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Mtgrywãs iwgsrex ji eryts gsq vexermwme gixihxer

yzmrmfetjs ew zigtsrskmew ji mtlsxqeçãs i gsqytmgeçãs
77
XIKMTE JI SRMBIMXE NIMJXMGN

MTZXSJYÇÃS
Iwzi zxeherns é vexzi ji yqe ziwi ji jsyzsxejs js Gyxws ji Vów-Kxejyeçãs ji Mtlsxqázmge iq
Ijygeçãs je Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer js Xms Kxetji js Wyr. Evów zxehernexqsw gsq vexermwejsw
gixihxemw, gstwzezeqsw uyi e mtlsxqázmge é yq lsxzi lezsx ji evsms vexe mtgrywãs ijygezmbe. S
vxmtgmver vxshriqe é e lerze ji mtlsxqeçãs i lsxqeçãs ji vxsliwwsxiw ts itwmts xikyrex, vexe uyi
vswweq jex e ewwmwzêtgme tigiwwáxme e iwwiw erytsw iq wyew eyrew.
E viwuymwe lsm xiermfeje jyxetzi egsqvetneqitzs i shwixbeçãs jyew bifiw te wiqete, jyxetzi
uyezxs etsw, js Eryts 7. Evów lmtermfexqsw s jsyzsxejs, gstzmtyeqsw egsqvetnetjs iwwi eryts iq
vxspizs ji viwuymwe mtzmzyrejs “Jiwmkt mtgrywmbs ji iuymveqitzsw, hxmtuyijsw i biwzyáxms”.
Kswzexíeqsw ji xiwwerzex uyi wyhwzmzyíqsw zsjew ew sgsxxêtgmew je verebxe “jilmgmitziw” uyi
evexigiq tiwzi zidzs vsx jIlmgmitziw. Iwwe erzixeçãs wi pywzmlmge virs lezs ji jiwipexqsw xiwwerzex e
Ilmgmêtgme te jilmgmêtgme. Wikytjs s Jmgmstáxms Nsyemww je Rítkye Vsxzykyiwe (NSYEMWW; BMRREX, 6447,
v. 560), s wmktmlmgejs je verebxe jIlmgmitzi é: “[...] uyi ziq erkyqe jilmgmêtgme, lerns, lerzs; jilmgmzáxms,
mtgsqvrizs; euyiri uyi wslxi sy é vsxzejsx ji erkyq zmvs ji jilmgmêtgme.”. Virs qitsw tiwzi zxeherns
iwvixeqsw uyi s wix “Itzi” wipe qemw mqvsxzetzi js uyi s wiy jélmgmz, wipe rá uyer lsx.
Qymzsw eyzsxiw zêq xiwwerzejs e mqvsxzâtgme js xiwvimzs virs wix jmlixitzi, i s lmrówsls lxetgêw
Qsxmt (6444) jiwgxibi uyi ew mtzixeçõiw itzxi mtjmbíjysw vxsjyfiq e wsgmijeji uyi ziwziqytne s
wyxkmqitzs je gyrzyxe i uyi xizxseki wshxi sw mtjmbíjysw vire gyrzyxe.
E gsqvridmjeji nyqete tãs vsjixme wix gsqvxiitjmje jmwwsgmeje jsw iriqitzsw uyi e gstwzmzyiq: zsjs
jiwitbsrbmqitzs bixjejimxeqitzi nyqets wmktmlmge s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gstpytzs jew eyzstsqmew mtjmbmjyemw,
jew vexzmgmveçõiw gsqytmzáxmew i js witzmqitzs ji vixzitgix à iwvégmi nyqete. (QSXMT, 6444, v. 18).
S qiwqs eyzsx emtje elmxqe uyi:
[...] gehi à ijygeçãs js lyzyxs gymjex vexe uyi e mjime ji ytmjeji je iwvégmi nyqete tãs evekyi e mjime ji
jmbixwmjeji i uyi e je wye jmbixwmjeji tãs evekyi e je ytmjeji. Ná yqe ytmjeji nyqete. Ná yqe
jmbixwmjeji nyqete. E ytmjeji tãs iwzá evitew tsw zxeçsw hmsrókmgsw je iwvégmi Nsqs wevmitw. E jmbixwmjeji
tãs iwzá evitew tsw zxeçsw vwmgsrókmgsw, gyrzyxemw, wsgmemw js wix nyqets. Idmwzi zeqhéq jmbixwmjeji
vxsvxmeqitzi hmsrókmge ts wims je ytmjeji nyqete; tãs evitew idmwzi ytmjeji gixihxer, qew qitzer, vwíuymge,
elizmbe, mtzirigzyer; eréq jmwws, ew qemw jmbixwew gyrzyxew i wsgmijejiw zêq vxmtgívmsw kixejsxiw sy
sxketmfegmstemw gsqytw. É e ytmjeji nyqete uyi zxef iq wm sw vxmtgívmsw ji wyew qúrzmvrew jmbixwmjejiw.
Gsqvxiitjix s wix nyqets é gsqvxiitjix wye ytmjeji te jmbixwmjeji, wye jmbixwmjeji te ytmjeji. É
vxigmws gstgihix e ytmjeji js qúrzmvrs, e qyrzmvrmgmjeji js yts. E ijygeçãs jibixá mrywzxex iwzi vxmtgívms ji
ytmjeji/jmbixwmjeji iq zsjew ew iwlixew. (QSXMT, 6444, v. 11).
Egxijmzeqsw wix Ijkex Qsxmt, nspi, yq kxetji xivxiwitzetzi jew mjimew uyi jmfiq xiwvimzs à
jmbixwmjeji nyqete, vsmw s eyzsx gstwmjixe iwwi yq kxetji jiwelms à ijygeçãs js lyzyxs, iq yqe
wsgmijeji krshermfeje, gevmzermwze i, ts gews js tswws veíw, emtje gsq wéxmsw vxshriqew igstôqmgsw i
wsgmemw.
 E mtzxsjyçãs js gsqvyzejsx te ijygeçãs ziq vxsbsgejs yqe bixjejimxe xibsryçãs te gstgivçãs
ji itwmts i ji evxitjmfekiq. E uyetzmjeji ji vxskxeqew ijygegmstemw i ew jmlixitziw qsjermjejiw
ji yws js gsqvyzejsx qswzxeq uyi iwwe zigtsrskme vsji wix hewzetzi úzmr ts vxsgiwws ji itwmts-
evxitjmfekiq i, à qijmje uyi iwwi yws wi jmwwiqmte, vewwe e wix yqe lixxeqitze ji
gsqvriqitzeçãs, ji evixlimçseqitzs i ji vswwíbir qyjetçe te uyermjeji js itwmts.
Ew qyjetçew egexxizejew vire wsgmijeji je mtlsxqeçãs lsxeq qymzs xávmjew, witjs uyi e qemsxme
jsw vxsliwwsxiw tãs gstwikymy egsqvetná-rew. S yws js gsqvyzejsx gsqs qims ijygegmster
egstzigi pytzs gsq yq uyiwzmsteqitzs je lytçãs je iwgsre i js vevir js vxsliwwsx. Iq yqe
wsgmijeji uyi hywge s itwmts ji uyermjeji vexe zsjsw, é lytjeqitzer uyi, eréq js yws ji tsbew
zigtsrskmew, s vxsliwwsx iwzipe vxivexejs vexe xigihix, iq wyew grewwiw xikyrexiw, erytsw gsq
jilmgmêtgme. Vsxéq, ezyerqitzi, iwwiw erytsw iwzãs witjs egimzsw te xiji xikyrex ji itwmts, wiq uyi
s vxsliwwsx zitne erkyqe lsxqeçãs te áxie ji mtgrywãs, eréq ji tãs vswwymx e lsxqeçãs tigiwwáxme
vexe s yws ji mtlsxqázmge. Ts âqhmzs jew zigtsrskmew ewwmwzmbew, s gsqvyzejsx vsji wix yq gejixts
irizxôtmgs, jiwji uyi wipeq yzmrmfejsw nexjaexiw i wslzaexiw ejiuyejsw.
Zigtsrskme ewwmwzmbe é uyeruyix mziq, viçe ji iuymveqitzs sy wmwziqe ji vxsjyzsw, ejuymxmjs
gsqixgmerqitzi sy jiwitbsrbmjs exziweterqitzi, vxsjyfmjs iq wéxmi, qsjmlmgejs sy limzs wsh
qijmje, uyi é ywejs vexe eyqitzex, qetzix sy qirnsxex nehmrmjejiw ji viwwsew gsq rmqmzeçõiw
lytgmstemw, wipeq líwmgew sy witwsxmemw.
Jiwwe lsxqe, yq gstzidzs ijygegmster mtgrywmbs, uyi lebsxiçe ew lytgmstermjejiw js eryts gsq
jilmgmêtgme qszsxe, tigiwwmze xigsxxix esw evsmsw ji legmrmzejsxiw wsgmemw, gsqs e zigtsrskme ewwmwzmbe,
tew wikymtziw qsjermjejiw: eydírms iq ezmbmjejiw ji bmje jmáxme; qezixmer iwgsrex i vijekókmgs
ejevzejs; gsqytmgeçãs eyqitzezmbe i erzixte­zmbe; mtlsxqázmge egiwwíbir; egiwwmhmrmjeji i ejevzeçõiw
exuymzizôtmgew; qshmrmáxms, ejiuyeçãs vswzyxer i qshmrmjeji (HXEWMR, 6443).
Tiwzi witzmjs, e gxmetçe gsq jilmgmêtgme líwmge tãs vsji iwzex iq yq qytjs à vexzi vexe jiwitbsrbix
nehmrmjejiw qszsxew. É vxigmws uyi ire xigihe sw hitilígmsw zigtsrókmgsw i ji xiehmrmzeçãs iq gstwzetzi
mtzixeçãs gsq s eqhmitzi es uyer ire vixzitgi. É qymzs qemw wmktmlmgezmbs à gxmetçe jiwitbsrbix nehmrmjejiw ji
lere wi ire ziq gsq uyiq wi gsqytmgex. Je qiwqe lsxqe, é qemw wmktmlmgezmbs jiwitbsrbix nehmrmjeji ji etjex
wi vexe ire iwzá kexetzmjs s wiy jmximzs ji mx i bmx. (HXEWMR, 6443, v. 73).

VEXERMWME GIXIHXER SY ITGILERSVEZME GXÔTMGE TÃS VXSKXIWWMBE

Amrrmet Psnt Rmzzri, yq sxzsvijmwze mtkrêw, jiwgxibiy vire vxmqimxe bif, iq 7289, e itgilersvezme
gxôtmge je mtlâtgme, i e jilmtmy gsqs vezsrskme xiregmsteje e jmlixitziw geywew i gexegzixmfeje
iwvigmerqitzi vsx xmkmjif qywgyrex. Iq 7206, iwzehirigiy-wi e xireçãs itzxi iwwi uyejxs i s vexzs
etsxqer. Vswzixmsxqitzi, Lxiyj, iq 7253, wykixmy e yzmrmfeçãs je idvxiwwãs vexermwme gixihxer (VG),
uyi lsm gstwekxeje vsx Vnirvw, es wi xilixmx e yq kxyvs ji gxmetçew gsq jmwzúxhmsw qszsxiw qemw sy
qitsw wibixsw, jibmjs à riwãs ts wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer (WTG), wiqirnetziw sy tãs à wítjxsqi ji
Rmzzri (JMEQITZ, 7550; XSZZE, 6447).
E VG, sy itgilersvezme gxôtmge tãs vxskxiwwmbe je mtlâtgme (IGTVM), é gstwiuyêtgme ji yqe riwãs
iwzázmge uyi elize s wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer iq lewi ji qezyxeçãs iwzxyzyxer i lytgmster. É yqe
jmwlytçãs vxijsqmtetziqitzi witwsxmsqszsxe, itbsrbitjs jmwzúxhmsw ts zôtyw qywgyrex, te
vswzyxe i te qsbmqitzeçãs bsrytzáxme, vsjitjs, zeqhéq, iwzex ewwsgmeje e syzxew erzixeçõiw, gsqs
jilmgmêtgme qitzer, bmwyer i uyejxs gstbyrwmbs (KIXERMW, 6443; WGNAEXZFQET, 6448). Xswitheyq
(6443) ezyermfsy s gstgimzs ji vexermwme gixihxer i e jilmtmy gsqs yq kxyvs ji jiwsxjitw js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs js qsbmqitzs i je vswzyxe uyi geywe rmqmzeçãs ji ezmbmjejiw, ezxmhyíjs e yq
jmwzúxhms tãs vxskxiwwmbs uyi sgsxxi ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs lizer sy ts géxihxs js regzitzi. E
jiwsxjiq qszsxe je vexermwme gixihxer é tsxqerqitzi egsqvetneje vsx jmwzúxhmsw ji witweçãs,
gsktmçãs, gsqytmgeçãs, vixgivçãs, gsqvsxzeqitzs, vsx gxmwi ivmrévzmge i vsx vxshriqew
qywgyrsiwuyirézmgsw wigytjáxmsw (XSWITHEYQ, 6443).
Ji egsxjs gsq Vmsbiwete (6446), e VG é yqe gstjmçãs gsq qúrzmvrew izmsrskmew. Vsji wix geyweje
vsx lezsxiw nixijmzáxmsw sy ibitzsw sgsxxmjsw tsw vixísjsw sw vxé, vixm sy vów-tezer ezé sw 6 etsw ji
mjeji (ERRIKXIZZM; QETGMTM; WGNAEXZFQET, 6446; QETGMTM iz er., 6448; VMSBIWETE, 6446). Ew
geywew vsjiq wix kitézmgew, gstkêtmzew, mtlreqezóxmew, mtliggmswew, vsx ibitzsw etódmgsw, zxeyqázmgsw
i qizehórmgsw (WETOEX; QYTJOYX, 6441).
Gxmetçew vxiqezyxew sy qymzs viuyitew iwzãs wypimzew e wslxix vexermwme gixihxer vsx riwõiw
bewgyrexiw, vsmw wiyw bewsw wetkyítisw itgilármgsw zêq vexijiw qymzs lxákimw, s uyi vsji sgewmstex
erkyqe niqsxxekme mtzxebitzxmgyrex (LMTTMI, 6444). Vxshriqew gsqs e lerze ji sdmkêtms etziw, jyxetzi
sy evów s tewgmqitzs, jetsw zódmgsw sy itbititeqitzs vsx árgssr sy jxskew ywejew vire qãi
jyxetzi e kiwzeçãs, zxeyqe itgilármgs (v. id., uyije, egmjitzi ji eyzsqóbir), jmwzúxhmsw qizehórmgsw,
mtligçõiw js wmwziqe tixbsws, gsqs itgilermzi sy qitmtkmzi, zeqhéq vsjiq geywex vexermwme
gixihxer (LMTTMI, 6444; KIXERMW, 6443; RIBMZZ, 6447). Mtúqixsw bíxyw evxiwitzeq yqe gevegmjeji ji
tiyxsmtbewãs (mtbewãs js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer) i tiyxsbmxyrêtgme (gevegmjeji ji mtligzex i
vxsbsgex jmwzúxhmsw te lytçãs je géryre tiyxer), vsjitjs vxipyjmgex s jiwitbsrbmqitzs qezyxegmster
js itgélers je gxmetçe (QMRRIX; GREXO, 6446).
Mjitzmlmgex e izmsrskme je VG emtje é yq lezsx tihyrsws. Iqhsxe qymzew bifiw e nmwzóxme grítmge i e
kiwzegmster vixqmzeq iwwe mjitzmlmgeçãs, syzxew zetzew lmgeq wiq xiwvswzew. Wikytjs Wsyfe i
Lixxexizs (6447), e qemsx geywe ji VG é e etódme vixmtezer vsx yq zxeherns ji vexzs etsxqer sy
vxsrstkejs. E vxiqezyxmjeji itzxe gsqs wikytje qemsx geywe je IGTVM. Iq gstzxevexzmje, Wetoex i
Qytjoyx (6441) elmxqeq uyi itzxi 31 i 24% jsw gewsw sgsxxiq jibmjs e jetsw vxé-tezemw i qitsw
ji 74% gsqiçeq jibmjs e zxeyqe es tewgmqitzs sy ewlmdme.
Wikytjs Nmqqirqett, Nekhixk i Ybihxetz (6474), gsq xireçãs à mjeji kiwzegmster (MK), 90% jew
gxmetçew tewgmjew gsq mjeji kiwzegmster mtlixmsx e 62 wiqetew zêq vexermwme gixihxer. Iq gxmetçew
tewgmjew itzxi 62 i 96 wiqetew ji kiwzeçãs, iwwi ítjmgi gem vexe 61%, xijyfmtjs-wi vexe 6,1% iq
gxmetçew gsq mjeji kiwzegmster itzxi 96 i 92 wiqetew. Itzxi 92 i 84 wiqetew ji MK, s ítjmgi ji
gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer bsrze e gxiwgix i gnike e 96%. Gsq hewi tiwwiw jejsw, é vswwíbir
elmxqex uyi e vexermwme gixihxer sgsxxi qemw lxiuyitziqitzi iq vxiqezyxsw i tewgmjsw e zixqs.
Ew gexegzixíwzmgew i sw gsqvxsqizmqitzsw jew gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer wãs qexgejsw vsx
wítjxsqiw grítmgew nizixskêtiew (KEYFFM; LSTWIGE, 6448). Wikytjs Xszze (6447) i Qmrrix i Grexo
(6446), e grewwmlmgeçãs jew itgilersvezmew gxôtmgew je mtlâtgme vsji wix limze ji báxmew lsxqew, ribetjs
iq gstze s qsqitzs riwmster, s rsger je riwãs, e izmsrskme, e wmtzsqezsrskme sy e jmwzxmhymçãs
zsvskxálmge. Gstwmjixetjs sw ewvigzsw etezôqmgsw i grítmgsw, uyi wãs sw iriqitzsw vxmtgmvemw js
uyejxs grítmgs, e vexermwme gixihxer vsji wix grewwmlmgeje gsqs: iwváwzmge sy vmxeqmjer; gsxisezizówmge
sy idzxevmxeqmjer; ezádmge i qmwze. E lsxqe iwváwzmge é e qemw lxiuyitzi, egsqizitjs 36 e 57% jew
gxmetçew gsq VG (SJJMTK; XSIHXSIGO; WZEQ, 6440).
Gstlsxqi Qmrrix i Grexo (6446), e VG iwváwzmge jimde e gxmetçe gsq sw qiqhxsw lxegsw i xíkmjsw. Ire
wyhjmbmji-wi iq: zizxevrikme, uyetjs sw uyezxs qiqhxsw wãs wibixeqitzi elizejsw, gsq mtgmjêtgme
ji 5 e 79%; niqmvrikme, uyetjs yq niqmgsxvs é elizejs (rejs iwuyixjs sy jmximzs), sgsxxi itzxi 61
i 84% jsw gewsw (LMTTMI, 6444); jmvrikme, uyetjs sw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw wãs qemw elizejsw uyi sw
wyvixmsxiw, gsq mtgmjêtgme ji 74 e 99% (QMRRIX; GREXO, 6446).
E xivxiwitzeçãs jiwwew vxmtgmvemw lsxqew ji riwãs vsji wix bmwze te Lmkyxe 77.7 i ew xiwvigzmbew
xikmõiw elizejew js itgélers wãs evxiwitzejew te Lmkyxe 77.6.

Lmkyxe 77.7 Idiqvrsw ji vexermwme gixihxer.

Lstzi: Hxeke (7551).
 Lmkyxe 77.6 Xivxiwitzeçãs jew xikmõiw js itgélers elizejew.
Lstzi: Hxeke (7551).
E lsxqe ezizówmge é euyire te uyer e gxmetçe evxiwitze qsbmqitzsw mtbsrytzáxmsw gstwzetziw,
qiwqs zitzetjs lmgex mqóbir (5 e 66%). Te ezádmge, e gxmetçe evxiwitze jmlmgyrjejiw iq gssxjitex s
qsbmqitzs (QMRRIX; GREXO, 6446). Wikytjs Lmttmi (6444), e gxmetçe ezádmge tãs ziq qsbmqitzsw
mtbsrytzáxmsw uyetjs iwzá witzeje mqóbir, qew xiermfe qsbmqitzsw bsrytzáxmsw jiwepimzejsw i mtáhimw
i, vsxzetzs, gexegzixmfe-wi vire mtgssxjiteçãs iwzázmge i gmtézmge. É e qetmliwzeçãs qemw xexe gsq
mtgmjêtgme ji 6%. S gsqvxsqizmqitzs qmwzs xivxiwitze yqe gsqhmteçãs ji jyew lsxqew
etzixmsxqitzi jiwgxmzew (5 e 66%) (QMRRIX; GREXO, 6446).
S kxey js gsqvxsqizmqitzs iwzá jmxizeqitzi xiregmstejs gsq lezsxiw gsqs e idzitwãs je riwãs,
wye rsgermfeçãs, s vixísjs iq uyi sgsxxiy i e lsxqe gsqs e gxmetçe é iwzmqyreje i zxezeje es rstks
js wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs (LMTTMI, 6444; KIXERMW, 6443; RIBMZZ, 6447).
Yqe bif uyi e vexermwme gixihxer mtlryitgme s qsjs gsqs ew gxmetçew wi jiwitbsrbiq, ire é
gstnigmje gsqs yq jmwzúxhms (jilmgmêtgme) js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Witjs ewwmq, qymzew lewiw js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx wixãs sqmzmjew, s uyi egexxize jmbixwew erzixeçõiw uyi vsjiq
gsqvxsqizix e lytgmstermjeji te xiermfeçãs jew ezmbmjejiw ji bmje jmáxme (EBJ’w), mtjivitjêtgme,
eyzstsqme i e vexzmgmveçãs wsgmer (LMTTMI, 6444; KIXERMW, 6443; QETGMTM iz er., 6448).

MTGRYWÃS IJYGEGMSTER
S vxsgiwws ji mtgrywãs wi xilixi e yq vxsgiwws ijygegmster uyi bmwe e iwzitjix es qádmqs e
gevegmjeji je gxmetçe gsq jilmgmêtgme te iwgsre i te grewwi xikyrex. É yq vxsgiwws gstwzetzi uyi
vxigmwe wix gstzmtyeqitzi xibmwzs.
Ew vxmqimxew mtmgmezmbew slmgmemw ji ezitjmqitzs ijygegmster vexe ew viwwsew gsq jilmgmêtgmew ts
Hxewmr sgsxxixeq e vexzmx je wikytje qizeji js wégyrs DMD, gsq e gxmeçãs ji jyew mtwzmzymçõiw
vúhrmgew: Mqvixmer Mtwzmzyzs jsw Qitmtsw Giksw, iq 7218, i s Mtwzmzyzs jsw Wyxjsw-Qyjsw, iq 7210.
Eqhew lsxeq gxmejew vsx jigxizsw mqvixmemw te gmjeji js Xms ji Petimxs i slixigmeq ijygeçãs háwmge
i vxslmwwmstermfetzi. Vexe e viwuymwejsxe iq nmwzóxme je ijygeçãs iwvigmer, Pettyffm (6448, v. 64), s
wyxkmqitzs je ijygeçãs js jIlmgmitzi ts Hxewmr egstzigiy jibmjs es itbsrbmqitzs ji “[...] viwwsew
witwmhmrmfejew gsq s vxshriqe, uyi itgstzxexeq evsms ksbixteqitzer”. Tiwwi vixísjs tãs nebme
yqe rikmwreçãs ijygegmster uyi xikyrexmfewwi s ezitjmqitzs ijygegmster esw jIlmgmitziw. E eyzsxe
Pettyffm (6448, v. 63) emtje elmxqe uyi iwwiw jsmw mtwzmzyzsw lsxeq wiqvxi vxmbmrikmejsw,
[...] vsmw iwzmbixeq rmkejsw es vsjix gitzxer ezé 7539, uyetjs itzãs wi wyhsxjmtexeq es Gitzxs Tegmster ji
Ijygeçãs Iwvigmer (GITIWV), vxmqimxs óxkãs ji vsrízmge ijygegmster vexe e áxie.
Wewweom (7553) elmxqe uyi iwwe nmwzóxme zibi uyezxs lewiw vxmtgmvemw:
• E vxmqimxe, uyi gsxxiwvstji es vixísjs etzixmsx es wégyrs DD, vsji wix gneqeje ji lewi je
idgrywãs, te uyer e qemsxme jew viwwsew gsq jilmgmêtgme i syzxew gstjmçõiw ixe zmje gsqs mtjmkte ji
ijygeçãs iwgsrex.
 E wikytje lewi, gneqeje ji wikxikeçãs, pá ts wégyrs DD, gsqiçsy gsq s ezitjmqitzs àw viwwsew
•
jIlmgmitziw jitzxs ji kxetjiw mtwzmzymçõiw uyi, itzxi syzxew gsmwew, vxsvmgmebeq grewwiw ji
erlehizmfeçãs. E vexzmx je jégeje ji 7514 i qemw lsxziqitzi tsw etsw 7504, gsq e igrswãs js
qsbmqitzs jsw vemw ji gxmetçew e uyiq ixe tikejs mtkxiwws iq iwgsrew gsqytw, wyxkmxeq ew
iwgsrew iwvigmemw i, qemw zexji, ew grewwiw iwvigmemw jitzxs ji iwgsrew gsqytw. S wmwziqe ijygegmster
lmgsy gsq jsmw wyhwmwziqew lytgmstetjs vexerireqitzi i wiq rmkeçãs yq gsq s syzxs: e ijygeçãs
gsqyq i e ijygeçãs iwvigmer.
• E zixgimxe lewi, rsgermfeje te jégeje ji 7534, gstwzmzymy e lewi je mtzikxeçãs, iqhsxe e hetjimxe je
mtzikxeçãs pá zmbiwwi wmjs jilitjmje e vexzmx js lmter jsw etsw 7504. Tiwwe tsbe lewi, nsybi yqe
qyjetçe lmrswólmge iq jmxiçãs à mjime ji ijygeçãs mtzikxeje, sy wipe, iwgsrew gsqytw egimzebeq
gxmetçew sy ejsriwgitziw jIlmgmitziw tew grewwiw gsqytw sy, virs qitsw, iq eqhmitziw s qitsw
xiwzxmzmbs vswwíbir. Itzxizetzs, gstwmjixebeq-wi mtzikxejsw evitew euyiriw iwzyjetziw gsq
jilmgmêtgme uyi gstwikymwwiq ejevzex-wi à grewwi gsqyq gsqs iwze wi evxiwitzebe, vsxzetzs, wiq
qsjmlmgeçõiw ts wmwziqe. E ijygeçãs mtzikxeje sy mtzikxejsxe idmkme e ejevzeçãs jsw erytsw es
wmwziqe iwgsrex, idgrymtjs euyiriw uyi tãs gstwikymeq ejevzex-wi sy egsqvetnex sw jiqemw
erytsw. Ew rimw wiqvxi zmtneq s gymjejs ji xiwwerzex e gstjmçãs “vxilixitgmerqitzi te xiji xikyrex
ji itwmts”, s uyi jimdebe iq ehixzs e vswwmhmrmjeji ji qetzix gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq
jilmgmêtgme tew iwgsrew iwvigmemw.
• Lmterqitzi, e uyexze lewi, e ji mtgrywãs, wyxkmy te wikytje qizeji je jégeje ji 7524,
mtgxiqitzsy-wi tsw etsw 7554 i bem ejitzxetjs s wégyrs DDM. E mjime lytjeqitzer jiwze lewi é e
ji ejevzex s wmwziqe iwgsrex àw tigiwwmjejiw jsw erytsw. E mtgrywãs vxsvõi yq útmgs wmwziqe
ijygegmster ji uyermjeji vexe zsjsw sw erytsw, gsq sy wiq jilmgmêtgme i gsq sy wiq syzxsw
zmvsw ji gstjmçãs ezívmge. E mtgrywãs wi hewime iq vxmtgívmsw gsqs: e egimzeçãs jew jmlixitçew
mtjmbmjyemw gsqs yq ezxmhyzs i tãs gsqs yq shwzágyrs, e bersxmfeçãs je jmbixwmjeji nyqete
vire wye mqvsxzâtgme vexe s itxmuyigmqitzs ji zsjew ew viwwsew, s jmximzs ji vixzitgix i tãs ji
lmgex ji lsxe, s mkyer bersx jew qmtsxmew iq gsqvexeçãs gsq e qemsxme. E ijygeçãs mtgrywmbe
jivitji tãs wó je gevegmjeji js wmwziqe iwgsrex (jmxizsx, vxsliwwsxiw, vemw i syzxsw) iq hywgex
wsryçõiw vexe s jiwelms je vxiwitçe ji zãs jmlixitziw erytsw tew grewwiw, gsqs zeqhéq js
jiwips ji lefix ji zyjs vexe uyi titnyq eryts wipe tsbeqitzi idgryíjs gsq hewi iq erkyqe
tigiwwmjeji ijygegmster qymzs iwvigmer.
Wewweom (7553) emtje evstze erkytw vxiwwyvswzsw háwmgsw, uyi jibiq wix ribejsw iq gstwmjixeçãs
es etermwexqsw s vxsgiwws ji mtgrywãs ijygezmbe:

7. s uyi é qirnsx vexe viwwsew jIlmgmitziw jivitji ji mtúqixsw lezsxiw (jiwips jsw vemw;
jiwips jew vxóvxmew viwwsew jIlmgmitziw; svmtmãs jew eyzsxmjejiw ijygegmstemw; e xiermjeji
iwgsrex je gmjeji sy xikmãs, izg.);
6. iwgsre mtzikxeje i iwgsre mtzikxejsxe wmktmlmgeq e qiwqe gsmwe, te vxsvswze wyxkmje te lewi
je mtzikxeçãs;
9. te vxsvswze ji mtgrywãs, e iwgsre iwvigmer, e were ji xigyxwsw i sw vxsliwwsxiw ji ijygeçãs
iwvigmer zixãs tsbew i qemw mqvsxzetziw lytçõiw, i ew grewwiw iwvigmemw tãs wixãs qemw
tigiwwáxmew;
8. yqe iwgsre mtgrywmbe, jmlixitziqitzi ji yqe iwgsre mtzikxejsxe, egsrni zsjsw sw erytsw
ejevzetjs-wi àw wyew jmlixitziw tigiwwmjejiw;
1. yqe iwgsre gsqyq, zer uyer wiqvxi idmwzmy, tãs wi zsxte eyzsqezmgeqitzi yqe iwgsre
mtgrywmbe wó vsxuyi ejqmzmy erkytw erytsw gsq jilmgmêtgme tew grewwiw gsqytw;
0. yqe iwgsre gsqyq wó wi zsxte mtgrywmbe jivsmw uyi wi xiiwzxyzyxsy vexe ezitjix à
jmbixwmjeji jsw tsbsw erytsw iq zixqsw ji tigiwwmjejiw iwvigmemw (tãs wó ew jigsxxitziw
ji jilmgmêtgme líwmge, qitzer, bmwyer, eyjmzmbe sy qúrzmvre, gsqs zeqhéq euyirew xiwyrzetziw ji
syzxew gstjmçõiw ezívmgew), iq zixqsw ji iwzmrsw i nehmrmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq jsw erytsw i
iq zsjsw sw syzxsw xiuymwmzsw js vxmtgívms je mtgrywãs, gstlsxqi iwzehirigmjsw ts
jsgyqitzs Jigrexeçãs ji Wereqetge i s Vrets ji Eçãs vexe e Ijygeçãs ji Tigiwwmjejiw
Iwvigmemw”.7 Zxeze-wi js qemw gsqvrizs zidzs wshxi mtgrywãs te ijygeçãs, iq gypsw
vexákxelsw lmge ibmjitgmejs uyi e ijygeçãs mtgrywmbe tãs wi xilixi evitew àw viwwsew gsq
jilmgmêtgme i wmq e zsjew ew viwwsew, jilmgmitziw sy tãs, uyi zitneq tigiwwmjejiw
ijygegmstemw iwvigmemw iq gexázix ziqvsxáxms, mtzixqmzitzi sy vixqetitzi. Mwws wi gsejyte
gsq e lmrswslme je mtgrywãs, te qijmje iq uyi e mtgrywãs tãs ejqmzi idgiçõiw – zsjew ew
viwwsew jibiq wix mtgryíjew (SXKETMFEÇÃS JEW TEÇÕIW YTMJEW VEXE E IJYGEÇÃS, E
GMÊTGME I E GYRZYXE, 7558).
 Vexe uyi e mtgrywãs sgsxxe ji lezs, Gexberns (6448) ejbixzi uyi iwwi é s qsqitzs ji xilridãs
egixge je lsxqeçãs ji tswwsw vxsliwwsxiw iq kixer, vsmw wehiqsw uyi e ijygeçãs hxewmrimxe
itlxitze kxebiw jiwelmsw, xilridsw jsw vxshriqew iwzxyzyxemw gsq sw uyemw ziqsw bmbmjs. Emtje
wikytjs e eyzsxe, zsjs vxsliwwsx, gsqs vxslmwwmster je evxitjmfekiq uyi é, jibi wix iwvigmermwze ts
eryts, gsqs wix uyi ibsrym, uyi gstwzxóm gstnigmqitzsw, uyi ziq witzmqitzsw i jiwipsw i uyi zxef
vexe e iwgsre wye hekekiq ji idvixmêtgmew ji bmje i ji mtlsxqeçõiw.
Wetzexswe (7556) wermitze pywzeqitzi iwwe tsbe xireçãs js vxsliwwsx i pywzmlmge uyi e wye lsxqeçãs
jibi zix gsqs lmtermjeji e gstwgmêtgme gxízmge ji wiy vevir, jibitjs iwzex gsqvxsqizmjs gsq e
qirnsxme je uyermjeji ji wiy zxeherns, js wiy itwmts, ji wye ezyeçãs gsqs ijygejsx i qijmejsx
uyi jmteqmfe e zxsge ji eçãs itzxi s wypimzs i s shpizs js gstnigmqitzs, gsq bmwzew à evxsvxmeçãs
js wehix (mtzixeçãs mtjmbmjyer), itzxi wypimzs i kxyvs (mtzixeçãs mtzixmtjmbmjyer), bmehmrmfetjs s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji vixwstermjejiw eyzôtsqew ts jsqítms gsktmzmbs-qsxer, wsgmer i elizmbs.
Wetzexswe (7550) gstzmtye:
[...] e lsxqeçãs js vxsliwwsx, iq uyeruyix áxie, jibi xiwwerzex wiy vevir gsqs gstwzxyzsx js gstnigmqitzs i
vitwejsx ji wye vxázmge vijekókmge, gsqvxsqizmjs gsq wye ezyeçãs gsqs ijygejsx iq yq qytjs ji
gstwzetziw qyjetçew i ebetçsw zigtsrókmgsw.
Vsji-wi elmxqex uyi vexe uyi e mtgrywãs sgsxxe xierqitzi é tigiwwáxms uyi sw vxsliwwsxiw iwzipeq
evxsvxmejsw je zigtsrskme, vexe uyi vswweq yzmrmfex zsjew ew lixxeqitzew je qirnsx qetimxe
vswwíbir. Iwwe tigiwwmjeji é xielmxqeje vsx Rmqe (6443), vexe uyiq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs zigtsrókmgs i
s vxsgiwws ji krshermfeçãs je mtlsxqeçãs vsx qims je mqekiq qsjmlmgexeq sw vxsgiwwsw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs gyrzyxer vsx mtzxsjyfmxiq tsbew lsxqew ji qijmeçãs. Ew tsbew kixeçõiw
jiwitbsrbiq-wi gsq jmlixitçew mqvsxzetziw iq xireçãs àw kixeçõiw vxigijitziw, vsx qims, vsx
idiqvrs, je mtzixeçãs gsq e mtlsxqázmge.
S gsqvyzejsx wsqitzi lytgmste, ilizmbeqitzi, gsqs mtwzxyqitzs ts vxsgiwws ji itwmts-
evxitjmfekiq, wi lsx mtwixmjs iq yq gstzidzs ji ezmbmjejiw uyi jiwelmiq s kxyvs iq wiy
gxiwgmqitzs. E mtlsxqázmge ijygezmbe wixbmxá gsqs lixxeqitze jitzxs ji yq eqhmitzi uyi bersxmfi s
vxefix js evxitjmf iq gstwzxymx wiy vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq, vsx qims je mtzikxeçãs ji
gstziújsw wmktmlmgezmbsw. S vevir js vxsliwwsx te yzmrmfeçãs js gsqvyzejsx é lytjeqitzer, yqe bif
uyi é iri uyiq gxme, sxketmfe i vxsqsbi s eqhmitzi je evxitjmfekiq.
Hevzmwze (6445) elmxqe uyi s qsjs gstziqvsxâtis ji iwgsrexmfeçãs vxigmwe wix gsrsgejs iq
gniuyi, vxmtgmverqitzi virew zxetwlsxqeçõiw ts qixgejs ji zxeherns, tew lsxqew ji gsqytmgeçãs i
egiwws à mtlsxqeçãs, te iwzxyzyxe i te bmje yxhete, tew gstlmkyxeçõiw i tew xireçõiw leqmrmexiw, izg.

ZISXME NMWZÓXMGS-GYRZYXER JI BCKSZWOC

Wikytjs e zisxme nmwzóxmgs-gyrzyxer ji Bckszwoc, s mtjmbíjys wi gstwzmzym, gsqs zer, tãs wsqitzi
jibmjs esw vxsgiwwsw ji qezyxeçãs sxkâtmge, qew, vxmtgmverqitzi, vsx qims ji wyew mtzixeçõiw
wsgmemw, e vexzmx jew zxsgew iwzehirigmjew gsq wiyw wiqirnetziw. Ew lytçõiw vwíuymgew nyqetew iwzãs
mtzmqeqitzi bmtgyrejew es evxitjmfejs, à evxsvxmeçãs (vsx mtzixqéjms je rmtkyekiq) js rikejs
gyrzyxer ji wiy kxyvs.
Iwwi vezxmqôtms, qezixmer i wmqhórmgs, gstwmwzi ts gstpytzs ji bersxiw, gstnigmqitzsw, wmwziqew ji
xivxiwitzeçãs, gstwzxyzsw qezixmemw, zégtmgew, lsxqew ji vitwex i ji wi gsqvsxzex uyi e
nyqetmjeji gstwzxymy es rstks ji wye nmwzóxme. Vexe uyi e gxmetçe vswwe jsqmtex iwwiw
gstnigmqitzsw, é lytjeqitzer e qijmeçãs ji mtjmbíjysw, wshxizyjs jsw qemw idvixmitziw ji wiy
kxyvs gyrzyxer.
Qew vexe uyi idmwze evxsvxmeçãs é vxigmws zeqhéq uyi idmwze mtzixtermfeçãs, uyi mqvrmge e
zxetwlsxqeçãs jsw vxsgiwwsw idzixtsw (gstgxizmfejsw tew ezmbmjejiw itzxi ew viwwsew) iq yq
vxsgiwws mtzxevwmgsrókmgs (ts uyer e ezmbmjeji é xigstwzxyíje mtzixteqitzi). S rstks geqmtns js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs nyqets wikyi, vsxzetzs, e jmxiçãs js wsgmer vexe s mtjmbmjyer.
Vsxzetzs, te vixwvigzmbe ji Bckszwoc, gstwzxymx gstnigmqitzsw mqvrmge yqe eçãs vexzmrneje, pá uyi
é vsx qims jsw syzxsw uyi ew xireçõiw itzxi wypimzs i shpizs ji gstnigmqitzs wãs iwzehirigmjew.
S vexejmkqe iwhsçejs wykixi, ewwmq, yq xijmqitwmsteqitzs js bersx jew mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw
(itzxi sw erytsw i s vxsliwwsx i itzxi ew gxmetçew) ts gstzidzs iwgsrex. Ew mtzixeçõiw vewweq e wix
itzitjmjew gsqs gstjmçãs tigiwwáxme vexe e vxsjyçãs ji gstnigmqitzsw vsx vexzi jsw erytsw,
vexzmgyrexqitzi euyirew uyi vixqmzeq s jmársks, e gssvixeçãs i e zxsge ji mtlsxqeçõiw qúzyew, s
gstlxstzs ji vstzsw ji bmwze jmbixkitziw i uyi mqvrmgeq e jmbmwãs ji zexilew, tew uyemw geje yq ziq
yqe xiwvstwehmrmjeji uyi, wsqejew, xiwyrzexãs ts ergetgi ji yq shpizmbs gsqyq. Gehi, vsxzetzs,
es vxsliwwsx tãs wsqitzi vixqmzmx uyi irew sgsxxeq, qew vxsqsbê-rew ts gszmjmets jew werew ji
eyre.
Jiwwe qetimxe, e nizixskitimjeji, gexegzixíwzmge vxiwitzi iq uyeruyix kxyvs nyqets, vewwe e wix
bmwze gsqs lezsx mqvxiwgmtjíbir vexe ew mtzixeçõiw te were ji eyre. Sw jmlixitziw xmzqsw,
gsqvsxzeqitzsw, idvixmêtgmew, zxepizóxmew viwwsemw, gstzidzsw leqmrmexiw, bersxiw i tíbimw ji
gstnigmqitzsw ji geje gxmetçe (i js vxsliwwsx) mqvxmqiq es gszmjmets iwgsrex e vswwmhmrmjeji ji
zxsge ji xivixzóxmsw, ji bmwãs ji qytjs, gstlxstzsw, epyje qúzye i gstwiuyitzi eqvrmeçãs jew
gevegmjejiw mtjmbmjyemw.
Iq wítziwi, yqe vxázmge iwgsrex hewieje tiwwiw vxmtgívmsw jibixá, tigiwwexmeqitzi, gstwmjixex s
wypimzs ezmbs (i mtzixezmbs) ts wiy vxsgiwws ji gstnigmqitzs, pá uyi iri tãs é bmwzs gsqs euyiri uyi
xigihi vewwmbeqitzi ew mtlsxqeçõiw js idzixmsx. Zsjebme, e ezmbmjeji iwvstzâtie i mtjmbmjyer je
gxmetçe, eviwex ji mqvsxzetzi, tãs é wylmgmitzi vexe e evxsvxmeçãs jsw gstnigmqitzsw egyqyrejsw
vire nyqetmjeji. Vsxzetzs, jibixá gstwmjixex zeqhéq e mqvsxzâtgme je mtzixbitçãs js vxsliwwsx
(itzitjmjs gsqs erkyéq qemw idvixmitzi je gyrzyxe) i, lmterqitzi, ew zxsgew ilizmbejew itzxi ew
gxmetçew (uyi zeqhéq gstzxmhyiq vexe sw jiwitbsrbmqitzsw mtjmbmjyemw).
E vexzmx js ideqi ji ziwiw idvxiwwew vsx Bckszwoc, é mqvsxzetzi uyi leçeqsw erkyqew
gstwmjixeçõiw egixge js vevir js vxsliwwsx. S xilixitgmer etermwejs wykixi e tigiwwmjeji ji
xijilmtmçãs ji wye lytçãs. Vsjiqsw jmfix uyi, tiwwe ehsxjekiq, s vxsliwwsx jimde ji wix bmwzs
gsqs ekitzi idgrywmbs ji mtlsxqeçãs i lsxqeçãs jsw erytsw, yqe bif uyi ew mtzixeçõiw
iwzehirigmjew itzxi ew gxmetçew zeqhéq zêq yq vevir lytjeqitzer te vxsqsçãs ji ebetçsw ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtjmbmjyer.
Mwws tãs wmktmlmge, ts itzetzs, uyi wiy vevir wipe mtjmwvitwábir sy qitsw mqvsxzetzi. Qymzs virs
gstzxáxms, e lytçãs uyi iri jiwiqvitne ts gstzidzs iwgsrex é ji idzxiqe xiribâtgme, pá uyi é s
iriqitzs qijmejsx (i vswwmhmrmzejsx) jew mtzixeçõiw itzxi sw erytsw i jew gxmetçew gsq sw shpizsw ji
gstnigmqitzs.
E qijmeçãs é yq vxsgiwws iwwitgmer vexe zsxtex vswwíbimw vxsgiwwsw sy lytçõiw vwmgsrókmgew
zmvmgeqitzi nyqetew, sy wipe, bsrytzáxmew, mtzitgmstemw, gstzxsrejew virs vxóvxms wypimzs. Wãs
jitsqmtejew vsx Bckszwoc gsqs lytçõiw vwmgsrókmgew wyvixmsxiw6 (LVW): “Ew lytçõiw vwmgsrókmgew
wyvixmsxiw evxiwitzeq yqe iwzxyzyxe zer uyi itzxi s nsqiq i s qytjs xier idmwziq qijmejsxiw,
lixxeqitzew eydmrmexiw jew ezmbmjejiw nyqetew” (SRMBIMXE, 7559, v. 60-63). Ew LVW sxmkmteq-wi jew
xireçõiw itzxi sw mtjmbíjysw nyqetsw, sy wipe, te vexzmgmveçãs js wypimzs iq ezmbmjejiw
gsqvexzmrnejew gsq syzxsw (HEUYIXS, 7552), vsx mwws tãs evexigiq ji lsxqe xivitzmte,
evxiwitzeq yqe tezyxife nmwzóxmge i wãs ji sxmkiq wsgmsgyrzyxer. Vsx syzxs rejs, ew lytçõiw
vwmgsrókmgew mtlixmsxiw (LVM) sy syzxsw vxsgiwwsw vwmgsrókmgsw iriqitzexiw wãs mtgstwgmitziw i
mtbsrytzáxmsw, gexegzixmfeq-wi vsx wixiq mqijmezsw, sy wipe, xieçõiw jmxizew e yqe jizixqmteje
wmzyeçãs, i wãs ji sxmkiq tezyxer i hmsrókmge, vsxzetzs, wãs gstzxsrejsw virs qims líwmgs i wsgmer.
Tiwwe vixwvigzmbe, s uyi jizixqmte s jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew LVW tãs é lytjeqitzerqitzi e qyjetçe
hmsrókmge, qew wshxizyjs e yzmrmfeçãs js uyi Bckszwoc jitsqmtsy gsqs iriqitzsw qijmejsxiw. S
jiwitbsrbmqitzs “[...] wi já tãs iq gíxgyrs, qew iq iwvmxer, vewwetjs virs qiwqs vstzs e geje tsbe
xibsryçãs, ituyetzs ebetçe vexe yq tíbir wyvixmsx” (BCKSZWOC, 7528, v. 09).
Bckszwoc zxehernsy gsq s vxiwwyvswzs ji uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs hmsrókmgs i s jiwitbsrbmqitzs
gyrzyxer lsxqeq yqe ytmjeji, te uyer s vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs é jizixqmtejs
zetzs virs tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs sxkâtmgs sy hmsrókmgs uyetzs virs tíbir ji yzmrmfeçãs ji
iriqitzsw qijmejsxiw gyrzyxemw. E mtzixeçãs itzxi s wypimzs-eqhmitzi wi já vsx qims js yws ji jsmw
zmvsw ji iriqitzsw qijmejsxiw, sw mtwzxyqitzsw i sw wmktsw. E vxiwitçe ji iriqitzsw qijmejsxiw
mtzxsjyf yq irs e qemw tew xireçõiw wypimzs-qims, zsxtetjs-ew qemw gsqvridew.
Sw mtwzxyqitzsw, iriqitzsw qijmejsxiw idzixtsw, wãs lixxeqitzew qezixmemw mtzixvswzew itzxi s
wypimzs i s shpizs ji wye ezmbmjeji, eqvrmetjs ew vswwmhmrmjejiw ji zxetwlsxqeçãs je tezyxife. Wãs
limzsw sy hywgejsw vexe gixzs shpizmbs i bãs gexxikex gstwmks e lytçãs vexe e uyer lsxeq gxmejsw. Wãs
zeqhéq yq shpizs wsgmer i qijmejsx je xireçãs itzxi s nsqiq i s qytjs. É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex
uyi etmqemw zeqhéq wi yzmrmfeq ji mtwzxyqitzsw, qew ji lsxqe xyjmqitzex. Emtje uyi iwwiw
mtwzxyqitzsw idixçeq lytçãs qijmejsxe itzxi mtjmbíjys i shpizs, Bckszwoc itzitji gsqs witjs
jmlixitzi jsw mtwzxyqitzsw nyqetsw. Sw etmqemw tãs wãs gevefiw ji gxmex mtwzxyqitzsw gsq
shpizmbsw iwvigílmgsw i zeqhéq tãs kyexjeq iwwiw mtwzxyqitzsw vexe wixiq yzmrmfejsw, zeqvsygs sw
yweq gsqs gstuymwze e wix vewweje es wiy kxyvs wsgmer. Iriw zêq e gevegmjeji ji zxetwlsxqex s
eqhmitzi iq yq qsqitzs idgrywmbs, qew tãs zêq e gevegmjeji ji gyrzmbex wye xireçãs gsq s qims
iq yq vxsgiwws nmwzóxmgs-gyrzyxer, gsqs egstzigi gsq wixiw nyqetsw.
E lytçãs js mtwzxyqitzs é wixbmx gsqs yq gstjyzsx je mtlryêtgme nyqete wshxi s shpizs je ezmbmjeji; iri é
sxmitzejs idzixteqitzi; jibi tigiwwexmeqitzi ribex qyjetçew tsw shpizsw. Gstwzmzym yq qims virs uyer e
ezmbmjeji nyqete idzixte é jmxmkmje vexe s gstzxsri i jsqítms je tezyxife. (BCKSZWOC, 7528, v. 06).
Sw wmktsw wãs iriqitzsw qijmejsxiw mtzixtsw, qimsw eydmrmexiw vexe wsrygmstex yq jejs vxshriqe
vwmgsrókmgs gsqs riqhxex, gsqvexex, iwgsrnix, izg. Jmxmkiq-wi es gstzxsri ji eçõiw vwmgsrókmgew, wipe
js vxóvxms mtjmbíjys, wipe ji syzxew viwwsew. Wãs iriqitzsw uyi xivxiwitzeq sy idvxiwweq syzxsw
shpizsw, ibitzsw, wmzyeçõiw (ígsti, wíqhsrs). Wãs mtzixvitizxábimw gsqs xivxiwitzeçãs je xiermjeji i
vsjiq xilixmx-wi e iriqitzsw eywitziw js iwveçs i js ziqvs vxiwitziw (SRMBIMXE, 7559, v. 94). Vexe
Bckszwoc (7528, v. 06), s wmkts
[...] tãs qsjmlmge iq teje s shpizs je svixeçãs vwmgsrókmge. Gstwzmzym yq qims je ezmbmjeji mtzixte jmxmkmjs
vexe s gstzxsri js vxóvxms mtjmbíjys; s wmkts é sxmitzejs mtzixteqitzi.
Zetzs sw wmktsw gsqs sw mtwzxyqitzsw wãs xigyxwsw exzmlmgmemw, vsxuyi wãs gxmejsw i ejuymxmjsw
gyrzyxerqitzi.
S gstgimzs ji mtzixtermfeçãs é itzitjmjs virs eyzsx gsqs yq vxsgiwws ji xigstwzxyçãs i
zxetwlsxqeçãs mtzixte ji yqe svixeçãs idzixte, js uyer wi mtlixi uyi s mtzixtermfejs é
uyermzezmbeqitzi jmlixitzi i tãs wi gstwzmzym yqe wmqvriw góvme js vrets idzixts mtzixvwmgsrókmgs.
Mtzixtermfex é zxetwlsxqex i xigstwzxymx yqe svixeçãs idzixte mtzixvwmgsrókmge vexe yqe svixeçãs
mtzixte mtzxevwmgsrókmge, s uyi wi já vsx qims ji yqe wéxmi ji ibitzsw sgsxxmjsw es rstks js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
E mtzixtermfeçãs ji lsxqew gyrzyxemw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs itbsrbi e xigstwzxyçãs je ezmbmjeji vwmgsrókmge zitjs
gsqs hewi ew svixeçõiw gsq wmktsw. (BCKSZWOC, 7528, v. 08).
S gstgimzs ji evxsvxmeçãs itlezmfe uyi s wypimzs, vexe evxsvxmex-wi ji jizixqmtejsw vxsgiwwsw,
tigiwwmze je vexzmgmveçãs iq yqe ezmbmjeji gstpytze gsq syzxsw wypimzsw. Ji egsxjs gsq s eyzsx,
jibiqsw jmwzmtkymx sw gstgimzsw ji ezmbmjeji, eçõiw i svixeçõiw uyi gsqvõiq e zisxme je ezmbmjeji
nyqete:
S gstgimzs ji ezmbmjeji iwzá rmkejs es gstgimzs ji qszmbs. Tãs ná ezmbmjeji wi tãs ná qszmbs. Sw
gsqvstitziw vxmtgmvemw ji erkyqew ezmbmjejiw jsw nsqitw wãs ew eçõiw uyi iriw xiermfeq. Jitsqmteqsw
eçãs s vxsgiwws wyhsxjmtejs à xivxiwitzeçãs uyi wi ziq js xiwyrzejs uyi wi uyix gnikex, sy wipe, es
vxsgiwws wyhsxjmtejs e yq lmq gstwgmitzi. Js qiwqs qsjs uyi s gstgimzs ji qszmbs wi xiregmste gsq s
gstgimzs ji ezmbmjeji, s gstgimzs ji lmq wi xiregmste gsq s gstgimzs ji eçãs. (BCKSZWOC, 7528, v. 26).
S nsqiq wi evxsvxme jsw shpizsw vsx qims ji yqe ezmbmjeji ejiuyeje e iwwiw iriqitzsw, mwzs é, e
vexzmx js qsqitzs iq uyi gsqiçe e ywá-rsw, lsxqetjs gsxxiwvstjitziw eçõiw i svixeçõiw
qszsxew i qitzemw. E wmqvriw evxiwitzeçãs ji yq shpizs jmlmgmrqitzi jiwitbsrbixme te gxmetçe e
gevegmjeji ji wye yzmrmfeçãs. E ezmbmjeji jiwitbsrbi-wi qijmetzi ew xireçõiw vxázmgew i bixhemw uyi
idmwziq itzxi irew iq yq vxsgiwws nmwzóxmgs-wsgmer, qijmejs vsx wye xireçãs gsq ew viwwsew.
Sw xigyxwsw ji egiwwmhmrmjeji zigtsrókmge wãs itzitjmjsw vsx tów gsqs mtwzxyqitzsw, jmxmkmjsw
vexe s jsqítms js eqhmitzi gsqvyzegmster, i gsqs wmktsw, vsmw vswwmhmrmzeq e gsqytmgeçãs itzxi s
wypimzs i e qáuymte, vsx qims js wslzaexi uyi yzmrmfe yq wmwziqe ji wmktsw (e rmtkyekiq, e iwgxmze, sw
túqixsw, izg.), i wãs gstwmjixejsw, vsx mwws, lixxeqitzew gsktmzmbew. Ew zigtsrskmew ji mtlsxqeçãs i
gsqytmgeçãs (ZMGw) iwzãs mqvxiktejew ji wmktsw, uyi kixeq
[...] mqvegzsw te iwzxyzyxeçãs je vxóvxme wsgmijeji, iwzehirigitjs tsbsw vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw,
qyjetçew te gsqytmgeçãs wmqhórmge i s wyxkmqitzs ji gsqytmjejiw bmxzyemw. (KXYVS JI ZXEHERNS TSBEW
LSXQEW IRIZXÔTMGEW JI MTZIXEÇÃS, 6444, v. 6).
Ew viwuymwew ji Bckszwoc tãs wi bsrzexeq evitew vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e evxitjmfekiq jsw
erytsw jmzsw “tsxqemw”. Ezxmhymtjs kxetji mqvsxzâtgme à ijygeçãs iwvigmer, Bckszwoc (7523)
gssxjitsy i jiwitbsrbiy viwuymwew tiwwi geqvs, zitjs ezyejs gsq gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw
vsxzejsxiw ji jilmgmêtgme (líwmge, bmwyer, qitzer, eyjmzmbe i qúrzmvre), ts Mtwzmzyzs Idvixmqitzer ji
Jiligzsrskme (zixqs yzmrmfejs te Xúwwme, ts mtígms js wégyrs DD, vexe wi xilixmx es zxeherns
jiwitbsrbmjs gsq viwwsew vsxzejsxew ji jilmgmêtgmew).
[...] E ijygeçãs vexe iwzew gxmetçew jibixme wi hewiex te sxketmfeçãs iwvigmer ji wyew lytçõiw i iq wyew
gexegzixíwzmgew qemw vswmzmbew, iq bif ji wi hewiex iq wiyw ewvigzsw qemw jilmgmzáxmsw. (BCKSZWOC, 7523, v. 62).
Bckszwoc (7523) tãs mktsxe ew jilmtmçõiw hmsrókmgew je iwvégmi nyqete; ts itzetzs, ezxmhym yqe
itsxqi mqvsxzâtgme à jmqitwãs wsgmer, uyi lsxtigi mtwzxyqitzsw i wíqhsrsw (ewwmq gsqs zsjsw sw
iriqitzsw vxiwitziw ts eqhmitzi nyqets mqvxiktejsw ji wmktmlmgejs gyrzyxer) uyi qijimeq e
xireçãs js mtjmbíjys gsq s qytjs i uyi lsxtigiq zeqhéq wiyw qigetmwqsw vwmgsrókmgsw i lsxqew
ji ekmx tiwwi qytjs. S evxitjmfejs é gstwmjixejs, ewwmq, yq ewvigzs tigiwwáxms i lytjeqitzer ts
vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew lytçõiw vwmgsrókmgew wyvixmsxiw.
Vsxzetzs, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vrits js wix nyqets jivitji js evxitjmfejs uyi xiermfe iq yq
jizixqmtejs kxyvs gyrzyxer, e vexzmx je mtzixeçãs gsq syzxsw mtjmbíjysw je wye iwvégmi. Mwws uyix
jmfix uyi, vsx idiqvrs, yq mtjmbíjys gxmejs iq yqe zxmhs mtjíkite, uyi jiwgstnigi s wmwziqe ji
iwgxmze i tãs ziq titnyq zmvs ji gstzezs gsq yq eqhmitzi rizxejs, tãs wi erlehizmfexá. S qiwqs
sgsxxi gsq e euymwmçãs je lere. E gxmetçe wó evxitjixá e lerex wi vixzitgix e yqe gsqytmjeji ji
leretziw, sy wipe, ew gstjmçõiw sxkâtmgew (vswwymx s evexirns lstejsx), iqhsxe tigiwwáxmew, tãs wãs
wylmgmitziw vexe uyi s mtjmbíjys ejuymxe e rmtkyekiq.
Tiwwe vixwvigzmbe, é s evxitjmfejs uyi vswwmhmrmze i qsbmqitze s vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs:
[...] s evxitjmfejs vxiwwyvõi yqe tezyxife wsgmer iwvigílmge i yq vxsgiwws ezxebéw js uyer ew gxmetçew
vitizxeq te bmje mtzirig-zyer jeuyiriw uyi ew gixgeq. (BCKSZWOC, 7528, v. 55).
Jiwwi vstzs ji bmwze, s evxitjmfejs é s ewvigzs tigiwwáxms i ytmbixwer, yqe iwvégmi ji kexetzme js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgsrókmgew iwvigmlmgeqitzi nyqetew i gyrzyxerqitzi
sxketmfejew.
É pywzeqitzi vsx mwws uyi ew xireçõiw itzxi jiwitbsrbmqitzs i evxitjmfekiq sgyveq rykex ji
jiwzeuyi te shxe ji Bckszwoc. Vsx mwws, s zixqs evxitjmfejs jibi wix itzitjmjs iq yq witzmjs qemw
eqvrs js uyi s ywejs te rítkye vsxzykyiwe. Uyetjs Bckszwoc lere iq evxitjmfejs (shygnitmi, iq
xywws), iri wi xilixi zetzs es vxsgiwws ji itwmts uyetzs es ji evxitjmfekiq, mwws vsxuyi iri tãs
egne vswwíbir zxezex jiwwiw jsmw ewvigzsw ji lsxqe mtjivitjitzi.
Iri etermwe iwwe gsqvride uyiwzãs wsh jsmw âtkyrsw: yq é s uyi wi xilixi à gsqvxiitwãs je
xireçãs kixer itzxi s evxitjmfejs i s jiwitbsrbmqitzs; s syzxs, àw vigyrmexmjejiw jiwwe xireçãs ts
vixísjs iwgsrex. Lef iwwe jmwzmtçãs vsxuyi egxijmze uyi, iqhsxe s evxitjmfejs je gxmetçe wi mtmgmi
qymzs etziw ji ire lxiuyitzex e iwgsre, s evxitjmfejs iwgsrex mtzxsjyf iriqitzsw tsbsw ts wiy
jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Bckszwoc mjitzmlmge jsmw tíbimw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs: yq wi xilixi àw gstuymwzew pá ilizmbejew, uyi iri
gneqe ji tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs xier sy ilizmbs; i s syzxs, es tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vszitgmer,
uyi wi xiregmste àw gevegmjejiw iq bmew ji wixiq gstwzxyíjew.
S tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs xier vsji wix itzitjmjs gsqs xilixitzi àuyirew gstuymwzew uyi pá
iwzãs gstwsrmjejew te gxmetçe, euyirew lytçõiw sy gevegmjejiw uyi ire pá evxitjiy i jsqmte, vsmw pá
gstwikyi yzmrmfex wsfmtne, wiq ewwmwzêtgme ji erkyéq qemw idvixmitzi je gyrzyxe (vem, qãi, vxsliwwsx,
gxmetçe qemw birne, izg.).
Jiwwi qsjs, uyetjs tsw xilixmqsw àuyirew ezmbmjejiw i zexilew uyi e gxmetçe pá wehi lefix ji
lsxqe mtjivitjitzi, gsqs etjex ji hmgmgrize, gsxzex gsq e ziwsyxe sy xiwsrbix jizixqmtejs
vxshriqe qeziqázmgs, iwzeqsw zxezetjs ji yq tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs pá iwzehirigmjs, mwzs é,
iwzeqsw srnetjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs xizxswvigzmbeqitzi. Tew iwgsrew, te bmje gszmjmete i tew
viwuymwew wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr, gswzyqe-wi ebermex e gxmetçe wsqitzi tiwwi tíbir, mwzs é,
wyvõi-wi uyi wsqitzi euymrs uyi ire é gevef ji lefix, wiq e gsrehsxeçãs ji syzxsw, é
xivxiwitzezmbs ji wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
S tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vszitgmer zeqhéq wi xilixi àuymrs uyi e gxmetçe é gevef ji lefix, wó
uyi qijmetzi e epyje ji syzxe viwwse (ejyrzsw sy gxmetçew qemw idvixmitziw). Tiwwi gews, e gxmetçe
xiermfe zexilew i wsrygmste vxshriqew vsx qims js jmársks, je gsrehsxeçãs, je mqmzeçãs, je
idvixmêtgme gsqvexzmrneje i jew vmwzew uyi rni wãs lsxtigmjew. Vsx idiqvrs, yqe gxmetçe ji 1 etsw
vsji tãs gstwikymx, iq yqe vxmqimxe bif, qstzex wsfmtne yq uyihxe-gehiçe uyi zitne qymzew
viçew, vsxéq, vsji xiermfex e zexile gsq e ewwmwzêtgme ji wiy mxqãs qemw birns sy qiwqs ji yqe
gxmetçe ji wye mjeji, qew uyi pá zitne idvixmêtgme tiwwi psks. Iwwi tíbir é, vexe Bckszwoc, hiq qemw
mtjmgezmbs ji wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs qitzer js uyi euymrs uyi ire gstwikyi lefix wsfmtne.
E jmwzâtgme itzxi euymrs uyi ire é gevef ji lefix ji lsxqe eyzôtsqe (tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs
xier) i euymrs uyi ire xiermfe iq gsrehsxeçãs gsq sw syzxsw iriqitzsw ji wiy kxyvs wsgmer (tíbir ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs vszitgmer) gexegzixmfe euymrs uyi Bckszwoc gneqsy ji fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs
vszitgmer sy vxsdmqer. Tiwwi witzmjs, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe é bmwzs ji lsxqe vxswvigzmbe, vsmw
e “fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer” jilmti euyirew lytçõiw uyi emtje tãs eqejyxigixeq, uyi
iwzãs iq vxsgiwws ji qezyxeçãs, lytçõiw uyi eqejyxigixãs, qew uyi iwzãs vxiwitziw iq iwzejs
iqhxmstáxms. Iwwew lytçõiw vsjixmeq wix gneqejew ji “hxszsw” sy “lrsxiw” js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, iq
bif ji “lxyzsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs” (BCKSZWOC, 7528). Jiwwi qsjs, vsji-wi elmxqex uyi s
gstnigmqitzs ejiuyejs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtjmbmjyer itbsrbi e gstwmjixeçãs zetzs js tíbir ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs xier uyetzs js vszitgmer.
S evxitjmfejs é s xiwvstwábir vsx gxmex e fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer, à qijmje uyi, iq
mtzixeçãs gsq syzxew viwwsew, e gxmetçe é gevef ji gsrsgex iq qsbmqitzs báxmsw vxsgiwwsw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs uyi, wiq e epyje idzixte, wixmeq mqvswwíbimw ji sgsxxix. Iwwiw vxsgiwwsw wi
mtzixtermfeq i vewweq e lefix vexzi jew euymwmçõiw js wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtjmbmjyer. É vsx mwws uyi
Bckszwoc elmxqe uyi
[...] euymrs uyi é e fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer nspi wixá xier eqetnã, sy wipe, euymrs uyi yqe gxmetçe
vsji lefix gsq ewwmwzêtgme nspi, ire wixá gevef ji lefix wsfmtne eqetnã. (BCKSZWOC, 7528, v. 52).
S gstgimzs ji fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer é ji idzxiqe mqvsxzâtgme vexe ew viwuymwew js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr i vexe s vrets ijygegmster, pywzeqitzi vsxuyi vixqmzi e gsqvxiitwãs je
jmtâqmge mtzixte js jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtjmbmjyer. Vsx qims je gstwmjixeçãs je fste ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer, é vswwíbir bixmlmgex tãs wsqitzi sw gmgrsw pá gsqvrizejsw, gsqs zeqhéq
sw uyi iwzãs iq bme ji lsxqeçãs, s uyi vixqmzi s jirmtieqitzs je gsqvizêtgme je gxmetçe i ji
wyew lyzyxew gstuymwzew, ewwmq gsqs e irehsxeçãs ji iwzxezékmew vijekókmgew uyi e eydmrmiq tiwwi
vxsgiwws.
Iwwi gstgimzs vswwmhmrmze etermwex emtje sw rmqmziw jiwwe gsqvizêtgme, sy wipe, euymrs uyi iwzá “eréq”
je fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer je gxmetçe, euyirew zexilew uyi, qiwqs gsq e mtzixlixêtgme ji
syzxew viwwsew, ire tãs é gevef ji lefix. Vsx idiqvrs, yqe gxmetçe ji 0 etsw vsji gstwikymx
gsqvrizex yq iwuyiqe ji verebxew gxyfejew gsq e epyje ji yq ejyrzs sy iq gsrehsxeçãs gsq
erkyq vexgimxs; ts itzetzs, yqe gxmetçe ji 6 etsw tãs wixá gevef ji xiermfex iwwe zexile, qiwqs
gsq e ewwmwzêtgme ji erkyéq.
Wikytjs Bckszwoc, s evxitjmfejs, ji qsjs kixer, i s evxitjmfejs iwgsrex, iq vexzmgyrex, tãs wó
vswwmhmrmzeq gsqs zeqhéq sxmitzeq i iwzmqyreq vxsgiwwsw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Tiwwi witzmjs,
exkyqitze:
[...] zsjew ew viwuymwew idvixmqitzemw wshxi e tezyxife vwmgsrókmge jsw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq je
exmzqézmge, je iwgxmze, jew gmêtgmew tezyxemw i ji syzxew qezéxmew te iwgsre iriqitzex jiqstwzxeq uyi s wiy
lytjeqitzs, s imds iq zsxts js uyer wi qstzeq, é yqe tsbe lsxqeçãs uyi wi vxsjyf iq mjeji iwgsrex.
Iwziw vxsgiwwsw iwzãs zsjsw rmkejsw es jiwitbsrbmqitzs js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer. [...]
Geje qezéxme iwgsrex ziq yqe xireçãs vxóvxme gsq s gyxws js jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe, xireçãs uyi qyje
gsq e vewwekiq je gxmetçe ji yqe izeve vexe syzxe. Mwzs shxmke e xiideqmtex zsjs s vxshriqe jew jmwgmvrmtew
lsxqemw, sy wipe, js vevir i je mqvsxzâtgme ji geje qezéxme ts vswzixmsx jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsmtzirigzyer
kixer je gxmetçe. (BCKSZWOC, 7523, v. 770-773).
Ji egsxjs gsq Bckszwoc, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e evxitjmfekiq iwzãs mtzix-xiregmstejsw jiwji s
tewgmqitzs je gxmetçe. Gsqs pá qitgmsteqsw, jiwji qymzs viuyitew, vsx qims je mtzixeçãs gsq s
qims líwmgs i wsgmer, ew gxmetçew xiermfeq jmbixwsw evxitjmfejsw. Ts wiy gszmjmets, shwixbetjs,
idvixmqitzetjs, mqmzetjs i xigihitjs mtwzxyçõiw jew viwwsew qemw idvixmitziw ji wye gyrzyxe,
evxitji e lefix vixkytzew i zeqhéq e shzix xiwvswzew vexe yqe wéxmi ji uyiwzõiw. Gsqs qiqhxs
ji yq kxyvs wsgmsgyrzyxer jizixqmtejs, ire bmbitgme yq gstpytzs ji idvixmêtgmew i svixe wshxi zsjs
s qezixmer gyrzyxer (gstgimzsw, bersxiw, mjimew, shpizsw gstgxizsw, gstgivçãs ji qytjs, izg.) e uyi ziq
egiwws. Jiwwi qsjs, qymzs etziw ji itzxex te iwgsre, pá gstwzxymy yqe wéxmi ji gstnigmqitzsw js
qytjs uyi e gixge.
Bckszwoc, mtwvmxejs tsw vxmtgívmsw js qezixmermwqs jmerézmgs, gstwmjixe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
gsqvridmjeji je iwzxyzyxe nyqete gsqs yq vxsgiwws ji evxsvxmeçãs virs nsqiq je idvixmêtgme
nmwzóxmge i gyrzyxer. Wikytjs iri, sxketmwqs i qims idixgiq mtlryêtgme xigívxsge, vsxzetzs, s
hmsrókmgs i s wsgmer tãs iwzãs jmwwsgmejsw. Tiwwe vixwvigzmbe, e vxiqmwwe é ji uyi s nsqiq
gstwzmzym-wi gsqs zer vsx qims ji wyew mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw; vsxzetzs, é bmwzs gsqs erkyéq uyi
zxetwlsxqe i é zxetwlsxqejs tew xireçõiw vxsjyfmjew iq yqe jizixqmteje gyrzyxe. É vsx mwws uyi
wiy vitweqitzs gswzyqe wix gneqejs ji wsgmsmtzixegmstmwze.
Es ejqmzmx mtzixeçãs js mtjmbíjys gsq s qims gsqs gexegzixíwzmge jilmtmjsxe je gstwzmzymçãs
nyqete, Bckszwoc xilyze ew ziwiw etzekôtmgew i xejmgemw uyi jmgszsqmfebeq s mtezs i s ejuymxmjs: ew
ehsxjekitw eqhmitzermwzew (vire idekixeje i idgrywmbe êtlewi àw vxiwwõiw js qims) i ew tezmbmwzew
(virs jiwvxifs àw mtlryêtgmew idzixtew i vire wyvixbersxmfeçãs js ewvigzs nixijmzáxms i
qezyxegmster). Wyew vxsvswmçõiw vexigiq evstzex vexe yqe wyvixeçãs jew svswmçõiw gstwekxejew
ts geqvs zióxmgs je vwmgsrskme, à qijmje uyi mtjmgeq tsbew hewiw vexe e gsqvxiitwãs je ezmbmjeji
nyqete.
Bckszwoc xipimze sw qsjirsw iq vxiwwyvswzsw mtezmwzew uyi vxé-iwgxibiq gexegzixíwzmgew
gsqvsxzeqitzemw ytmbixwemw js wix nyqets, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, ew jilmtmçõiw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs
vsx lemde izáxme, vsx itzitjix uyi s nsqiq é yq wypimzs jezejs, ezxirejs àw jizixqmteçõiw ji wye
iwzxyzyxe hmsrókmge i ji wye gstpytzyxe nmwzóxmge.
Witjs ewwmq, e vwmgsrskme (vexzmgyrexqitzi e uyi wi sgyve jew uyiwzõiw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs) tãs
ziq kxetji vsjix ji kitixermfeçãs, pá uyi wi gmxgytwgxibi e jizixqmtejew gexegzixíwzmgew
vxslytjeqitzi xiregmstejew à jmqitwãs gyrzyxer i nmwzóxmge js kxyvs zxezejs. Srmbimxe gneqe e
ezitçãs vexe jsmw ewvigzsw uyi vsjiq wix gstwmjixejsw “litôqitsw vwmgsrókmgsw ytmbixwemw”, tew
ziwiw irehsxejew vsx Bckszwoc. S vxmqimxs é e vrewzmgmjeji uyi gexegzixmfe zsjs géxihxs nyqets,
itzitjmjs gsqs yq wmwziqe ehixzs à mtlsxqeçãs gyrzyxer, sy wipe, yq wmwziqe lridíbir uyi wixbi e
jmlixitziw lytçõiw (jilmtmjew vire jiqetje wsgmer) wiq erzixex wye iwzxyzyxe líwmge. S syzxs ewvigzs é
uyi zsjs mtjmbíjys jivitji jew mtzixeçõiw gsq e gyrzyxe vexe gstwzmzymx-wi gsqs zer (SRMBIMXE,
7556).
Jibi-wi xiwzxmtkmx, vsxzetzs, à jiwgxmçãs ji jizixqmtejew gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgsrókmgew iq iwzákmsw
iwvigílmgsw je bmje (te mtlâtgme, ejsriwgêtgme i mjeji ejyrze) iq wye mtzixeçãs gsq s gstzidzs
wsgmsgyrzyxer.
 É vswwíbir gstwzezex uyi s vstzs ji bmwze ji Bckszwoc é s ji uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs nyqets é
gsqvxiitjmjs tãs gsqs e jigsxxêtgme ji lezsxiw mwsrejsw uyi eqejyxigiq, zeqvsygs ji lezsxiw
eqhmitzemw uyi ekiq wshxi s sxketmwqs gstzxsretjs wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs, qew wmq vsx qims ji
zxsgew xigívxsgew, uyi wi iwzehirigiq jyxetzi zsje e bmje, itzxi mtjmbíjys i qims, geje ewvigzs
mtlrymtjs wshxi s syzxs.
E tsçãs ji gstwzmzymçãs js nsqiq gsqs wix nmwzóxmgs zxef mqvrígmze e gstgivçãs ji uyi tãs ná
yqe iwwêtgme nyqete jeje i mqyzábir; virs gstzxáxms, wyvõi yq nsqiq ezmbs ts vxsgiwws gstzítys
i mtlmtmzs ji gstwzxyçãs ji wm qiwqs, je tezyxife i je nmwzóxme. Iwwi vxsgiwws tãs é rmtiex i
ytmjmxigmster, vsmw iwzá mtzmqeqitzi xiregmstejs à ibsryçãs nmwzóxmge jew tigiwwmjejiw i jsw
mtzixiwwiw gyrzyxemw. Ji egsxjs gsq iwwiw vswzyrejsw, jibi-wi vexzmx je ezmbmjeji xier jiwwi nsqiq
vexe iwzyjex s vxsgiwws ji wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtzirigzyer.
E shxe ji Bckszwoc vsji wmktmlmgex yqe kxetji gstzxmhymçãs vexe e áxie je ijygeçãs, à qijmje uyi
zxef mqvsxzetziw xilridõiw wshxi s vxsgiwws ji lsxqeçãs jew gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgsrókmgew zmvmgeqitzi
nyqetew i, gsqs gstwiuyêtgme, wywgmze uyiwzmsteqitzsw, evstze jmxizxmfiw i mtwzmke e lsxqyreçãs
ji erzixtezmbew ts vrets vijekókmgs.
Es jiwitbsrbix s gstgimzs ji fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer i syzxew ziwiw, Bckszwoc slixigi
iriqitzsw mqvsxzetziw vexe e gsqvxiitwãs ji gsqs wi já e mtzikxeçãs itzxi itwmts, evxitjmfekiq
i jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
E rimzyxe je shxe ji Bckszwoc vixqmzi mjitzmlmgex, iq báxmew vewwekitw, e ezitçãs iwvigmer uyi
jijmge à ijygeçãs iwgsrex. Wye vxisgyveçãs gsq iwwi ziqe é gsixitzi gsq e vixwvigzmbe nmwzóxmge,
uyi gstwmjixe lytjeqitzer e etármwi jew gstjmçõiw gstgxizew vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yq
jizixqmtejs zmvs ji gsktmçãs.
Te iwgsre, ew ezmbmjejiw ijygezmbew, jmlixitziw jeuyirew uyi sgsxxiq ts gszmjmets idzxeiwgsrex, wãs
wmwziqázmgew, zêq yqe mtzitgmstermjeji jirmhixeje i gsqvxsqmwws idvrígmzs (rikmzmqejs
nmwzsxmgeqitzi) iq zsxtex egiwwíbir s gstnigmqitzs lsxqerqitzi sxketmfejs. Tiwwi gstzidzs, ew
gxmetçew wãs jiwelmejew e itzitjix ew hewiw jsw wmwziqew ji gstgivçõiw gmitzílmgew i e zsqex
gstwgmêtgme ji wiyw vxóvxmsw vxsgiwwsw qitzemw.
Es mtzixekmx gsq iwwiw gstnigmqitzsw, s wix nyqets wi zxetwlsxqe: evxitjix e rix i e iwgxibix,
shzix s jsqítms ji lsxqew gsqvridew ji gárgyrsw, gstwzxymx wmktmlmgejsw e vexzmx jew mtlsxqeçõiw
jiwgstzidzyermfejew, eqvrmex wiyw gstnigmqitzsw i rmjex gsq gstgimzsw gmitzílmgsw nmixexuymgeqitzi
xiregmstejsw wãs ezmbmjejiw idzxiqeqitzi mqvsxzetziw i gsqvridew, uyi vswwmhmrmzeq tsbew lsxqew
ji vitweqitzs, mtwixçãs i ezyeçãs iq wiy qims. Mwws uyix jmfix uyi ew ezmbmjejiw jiwitbsrbmjew i
sw gstgimzsw evxitjmjsw te iwgsre (uyi Bckszwoc gneqe ji gmitzílmgsw) mtzxsjyfiq tsbsw qsjsw ji
svixeçãs mtzirigzyer: ehwzxeçõiw i kitixermfeçõiw qemw eqvrew egixge je xiermjeji (uyi, vsx wye bif,
zxetwlsxqeq sw qsjsw ji yzmrmfeçãs je rmtkyekiq). Gsqs gstwiuyêtgme, à qijmje uyi e gxmetçe
idvetji wiyw gstnigmqitzsw, qsjmlmge wye xireçãs gsktmzmbe gsq s qytjs.
S itwmts bixhermwze, hewiejs te zxetwqmwwãs sxer ji gstnigmqitzsw vsx vexzi js vxsliwwsx, ewwmq
gsqs ew vxázmgew iwvstzetiíwzew, uyi ehjmgeq ji wiy vevir ji jiwelmex i mtzixbmx ts vxsgiwws ji
evxsvxmeçãs ji gstnigmqitzsw vsx vexzi jew gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw, wãs, te vixwvigzmbe
bckszwomete, eréq ji mtlxyzílixsw, idzxiqeqitzi mtejiuyejsw. Wiyw vswzyrejsw evstzeq vexe e
tigiwwmjeji ji gxmeçãs ji qirnsxiw gstjmçõiw te iwgsre, vexe uyi zsjsw sw erytsw zitneq egiwws
àw zxetwlsxqeçõiw i idvixmêtgmew i vexe uyi vswweq ilizmbeqitzi evxitjix.
E uyermjeji js zxeherns vijekókmgs iwzá ewwsgmeje, tiwwe ehsxjekiq, à gevegmjeji ji vxsqsçãs
ji ebetçsw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js eryts. Gstlsxqi ehsxjeqsw ts mziq etzixmsx, vsjiqsw
itgstzxex s lytjeqitzs jiwwe vswmçãs ts gstgimzs ji fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer uyi
jiwgxibi s “iwveçs” itzxi ew gstuymwzew pá ejuymxmjew vire gxmetçe (euymrs uyi ire pá wehi, uyi é
gevef ji jiwiqvitnex wsfmtne) i euyirew uyi, vexe wi ilizmbexiq, jivitjiq je vexzmgmveçãs ji
iriqitzsw qemw gevefiw (euymrs uyi e gxmetçe ziq e gsqvizêtgme ji wehix sy ji jiwiqvitnex
wsqitzi gsq e gsrehsxeçãs ji syzxsw wypimzsw). Iwwi vxmtgívms jiwiwzehmrmfe erkyqew gxitçew
hewzetzi gxmwzermfejew ts âqhmzs vijekókmgs.
Ji qsjs kixer, tsw qimsw ijygegmstemw, emtje vexigi vxiberigix e bmwãs ji uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs
é vxé-xiuymwmzs vexe s evxitjmfejs. Yq hsq idiqvrs jmwws wãs sw jmlytjmjsw zxehernsw ji
“vxstzmjãs”, tsxqerqitzi jiwitbsrbmjsw ts vixísjs vxé-iwgsrex, uyi zêq e mtzitçãs idvrígmze ji
jiwitbsrbix, te gxmetçe, jizixqmtejew nehmrmjejiw (gsqs jmwgxmqmteçãs áyjms-bmwys-qszsxe, tsçõiw
ji rezixermjeji, sxmitzeçãs iwvegmer, izg.) gsq s shpizmbs ji “vxivexá-rew” vexe s lyzyxs evxitjmfejs
je rítkye iwgxmze.
Js vstzs ji bmwze je zisxme nmwzóxmgs-gyrzyxer, mwws é yqe gstzxejmçãs, pá uyi sw vxsgiwwsw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs wãs mqvyrwmstejsw virs evxitjmfejs. Sy wipe, wó “eqejyxigixá” wi evxitjix.
Ewwmq, ts gews js idiqvrs gmzejs, e gxmetçe wó vsjixá evxitjix e rix i e iwgxibix wi zmbix egiwws e
mtlsxqeçõiw wshxi iwwi shpizs ji gstnigmqitzs i vexzmgmvex ji wmzyeçõiw vretipejew ji rimzyxe i
iwgxmze. Vsxzetzs, tãs ziq witzmjs iwvixex uyi vxmqimxs sgsxxe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vexe uyi wó itzãs
wipe vixqmzmjs uyi e gxmetçe evxitje. Iwwe mtbixwãs, uyi vexigi evitew yq psks ji verebxew, wykixi,
te bixjeji, yqe qyjetçe wmktmlmgezmbe ts qsjs ji itzitjix (i vxezmgex) s itwmts.
 Ts gszmjmets iwgsrex, e mtzixbitçãs “tew fstew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer” jsw erytsw é ji
xiwvstwehmrmjeji (emtje uyi tãs idgrywmbe) js vxsliwwsx, bmwzs gsqs zitjs idvixmêtgme, mtlsxqeçõiw
i e mtgyqhêtgme, itzxi syzxew lytçõiw, ji zsxtex egiwwíbir es eryts s vezxmqôtms gyrzyxer pá
lsxqyrejs virsw nsqitw i, vsxzetzs, jiwelmex virs itwmts sw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq i
jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr.
Tiwwi witzmjs, e shwixbeçãs i s xikmwzxs (v. id., vsx qims ji jmáxmsw, xirezóxmsw, izg.) jew
gexegzixíwzmgew js kxyvs ji gxmetçew (gsqs vxsjyfiq, ji uyi qsjs mtzixekiq, gsqs wi xiregmsteq
gsq sw jmbixwsw shpizsw ji gstnigmqitzs, wyew jiwgshixzew, vxmtgmvemw júbmjew i jmlmgyrjejiw,
mtzixiwwiw, gsqs hxmtgeq, izg.) vsjiq wix yqe lstzi vxigmswe vexe s vretipeqitzs ji ezmbmjejiw
wmktmlmgezmbew i ilmgmitziw iq zixqsw jsw shpizmbsw uyi wi uyix ergetçex.
Sw uyi zxeherneq te áxie ji lsxqeçãs ji vxsliwwsxiw tãs vsjiq iwvixex qyjetçew te ezyeçãs
js vxsliwwsx pytzs e wiyw erytsw wi tãs qyjexiq e wye lsxqe ji ezyex pytzs esw vxsliwwsxiw. Vexe
uyi wi vswwe epyjá-rsw te gstwzxyçãs ji tsbsw gstnigmqitzsw (mtgmjmx te wye “fste ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer”), é vxigmws vexzmx jeuymrs uyi iriw wehiq. Tiwwi witzmjs, itzitjiqsw uyi
s vitweqitzs ji Bckszwoc zeqhéq mtwvmxe xilridõiw ts uyi wi xilixi à uyiwzãs je lsxqeçãs jsw
vxsliwwsxiw.
Báxmew syzxew xilridõiw wshxi e vxázmge iwgsrex emtje vsjixmeq wix limzew, e vexzmx jew mtwvmxeçõiw
zxefmjew virew mjimew ji Bckszwoc. Gneqeqsw e ezitçãs evitew vexe erkytw ewvigzsw uyi, ts tswws
itzitjix, gstzxmhyiq vexe yqe etármwi je uyiwzãs vijekókmge.
Sw vswzyrejsw ji Bckszwoc vexigiq evstzex vexe e tigiwwmjeji ji gxmeçãs ji yqe iwgsre hiq
jmlixitzi je uyi gstnigiqsw. Yqe iwgsre iq uyi ew viwwsew vswweq jmerskex, jybmjex, jmwgyzmx,
uyiwzmstex i gsqvexzmrnex wehixiw, stji nepe iwveçs vexe zxetwlsxqeçõiw, vexe ew jmlixitçew, vexe s
ixxs, vexe ew gstzxejmçõiw, vexe e gsrehsxeçãs qúzye i vexe e gxmezmbmjeji. Yqe iwgsre iq uyi
vxsliwwsxiw i erytsw zitneq eyzstsqme, vswweq vitwex, xilrizmx wshxi s wiy vxóvxms vxsgiwws ji
gstwzxyçãs ji gstnigmqitzsw i zix egiwws e tsbew mtlsxqeçõiw. Yqe iwgsre iq uyi s gstnigmqitzs
pá wmwziqezmfejs tãs é zxezejs ji lsxqe jskqázmge i iwbefmeje ji wmktmlmgejs.
Vexe Gstlsxzs i Wetzexswe (6446, v. 58), e
[...] egiwwmhmrmjeji vewwe e wix itzitjmje gsqs wmtôtmqs je evxsdmqeçãs, yq qims ji jmwvstmhmrmfex e geje
ywyáxms mtzixlegiw uyi xiwvimziq wyew tigiwwmjejiw i vxilixêtgmew.
Es vswwmhmrmzex s egiwws à mtlsxqeçãs, es jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs i elizmbs, à mtgrywãs jmkmzer i
wsgmer, hiq gsqs es refix, xiwvimzetjs ew iwvigmlmgmjejiw ji geje mtjmbíjys, iwzeqsw vxsqsbitjs
yq geqmtns xyqs e yqe wsgmijeji jmkmzer i mtgrywmbe, iq uyi zsjsw zêq sw qiwqsw jmximzsw.

WYPIMZS JS IWZYJS – XIREZS JI GEWS

S Eryts 7 ziq vexermwme gixihxer js zmvs ezizsmji9 (niqmvexiwme),8 tewgiy iq 77 ji pytns ji 7556 i
lsm yq gews ji mtgrywãs jiwji s mtígms jew ezmbmjejiw iwgsrexiw. Wye vexermwme gixihxer tãs ezmtkmy s
tíbir gsktmzmbs, qew s eryts evxiwitze vxshriqew qszsxiw i ji gsqytmgeçãs, tãs lere i e
gsqytmgeçãs é tãs bixher. Tãs gssxjite sw qsbmqitzsw jsw hxeçsw i tigiwwmze ji eydírms ji yqe
viwwse vexe mx es hetnimxs i zeqhéq xigihi s ermqitzs te hsge. Gsq s eydírms js gsqvyzejsx
gstwikymy xiermfex zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw iwgsrexiw. Vswwym yq gsqvyzejsx iq wye gewe i yq iq were
ji eyre. Lef lmwmszixevme i tezeçãs lsxe je iwgsre. Xigihiy s egsqvetneqitzs ji yqe vxsliwwsxe
eydmrmex uyi lmgebe s ziqvs zsjs es wiy rejs. Ire s ribebe es hetnimxs i s epyjebe te rsgsqsçãs.
Sw jejsw lsxeq gsrizejsw vsx qims ji shwixbeçãs i xikmwzxs. Vxsgyxeqsw lefix xiytmõiw
gstwzetziw gsq sw vemw i vxsliwwsxiw e lmq ji wsrmgmzex yq liijhego ji gsqs iwzebe witjs bmwzs s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs jiwwi zxeherns vsx vexzi jiriw i js eryts. Zsjsw sw xikmwzxsw lsxeq limzsw i
gsrizejsw vire viwuymwejsxe.
Sw mtjmgejsxiw etermwejsw lsxeq:
• egiwwmhmrmjeji – gstwmjixetjs e jilmtmçãs je Rim ts 74.452, ji 75 ji jifiqhxs ji 6444, uyi jilmti
egiwwmhmrmjeji gsqs e vswwmhmrmjeji i gstjmçãs ji ergetgi vexe yzmrmfeçãs, gsq wikyxetçe i
eyzstsqme, jsw iwveçsw, qshmrmáxmsw i iuymveqitzsw yxhetsw, jew ijmlmgeçõiw, jsw zxetwvsxziw i jsw
wmwziqew i qimsw ji gsqytmgeçãs, vsx viwwse vsxzejsxe ji jilmgmêtgme sy gsq qshmrmjeji xijyfmje
(HXEWMR, 6444);
• evxitjmfekiq i jiwitbsrbmqitzs js eryts;
• vexzmgmveçãs i mtzixeçãs wsgmer.
Euym, tsw mtjmgejsxiw etermwejsw, shwixbsy-wi gsqs s eryts vexzmgmvebe ji zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw
vxsvswzew vexe zsjsw sw erytsw i gsqs lefme e mtzixeçãs gsq vxsliwwsxiw i gsrikew.

XIWYRZEJSW JE VIWUYMWE
 Ts gews jiwwi eryts, lytjeqitzerqitzi ew zigtsrskmew ji mtlsxqeçãs i gsqytmgeçãs s eydmrmexeq
te gsqytmgeçãs gsq wiyw vxsliwwsxiw i gsrikew, te evxsvxmeçãs js vxsgiwws je iwgxmze, te
erlehizmfeçãs i te vswwmhmrmjeji ji vexzmgmveçãs ji zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw iq were ji eyre pytzs gsq
wiyw gsrikew. S gsqvyzejsx vewwsy e wix s biígyrs ji gsqytmgeçãs i e wix wiy gejixts, vsmw, jibmjs
àw jmlmgyrjejiw ji gssxjiteçãs qszsxe, s eryts tãs vswwym e nehmrmjeji je iwgxmze.
Ts vxmqimxs itgstzxs gsq s Eryts 7, vyjiqsw bixmlmgex uyi iri vxigmwexme lefix yws ji zigtsrskme
ewwmwzmbe, vsmw, jibmjs esw wiyw vxshriqew ji gssxjiteçãs qszsxe, iri tãs gstwikymxme jmkmzex vsxuyi
iwhexxebe sw jijsw tew zigrew, tiq wikyxex i gssxjitex sw qsbmqitzsw js qsywi. Qswzxeqsw
erkytw wslzaexiw ijygezmbsw, i iri jiqstwzxsy kxetji mtzixiwwi iq qidix ts gsqvyzejsx.
S mtígms js zxeherns lsm qexgejs virew mtzixeçõiw gstwzetziw gsq s gsqvyzejsx, vsmw wixme
lytjeqitzer uyi s Eryts 7 wi evxsvxmewwi jiwwi gstnigmqitzs vexe vsjix mtmgmex wye bmje iwgsrex.
Jivexeqs-tsw gsq yq mqvewwi iq xireçãs es yws je zigtsrskme ewwmwzmbe ejiuyeje, pá uyi e leqírme
tãs jmwvytne ji xigyxwsw lmtetgimxsw. Gsqs s Eryts 7 tãs lere, wi idvxiwwe gsq kxmzsw i, àw bifiw,
hezme ts gsqvyzejsx vexe uyi vyjéwwiqsw itzitjê-rs, zitzeqsw bmehmrmfex s yws je zigtsrskme
ewwmwzmbe s qemw xevmjeqitzi vswwíbir. Vxsbmjitgmeqsw e gsrqime (bix Lmk. 77.9), uyi gstwmwzi iq yq
ejevzejsx ixkstôqmgs vexe zigrejs uyi legmrmze e jmkmzeçãs, tãs vixqmzmtjs iwhexxex iq syzxew
zigrew. Eréq jmwws, hywgeqsw ts qixgejs uyer jsw qsywiw qirnsx wi ejevzexme àw wyew tigiwwmjejiw,
svzetjs virs Qsywi Zxego Herr, gstlsxqi Lmkyxe 77.8.

Lmkyxe 77.9 Gsrqime sy ejevzejsx ixkstôqmgs vexe zigrejs.

Lmkyxe 77.8 Qsywi Zxego Herr gsrsgejs jitzxs ji yqe gemde ji qejimxe elmdeje à qiwe.
S gsqvyzejsx lsm yqe lsxqe ji eyqitzex e mtzixeçãs gsq sw gsrikew. Zsjsw uyixiq bix gsqs e
verebxe lmge ts gsqvyzejsx (xirezs idzxeíjs jew etszeçõiw je viwuymwejsxe rsks ts mtígms). Ewwmq, ew
nmvóziwiw ziwzejew vsx iwwi eryts zeqhéq lsxeq ziwzejew vsx wiyw gsrikew yzmrmfetjs s gsqvyzejsx
gsqs yq mtwzxyqitzs ji mtzixeçãs. Vyjiqsw shwixbex uyi iri wi witzmy geje bif qemw qszmbejs,
vsmw zsjsw sw gsrikew je were ji eyre bmtneq “gstbixwex” wshxi ew zexilew jiwitbsrbmjew.
 Vexe Bckszwoc (7523), e vswwmhmrmjeji ji mtzixeçãs wsgmer é lytjeqitzer vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji
zsjsw sw wypimzsw. Zeqhéq wi vsji shwixbex s iwzehirigmqitzs ji lsxziw bítgyrsw elizmbsw gsq wiyw
gsrikew ji eyre.
Sw qiwqsw idixgígmsw irehsxejsw vexe wiyw gsrikew ixeq vxivexejsw vexe iri, ts gsqvyzejsx.
Evitew s ziqvs uyi vxigmwebe vexe gstgrymx sw idixgígmsw ixe qemsx. Te Lmkyxe 77.1 evxiwitze-wi e
mrywzxeçãs ji yq idixgígms xiermfejs iq 7555 yzmrmfetjs s vxskxeqe Vemtz te lewi vxé-wmráhmge, gype
vxsvswze ixe jiwitnex yq etmqer euyázmgs.

Lmkyxe 77.1 Jiwitns ji yqe herime, gxmejs virs eryts.

Ew jmlmgyrjejiw wyxkmxeq iq xireçãs esw vxsliwwsxiw uyetjs s eryts gniksy es 1s ets. Ezé itzãs
yq vxsliwwsx jebe gstze ji vxivexex s qezixmer iq jmwuyizi i vxsgyxebe ejuymxmx sw gstnigmqitzsw
háwmgsw ji mtlsxqázmge vexe vsjix wi gsqytmgex gsq iri. E vexzmx jeí vyjiqsw shwixbex uyi s Eryts
7 iwzebe epyjetjs sw vxsliwwsxiw e gstnigixiq i wi evxsvxmexiq jsw gstnigmqitzsw ji
mtlsxqázmge. Báxmew bifiw gstwzezsy-wi uyi iri xiwsrbme sw vxshriqew etziw ji sw vxsliwwsxiw
irehsxexiq yqe lsxqe ji vewwex s gstziújs ji eyre.
Wikyiq erkyqew gstwmjixeçõiw iq xireçãs esw mtjmgejsxiw ji mtgrywãs hewiejsw te
egiwwmhmrmjeji, te evxitjmfekiq i ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js eryts, te vexzmgmveçãs i te mtzixeçãs
wsgmer.
Ts ets ji 7555 lsxeq xiermfejew xilsxqew iq zsje e iwgsre, pá uyi nebme qemw erytsw gejimxetziw i
erytsw giksw.
Sw xigyxwsw ji egiwwmhmrmjeji, svsxzytmfejsw virew ZMGw, xibirexeq-wi erzeqitzi vxsqmwwsxiw vexe
s vxsgiwws ji mtzixeçãs i ilizmbe vexzmgmveçãs ji erytsw gsq jilmgmêtgme pytzs esw wiyw gsrikew i
vxsliwwsxiw. Jiwwe lsxqe, e evxitjmfekiq i e mtgrywãs wãs lebsxigmjew ts gstzidzs je were ji eyre
gsq xivixgywwõiw vswmzmbew te gsqytmjeji iwgsrex i leqmrmex. S zxeherns gstzxmhymy emtje vexe
qswzxex e vswwmhmrmjeji js vxsgiwws ji mtgrywãs iwgsrex, jmkmzer i wsgmer js eryts gsq jilmgmêtgme, gsq
s evsms lytjeqitzer jew ZMGw.
Sw mtjmgejsxiw ji mtgrywãs hewiejsw te evxitjmfekiq i ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js eryts lsxeq
jiqstwzxejsw tsw egnejsw ji wiy gejixts irizxôtmgs i tew vxsbew. Tsxqerqitzi iwzebe itzxi sw
vxmqimxsw erytsw ji wye were ji eyre, s uyi wi xivizmy es rstks ji zsje e wye bmje iwgsrex i
egejêqmge.
Gstlsxqi Bckszwoc (6444), ew ezmbmjejiw ji rimzyxe i je iwgxmze, sw vxsgiwwsw vwmgsrókmgsw
wyvixmsxiw jibiq wix wmktmlmgezmbsw i lefix witzmjs vexe s eryts. Bixmlmgeqsw e vxisgyveçãs je
vxsliwwsxe iq wiqvxi zxehernex s gstzidzs je xiermjeji js eryts. Tiwwew gstjmçõiw, e euymwmçãs sy
s evxmqsxeqitzs je rimzyxe i je iwgxmze sgsxxixá tezyxerqitzi, s uyi vyjiqsw shwixbex, gsqs
Bckszwoc, tsw zxehernsw js Eryts 7.
Shwixbeqsw sw mtjmgejsxiw ji evxitjmfekiq i jiwitbsrbmqitzs, tew ezmbmjejiw jiwitbsrbmjew uyi
lmgexeq xikmwzxejew iq jmwuyiziw, uyi gsqvõiq zsjew ew izevew ji erlehizmfeçãs jiwji e lewi vxé-
wmráhmge ezé e erlehézmge.
Gstwzezeqsw yqe kxetji gevegmjeji te wsryçãs ji vxshriqew i iq xireçãs esw vxsgiwwsw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i vyjiqsw shwixbex xiwyrzejsw vswmzmbsw tew jmqitwõiw wsgmselizmbew i te vswzyxe
gssvixezmbe. Vsjiqsw elmxqex uyi e zyxqe je were ji eyre wiqvxi s egimzsy i s xiwvimzsy wiq
iwzmkqezmfá-rs gsqs jIlmgmitzi. Uyetjs vewwsy e yzmrmfex e gejimxe ji xsjew, sw vemw, ts mtígms, zmbixeq
kxetji xiwmwzêtgme, sw gsrikew s ribebeq vexe vexzmgmvex ji zsjew ew hxmtgejimxew te nsxe js xigxims.
Gstgsxjeqsw gsq ew elmxqeçõiw ji Zmpmhsc (6447, v. 785) uyetjs jmf uyi:
 E mtzixeçãs jmxize uyi eqhsw sw wypimzsw zmbixeq gsq e mtlsxqázmge – nexjaexi, wslzaexi i s wmwziqe wmqhórmgs
ji lsxqe qemw eqvre – zeqhéq wi gstwzmzym iq yqe mtzixeçãs wsgmer jsw wypimzsw gsq wye gyrzyxe, i iwwe
vxázmge vexigi zix lsxtigmjs zeqhéq qezéxme vxmqe vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs jiwwiw mtjmbíjysw.
Tew eyrew ji qeziqázmge, egsqvetneqsw yqe kxetji mtzixeçãs gsq wiyw gsrikew, vsmw gstlixmeq
gsq iri sw xiwyrzejsw. S Eryts 7 ixe s vxmqimxs e zixqmtex. Uyetjs wiyw gsrikew, qiwqs
shwixbetjs iq wiy “gejixts irizxôtmgs” ew jmlixitçew, tãs gstwikymeq mjitzmlmgex erkyq ixxs, s
Eryts 7 evstzebe i emtje idvrmgebe, yzmrmfetjs kiwzsw i iwgxibitjs ts gsqvyzejsx.

Lmkyxe 77.0 Eryts 7 esw 73 etsw gsqs hsrwmwze ji mtmgmeçãs gmitzílmge.

 Lmkyxe 77.3 Eryts 7 kxejysy-wi iq Wmwziqew vexe e Mtzixtiz iq 6476.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
Ibmjitgmeqsw gsqs sw mtjmgejsxiw ji evxitjmfekiq i jiwitbsrbmqitzs, mtzixeçãs i vexzmgmveçãs
wsgmer i egiwwmhmrmjeji lsxeq vixgihmjsw es rstks js vxsgiwws ji shwixbeçãs je viwuymwejsxe.
Vsjiqsw elmxqex uyi, ts gews ji mtjmbíjysw gsq vexermwme gixihxer, e rmqmzeçãs qszsxe tãs
mtzixlixi te gxmezmbmjeji. S vxsliwwsx qijmejsx vxigmwe jex s wyvsxzi vexe uyi, pytzs gsq wiyw
gsrikew, s eryts gsq VG vswwe jiwitbsrbix zsjs wiy vszitgmer gxmezmbs. Shwixbeqsw ts gews js
Eryts 7 uyi, gsq s eydírms js gsqvyzejsx, vôji jiwitnex, eréq ji mjitzmlmgexqsw zsjew ew lewiw ji
erlehizmfeçãs.
E vexzmx js qsqitzs iq uyi vewwsy e yzmrmfex sw xigyxwsw je zigtsrskme ewwmwzmbe, wye etwmijeji
iq xireçãs esw vxshriqew ji gsqytmgeçãs jmqmtymy. Vsjiqsw elmxqex uyi e zyxqe je were ji eyre
wiqvxi s egimzsy i s xiwvimzsy wiq iwzmkqezmfá-rs gsqs jIlmgmitzi. E mtlsxqázmge i s yws ji
zigtsrskmew ewwmwzmbew xivxiwitzeq vexe mtjmbíjysw gsq vexermwme gixihxer yqe kxetji vswwmhmrmjeji
ji mkyerjeji gsq wiyw gsrikew, vsmw tsw jmew ji nspi wãs ew zigtsrskmew ji mtlsxqeçãs i
gsqytmgeçãs uyi vswwmhmrmzeq jmqmtymx wiyw vxshriqew qszsxiw i epyjá-rsw gsq e jmlmgyrjeji ji
gsqytmgeçãs.
Iwwe gstbmbêtgme ji erytsw gsqytw i erytsw gsq jilmgmêtgme vswwmhmrmzexá yqe iwgsre iq uyi iwwiw
mtjmbíjysw vswweq wix egimzsw i tãs srnejsw gsq iwzxetnife. Jiwwe lsxqe, s xiwvimzs es mtjmbíjys
jmlixitzi wó wixá vswwíbir wi ew iwgsrew gsqiçexiq tsw etsw mtmgmemw e vxsvsxgmstex iwwe gstbmbêtgme.
Ewwmq vsjixãs xigstnigix i egimzex s vszitgmer ji yq eryts gsq jilmgmêtgme wiq vxigstgimzsw i
vixgihix uyi ew gxmetçew vsjiq evxitjix pytzew, iqhsxe gsq shpizmbsw i vxsgiwwsw jmlixitziw.
S gsqvyzejsx iq were ji eyre, eréq ji eyqitzex e eyzsiwzmqe jsw erytsw, zeqhéq vswwmhmrmzsy
yqe vswzyxe gsrehsxezmbe uyi zetzs é tigiwwáxme à ijygeçãs js lyzyxs, vsmw xiuyix e wsqe ji
iwlsxçsw vexe e wsryçãs ji vxshriqew. Emtje iq xireçãs à eyzsiwzmqe jsw erytsw, e vswwmhmrmjeji ji
wehixiq uyi vsjixãs wikymx yqe gexximxe i gstzmtyex sw iwzyjsw sw mtgitzmbsy e vxsgyxex jiwgshxmx
ew vswwmhmrmjejiw i sw xigyxwsw ji wyew qáuymtew. E vswwmhmrmjeji js itwmts i js zxeherns e jmwzâtgme,
áxiew uyi zmbixeq yq gxiwgitzi eyqitzs tsw úrzmqsw etsw, xivxiwitze yqe erzixtezmbe ji zxeherns i
lsxqeçãs vexe iwwiw wypimzsw.
Es uyiwzmstexqsw sw vxsliwwsxiw wshxi e idvixmêtgme ji zix iq wyew grewwiw erytsw gsq vexermwme
gixihxer, gstwzezeqsw uyi qymzsw jiriw kswzexeq je svsxzytmjeji ji vretipex i gstjyfmx e
ijygeçãs gsqs vexzi ji yqe iuymvi. Iwzi zxeherns é s xiwyrzejs ji yqe idvixmêtgme xier, uyi
qswzxe uyi e mtgrywãs ji mtjmbíjysw gsq vexermwme gixihxer ts itwmts xikyrex é vswwíbir.

XILIXÊTGMEW
ERRIKXIZZM, E. R. G.; QETGMTM, Q. G.; WGNAEXZFQET, P. W. Iwzyjs js jiwiqvitns lytgmster ji gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer
jmvexézmgew iwváwzmgew yzmrmfetjs s Vijmezxmg Iberyezmst sl Jiwehmrmzc Mtbitzsxc (VIJM). Ziqew wshxi jiwitbsrbmqitzs, b. 77, t. 08, v.
91-84, 6446.
HEVZMWZE, G. X. (Sxk.). Mtgrywãs i iwgsrexmfeçãs: qúrzmvrew vixwvigzmbew. 6. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Qijmeçãs, 6445. b. 7.
HEUYIXS, X. Bckszwoc i e evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7552.
HXEKE, R. A. Gsktmçãs i vexermwme gixihxer: Vmekiz i Bckszwoc iq uyiwzãs. Werbejsx: Wexen Rizxew, 7551.
HXEWMR. Rim tº 74.452, ji 75 ji jifiqhxs ji 6444. Iwzehirigi tsxqew kixemw i gxmzéxmsw háwmgsw vexe e vxsqsçãs je
egiwwmhmrmjeji jew viwwsew vsxzejsxew ji jilmgmêtgme sy gsq qshmrmjeji xijyfmje, i já syzxew vxsbmjêtgmew. Jmáxms Slmgmer je
Ytmãs, Hxewírme, 64 jif. 6444. Wiçãs 7. v. 6.
HXEWMR. Qmtmwzéxms je Ijygeçãs. Wigxizexme ji Ijygeçãs à jmwzâtgme. Ezitjmqitzs ijygegmster iwvigmermfejs. Gyxmzmhe: Gxsqsw,
6443.
GEXBERNS, X. I. Ijygeçãs mtgrywmbe: gsq sw vmtksw tsw “mw”. Vsxzs Erikxi: Qijmeçãs, 6448.
GSTLSXZS, J.; WETZEXSWE, R. Q. G. Egiwwmhmrmjeji à aih: mtzixtiz vexe zsjsw. Xibmwze ji Mtlsxqázmge te Ijygeçãs: Zisxme,
Vxázmge, b. 1, t. 6, v. 23-746, 6446.
JMEQITZ, E. P. Itgilersvezme gxôtmge te mtlâtgme (vexermwme gixihxer). Mt: JMEQITZ, E. P.; GCVIR, E. (Ij.). Tiyxsrskme mtletzmr. 9. ij.
Wãs Veyrs: Eznitiy, 7550.
LMTTMI, T. X. S qetywims iq gewe je gxmetçe gsq vexermwme gixihxer. 9. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 6444.
KEYFFM, R. J. B.; LSTWIGE, R. L. Grewwmlmgeçãs je vexermwme gixihxer. Mt: LSTWIGE, R. L.; RMQE, G. R. E. (Sxk.). Vexermwme gixihxer:
tiyxsrskme, sxzsvijme, xiehmrmzeçãs. Xms ji Petimxs: Kyetehexe Ossket, 6448.
KIXERMW, I. Gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer: kyme vexe vemw i ijygejsxiw. 6. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6443.
KXYVS JI ZXEHERNS TSBEW LSXQEW IRIZXÔTMGEW JI MTZIXEÇÃS. Vxsvswze ji vsrízmge ji ksbixts irizxôtmgs vexe s Vsjix
Idigyzmbs Lijixer. Hxewírme: [w.t.], 6444.
NMQQIRQETT, O.; NEKHIXK, K.; YBIHXETZ, V. Zni gnetkmtk vetsxeqe sl gixihxer verwc mt Waijit. D. Vxiberitgi etj sxmkmt mt
zni hmxzn-ciex vixmsj 7555-6446. Egze Vijmázxmge, b. 55, t. 5, v. 7993-7989, 6474.
NSYEMWW, E.; BMRREX, Q. ji W. Jmgmstáxms Nsyemww je rítkye vsxzykyiwe. Xms ji Petimxs: Shpizmbe, 6447.
PETTYFFM, K. W. Q. E ijygeçãs js jilmgmitzi ts Hxewmr: jsw vxmqóxjmsw es mtígms js wégyrs DDM. Geqvmtew: Eyzsxiw Ewwsgmejsw,
6448.
RIBMZZ, W. S zxezeqitzs je vexermwme gixihxer i js xizexjs qszsx. 9. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 6447.
RMQE, I. W. Mtjekeçõiw wshxi gyxxígyrs: gyxxígyrs i jiwitbsrbmqitzs nyqets. Hxewírme: Qmtmwzéxms je Ijygeçãs, Wigxizexme ji
Ijygeçãs Háwmge, 6443.
QETGMTM, Q. G. iz er. Kxebmjeji je vexermwme gixihxer i jiwiqvitns lytgmster. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Lmwmszixevme, b. 2, t. 9, v. 619-
604, 6448.
QMRRIX, K.; GREXO, K. J. Vexermwmew gixihxemw: geywew, gstwiuyêtgmew i gstjyze. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 6446.
QSXMT, I. Sw wizi wehixiw tigiwwáxmsw à ijygeçãs js lyzyxs. Wãs Veyrs: Gsxzif, 6444.
SJJMTK, I.; XSIHXSIGO, Q. I.; WZEQ, N. P. Zni ivmjiqmsrskc sl gixihxer verwc: mtgmjitgiw, mqvemxqitzw etj xmwo legzsxw.
Jmwehmrmzc etj Xinehmrmzezmst, b. 62, t. 8, v. 57-729, 6440.
SRMBIMXE, Q. O. Bckszwoc: erkytw iuyíbsgsw te mtzixvxizeçãs ji wiy vitweqitzs. Gejixtsw ji Viwuymwe, t. 27, v. 03-38, 7556.
SRMBIMXE, Q. O. Bckszwoc: evxitjmfejs i jiwitbsrbmqitzs; yq vxsgiwws wógms-nmwzóxmgs. Wãs Veyrs: Wgmvmsti, 7559.
SXKETMFEÇÃS JEW TEÇÕIW YTMJEW VEXE E IJYGEÇÃS, E GMÊTGME I E GYRZYXE. Jigrexeçãs ji Wereqetge: wshxi vxmtgívmsw,
vsrízmgew i vxázmgew te áxie jew tigiwwmjejiw ijygezmbew iwvigmemw. Iwvetne: YTIWGS, 7558. Jmwvstíbir iq: <nzzv://vsxzer.qig.
ksb.hx/wiiwv/exuymbsw/vjl/wereqetge.vjl>. Egiwws iq: 73 ehx. 6471.
VMSBIWETE, E. Q. W. K. Itgilersvezme gxôtmge vexermwme gixihxer. Mt: LSTWIGE, R. L.; DEBMIX, G. G.; VMETIZZM, K. Gsqvêtjms ji
tiyxsrskme mtletzmr. Xms ji Petimxs: Qijwm, 6446.
XSWITHEYQ, V. E xivsxz: zni jilmtmzmst etj grewwmlmgezmst sl gixihxer verwc Evxmr 6440. Jibirsvqitzer Qijmgmti & Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc,
b. 85, v. 2-78, 6443.
XSZZE, T. Z. Itgilersvezme gxôtmge je mtlâtgme sy vexermwme gixihxer. Mt: VSXZS, G. G. Wiqmsrskme qéjmge. 8. ij. Xms ji Petimxs:
Kyetehexe Ossket, 6447.
WETOEX, G.; QYTJOYX, T. Gixihxer verwc: jilmtmzmst, grewwmlmgezmst, izmsrskc etj iexrc jmektswmw. Mtjmet Psyxter sl Vijmezxmgw,b. 36,
v. 201-202, 6441.
WETZEXSWE, R. Q. G. Iwgsre bmxzyer te lsxqeçãs js vxsliwwsx. Mt: WMQVÓWMS HXEWMRIMXS JI MTLSXQÁZMGE TE IJYGEÇÃS, 3.,
7550. Etemw ... Hirs Nsxmfstzi: [w.t.], 7550.
 WETZEXSWE, R. Q. G. Xilridõiw wshxi e lsxqeçãs ji xigyxwsw nyqetsw iq Mtlsxqázmge te Ijygeçãs. Mtlsxqázmge Ijygezmbe, b. 1,
v. 755-671, 7556.
WEWWEOM, X. O. Mtgrywãs: gstwzxymtjs yqe wsgmijeji vexe zsjsw. Xms ji Petimxs: ABE, 7553.
WGNAEXZFQET, P. W. Vexermwme gixihxer. Exuymbsw hxewmrimxsw ji Vexermwme Gixihxer, b. 7, t. 7, v. 8-73, 6448.
WSYFE, E. Q. G.; LIXXEXIZS, M. Vexermwme: ewvigzsw vxázmgsw. 6. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qiqqsq, 6447.
ZMPMHSC, E. B. Evxsvxmeçãs jew zigtsrskmew ji mtlsxqeçãs i gsqytmgeçãs ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji viwwsew gsq vexermwme gixihxer.
6447. Ziwi (Jsyzsxejs iq Mtlsxqázmge te Ijygeçãs) – Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer js Xms Kxetji js Wyr, Vsxzs Erikxi 6447.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. E lsxqeçãs wsgmer je qitzi. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7528.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. Vitweqitzs i rmtkyekiq. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7523.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. Vwmgsrskme vijekókmge. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw Qéjmgew, 6444.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
VXIWZIW, F. X. Uyetjs tãs é uyewi e qiwqe gsmwe: etármwi ji zxejyçõiw ji Rib Wiqmstsbmzgn Bmkszwom ts Hxewmr: xivixgywwõiw
ts geqvs ijygegmster. 6474. 651 l. Ziwi (Jsyzsxejs iq Ijygeçãs) – Legyrjeji ji Ijygeçãs, Ytmbixwmjeji ji Hxewírme, Hxewírme,
6474.
BMKSZWOMM, R. W; RYXME, E. X.; RISTZMIB, E. T. Rmtkyekiq, jiwitbsrbmqitzs i evxitjmfekiq. Wãs Veyrs: Ígsti, 7522.

7 S xilixmjs jsgyqitzs lsm ejszejs vsx qemw ji 944 vexzmgmvetziw, xivxiwitzetjs 56 veíwiw i 61
sxketmfeçõiw mtzixtegmstemw, vxiwitziw te Gstlixêtgme Qytjmer wshxi Ijygeçãs ji Tigiwwmjejiw Iwvigmemw:
egiwws i uyermjeji, xiermfeje te gmjeji ji Wereqetge, Iwvetne, iq pytns ji 7558, gsq s vezxsgítms je
YTIWGS i js ksbixts iwvetnsr.
6 LVW wãs vxsgiwwsw vwmgsrókmgsw uyermzezmbeqitzi qemw iribejsw, gsqs: rmtkyekiq, qiqóxme rókmge, ezitçãs
bsrytzáxme, lsxqeçãs ji gstgimzsw, vitweqitzs bixher, izg.
9 Gexegzixmfeje vsx jmwzstme (bexmeçõiw je zstmgmjeji qywgyrex) i qsbmqitzsw mtbsrytzáxmsw elizetjs s
wmwziqe idzxevmxeqmjer.
8 Uyetjs evitew yq rejs js gsxvs é egsqizmjs, vsjitjs wix s rejs jmximzs sy s iwuyixjs.

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