Esta página foi obtida através do recurso de impressão,

disponível na Biblioteca A. Uso restrito a usuários com acesso a

plataforma. Todos direitos reservados ao Grupo A
(https://grupoa.com.br/)

Wshxi s evxitjix i wyew xireçõiw: mtzixlegiw itzxi

tiyxsrskme, vwmgsrskme i vwmgsvijekskme
7
GÉWEX EYKYWZS HXMJM LMRNS I LEHMETI XSQETS JI WSYFE HXMJM

WSHXI S GEQVS JE EVXITJMFEKIQ

Gstwmjixetjs e evxitjmfekiq gsqs iriqitzs gitzxer uyi yti jmlixitziw geqvsw js
gstnigmqitzs, iwzi gevízyrs wi vxsvõi e vitwex i vxshriqezmfex ew xireçõiw gstwzmzymtziw je
tiyxsrskme, je vwmgsrskme i je vwmgsvijekskme ts uyi zetki es evxitjix nyqets. Ji uyi lsxqe
iwwew zxêw áxiew wi xiregmsteq, wi mtlryitgmeq i wi gstwzmzyiq? Gsqs mtzixbitçõiw zixevêyzmgew ts
geqvs je vwmgsvijekskme vsjiq erzixex e iwzxyzyxe i s lytgmsteqitzs tiyxsrókmgs? Gsqs sw
ewvigzsw tiyxsrókmgsw jizixqmteq sw iriqitzsw vwmgsrókmgsw uyi gexegzixmfeq s ezs ji evxitjix?
S rykex gitzxer je evxitjmfekiq ts âqhmzs jew jmlixitziw jmwgmvrmtew bmtgyre-wi à mqvsxzâtgme js
evxitjix iq tswwe gyrzyxe, yqe bif uyi zsjsw tigiwwmzeq gyqvxmx gsq êdmzs iwwe eçãs. S
mqvixezmbs je evxitjmfekiq te ezyermjeji wi zxejyf te shxmkezsxmijeji je iwgsrexmfeçãs i te
evxsvxmeçãs js gstnigmqitzs wmwziqezmfejs, qetmliwzejs vxmtgmverqitzi vsx qims jew nehmrmjejiw
gsqs e rimzyxe, e iwgxmze i s gárgyrs. Nmwzsxmgeqitzi, e idvetwãs je iwgsrexmfeçãs zxsydi yq srnex
qemw ezitzs esw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq, wiyw iriqitzsw gstwzmzyzmbsw, wiyw lezsxiw
mtzixbitmitziw, hiq gsqs àw jmlmgyrjejiw vxsjyfmjew, gsrehsxetjs zeqhéq vexe e gstwzmzymçãs js
vxóvxms geqvs uyi nspi jitsqmteqsw ji “jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq”.
S mqvswmzmbs je evxitjmfekiq wmwziqezmfeje e zsjsw sw wypimzsw biq egsqvetnejs ji yqe
gsqvxiitwãs eqvrmeje ji evxitjmfekiq gstwmjixetjs-e gsqs yq iriqitzs vxiwitzi es rstks ji
zsje e bmje. Tiwwi witzmjs, iwzyjsw qemw xigitziw, gsqs sw ji Ywnix (6479), Oiket (6479) i Qifmxsa
(6479), mtzxsjyfmxeq qsjirsw idvrmgezmbsw, ehsxjekitw i gstgimzsw bmtgyrejsw à evxitjmfekiq te
bmje ejyrze i vxslmwwmster.
Vexe Qezyxete i Bexire (6441), wsh e vxiqmwwe ji uyi “bmbix é gstnigix i gstnigix é bmbix”, e bmje
evxiwitze-wi gsqs gstjmçãs tigiwwáxme i, es qiwqs ziqvs, wylmgmitzi vexe s evxitjix. Tiwwe
vixwvigzmbe, e evxitjmfekiq é yq iriqitzs mtzxítwigs à gstjmçãs nyqete. Evxitjiqsw e zsjs s
qsqitzs, iq yq vxsgiwws ji mtzixeçãs vixqetitzi gsq s qims, qetmliwzetjs jmlixitziw tíbimw ji
gsqvridmjeji xilixitziw es gstnigmqitzs gstwzxyíjs.
Nmwzsxmgeqitzi, sw ewvigzsw qéjmgsw, iq iwvigmer sw iriqitzsw tiyxsrókmgsw, idixgixeq kxetji
mtlryêtgme te hywge ji geywew i js itzitjmqitzs wshxi e evxitjmfekiq i wyew jmlmgyrjejiw. Ew
vxmqimxew mtgyxwõiw jigsxxiq jsw iwzyjsw ji Lxetf Pswivn Kerr (7312-7262), vsx bsrze ji 7244. Iwwi
qéjmgs lxitsrskmwze jijmgsy-wi e mtbiwzmkex ejyrzsw gsq riwõiw gixihxemw ejuymxmjew uyi
qetmliwzebeq erzixeçõiw te lere i te gevegmjeji ji idvxiwwex mjimew i witzmqitzsw, eviwex jew
lytçõiw mtzirigzyemw vxiwixbejew (GXYF, 7555; KEXGME, 7552).
Vewwejsw qemw ji 744 etsw jiwji ew gstzxmhymçõiw ji Kerr, Eridetjix Ryxme (7546-7533)
xibsrygmste e gsqvxiitwãs wshxi sw vxsgiwwsw tiyxsrókmgsw zxefitjs à gite s gstgimzs ji
vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer jixmbejs vxmtgmverqitzi ji wiyw iwzyjsw gsq vegmitziw riwmstejsw jyxetzi e
Wikytje Kyixxe Qytjmer.
Ryxme idvrsxe s géxihxs gsqs yq wmwziqe hmsrókmgs ehixzs, iq gstwzetzi mtzixeçãs gsq s qims líwmgs i wsgmer
iq uyi s wypimzs iwzá mtwixmjs. Jiwzege-wi eí s gstgimzs ji vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer, mwzs é, e mjime ji uyi ew
 lytçõiw qitzemw wyvixmsxiw, zmvmgeqitzi nyqetew, wãs gstwzxyíjew es rstks je ibsryçãs je iwvégmi, je
nmwzóxme wsgmer js nsqiq i js jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji geje wypimzs. (SRMBIMXE; XIKS, 6474, v. 777).
Ryxme vexigi gstgitzxex iq wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme egejêqmge i vxslmwwmster e vswwmhmrmjeji ji
exzmgyrex jmlixitziw geqvsw js wehix te hywge je gsqvxiitwãs wshxi s lytgmsteqitzs nyqets,
qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi es uyi wi xilixi àw lytçõiw nyqetew qemw irehsxejew i/sy wyvixmsxiw. Ryxme
zxezsy s géxihxs gsqs yqe iwzxyzyxe uyi evxiwitzebe áxiew vexe lytgmsteqitzsw iwvigílmgsw, gsqs
evstzebeq wiyw etzigiwwsxiw, qew mtzxsjyf e mjime ji uyi s géxihxs vsjixme wix yq wmwziqe eqvrs
i mtzixrmkejs, uyi, vsx qims ji yqe xireçãs gsqvride, vsxéq shpizmbe, wixme gevef ji ekmx ytmtjs ew
jmlixitziw áxiew wmqyrzetieqitzi. E gsxxireçãs itzxi áxiew gixihxemw, uyi qiwgre e mjime ji
iwvigmlmgmjeji, qew zeqhéq e mjime ji mtzixezmbmjeji, vixqmzi yq ebetçs te gsqvxiitwãs jsw
gstgimzsw ezyemw ji vrewzmgmjeji i evxitjmfekiq gsqs gstgihiqsw ezyerqitzi.
Yqe vxmqimxe jilmtmçãs jew jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq lsm vxsvswze virs vwmgórsks Weqyir Omxo
(7548-7550) gsq s mtzymzs ji jiwrsgex e ehsxjekiq sxketmgmwze uyi vsygs gsrehsxebe vexe e
gsqvxiitwãs i e mtzixbitçãs ts âqhmzs ijygegmster. Tiwwi vixísjs, ew gxmetçew gsq jmlmgyrjejiw ji
evxitjmfekiq ixeq jmektswzmgejew gsq riwãs gixihxer sy jmwlytçãs gixihxer qítmqe. Omxo vxsvôw s
zixqs jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq vexe jiwmktex erzixeçõiw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq, je
lere, je rimzyxe i jew nehmrmjejiw gsqytmgezmbew uyi gsqvxsqiziwwiq e mtzixeçãs wsgmer ji gxmetçew,
idgrymtjs, jiwwi kxyvs, gxmetçew gsq jilmgmêtgmew witwsxmemw i gsq ezxewsw qitzemw. Jiwwe lsxqe, Omxo
iwzehirigi sw wikymtziw gxmzéxmsw vexe e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji gxmetçew gsq jmlmgyrjejiw te evxitjmfekiq:
7s) qswzxebeq yqe jmwgxivâtgme itzxi s wiy vszitgmer ji evxitjmfekiq i s ji idigyçãs; 6s) s ezxews
egejêqmgs tãs wi jibme e syzxew jilmgmêtgmew witwsxmemw; 9s) tãs zmtneq evxitjmjs virsw qézsjsw ywyemw i uyi
tigiwwmzebeq ji qézsjsw iwvigmemw ji mtwzxyçãs. (GXYF, 7555, v. 94).
Vexe Lrizgnix iz er. (6445), e mjime sxmkmter vxsvswze vsx Omxo, iq 7509, xilixi yq kxyvs ji gxmetçew
uyi evxiwitzebeq
[...] nehmrmjejiw witwsxmemw mtzegzew, mtzirmkêtgme ejiuyeje, eywêtgme ji jmlmgyrjejiw iqsgmstemw uyi mtzixlmxeq
te evxitjmfekiq i yqe svsxzytmjeji ejiuyeje vexe evxitjix [...] Ewwmq s hemds jiwiqvitns é mtiwvixejs.
(LRIZGNIX iz er., 6445, v. 72).
Jiwji e jégeje ji 7504 ezé sw jmew ezyemw, s geqvs ziq vewwejs vsx xibmwõiw gstgimzyemw i
grewwmlmgezóxmew uyi itbsrbiq, vexe erkytw eyzsxiw hxewmrimxsw (QSSPIQ, 6448; QSSPIQ; LXETÇE,
6440), e jmwzmtçãs itzxi jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq i zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq. Vsxéq, iwwiw
wãs ewvigzsw uyi gstzmtyeq qixigitjs e ezitçãs mtbiwzmkezmbe ts witzmjs ji ebetçexqsw uyetzs àw
lsxqew ji tsqiex i grewwmlmgex iwwi bewzs geqvs.  
Vexe Wzixthixk i Kxmksxitos (6449), ew jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq xivxiwitzeq yq vxsgiwws
mtzixegmster itzxi s mtjmbíjys i s eqhmitzi. Tiwwi witzmjs, sw eyzsxiw xipimzeq yqe gsqvxiitwãs
etgsxeje idgrywmbeqitzi iq iriqitzsw mtzxítwigsw, gsqs zeqhéq xiryzeq iq egimzex ehsxjekitw
gitzxejew ytmgeqitzi iq iriqitzsw idzxítwigsw. Vexe sw eyzsxiw, ew “[...] gexegzixíwzmgew mtzxítwigew
mtzixekiq gsq ew idzxítwigew i egeheq kixetjs gxmetçew gsq jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq”
(WZIXTHIXK; KXMKSXITOS, 6449, v. 90).
Iq rmtnew kixemw, Lrizgnix iz er. (6445), es wi xilixmx esw zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq, mtjmgeq uyi
wye qetmliwzeçãs xivxiwitze lxekmrmjejiw iq nehmrmjejiw egejêqmgew iwvigílmgew, gsqs
xigstnigmqitzs ji verebxew, gsqvxiitwãs rimzsxe, lryêtgme rimzsxe, gárgyrs i/sy xiwsryçãs ji
vxshriqew qeziqázmgsw i idvxiwwãs iwgxmze. Sw xilixmjsw eyzsxiw zêq jilitjmjs yq qsjirs níhxmjs
ji mjitzmlmgeçãs uyi itbsrbi zxêw gsqvstitziw:
(7) yqe xiwvswze mtejiuyeje à mtwzxyçãs evxsvxmeje; (6) hemds jiwiqvitns iq rimzyxe, iq qeziqázmge i/sy
iq idvxiwwãs iwgxmze; i (9) ibmjêtgmew ji uyi syzxsw lezsxiw (v. id., zxetwzsxtsw witwsxmemw, xizexjs qitzer,
vxslmgmêtgme rmqmzeje te rítkye ji mtwzxyçãs, mtwzxyçãs mtejiuyeje) tãs wipeq e vxmtgmver geywe js hemds
jiwiqvitns. (LRIZGNIX iz er., 6445, v. 75).
Eviwex je zitzezmbe ji gstgimzyeçãs i mjitzmlmgeçãs hewiejew iq ibmjêtgmew gmitzílmgew, é
mqvsxzetzi xigstnigix tswwe xiwvstwehmrmjeji gsqs vxslmwwmstemw je áxie, jmetzi je tigiwwmjeji ji
ebetçsw ts uyi zetki es jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji viwuymwew i à eqvrmeçãs js jihezi, vexe uyi
vswweqsw uyermlmgex s jmwgyxws, e gsqvxiitwãs i e mtzixbitçãs ts geqvs jew jmlmgyrjejiw ji
evxitjmfekiq.
Te hywge ji gsqvxiitjix s evxitjix nyqets, vexigi-tsw tigiwwáxme e vixkytze wshxi gsqs sw
jmlixitziw geqvsw gmitzílmgsw gstbixweq itzxi wm, wi mtlryitgmeq i wi jizixqmteq xigmvxsgeqitzi.
Iq uyi qijmje sw iriqitzsw tiyxsrókmgsw iwzxyzyxemw i lytgmstemw elizeq ewvigzsw vwmgsrókmgsw i sw
vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq nyqete? Ji uyi lsxqe sw lezsxiw vwmgsrókmgsw vxsbsgeq erzixeçõiw ts
wmwziqe tiyxsrókmgs i te evxitjmfekiq? Gsqs e evxitjmfekiq xigstlmkyxe e iwzxyzyxe i s
lytgmsteqitzs tiyxsrókmgs, hiq gsqs xijmqitwmste sw vxsgiwwsw vwmgsrókmgsw?
 WSHXI JIWITBSRBMQITZS I EVXITJMFEKIQ
Es vitwexqsw e gstidãs vswwíbir itzxi tiyxsrskme i jiwitbsrbmqitzs, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi
jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs, jibiqsw vitwex uyi s vxóvxms jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsrókmgs wó é
vswwíbir vsx qims je gstidãs js wmwziqe tiyxer gsq s eqhmitzi. E iwwe gstidãs jeqsw s tsqi ji
evxitjmfekiq.
Lxyzs je mtzixeçãs tiyxs-hmsrókmge-kitézmge gsq s eqhmitzi, sw vxsgiwwsw mtzixezmbsw idmkiq yqe
qsjmlmgehmrmjeji gstwzetzi js wypimzs gsqs yq zsjs. Ji qsjs eqvrs, vsjiqsw mqekmtex uyi s uyi
é vxibmwzs kitizmgeqitzi é yqe gstjmçãs ji lyzyxs jiwitbsrbmqitzs, ji yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji
mtgxiqitzs jitzxs ji yq wmwziqe vxmqmzmbeqitzi iwzehirigmjs. É vswwíbir elmxqex uyi titnyq
wmwziqe é gevef ji yq jiwitbsrbmqitzs wiq uyi nepe zxsgew gsq s eqhmitzi stji iwzá mtwixmjs.
Qiwqs iq wmzyeçõiw iq uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs é mtgsqvrizs sy mtzixxsqvmjs, s wmwziqe xiwzetzi
sy vexgmerqitzi jiwitbsrbmjs xieki es qims i evxiwitze gexegzixíwzmgew vxóvxmew, geqmtnsw vxóvxmsw
ji idvxiwwãs. Ezyerqitzi é mqvswwíbir mqekmtex s geqvs je tiyxsrskme gsqs yq geqvs mwsrejs sy
ernims àw idgiwwmbew iwzmqyreçõiw e uyi uyeruyix yq é wyhqizmjs gszmjmeteqitzi. E mjime wikxikeje
gsxvs-qitzi jsw kxiksw te Etzmkymjeji eksxe xivxiwitze ew vstzew mtzixrmkejew js wmwziqe
mtzixezmbs i xiregmster js líwmgs i js gsktmzmbs, i e iwwe xireçãs gneqeqsw evxitjmfekiq. Js qiwqs
qsjs uyi s líwmgs vxigmwe ji iwzmqyreçõiw, gstlrmzsw i iqheziw gsq s qims vexe, e vexzmx ji yqe
tigiwwmjeji ji wshxibmbêtgme sy idvxiwwãs, wi jiwitbsrbix, s vxsgiwws gsktmzmbs (uyi mtgryiq sw
vxsgiwwsw qitzemw i ew evxitjmfekitw) tigiwwmze uyi s gsxvs iwzipe iq gstwzetzi zxetwlsxqeçãs
vexe ketnex eqvrmzyji i wi idvetjmx.
S gstgimzs ji vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer tsw qswzxe uyi tãs é idgrywmbeqitzi iq mtzixbitçõiw líwmgew
sy qijmgeqitzswew uyi s gsxvs bem wi ejevzex àw tsbew idmkêtgmew js qims. Wi iwwew mtzixvswmçõiw
es gsxvs s eydmrmexiq, wixá vire mtzixeçãs gsq s qims stji s wypimzs iwzá mtwixmjs. Qijmgeçõiw
jibiq iwzex e wixbmçs je vszitgmermfeçãs je mtzixeçãs js gsxvs líwmgs gsq s eqhmitzi i te qijmeçãs
je gevegmjeji ji evxitjix. Wikytjs Qywoez (6440), e vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer é qyrzmjmqitwmster, yq
vxsgiwws jmtâqmgs uyi iwzehirigi yqe xireçãs itzxi iwzxyzyxe i lytçãs: e vrewzmgmjeji ezye ts tíbir
tiyxsuyíqmgs, nijsrókmgs i gsqvsxzeqitzer. Ts vxmqimxs, e mtzixeçãs gsq s qims é gevef ji
eydmrmex, pytzs gsq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs i s gxiwgmqitzs vxibmwzsw e geje izeve js wypimzs, te
qsjmlmgeçãs ji tiyxszxetwqmwwsxiw i tiyxsqsjyrejsxiw. Ewwmq, gstlsxqi ew idmkêtgmew js qims,
tsbew mtzixeçõiw tiyxsuyíqmgew sgsxxiq sy jimdeq ji sgsxxix, gsqs lsxqe ji ejevzeçãs je
iwzxyzyxe js wmwziqe tixbsws gsq s eqhmitzi. E gstjmçãs nijsrókmge xilixi-wi esw jmlixitziw
vejxõiw ji wmtevwi i à xiji ezmbe ji wmtevwiw, i s ewvigzs gsqvsxzeqitzer iwzá rmkejs à xiwsryçãs
ji vxshriqew te mtzixeçãs gsq s qims.
Iwzyjsw gsqs s ji Tetmtgo, Rygewwit i Osxswm (6471) evstzeq uyi e xireçãs uyi wi iwzehirigi
itzxi e qãi i e gxmetçe ts vixísjs vixmtezer elize s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gixihxer i gsqvsxzeqitzer je
gxmetçe. Iwwi iwzyjs gmze ew gstzxmhymçõiw ji Bet Newwir iz er. (6476) i Heksz iz er. (6445 evyj
TETMTGO; RYGEWWIT; OSXSWM, 6471), tew uyemw ná xilixêtgme à bexmeçãs js tíbir ji gymjejs xigihmjs
tiwwi vixísjs gsq ew xiwvswzew es iwzxiwwi i àw lytçõiw gsktmzmbew zexjmew. Uyetzs qemsx e ekxiwwãs
(tãs gymjejs), vmsxiw ew xiwvswzew i s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vswzixmsx. Egxijmze-wi uyi iwwe xiwvswze js
qims é gevef ji ezyex vrewzmgeqitzi ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs gixihxer, jmqmtymtjs e gevegmjeji ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs wezmwlezóxms vswzixmsxqitzi. Iwwe mtzix-xireçãs iwzá vxiwitzi iq zsjs s tswws
gszmjmets. E geje eçãs sy mtzitçãs ji eçãs, sw wmwziqew líwmgs i gsktmzmbs, ji qsjs mtjmwwsgmábir i
itzxireçejsw, itzxeq iq lytgmsteqitzs wmqyrzâtis, yzmrmfetjs e hekekiq pá ejuymxmje i retçetjs-wi
e tsbsw jiwelmsw vexe s tsbs ezs.
S eqhmitzi uyi egsrni i jiwelme é e hewi ji mtlryêtgme js mtvyz, ewwmq gsqs e wye gstwzâtgme i
xivizmçãs idixgiq ilimzsw tew sxketmfeçõiw i iwzxyzyxew gsxzmgemw, eqvrmetjs e vszitgmermjeji ji
gxiwgmqitzs je exhsxmfeçãs jitzxízmge. É wehmjs uyi ná yqe qemsx idvetwãs je tiyxsvrewzmgmjeji
tsw qiwiw mtmgmemw ji bmje, qew iwwi vxsgiwws tãs wi mtzixxsqvi vsx zsjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs
qezyxegmster tiq qiwqs te bmje ejyrze. Gstgimzsw gsqs vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer iwzãs rmkejsw es ji
xisxketmfeçãs lytgmster uyetjs ezxirejsw es iwveçs ji evxitjmfekiq. S jiwelms wi evxiwitze es
geqvs ji evxitjmfekiq, te qijmje iq uyi vxsgyxeqsw uyemw sw geqmtnsw e wixiq vixgsxxmjsw i
uyi ezmtpeq ji lsxqe ilizmbe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs krsher js wypimzs. E iwzmqyreçãs vixqetitzi tãs é
lxyzs evitew ji vxsgiwwsw lsxqemw ji iwgsrexmfeçãs sy iwzmqyreçãs, wiuyix ji evitew idixgígmsw
xivizmzmbsw js gsxvs sy js evxitjix. É yq vxsgiwws gstzítys, ts uyer iriqitzsw i gsqvsxzeqitzsw
gszmjmetsw, vixqetitziqitzi evxiwitzejsw i idmkmjsw, iwzmqyreq e gsqvridmjeji xiregmster i
mtzixezmbe.
Sw vxsgiwwsw uyi jiwgxibiqsw es rstks jiwzi iwzyjs xivxiwitzeq evitew yqe vexzi – yqe vexzi
uyi lif jmlixitçe i gxmsy tsbsw wmktmlmgejsw tew iwzxyzyxew gsktmzmbew – ji zsjs yq vxsgiwws i yq
srnex mtzixbitzmbs. E kxetji gexegzixíwzmge lsm zix xsqvmjs gsq e rmtiexmjeji gsq uyi iwwiw gsxvsw
gsktmzmbsw ixeq jiwitbsrbmjsw i gstwzxyíjsw. Iq qymzew wmzyeçõiw, s uyi wi vixgihi é e jiwgxmçãs ji
yqe tsbe lsxqe ji mtzixeçãs, uyi gsrsge zsjs s wmwziqe iq gxmwi, te hywge ji yqe tsbe wsryçãs.
Wehiqsw uyi s wmwziqe ríqhmgs, gstwzmzyíjs virsw óxkãsw uyi xikyreq ew lytçõiw qemw vxmqmzmbew
eréq jsw tswwsw óxkãsw js witzmjs, xikyre ew iqsçõiw i zeqhéq iwzá xiregmstejs gsq ew
evxitjmfekitw. Mwws xilsxçe e mjime ji uyi, qiwqs tew mtwzâtgmew vxmqáxmew, s vxsgiwws ji
evxitjmfekiq gstwzmzym yqe lstzi ji xikmwzxs, vswwmhmrmzetjs ew zxsgew gsq s qims i xikmwzxetjs ew
mqvxiwwõiw js qims wshxi s wmwziqe.
S wmwziqe gsqs yq zsjs iwzá vxibmwzs stzskitizmgeqitzi, vsxéq qymzsw wãs sw mtzixgyxwsw uyi
vsjiq mtzixlixmx tiwwi vxsgiwws, zetzs wshxi s ewvigzs shpizmbs sy líwmgs, gsqs tsw qúrzmvrsw
ewvigzsw wyhpizmbsw e uyi wsqsw evxiwitzejsw jiwji etziw js tswws tewgmqitzs. Mwws elize tswws
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i, gstwiuyitziqitzi, tswwe lsxqe ji ehwsxbix s qytjs i ji gsrsgexqsw s tswws
jiwitbsrbmqitzs iq vrits lytgmsteqitzs. Wsh s ewvigzs qemw lsxqer je evxitjmfekiq, e
mtgsqvrizyji ji yq vxsgiwws iwvixejs ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs vsji wix bmwze gsqs yq vxshriqe sy
yqe jmlmgyrjeji, qymzew bifiw ketnetjs gstzsxtsw sy tsqitgrezyxew vxóvxmew ew uyemw
jitsqmteqsw gsqs jmektówzmgsw. É yqe lsxqe ji jirmqmzex i xigstnigix ew izevew ji
lytgmsteqitzs uyi emtje tãs gsxxiwvstjiq, uyix virs ziqvs uyix vire iwzxyzyxe, es iwvixejs
jitzxs jeuyire izeve ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs.

WSHXI E XIJI WYHPIZMBE UYI ITBSRBI S GSXVS

E gstwzmzymçãs líwmge wixbi gsqs yq hermfejsx js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Ná yqe vxibmwãs kitixermfeje
uyi ezxebiwwe geje wix te idvigzezmbe ji wix gyqvxmje. Wsh yqe bmwãs qegxswgóvmge, yqe kxetji
vexzi je vsvyreçãs gxyfe iwwe rmtne ji lsxqe wmqmrex, gxmetjs e mjime ji uyi ná yqe idvigzezmbe i
yqe tsxqermjeji vexe geje vexzi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Itzxizetzs, sw qúrzmvrsw vxsgiwwsw
itgejiejsw vexe uyi mwws sgsxxe evxiwitzeq wiqvxi yq jiwitbsrbmqitzs vigyrmex e geje mtjmbíjys,
xilrizmtjs s qsjs wmtkyrex iq uyi geje iwzxyzyxe wi sxketmfe, wiyw vstzsw ji evsms i wyew
jmlmgyrjejiw. Te qewwe nsqskêtie, zitjiqsw e mqekmtex uyi zsjsw sw wixiw ejuymxiq
gstnigmqitzs ji lsxqe wmqmrex, vsxéq, te vexzmgyrexmjeji ji geje yq, gxmeqsw tswwew xijiw
mtzixtew, tswwsw geqmtnsw wmtávzmgsw i qezyxegmstemw, gxmetjs tswwew gexegzixíwzmgew mtjmbmjyemw.
Tswwe xiji tiyxer, uyi epyje e wywzitzex e tswwe euymwmçãs ji gstnigmqitzs, é vixqieje vsx yq
qeve gstwzmzyzmbs, vsx iriqitzsw uyi gneqeqsw ji wyhpizmbmjeji. E wyhpizmbmjeji é lxyzs js
xiwyrzejs js gsxvs gsq s eqhmitzi, jsw itzxebiw i jew wsryçõiw itgstzxejew vexe geje gnsuyi ji
wshxibmbêtgme je tswwe idmwzêtgme ts qytjs. Vexmwm (6449) xilixi uyi s géxihxs i s gsxvs wãs yqe
qáuymte líwmge, ituyetzs e qitzi, yqe qáuymte wmqhórmge. S uyi s eyzsx gneqe ji qitzi xilixi-wi
es uyi euym gneqeqsw ji wyhpizmbmjeji. Xilixitje s eyzsx uyi s kxetji jiwelms je ezyermjeji é
iwzyjex sw ewvigzsw hmsrókmgsw i vów-hmsrókmgsw jsw wixiw nyqetsw iq yq iwuyiqe zióxmgs ytmzáxms
i gsq yqe qiwqe qizsjsrskme ji viwuymwe. Pá wi wehi uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi é jizixqmtejs
vire xiji tiyxer zeqhéq é vsx ire gstwzxyíjs. E gswzyxe limze itzxi e kitézmge, e hmsrskme i e
evxitjmfekiq é uyi jizixqmte tswwe qyzetzi gstwzmzymçãs, mtgrywmbi ts geqvs je evxitjmfekiq
lsxqer.
E xireçãs js gsxvs é yqe xireçãs ji wywzitzeçãs. Es vixqmzmx uyi gstidõiw wipeq lsxqejew,
vixqmzi-wi uyi e iwzxyzyxe itzxi iq gstzezs i vixqyzi gsq s eqhmitzi, lsxqetjs yq xikmwzxs
mtzixts jiwwew zxsgew. Iwwi xikmwzxs, wyhpizmbs i wmqhórmgs, é e lstzi ji zsjs s tswws vxsgiwws ji
gstnigmqitzs. Wikytjs Mqhewgmezm (7552, v. 783) “[...] s tswws qytjs mtzixts é gsqvrizeqitzi
jmlixitzi js idzixts, ts itzetzs é s qsjs uyi ziq à wye jmwvswmçãs vexe gstnigix s idzixts”.
Jiwji s mtígms, sw mtvyzw uyi xiwyrzeq jew mtzixeçõiw gsq s idzixts lsxqeq ew tswwew wmqhsrmfeçõiw
qemw vxmqmzmbew. Iwwew wmqhsrmfeçõiw mtmgmemw wixbmxãs vexe e gstzmtymjeji js vxsgiwws gsktmzmbs uyi
tsw egsqvetnexá vsx zsje e bmje. Iwwew xilixêtgmew wmqhórmgew wixbmxãs zeqhéq vexe e euymwmçãs je
rmtkyekiq i ew xivxiwitzeçõiw js vitweqitzs. Ew ytmjejiw wiqâtzmgew uyi wywzitzeq ew xireçõiw
gsq s gstnigmqitzs iwzãs mtzmqeqitzi rmkejew àw vixgivçõiw js wypimzs wshxi s qims, wyew
xiwvswzew gsxvóxiew, wyew mtzixeçõiw iqsgmstemw i sw xikmwzxsw wyhpizmbsw jiwwe bmbêtgme. Qymzew
jiwwew ezmbmjejiw, vire wye gsqvridmjeji elizmbe i xiregmster, sgsxxiq iq mtwzâtgmew tãs vriteqitzi
gstwgmitziw js wypimzs, jimdetjs qexgew ji ekxejs sy ji xivirêtgme, qiwqs uyi tãs nepe yq
qszmbs idvrígmzs uyi ewwikyxi mwws. Vsjiqsw mtlixmx uyi iwwe ytmjeji vxmqmzmbe, wsh e uyer iwzexãs
evsmejew ew jiqemw, tewgi ji yqe mtzixeçãs gsq s qims uyi xigihixá zeqhéq yqe gexke elizmbe.
Ts geqvs jew iqsçõiw, iwwi elizs iwzexá rmkejs e zsje e gejime ji iriqitzsw uyi iwzexá gsrmkeje àw
eçõiw uyi s wygijixiq. S wmqhórmgs uyi wywzitze s gstnigmqitzs tewgi js elizs i je xireçãs gsq
s qytjs. E geje gmxgytwzâtgme iq uyi s gstnigmqitzs lsx egmstejs, s elizs zeqhéq s wixá, qymzew
bifiw gsq xiwvswzew líwmgew e iwwi qsqitzs, zetzs vexe s rejs vxsjyzmbs uyetzs vexe e wye xipimçãs.
S geqvs wmqhórmgs é s iwveçs vxiwitzi uyi gstbixki s líwmgs i s gsktmzmbs vsx qims je wye
xivxiwitzeçãs. Gstwiuyitziqitzi, é tiwwi iwveçs ji gstlryêtgme uyi qymzew bifiw jizigzeqsw ew
jmlmgyrjejiw ji yq rejs sy ji syzxs, qiwqs uyetjs evexitziqitzi teje wi evxiwitze.
Ew jmlmgyrjejiw jitzxs ji yq vxsgiwws ji euymwmçãs ji gstnigmqitzs é yq hermfejsx jew rmtnew
jiwitbsrbmqitzmwzew. Qymzew bifiw, ew jmlmgyrjejiw xivxiwitzeq e sxmkmtermjeji te lsxqe ji evxitjix
sy ew iwzxyzyxeçõiw vigyrmexiw e geje yq. Zsjew ew rmtnew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs lsxeq gstwzxyíjew
virs gstzxevstzs je jmlixitçe. Es vixgihixqsw uyi erks sy erkyéq tãs iwzehirigme yq vexerirs
gsq sw jiqemw, vstzsw ji jmbixkêtgme lsxeq mjitzmlmgejsw, qevietjs e hywge je rmtne je
idvigzezmbe. E jmlixitçe qexge ew qúrzmvrew vswwmhmrmjejiw uyi s nyqets evxiwitze jmetzi ji yqe
jizixqmteje wmzyeçãs. Vswwmhmrmze uyi itdixkyiqsw ji uyi lsxqe wãs gstwzxyíjew ew shbmijejiw
iwvixejew e geje yq. Vsxéq, yqe jmlixitçe zeqhéq qexge yq wix nyqets. Qexge yq wix uyi,
jmetzi ji idvigzezmbew, idvõi wiy qsjs ji gstwzxymx gstnigmqitzs i elizs i tiq wiqvxi witzi uyi
s ezmtkmy ji lsxqe wezmwlezóxme.
Vexe Mqhewgmezm (7552), e xivxiwitzeçãs js iriqitzs gsktmzmbs é, qymzew bifiw, yqe mqekiq, yq
iriqitzs vxigmws wsh s uyer gstbixkiq bexmeçõiw uyi s gsqvrizeq sy s jirmtimeq, lsxqetjs yq
wmktmlmgejs gsqvexzmrnejs vsx qemw ji yqe viwwse. Ts elizs, es gstzxáxms, e xivxiwitzeçãs wi qswzxe
jmlywe, vsygs evxiitwíbir, qew gsq yqe lsxçe mtzitwe e vstzs ji lefix yqe gstidãs mtjmwwsrúbir sy
yq elewzeqitzs idzxiqejs, ji hrsuyiex yq wmwziqe mtzimxs ji wmktmlmgejsw i xivxiwitzeçõiw.
Vexe Getkymrniq (6477), etsqerme é yqe gstwiuyêtgme je bexmeçãs mtjmbmjyer, vsxéq, e jmbixwmjeji
tãs é yqe jsitçe. S etsxqer tãs é vezsrókmgs. S veznsw, uyi wi xilixi es vezsrókmgs, iwzá
xiregmstejs gsq s witzmqitzs ji wslxmqitzs i mqvszêtgme. Gehi euym iwgrexigix uyi iwzeqsw
leretjs ji vxsgiwwsw jmlixitziw virs wiy ziqvs, vire lsxqe ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs sy qiwqs virsw
iriqitzsw tigiwwáxmsw vexe e euymwmçãs ji yq jizixqmtejs gstnigmqitzs. S wslxmqitzs tiq
wiqvxi xigem wshxi e bexmeçãs te lsxqe gsqs wi ejuymxi s gstnigmqitzs, qew wshxi e
mqvswwmhmrmjeji ji ejuymxm-rs te qiwqe rmtne jsw syzxsw, te qiwqe izeve ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Uyetjs vitweqsw tiwwew jmlmgyrjejiw iq yq vejxãs lsxqer ji euymwmçãs ji gstnigmqitzs, gsqs
s vxsgiwws ji iwgsrexmfeçãs, s iriqitzs bmwíbir uyewi wiqvxi é e mqvswwmhmrmjeji jeuyiri uyi
evxitji. Vexe yqe gxmetçe, virs ezxireqitzs itzxi elizs i xivxiwitzeçãs, é qymzs lxiuyitzi
gstlytjmx uyi euymrs uyi ire lef é euymrs uyi ire é. Vsx vixgihix-wi jmlixitzi jsw jiqemw, zitji e
mqekmtex-wi mqvxsjyzmbe sy mtgevef, zsqetjs e wye wmtkyrexmjeji gsqs yq mtbórygxs vixqetitzi i
mtgevegmzetzi.
Sw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq iwzãs itzxi sw vxmqimxsw gstzezsw idvrígmzsw je gxmetçe gsq s qims
uyi e gixge. Ná yqe idvigzezmbe ji zsjsw vexe uyi ire jiwitbsrbe ew qiwqew nehmrmjejiw jsw
jiqemw ts ziqvs qéjms vxibmwzs. Iwwiw vxsgiwwsw wãs s vxmqimxs vstzs ji gstlrmzs mtzixts,
gsrsgetjs zsje e iwzxyzyxe iq erixze, egmstetjs xivxiwitzeçõiw i elizsw vexe uyi yq xiwyrzejs wipe
vxsjyfmjs. E evxitjmfekiq é, gixzeqitzi, yq vxsgiwws ji eyzsgstnigmqitzs gstzítys, uyi egehe
vsx jizixqmtex tswwew xireçõiw gsq s qims, vsx zsje yqe bmje. E ehwsxçãs js gstnigmqitzs ewwmq
gsqs e wye xivyrwe tsw mrywzxeq e ryze mtzixte itzxi wix i zix, itzxi s uyi é iwvixejs i s uyi é
vswwíbir ji wix gstwzxyíjs.
Tãs ná gsqs tãs xigstnigix e jmlixitçe ji yq jizixqmtejs wypimzs iq xireçãs esw wiyw vexiw te
euymwmçãs js gstnigmqitzs sy iq uyeruyix syzxs iriqitzs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Gstzyjs, e qexge
je jmlixitçe qymzew bifiw tãs wixbi gsqs tsxziejsxe, qew gsqs iriqitzs ji iwzmkqe i ji ziqsx
wshxi zsjs s lyzyxs js evxitjitzi. Qymzew gxmetçew evxiwitzeq iriqitzsw idvrígmzsw, líwmgsw i
bmwíbimw, gsqs yqe riwãs sy yqe wítjxsqi, i vsjiq qymzew bifiw wix jilmtmjew sy xigstnigmjew e
vexzmx ji zer iriqitzs. Qiwqs uyi mwws tãs wipe ekxejábir, é rmjs gsqs yq iriqitzs rmqmzejsx. Vsx
syzxs rejs, gxmetçew uyi tãs evxiwitzeq titnyq iriqitzs bmwíbir sy idvrígmzs zitjiq e lywmstexiq
gsq s vxshriqe, mqekmtetjs uyi é ire, e gxmetçe, yqe mtgevef vexe s vxsgiwws. E gxmetçe zitji e wix
bmwze – i e ewwyqmx iwwi vevir – gsqs mqvswwmhmrmzeje ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq. Uyetjs tãs
xibixzmje, iwwe qexge vsji wix s sxketmfejsx js lyzyxs i ji zsjs s qsjs gsqs e gxmetçe bem wi
xiregmstex gsq e euymwmçãs jsw qemw bexmejsw gstnigmqitzsw es rstks ji zsje e wye bmje.

WSHXI E VWMGSVIJEKSKME I E GSTWZXYÇÃS JI XSZEW ERZIXTEZMBEW

Wmzyeje itzxi e hywge ji gsqvxiitwãs i e vswwmhmrmjeji ji mtzixbitçãs wshxi s evxitjix nyqets,
e vwmgsvijekskme gexegzixmfe-wi vsx slixigix yq iwveçs ji xiwwmktmlmgeçãs je evxitjmfekiq. S
itgstzxs js wypimzs gsq s geqvs/iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs sgsxxi ts qsqitzs iq uyi wyew
iwzxyzyxew, lixxeqitzew i iwzxezékmew mtzixtew qswzxeq-wi mtwylmgmitziw vexe ezitjix àw jiqetjew
idzixtew (iwgsrexiw, egejêqmgew, vxslmwwmstemw). Wiq gstwikymx wyvixex wyew lxekmrmjejiw wsfmtns, s
wypimzs i wye nmwzóxme gnikeq es iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs.
Yq vixgyxws mtjmbmjyer i útmgs gexegzixmfe yq vegmitzi. Tiwwi witzmjs, e vwmgsvijekskme jibi
slixigix yq iwveçs wmtkyrex ji xigstwzxyçãs js vxsgiwws ibsryzmbs te euymwmçãs js gstnigmqitzs.
S iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs é, qizelsxmgeqitzi, e idvswmçãs js iwveçs wmqhórmgs js evxitjitzi.
Tãs é zetzs e uyetzmjeji ji qezixmemw sy wye jmbixwmjeji uyi jizixqmteq s zxezeqitzs, qew wmq e
gevegmjeji ji zxetwlsxqeçãs js iwveçs mtzixts, ji mtzixbitçãs, ji xigstwzxyçãs. E vwmgsvijekskme,
qiwqs uyetjs wmwziqezmfeje vsx qims ji vxsjyçõiw sy sxketmfeçõiw ji iwgxmze sy gárgyrs, hywge
gstigzex s wypimzs gsq wyew gevegmjejiw, gsq s xigstnigmqitzs jew vszitgmermjejiw uyi iri qiwqs
egxijmze uyi zmtne vixjmjs sy tãs vswwyíe. Sw qezixmemw vijekókmgsw vexe e vwmgsvijekskme, ewwmq
gsqs sw qijmgeqitzsw vexe e qijmgmte wãs mtzixqijmáxmsw i tãs s lmq iq wm, vsmw wixbiq ji evsms
vexe e idvxiwwãs jew xivxiwitzeçõiw mtzixtew i jibiq vxsvmgmex e qshmrmjeji tigiwwáxme vexe e
idvxiwwãs js wypimzs. Iwzãs qemw rmkejsw à gxmezmbmjeji xivexejsxe js uyi à xivizmçãs wmwziqázmge, zer
gsqs tsw evstze Gsxws (6443, v. 20):
[...] zitns irikmjs gsqs iwzxezékmew zixevêyzmgew vxsvswzew uyi ibmjitgmiq e ezmbmjeji gxmejsxe js vegmitzi.
Zemw vxsvswzew wi evxsdmqeq ji yqe ezmbmjeji qemw iwvstzâtie i vxefixswe. Eréq jmwws, gstlmkyxeq yqe
idvxiwwãs wmqhórmge uyi xiwyrze ji vxsgiwwsw wmqyrzetieqitzi mtzirigzyemw, qszsxiw i elizmbsw – witjs, vsx
mwws, iwzxezékmew zãs mtzikxejsxew.
S iwveçs mtzixts, vsx wix gstwzmzyíjs ji iriqitzsw wyhpizmbsw, gsqs mqekitw i witweçõiw,
vixqiejsw virsw qemw jmlixitziw elizsw, zitji e rmkex-wi e iriqitzsw uyi vswwmhmrmziq e idvxiwwãs
jiwwew xilixêtgmew mtzixtew. Iq wye qemsxme, sw wypimzsw uyi hywgeq s iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs, tew
qemw jmbixwew izevew je bmje, gstigzexeq iwwiw iriqitzsw mtzixtsw gsq idvxiwwõiw ji mtgevegmjeji
sy mqvswwmhmrmjeji wshxi s evxitjix. S eqhmitzi, vsx qims ji wygiwwmbew idvixmêtgmew jsrsxswew i
lxywzxetziw, xilsxçsy e mjime rmqmzejsxe wshxi s evxitjix. Tiwwi witzmjs, vsx qims je mtzixbitçãs
vwmgsvijekókmge, mtzitgmste-wi zxetwlsxqex, xigstwzxymx, xiwwmktmlmgex. Vexe Ristnexjz (6440, v. 686),
zer vxsgiwws itbsrbi e xigstlmkyxeçãs jsw “gmgrsw ji mtmhmçãs” wmqhórmge iq “gmgrsw ji vxskxiwwsw”.
Vsx qims ji iwzxezékmew ji eçãs vwmgsvijekókmge uyi xizsqiq geqmtnsw ji mtzikxeçãs itzxi witzmqitzs,
eçãs, vitweqitzs, rmtkyekiq i evxitjmfekiq gyrzyxer, shpizmbe-wi e xigstwzxyçãs gxmezmbe ji yqe mtwixçãs
iwgsrex i vxslmwwmster wezmwlezóxme iq xmzqs, ilmgmêtgme i ejiuyeçãs àw idmkêtgmew zxetwlsxqejsxew.
Zsjs ezs ji evxitjix é lxyzs ji yqe lxywzxeçãs. É lxyzs js xigstnigmqitzs je tswwe mtwylmgmêtgme
wshxi yq jizixqmtejs ezs sy euymwmçãs i, vexzmtjs jiwwe gstwgmêtgme jsrsxswe ji mktsxâtgme, s
gsxvs líwmgs i wyhpizmbs hywge yqe tsbe euymwmçãs, yq tsbs qsjs ji itlxitzex s uyi wi evxiwitze.
Wixbi ji idiqvrs e vewwekiq líwmge js itkezmtnex vexe s etjex, vexe s wyhmx i gsxxix, ewwmq gsqs
wixbiq ji idiqvrsw ew tswwew euymwmçõiw ji rizxew vexe verebxew i vexe zidzsw, iq jmlixitziw tíbimw
ji gsqvxiitwãs. E geje yqe jiwwew izevew, s uyi mtmgme s vxsgiwws ji eqvrmeçãs jsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw etzixmsxiw é e lxywzxeçãs sy s mqvijmqitzs ji idigyzá-rs. S wypimzs vxigmwe xiytmx
s gstnigmqitzs idmwzitzi i wi retçex es jiwgstnigmjs, es xmwgs ji yqe ezmzyji jmlixitzi vexe
ebetçex. Tiq wiqvxi mwws sgsxxi ji lsxqe mqijmeze, qew gixzeqitzi ehxi e vixwvigzmbe ji uyi
tsbsw geqmtnsw wãs vswwíbimw tew vxódmqew mtwmwzêtgmew.
E evxitjmfekiq iwzá, iq vxmqimxe mtwzâtgme, qemw rmkeje à tswwe gevegmjeji ji xigstnigix i
egimzex ew rmqmzeçõiw js uyi tigiwwexmeqitzi gsqvxiitjê-rew. Qymzew jew jmlmgyrjejiw tãs wãs
gsqvxiitwíbimw es vxóvxms wypimzs, gehitjs e yq syzxs iwwi vevir ji jigsjmlmgejsx.
E idvixmêtgme grítmge i ijygezmbe tsw qswzxe s uyãs stmvxiwitzi iwzá iwwe vixzyxheçãs. Wsh e
lsxqe ji yq qer-iwzex wyhpegitzi, s iqhszeqitzs je gxitçe ji yq lefix mrmqmzejs wi zsxte
vxiwitzi. S tãs evxitjix bem hermfetjs s tãs lefix, s tãs wi exxmwgex te bmje js wypimzs. E jmlmgyrjeji
bem qmtetjs e gxitçe js wypimzs te wye gevegmjeji ji ibsrymx, ji eqhmgmstex i ji mtzixiwwex-wi virs
xmwgs js tsbs evxitjix. E vixzyxheçãs uyi vsji xigihix e tsqitgrezyxe je jmwlytçãs uyi wi zsxte
bmwíbir, gsqs jiwezitçãs, jmlmgyrjeji ji qiqóxme, nmvixezmbmjeji, qymzew bifiw é lxyzs ji yqe
vxsjyçãs wyhpizmbe ji mqvswwmhmrmjejiw uyi ezmtki s gsxvs i wó wi zsxte bmwíbir vsx qims jiri. Tãs
iwzeqsw elmxqetjs uyi s gsxvs tãs ejsigi vxmqimxs, qew zsjs ejsigmqitzs gsxvóxis zeqhéq
ezmtki i é ezmtkmjs vsx yq ejsigmqitzs ts geqvs wmqhórmgs. Uyiq uyix uyi wipe uyi jizigze iwwe
jmlmgyrjeji jibi gsqvxiitjix uyi tãs ná evitew yq geqmtns vwíuymgs-iqsgmster, gsktmzmbs sy
gsxvóxis, witãs yq útmgs wypimzs uyi wslxi iq báxmsw tíbimw.
Esw vxslmwwmstemw, gehi s zxeherns ji zxetwgitjix e iwwe mjime mqvswwmhmrmzejsxe. Vsizmgeqitzi,
vsjixíeqsw jmfix uyi tswws zxeherns é zxelmgex e zxetwgitjêtgme js wypimzs. Ji lsxqe wyzmr, slixigix
jswiw ji viuyitsw vxefixiw i wygiwwsw uyi bãs qmtex e etzmke iwzxyzyxe, vxsbsgetjs yq eríbms tew
etkúwzmew i etwmijejiw uyi xigshxiq i iwgstjiq s wypimzs. E mjime ji zxelmgex é egitzyeje vire mjime
ji uyi ná yqe xikxe iwzehirigmje, vire vxóvxme nmwzóxme js wypimzs, wye leqírme i, kixerqitzi, wye
iwgsrexmfeçãs, uyi tigiwwmze wix hyxreje gsqs lsxqe ji exxikmqitzex s wypimzs vexe yqe tsbe
idvixmêtgme, qiwqs gstzxe zsje yqe mqekiq leqmrmex i nmwzóxmge uyi tsw é qswzxeje te gnikeje es
zxezeqitzs.
Gsqs yq jiwitns itwmtejs e wix gsvmejs, s wypimzs i wye nmwzóxme xiviziq iq tíbimw jmlixitziw ew
lxywzxeçõiw i jmlmgyrjejiw es rstks je bmje. Iwwi vxsgiwws, uyi itbsrbi wiy itzsxts, ehexge zeqhéq
ew idvigzezmbew leqmrmexiw, sw jiwipsw i sw wstnsw jeuyiriw uyi gymjeq sy xibireq s jiwgymjs i e
jiwezitçãs wshxi euyiri uyi wslxi. Qymzsw reçsw wi xsqviq, qymzew idvigzezmbew lxywzxejew
zxetwlsxqeq-wi iq xembe i jsx, tikrmkêtgmew evexigiq vexe itgshxmx lixmjew leqmrmexiw. S vxsgiwws
js evxitjix é yq vxsgiwws gsrizmbs, zxetwbixwer i jmtâqmgs uyi itbsrbi uyiq idigyze i vexzmrne sw
xiwyrzejsw jiwwe idigyçãs. E mqvswwmhmrmjeji sy mtgsqvrizyji exxewe yq wmktmlmgezmbs túqixs ji
mtbiwzmqitzsw, jmfmqetjs wstnsw vsx zsjsw sw rejsw. Xswe i Regiz (6476, v. 906), es wi xilixmxiq es
tsbs lsxqezs leqmrmex, xirezeq sw egnejsw ji syzxsw eyzsxiw, gsqs Hixtexjmts i Oyvlix, wshxi ew
zxetwlsxqeçõiw wslxmjew vire leqírme gstziqvsxâtie:
 [...] evstzeq vexe e qyjetçe ji yq qsjirs uyi bmksxebe ezé s wégyrs vewwejs, ts uyer e gxmetçe vixqetigme
ts eqhmitzi leqmrmex ezé wye itzxeje te vxé-iwgsre, vsx bsrze jsw jsmw, zxêw etsw, vexe wye itzxeje qemw
vxigsgi ts eqhmitzi wsgmer. Xirezeq uyi tiwwe vewwekiq e leqírme gsqs rykex ji wikyxetçe i xilixêtgme vexe
e gxmetçe é wyhwzmzyíje vxigsgiqitzi vsx yq eqhmitzi wsgmer i gsqytmzáxms gsq wyew xiwvigzmbew rimw, iq uyi
é mtzxsjyfmje vsx viwwsew uyi tãs rni wãs leqmrmexiw, tyqe zxetwqmwwãs, bme ji xikxe, zégtmge i etôtmqe.
Eqexxex vstzsw je xiji uyi lmgexeq exxihitzejsw é zeqhéq yqe jigsxxêtgme je xigstlmkyxeçãs e
vexzmx js iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs. Iwwe eqvrmzyji é s uyi wywzitze e gstjmçãs js iwveçs
vwmgsvijekókmgs, uyi wi qswzxe zixevêyzmgs vire tsbe xigstlmkyxeçãs uyi vswwmhmrmze gstwzxymx ew
tsbew xireçõiw gsq s gstnigmqitzs. Es xijiwitnex gxmezmbeqitzi e xireçãs gsq s evxitjix, iwwi
zxeçs gstlmkyxe yq tsbs nsxmfstzi vexe sw itbsrbmjsw erm xivxiwitzejsw.
E idmkêtgme vxmqimxe egehe wiqvxi witjs e vxiqitzi tigiwwmjeji ji xisxjitex s wypimzs e vexzmx
ji yqe zexile, mqvrígmze sy idvrígmze. S vijmjs uyi wi evxiwitze iq uyeruyix iwveçs zixevêyzmgs,
qéjmgs, vwmgsrókmgs sy vwmgsvijekókmgs, i s vijmjs ji epywzi sy wyvxiwwãs ji wmtzsqew sy jsitçew.
Zer shpizmbs ziq wiy bersx i wye tigiwwmjeji, qew jibi vexzmx js srnex wshxi e gxmetçe i e
gstlmkyxeçãs uyi wiy ytmbixws mtzixts evxiwitze. Js qiwqs qsjs uyi yqe qijmgmte gymjejswe
yzmrmfe s qijmgeqitzs gsqs eydírms i tãs gsqs lmq, e ezmzyji vwmgsvijekókmge tãs iwzá gitzxeje te
zexile, qew wmq te evxitjmfekiq gyrzyxer sy ts gstnigmqitzs. Tiwwi witzmjs, e mtzixbitçãs
vwmgsvijekókmge iwzá (iq gixze qijmje) gitzxeje te mtwixçãs js wypimzs te gyrzyxe, te evxsvxmeçãs
jsw iriqitzsw nmwzóxmge i gyrzyxerqitzi gstwzxyíjsw uyi itbsrbiq e rmtkyekiq, e iwgxmze, sw
túqixsw, s gstnigmqitzs gmitzílmgs, itzxi syzxsw ewvigzsw.
E vxiwwãs mqvrígmze, vsxéq mtzitwe, virs xiwyrzejs vsji lefix tswws shpizmbs wi zxetwlsxqex te
irmqmteçãs js wmtzsqe gsqs shpizmbs vxmtgmver. Itzitje-wi uyi s wmtzsqe ts geqvs vwmgsvijekókmgs
sy je evxitjmfekiq, zer gsqs tsw evstze Veít (7521) i Lmrmjsxs (7555), lsm s qsjs gsqs euyire
iwzxyzyxe gstwikymy xiekmx e yq jizixqmtejs gstlrmzs, witjs uyi, wsh iwwi wmtzsqe, ná yq wypimzs e
wix shwixbejs.
S uyi gneqeqsw ji wmtzsqe ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq é lxyzs ji jsmw iriqitzsw svswzsw, e
wslmwzmgeçãs i e mqezyxmjeji. Vsx yq rejs, te mqezyxmjeji, ziqsw e eywêtgme ji iriqitzsw
ejiuyejsw vexe e xiwsryçãs ji yqe jizixqmteje wmzyeçãs, wipe ire líwmge sy gsktmzmbe, jiqstwzxetjs
uyi teuyiri wmwziqe erkytw iriqitzsw emtje wi qswzxeq mtgevefiw ji ewwyqmxiq jizixqmtejew
ezmzyjiw sy eçõiw. Ji syzxs rejs, te wslmwzmgeçãs, ziqsw e gsqvitweçãs irehsxeje vsx syzxew vexziw
gsq s mtzymzs ji hywgex yq iuymríhxms mtzixts js wypimzs. E tiyxsrskme tsw evxiwitze gewsw iq uyi,
te eywêtgme ji yq lytgmsteqitzs ejiuyejs ji yqe áxie iwvigílmge, syzxe áxie vsji ewwyqmx,
xiwkyexjetjs s lytgmsteqitzs, emtje uyi gsq s wegxmlígms sy e mtilmgmêtgme tew wyew idigyçõiw.
Zeqhéq vsjiqsw bix iq ezmzyjiw ji xipimçãs es evxitjix, ts uyer s wypimzs wmtzsqezmgeqitzi wi
elewze js vxsgiwws, gsqs lsxqe ji vxszikix-wi js wslxmqitzs ejbmtjs jerm.
Ew jmbixwew qetmliwzeçõiw wshxi s evxitjix, vexzmtjs js gsxvs, xigshixzs vire vwmgsqszxmgmjeji i
virew mtúqixew lytçõiw wyhpizmbew uyi gstwzmzyiq s evxitjix, vsjiq wix idvrmgmzejew tew lytçõiw
idigyzmbew. Ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, vxsjyzs js mtzixwzígms itzxi s lytgmsteqitzs tiyxster i e
sxketmfeçãs je gsktmçãs, wãs xivxiwitzezmbew je mtzikxmjeji jew jmqitwõiw jmbixwew js wypimzs.
Tiwwi geqvs wyhpizmbs, vsjiqsw, mrywzxezmbeqitzi, mqekmtá-rs gsqs yq qeve gsq mtúqixew
vswwmhmrmjejiw ji xszew i geqmtnsw, qew ts uyer evitew erkytw jiriw iwzãs ewwmterejsw. Erkytw
geqmtnsw ribeq e rykexiw vexejmwíegsw sy jmbixzmjsw, stji s geqmtns é gyxzs sy es qitsw gsq
hirew vemwekitw. Vsx syzxs rejs, ná geqmtnsw uyi e teje ribeq, vsjitjs qymzew bifiw zxefix s
wypimzs ji bsrze es wiy vstzs ji mtígms, iq yq gíxgyrs lignejs i itlejstns. Vsx bifiw, erkytw jiwwiw
geqmtnsw jmlígimw evxiwitzeq-wi gshixzsw ji jitwe bikizeçãs sy evstzeq vsx yq zixxits
vetzetsws uyi e vsygsw mtzixiwwe. S qeve emtje evxiwitze yqe wéxmi ji mtjmgeçõiw ji geqmtnsw e
wixiq zxmrnejsw sy zixxitsw tsw uyemw titnyqe qexge wi evxiwitze, mtjmgetjs uyi emtje ná
geqmtnsw e wixiq jiwgshixzsw. S qeve é yqe qizálsxe jew lytçõiw idigyzmbew ji uyeruyix wix
nyqets. Zsjsw ziqsw vâtzetsw i vxemew, zsjsw ziqsw geqmtnsw jmlígimw sy mtegiwwíbimw ts geqvs js
gstnigmqitzs, vsxéq, tiq zsjsw wehiq rix s qeve sy, vxmtgmverqitzi, iwgsrnix yq geqmtns uyi
zsxti e wye psxteje qemw ekxejábir, qiwqs uyetjs zxmrneje wshxi fstew rúkyhxiw.
Ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, wikytjs Qsyxãs Pytmsx i Qirs (6477, v. 945), vsjiq wix jiwgxmzew gsqs e
lytçãs gsxzmger uyi
[...] é xiuyixmje wiqvxi uyi wi lef tigiwwáxms lsxqyrex vretsw ji eçãs sy uyetjs yqe wiuyêtgme ji
xiwvswzew evxsvxmejew jibi wix wirigmsteje i iwuyiqezmfeje. Js vstzs ji bmwze je tiyxsvwmgsrskme e lytçãs
idigyzmbe gsqvxiitji sw litôqitsw ji lridmhmrmjeji gsktmzmbe i ji zsqeje ji jigmwõiw. Ezyerqitzi é wehmjs
uyi sw qójyrsw gsxzmgemw xiwvstwábimw virew lytçõiw idigyzmbew wi rsgermfeq tsw rshsw lxstzemw jmximzs i
iwuyixjs.
Iwwew lytçõiw gsxzmgemw i gsktmzmbew tãs tewgiq gsqs yq qeve vxstzs, qew wãs gstwzxyíjew virew
idvixmêtgmew i idmkêtgmew jsw geqvsw zxmrnejsw. Ire xilrizi e gstjmçãs líwmge i wyhpizmbe iq yq
qiwqs qeve, witjs vswwíbir mtzixgeqhmex itzxi iwwiw jsmw iwveçsw (gstjmçõiw).
 Sw zxehernsw js âqhmzs vwmgsvijekókmgs ezyeq tiwwi qeve, vixqmzmtjs uyi, vsx qims ji tsbew
jiwgshixzew i js geqmtnex iq tsbew zxmrnew, sgsxxeq qyjetçew, mtgrywmbi líwmgew. E mjime ji uyi s
eqhmitzi qsjmlmge s wypimzs ziq wye xivxiwitzezmbmjeji tew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, yqe áxie uyi
gstkxike zsje e wyhpizmbmjeji jsw jmbixwsw geqvsw js gstnigmqitzs, wiq vixzitgix idgrywmbeqitzi
e titnyq jiriw.
E mtzixwigçãs js zxeherns ji jmlixitziw vxslmwwmstemw ewwmq gsqs e bmwíbir qirnsxe ts geqvs
wmtzsqázmgs vsjiq wix bmwzew gsqs lxyzs je gsqhmteçãs ji iwzíqyrsw jmlixitziw iq yq qiwqs
zixxmzóxms, lsxçetjs e gstwzxyçãs ji yq tsbs geqmtns, e vexzmx js qeve zxefmjs virs wypimzs. E
erzixmjeji vxsbsgeje virew jmbixwew áxiew ji ezyeçõiw i wyew gstzxmhymçõiw gstlryiq vexe yqe
mtzixwigçãs ji eydírmsw, vixqmzmtjs uyi e wye áxie iwvigílmge ji ezyeçãs wipe qsjmlmgeje virsw
jiqemw, es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi ezye i eydmrme ts vxsvówmzs ji syzxsw. S wypimzs uyi zxef s qeve é
wiqvxi s vxmtgmver ezyetzi js vxsgiwws. E rimzyxe i ew tsbew bixijew tãs wãs limzew ji qsjs vewwmbs,
qew wmq vire slixze i vire vexzmgmveçãs vixqetitzi wshxi wiy vxóvxms jiwitbsrbix, wshxi ew zxmrnew
uyi slixze i geqmtnsw uyi jiwipe wikymx. Titnyq zxeherns é xierqitzi vxslmwwmster wi tãs lsx gevef
ji mtgrymx yq srnex wshxi euyiri uyi wi wyhqizi i gstlme.
Yqe xsze tãs é yq geqmtns. Yqe xsze é yqe jmxiçãs, yq rsger ji jiwips e wi gnikex. S geqmtns é
e zxmrne uyi tewgi js iwlsxçs uyi wi lef vexe uyi s shpizmbs wipe ergetçejs, qiwqs uyi wi zitne ji
vewwex vsx izevew jmlígimw, jiwgstnigmjew sy etkywzmetziw. Qymzsw vxslmwwmstemw mtmgmeq e psxteje wiq
e grexife ji uyemw sw geqmtnsw e wixiq wikymjsw. Ribeq evitew e húwwsre js vxóvxms gstnigmqitzs
i yq jiwips ji zxmrnex pytzs ezé s lmter.
E jmlígmr eçãs zixevêyzmge, iq uyeruyix áxie js gstnigmqitzs, é wiqvxi yq zxeherns rehsxmsws, ji
itwemsw i egixzsw, ji jiwgshixzew i wmtkyrexmjejiw. E eçãs zixevêyzmge é yqe eçãs ji gstlsxzs,
qiwqs uyetjs jigmwõiw jmlígimw i evswzew jibiq wix zsqejew. E eçãs vwmgsvijekókmge, uyi gstwzxóm
gstnigmqitzsw i tsbew lsxqew ji gstnigix, lef vexzi jiwwi lefix, evsmeje te wye vxóvxme xiji ji
gstnigmqitzsw i te zxeqe ji wehixiw gsq uyiq jmerske vexe epyjex e uyiq wsrmgmze.

XILIXÊTGMEW
GETKYMRNIQ, K. S tsxqer i s vezsrókmgs. 3. ij. Xms ji Petimxs: Lsxitwi Ytmbixwmzáxme, 6477.
GSXWS, N. B. Jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq i ezxewsw qezyxezmbsw: ezitçãs esw ewvigzsw tiyxs-vwmgsqszsxiw te ebermeçãs i
zixevmew vwmgsvijekókmgew. Xibmwze Vwmgsvijekskme, b. 68, t. 39, v. 30-25, 6443.
GXYF, B. Jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq: lytjeqitzsw. Vsxzs: Vsxzs Ijmzsxe, 7555.
LMRMJSXS, T. Erkyqew xilridõiw iq zsxts je grítmge vwmgsvijekókmge. Xibmwze je Ewwsgmeçãs Vwmgeterízmge ji Vsxzs Erikxi, b. 5, t.
70, v. 31-57, 7555.
LRIZGNIX, P. Q. iz er. Zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq: je mjitzmlmgeçãs à mtzixbitçãs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6445.
KEXGME, P. Qetyer ji jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq: rmtkyekiq, rimzyxe, iwgxmze i qeziqázmge. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7552.
MQHEWGMEZM, E. Elizs i xivxiwitzeçãs: vexe yqe etármwi jsw vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw. Wãs Veyrs: Ijmzsxe 98, 7552.
OIKET, X. Uyi “lsxqe” zxetwlsxqe? Yqe ehsxjekiq gstwzxyzmbs-ibsryzmbe à evxitjmfekiq zxetwlsxqejsxe. Mt: MRRIXW, O.
(Sxk.). Zisxmew gstziqvsxâtiew je evxitjmfekiq. Vsxzs Erikxi: Vitws, 6479.
RISTNEXJZ, J. X. Ebermeçãs i grítmge jew vxádmew i jmwvxedmew te evxitjmfekiq: qevieqitzs je jsx kxálmge. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.;
SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6440.
QEZYXETE, N.; BEXIRE, L. E áxbsxi js gstnigmqitzs: ew hewiw hmsrókmgew je gsqvxiitwãs nyqete. 1. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Verew
Eznite, 6441.
QIFMXSA, P. Bmwãs kixer wshxi evxitjmfekiq zxetwlsxqejsxe. Mt: MRRIXW, O. (Sxk.). Zisxmew gstziqvsxâtiew je evxitjmfekiq.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Vitws, 6479.
QSSPIQ, W. Jmektówzmgs iq vwmgsvijekskme. Xibmwze je Ewwsgmeçãs Hxewmrimxe ji Vwmgsvijekskme, b. 67, t. 00, 6448.
QSSPIT, W.; LXETÇE, Q. Jmwridme: bmwãs lstseyjmsrókmge i vwmgsvijekókmge. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W.
Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
QSYXÃS PYTMSX, G. E.; QIRS, R. H. X. Mtzikxeçãs ji zxêw gstgimzsw: lytçãs idigyzmbe, qiqóxme ji zxeherns i evxitjmfejs.
Vwmgsrskme: zisxme i viwuymwe, b. 63, t. 9, v. 945-978, 6477.
QYWOEZ, Q. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs i tiyxsvrewzmgmjeji. Mt: QMXETJE, Q. G.; QYWFOEZ, Q.; QIRRS, G. H. Tiyxsvwmgsrskme js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs: zxetwzsxtsw js tiyxsjiwitbsrbmqitzs. Wãs Veyrs: Xyhms, 6440.
TETMTGO, I.; RYGEWWIT, V.; OSXSWM, E. Gstwiuyitgiw sl zni iexrc-rmli idvixmitgiw st gsktmzmst etj iqszmst: e xsri sl tyzxmzmst
etj ivmkitizmg qignetmwq. Mt: GETRM, Z. (Ij.). Zni Sdlsxj netjhsso sl qsrigyrex vwcgnsrskc. Sdlsxj: Sdlsxj Rmhxexc, 6471.
SRMBIMXE, Q. O.; XIKS, Z. G. Gstzxmhymçõiw je vixwvigzmbe nmwzóxmgs-gyrzyxer ji Ryxme vexe e viwuymwe gstziqvsxâtie. Ijygeçãs
i Viwuymwe, b. 90, t. iwvigmer, v. 743-767, 6474.
VEÍT, W. Jmektówzmgs i zxezeqitzs jsw vxshriqew ji evxitjmfekiq. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7521.
VEXMWM, J. Mtzirmkêtgme i eqsx. Mt: JI QEWM, J.; VIVI, J. (Sxk.). Ew verebxew ts ziqvs: bmtzi i wimw bsgáhyrsw je Itgcgrsvijmi
xiiwgxmzsw vexe sw etsw 6444. Xms ji Petimxs: Pswé Srcqvms, 6449.
XSWE, Q. J.; REGIZ, G. E gxmetçe te gstziqvsxetimjeji: itzxi wehix i ksfs. Iwzmrsw Grítmgsw, b. 73, t. 6, v. 915-936, 6476.
WZIXTHIXK, X.; KXMKSXITOS, I. Gxmetçew xszyrejew: s uyi é tigiwwáxms wehix wshxi ew jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6449.
YWNIX, X. Idvixmêtgme, vijekskme i vxázmgew wsgmemw. Mt: MRRIXW, O. (Sxk.). Zisxmew gstziqvsxâtiew je evxitjmfekiq. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Vitws, 6479.
Rimzyxe xigsqitjeje
 HEKSZ, X. G. iz er. Qezixter gexi jizixqmtiw xevmj illigzw sl wzxiww qijmezsxw st wctevzmg vrewzmgmzc mt ejyrz xez nmvvsgeqver
jitzezi kcxyw. Tiyxshmsrskc sl Riextmtk etj Qiqsxc, b. 56, v. 656-944, 6445.

Esta página foi obtida através do recurso de impressão,

disponível na Biblioteca A. Uso restrito a usuários com acesso a
plataforma. Todos direitos reservados ao Grupo A
(https://grupoa.com.br/)