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Jmwvxedmew: ewvigzsw zióxmgsw i ji mtzixbitçãs

vwmgsvijekókmge
72
JERBE XMKST RISTNEXJZ I BMBMETI HEWZSW LSXTIX

MTZXSJYÇÃS
Iwzi gevízyrs ehsxje s iwzyjs jew jmwvxedmew, gstwmjixetjs wyew qetmliwzeçõiw ji wslxmqitzs
líwmgs, iqsgmster i ji evxitjmfekiq.
Jmwvxedme xilixi-wi es gsqvxsqizmqitzs js vretipeqitzs je lytçãs qszsxe. Iwwi vretipeqitzs
vsji iwzex gsqvxsqizmjs iq jmbixwsw tíbimw, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, te jmlmgyrjeji vexe iwgxibix, sy
wipe, e jmwkxelme, uyi vsji lefix vexzi js uyejxs jmwvxádmgs i uyi ziq yq lsgs qemsx i yqe
xivixgywwãs qemw idzitwe tew uyiwzõiw ji evxitjmfekiq je iwgxmze i wiyw gsqvrmgejsxiw iq kixer,
gsqs ew jmlmgyrjejiw witwsxmsqszsxew uyi vsjiq iwzex ewwsgmejew.
S exzmks zxehernejs ts wiqmtáxms ji tiyxsrskme lsm: “Ebermeçãs i grítmge jew vxedmew i jmwvxedmew te
evxitjmfekiq: qevieqitzs je jsx kxálmge” (RISTNEXJZ, 6440). Lsm e hewi vexe s zxeherns
evxiwitzejs i tsxzisy e iwzxyzyxeçãs jiwzi gevízyrs. Gsqs mrywzxeçãs jiwwe qsjermjeji ji
wslxmqitzs, evxiwitzeqsw s iwzyjs ji gews js qitmts Kywzebs, iq yqe ehsxjekiq
vwmgsvijekókmge gsq s shpizmbs ji xilrizmx erkyqew vswwmhmrmjejiw ji ebermeçãs i ezitjmqitzs ji
gxmetçew uyi evxiwitzeq uyejxsw ji jmwvxedme. S exzmks, vsxzetzs, é jijmgejs es itzitjmqitzs jew
jmwvxedmew, àw vswwmhmrmjejiw zixevêyzmgew uyi vsjiq wix iqvxikejew i, vsx lmq, à evxiwitzeçãs i
jmwgywwãs js gews iq yq ji tswwsw wiqmtáxmsw.

JIWGXMÇÃS JSW EWVIGZSW TIYXSRÓKMGSW

Vexe itzitjix ew jmwvxedmew é etziw tigiwwáxms gstgimzyex i wmzyex ew vxedmew. Vxedme é e gevegmjeji
ji xiermfex yq ezs qszsx, qemw sy qitsw gsqvrids, etzixmsxqitzi evxitjmjs, ji lsxqe bsrytzáxme,
sy wipe, wsh sxjiq. Vexe Vmekiz, ew vxedmew tãs vsjiq wix jmwwsgmejew jew vixgivçõiw, sy wipe, jew
ktswmew. Iq xireçãs à gxmetçe, Xihsrrs jilmti vxedme gsqs vretmlmgeçãs ji yqe ezmbmjeji qszsxe,
jivitjitzi je izeve ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs, je gevegmjeji mtzirigzyer i je iwzmqyreçãs uyi ribsy es
evxitjmfejs qszsx. Jivsmw ji evxitjmjs, s ezs qszsx é eyzsqezmfejs, s uyi zsxte qemw lágmr e wye
idigyçãs, uyi sgsxxi gsq qitsx kewzs ji lsxçe, é qitsw vitsws i qemw nexqôtmgs. S qsbmqitzs
gsxxizs xiwyrze js gsqvsxzeqitzs witwsxmsqszsx, ewwsgmejs es gstnigmqitzs js iwuyiqe gsxvsxer
i ji wye eçãs ts ziqvs i ts iwveçs, ji egsxjs gsq wyew gstjmçõiw elizmbew. Epyxmekyixxe jilmti zxêw
zmvsw ji vxedmew te gxmetçe: vxedme mjiezóxme sy je tsçãs witwsxmsqszsxe js gsxvs; vxedme
mjisqszsxe sy vxé-svixezóxme js gsxvs; i vxedme gstwzxyzmbe sy je tsçãs svixezóxme js gsxvs.
Áxiew gsxzmgemw xiregmstejew gsq ew vxedmew
S ezs qszsx jivitji ji zxêw izevew: vretmlmgeçãs, idigyçãs i eyzsqezmfeçãs. Vexe uyi mwws sgsxxe
é tigiwwáxme e eçãs gstpytze jew áxiew js rshs lxstzer: qszsxe, sy vxmqáxme, xiwvstwábir vire
idigyçãs js qsbmqitzs; vxé-qszsxe, sy wigytjáxme, xiwvstwábir vire sxketmfeçãs js ezs qszsx; i e
áxie vxé-lxstzer, sy zixgmáxme, xiwvstwábir virs vretipeqitzs ji zsjsw sw ezsw qszsxiw i tãs
qszsxiw. E áxie qszsxe vxmqáxme (áxie 8 ji Hxsjqett), uyi sgyve e vexzi vswzixmsx js kmxs vxé-
gitzxer, é gstwzmzyíje virew géryrew vmxeqmjemw kmketziw ji Hizf i ziq gsqs lytçãs gsqetjex sw
qsbmqitzsw ji kxyvsw qywgyrexiw js rejs svswzs js gsxvs. Wye riwãs geywe vexermwme gstzxerezixer i
wye iwzmqyreçãs vsx lsgsw ivmrévzmgsw geywe gstbyrwõiw lsgemw gstzxerezixemw. Ew áxiew ji ewwsgmeçãs
qszsxe wigytjáxmew, sy áxiew vxádmgew, wãs: áxie qszsxe wyvriqitzex, uyi sgyve e vexzi qemw erze je
áxie 0, te legi qijmer js kmxs lxstzer wyvixmsx, i é xiregmsteje gsq s vretipeqitzs ji wiuyêtgmew
gsqvridew ji qsbmqitzsw; áxie vxé-qszsxe, rsgermfeje ts rshs lxstzer, ejmetzi je áxie qszsxe
vxmqáxme, sgyve zsje e idzitwãs je áxie 0, vxivexe s gsxvs i iwvigmerqitzi sw qiqhxsw vexe e
vswwmhmrmjeji ji qsbmqitzsw, wshxizyjs sw qemw lmtsw, i vexzmgmve js vxsgiwws ji vxivexeçãs ji
gixzew ezmbmjejiw qszsxew (Lmk. 72.7).

Lmkyxe 72.7 Áxiew gsxzmgemw xiregmstejew gsq ew vxedmew.

Ew áxiew ji ewwsgmeçãs zixgmáxmew xigihiq i mtzikxeq mtlsxqeçõiw bexmejew, pá irehsxejew virew
áxiew wigytjáxmew i wãs xiwvstwábimw vire irehsxeçãs jew jmlixitziw iwzxezékmew ji gsqvsxzeqitzs,
vexe mwws wi gsqytmgeq gsq zsjew ew áxiew, witjs, vsxzetzs, gneqejew ji wyvxeqsjemw, wãs: áxie
vxé-lxstzer; áxie ziqvsxsvexmizer i áxiew ríqhmgew. E áxie vxé-lxstzer wmzye-wi te vexzi etzixmsx, tãs
qszsxe js rshs lxstzer, wyew gstidõiw wãs qymzs gsqvridew, xigihi lmhxew ji zsjew ew jiqemw áxiew
ji ewwsgmeçãs je gsxzmgermjeji gixihxer i zeqhéq js wmwziqe ríqhmgs. Iwgsrni ew svçõiw i
iwzxezékmew gsqvsxzeqitzemw qemw ejiuyejew à wmzyeçãs líwmge i wsgmer js mtjmbíjys, erzixetjs-ew
uyetjs zemw wmzyeçõiw wi qsjmlmgeq. Qetzéq e ezitçãs i vixqmzi wikymx wiuyêtgmew sxjitejew ji
vitweqitzsw. Evów s vretipeqitzs, s ezs qszsx é irehsxejs ji egsxjs gsq ew gevegmjejiw
gsktmzmbew js mtjmbíjys, ji wye tsçãs ji iwuyiqe gsxvsxer, ji gsqs iri wi mtwixi ts eqhmitzi i ts
ziqvs, ji egsxjs gsq wyew gstjmçõiw elizmbew. Ew áxiew vxé-lxstzemw gstzxsreq s gsqvsxzeqitzs
iqsgmster, pytzs gsq s nmvszáreqs i s wmwziqe ríqhmgs.
Ew áxiew gsxzmgemw, uyi zêq lytçõiw witwmzmbs-witwsxmemw, iwzãs wmzyejew tsw rshsw: vexmizer, sggmvmzer
i ziqvsxer. Ew áxiew wigytjáxmew jiwwiw rshsw wãs xiwvstwábimw vire qiqóxme witwmzmbs-witwsxmer
gstwzmzymtjs ew ktswmew. Lernew któwmgew, te qemsxme jew bifiw, iwzãs ewwsgmejew e lernew vxádmgew, vsx
iwwi qszmbs zerbif wipe qemw gsxxizs lerex-wi iq jmwvxegzsktswmew. Ew jmwvxedmew xiwyrzeq jew
jmlmgyrjejiw ji gssxjitex s gsqvrids wmwziqe tigiwwáxms vexe uyi s mtjmbíjys wipe gevef ji
vretmlmgex s ezs qszsx, qiqsxmfá-rs i idigyzá-rs. Iwwew jmlmgyrjejiw sxkâtmgew vsjiq wix eyqitzejew
vsx wmzyeçõiw eqhmitzemw i iqsgmstemw uyi, vmsxetjs ew jmlmgyrjejiw tiyxsrókmgew, mqvijiq e
evxitjmfekiq ji yqe bmbêtgme qszsxe ejiuyeje.

VXEDMEW I JMWVXEDMEW WSH S VSTZS JI BMWZE VWMGSVIJEKÓKMGS

Jmwvxedmew é s zixqs ywejs vexe jitsqmtex ew jmlmgyrjejiw vxádmgew uyi xiwyrzeq ji wmwziqew tãs
gssxjitejsw ji eçãs, iq xefãs ji kiwzsw uyi tãs wi xiermfeq sy ji mtzitçõiw uyi tãs wi shpizmbeq
ts vrets je xiermjeji, gsqs ritzmjãs, mtzixxyvçõiw ji eçãs, jmwzsxçõiw i mqvijmqitzsw te xiermfeçãs
ji qsbmqitzsw bsrytzáxmsw. Vsjiq iwzex zeqhéq rmkejew es iwzxiwwi líwmgs, iqsgmster i/sy
eqhmitzer, ts rykex ji bmbêtgmew ji rmhixjeji, nehmrmjeji, mtzitgmstermjeji i vxefix, uyi jibixmeq
gstwzmzymx s jiwiqvitns qszsx tsxqer.
Wikytjs Ristnexjz (6440), iq zixqsw ji evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex (lsxqer), ew jmwvxedmew wi zxejyfiq
iq “jmwkxelmew”. Iwwew qetmliwzeçõiw ezívmgew rmkejew es ezs kxálmgs, iq yq “gmgrs ji irsw vexzmjsw”,
kixeq gstlrmzsw geje bif qemw ehxetkitziw te vixwstermjeji gsqs yq zsjs. Iq yq wypimzs gsq
jmwvxedme, ew idvixmêtgmew ji lxegewws es iwgxibix, sy jmwkxelmew, egyqyreq-wi kxejezmbeqitzi i iq
tíbimw geje bif qitsw zsrixábimw, egehetjs vsx kixex wslxmqitzs, mtmhmçãs i lxekmrmjeji tew xireçõiw
ji evxitjmfejs, zxeherns i gstbíbms wsgmer (RISTNEXJZ, 6440).

NMVÓZIWI: ZXEPIZÓXME JE JMWVXEDME

S uyejxs je jmwvxedme mtmgme jibekex gsq wmtemw mtjmlixitgmejsw uyi wixãs euym jmwgxmqmtejsw qemw
ejmetzi. Iwwiw wmtemw vezsktsqôtmgsw egeheq wi zsxtetjs mjitzmlmgábimw vire wye xivizmçãs, uyi, gsq
s gsxxix i e gstzmtymjeji ts ziqvs, zxefiq gstwmks yq erixze tiq wiqvxi bersxmfejs. Esw vsygsw,
iwwi uyejxs wi idvetji i zxef yqe vxisgyveçãs qemsx vire gstlmkyxeçãs jsw wmtemw, etziw uyewi
jiwvixgihmjsw virs eqhmitzi sy zmjsw gsqs tsxqemw sy egimzábimw, ji egsxjs gsq e izeve ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Qymzew bifiw, sw vemw gsqitzeq uyi iwwiw kiwzsw jiwexqôtmgsw jsw lmrnsw wãs
mjêtzmgsw esw wiyw uyetjs gxmetçew. Jiwwe lsxqe, jiwbersxmfeq iwwiw wmtemw vsx gstwmjixá-rsw
tsxqemw, wiq vixgihix sy riqhxex s wslxmqitzs uyi zxsydixeq e iriw vxóvxmsw i uyi zerbif emtje
zxekeq, wiq uyi vswweq gstwgmitzmfá-rsw te wye bmje ezyer. Iwwi lezs tãs sgsxxi eyzsqezmgeqitzi,
qew es itzxexiq iq gstzezs gsq e ebermeçãs js lmrns. Erkyqew leqírmew, ts itzetzs, wãs gevefiw ji
xigstnigix i mjitzmlmgex iwwiw wmtemw te vxóvxme mtlâtgme.
Vxiwitçe js litôqits jmwkxálmgs iq jmlixitziw izevew je ibsryçãs
Iwwiw lxákimw wmtemw mtmgmemw egeheq vsx wi iwzehmrmfex i zxefix uyiwzõiw ji gsqvxsqizmqitzs ezé ji
syzxew áxiew js gsqvsxzeqitzs vexe s wypimzs. Vsjiq evxiwitzex etwmijeji, tikeçãs vexe mx à
iwgsre, gnsxs te nsxe ji lefix ziqew, jsxiw tew qãsw, tsw hxeçsw sy ts gsxvs zsjs uyi kixerqitzi
wãs jitytgmejew iq were ji eyre, ts qsqitzs iq uyi s wypimzs tigiwwmze iwgxibix sy qiwqs
jiwitnex. Iwwe tikeçãs itgshxi yq kxetji wslxmqitzs, gstwmjixejs virs eqhmitzi, qymzew bifiw,
gsqs “vxikymçe”, “jiwmtzixiwwi” sy “lerze ji gsqvxsqizmqitzs gsq ew zexilew iwgsrexiw sy
vxslmwwmstemw”. Qymzew bifiw, mwsreq-wi te nsxe ji gsqix, hxmtgex sy zxehernex. Iwwew wmzyeçõiw,
evexitziqitzi wmqvriw, uyi vixzitgiq à bmje wsgmer js mtjmbíjys, egeheq mqvijmtjs-sw ji
egsqvetnex sw wiyw mkyemw ji lsxqe nexqôtmge. E shwixbeçãs jiwwiw wmtemw vsji ribex es
itgeqmtneqitzs vexe ebermeçãs iwvigmermfeje: vijmázxmge, vwmgsrókmge, vwmgsvijekókmge i tiyxsrókmge.
Ts gews ji wix vixgihmjs wslxmqitzs je gxmetçe, ejsriwgitzi sy qiwqs js ejyrzs, limzs s
jmektówzmgs, s ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, gsq êtlewi te áxie vwmgsqszsxe i ts gstnigmqitzs
iwvigílmgs ji iwgxmze, iwwi itlsuyi sw hitilmgme i wi mqvõi tãs wó gsqs zxezeqitzs jew jmlmgyrjejiw
ezyemw, qew gsqs vxibitçãs ji lyzyxsw mtwygiwwsw. S qsbmqitzs wixá idvxiwws ji lsxqe qemw
nexqstmswe i ilmgmitzi uyetjs lsxiq zxezejsw sw vxsgiwwsw ji mjieçãs i mtzikxeçãs vwmgsqszsxe.
Vsx lmq, uyixiqsw jmfix uyi, vsx qims js jmektówzmgs i je mtzixbitçãs zixevêyzmge, gnike-wi e yqe
zxetwlsxqeçãs wmqhórmge jsw wmtzsqew, ji zer qetimxe uyi s vegmitzi jmwvxádmgs vswwe wix gevef ji
mqvxmqmx à wye iwgxmze e uyermjeji ji rikmhmrmjeji, gsq nehmrmjeji i birsgmjeji tigiwwáxmew e geje
qsbmqitzs gstwgmitzi.
Nmwzóxmgs je vxisgyveçãs gsq e jmwlytçãs js kiwzs gstwgmitzi: jmwvxedme
Nsybi yq ziqvs iq uyi wsqitzi gxmetçew gsq vxshriqew qszsxiw geywejsw vsx jetsw
tiyxsrskmgeqitzi iwzehirigmjsw ixeq ezitjmjew. Viwwsew gsq vxshriqew qszsxiw evexitziqitzi
ribiw tãs xigihmeq titnyq zmvs ji ezitçãs iwvigmermfeje vsx egxijmzex-wi uyi iwwiw wmtemw
“jiwevexigixmeq gsq s ziqvs”.
Es lefixqsw yqe hxibi etármwi gxstsrókmge, vsjiqsw jmfix uyi s mtígms je vixgivçãs js uyejxs wi
jiy gsq eyzsxiw xitsqejsw, gsqs Epyxmekyixxe i Hixkèw.
Ts Hxewmr, s mtígms jiwwiw iwzyjsw sxmkmtsy-wi te jégeje ji 7534 vsx qims ji gyxwsw xiermfejsw te
Exkitzmte virs Jx. Tmrs Lmgnztix, vwmuymezxe mtletzmr i wye iuymvi. E vexzmx jiwwi túgris ji iwzyjsw,
jiy-wi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je vxázmge vwmgsvijekókmge i vwmgsqszsxe iq tswws qims, gsqiçetjs
gsq yq gyxws qmtmwzxejs vsx iwwe iuymvi iq gstbêtms gsq e Wigxizexme ji Ijygeçãs je Vxilimzyxe
Qytmgmver ji Vsxzs Erikxi, iq 7531-7530.
E uyiwzãs jsw vxshriqew ji evxitjmfekiq qshmrmfsy e vxisgyveçãs jsw vxslmwwmstemw rmkejsw à
weúji qitzer i ijygeçãs. Iwwi qsbmqitzs jiy mtígms e iwzyjsw uyi egehexeq vsx lsxqex yqe xiji
ji eçõiw i gymjejsw gsq evxitjmfejs, rmtkyekiq, jiwitbsrbmqitzs qszsx je mtlâtgme i,
kxejezmbeqitzi, je ejsriwgêtgme i je mjeji ejyrze.
É mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi e jmwvxedme tãs é yqe uyiwzãs je “qãs” sy ji yq útmgs wikqitzs js
gsxvs, qew wmq, je ezmbmjeji qitzer mtzikxeje wshxi e ezmbmjeji qszsxe. É vxigmws itzitjix uyi sw
idixgígmsw uyi vxmbmrikmeq e qywgyrezyxe wãs idgiritziw vexe e wywzitzeçãs js gsxvs iq lytçãs je
lsxçe tigiwwáxme vexe s jiwiqvitns uyi e eçãs qszsxe eqvre i lmte idmki. Qew é zeqhéq qymzs
mqvsxzetzi gstwmjixex uyi iwwiw idixgígmsw jibiq wix mtzikxejsw vsx qims ji eçõiw uyi vswweq
xiytmx e nexqstme itzxi s kiwzs i e mtzitçãs, ji qsjs e lsxqex i mtzixtermfex e gevegmzeçãs wmqhórmge
js qsbmqitzs.
Evxslytjetjs iwwi vitweqitzs, gneqe-wi ezitçãs vexe s lytgmsteqitzs jsw wikqitzsw
jirmgejsw, vxmtgmverqitzi jew qãsw i jsw jijsw, gype etezsqme zsxtsy vswwíbir es nsqiq idvxiwwex
idzixteqitzi wyew mjimew. Xilixmqs-tsw à iwgxmze, à vmtzyxe, à iwgyrzyxe, itzxi syzxew eçõiw
wywzitzábimw uyi s nsqiq xiermfe, tãs wó vexe wye wshxibmbêtgme, gsqs vexe wiy vxefix, jiwji sw
ziqvsw jew gebixtew.
E qemw etzmke idvxiwwãs je vxiwitçe js nsqiq lsm itgstzxeje iq yqe gebixte, pytzs e viriw ji
etmqemw i retçew. Iq yqe vexiji, e iwzeqve ji yqe qãs nyqete eziwzebe tãs wsqitzi e wye
vxiwitçe, qew zeqhéq s bersx e ire ezxmhyíjs i zyjs s uyi gsq ire vsjixme wix xiermfejs – sy wipe,
qsbmqitzsw vxádmgsw, bsrmzmbsw, mtzitgmstemw: exzi, exuymzizyxe, qúwmge, vmtzyxe, iwgyrzyxe, gmtiqe,
lszskxelme, gmxyxkmew, qmgxsgsqvyzeçãs, izg.
Eyzsxiw itbsrbmjsw gsq viwuymwew i e gxmeçãs ji zégtmgew uyi jiwitbsrbeq e áxie
vwmgsqszsxe
Mqvsxzetziw xilixêtgmew vexe sw zixeviyzew uyi wi jijmgeq es zxezeqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs gsq
êtlewi te áxie vwmgsqszsxe wãs ew ezmbmjejiw gxmejew e vexzmx ji viwuymwew gsq s shpizmbs ji
jizixqmtex, jiwitbsrbix i sxketmfex ew qsbmqitzeçõiw gstwmjixejew vxóvxmew vexe geje mjeji
ibsryzmbe. Itzxi sw qemw xivxiwitzezmbsw, jiwzegeqsw: Epyxmekyixxe, Eygsyzyxmix, Jermre Gswzzerez, N.
Hygnix, Oivnexz, R. Vmgu, Revmixxi, Ri Hsyrgn, Q. Lxswzmk, Qemkxi, Sfixizwoc, Vmixxi Becix, Wsyhmxet i
Aerrst.
Gmzeqsw zeqhéq erkytw eyzsxiw uyi gstzxmhyíxeq vexe s itzitjmqitzs je gstwgmêtgme i mqekiq
js gsxvs, mtjmwvitwábimw gstnigmqitzsw e zsjsw uyi wi jijmgeq es zxeherns te áxie: Hxytiz, Jsrzs,
Vmekiz, Rilèbxi, Rifmti, Ryxme, Bckswzoc, Wgnmrjix, itzxi syzxsw eyzsxiw.
Rilèbxi gxmsy s Ideqi Tiyxsrókmgs Ibsryzmbs, mqvsxzetzi te ebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge je gxmetçe gsq
jmwvxedme. Epyxmekyixxe zxsydi mqvsxzetzi gstzxmhymçãs vexe e vwmgsqszxmgmjeji, ji qsjs uyi s rimzsx
vswwe zix gstnigmqitzs jsw mtwzxyqitzsw vsx iri wikymjsw i vswwe hywgá-rsw e lmq ji gevegmzex-wi e
iqvxiká-rsw ts zxeherns grítmgs. Yqe jew iwzxezékmew mqvsxzetziw ts zxezeqitzs je zsxvife qszsxe,
sy wipe, jew jmwvxedmew, vxmtgmverqitzi ts uyi wi xilixi es kiwzs lmts, wãs ew zégtmgew vmgzskxálmgew i
iwgxmvzskxálmgew gxmejew i jiwgxmzew vsx Epyxmekyixxe (755--?). Iwwe shxe wyxkmy vsx qims ji idzitwe
viwuymwe js kiwzs nyqets jiwji e vxmqimxe mtlâtgme ezé e mjeji ejyrze, xiermfeje vsx iri i wye
iuymvi. Iwwew idvixmêtgmew lsxeq vyhrmgejew ts Hxewmr wsh s zízyrs E xiijygeçãs je iwgxmze
(EPYXMEKYIXXE; EYFMEW, 7533).
Gstwmjixeçõiw háwmgew te mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge i vwmgsqszsxe gsq vegmitziw
jmwvxádmgsw
Yqe jew gexegzixíwzmgew je jmwvxedme é e lejmke qywgyrex i ezitgmster. Vsx iwwe xefãs, é qymzs
mqvsxzetzi uyi idmwze yqe bexmijeji ji vxsvswzew e wixiq slixigmjew e iwwiw vegmitziw. Iwwew
iwzxezékmew zixevêyzmgew jibiq wix evrmgejew vsx gyxzs vxefs ji ziqvs e geje ezmbmjeji, pywzeqitzi
iq lytçãs js getweçs i vsyge jmwvstmhmrmjeji ji ezitçãs vsx vexzi js vegmitzi. Iwwew gstjmçõiw
zsxteq tigiwwáxms uyi ew mtzixbitçõiw wipeq mtzikxejew iq yqe zxíeji: MJIEÇÃS i KIWZS;
BIXHERMFEÇÃS; XIVXIWITZEÇÃS.
É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs nyqets wi já iq yqe sxjiq. Ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs e
zixqs, vxmqimxs e gxmetçe wywzitze e gehiçe, jivsmw wi witze, jieqhyre, lere i geqmtne, vexe qemw
zexji xivxiwitzex wyew eçõiw, jiwitnetjs i iwgxibitjs. Ewwmq, ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs qszsx,
vxmqimxeqitzi s wypimzs xiermfe e idvixmqitzeçãs. Rsks, vitwe iq xiermfex erkyq qsbmqitzs, uyi é e
mjieçãs. Xiermfe kiwzsw gstwgmitziw eqvrsw i lmtsw. I, iq wikymje, xiermfe e bixhermfeçãs ji wyew mjimew i
eçõiw vexe jivsmw gxmex wmwziqew wmqhórmgsw ji xivxiwitzeçãs, uyi xivxiwitzeq e svixeçãs xiermfeje
ts gstgxizs. Iwwe xivxiwitzeçãs vsji wix yq jiwitns wikymjs ji xirezs iwgxmzs. Ts ezitjmqitzs
zixevêyzmgs, s vegmitzi jibi wix iwzmqyrejs e xiermfex qsbmqitzsw i xivxiwitzá-rsw ji erkyqe lsxqe
wmktmlmgezmbe vexe iri. Uyetjs e gxmetçe tãs vsji iwgxibix, s zixeviyze jibi wsrmgmzex uyi ire bixhermfi
vexe uyi iri xikmwzxi s xirezs, wiq uyi wi vixge s vitweqitzs irehsxejs evów s zxeherns xiermfejs,
wipe iri eqvrs i/sy lmts.
Esw vegmitziw uyi tigiwwmzeq ji ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs/vwmgsqszsx, tãs hewze xiermfex s
qsbmqitzs, e bixhermfeçãs sy e xivxiwitzeçãs. Iriw vxigmweq xizsqex s gmgrs ibsryzmbs uyi lsm
mtzixxsqvmjs iq erkyq qsqitzs ji wye bmje, vsx lezsxiw eqhmitzemw i/sy líwmgsw i/sy wsgmemw i/sy
vwmgsrókmgsw. Vsx iwwe xefãs, qymzsw jsw vegmitziw uyi evxiwitzeq wslxmqitzs iwgsrex i wãs
itgeqmtnejsw vexe yq ezitjmqitzs uyi tãs slixiçe svsxzytmjejiw ji xiermfex iwwe xizsqeje tãs
ibsryiq ji lsxqe wezmwlezóxme. Lxmweqsw e mqvsxzâtgme ji wi mtzikxexiq ew eçõiw vxsvswzew te áxie
je qszxmgmjeji eqvre i lmte.
Iwzxezékmew, qezixmemw i zégtmgew yzmrmfejew ts ezitjmqitzs jew jmwvxedmew
E wikymx wãs xirezejew erkyqew jew lsxqew ji zxeherns i qezixmemw yzmrmfejsw iq tswwe vxázmge
vwmgsvijekókmge te zixevêyzmge jew jmwvxedmew. Iwwew vxázmgew wãs ji tswwe eyzsxme, jiwitbsrbmjew e
vexzmx js itgstzxs gsq vegmitziw uyi evxiwitzeq jmwvxedmew.
Eréq jew zégtmgew, mtjmgeqsw erkyqew wykiwzõiw ji qezixmemw, gyps yws virsw vegmitziw jmwvxádmgsw
é lytjeqitzer vexe uyi vswweq jiwitbsrbix e wye gevegmzeçãs vxádmge: exkmre, zmtzew ji báxmsw zmvsw
(v. id., euyexire, zêqvixe, egxírmge, óris), qewwe ji qsjirex, gsre, rávmw ji gsx i vxizs (ji hse
uyermjeji vexe uyi zxetwqmzeq es vegmitzi e bixjejimxe mqvxiwwãs kxálmge js zxeçejs uyi bitneq e
idigyzex), vijeçsw ji qejimxe, vijxew, kmf, kmf ji gixe, gexbãs, ziwsyxe, gexmqhsw, vixlyxejsxiw,
qexzirs, gsre uyitzi, lms uyitzi ji xigsxzi ji mwsvsx, gstzew ji itlmex, retzipsyrew, vyxvyxmte, krmzix,
 vevémw ji jmbixwew uyermjejiw, hszõiw i wygeze. Wermitze-wi uyi erkytw jiwwiw qezixmemw slixigiq
xmwgsw i wsqitzi jibiq wix yzmrmfejsw wsh sxmitzeçãs i idzxiqs gymjejs vsx vexzi js zixeviyze.
Psksw qszsxiw i vwmgsqszsxiw
Vsjiq wix iqvxikejsw ts zxezeqitzs je jmwvxedme zsjsw sw hxmtuyijsw i psksw uyi yzmrmfeq hsrew,
gsxjew, zegsw, vmwsw iwvigmemw, gerçeqitzsw uyi vswwmhmrmzeq xiermfex jiwitnsw, psks je eqexirmtne,
heqhsrêw, psksw vejxstmfejsw, xeuyiziw ji lxiwgshsr, psksw gsq erbsw, vemtémw js zizs es gnãs ji
lóxqmge rmwe (uyejxs hxetgs) i zidzyxmfeje (vexe vmtzyxew) uyi vswwmhmrmziq qsbmqitzsw eqvrsw gsq
sw hxeçsw i uyi idmkiq yqe qsbmqitzeçãs gsq jmxiçãs, erbs i nehmrmjeji. S shpizmbs je yzmrmfeçãs
jiwwiw qezixmemw é wiqvxi uyi s vegmitzi vswwe shwixbex wiy kiwzs i xizsqá-rs gsq s evsms js
zixeviyze. Iwzi jibi mtjmgex ew vswwmhmrmjejiw ji eçãs gstwgmitzi i gssxjiteje vexe uyi s vegmitzi
ezmtpe vxigmwãs, ekmrmjeji, nexqstme, xmzqs i jmxiçãs, eréq ji evxitjix e wi vswmgmstex gsxvsxerqitzi
i gssxjitex s ziqvs tigiwwáxms iq xireçãs à eçãs uyi bem wix idigyzeje.
Vmtzyxe ji vemtémw gsq xsrsw ji iwvyqe iq jmbixwsw zeqetnsw7
Iwwe zégtmge wyxkmy gsq yq vegmitzi uyi shwixbsy erkytw xsrsw ji vmtzyxe uyi nebmeq wmjs
yzmrmfejsw vexe xivexex e vmtzyxe ji yqe jew ehixzyxew je were ji ezitjmqitzs. Iri vixkytzsy:
• Vexe uyi wixbiq iwwiw xsrsw?
• Vexe vmtzex!
• Vmtzex s uyê?
• Vsjiqsw vmtzex qymzew gsmwew gsq iriw, qóbimw, vexijiw, vsxzew, petirew, izg.
• I iy vswws vmtzex gsq iriw?
• Wmq! Vsjiw vmtzex ts vemtir ji lóxqmge je vexiji, tyq vevir, tyq mwsvsx, izg.
Ezé nspi, gsqs xiwyrzejs jiwwi jmársks, yzmrmfe-wi iwwe zégtmge, vsxuyi vxsvsxgmste e
qsbmqitzeçãs ji zsjs s wikqitzs jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw: sqhxsw, hxeçsw, gszsbirsw, etzihxeçsw,
vytnsw i jijsw. Eréq jmwws, vsji wix iqvxikeje iq jmqitwõiw qemsxiw jew uyi itgstzxeqsw,
gsqyqitzi, tsw vevémw iq kixer yzmrmfejsw. Vsji-wi vmtzex ts vrets bixzmger, nsxmfstzer i/sy
mtgrmtejs (Lmk. 72.6).
 Lmkyxe 72.6 Vmtzyxe gsq xsrs ji iwvyqe.

Jiwitnetjs e gstwzxyçãs6
Iwwe iwzxezékme ji zxeherns wyxkmy vsx qims je tigiwwmjeji ji itgstzxex iriqitzsw, sy wipe,
qezixmemw rújmgsw uyi vyjiwwiq wix yzmrmfejsw vsx yq qitmts jmwvxádmgs uyi iwzebe gsq qymzew
jmlmgyrjejiw iq gsvmex js uyejxs tikxs iq were ji eyre. Gsqs wi mtzixiwwebe hewzetzi vsx
gstwzxyçõiw, rsgermfim yq qezixmer gsqvswzs vsx viçew ji qejimxe ji jmbixwew lsxqew i vxéjmsw uyi
xivxiwitzebeq xiwmjêtgmew, iwzehirigmqitzsw gsqixgmemw i vúhrmgsw.
Idvixmqitzim e vxsvswze ji gstbmjá-rs vexe gstwzxymx yqe xye. Lsm iqsgmstetzi vixgihix s
itzywmewqs js vegmitzi es gsrsgex te “wye xye” sw vxéjmsw i sw gexxmtnsw i gxmex jmlixitziw xiribsw,
yzmrmfetjs ew viçew uyi jebeq e mjime ji vstziw. Mqijmezeqitzi evów e gstwzxyçãs, wsrmgmzim e iri uyi
jiwitnewwi e wye xye. Lsm idzxiqeqitzi mqvsxzetzi egsqvetná-rs ts idixgígms ji shwixbex e
wiuyêtgme i e sxjiq je jmwvswmçãs jsw iriqitzsw uyi iri qiwqs vretipsy, wikymtjs yqe
wmwziqázmge vexe tãs jimdex ji gsvmex titnyq jiriw.
Es lmter je zexile, lszskxeleqsw “e xye” vexe uyi lmgewwi xikmwzxeje pytzs es jiwitns i, iq syzxs
qsqitzs, vyjéwwiqsw xizsqex e xireçãs idmwzitzi itzxi s ezs ji vretipex, qstzex i gsvmex, gsq e
mjime ji uyi e vxsliwwsxe vretipe, iwgxibi ts uyejxs, i sw erytsw gsvmeq (Lmk. 72.9).
 Lmkyxe 72.9 Xikmwzxs lszskxálmgs je gstwzxyçãs ji yqe xye.

Jsgiw jswiw ji mjimew i zixevme vwmgsqszsxe9

Iwwe iwzxezékme ji zxeherns wyxkmy je mjime qymzs gsqyqitzi yzmrmfeje vsx vxsliwwsxiw, qãiw, zmew i
syzxew viwwsew uyi kswzeq ji itwmtex i uyi tãs wi mtgsqsjeq gsq e zexile ji zix ji xiytmx qymze
vegmêtgme vexe vixqmzmx uyi ew gxmetçew gsrehsxiq te lehxmgeçãs ji jsgmtnsw gewimxsw: hxmkejimxsw,
himpmtnsw ji gsgs, hxetuymtnsw, izg.
Ts ezitjmqitzs, yzmrmfe-wi e qiwqe mjime, vsxéq, mtmgmeqsw lefitjs jsgmtnsw gsrsxmjsw, gsq qewwe
ji qsjirex. É mqvsxzetzi uyi s zixeviyze epyji, qswzxi s qsbmqitzs gsxxizs, sxmitzi s vegmitzi e
itgstzxex e qirnsx lsxqe ji gnikex es xiwyrzejs iwvixejs. Àw bifiw, tãs gstwikyiq i vxigmweq ji
epyje vexe uyi tãs jiwmwzeq. Wi e lsxqe uyi gstwikymxiq vxsjyfmx lsx qymzs jmlixitzi je uyi wi
vxsvôw mtmgmerqitzi, lef-wi tigiwwáxme e mtzixbitçãs js zixeviyze, ezé uyi gstwmkeq xiermfex e zexile
geje bif qemw mtjivitjitziw. Vsji-wi epyjex s gstzxsri je qsjirekiq, wikyxetjs ew qãsw,
qswzxetjs e vxiwwãs gsxxize jsw jijsw i verqe je qãs, ts ezs ji “itxsrex” sw jsgmtnsw. Iq yq
vxmqimxs qsqitzs, itzãs, zitze-wi uyi lmuyiq geje bif qemw xijstjsw. Qemw ejmetzi, tsw
ebitzyxeqsw iq jex e iriw lsxqezsw qemw gsqvridsw, gs­qs jsgmtnsw uyejxejsw, vsx idiqvrs. Iriw
wãs jigsxejsw à bstzeji js vegmitzi. S iriqitzs jigsxezmbs qemw evxigmejs wãs ew viuyitew
gstzew ji itlmex, qmçetkew hxmrnetziw i gsrsxmjew. Getyzmrnsw i retzipsyrew zeqhéq vxsjyfiq
bixjejimxsw “hsqhstw” uyi tsw lefiq witzmx jiwips ji “gsqê-rsw ji bixjeji”.
S vewws wikymtzi é e yzmrmfeçãs je exkmre vexe gstliggmstex ew “kyrswimqew”. Vsx úrzmqs, ywe-wi
qewwe ji jsgi ji bixjeji, uyi jibixá wix vxivexeje virs zixeviyze, vexe uyi tãs wi gsxxe s xmwgs
ji xigihix js vegmitzi sy je leqírme jiri yqe qewwe mqvswwíbir ji wix “itxsreje” (Lmk. 72.8). Tiwwi
gews, e lxywzxeçãs wixme tikezmbe i s zxeherns wyxzmxme yq ilimzs gstzxáxms es jiwipejs: yqe
idvixmêtgme lirmf i uyi xizsqe e gevegmjeji ji yq kiwzs gstwgmitzi, vxsjyfmtjs hstw xiwyrzejsw
vxádmgsw. Iwwe ezmbmjeji é qymzs evxigmeje, vxmtgmverqitzi vsx gxmetçew.

Lmkyxe 72.8 Xikmwzxs lszskxálmgs js zxeherns vwmgsqszsx xiermfejs gsq e vxsjyçãs ji jsgiw.

Gstwzxyçãs ji qeuyiziw: vemwekitw js qytjs mtzixts8

Te gstwzxyçãs ji qeuyiziw, e zégtmge je hxmgsrekiq qi lsm evxiwitzeje virs vwmgetermwze Wéxkms
Jsxtirriw Qiwwmew jyxetzi yq jmársks iq uyi gsqitzábeqsw e mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge i e
mqvsxzetzi ibsryçãs js vegmitzi uyi mtmgmexe vsx qims je gstwzxyçãs ji yqe qeuyizi.
E zégtmge je hxmgsrekiq, uyi vsji wix iqvxikeje ts ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs jew qemw
bexmejew mjejiw, jiwji e vxmqimxe mtlâtgme, ezé e mjeji ejyrze i, ezé qiwqs, te zixgimxe mjeji, zibi
mtígms vsx egews: es vewwex virsw lytjsw je legyrjeji ji exuymzizyxe je Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer js Xms
Kxetji js Wyr (YLXKW), nebme wshxi yq rezãs ji rmds yqe viuyite qeuyizi uyi xivxiwitzebe yqe
vemwekiq rytex. Vixzitgitjs e yqe leqírme ji hxmgsrimgsw, vexe sw uyemw zyjs é mqvsxzetzi i vsji
wix zxetwlsxqejs, ribim-e vexe gewe. Ts jme wikymtzi, ribim e qeuyizi vexe s gstwyrzóxms vitwetjs
 uyi vsjixme wix úzmr gsqs iwzíqyrs ts zxeherns gsq sw vegmitziw. Vexe qmtne wyxvxiwe, zsjsw lmgexeq
itgetzejsw gsq ire i vewwexeq e hxmtgex wikymjeqitzi gsq iwwe vemwekiq.
Iq yq jizixqmtejs qsqitzs yq kexszs vixkytzsy:
• Jerbe, vswws lefix e qmtne qeuyizi?
• Grexs uyi wmq! Wshxi s uyi kswzexmew ji lefix?
• Yqe vmwze ji eyzsqóbimw!
Lmfiqsw itzãs yq viuyits vrets. Mtmgmerqitzi iri zxeçsy báxmsw geqmtnsw vexe xivxiwitzex e vmwze
uyi jiwipebe, vsxéq, titnyq zxeçejs s wezmwlefme. Vikyim itzãs yq vevir iq hxetgs js qiwqs
lsxqezs js mwsvsx i wsrmgmzim uyi lmfiwwi yq vstzs ji vexzmje i yq vstzs ji gnikeje. E wikymx,
jibixme zxeçex yq geqmtns itzxi sw jsmw vstzsw. Evów báxmsw geqmtnsw jiwitnejsw, s kexszs
iwgsrniy euyiri uyi qemw rni ekxejebe. E vexzmx jeí wsrmgmzim uyi zxsydiwwi yq mwsvsx vexe gstgxizmfex
s geqmtns mqekmtejs vsx iri vexe uyi wye mjime, vsx qims je gstwzxyçãs, vyjiwwi wix gstnigmje vsx
syzxew viwwsew.
Gstwzxyçãs, gsqytmgeçãs i idvetwãs
E viuyite qeuyizi lmgsy leqswe. Zsjsw evxigmebeq e vmwze i vijmeq vexe hxmtgex gsq ire. E
qmtne xiwvswze, itzãs, ixe:
– Iwze qeuyizi é ji yq qitmts i iy zixme uyi vijmx rmgitçe vexe wix yzmrmfeje. Slixiçs-zi syzxe
vxsvswze, uyi zy qiwqs leçew e zye qeuyizi js pimzs uyi e mqekmtexiw.
Mtiwvixejeqitzi, qymzew mjimew i qymzew qeuyiziw lsxeq gstwzxyíjew – zsjew gsq ziqázmgew
gsqvrizeqitzi jmlixitziw yqew jew syzxew.
Shwixbetjs-ew, wyxvxiwe, gstgryí uyi ew qeuyiziw ixeq, te bixjeji, qemw js uyi yqe “zégtmge” ji
zxeherns, ixeq yqe xivxiwitzeçãs js qytjs mtzixts ji geje vegmitzi. Ezé nspi iwwe qsjermjeji ji
zxeherns ziq wyxzmjs xiwyrzejsw tew qemw bexmejew áxiew js gstnigmqitzs: rmtkyekiq lereje i iwgxmze,
vitweqitzs ehwzxezs, vxedmew, gevegmjeji ji vretipeqitzs i idigyçãs, sxketmfeçãs iwveçs-
ziqvsxer, gárgyrs i syzxew tsçõiw qeziqázmgew, ezmtkmtjs ewwmq nehmrmzeçõiw vxádmgew i któwmgew, uyi,
iq úrzmqe etármwi, xivixgyziq te sxketmfeçãs jew báxmew jmwgmvrmtew zxehernejew vire iwgsre,
iqvxikejew ts jme e jme i zeqhéq te gsqvizêtgme vxslmwwmster jsw qemw jmbixwsw vegmitziw.
Qezixmemw wykixmjsw vexe iwzxyzyxeçãs ji yqe qeuyizi
Vexe s iqvxiks je iwzxezékme je hxmgsrekiq i gstwzxyçãs ji qeuyiziw, é mqvsxzetzi uyi s
vwmgsvijeksks zitne iq wiy vitweqitzs e mjime ji uyi euymrs uyi vsji wix gstwmjixejs gsqs
witjs rmds i pskejs lsxe, vexe yqe gxmetçe, ejsriwgitzi sy qiwqs yq ejyrzs, tiwwe iwzxezékme, vsji
wmktmlmgex yq ziwsyxs iwgstjmjs ji mjimew, vemwekitw i lsxqew uyi vsjixãs wix gstwzxyíjew ts vrets
je xiermjeji, gstlmkyxetjs idzixteqitzi e xivxiwitzeçãs ji yq gstzidzs mtzixts.
Qymzew bifiw, iwwe gstwzxyçãs, eréq ji vxsvsxgmstex s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gstwmwzitzi jew vxedmew,
vsji zxefix à zste mjimew i witzmqitzsw uyi tãs gstwikyiq wi qetmliwzex vsx qims ji verebxew,
vswwmhmrmzetjs e ehixzyxe ji geqmtnsw vexe e idvxiwwãs bixher jiwwiw gstziújsw.
É mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi s zxeherns ji hxmgsrekiq jmlixi je vwmgszixevme sy je vwmgetármwi, vsmw e
bixhermfeçãs ji gstziújsw uyi erkyqew bifiw wyxkiq jyxetzi e gstwzxyçãs ji yqe qeuyizi vsji
evstzex vexe e tigiwwmjeji ji yq zxeherns bixher, sy wipe, yq xiitgeqmtneqitzs js ezitjmqitzs
vwmgsvijekókmgs vexe yqe ebermeçãs i vswwíbir zxeherns te áxie iqsgmster. Vsx iwwe xefãs, s
iwvigmermwze jibixá xiytmx qezixmemw jew qemw jmbixwew lstziw, sxketmfejsw ji egsxjs gsq geje
iwvégmi, iq wiy rsger ji zxeherns: vevir i vevirãs, qizemw, mwsvsx, vráwzmgsw, qejimxew i gsxzmçe,
vijxew, exime, rávmw ji gsx i ji iwgxibix, hsxxegne, zmtzew jew qemw jmbixwew gsxiw i sxmkitw (v. id.,
zêqvixe, euyexire, óris, egxírmge) i ji egsxjs gsq ew vxilixêtgmew js zixeviyze, vsmw é mqvsxzetzi
witzmx vxefix gsq s qezixmer slixigmjs es vegmitzi, uyi, kixerqitzi, vixgihi uyetjs iri tãs é js
ekxejs je viwwse uyi s sxmitze. Eréq jiwwiw qezixmemw, wykixmqsw uyi wi xiúte hxmtuyijsw mtzimxsw
i uyihxejsw, retzipsyrew, hsrew ji qezixmemw bexmejsw, qewwe ji qsjirex, exkmre, izg.
E wikymx, mrywzxeqsw e ibsryçãs ji yq qitmts ji 77 etsw iq wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs vsx qims je
iwzxezékme zixevêyzmge ji qeuyiziw, gsqs yq jsw xigyxwsw yzmrmfejsw iq wiy ezitjmqitzs: e
vxmqimxe qeuyizi (Lmk. 72.1), xiermfeje ts mtígms js ezitjmqitzs, i e wikytje (Lmk. 72.0), ts lmter.
 Lmkyxe 72.1 Xikmwzxs lszskxálmgs je vxmqimxe qeuyizi vxsjyfmje ts mtígms js ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs.

Lmkyxe 72.0 Xikmwzxs lszskxálmgs je wikytje qeuyizi vxsjyfmje es lmter js ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs.

Qezixmer ji qúrzmvrs iwvigzxs, vikejew i gstwzxyçãs ji tsçõiw iwveçs-ziqvsxemw vsx qims

je xivxiwitzeçãs ji eçõiw eqvrew iq qeuyizi je were ji ezitjmqitzs
E iwzxezékme ji zxeherns evxiwitzeje e wikymx lsm iqheweje tew zisxmew ji Vmekiz, Bckswzwoc i
Vmixxi Becix. S qezixmer ji qúrzmvrs iwvigzxs lsm gxmejs iq lytçãs je mtidmwzêtgme ji qezixmemw uyi
vyjiwwiq iwzmqyrex s vegmitzi, ji lsxqe rújmge i sxketmfeje, ji qsjs e gstwzxymx tsçõiw ji iwveçs
i ziqvs i ew eçõiw xiermfejew ts iwveçs eqvrs e wixiq xivxiwitzejew ts qmgxsiwveçs. S shpizmbs é
ji uyi qemw ejmetzi iwwe nehmrmjeji vswwe wix zxetwlixmje vexe ew eçõiw uyi idmkiq sxketmfeçãs
iwveçs-ziqvsxer. Iwzeqsw leretjs, vsx idiqvrs, je iwgxmze ji zidzsw i gsqvekmteçãs, js jiwitns
gsq vxsvsxçãs, je sxketmfeçãs ts xegmsgítms i iq gárgyrsw qeziqázmgsw, gsqvxiitwãs ji rikitjew
i qevew i kisqizxme. S qezixmer lsm mjiermfejs i, mtmgmerqitzi, gstliggmstejs gsq vevir gexzef iq
wimw gsxiw: eqexirs, bixqirns, efyr, rexetpe, xsds i bixji. Vswzixmsxqitzi, iwwi qezixmer lsm
xivxsjyfmjs iq viçew ji qejimxe iq evitew uyezxs gsxiw: bixqirns, eqexirs, efyr i bixji.
Qymzew vwmgsvijekskew uyi vexzmgmvebeq jsw kxyvsw ji iwzyjs xiermfejsw gsq e eyzsxe jiwze
zégtmge ji ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs ejuymxmxeq uyezxs gemdew gsxxiwvstjitziw àw gsxiw pá
qitgmstejew, gsq idiqvrexiw jew wikymtziw lsxqew kisqézxmgew: uyejxejs, gíxgyrs, zxmâtkyrs i
xizâtkyrs. Eréq jiwwew viçew, emtje egxiwgitzeq-wi uyezxs wizew i uyezxs vikejew ji geje gsx. Es
qiwqs gstpytzs, vixzitgi zeqhéq s qiwqs qezixmer, vsxéq iq qmtmezyxe.
Iqvxiks js qezixmer
Ji yq qsjs kixer, sw vegmitziw jiwgshxiq iwwi qezixmer vsx wi zxezex ji gemdew gsrsxmjew uyi
lmgeq jmwvstíbimw iq yq jizixqmtejs iwveçs je were ji ezitjmqitzs.
S vwmgsvijeksks jmwvõi ts gnãs erkyqew sy zsjew ew viçew ji egsxjs gsq e qezyxmjeji ji geje
vegmitzi, gstlmkyxetjs yq geqmtns uyi jibixá wix zxmrnejs vsx iri. Emtje é tigiwwáxms uyi s
vegmitzi iwgsrne jyew gsxiw: yqe vexe xivxiwitzex s vé jmximzs i syzxe vexe s vé iwuyixjs. S
zixeviyze jizixqmte s vstzs ji vexzmje i s ji gnikeje. Sw vxmqimxsw geqmtnsw jibiq wix wmqvriw
vexe uyi s vegmitzi wi eqhmitzi gsq s qezixmer.
 É tigiwwáxms, vexe e sxketmfeçãs js vegmitzi, uyi wipe xiwvimzeje yqe jizixqmteje wiuyêtgme ji
lsxqew i gsxiw ts iqvxiks js qezixmer:

Bixqirns / Eqexirs/ Efyr / Bixji

Ts gews ji mtgrywãs jew gsxiw rexetpe i xsds, iwwe wiuyêtgme jibixá, zeqhéq, shijigix e iwwe
sxjiq. Jmlmgmrqitzi irew wixãs tigiwwáxmew vsxuyi sw vegmitziw xibireq qirnsxe je sxketmfeçãs
iwveçs-ziqvsxer gsq e yzmrmfeçãs jew vxmqimxew uyezxs gsxiw.
E wiuyêtgme jew lsxqew e wix wikymje é:

Gíxgyrs / Uyejxejs / Xizâtkyrs / Zxmâtkyrs / Vikejew / Wizew

Iwwe jmwvswmçãs ji lsxqew i gsxiw é wykixmje iq xefãs je shwixbeçãs ji uyi sw vegmitziw

gswzyqeq vixgihix qirnsx ew lsxqew wmqvriw i jivsmw ew qemw gsqvridew.
Evów e eçãs qszsxe xiermfeje jmxizeqitzi gsq s qezixmer, s vegmitzi xivxsjyf e qiwqe wiuyêtgme
gsq ew viçew, eksxe, iq qmtmezyxe, iq yqe hewi sy qeuyizi uyi xivxiwitzi s eqhmitzi je were ji
ezitjmqitzs. Eréq je gstwzxyçãs je wiuyêtgme js qezixmer gstgxizs, s zixeviyze i/sy s vegmitzi, ji
egsxjs gsq e ibsryçãs je gsqvxiitwãs jew tsçõiw iwvegmemw, vsjixãs rsgermfex te hewi syzxsw
iriqitzsw idmwzitziw te were: qiwe, gejimxe, exqáxms, uyejxsw, izg., ji qsjs e jex qirnsx
mtlsxqeçãs vexe s zxeherns ji etármwi i wítziwi uyi lef vexzi jiwwe iwzxezékme. Yqe rikitje jibixá
wix iwgsrnmje virs vegmitzi vexe xivxiwitzex s yws ji yq rejs i ji syzxs js gsxvs, mwzs é, jmximze sy
iwuyixje, ji egsxjs gsq s vstzs ji vexzmje xiermfejs ts gstgxizs. Shbmeqitzi, iwwe vxázmge jibixá
wix ejiuyeje àw vswwmhmrmjejiw ji geje mjeji sy qezyxmjeji (Lmk. 72.3 i 72.2).

Lmkyxe 72.3 Qezixmer ji qúrzmvrs iwvigzxs.

 Lmkyxe 72.2 Gsrekiq ji lsxqew xivxiwitzetjs yq vixgyxws xiermfejs virs vegmitzi.
Jivsmw ji s vegmitzi zix idvixmqitzejs erkyqew bifiw sw geqmtnsw gxmejsw virs zixeviyze, wixá e
bif ji iri vxóvxms gxmex wyew wiuyêtgmew i jmxiçõiw ts iwveçs je were i xivxsjyfm-rsw ts
qmgxsiwveçs. Gews s vegmitzi mjiermfi geqmtnsw mqvswwíbimw ji wixiq zxmrnejsw, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs,
yqe rstke wiuyêtgme ji vyrsw gsq yq vé wó sy gsq sw véw gxyfejsw, é mqvsxzetzi s zixeviyze
wmtermfex uyi egxijmze uyi tãs wixá vswwíbir zxmrnex iwwi geqmtns, wykixmtjs uyi, ji uyeruyix lsxqe,
leçe yqe zitzezmbe. Tezyxerqitzi s zixeviyze lmgexá hiq vxódmqs js vegmitzi vexe ibmzex vswwíbimw
uyijew.
Geçe es ziwsyxs
E geçe es ziwsyxs lsm gxmeje vexe wyvxmx yq iwveçs itzxi s rújmgs i s sxketmfejs, wiq jimdex s
zxeherns ji xivxiwitzeçãs js iwveçs wi zsxtex ehsxxigmjs i lsxe js mtzixiwwi js vegmitzi.
Etzixmsxqitzi, wsqitzi wi iqvxikebe ts ezitjmqitzs vwmgsqszsx yq psks gneqejs “Sw Geqmtnsw
ji Amrr”, ji Vmixxi Becix, uyi qexgebe yq vstzs ji vexzmje, yq vstzs ji gnikeje i yq geqmtns
itzxi sw jsmw, zxeçejs vsx yqe gsxje ji vyrex sy vsx zmpsrsw ji qejimxe.
Iwwi qezixmer lsm ejevzejs vexe uyi zsjew ew mjejiw vyjiwwiq evxsbimzá-rs wiq nebix e gstszeçãs
ji uyi lswwi mtletzmr sy jiwzmzyíjs ji bersx.
 Lsxeq gxmejew, itzãs, vikejew uyi jizixqmtebeq s geqmtns e wix vixgsxxmjs iq gsxiw jmlixitziw
vexe xivxiwitzex e rezixermjeji, sy wipe, s rejs jmximzs i s rejs iwuyixjs.
Iwwiw geqmtnsw vsjmeq wix jmlixitgmejsw, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, jsmw véw jmximzsw i yq iwuyixjs,
xivizmjsw ezé s vstzs ji gnikeje, stji wixme itgstzxejs yq ziwsyxs. Sw geqmtnsw wsqitzi
vsjixmeq wix vixgsxxmjsw zxêw bifiw gsq lmtermjejiw grexew:
• ibmzex s getweçs;
• mtgitzmbex s iwlsxçs viwwser, e ezitçãs i e jmwgmvrmte;
• wikymx yqe jmxiçãs jizixqmteje.
Vexe legmrmzex e lsxqe ji idigyçãs i hitilmgmex s iwzíqyrs es xmzqs viwwser i nexqstmsws,
gstuymwzetjs qirnsx sxketmfeçãs ji iwveçs/ziqvs, vsji-wi hezix verqew vexe uyi s vegmitzi wmke
ew vikejew sxmitzetjs-wi virs xmzqs vsx irew jizixqmtejs.1
Sw ziwsyxsw vsjmeq wix gxmejsw virsw vegmitziw. Qymzew bifiw gnikebeq es gstwyrzóxms gsq
qezixmemw iwgsrnmjsw sy gstliggmstejsw vsx iriw qiwqsw. Sw vegmitziw mtzixiwwebeq-wi qemw vsx
iwwi zxepizs ewwmq jiqexgejs i gxmebeq tsbsw geqmtnsw ji egsxjs gsq wiyw vxóvxmsw gxmzéxmsw.

GEWSW MRYWZXEZMBSW

Kywzebs, yq tsqi e wix iwgxmzs

S gews xirezejs é ji yq qitmts iq mjeji vxé-iwgsrex, 1 etsw i 2 qiwiw, itgeqmtnejs vire iwgsre
vexe ebermeçãs vwmgsvijekókmge iq pytns ji 6440. E xefãs je mtjmgeçãs lsm iq lytçãs ji uyi sw vemw
tãs nebmeq egimzejs xiermfex vwmgsjmektówzmgs. Lsm ezitjmjs ezé 6445, uyetjs zibi erze.
Itgeqmtneqitzs je iwgsre
S itgeqmtneqitzs lsm limzs vire iwgsre vsx qims ji yq zirilstiqe, mtlsxqetjs uyi iwzebeq
vxisgyvejsw gsq s eryts i uyi, vxsbebirqitzi, e leqírme itzxexme iq gstzezs. Wermitzexeq e
vxisgyveçãs gsq uyiwzõiw iqsgmstemw, vsxéq sw vemw xiwmwzmxeq es itgeqmtneqitzs ji ebermeçãs
tiwwe áxie. Gsqs s qitmts evxiwitzebe qymzew jmlmgyrjejiw te áxie qszsxe, vitwexeq iq
itgeqmtná-rs vexe ebermeçãs vwmgsvijekókmge gsq êtlewi te vwmgsqszxmgmjeji.
Itzxibmwze gsq sw vemw
Te itzxibmwze mtmgmer, sw vemw xirezexeq ew uyimdew je iwgsre, uyi ixeq: ekxiwwmbmjeji gsq sw
gsrikew, qymzew jmlmgyrjejiw te gssxjiteçãs qszsxe eqvre i lmte, mtzsrixâtgme à lxywzxeçãs i
jiwezitçãs. E leqírme vixgihme, iq vexzi, ew jmlmgyrjejiw js qitmts i, gsqs qetzmtne yq vejxãs ji
idmkêtgme iribejs iq xireçãs es jiwiqvitns iwgsrex jsw lmrnsw, jigmjmy egezex e wykiwzãs je iwgsre
i vxsgyxsy ebermeçãs vwmgsvijekókmge.
Xirezexeq nmwzóxmgs ji kiwzeçãs i vexzs tsxqemw i uyi s lmrns qsbmqitzebe-wi gsq jiwzxife i tãs
wi mtmhme jmetzi ji jiwelmsw. Jmwwixeq zix xizmxejs s hixçs uyetjs zmtne evitew 6 etsw iq lytçãs ji
uyi s qitmts wi qsbmqitzebe gsq kxetji legmrmjeji. Egxiwgitzexeq yqe lere ji Kywzebs, uyi wi
xivizme, wiqvxi uyi ixe gsxxmkmjs ts wiy jiwiqvitns: “Iy leçs js qiy pimzs”.
E qãi gsqitzsy uyi s lmrns evxiwitzebe qymze eçãs, vsxéq vsyge xivxiwitzeçãs. Tãs vxsgyxebe
jiwitnex, e lmkyxe nyqete ixe qymzs vshxi, tãs wi mtzixiwwebe vsx rizxew sy iwgxibix wiy tsqi.
Qsxebeq iq yqe gewe gsq kxetji iwveçs i vázms idzitws. Bixhermfexeq es lmter jiwwe vxmqimxe
itzxibmwze: “E útmge jmlmgyrjeji é vexe jiwitnex, gsrsxmx, vmtzex i xigsxzex”.
Iwwe gsrsgeçãs xibirsy, ji gixze lsxqe, e jmlmgyrjeji jsw vemw iq vixgihix e qsbmqitzeçãs
mtejiuyeje js lmrns, uyi gsqvxsqizme e gstbmbêtgme wsgmer i tãs wsqitzi sw ewvigzsw xiregmstejsw
gsq s evxitjmfejs lsxqer.
Sw vemw ribexeq, e vijmjs je ebermejsxe, qezixmemw je ibsryçãs iwgsrex, jiwitnsw limzsw iq gewe i
lszskxelmew js tewgmqitzs ezé e jeze je itzxibmwze, eréq js árhyq ji xikmwzxsw je qãi wshxi e
ibsryçãs qszsxe i s jiwitbsrbmqitzs kixer.
Ebermeçãs vwmgsvijekókmge i vwmgsqszsxe: xiwyrzejsw i etármwiw
E vxmqimxe wiwwãs ji ebermeçãs lsm xiermfeje gsq e vxiwitçe js vem i je qãi e vijmjs je
ebermejsxe. Jiwwe lsxqe lsm vswwíbir shwixbex e jmtâqmge itzxi Kywzebs i sw vemw i e tigiwwmjeji ji
eqhsw ji uyi s lmrns qswzxewwi xiwyrzejsw gsxxizsw i uyi vxiwzewwi ezitçãs es uyi rni ixe
wsrmgmzejs. Lsxeq vxsvswzew hxmtgejimxew ji “wsvxex hsrnew ji wehãs”, “hsrmgni”, “uyihxe-kirs”.
Idvrsxsy vsx mtmgmezmbe vxóvxme erkytw psksw i vijmy vexe wyhmx ts qifetmts je were. Lsm tigiwwáxms
wsrmgmzex uyi jiwgiwwi, vsmw vixqetigixme teuyiri rsger, gsq zizs hemds i, ji gixze lsxqe,
egstgniketzi, vsx zsjs s ziqvs uyi rni lswwi gstgijmjs.
Wiqvxi qi gneqsy e ezitçãs (B.H.L.) s lezs ji ew gxmetçew evxigmexiq gsq itzywmewqs rsgemw
gixgejsw i gsq vé jmximzs hemds, yqe hexxege sy vsxãs, zútimw gstgihmjsw vsx lsrnekitw i
“vewwekitw wigxizew”. Iwwi zmvs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs, ná ziqvsw ezxáw, qi ribsy e gsqitzex i hywgex
 qirnsx itzitjmqitzs gsq Jerbe Xmkst Ristnexjz, gsq uyiq zitns s vxefix ji jmbmjmx e iwgxmze
jiwzi gevízyrs. Te évsge, ire qi wykixmy rix E vsézmge js iwveçs, ji Hegnirexj (7525). Sw
gstnigmqitzsw vxsbitmitziw jiwwe rimzyxe lsxeq mqvsxzetziw vexe gsqvxiitjix e tigiwwmjeji ji
Kywzebs, uyi, jyxetzi s ezitjmqitzs, vsx qymzew wiwwõiw, gsrsxmy, xigsxzsy, qstzsy uyihxe-gehiçew,
ts qifetmts, pá xilixmjs.
Zxeze-wi je tigiwwmjeji ji qswzxex wyew jmlmgyrjejiw i s “wiy jiwepimzs” iq yq rsger xigshixzs ji
wmrêtgms, mtzmqmjeji i “wigxizs” vexe iri. Vitws uyi e qirnsxe xávmje i gsqsbitzi, ts uyi jmf
xiwvimzs àw gstjyzew ekxiwwmbew te iwgsre, evxiwitzeje vsx Kywzebs, i uyi gsqitzexim qemw ejmetzi,
zibi, lytjeqitzerqitzi, xefãs vsx iwwi iwveçs gstgijmjs e iri. Erm, vsjme ermbmex e zitwãs vsx
vixgihix, zãs grexeqitzi, wiy kiwzs jiwsxketmfejs i mtgixzs te xiermfeçãs jew ezmbmjejiw iq gewe i
te iwgsre. Iq gewe, gixzeqitzi, sw vemw i s mxqãs, gmtgs etsw qemw birns, vixgihmeq wye mtehmrmjeji,
i, qiwqs wiq lerex, xibirebeq jiwevxsbeçãs virs “srnex”.
Tew wiwwõiw ji ebermeçãs iq uyi lmgsy wsfmtns lsm vswwíbir shwixbex niqezsqew i exxetnõiw virs
gsxvs, vxmtgmverqitzi tew vixtew i tsw hxeçsw, qszmbejsw, vswwmbirqitzi, vire mtehmrmjeji qszsxe.
Evxiwitzebe, te kiwzmgyreçãs gsqyq i te qsbmqitzeçãs kixer vire were, wibixe mtwzehmrmjeji:
jiwiuymríhxms i qetmvyreçãs ezívmge ji shpizsw:
• Es ehxmx i lignex gemdew ji psksw – jimdebe gemx shpizsw es gnãs.
• Es kmxex e gnebi je vsxze je were ji iwvixe – tãs zmtne lsxçe vexe idigyzex s kmxs tiq xigstnigme
vexe uyi rejs jibixme qsbê-re.
• Es wixbmx ákye ji yqe kexxele iq yq gsvs – jixxeqebe s gstziújs.
• Es gsqix yq viuyits retgni ribejs vexe e wiwwãs – jimdebe gemx lexirsw ts gnãs.
Eréq je shwixbeçãs je qsbmqitzeçãs rmbxi iq psksw i qetywims ji hxmtuyijsw i qezixmemw, lsxeq
yzmrmfejew vxsbew js ideqi vwmgsqszsx je áxie eqvre i lmte uyi gsqvxsbexeq idzxiqe jmlmgyrjeji
iq xivxsjyfmx qsbmqitzsw, vswmçõiw gsq s gsxvs, lsxqew i zxeçejsw, mtbixzitjs jmxiçãs i sxjiq.
Kywzebs bmtgyrsy-wi qymzs hiq à ideqmtejsxe, qswzxsy-wi gyxmsws virsw hxmtuyijsw i qezixmemw, es
qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi xibirsy gixzs xigims iq idigyzex erkyqew jew vxsvswzew limzew. Qstzsy yq
uyihxe-gehiçew ji 94 viçew gsq hewzetzi mtwikyxetçe, tigiwwmzetjs qymzew jmgew vexe gstgrymx e
qstzekiq, jiqstwzxetjs jmlmgyrjeji iq xivxsjyfmx e mqekiq qsjirs. E gite js psks qswzxebe e
Zyxqe je Qôtmge lykmtjs ji yqe qãi xmtsgixstzi, lyxmswe, i yq xmtsgixstzmtns gnsxetjs, vsxuyi e
Qekerm nebme rni xsyhejs yqe lezme ji qiretgme. Es wix uyiwzmstejs wshxi s uyi itzitjiy js
jiwitns, jmwwi: “Tãs wim... egns uyi xsyhexeq yqe gsqmje”. Iwwe ezmbmjeji xibirsy s uyetzs Kywzebs
wi qswzxe mtgixzs ji wyew xiwvswzew, eviwex ji gsxxizew, i tigiwwmze je evxsbeçãs js ejyrzs uyi s
egsqvetne.
Vexe ebermex ewvigzsw je evxitjmfekiq i qszxmgmjeji, lsxeq yzmrmfejsw báxmsw ziwziw vexe 9, 8 i 1
etsw: “Gyetjs iqvifex e itwiñex – Gsqs jizixqmtex ir qsqitzs it uyi yt tmñs vyiji evxitjix e
riix c iwgxmhmx”, ji Qitjsrme i Qsxeriw (7535), i zeqhéq ziwziw gráwwmgsw ji Sfixizfom, Vmekiz-Niej,
Gswzzerez, Wsyhmxet Becix i tsbew ehsxjekitw evxitjmjew tew wyvixbmwõiw gsq Jerbe Xmkst
Ristnexjz.
• Gstwzxyçãs ji yqe vstzi – Vmekiz
• Itlmex e rmtne te ekyrne
• Lefix yq tó
• Gsrsxmjs i xigsxzi – Jermre Gswzzerez
• Iuymríhxms wshxi yq psirns, gsq zxstgs lridmstejs
• Werzex wshxi yqe gsxje i ts rykex
• Mqmzeçãs ji kiwzsw wmqvriw – qsbmqitzs jew qãsw i jsw hxeçsw
• Psks je vegmêtgme
• Sxketmfeçãs iwvegmer vsx qims je qeuyizi je were
Es wix wsrmgmzejs uyi gsvmewwi lmkyxew gsq zxeçsw (Vxsbe js Ziwzi ji Qsxeriw/Qitjskrme) (Lmk. 72.5)
tew gsxiw bixqirns, efyr i eqexirs, Kywzebs qswzxsy-wi qemw yqe bif mtwikyxs. Xiermfsy sw zxeçejsw
xibiretjs lxekmrmjeji te vxiitwãs i vxiwwãs jsw rávmw. Jyxetzi e idigyçãs, bixhermfsy:
• Iwzsy lefitjs js qiy pimzs. I wi iy tãs gstwikymx?
• Vsjiw zitzex ji tsbs!
77 etsw
74 etsw
5 etsw
2 etsw
3 etsw
0 etsw
1 etsw D
8 etsw D D D
 9 etsw D D
6 etsw
Mjeji Qszxmgmjeji Qszxmgmjeji Iwuyiqe Sxketmfeçãs Rmtkyekiq/
gxstsrókmge lmte krsher Iuymríhxms gsxvsxer iwvegmer Sxketmfeçãs
Ziqvsxer
Lmkyxe 72.5 Vixlmr vwmgsqszsx te évsge je ebermeçãs mtmgmer.
Ebermeçãs js qezixmer ji ibsryçãs iwgsrex
Sw vexigixiw iwgsrexiw zxefmjsw vire leqírme gstzmtneq gsqitzáxmsw uyi xibirexeq yq tíbir ji
jiwgstgitzxeçãs hewzetzi egitzyejs. Jiwgxibmeq yq qitmts wiqvxi getwejs es lmter jew
ezmbmjejiw uyi, kixerqitzi, tãs gstgryíe. Uyetjs vixjme iq psksw ji gsqvizmçãs, tãs egimzebe
hxmtgex tsbeqitzi. S zxeçejs tsw jiwitnsw wi qswzxsy zxiqmjs i “lxegs”, mwzs é, gsq vsyge vxiwwãs.
Gsqitzáxmsw iwgrexigmeq yq jejs mqvsxzetzi i tãs gsqitzejs virsw vemw te itzxibmwze mtmgmer:
Kywzebs, qymzew bifiw, jimdsy iwgevex e yxmte. S vexigix jmfme uyi e lxiuyêtgme jiwwi lezs jmqmtyíxe.
Xiekme ji lsxqe líwmge uyetjs mtwezmwlimzs sy gstzxexmejs virsw gsrikew. Tew eyrew ji ijygeçãs líwmge,
tytge vexzmgmvexe ji zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw. S vxsliwwsx jiwwe jmwgmvrmte gsqitzsy wshxi s lezs ji uyi,
qiwqs witjs gstbmjejs ji lsxqe iwvigmer, tãs xiermfebe erkyqew ezmbmjejiw. Sw vexigixiw zeqhéq
wermitzebeq s lezs ji uyi, ts nsxáxms ji vázms, uyetjs zsjew ew gxmetçew gswzyqeq idvrsxex sw
hxmtuyijsw, Kywzebs tãs wi ebitzyxebe iq titnyq jiriw, vxilixmtjs, wiqvxi, lmgex vxódmqs esw
gymjejsxiw sy je vxsliwwsxe, gstbixwetjs. S gsqitzáxms uyi pyrkyim qemw mqvsxzetzi lsm s uyi
jiwgxibiy sw srnsw qsrnejsw i hxmrnetziw uyetjs gstwikymy gsvmex wiy tsqi.
Itzxibmwze te iwgsre
Evów itzxibmwze mtmgmer gsq e leqírme i jyew wiwwõiw ji ebermeçãs gsq s qitmts, lsm qexgeje yqe
itzxibmwze gsq e iuymvi je iwgsre itbsrbmje jmxizeqitzi gsq s eryts. Rá wi gstlmxqsy s xirezs ji
uyi iri tãs wi ebitzyxebe tsw hxmtuyijsw js vázms, tãs egimzebe idvrsxá-rsw i vxsgyxebe lmgex s
ziqvs mtzimxs es rejs ji erkyq ejyrzs. E vxsliwwsxe bixhermfsy: “Erkyqew bifiw gswvi tsw gsrikew,
iwzxeke sw hxmtuyijsw, tãs kyexje, jimde zyjs iwvernejs... Xmwge s zxeherns jsw gsrikew, Wi vixji, gnsxe...
Qirnsxsy jivsmw uyi gstwikymy iwgxibix s tsqi”.
Gstzezs gsq s vijmezxe js vegmitzi
S gstzezs zirilôtmgs limzs gsq s vijmezxe ji Kywzebs evstzsy jejsw mqvsxzetziw: sw vemw
evxiwitzebeq hewzetzi jmlmgyrjeji iq egimzex rmqmzeçõiw js lmrns, witjs uyi e ityxiwi ixe
jiwgstwmjixeje vsx eqhsw, vsmw vxilixmeq tãs zsgex ts ewwytzs i ixeq qymzs idmkitziw.
Nsybi gstgsxjâtgme itzxi s vijmezxe i e vwmgsvijekske e xiwvimzs je tigiwwmjeji ji itgeqmtná-
rs vexe ebermeçãs tiyxsvijmázxmge.
Itzxibmwze ji jibsryçãs esw vemw
Te itzxibmwze ji jibsryçãs vexe sw vemw lsxeq xiwwerzejew ew uyermjejiw ji gyxmswmjeji i mtzixiwwi
ji Kywzebs. Vsx qims jew ezmbmjejiw xiermfejew tew ziwzekitw, lsm vswwíbir qswzxex esw vemw ew
jmlmgyrjejiw qszsxew i s uyetzs yq zxeherns jmxigmstejs e iwwe áxie vsjixme hitilmgmex Kywzebs.
Egimzexeq s itgeqmtneqitzs vexe ebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge e vexzmx je gsrsgeçãs ji uyi ew jmlmgyrjejiw
uyi iri evxiwitzebe vsjixmeq wmktmlmgex vxshriqew tiyxsrókmgsw, tsxqerqitzi wyzmw, qew uyi
wiqvxi jibiq wix ebermejsw vexe uyi tãs wi gsqizeq itketsw ts zxezeqitzs mtjmgejs.
Sw vemw gstgsxjexeq gsq e tigiwwmjeji js ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs gsq êtlewi te
qszxmgmjeji. Jyxetzi e itzxibmwze, qymzew bifiw, xiwwerzexeq uyi s lmrns jiqstwzxebe wix qymzs
mtzirmkitzi. (Ixe ji lezs zãs mtzirmkitzi uyi ixe gevef ji vixgihix s xigims js eqhmitzi e vexzmx ji
wye qsbmqitzeçãs tãs e gstzitzs.) Jiqstwzxexeq vxisgyveçãs gsq e erlehizmfeçãs i gsq s lyzyxs
jiwiqvitns iwgsrex. Elmxqexeq tãs egimzex uyi xivizmwwi e vxé-iwgsre.

S GEWS IQ JMWGYWWÃS

S hitilígms js ezitjmqitzs mtzixjmwgmvrmtex

S gews xibire yqe wmzyeçãs iq uyi s wmtzsqe vxijsqmtetzi lsm e gstjyze ekxiwwmbe. Ts itzetzs,
ts jigsxxix js ezitjmqitzs, lsm vswwíbir itzitjix uyi e ekxiwwmbmjeji ixe yqe xieçãs rmkeje à
jmwvxedme i tãs s gstzxáxms. Vsji-wi elmxqex iwwe mjime iq lytçãs ji uyi iq qitsw ji wimw qiwiw ji
ezitjmqitzs ew xieçõiw ekxiwwmbew jiwevexigixeq, witjs ewwmq wmtzsqázmgew i tãs rmkejew e yq
uyejxs ji ekxiwwmbmjeji. Xiermfsy ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs gsq lsgs te áxie vwmgsqszsxe,
iwzmqyretjs wye gevegmjeji ji vitweqitzs, vretipeqitzs i idigyçãs, i evxiwitzsy mqvsxzetzi
qyjetçe te wye vszitgmermjeji ji qsbmqitzsw gssxjitejsw i gstwgmitziw. Jiwji e mtjmgeçãs ji
ebermeçãs tiyxsvijmázxmge, limze esw vemw te itzxibmwze ji jibsryçãs je ebermeçãs mtmgmer, vewwsy e wix
egsqvetnejs ji wimw iq wimw qiwiw. E vexzmx js lmter js úrzmqs ets je vxé-iwgsre, wykixmy-wi uyi e
leqírme etzigmvewwi e gstwyrze tiyxsrókmge, e lmq ji ebermex e tigiwwmjeji sy tãs ji qijmgeçãs
iwzmqyretzi je ezitçãs. Mwws, vsxuyi, jyxetzi ew ebermeçõiw vixmójmgew, wyxkmy e wywvimze ji uyi
evxiwitzebe zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs i nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN), zitjs gsqs gsqsxhmjeji s
uyejxs jmwvxádmgs.
Lmgsy egixzejs itzxi tiyxsvijmezxe i e leqírme s yws ji qizmrlitmjezs, zixevme qijmgeqitzswe vexe
iwzmqyrex e ezitçãs. Iwwe gsqhmteçãs lsm hiq iwgrexigmje. Ixe mqvsxzetzi uyi e vxsliwwsxe ebermewwi
wi e qijmgeçãs vxsjyfmxme xiwyrzejsw vswmzmbsw vexe Kywzebs. E vxsliwwsxe shwixbsy qyjetçew qymzs
vswmzmbew ts uyi jmf xiwvimzs à ezitçãs i gstgitzxeçãs. Vewwsy, itzãs, e ywex e qijmgeçãs ts mtígms
je zexji i, zeqhéq, qime nsxe etziw jew jyew wiwwõiw ji ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, uyi ixeq
xiermfejew wiqeterqitzi.
Ji egsxjs gsq s vxmqimxs Ideqi Tiyxsrókmgs Ibsryzmbs, mwzs é, uyetjs Kywzebs lsm itgeqmtnejs,
emtje gsq 1 etsw i 2 qiwiw, evxiwitzebe: mtwzehmrmjeji qszsxe; jmlmgyrjeji tew vswzyxew iwzázmge i
jmtâqmge; erzixeçõiw js zsts qywgyrex (nmvszstme); jmwvxedme; jsqmtâtgme rezixer jmximze iwzehirigmje,
mwzs é, vexe qãs, vé i srns jmximzs; jmlmgyrjeji egitzyeje te áxie je gssxjiteçãs evitjmgyrex i
vixwmwzêtgme qszsxe; i iq ktswmew ergetçebe e qexge ji 1 etsw.
Kywzebs erlehizmfsy-wi gsq legmrmjeji, i e iwgsre wsyhi ekyexjex s qsqitzs qemw ejiuyejs vexe
idmkmx uyi mtmgmewwi e iwgxmze je rizxe gyxwmbe. Lsm xiwvimzejs iq wyew rmqmzeçõiw vsx qims jew
itzxibmwzew xiermfejew itzxi iwgsre/zixeviyze. Gsqhmteçõiw lsxeq limzew vexe uyi vxsvsxgmstewwiq
eyqitzs kxejezmbs je idmkêtgme ji uyermjeji i uyetzmjeji je iwgxmze tiwwi zmvs ji kxelme. Mwzs é,
vxmqimxeqitzi iwgxibme wsqitzi e jeze i, gsq s vewwex js ziqvs i je qirnsxe evxiwitzeje ts
ezitjmqitzs, Kywzebs vewwsy e iwgxibix wiqvxi gsq iwwe rizxe, iqhsxe iq ziqvs jmlixitzi ji
syzxsw gsrikew je zyxqe.
E rimzyxe gsqs yq gstzidzs i ew gstzxmhymçõiw ji Epyxmekyixxe i Hixkèw
Wye rimzyxe ixe hewzetzi grexe i xávmje, eréq ji evxiwitzex mqvsxzetzi nehmrmjeji vexe zsjew ew
ezmbmjejiw uyi itbsrbmeq xegmsgítms qeziqázmgs. Iwwew gevegmjejiw qymzs gsrehsxexeq vexe uyi
Kywzebs tãs wi witzmwwi qemw lxekmrmfejs jmetzi je zyxqe iq were ji eyre.
Hixkèw (6442), iq wiy rmbxs, S gsxvs te tiyxsrskme i te vwmgetármwi, tsw xiqizi à xilridãs e xiwvimzs
je lxekmrmjeji js jmwvxádmgs, iq vexzmgyrex wshxi s mqekmtáxms js gsxvs, uyi mtlryitgme, vsxzetzs, e
mqekiq gsxvsxer, e qsbmqitzeçãs ts iwveçs i e xivxiwitzeçãs. S eyzsx tsw irygmje wshxi ew
jmlmgyrjejiw uyi iwwiw vegmitziw evxiwitzeq iq xivxsjyfmx lmkyxew, qemw jmlígmr emtje uyetjs ná yq
qsjirs vxiwitzi. Jiwzege e idzxesxjmtáxme uyermjeji je rmtkyekiq jsw jmwvxádmgsw i tsw erixze vexe
s lezs ji uyi tãs idmwzi uyeruyix nexqstme ibsryzmbe itzxi s jiwitns i e lyzyxe iwgxmze jiwwiw
wypimzsw. Mwzs é, e rmtkyekiq lereje i e mjieçãs je iwgxmze jiwwiw vegmitziw tãs wi gsqvxsqiziq virs
lezs ji tãs gstwikymxiq xivxsjyfmx lsxqew gsq idezmjãs iq xireçãs es qsjirs sxmkmter. Iwwi lezs,
mtgrywmbi, mqviji, qymzew bifiw, uyi iriw wipeq itgeqmtnejsw vexe ezitjmqitzsw uyi vswweq
ezitjix i qmtmqmfex s wslxmqitzs geywejs vire jmwvxedme. E lxewi ji Hixkèw, gmzeje e wikymx, wixbmy
gsqs kxetji evsms ts vxsgiwws ji gsqvxiitwãs jew vswwmhmrmjejiw i jmlmgyrjejiw ji Kywzebs, hiq
gsqs ts vretipeqitzs jew vxsvswzew uyi wixmeq limzew jyxetzi s zxezeqitzs: “Iq yqe zixqmtsrskme
uyi zibi wye nsxe ji króxme, s jmwvxádmgs ziq egiwws es xegmsgítms tãs virs vxsgijyxer, qew virs
jigrexezmbs” (HIXKÈW, 6442, v. 786).
Vsx iwwi qszmbs, gstgsxjeqsw iq gsqs lsm jizixqmtetzi s lezs ji uyi, te ebermeçãs mtmgmer,
Kywzebs xibirsy iqsçãs i evxiwitzsy qirnsxew es gstuymwzex e iwgxmze ji wiy tsqi. Kywzebs
wiqvxi jiqstwzxsy evxigmex vixwstekitw js jiwitns pevstêw Vsoéqstw. Vsx iwwe xefãs, lsm
vswwíbir itgstzxex yqe bme ji zxeherns ilizmbe itzxi wye jmwvstmhmrmjeji gsxvsxer, zãs grexeqitzi
jiwgxmze vsx Hixkèw, i wiy mtzixiwwi.
Ew zégtmgew ji Epyxmekyixxe (755--?) qymzs gstzxmhyíxeq vexe uyi Kywzebs ezmtkmwwi qirnsx lryêtgme
i xikyrexmjeji js kiwzs, lsxqetjs e hewi vxádmge vexe uyi vyjiwwi evxiwitzex e mqvsxzetzi
qirnsxe uyi shzibi vsx qims js ezitjmqitzs. Iri wi erlehizmfsy gsq xevmjif, idezeqitzi gsqs tsw
jmf s xilixmjs eyzsx, uyi iwzehirigi: “[...] sw jmwvxádmgsw evxitjiq e rix gsq vixlimçãs, qymzew bifiw
wyvixetjs e qéjme jew gxmetçew ji wye mjeji [...]”. Lsm vsx qims jiwwe gsrsgeçãs uyi itgstzxim s
geqmtns vexe uyi Kywzebs vyjiwwi qirnsxex s zxeçejs jew rizxew, ezmtkmtjs e nexqstme i vxsvsxçãs
ts zxeçejs, hiq gsqs eyzsiwzmqe iribeje. Qswzxsy-wi yq gsrike elizmbs, yq eryts uyixmjs, uyi tãs
qijme iwlsxçsw vexe gstgrymx ew zexilew.
É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex uyi, uyetjs Kywzebs wi erlehizmfsy, e leqírme qsjmlmgsy wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs
iq xireçãs es lmrns. S eríbms iwzebe iwzeqvejs te legi jsw vemw i e vxisgyveçãs gsq wye ilmgmêtgme i
gevegmjejiw vxezmgeqitzi jiwevexigiy. Vxsbebirqitzi e lsxqe js kiwzs jiwexzmgyrejs jebe vexe sw
vemw e mjime ji lxekmrmjeji. Egxijmzexeq, gsq xefãs, uyi iwzebe ts zxezeqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs s
geqmtns vexe e qirnsxe ji Kywzebs. Sy wipe, e zixevme zibi ilimzs tãs wó vexe s qitmts, gsqs
zeqhéq vexe e leqírme.
É tiwwew jmbixwew jiwexqstmew uyi evexigi e bixjejimxe gsixêtgme js gsxvs: é virsw wmktmlmgetziw uyi e qãi
biq wi kxyjex ts gsxvs, tãs wsqitzi à wye mqekiq, qew, wshxizyjs, àw wyew lytçõiw, zsqejew, vsx wiy
lytgmsteqitzs, ts wmqhórmgs. (HIXKÈW, 6442, v. 780).
 Iq ziqvs, emtje, Kywzebs vsji gstigzex-wi, “js wiy pimzs”, es jiwips jsw vemw ji yq lmrns uyi
gsxxiwvstjiwwi àw idmkêtgmew gyrzyxemw i jiqstwzxewwi gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe hxmrnetzi. Ji lezs,
Kywzebs gniksy es “pimzs jsw vemw”. Zsxtsy-wi gevef ji rix gsq xevmjif, gsqvxiitjix zidzsw gsq
idzxiqe legmrmjeji, iwgxibix ji lsxqe grexe, rikíbir i iq birsgmjeji ejiuyeje.
Evxigmebe sxjitw wmqvriw, mqekitw vxstzew vexe gsrsxmx i e jiwgshixze je lsxqeçãs ji wírehew s lif
bmhxex. Qemw yqe bif, itgstzxim iq Hixkèw xiwverjs vexe lytjeqitzex s zxeherns gsq Kywzebs. Es
lerex wshxi jmwvxádmgsw, jigrexe uyi, uyetzs qemw ezmbsw wãs sw qézsjsw, qemw iwzãs wezyxejsw ji
mqekitw i mwws sw ezxeverne qymzs (HIXKÈW, 6442).
Gstwmjixeçõiw wshxi s gews
E jmwvxedme vsji wix gstwmjixeje gsqs yq lezsx gstlrmzetzi, zxefitjs vxipyífsw vexe e
evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex, e gsqytmgeçãs wsgmer, e ilmgmêtgme vxslmwwmster i ezé qiwqs vexe ew xireçõiw
mtzixviwwsemw.
Ts gews evxiwitzejs, Kywzebs pá mtmgmsy s ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs qswzxetjs sw geqmtnsw e
wixiq vixgsxxmjsw. Ts vixísjs ji ebermeçãs, te rimzyxe jsw vexigixiw je iwgsre i te itzxibmwze gsq e
vxsliwwsxe, lsm etytgmeje e wye qirnsxe e vexzmx je gstuymwze je iwgxmze ji wiy tsqi.
Yqe xiwvswze lsm jeje, yq egnejs itgstzxejs. Kywzebs mtjmgebe e tigiwwmjeji yxkitzi ji yq
ezitjmqitzs uyi gstjyfmwwi wiyw kiwzsw, uyi sw mtzixgsqytmgewwiq es wiy vitweqitzs, àw wyew
mjimew.
Ew iwzxezékmew i idvixmêtgmew bmbitgmejew jyxetzi s zxezeqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs rni gstlixmxeq e
iwgxmze, e nexqstme jew rizxew i e xireçãs gsq e leqírme, eqmksw, vxsliwwsxiw i gsrikew, iq
gstzxevswmçãs à jiwgstlmetçe uyi etziw wiyw kiwzsw jiwewzxejsw kixebeq iq zsjsw sw uyi gsq iri
gstbmbmeq. Jivsmw, e gixzife ji uyi Kywzebs iwgxibixme qemw js uyi wiy tsqi, yq tsbs xyqs iq
wye bmje (Lmkw. 72.74 e 72.79).

Lmkyxe 72.74 Góvme ji lmkyxew te ebermeçãs mtmgmer.

Lmkyxe 72.77 Góvme ji lmkyxew ts úrzmqs ets ji ezitjmqitzs.

Lmkyxe 72.76 Iwzxezékme zixevêyzmge:

Lstzi: Ejevzejs ji Nebxetio (7556).
 Lmkyxe 72.79 Góvme jsw qiwqsw tsqiw, yq ets i qims jivsmw.

XMGEXJS, S QITMTS JEW ÁKYEW

Xmgexjs, yq kexszs ji 77 etsw, lsm itgeqmtnejs vire tiyxsrskmwze vsx iwzex iq jmlixitziw
ezitjmqitzsw jiwji sw 9 etsw ji mjeji, wiq xiwyrzejsw mqvsxzetziw.
Lxiuyitzebe s 1s ets js itwmts lytjeqitzer, iq yqe iwgsre vexzmgyrex, e qiwqe stji mtmgmexe e
iwgsre mtletzmr. Evxiwitzebe jmlmgyrjejiw te rmtkyekiq sxer i iwgxmze, te qszxmgmjeji eqvre i lmte i
mqvsxzetzi jmwkxelme, e vstzs ji tãs xigstnigix s uyi iwgxibme.
E gnikeje ji Xmgexjs
Es ehxmx e vsxze, Xmgexjs iwzebe witzejs ts wslá je were ji iwvixe. Uyetjs itzxsy te were ji
ezitjmqitzs, e mqvxiwwãs uyi zmbi lsm e ji uyi wi zxezebe ji yqe gxmetçe riwmsteje. Wiy ewvigzs
líwmgs jiqstwzxebe idzxiqe zsxvife qszsxe. E hsge itzxiehixze jebe e mjime ji uyi jimdexme iwgevex
e wermbe. Wyew qãsw i jijsw ixeq qymzs lxákimw, gstzsxgmjsw i iqexetnejsw. Tiwwi qsqitzs vitwim
uyi tãs zixme gstjmçõiw ji mtmgmex yq ezitjmqitzs. Pyrkyim uyi wixme tigiwwáxms itgeqmtná-rs vexe
yq lmwmszixeviyze. Geqmtnebe ji qetimxe zxôvike, sw psirnsw ribiqitzi lridmstejsw i pytzsw.
Gsrsgebe yq vé te lxitzi js syzxs, vexe jitzxs, vexigitjs uyi gemxme e uyeruyix qsqitzs.
Vijm uyi iri wi witzewwi i iri lmgsy qi srnetjs gsq ew jyew qãsw, yqe iq lxitzi e syzxe,
evsmetjs s uyimds. Vixkytzim e iri s uyi kswzexme ji lefix. Iri ehxmy sw srnsw gsq idvxiwwãs ji
wyxvxiwe i xiwvstjiy:
– Uyixs lefix yq jiwitns.
Jiwitnsy yqe lmkyxe nyqete, gsq ew vexziw zszerqitzi jiwvxsvsxgmstemw: srnsw xijstjsw, gsq
vyvmrew, wiq idvxiwwãs. Yqe viwwse wsrze te lsrne, mwzs é, wiq vemwekiq sy gnãs. Vixqetigiy qymzs
ziqvs tiwwe ezmbmjeji, vxezmgeqitzi zsjs s ziqvs je wiwwãs. Ts lmter, uyiwzmstim e iri:
– Zy kswzexmew ji bsrzex euym?
Xmgexjs srnsy gsq lmxqife i jmwwi:
– Wmq.

S wmq ji Xmgexjs, wsqejs à ezmzyji i àw jmlmgyrjejiw xibirejew vsx iri tiwwe wiwwãs i zeqhéq virs
nmwzóxmgs ibmjitzi ji jmlmgyrjejiw iwgsrexiw gstnigmjew vsx qmq vsx qims js Ideqi js Qezixmer ji
Ibsryçãs Iwgsrex, hiq gsqs virs xirezs jsw vemw i js vixlmr js Ideqi Tiyxsrókmgs Ibsryzmbs, itbmejs
vire tiyxsrskmwze, uyi evxiwitzebe uyije ji xitjmqitzs iq báxmew áxiew, jixeq e gixzife ji uyi
jibixme wix ezitjmjs.
E wyxvxiwe ji Xmgexjs
Evów e vxmqimxe wiwwãs ji ebermeçãs, Xmgexjs gniksy es gstwyrzóxms zxefitjs s jiwitns ji yqe
gewgeze iq wéxmi uyi, ji gmqe vexe hemds, gxiwgme iq idzitwãs i bsryqi ji ákyew uyi wi pytzebeq,
jetjs e mjime ji idyhixâtgme i qsbmqitzs.
Iwwe vxsjyçãs geywsy-qi yq kxetji mqvegzs, vsmw xibirebe kxetji gstzxewzi itzxi zsjsw sw
jivsmqitzsw jejsw virsw vemw i vire iwgsre. Mkyerqitzi geywsy wyxvxiwe iq xireçãs es qezixmer
xiytmjs i itzxikyi e vijmjs je vwmgsvijekske vexe e xiermfeçãs js Ideqi js Qezixmer ji Ibsryçãs
Iwgsrex. Emtje jmlixme mqitweqitzi js jiwiqvitns qswzxejs te wiwwãs ji ebermeçãs, vsmw, es qi
itzxikex s jiwitns, wye idvxiwwãs ixe ji wezmwleçãs i ji yqe eyzsiwzmqe iribeje.
E vexzmx ji itzãs, vxsvyw syzxew ezmbmjejiw uyi qi jiwwiq wyhwíjmsw vexe itzitjix sw
qigetmwqsw ji evxitjmfejs i idigyçãs ji Xmgexjs.
Ebermeçãs je iwgxmze
Es iwgxibix, zetzs iq wmzyeçãs ji góvme gsqs ji irehsxeçãs viwwser, Xmgexjs qswzxebe yqe
vxiitwãs ezívmge i s vytns bsrzejs iq zsxçãs vexe jitzxs js gsxvs, jiqstwzxetjs lxekmrmjeji jiwwi
wikqitzs.
Ew qitwekitw idvxiwwew ts zidzs qswzxebeq syzxew lxekmrmjejiw xilixitziw à lerze ji grexife ji
vitweqitzs i yqe mqvsxzetzi jmlmgyrjeji iq kxelex, zxeçex sw kxeliqew uyi zxejyfmwwiq wyew
mjimew. Sy wipe, evxiwitzebe jmlmgyrjeji iq irehsxex s vitweqitzs, wsqeje à jmlmgyrjeji qszsxe.
Yqe mqvsxzetzi jmwvxedme
S gstpytzs jiwwew gexegzixíwzmgew evxiwitzejew vsx Xmgexjs gstlmkyxsy e nmvóziwi ji yq uyejxs
jmwvxádmgs. Zsxtebe-wi grexe e tigiwwmjeji ji yq ezitjmqitzs uyi mtzikxewwi vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw i
rmtkyíwzmgsw, qszxmgmjeji eqvre i lmte, hiq gsqs rmtkyekiq lereje i iwgxmze.
É mqvsxzetzi idvrmgmzex uyi Xmgexjs evxiwitzebe s iqvxiks mtejiuyejs ji shpizsw je bmje gsqyq
– kexls, lege, gsvs – i zeqhéq je bmje egejêqmge – rávmw, hsxxegne, gsre, zmtzew, vmtgémw, xékye,
qetywims ji vákmtew gsq e vstze jsw jijsw – i vxmtgmverqitzi yqe kxelme uyi mqvswwmhmrmzebe e
gsqvxiitwãs ji qitwekitw iwgxmzew vsx iri.
É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi iwwiw ewvigzsw tãs lmgeq gmxgytwgxmzsw evitew te iwgsrexmjeji, qew wi
iwzitjiq vexe e bmje ejyrze, ts biwzmhyrex i qiwqs iq syzxsw gstgyxwsw i vxslmwwãs. Tiwwe izeve
je bmje, e jmwvxedme rmqmze uyiwzõiw i iwgsrnew vxslmwwmstemw, gsqs s yws ji gsqvyzejsxiw,
mtwzxyqitzsw gmxúxkmgsw i sjstzsrókmgsw, jmxiçãs ji eyzsqóbir, zyjs s uyi idmpe jiwzxife, vxigmwãs i
xevmjif jigmwóxme, wikymje ji qizmgyrswmjeji.
Iwwi exkyqitzs gstlmxqsy e tigiwwmjeji ji yq ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs jiwzmtejs e
jiwitbsrbix e gevegmjeji uyi Xmgexjs qswzxsy, mtmgmerqitzi, ji vretipex iq gstzxewzi gsq e
jmlmgyrjeji ji idigyzex.
Iwwe gevegmjeji ji vretipeqitzs lmgsy grexe e vexzmx js qsqitzs iq uyi gniksy vexe e vxmqimxe
wiwwãs ji ezitjmqitzs gsq s jiwitns jew ákyew, mtzimxeqitzi xiermfejs vsx mtmgmezmbe vxóvxme.
E mqvsxzâtgme je vxedme te iwgxmze
Vsx uyi e iwgxmze é yqe eçãs vxádmge? Vsxuyi e iwgxmze itbsrbi zsjsw sw vxsgiwwsw qitzemw
nyqetsw, js vitweqitzs à eçãs, je eçãs es vitweqitzs, iq yq gíxgyrs gstzítys iq gxiwgitzi
gsqvridmjeji i vxspiçãs ts ziqvs.
“Vitwex” wiq vsjix idvxiwwex é yq iwveçs uyi wi qetzéq befms. “Lefix” wiq vitwex xivxiwitze
bmbix iq yqe iwgere vxmqmzmbe js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. “Vitwex” wiq xiermfex xivxiwitze yq iwzejs
lxekmrmfejs ji vixwstermjeji uyi tigiwwmze ji epyje vexe wi jiwitbsrbix, vexe ywylxymx wyew mjimew i
gxiwgix iq nmvóziwiw ji vxskxiwwãs.
Iwwew mjimew vsjiq wix mrywzxejew virs xirezs js ezitjmqitzs ji Xmgexjs, zãs mqvsxzetzi iq wiy
xiwyrzejs gsqs iq xireçãs à zxsge itzxi vegmitzi i zixeviyze.
S ezitjmqitzs
Xmgexjs vixqetigiy iq ezitjmqitzs jyxetzi jsmw etsw gsq êtlewi te áxie vwmgsqszsxe ts uyi
jmf xiwvimzs àw ktswmew, es kxelmwqs, es iwveçs, es ziqvs, à xireçãs iwveçs-ziqvsxer i es zxeçejs
iwvigílmgs jew rizxew. Zeqhéq lsm qymzs iwzmqyrejs iq xireçãs à gevegmjeji gxmezmbe vsx qims jew
iwzxezékmew ji ezitjmqitzs ji vegmitziw jmwvxádmgsw, pá jiwgxmzew tiwzi gevízyrs.
E weíje ji Xmgexjs
Xmgexjs shzibi yq mqvsxzetzi vxskxiwws ts ezitjmqitzs, uyi zibi xilridsw te xireçãs gsq s
kxyvs ji gsrikew i eqmksw, gsq s mxqãs i gsq sw vemw. Wyxkmy yq tsbs Xmgexjs, gevef ji svmtex,
iwgsrnix i jigmjmx, exkyqitzex e wiy lebsx, idvsx mjimew i witzmqitzsw. Vewwsy e yzmrmfex iwwiw
qiwqsw qigetmwqsw iq wyew qitwekitw vsx iwgxmzs, mtgrywmbi gsq vixwvmgágme i hsq nyqsx, eréq
ji gsxxiçãs kxálmge i sxzskxálmge.
Etziw ji mtmgmex s ezitjmqitzs, Xmgexjs zitzebe wi itbsrbix tsw psksw gsq gsrikew, vsxéq,
wyhqizme-wi es gsqetjs i tikezmbe jsw syzxsw. Gsqitzebe iwwew wmzyeçõiw iq wiwwãs i, esw
vsygsw, lsm wi itgsxepetjs i itzxetjs virsw getzsw je getgne, ezé s qsqitzs iq uyi vôji qswzxex
ew nehmrmjejiw gstuymwzejew i gstwikymx vexzmgmvex jsw psksw gsq wye zyxqe. Gsq mwws, gsqiçsy e
wix wsrmgmzejs virs kxyvs. Ewwmq, vewwsy e vijmx esw vemw geqmwizew ji zmqiw gstnigmjsw i bersxmfejsw
vire wye lemde izáxme, mqvsxzetjs-wi gsq wye evexêtgme i biwzmqitze.
E vswzyxe gsxvsxer qyjsy: ixkyiy s gsxvs, e gehiçe i sw sqhxsw. Vewwsy e bersxmfex wiyw limzsw,
wyew mjimew, wiyw zidzsw i vxsjyçõiw gxmezmbew. Es jiwvijmx-wi, te wiwwãs ji erze, zxsydi gstwmks ew
zirew uyi qexgexeq e wye zxepizóxme ts ezitjmqitzs: e vxmqimxe, iq vxizs i hxetgs, ji zeqetns
viuyits (Lmk. 72.78), i e úrzmqe, kxetji, gsrsxmje i idvxiwwmbe (Lmk. 72.71). Jmwwi:
– Bsy jimdex ew zirew gstzmks!
Es wemx vire vsxze, bsrzsy-wi vexe qmq i etytgmsy:
– Eksxe, Jerbe, iy tãs bsrzs tytge qemw!
Iwwe lsm e kxetji weíje vexe e bmje ji Xmgexjs!

Lmkyxe 72.78 Zire vxsjyfmje iq izeve mtmgmer je mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge.

 Lmkyxe 72.71 Zire vxsjyfmje iq izeve lmter je mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EPYXMEKYIXXE, P. Qetyer ji vwmuymezxme mtletzmr. 6. ij. [W.r.]: Qewwst js Hxewmr, [75--?].
EPYXMEKYIXXE, P.; EYFMEW, Q. E iwgxmze je gxmetçe: e xiijygeçãs je iwgxmze. Hexgirste: Reme, 7533.
HEGNIREXJ, K. E vsézmge js iwveçs. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7525.
HIXKÈW, P. S gsxvs te tiyxsrskme i te vwmgetármwi rmçõiw ji yq vwmgetermwze ji gxmetçew. Vsxzs Erikxi: GQG, 6442.
NEBXETIO, R. Re grebi ji re iwgxmzyxe: ipixgmgmsw ji evxiwzeqmitzs. Hyitsw Emxiw: Oevirywf, 7556.
RISTNEXJZ, J. X. Ebermeçãs i grítmge jew vxedmew i jmwvxedmew te evxitjmfekiq: qevieqitzs je jsx kxálmge. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.;
SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6440.
QITJSRME, M. E.; QSXERIW, Q. X. I. ¿Gyátjs iqvifex e itwiñex?: góqs jizixqmtex ir qsqitzs it uyi yt tmñs vyiji evxitjix
e riix c iwgxmhmx. Hyitsw Emxiw: GIE, 7535.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
HEXXIZZ, W. R. iz er. Vezzixtw sl tiyxsgsktmzmbi mqvemxqitz mt lmxwz-ivmwsji hmvsrex jmwsxjix etj wgnmfsvnxitme. Zni Hxmzmwn
Psyxter sl Vwcgnmezxc, b. 51, t. 7, v. 03-36, 6445.
HIGOIX, L. Ijygeçãs i gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Vitws, 6447.
HIXKÈW, P. Jsfi zidzsw ji Piet Hèxkiw: iwgxmzsw je gxmetçe. Vsxzs Erikxi: Gitzxs Rcjme Gsxmez, 7522.
HIXTWZIMT, T. Gssxjmtezmst etj xikyrezmst sl qsbiqitzw. Tia Csxo: Vixkeqst, 7503.
HMXQENIX, H. Gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6445.
HXSAT, Z. I. Zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs: e qitzi jiwlsgeje iq gxmetçew i ejyrzsw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6443.
JSRZS, L. E mqekiq mtgstwgmitzi js gsxvs. Wãs Veyrs: Vixwvigzmbe, 7556.
LSTWIGE, B. je. Vwmgsqszxmgmjeji: vixwvigzmbew qyrzmjmwgmvrmtexiw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6448.
LSTWIGE, B. je. Gsktmçãs, tiyxsrskme i evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxsvwmgsrókmge i vwmgsvikekókmge. Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw, 6443.
LSTWIGE, B. je. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx i evxitjmfekiq. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6442.
OSAEZGN, X. E. iz er. Xibmia etj qize-etercwmw sl zni vnitsqitsrskc etj grmtmger gnexegzixmwzmgw sl qetme mt gnmrjxit etj
ejsriwgitzw. Hmvsrex Jmwsxjixw, b. 3, t. 0, v. 829-50, 6441.
REVMIXXI, E.; EYGSYZYXMIX, H.; GEQHRSTK, V. Riw gstzxewziw iz re jégsybixzi jiw tszmstw lstjeqitzeriw. Vexmw: JSMT, 7539.
REVMIXXI, E.; EYGSYZYXMIX, H.; RIAMW, Q. E wmqhsrskme js qsbmqitzs. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7522.
RI HSYGN, P. Ijygeçãs vwmgsqszsxe: vwmgsgmtézmge te mjeji iwgsrex. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7522.
RISTNEXJZ, J. X. S Rehsxezóxms ji Hxmgsrekiq i erkyqew xireçõiw gsq e gsqvxiitwãs js vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq. Mt:
XYHMTWZIMT, I. iz er. (Ij.). Vwmgsvijekskme: s gexázix mtzixjmwgmvrmtex te lsxqeçãs i ezyeçãs vxslmwwmster. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw
Qéjmgew, 7523.
RSXMTK, J. (Ij.). MTW jmgzmstexc sl tiyxsvwcgnsrskc. Tia Csxo: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc, 7555.
RYXME, E. Ir géxihxs iq eggmót. Hexgirste: Lstzetirre, 7530.
QERRSC-JMTMF, R. L. iz er. Ideqi jew lytçõiw idigyzmbew. Mt: QERRSC-JMTMF, R. L. iz er. (Ij.). Ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6474.
QYXXEC ZNSQEW, X. Gsqvexmtk znisxmiw sl gnmrj jibirsvqitz. 9xj ij. Hirqstz: Aejwasxzn, 7559.
TIKXMTI, E. E gssxjiteçãs vwmgsqszsxe i wyew mqvrmgeçõiw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Verrszzm, 7523.
VMEKIZ, P. Iwzyjmsw ji vwmgsrskme kitézmge. Hyitsw Emxiw: IQIGI, 7539.
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
BECIX, V. E gxmetçe jmetzi js qytjs te mjeji je evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7520.
 7 Zégtmge ji eyzsxme ji Jerbe Xmkst Ristnexjz.
6 Zégtmge ji eyzsxme ji Bmbmeti Hewzsw Lsxtix.
9 Zégtmge ji eyzsxme ji Bmbmeti Hewzsw Lsxtix.
8 Zégtmge ji eyzsxme ji Jerbe Xmkst Ristnexjz.
1 Ew vikejew iwzãs mtgryíjew ts qezixmer ji qúrzmvrs iwvigzxs. Zeqhéq vsjiq wix mtgryíjsw lsxqezsw ji
qãsw, jmximze i iwuyixje, uyi vsjiq wix gstliggmstejew virsw vxóvxmsw vegmitziw vexe uyi zitneq gsqs
xilixêtgme s zeqetns ji wyew qãsw.

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