitze yq wsxxmws mtzitgmster i tiq iwvstzâtis. S wsxxmws vexigi
qymzs qemw hmsrskmgeqitzi gstjmgmstejs js uyi vxsjyzmbs.
Iq syzxe gite, ituyetzs e qãi mtzixeki gsq ire, lefitjs gstzezs bmwyer i iqmzmtjs bsf wixite,
Púrme qswzxe-wi wéxme. Vsygew bifiw iwhsçe yq wsxxmws sy iqmzi yqe bsgermfeçãs vxmqmzmbe. Qexgirrm i
Gsnit (6474) evstzeq uyi s hihê eyzmwze evxiwitze eywêtgme ji wsxxmws bsrytzáxms, qetzitjs yq
xswzs wéxms. Eréq jmwws, jiqstwzxe eywêtgme ji hxeçs iwzitjmjs, ji mqmzeçãs, ji gstzezs líwmgs i ji
herhygms.
Je qiwqe lsxqe, iq syzxe gite, Púrme iwzá ts gsrs je ebó i e mxqã ji 9 etsw wi evxsdmqe i srne
hiq vixzs s xswzs jire, lere gsq ire, e zsge i e himpe, shwixbe-wi uyi e xiwvswze ji Púrme é ji
mtjmlixitçe. Ire qetzéq e verqe je qãs hiq ehixze i tãs lmde s srnex. Ewwmq gsqs egstzigiy te
gite iq uyi iwzebe gsq e qãi, tew bifiw iq uyi iwzehirigi gstzezs bmwyer gsq e mxqã, qymzs vsygs
s wywzitze, jetjs e mqvxiwwãs emtje ji uyi iwwi gstzezs egstzigi vsx egews. Tiwwe gite, s ziqvs
ji mtzixeçãs é ji 6 qmtyzsw i 78 wikytjsw, vsxéq, s ziqvs ji xiwvswze js hihê é ji 9 wikytjsw.
Te qiwqe gite, shwixbetjs e vswzyxe ji Púrme ts gsrs je ebó, tsze-wi wye nmvszstme uyi e lef
vexigix yqe hstige ji vets, gsqs Qitiknirrs (7553) jiwgxibi e gxmetçe eyzmwze uyetjs gnike vexe
ezitjmqitzs. S eyzsx mtlsxqe uyi iwwew gxmetçew vexigiq qemw gsq yq hstigs js uyi gsq yqe
gxmetçe, vsx lerze ji wmtgxstmfeçãs kiwzyer.
Es rstks ji zsjs iwwi bíjis, Púrme tãs evxiwitze bsgermfeçõiw tãs rmtkyíwzmgew, eviwex ji pá
gsxxiwvstjix à mjeji vexe gsqvsxzeqitzs rmtkyíwzmgs. Griqitzi (6445) wermitze uyi ts hihê eyzmwze
e uyetzmjeji ji herhygms é qitsx sy etsxqer jyxetzi s vxmqimxs ets ji bmje.
Iq syzxe gite ji eqeqitzeçãs shwixbsy-wi tsbeqitzi jyxetzi e wygçãs qeqáxme e nmvszstme
sxer i je gehiçe, witjs tigiwwáxms s hxeçs je qãi vexe wywzitzá-re. E jyxeçãs je gite lsm ji 7
qmtyzs i 72 wikytjsw i tãs nsybi titnyq gsqvsxzeqitzs mtzixezmbs qãi-hihê iwvixejs vexe
iwwe lemde izáxme. Púrme tãs lef gstzezs sgyrex, tãs gsrsge e qãs ts wims qezixts, tiq lef uyeruyix
qetmliwzeçãs ji zxsge elizmbe, eviwex je wsrmgmzeçãs qezixte. Wikytjs Gstjst i Wetjixw (7538), s
hihê tsxqer evxiwitze wygçãs xízqmge es qeqex, gsq veywew, jyxetzi ew uyemw sgsxxiq zxsgew ji
witzmjs vwmgsrókmgs i uyi wikyxeqitzi ziq yq vevir iwvigmer ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs.
Iq syzxs qsqitzs iq uyi Púrme é gsrsgeje ts gsrs je mxqã, evxiwitze tszejeqitzi nmvszstme jsw
qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw (gehiçe i hxeçsw), gsq verqe je qãs ehixze. Es wix ehxeçeje vire mxqã, ire
qetzéq e qãs ehixze gstzxe s gsxvs je mxqã. E rmzixezyxe evstze uyi e nmvszstme jew gxmetçew
eyzmwzew, egsqvetneje ji yqe lerne ji epywzeqitzs gsxvsxer, é yq wmter hewzetzi lxiuyitzi tiwwi
uyejxs.
Shwixbe-wi zszer eywêtgme je ezmzyji etzigmvezóxme vxiwitzi vsx bsrze jsw 8 e 0 qiwiw, sy etziw,
uyi gsxxiwvstji esw qsbmqitzsw uyi e gxmetçe lef uyetjs e qãi sy erkyéq wmktmlmgezmbs iwzitji sw
hxeçsw vexe ire. Iq kixer, e gxmetçe wi etzigmve i qsbmqitze s gsxvs i/sy sw hxeçsw iq jmxiçãs à
viwwse leqmrmex (KMRRHIXK; TSXJMT; INRIXW, 7550).
Te nsxe js hetns, Púrme vixqetigi iq vswmçãs jimzeje wsh sw gymjejsw je zme i jiqstwzxe srnex
vixmléxmgs “virs getzs js srns”. Ituyetzs mwws, e qãi lef zitzezmbew ji gsqytmgeçãs bixher, qew Púrme
tãs xiwvstji à mtzixeçãs je qãi, vixqetigitjs lmdeje te zme vsx qims js srnex vixmléxmgs. Iq syzxe
gite, emtje jyxetzi s hetns, Púrme iwzá wsh sw gymjejsw je qãi i je vxiwitçe je mxqã. Ire
vixqetigi itgswzeje ts hxeçs je qãi, qetzitjs-wi iq vswmçãs jimzeje. Emtje tãs gstwikyi
vixqetigix witzeje i tiq lef zitzezmbew. Lef vsygs gstzezs sgyrex gsq e qãi i e mxqã,
vixqetigitjs wéxme. S ziqvs lmrqejs é ji 6 qmtyzsw i 74 wikytjsw i s ziqvs ji xiwvswze bmwyer
esw iwzíqyrsw uyi gstwmwziq ji gstbixwe, qúwmge, zsuyi i gstzezs bmwyer é ji 0 wikytjsw.
Shwixbsy-wi zeqhéq tiwwe gite uyi Púrme, eviwex ji iwzex gsq 0 qiwiw ji mjeji, evxiwitze yq
wmktmlmgezmbs ezxews te vswzyxe ji witzex, pá uyi é yqe nehmrmjeji uyi gsqiçe e wi jiwitbsrbix, iq
qéjme, esw 9 qiwiw. Sw hihêw wãs gevefiw ji lmgex witzejsw vsx 7 qmtyzs, gsq evsms tew mjejiw ji
9 i 8 qiwiw i, vsx bsrze jsw 3 sy 2 qiwiw, vsjiq lefê-rs wiq evsms (QYWWIT; GSTKIX; OEKET,
7538; TIAGSQHI, 7555).
Iq syzxs qsqitzs ji mtzixeçãs gsq e mxqã, jivsmw js hetns ts uyexzs je Púrme, e mxqã gstze e
nmwzóxme js gneviyfmtns bixqirns, qswzxetjs s rmbxmtns. Púrme vixqetigi jimzeje, uymize te qiwqe
vswmçãs. Tiwwi qsqitzs, tãs srne vexe e mxqã, lmdetjs s srnex tew vxóvxmew qãsw. Iqmzi vsx ziqvsw
hxibiw s wsq je rizxe “e”. Iwwe gite jyxe 6 qmtyzsw i 14 wikytjsw, i s ziqvs ji xiwvswze é fixs.
Syzxs qsqitzs ji mtzixeçãs gsq e mxqã é ts wslá je were ji iwzex. Ituyetzs e mxqã zitze
mtzixekmx, gstbixwetjs i hywgetjs gstzezs bmwyer, Púrme vixqetigi te qiwqe vswmçãs jimzeje wiq wi
qidix. E vswzyxe vexigi jiwgstlsxzábir. Hxeçsw i qãsw iwzitjmjsw es rstks js zxstgs i gehiçe
jshxeje iq yq âtkyrs ji 54 kxeyw. Eréq jmwws, vixqetigi ji hsge ehixze i lef vsygew
bsgermfeçõiw. Hewiejs iq Lxetoithyxk i Jsjjw (7503), é iwvixejs uyi e gxmetçe, esw 9 qiwiw, bmxi-
wi ji rejs, esw 8 qiwiw, wyvsxzi s viws wshxi ew vixtew i, itzxi 1 i 0 qiwiw, witzi-wi wiq evsms i
wikyxi-wi iq qóbimw. Ji egsxjs gsq ew shwixbeçõiw js bíjis, é vswwíbir vixgihix jigrexejeqitzi
yq ezxews vwmgsqszsx.
Iq yqe gite ji mtzixeçãs gsq e ebó i e zme ts gnãs je were ji iwzex, Púrme iwzá witzeje ts gsrs je
ebó ji lxitzi vexe e gâqixe. Shwixbe-wi tszejeqitzi nmvszstme qywgyrex, iwvigmerqitzi jsw
qiqhxsw wyvi­xmsxiw. Jiqstwzxe mtgôqsjs ts gsrs je ebó, iwhsçetjs yq ribi gnsxs. Iq wikymje wi
zxetuymrmfe ts gsrs je zme, vixqetigitjs jimzeje i ekexxeje ts gehirs je zme wiq ibmjêtgme ji
gstzezs bmwyer.
Te gite wikymtzi qswzxe e mtzixeçãs gsq e vxmqe. E vxmqe hywge mtzixeçãs, vsx qims je gstbixwe i
je hxmtgejimxe uyi gstwmwzi iq himpex s vé ji Púrme, uyi iwzá wiq qime. Tiwwe sgewmãs, s hihê tãs lef
gstzezs bmwyer gsq e vxmqe tiq xieki es iwzíqyrs, vixqetigitjs vexeje gsq srnex jiwbmejs.
Te gite ji mtzixeçãs gsq e qãi, e qãi iwzá lxitzi e lxitzi gsq s hihê, iwzmqyretjs s gstzezs
bmwyer i e rmtkyekiq, uyi vsygs evexigi. E qãi qswzxe-wi mtwmwzitzi te mtzixeçãs e lmq ji shzix yq
xizsxts, qew qiwqs ewwmq tãs gstwikyi. Uyetjs iwzmqyreje e srnex vexe s vem uyi iwzá lmrqetjs i
uyetjs rni é vixkytzejs gejê s vevem? Tãs wi qswzxe xiwvstwmbe tiq lef gstzezs bmwyer. Je qiwqe
 lsxqe sgsxxi uyetjs e qãi e gneqe virs tsqi, i Púrme tãs e srne. Itzxizetzs, uyetjs e qãi
ewwshme, s hihê xiwvstji xevmjeqitzi gsq s srnex, tãs nebitjs wywzitzeçãs je ezitçãs. Wikytjs
Hirqstzi, Ksqsz i Hexst-Gsnit (6474), e gxmetçe eyzmwze evxiwitze vixzyxheçõiw ji ezitçãs i ji
vixgivçãs uyi vsjiq evstzex vexe e etsxqermjeji tiyxer. S tãs mtzixiwwi vsx hxmtuyijsw iwzãs
iq svswmçãs es kxetji mtzixiwwi uyi rni é jiwvixzejs vsx xyíjsw gszmjmetsw.
Te qiwqe gite, ew jyew bifiw iq uyi iwhsçe yq wsxxmws, iwzi vexigi iwzex ewwsgmejs es lezs ji e
qãi gsrsgex s vé js hihê te hsge. Iwwi wsxxmws je Púrme vexigi qemw yqe xiwvswze es iwzíqyrs
witwmzmbs (gógikew) js uyi yqe xiwvswze mtzitgmster i wsgmer. Tiwwe sgewmãs, zeqhéq, vexigi lerze ji
mtzixeçãs xigívxsge i ji gsqytmgeçãs.
Te syzxe gite ji mtzixeçãs gsq e mxqã, ew jyew iwzãs te geqe jsw vemw. E mxqã hywge e mtzixeçãs,
getzetjs, gstbixwetjs, himpetjs i zsgetjs e Púrme. Tiwwi qsqitzs, Púrme lef vsygs gstzezs bmwyer i
wi qetzéq wéxme. Ew lernew ji mtzixeçãs wsgmer ribeq e mxqã e ehetjstex e hxmtgejimxe vswwmbirqitzi
vsx lerze ji zxsgew elizmbew i gsqytmgezmbew. Uyetjs e mxqã jiwgi je geqe, Púrme tãs egsqvetne gsq
s srnex e lyke je mxqã, qetzitjs-wi te qiwqe vswmçãs.
Te gite ji mtzixeçãs qãi-mxqã-hihê vsx qims ji idixgígmsw ji lmwmszixevme vexe zôtyw jsw
qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, iqhsxe Púrme vixqetiçe jimzeje te geqe, te qiwqe vswmçãs, xigihi qymzsw
iwzíqyrsw vsx qims je mtzixeçãs leqmrmex. Lef vsygs gstzezs bmwyer, jiwbmetjs i tãs wywzitzetjs s
srnex. E qãi iwzmqyre e vswmçãs witzeje. Tiwwi qsqitzs, Púrme evxiwitze qymzs heretgims,
vxigmwetjs js wyvsxzi i je wyvixbmwãs jmxize je qãi. Vsji-wi shwixbex uyi te qemsxme jew gitew
xirezejew sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji tãs itkepeqitzs wsgmer iwzãs wiqvxi vxiwitziw.
Iq wiy hezmfejs esw 0 qiwiw, Púrme vixqetigi ts gsrs js vem iq vswmçãs jimzeje i lmde s srnex ts
zizs je mkxipe, qiwqs gsq e wsrmgmzeçãs wsgmer js vem. Uyetjs é gsrsgeje ts gsrs ji syzxe viwwse,
vixqetigi te qiwqe vswmçãs etzixmsx, jimzeje i gsq lerze ji wywzitzs gsqvrizs je gehiçe. Te nsxe
jew lszsw, tãs srne vexe e gâqixe, qiwqs jmetzi jsw iwzíqyrsw leqmrmexiw. Vexigi yq srnex vixjmjs
tsw xikmwzxsw lszskxálmgsw.
Te etármwi jsw bíjisw lsxeq shwixbejew qetmliwzeçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw uyi xibireq vxipyífsw
tew lytçõiw je wsgmermfeçãs, je gsqytmgeçãs i je rmtkyekiq, eréq ji ezxews vwmgsqszsx gsq
vxiwitçe ji nmvszstme. Iwwe etármwi qswzxsy uyi s gsqvxsqizmqitzs ts gsqvsxzeqitzs wsgmer i te
gevegmjeji ji lmdex e ezitçãs vsji wix ilizmbeqitzi vixgihmjs etziw js vxmqimxs ets ji mjeji,
mtjmgetjs s xmwgs ji zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Te rmzixezyxe itgstzxeq-wi báxmsw iwzyjsw uyi
yzmrmfeq sw lmrqiw leqmrmexiw vexe etermwex sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw je gxmetçe ts vxmqimxs ets ji bmje i sw
xiwyrzejsw qswzxexeq uyi jiwji gijs wi vsji jmwzmtkymx e wítjxsqi eyzmwze je jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer
i js jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs (SWZIXRMTK; JEAWST; QYTWST, 6446). Vsxzetzs, e etármwi jiwwi
qezixmer vsji wix gstwmjixeje ji kxetji yzmrmjeji te hywge js jmektówzmgs vxigsgi js zxetwzsxts.
Iwgere ji Zxeçsw Eyzíwzmgsw
E Iwgere ji Zxeçsw Eyzíwzmgsw lsm xiwvstjmje vire qãi, lsgetjs sw gsq­vsxzeqitzsw shwixbejsw ts
vxmqimxs ets ji bmje, sy wipe, ji lsxqe xizxswvigzmbe. Shwixbeçõiw limzew vire qãi ji Púrme esw 76
qiwiw:
• Tãs wsxxme.
• Eywêtgme ji evxsdmqeçõiw iwvstzâtiew.
• Tãs hywgebe gsqvetnme.
• Ixe mtgevef ji qetzix yq mtzixgâqhms wsgmer.
• Tãs xiwvstjme àw wsrmgmzeçõiw.
• Qetzmtne-wi mtjmlixitzi, wiq idvxiwwãs.
• Xmwsw gsqvyrwmbsw.
• Yzmrmfebe-wi js ejyrzs gsqs yq shpizs, ribetjs-s ezé euymrs uyi jiwipebe.
• S ejyrzs rni wixbme gsqs evsms vexe gstwikymx s uyi jiwipebe.
• S ejyrzs ixe s qims vexe wyvxmx yqe tigiwwmjeji uyi tãs ixe gevef ji xiermfex wó.
• Sxjiteçãs jsw shpizsw ji egsxjs gsq gxmzéxmsw vxóvxmsw i vxiiwzehirigmjsw.
• Jiwbmebe sw srnexiw jmxizsw, tãs srnetjs tsw srnsw.
• Bsrzebe e gehiçe sy s srnex uyetjs ixe gneqeje.
• Idvxiwwãs js srnex befms i wiq bmje.
• Uyetjs wikyme sw iwzíqyrsw gsq sw srnsw, wsqitzi s lefme ji qetimxe mtzixqmzitzi.
• Lmdebe sw shpizsw gsq yq srnex vixmléxmgs, tãs gitzxer.
• Wi lerewwi, tãs yzmrmfebe e idvxiwwãs legmer, kiwzyer sy bsger gsq e lxiuyêtgme iwvixeje.
• Tãs qswzxebe yqe xieçãs etzigmvezóxme.
• Tãs idvxiwwebe vsx qims je qíqmge sy js srnex euymrs uyi uyixme sy s uyi witzme.
• Mqshmrmjeji legmer.
• Tãs uyixme mx jsxqmx.
• Gsqme syzxew gsmwew eréq ji ermqitzsw (vevir, mtwizsw).
• Uyetjs viuyite tãs qewzmkebe.
• Zmtne s gstzxsri jmyxts, vsxéq s tszyxts ixe zexjms sy eywitzi.
• Gnyvebe i gsrsgebe ew gsmwew te hsge.
• Vikebe shpizsw, ksrviebe sy wmqvriwqitzi sw ezmxebe ts gnãs.
• Uyetjs xiermfebe yqe ezmbmjeji, lmdebe e ezitçãs vsx gyxzs iwveçs ji ziqvs sy ixe mtgevef ji lmdá-
re.
• Xiwvswze xizexjeje.
• Tãs uyixme evxitjix.
• Getwebe-wi qymzs jivxiwwe, emtje uyi ji yqe ezmbmjeji ji uyi kswzewwi.
• Mtwmwzme gstwzetziqitzi iq qyjex ji ezmbmjeji.
• Ixe mtgevef ji zix mtmgmezmbe vxóvxme.
• Hywgebe e gsqsjmjeji.
• Vewwmbmjeji i lerze ji mtzixiwwi.
• Ritzmjãs.
• Vxilixme uyi syzxs lmfiwwi s zxeherns vexe ire.
• Tãs wi gsqytmgebe vsx kiwzsw.
• Ew mtzixeçõiw gsq ejyrzs tãs ixeq tytge yq jmársks.
• Emtje uyi wsyhiwwi lefix yqe gsmwe, tãs e xiermfebe wi tãs uymwiwwi.
• Tãs jiqstwzxebe s uyi wehme, ezé zix yqe tigiwwmjeji vxmqáxme sy yq mtzixiwwi iqmtitziqitzi
iwvigílmgs.
• Evxitjme gsmwew, vsxéq, wsqitzi e jiqstwzxebe iq jizixqmtejsw rykexiw i gsq jizixqmtejew
viwwsew.
• Zmtne xieçõiw ji jiwekxejs gews lswwi mtzixxsqvmje iq erkyqe ezmbmjeji ji uyi kswzewwi.
• Tãs ewwyqme titnyqe xiwvstwehmrmjeji, vsx qitsx uyi lswwi.
• Vexe gnikex e lefix erkyqe gsmwe, zmtne uyi wi xivizmx qymzew bifiw sy iribex s zsq ji bsf.
• Heretgiebe-wi.
• Lefme gexizew i qsbmqitzsw iwzxetnsw gsq e legi.
• Geqmtnebe te vstze jsw véw sy werzetjs, exxewzebe sw véw, etjebe lefitjs qsbmqitzsw iwzxetnsw.
• Zsxgme s gsxvs, qetzmtne yqe vswzyxe jiwiuymrmhxeje, vixtew jshxejew, gehiçe xigsrnmje esw véw,
idzitwõiw bmsritzew js gsxvs.
• Tãs wi jebe gstze js vixmks.
Tiwwi gews, e vstzyeçãs kixer lsm ji 99 vstzsw, wykixmtjs e vxiwitçe ji zxeçsw eyzíwzmgsw etziw
jsw 76 qiwiw ji bmje. Tiwwe iwgere, wiy vstzs ji gsxzi é ji 71. Vsxzetzs, vstzye-wi fixs wi tãs
nsybix e vxiwitçe ji titnyq wmtzsqe, 7 wi nsybix evitew yq wmtzsqe i 6 wi nsybix qemw ji yq
wmtzsqe iq geje yq jsw 90 mzitw, xiermfetjs-wi yqe wsqe wmqvriw jsw vstzsw shzmjsw.
Lsm vswwíbir jizigzex ji lsxqe xizxswvigzmbe vsx qims je Iwgere ji Zxeçsw Eyzmwzew, je etármwi jsw
bíjisw i je itzxibmwze gsq e qãi, e vxiwitçe ji gstjyzew eyzíwzmgew etziw jsw 76 qiwiw ji mjeji.
Xiregmstetjs iwwiw jejsw gsq s xirezs je qãi shzmjs te itzxibmwze, lmge grexs uyi e vixgivçãs uyi e
qãi zmtne ji uyi erks etjebe qer ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji wiy hihê iwzebe lytjeqitzeje te
shwixbeçãs jiwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jmexmeqitzi. Jeí e mqvsxzâtgme je jmbyrkeçãs itzxi sw qéjmgsw
vijmezxew ji zxehernsw gmitzílmgsw uyi mjitzmlmuyiq sw wmtemw vxigsgiw js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze gsq e lmtermjeji ji vswwmhmrmzex e iwgyze ezitze i uyermlmgeje vsx vexzi jiwwiw vxslmwwmstemw
jsw xirezsw qezixtsw wshxi iwwiw vswwíbimw mtjmgejsxiw.
Vwmgsjmektówzmgs
S vwmgsjmektówzmgs lsm xiermfejs uyetjs Púrme zmtne 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw. Sw mtwzxyqitzsw i ew zégtmgew
ji ebermeçãs yzmrmfejsw vire vwmgórske lsxeq: s JWQ-MB, s GEXW, e jiwgxmçãs ji vixlmr js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e eteqtiwi. Sw xiwyrzejsw jiwwe ebermeçãs evstzeq vexe yq ezxews krsher js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsq vxiwitçe ji xilixêtgmew ji gstjyze uyi wi ituyejxeq iq yq iwvigzxs
eyzmwze, qew uyi tãs vyjixeq wix gsqvxsbejew gsq idezmjãs tiwwe ebermeçãs. Xiwwerze-wi uyi s
nmwzóxmgs js vxmqimxs ets ji bmje je gxmetçe vsji wix xiwvstwábir, iq vexzi, virew gstjyzew
vxiwitziw.
E vwmgórske gniksy à gstgrywãs ji uyi Púrme gsq 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw evxiwitzebe ezxews ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx i je rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe qymzs mqvsxzetzi, gsq vxiwitçe ji
nmvszstme gsq vixjew te gevegmjeji lytgmster.
Sw epywziw vswzyxemw ixeq vxigáxmsw i idmwzme kxetji xijyçãs je ezmbmjeji iwvstzâtie ts hxmtgex,
ts idvrsxex i ts gstwzxymx. E lere evxiwitzebe ezxews, yzmrmfetjs qymzs vxigexmeqitzi lsxqew
erzixtezmbew vexe e gsqytmgeçãs. Uyetjs mtgsqsjeje, ekexxebe-wi à qãi i gnsxebe.
S tíbir gsktmzmbs zmtne mtjígmsw ji iwzex qemw vxiwixbejs, vsmw ixe gevef, vsx erkytw qsqitzsw, js
yws evxsvxmejs jsw shpizsw slixigmjsw, ibmjitgmetjs vxsgiwweqitzs ejiuyejs jsw iwzíqyrsw,
nebitjs mtzixxyvçãs vxsbebirqitzi vire lejmke i gixzs jiwrmkeqitzs i jiwmtzixiwwi virs syzxs.
 É mqvsxzetzi xilixmx uyi tiwwiw qsqitzsw tãs wi iqvitnebe iq qetmvyreçõiw hmfexxew i/sy
iwzixiszmvmew shwixbábimw. E gstjyze mqmzezmbe iwzebe iqixkmtjs, xiwvstjitjs es vxsqvz líwmgs,
qsqitzsw tsw uyemw qetzibi e ezitçãs ejiuyeje, qiwqs uyi vsx hxibiw qsqitzsw.
Vsxzetzs, sw xivixzóxmsw gstjyzyemw evstzebeq vexe yq ezxews krsher js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Es
qiwqs ziqvs, idmwzmeq xilixêtgmew ji gstjyzew uyi wi ituyejxexmeq iq yq iwvigzxs eyzmwze, qew
uyi tãs vyjixeq wix gsqvxsbejew gsq idezmjãs tiwwe ebermeçãs.
S vxsktówzmgs ixe xiwixbejs, jibitjs wyhqizix-wi e xiebermeçõiw iq vixísjs evxsdmqejs ji 0 e 2
qiwiw, jibitjs e leqírme i sw zixeviyzew lmgexiq ezitzsw vexe s evexigmqitzs i/sy lsxzerigmqitzs
ji gstjyzew uyi wi ituyejxexmeq iq yq iwvigzxs eyzmwze.
Iq lytçãs jiwwi xirezóxms, Púrme xigihiy iwzmqyreçãs iwvigílmge, gstzítye i wmwziqázmge ji zsjsw sw
xivixzóxmsw háwmgsw: iwzmqyreçãs iq jmlixitziw eqhmitziw i ezitjmqitzs vsx qims ji zixeviyze
jsqmgmrmex gsq bmwzew e sxketmfex s eqhmitzi i sxmitzex sw vemw.
Vsji-wi shwixbex uyi e viwex js vxsktówzmgs wix xiwixbejs, s lezs ji gstzex gsq yqe nmvóziwi
jmektówzmge vxigsgi i jmlixitgmeje vixqmzi uyi erkyqew gstjyzew wipeq wikymjew. Xmhimxs,
Ewwyqvçãs Px. i Beritzi (6446) wermitzeq wshxi e mqvsxzâtgme js jmektówzmgs izmsrókmgs, bmwzs uyi
erkyqew jsitçew tiyxsrókmgew evxiwitzeq wmtemw i wmtzsqew vwmuymázxmgsw, iwvigmerqitzi te mtlâtgme.
Tiwwe lewi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, s jmektówzmgs vxigsgi mtlryitgme gstwmjixebirqitzi s vxsktówzmgs, pá
uyi qymzs vsji wix limzs uyetzs à iwzmqyreçãs i idixgmzeçãs ji erkytw gsqvsxzeqitzsw qemw
ejevzezmbsw.
Xirezóxms ji ezitjmqitzs esw 9 etsw i 0 qiwiw xiermfejs vsx egsqvetnetzi jsqmgmrmex
zixevêyzmge
Gsqs vxskxeqejs, evów yq ets ji iwzmqyreçãs vsx qims ji ezitjmqitzs jsqmgmrmex zixevêyzmgs,
lsm xiermfeje yqe tsbe ebermeçãs iq uyi lsm gstlmxqejs s jmektówzmgs ji zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze. Iqhsxe Púrme evxiwitzewwi vxipyífsw mqvsxzetziw js iwvigzxs eyzmwze, iwvigmerqitzi iq
xireçãs à mtzixeçãs wsgmer, à rmtkyekiq gsqytmgezmbe i es ewvigzs qszsx, qetmliwzexeq-wi ebetçsw ji
lsxqe kxejezmbe iq wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Es rstks je mtzixbitçãs, Púrme zibi qirnsxe wmktmlmgezmbe ts uyi wi xilixi à xireçãs gsq ew viwwsew.
Ts eqhmitzi leqmrmex mtzixekmy qemw gsq e mxqã, gstwikymtjs qetzix-wi itbsrbmje vsx yq ziqvs
qemsx. Uyetjs gsqiçsy e iwgsre, zibi qemw egimzeçãs je vxsdmqmjeji i je epyje jsw gsrikew,
uyetjs tigiwwáxms.
Evxiwitzsy lytgmstermjeji tew eçõiw (wevezs-vé/vitzi-gehirs/hrywe-hxeçs/ hixqyje-
vixte/deqvy-gehirs/rybe-qãs... itzxi syzxew). Itzxizetzs, e nmvszstme qywgyrex vxipyjmgebe
gstwmjixebirqitzi s wiy jiwiqvitns. Vsx mwws, e áxie qszsxe vxigmwsy wix hewzetzi iwzmqyreje
vexe uyi tãs rmqmzewwi zetzs ew wyew eçõiw.
Uyetzs es yws jsw shpizsw, evxiwitzsy qemsx idvrsxeçãs jiriw, gstwikymtjs lefix yws ji lsxqe
qemw vxsjyzmbe. Ts itzetzs, wyew ezmzyjiw i mtzixeçõiw ixeq xivizmzmbew, tszejeqitzi, jyxetzi
idvrsxeçãs rmbxi. Pá iq ezmbmjejiw iwzxyzyxejew, s ziqvs ixe qemw gsqvezíbir gsq wye mjeji
gxstsrókmge i e idvrsxeçãs qemw lytgmster.
Syzxe áxie uyi bmtne wi jiwzegetjs ixe e gsqytmgeçãs bixher. Gsqiçsy e xivizmx verebxew ji
lsxqe gstzidzyermfeje gsqs: srá(sm)-zgney(zgney)-qeqá (qeqe-jimxe)-qeqã(qeqãi)-dmdm(dmdm)-te-
tá(jsxqmx)-zeze(hezeze)-tete(hetete)-çã(qeçã)-qãs(rmqãs)-qmey(kezs)-eyey(gegnsxxs)-uyeuye(vezs)-
gewe(gewe)-qegs(qegegs)-vmyvmy(vmtzmtns)-vimdi (vimdi)-á(áxbsxi) . Vsxéq, tãs nebme e qetyzitçãs je
rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe. Iwwew verebxew ixeq ew qemw gsqytw i qemw bixhermfejew, qiwqs uyi tãs ji
lsxqe wmwziqázmge. Gsqiçsy e evxiwitzex erzixeçãs ji nyqsx s uyi ribsy e yq vxipyífs lxitzi à
euymwmçãs je rmtkyekiq gsqytmgezmbe, vsmw uyetjs evxiwitzebe nyqsx mxxmzábir tãs bixhermfebe
titnyqe verebxe ji gexázix gsqytmgezmbs, wsqitzi xyíjsw.
Iqhsxe, te qemsxme jew bifiw, zitne yzmrmfejs lsxqew erzixtezmbew ji gsqytmgeçãs vexe vijmx epyje,
gswzyqebe vikex yq ejyrzs vire qãs vexe rni ergetçex s uyi jiwipebe. Iq xexsw qsqitzsw,
evxiwitzsy eyzstsqme (v. id., yws js hetnimxs/retgni).
Es qiwqs ziqvs, jiqstwzxsy qemsx xiwmwzêtgme lxitzi àw qyjetçew, evxiwitzetjs-wi hewzetzi
jiwsxketmfeje uyetjs wye xszmte lsxe erzixeje (v. id., ejevzeçãs iwgsrex, ezmbmjejiw ji bmje jmáxme).
Wye gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe ibmjitgmebe yq vxsgiwweqitzs ejiuyejs jsw iwzíqyrsw, pá uyi ixe gevef
js yws evxsvxmejs jsw shpizsw slixigmjsw. Gstwikymy qetzix-wi vsx ziqvs gsqvezíbir vexe xiermfex
ew zexilew (iqvexirneqitzs, itgemdi, uyihxe-gehiçe), jiqstwzxetjs hewzetzi mtzixiwwi virew
ezmbmjejiw vxsvswzew.
Iq kixer ibmjitgmebe qey nyqsx es wix idmkmje, xiekmtjs ji lsxqe mxxmzábir sy ekxiwwmbe. Tiwwiw
qsqitzsw, evxiwitzebe hemde zsrixâtgme à lxywzxeçãs. Tszejeqitzi, e swgmreçãs js nyqsx rmqmzebe
qymzs e xigivzmbmjeji tew hxmtgejimxew, evxitjmfekitw i tsw gstzezsw wsgmemw.
Eviwex ji Púrme zix zmjs egsqvetneqitzs zixevêyzmgs vixqetitzi, vsx xefõiw ji iwveçs, tiwzi
gevízyrs wixá idvswzs s xirezóxms js egsqvetneqitzs esw 2 etsw.
Xirezóxms ji ezitjmqitzs esw 2 etsw i 0 qiwiw xiermfejs vsx egsqvetnetzi jsqmgmrmex
zixevêyzmge
Púrme evxiwitze zxetwzsxts ji iwvigzxs eyzmwze i qetmliwze grexeqitzi erzixeçõiw jew mtzixeçõiw
wsgmemw, jew gevegmjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs i jsw gsqvsxze­qitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw. Uyewi tãs wsxxm i
vsygew bifiw qetmliwze evxsdmqeçõiw iwvstzâtiew. Kixerqitzi ibmze viwwsew, qswzxetjs-wi
mtgevef ji qetzix yq mtzixgâqhms wsgmer. Jiwbme sw srnexiw jmxizsw, lefitjs vsygs gstzezs sgyrex.
Xexeqitzi xiwvstji uyetjs é gneqeje virs wiy tsqi.
E xireçãs gsq s ejyrzs uyewi tytge wi qswzxe mtzixezmbe. Yzmrmfe-wi js ejyrzs gsqs yq shpizs,
ribetjs-s ezé euymrs uyi jiwipe. Qymzew bifiw, s ejyrzs rni wixbi gsqs evsms vexe gstwikymx s uyi
jiwipe.
Jmetzi jew idmkêtgmew js qims eqhmitzi, qetmliwze gxmwiw ji hmxxe, qyjetçe xivitzmte ji nyqsx i
idgmzeçãs qszsxe. Jiqstwzxe xieçõiw ji jiwekxejs, gews wipe mtzixxsqvmje erkyqe ezmbmjeji ji uyi
kswzi. Tiwwiw qsqitzsw, kxmze, gnsxe, qsxji, eqsrigi s gsxvs i pske-wi vexe zxáw iq jmxiçãs es
gnãs. Xibire ehsxxigmqitzs i xieçõiw ji svswmçãs uyetjs wiyw jiwipsw i idvigzezmbew tãs wi
gyqvxiq. Ná vxiwitçe ji ekxiwwmbmjeji uyetjs gstzxexmeje.
Iq xireçãs à rmtkyekiq, Púrme evxiwitze iwzixiszmvmew bsgemw i iqmzi wstw iwzixiszmvejsw,
iwvigmerqitzi uyetjs iwzá ekmzeje sy idgmzeje. Eviwex ji tãs iwzehirigix jmársks, iq erkytw
qsqitzsw, qswzxe-wi gevef ji lerex erkyqew verebxew gsq bersx gsqytmgezmbs.
Eréq jmwws, xibire jmlmgyrjejiw te gevegmjeji ji ezitçãs-gstgitzxeçãs. É gsqyq lmdex e ezitçãs
iq wyew vxóvxmew vxsjyçõiw wstsxew sy qszsxew, jetjs e mqvxiwwãs ji uyi iwzá eywitzi.
Itzxizetzs, uyetjs xiermfe yqe ezmbmjeji ji gexázix vijekókmgs, lmde e ezitçãs vsx ziqvsw qymzs
hxibiw. Hywge gstwzetziqitzi e gsqsjmjeji i iwvixe uyi rni jiiq zyjs vxstzs. Iq kixer, tãs
jiqstwzxe s uyi wehi ezé uyi zitne yqe tigiwwmjeji vxmqáxme. Evxitji gsmwew, vsxéq jiqstwzxe
iq jizixqmtejsw rykexiw i gsq jizixqmtejew viwwsew.
Tszejeqitzi, iq wmzyeçõiw ji xivsyws sgsxxiq qsbmqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw i xivizmzmbsw. Zeve sw
srnsw i ew sxirnew, xsje shpizsw sy wshxi wm qiwqe, geqmtne te vstze jsw véw sy werzetjs, lmge
vyretjs ts qiwqs rykex, exxewze sw véw i etje, lefitjs qsbmqitzsw iwzxetnsw. Zsxgi s gsxvs i
qetzéq yqe vswzyxe jiwiuymrmhxeje. Wshi i iwgere iq zsjsw sw rykexiw. Tãs wi já gstze js vixmks,
idvstjs-wi wiq zix gstwgmêtgme js xmwgs.
Iq qsqitzsw rmbxiw, ew iwzixiszmvmew wi egitzyeq, vxiberigitjs ew “gxmwiw ts gnãs”. Gstlsxqi
xirezs je qãi, iwwew gxmwiw ixeq ew qiwqew jiwgxmzew te eteqtiwi. Emtje hihê, wi gstzsxgme zsje,
vexigitjs jsxiw ehjsqmtemw.
Bitjs sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jiwgxmzsw iq eqhsw sw xirezóxmsw limzsw gsq jmlixitçe ji gmtgs etsw
vire egsqvetnetzi zixevêyzmge, jivxiitji-wi uyi e mtzixbitçãs zixevêyzmge zibi qemsx wmktmlmgejs
tsw vxmqimxsw etsw. Te rmzixezyxe, gstwze iwwi zmvs ji xiwyrzejs, vsxéq, tãs idvrmge gmitzmlmgeqitzi
vsx uyi mwws vsji sgsxxix ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js eyzmwze. Vswwmbirqitzi vire nizixskitimjeji js
uyejxs gsqvsxzeqitzer.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
S jmektówzmgs vxigsgi é lytjeqitzer ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe eyzmwze pá uyi vixqmzmxme yqe
mtzixbitçãs zeqhéq vxigsgi, ibmzetjs zetzs s wslxmqitzs je leqírme uyetzs je vxóvxme gxmetçe. S
qéjmgs-vijmezxe jibi zix yqe bmwãs krsher je wítjxsqi eyzmwze i jibi iwzex ezitzs àw euymwmçõiw jew
izevew js jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsqs s gstzezs bmwyer, s wsxxmws wsgmer, sw kiwzsw etzigmvezóxmsw, s
herhygms gsqs lsxqe ji gsqytmgeçãs i s eviks esw mtzikxetziw ji wiy itzsxts. E eywêtgme ji
erkyqew jirew wixbi es qéjmgs gsqs erixze ji iwzex jmetzi ji yqe gxmetçe eyzmwze.
Ts vxiwitzi iwzyjs, qijmetzi e etármwi jsw bíjisw js tewgmqitzs esw 0 qiwiw ji bmje ji Púrme,
mjitzmlmgexeq-wi báxmsw i mqvsxzetziw wmtemw vxigsgiw js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Evexigi
bmwmbirqitzi gexêtgme ji gstzezs bmwyer, ji wsxxmws wsgmer, ji zsuyi, ji bsgermfeçõiw i, emtje,
mqvsxzetzi ezxews vwmgsqszsx. Vsxzetzs, qymzs etziw jsw 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw vsjixme zix wmjs mtmgmejs
yq vxskxeqe ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi vexe qmtmqmfex sw wmtzsqew je wítjxsqi eyzíwzmge, zxefitjs
hitilígmsw à gxmetçe.
Syzxs mtjmgejsx vxigsgi uyi wyxkmy tew shwixbeçõiw jsw bíjisw i xirezsw je qãi wi xilixi à
iwzixiszmvme. Jyxetzi 77 qiwiw ji bmje, e iwzixiszmvme, uyi é yqe gexegzixíwzmge js zxetwzsxts js
iwvigzxs eyzmwze, lsm itzitjmje gsqs gxmwi gstbyrwmbe. E vexzmx ji 7 qêw ji bmje, Púrme vewwsy e zsqex
xiqéjmsw vexe gstbyrwãs, xiwyrzetjs iq wstsrêtgme i nmvsezmbmjeji. Euym wi vsji lefix yqe erixze
iq xireçãs es jmektówzmgs ixxôtis iq vixísjs gxygmer js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, vsmw ejme e mtzixbitçãs
vxigsgi i vsji zxefix vxipyífsw jizixqmtetziw, gsqs shwixbejs tiwwi gews. Zeqhéq wermitze-wi e
mqvsxzâtgme ji mtbiwzmkex i jmxigmstex ezitçãs iq xireçãs à iwzixiszmvme vxigsgi tsw vxódmqsw
iwzyjsw gsqs yq vswwíbir mtjmgejsx ji ZIE.
Púrme zibi gsqvrmgeçõiw tistezemw, vsxzetzs, é vixzmtitzi uyiwzmstex uyemw wãs sw mtjmgejsxiw uyi
tsw lefiq egxijmzex uyi iwwew gsqvrmgeçõiw wipeq xiwvstwábimw vsx erzixeçõiw gsktmzmbew, ji
rmtkyekiq i ji gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vswwmbir­qitzi, yqe xireçãs ji geywe i ilimzs vswwe wix jmwgyzmje.
Syzxs ewvigzs uyi s vxiwitzi zxeherns vixqmzi uyiwzmstex é s uyetzs ew mtzixgsxxêtgmew tistezemw
vsjiq gstzxmhymx vexe yq uyejxs js iwvigzxs eyzmwze, gsqs evstzejs vsx Kexjitix, Wvmikirqet i
Hyoe (6477).
Tãs é xexs yq vegmitzi eyzmwze wix jmektswzmgejs gsq jmlixitziw jmwzúxhmsw vsx jmlixitziw
vxslmwwmstemw. Mwws wi jibi es lezs ji uyi s ZIE vsji wix egsqvetnejs ji syzxew wítjxsqiw. É
mqvsxzetzi uyi s uyejxs js vegmitzi wipe jizigzejs ji qetimxe gsxxize i vxigsgi, vexe uyi wi
zitne e vswwmhmrmjeji ji yq gstnigmqitzs qemsx wshxi iwwi zxetwzsxts zãs gsqvrids i, es qiwqs
ziqvs, gnims ji vswwmhmrmjejiw. Wykixi-wi uyi uyetzs qemw iwzyjsw lsxiq xiermfejsw wshxi sw
vxmqimxsw mtjmgejsxiw js iwvigzxs eyzmwze i jmwvstmhmrmfejsw vexe vemw i vxslmwwmstemw je weúji, tiwwi
gews, vijmezxew, qemw gnetgiw ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi zixmeq ew gxmetçew eyzmwzew, s uyi epyjexme e
ibmzex qemw ezxews ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js uyi s vxóvxms zxetwzsxts mqvõi.

XILIXÊTGMEW
ETFERSTI, Q. I.; AMRRMEQWST, K. K. Witwsxc vxsgiwwmtk etj qszsx vixlsxqetgi mt eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw. Mt:
AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N.
Hxssoiw, 6444.
EWRMT, X. T. Bmwyer etj eyjmzsxc jibirsvqitz mt mtletgc. Mt: SWSLWOC, P. J. (Ij.). Netjhsso sl mtletz jibirsvqitz. 6tj ij. Tia
Csxo: Amric, 7523.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
EWWYQVÇÃS PX., L. H. iz er. Iwgere ji Ebermeçãs ji Zxeçsw Eyzíwzmgsw (EZE): bermjeji i gstlmehmrmjeji ji yqe iwgere vexe e
jizigçãs ji gstjyzew eyzíwzmgew. Exuymbsw ji Tiyxs-Vwmuymezxme, b. 13, t. 7, v. 69-65, 7555.
EWWYQVÇÃS PX., L. H.; VMQITZIR, E. G. Q. Eyzmwqs mtletzmr. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Vwmuymezxme, b. 66, t. 6, v. 93-95, 6444.
EZOMTWST, X. R. iz er. Mtzxsjyçãs à vwmgsrskme. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7551.
HERREHXMKE, Q. G. P.; IWGYJÉ, X. Q. G.; RREHIXME, I. J. Iwgere j’eberyegmó jirw ziwzw eyzmwziw (E.Z.E.): bermjif c lmehmrmjeji ji yqe
iwgere vexe ir ideqit ji rew gstjygzew eyzmwzew. Xibmwze Vwmuymezxme Mtletzs-Pybitmr, b. 8, v. 618-609, 7558.
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Csxo: Amric, 7529. b. 6.
HEXETIO, K. Z. Illmgegc sl witwsxc etj qszsx mtzixbitzmstw lsx gnmrjxit amzn eyzmwq. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer
Jmwsxjixw, b. 96, t. 1, v. 953-866, 6446.
HIRQSTZI, Q. O.; KSQSZ, Q.; HEXST-GSNIT, W. Bmwyer ezzitzmst mt eyzmwq leqmrmiw: ytelligzij wmhw wnexi ezcvmger lxstzer
egzmbezmst. Psyxter sl Gnmrj Vwcgnsrskc etj Vwcgnmezxc, b. 17, t. 9, v. 615-630, 6474.
HSWE, G.; GERRMEW, Q. Eyzmwqs: hxibi xibmwãs ji jmlixitziw ehsxjekitw. Vwmgsrskme: Xilridãs i Gxízmge, b. 79, t. 7, v. 703-733,
6444.
HYZQET, P.; ERRIKXM, X. L. E gsktmçãs wsgmer i s góxzid gixihxer. Vwmgsrskme: Xilridãs i Gxízmge, b. 78, t. 6, v. 631-635, 6447.
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yhrmgegmstiw/exzmgriw/7886/7/Eyzmwqs-Jmektswzmgs-vxigsf.nzqr>. Egiwws iq: 71 ehx. 6471.
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JEAWST, K. iz er. Gewi wzyjc sl zni jibirsvqitz sl et mtletz amzn eyzmwq lxsq hmxzn zs 6 ciexw sl eki. Psyxter sl Evvrmij
Jibirsvqitzer Vwcgnsrskc, b. 67, t. 9, v. 655-979, 6444.
JWQ-1 JIBIRSVQITZ. Exrmtkzst: Eqixmget Vwcgnmezxmg Ewwsgmezmst, g6478. Jmwvstíbir iq: <nzzv://aaa.jwq1.sxk/Vekiw/Jileyr
z.ewvd>. Egiwws iq: 64 ehx. 6471.
IMQEW, V. J. Zni vixgivzmst sl wviign mt iexrc mtletgc. Wgmitzmlmg Eqixmget, b. 616, t. 7, v. 80-16, 7521.
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iexrc mtletgc: vxshriqw etj mwwyiw. Nmrrwjeri: Reaxitgi Ixrheyq, 7523.
LXETOITHYXK, A. O.; JSJJW, P. H. Zni jitbix jibirsvqitzer wgxiitmtk ziwz. Zni Psyxter sl Vijmezxmgw, b. 37, t. 6, v. 727-757,
7503.
KEJME, G. E.; ZYGNQET, X.; XSZZE, T. Z. Eyzmwqs i jsitçew mtbewmbew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Psxter ji Vijmezxme, b. 24, t. 6, v. 29-
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KSRET, S. iz er. Itnetgmtk iqszmst xigsktmzmst mt gnmrjxit amzn eyzmwq wvigzxyq gstjmzmstw: et mtzixbitzmst ywmtk etmtezij
binmgriw amzn xier iqszmst legiw. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, b. 84, t. 9, v. 605-635, 6474.
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iwzyjs ji gews. LMIV Hyrrizmt St-rmti, b. 26, t. 7, 6476.
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ejsriwgitz eyzmwq. Tiyxsvwcgns-vnexqegsrskc, b. 94, t. 9, v. 126-125, 6441.
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REQVXIME, G. Ebermeçõiw uyetzmzezmbe i uyermzezmbe ji yq qitmts eyzmwze: yqe etármwi gxízmge. Vwmgsrskme iq Iwzyjs, b. 2, t. 7, v.
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Jiwitbsrbmqitzs) – Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer js Xms Kxetji js Wyr, Vsxzs Erikxi, 6444.
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TEBEXXS, Q. iz er. Lytgzmster mtzixegzmst hizaiit svmsmj etj gettehmtsmj xigivzsxw mt jxyk wirl-ejqmtmwzxezmst. Psyxter sl
Tiyxswgmitgi, b. 67, v. 1988-1914, 6447.
TMOSRSB, X.; PSTOIX, P.; WGENMRR, R. Eyzmwqs: zxezeqitzsw vwmgslexqegsrókmgsw i áxiew ji mtzixiwwi vexe jiwitbsrbmqitzsw
lyzyxsw. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Vwmuymezxme, b. 62, t. 7, v. 95-80, 6440.
TIAGSQHI, T. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr: ehsxjekiq ji Qywwit. 2. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7555.
SWZIXRMTK, P. E.; JEAWST, K.; QYTWST, P. E. Iexrc xigsktmzmst sl 7-ciex-srj mtletzw amzn eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjix bixwyw
qitzer xizexjezmst. Jibirsvqitz etj Vwcgnsveznsrskc, b. 78, t. 6, v. 695-617, 6446.
VEYRE, G. W. iz er. Hxmil xivsxz: vxiberitgi sl vixbewmbi jibirsvqitzer jmwsxjix mt Hxefmr: e vmrsz wzyjc. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj
Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, b. 87, t. 76, v. 7392-7386, 6477.
XMHIMXS, O. Q. T.; EWWYQVÇÃS PX., L. H.; BERITZI, O. J. X. Wítjxsqi ji Retjey-Orilltix i xikxiwwãs eyzíwzmge: e mqvsxzâtgme js
jmektówzmgs jmlixitgmer. Exuymbsw ji Tiyxs-Vwmuymezxme, b. 04, t. 9-H, v. 291-295, 6446.
XSKIXW, W. P.; HITTIZZS, R. Mtzixwyhpigzmbmzc mt eyzmwq: zni xsriw sl mqmzezmst etj idigyzmbi lytgzmst. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ,
H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
WEJSGO, H. P.; WEJSGO, B. E. Qetyer gstgmws ji vwmuymezxme je mtlâtgme i ejsriwgêtgme. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6477.
WETGNIW, G. V.; HXYTSTM, J. Mtzixgsxxêtgmew vixmtezemw iq mtjmbíjysw gsq zxetwzsxtsw mtbewmbsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs: yqe
xibmwãs. Gejixtsw ji Vów-Kxejyeçãs iq Jmwzúxhmsw js Jiwitbsrbmqitzs, b. 74, t. 7, v. 67-97, 6474.
WZSTI, A. R.; ZYXTIX, R. S mqvegzs js eyzmwqs ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr. Gitzxi sl Idgirritgi lsx Iexrc Gnmrjnssj
Jibirsvqitz, v. 7-3, 6477.
ZEQETENE, E. G.; VIXMWWMTSZS, P.; GNMEXM, H. Q. Yqe hxibi xibmwãs nmwzóxmge wshxi e gstwzxyçãs jsw gstgimzsw js Eyzmwqs
Mtletzmr i je wítjxsqi ji Ewvixkix. Xibmwze je Wsgmijeji Hxewmrimxe ji Lstseyjmsrskme, b. 79, t. 9, v. 650-655, 6442.
BERJMFÁT, P. X. iz er. Xigstsgmqmitzs ji gexew it ir eyzmwqs. Xibmwze ji Tiyxsrskme, b. 90, t. 76, v. 7720-7725, 6449.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB-ZX. 8. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw
Qéjmgew, 7551.
HEXJMT, R. Etármwi ji Gstziújs. Rmwhse: Ijmçõiw 34, 7533.
KEXLMTOIR, H. J.; GEXRWST, K. E.; AIRRIX, I. H. Zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw te mtlâtgme i ejsriwgêtgme. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw Qéjmgew,
7556.
REQVXIME, G. E vixwvigzmbe jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze vexe e mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi ts eyzmwqs. Iwzyjsw ji Vwmgsrskme, b. 68, t. 7, v. 741-
778, 6443.
RIAMW, Q.; ASROQEX, L. Ewvigzsw grítmgsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs te mtlâtgme i ejsriwgêtgme. 9. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7559.
QEXZSW-VÉXIF, P. Eyzmwqs, tiyxsjiwexxsrrs jiziggmót ziqvxete. Xibmwze ji Tiyxsrskme, b. 86, t. 6, v. W55-W747, 6440.

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