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Ezxews js jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx i

mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge: lxekqitzsw ji yq gews
2
LEHMETI XSQETS JI WSYFE HXMJM I GÉWEX EYKYWZS HXMJM LMRNS

MTZXSJYÇÃS
Erkyqew idvixmêtgmew grítmgew wãs zãs qexgetziw uyi tsw lefiq xilrizmx, tãs evitew wshxi ew
tswwew vxóvxmew vxázmgew, qew wshxi e zisxme uyi ew itbsrbi. Qymzew tsw lefiq ehetjstex yq
vxmtgívms zióxmgs sy hywgex wye eqvrmeçãs iq syzxsw geqvsw. S gews uyi xirezexiqsw tiwzi gevízyrs
tsw vswwmhmrmzsy yqe gstbixkêtgme itzxi zxêw geqvsw js wehix: tiyxsrskme, vwmgsrskme i
vwmgsvijekskme. Vsygew bifiw iwwe mtzixwigçãs é zãs grexe jyxetzi yq ezitjmqitzs grítmgs, zitjs iq
kixer, geje vxslmwwmster, yqe bmwãs qemw vxigmwe ji yq útmgs geqvs. Vsx erkyq qszmbs, tiwwe
wmzyeçãs s itzxireçeqitzs lsm vswwíbir jyxetzi zsjs s vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs. Vexzmtjs ji yq
itgeqmtneqitzs grítmgs je tiyxsvijmezxe, qew etzibitjs ew gstwiuyêtgmew vexe e bmje iwgsrex i
tsw xiregmsteqitzsw elizmbsw, e gxmetçe lsm mtmgmerqitzi itgeqmtneje vexe yqe ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge.
Jiwgexzeje e nmvóziwi ji jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer sy erkyq syzxs zxetwzsxts ezyerqitzi ituyejxejs
tsw zxetwzsxtsw js iwvigzxs eyzmwze (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478), e gxmetçe lsm
itgeqmtneje vexe egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs. E qãi xiermfebe gstwyrzew wmwziqázmgew gsq s
vwmgórsks, wsh e sxmitzeçãs je vwmgsvijekske. Evxsdmqex e qãi ji yqe tsbe gstjmçãs ji
qezixtekiq lsm s mtzymzs jiwwi egsqvetneqitzs, yqe bif uyi ire vxóvxme xigstnigme wyew
jmlmgyrjejiw tiwwe mtzixeçãs. Vexe uyi mwws lswwi xiermfejs, e zxsge ji mtlsxqeçõiw i sw
jmxigmsteqitzsw zixevêyzmgsw vxigmwebeq wix jihezmjsw itzxi sw vxslmwwmstemw. S xiwyrzejs é bmwíbir,
gsqs jiwgxibixiqsw es rstks js gevízyrs.
Iwwi evxitjmfejs lsm yqe qyjetçe vexe e gxmetçe i vexe e leqírme, qew zeqhéq vexe e iuymvi uyi
gymjebe jiwwi gews. E gstjmçãs zióxmge uyi wywzitzsy ew vxázmgew iq jmlixitziw geqvsw gstwikyi
gstbixkmx i zxetwlsxqex-wi iq yq vitweqitzs bsrzejs à gxmetçe.
S uyi jiwgxibiqsw tiwzi gevízyrs é s jiwitxsrex jiwwi ezitjmqitzs, qiwgrejs virew
gsqvxiitwõiw uyi lsqsw jiwitbsrbitjs es rstks js vxsgiwws. Gstbmjeqsw s rimzsx e xilefix iwwi
vxsgiwws tsbeqitzi, vixvewwetjs vsx zisxmew jmbixwew, qew uyi sxketmfeq gsqs gstwzxyzs lmter
yqe gxmetçe idvxiwwmbe i gsq qemsx mtzixezmbmjeji, gsq jsqítms je rmtkyekiq i jew wyew gstjmçõiw
ji mtlâtgme. Tswwsw gstwzxyzsw zióxmgsw lmgexeq mtwixmjsw es rstks js zidzs, iq yqe zitzezmbe ji
evxsdmqex e zisxme je vxázmge grítmge.
S vxiwitzi gevízyrs é zeqhéq jigsxxitzi js iwzyjs wshxi s exzmks “Vxszsgsrs vexe shwixbeçãs js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs i ji rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe – VSJGRI” (Vxszsgsr sl idvxiwwmbi retkyeki
etj gsktmzmst jibirsvqitz shwixbezmst – VIRGJS), vyhrmgejs vire Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji
Lstseyjmsrskme, (HÜNRIX iz er., 6442).
S exzmks vxsvõi yq vxszsgsrs vexe shwixbeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs i ji rmtkyekiq
idvxiwwmbe, itzxi s vixísjs witwsxmsqszsx i s vxé-svixezóxms. Ew eyzsxew irehsxexeq iwwi vxszsgsrs
vexe wixbmx gsqs yq mtwzxyqitzs uyi tsxziewwi s egsqvetneqitzs je gxmetçe tiwwe lewi.
Gsqs hewi zióxmge te ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge ji Piet Vmekiz, ew eyzsxew ebermexeq gxmetçew gsq
jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs vexe e bixmlmgeçãs ji bmehmrmjejiw i bermjeji js vxszsgsrs. Lsxeq yzmrmfejsw
iriqitzsw qizsjsrókmgsw uyi kexetzmxeq e bermjeji js ziwzi.
S vxszsgsrs é gstwzmzyíjs vsx uyezxs uyejxsw gstzitjs sw mtjmgejsxiw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs
gsktmzmbs i ji rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe iq wiyw iwzákmsw mtmgmemw, eréq jew vstzyeçõiw gsxxiwvstjitziw
àw xiermfeçõiw evxiwitzejew virew gxmetçew. Sw mtjmgejsxiw uyi gsqvõi s uyejxs ebermezmbs je
gsktmçãs wãs sw ewvigzsw uyi ebermeq: e evrmgeçãs ji iwuyiqew witwsxmsqszsxiw; jiwrsgeqitzs ji
shpizsw ts iwveçs; vixqetêtgme js shpizs; mqmzeçãs ji iwuyiqew qszsxiw; idvixmêtgme gsq shpizsw
tsbsw; yws ji shpizsw gsqs qimsw; yws ji iwuyiqew wmqhórmgsw wmqvriw; yws ji iwuyiqew
wmqhórmgsw gsqhmtejsw. Sw mtjmgejsxiw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe jyxetzi s
vixísjs witwsxmsqszsx i mtígms js vxé-svixezóxms wãs: yws ji kiwzsw jêmzmgsw; yws ji kiwzsw
xivxiwitzezmbsw; vxsjyçãs ji bixhermfeçõiw egsqvetnejew vsx kiwzsw; i vxsjyçãs ji bixhermfeçõiw
mwsrejew.
Xiwwerzeq ew eyzsxew uyi s vxszsgsrs wixbi zetzs vexe rsgermfex e gxmetçe iq wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs
gsktmzmbs i ji rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe, uyetzs vexe egsqvetnex s jiwitbsrbmqitzs rstkmzyjmter
jyxetzi sw vixísjsw etermwejsw.

EBERMEÇÃS VWMGSVIJEKÓKMGE
Kehxmire gniksy es ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs gsq 1 etsw ji mjeji, itgeqmtneje vire
tiyxsvijmezxe evów ebermeçãs qéjmge tiyxsrókmge. Tiwwi vixísjs, xiermfebe egsqvetneqitzs
lstseyjmsrókmgs ná yq ets i pá nebme xiermfejs yqe ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge, e uyer nebme mtjmgejs e
tigiwwmjeji ji e qãi ejixmx e yq egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsrókmgs. Lxiuyitzebe yqe iwgsre ji
ijygeçãs mtletzmr, vsxéq, evxiwitzebe qymzew lerzew i qetmliwzebe jmlmgyrjeji ji xiregmsteqitzs gsq
ew jiqemw gxmetçew.
Te ebermeçãs tiyxsvijmázxmge, xiermfsy s ideqi tiyxsrókmgs ibsryzmbs evxiwitzetjs vejxõiw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx xilixitzi e 9-8 etsw.
S Ideqi Tiyxsrókmgs Ibsryzmbs (ITI) é yqe lixxeqitze idzxiqeqitzi mqvsxzetzi vexe e
gsqvxiitwãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs krsher je gxmetçe. Qemw js uyi hywgex sw iriqitzsw vezsrókmgsw
uyi vsjiq iwzex gsqvstjs ew jmlmgyrjejiw te xiermjeji gszmjmete je gxmetçe, iwwi mtwzxyqitzs é yq
vxsgiwws mtbiwzmkezmbs wshxi s vxóvxms jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Wikytjs Qegnejs, Ikiaexzn i Xszze (6447),
s ITI eberme s tíbir js jiwitbsrbmqitzs iq uyi ew lytçõiw tiyxsrókmgew wi itgstzxeq, ewwmq gsqs
s jiwitbsrbmqitzs krsher tiyxsvwmgsqszsx. Ts gews ji riwõiw sy jmwlytçõiw js wmwziqe tixbsws
gitzxer (WTG), iwwew lytçõiw iwzexãs erzixejew. Gstzyjs, te gxmetçe, s Ideqi Tiyxsrókmgs qyje wye
idvxiwwãs grítmge ji egsxjs gsq e lemde izáxme, egsqvetnetjs s eqejyxigmqitzs gixihxer. É wshxi s
eqejyxigmqitzs qitzer uyi xigem e êtlewi tiwwe wmzyeçãs ebermezmbe. Erzixeçõiw ts tíbir ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs js WTG vsjiq elizex s gszmjmets je gxmetçe, geywetjs mqvijmqitzsw sy
wyhjiwitbsrbmqitzsw iq nehmrmjejiw tigiwwáxmew vexe e evxitjmfekiq, mtgrymtjs e rmtkyekiq.
S vijmezxe iq kixer é s vxmqimxs vxslmwwmster e jizigzex erzixeçõiw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr.
Uyetjs vixgihi uyi e gxmetçe tãs ezmtkmy e izeve ibsryzmbe iwvixeje vexe e mjeji, vsji egmstex
syzxsw vxslmwwmstemw vexe yqe qirnsx ebermeçãs je wmzyeçãs. Wikytjs Xszze i Vijxsws (6448), witjs e
gxmetçe yq wix ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs jmtâqmgs, mtjs ji yqe izeve e syzxe ji lsxqe gxiwgitzi i
iwgersteje, é tigiwwáxms xigstnigix uyemw ew idvigzezmbew vexe geje lewi i áxie je bmje je gxmetçe
vexe e xiermfeçãs je ebermeçãs. Gstnigix s gstzidzs iq uyi iwzá mtwixmje eydmrme ts xigstnigmqitzs
jew idvigzezmbew ji tsxqermjeji vexe euyire gxmetçe. Vexe mwws, gstnigix e nmwzóxme, jiwji e
gstgivçãs ezé e izeve js ideqi, é mqvsxzetzi i epyje e gsqvxiitjix erkytw jsw lezsxiw
mtzixbitmitziw uyi vswweq iwzex jmlmgyrzetjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer.
E mjime ji shwixbeçãs tiyxslmwmsrókmge xiregmsteje à qezyxeçãs vxskxiwwmbe, ewwmq gsqs e
gsqvxiitwãs ji uyi e ibsryçãs jew iwzxyzyxew gixihxemw ts vixísjs vixmtezer i je vxmqimxe mtlâtgme
evxiwitzeq xávmje ibsryçãs, iwzá vxiwitzi te tiyxsrskme mtletzmr. Qexgirrm (7552) gstgimzyermfe s
vxsgiwws ji eqejyxigmqitzs tiyxsrókmgs vsx qims je shwixbeçãs ji zxêw áxiew js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs: e etezsqme, sy wipe, e qsxlsrskme vxsvxmeqitzi jmze, ew lytçõiw tiyxsrókmgew, sy
wmwziqew vszitgmemw, i s lytgmsteqitzs, uyi é e ezmbeçãs jiwwi wmwziqe. Vexe s eyzsx, e mqezyxmjeji é
qymzew bifiw ewwsgmeje e yqe lerze, s uyi gstwzmzymxme yqe xijyçãs jew gexegzixíwzmgew i
vxsvxmijejiw je qezyxeçãs. Tiwwe mjime, e mqezyxmjeji wixme evitew yq iwzejs wmqvrmlmgejs ji
qezyxmjeji.
Vexe Qexgirrm (7552), s iwwitgmer js qsbmqitzs ji qezyxeçãs gstwmwzi iq shwixbex e xiwwstâtgme
itzxi ew gstjyzew, sy wipe, e lytçãs idigyzeje i e iwzxyzyxe tiyxsetezôqmge. E lytçãs jivitji jew
xireçõiw uyi wi lsxqeq gsq s qims i wyew tigiwwmjejiw, ewwmq gsqs e gstjmçãs etezôqmge
jivitji js evexirns mtezs i jew gstjmçõiw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs líwmgs.
Wsh s ewvigzs etezsqslytgmster, yq gstgimzs mqvsxzetzi é s ji “vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer”. Wikytjs
Lixxexm iz er. (6447), ew ehsxjekitw à vrewzmgmjeji tiyxer i à xigyvixeçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer lsxeq
jmwgyzmjew vsx iwzyjsw je áxie. E hywge ji gsxxireçõiw itzxi riwãs ts WTG i erzixeçõiw tiyxstemw i
xigyvixeçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer vixqmzmy bixmlmgex e sgsxxêtgme ji qyjetçew qsxlsrókmgew i lytgmstemw
jew iwzxyzyxew tixbswew xiregmstejew gsq s gsqvsxzeqitzs. Sw iwzyjsw xilixitziw à vrewzmgmjeji
tiyxer qswzxexeq uyi s WTG é qemw vráwzmgs js uyi wi egxijmzebe. Witjs ewwmq, e mjime ji
qsjmlmgehmrmjeji jyxetzi s gyxws js jiwitbsrbmqitzs vewwe e wix egimze te gsqytmjeji gmitzílmge.
Iwzyjsw xibireq uyi, ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs (wiq riwõiw uyi gsqvxsqizeq ew lytçõiw), e
vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer jew lytçõiw gsxzmgemw wyvixmsxiw, zemw gsqs ew ktswmew, vxedmew i rmtkyekiq,
vsji wslxix qsjmlmgeçõiw iq báxmsw tíbimw, js qsrigyrex es gsktmzmbs (XSZZE, 6440).
Gsxws (6443) evstze vexe e vsyge êtlewi i etármwi jiwwi ewvigzs te ebermeçãs ji gxmetçew. E
xizsqeje ji yq ideqi tiyxsvwmgsqszsx vsji evstzex, eréq ji ewvigzsw sxkâtmgsw, iriqitzsw
mtzixegmstemw gsq s eqhmitzi uyi elizeq jmxizeqitzi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs. Tew verebxew je
eyzsxe:
[...] s ideqi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx (i tiyxsvwmgsqszsx) i wyew xireçõiw gsq e evxitjmfekiq biq
witjs vsygs itlezmfejs tew úrzmqew vxsjyçõiw zióxmgew ts geqvs je Vwmgsvijekskme i je Vwmgsrskme je
Ijygeçãs, uyi bêq vxmbmrikmetjs, iq wyew etármwiw, syzxsw ewvigzsw uyi mtgmjiq wshxi e evxitjmfekiq, zemw
gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, lezsxiw vwmgskitézmgsw, rmtkyíwzmgsw, wsgmemw i iwgsrexiw. (GSXWS, 6443, v. 27).
Kehxmire ixe e wikytje lmrne jiwwe qãi. Te évsge je gstgivçãs, sw vemw pá iwzebeq wivexejsw.
Jyxetzi e kiwzeçãs i jivsmw js tewgmqitzs ji Kehxmire, sw vemw tãs gnikexeq e zix yqe bmje iq
gsqyq. Qsxebeq te gewe Kehxmire i wye qãi, pá uyi wye mxqã qemw birne bmbme gsq e ebó qezixte.
Wikytjs s xirezs je qãi, Kehxmire tãs lsm vretipeje. Evów zix jiwgshixzs uyi iwzebe kxábmje, e
qãi elmxqe zix xiermfejs egsqvetneqitzs vxé-tezer i zsjsw sw ideqiw tigiwwáxmsw à weúji jire i
js hihê. Uyetjs iwzebe gsq 0/3 qiwiw, tigiwwmzsy lefix yws ji qijmgeçãs vexe “wikyxex s hihê” i,
esw 3 qiwiw, jiwgshxmy uyi s hihê ixe yqe qitmte, witjs uyi s wiy jiwips ixe ji uyi lswwi yq
qitmts. E qãi elmxqe zix limzs yqe xipimçãs tytge bixhermfeje, zitjs lerejs vire vxmqimxe bif jiwwi
witzmqitzs vexe s vwmgórsks, qiwiw etziw, jyxetzi e xiermfeçãs je ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge te qitmte. E
qãi xigstnigi uyi lef vsygs mtbiwzmqitzs te lmrne, xirezetjs tãs hxmtgex tiq itwmtex e gxmetçe.
Es xigstzex e nmwzóxme je lmrne, e qãi jiwbire wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme i jew wyew xireçõiw. Uyetjs yq
hihê iwzá vexe tewgix, e qãi gstwzxóm te qezixtekiq yqe zime wyzmr uyi itbsrbixá e gxmetçe i e
gstjyfmxá ts wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs. E qãi, sy uyiq idixgi e qezixtekiq, é xiwvstwábir vsx
iqvxiwzex wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme, wiyw jiwipsw i wyew letzewmew vexe bmwryqhxex yq lyzyxs vexe iwwe
gxmetçe. S gymjejs líwmgs i elizmbs uyi itbsrbi e gxmetçe é lxyzs jiwwe gstwzxyçãs wyhpizmbe slixigmje
vire qãi. S hihê es tewgix é itbsrbmjs vsx iwwe zxeqe, witjs mtwixmjs ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq, uyi
tãs wi zxejyf evitew iq lere, qew te vxóvxme kiwzyermjeji ji xireçãs gsq s qytjs. E gxmetçe
ehwsxbi s uyi rni é jejs i, e vexzmx ji itzãs, mtmgme wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme, eqexxetjs-wi vexe wiqvxi à
zime mtmgmer.
Es wix gstjyfmje vexe e gstwyrze gsq iwvigmermwzew, e gxmetçe zxef iq wm sw lxekqitzsw uyi
gsqvõiq e wye nmwzóxme i ew wmzyeçõiw ji lxegewwsw uyi sw vemw i ire witziq iq xireçãs e erks uyi
tãs wi gstgxizmfsy. Mwws tiq wiqvxi é idvrígmzs sy bixhermfejs, qew iwzá vxiwitzi tew itzxirmtnew js
jmwgyxws itytgmejs: wipe te uyimde je qãi, wipe ts gsxvs je gxmetçe. Tew verebxew ji Qettstm (7555,
v. 5),
[...] s qer iwzex ji uyi wi lere é shpizmbábir (te viwwse je gxmetçe), qew, wi e uyimde jsw vemw ziq vsx shpizs e
gxmetçe xier, ire zeqhéq mqvrmge e xivxiwitzeçãs uyi s ejyrzs lef je mtlâtgme.
E gxmetçe qetmliwze ts wiy wmtzsqe yqe nmwzóxme leqmrmex, yqe jiwmrywãs, yqe gstjmçãs. S gsxvs i
wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs, qymzew bifiw jivswmzáxms qyjs ji yq jiwmtbiwzmqitzs qezixts, vejigi iq
yq wmtzsqe idzixts uyi vsji wix zsqejs evitew gsqs iriqitzs ji yq ejsigmqitzs ejuymxmjs. Es
srnexqsw vexe yq wmtzsqe, jibiqsw itzitjix uyi iri é lxyzs ji yqe nmwzóxme, ji yqe xireçãs, ji
yq qsjs ji mtzixekmx. Zsqex s wmtzsqe gsqs erks e wix gstwixzejs sy xivxiitjmjs iq wye
qetmliwzeçãs xilsxçe evitew s uyetzs e gxmetçe tãs lsm gsqvxiitjmje.
Qettstm (7555) xilixitje uyi e gxmetçe iq jiweqvexs jiqetje yqe verebxe pywze, vexe uyi vsx
qims jiwwe verebxe yq jsqítms wipe gstuymwzejs: s jmximzs ji gsqvxiitjix s uyi rni sgsxxi ji
ehwyxjs tiwwew wmzyeçõiw. S iwvigmermwze uyi egsrni qãi i gxmetçe jibi xigstnigix ts wiy vevir
iwwe tigiwwmjeji. Iri tãs vsji wsqitzi etytgmex yq jmektówzmgs vswwíbir, vxigmwe epyjex e gxmetçe e
jiwgshxmx s vstzs ji wye nmwzóxme uyi emtje wi qswzxe shwgyxs, ji uyer jiwips (sy lerze jiri) ire é
gstwzmzyíje. Wi yq jmektówzmgs tsxzime yq vxsgiwws mtbiwzmkezmbs vexe tsqiex e gxmetçe e vexzmx jiri,
gsxxi s xmwgs ji iwgstjix e gxmetçe wsh iwwi iwzmkqe vixqetitzi, mqvswwmhmrmzetjs uyeruyix ezs
gxmezmbs vexe wemx jiwwe gstjmçãs.
S itregi qezixts-mtletzmr xiqizi à gstwzxyçãs ji yq iwveçs wmqhórmgs, ts uyer es hxmtgex e
gxmetçe xigstnigi sw iriqitzsw je xiermjeji idzixte jitzxs ji wm. S tswws geqvs wyhpizmbs, euyiri
iwveçs wmqhórmgs, uyi tsw gstwzmzym i jmxigmste tswwew eçõiw, é xigniejs es rstks je bmje, gsq hewi
tew xireçõiw qemw vxmqmzmbew, qemw zitxew je tswwe lsxqeçãs. S uyi yqe qãi mtbiwzi elizmbeqitzi, s
uyi witzi, qiwqs uyetjs tãs idvxiwws iq verebxew, é gevzejs vire gxmetçe iq kiwzsw, srnexiw i
ehetjstsw.
E qitmte gnike es ezitjmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs evxiwitzetjs wmktmlmgezmbew jmlmgyrjejiw ji rmtkyekiq.
Eviwex ji lerex zsjs s ziqvs, ixe qymzs jmlígmr gsqvxiitjix s uyi lerebe. Vsxéq, e wmzyeçãs ji wix
mtgsqvxiitjmje tãs mtmhme e qitmte ji gstzmtyex leretjs i ji zitzex yqe gsqytmgeçãs gsq ew
viwwsew. Qswzxebe-wi hewzetzi jiwmtmhmje.
 Gstwmjixetjs e mjeji ji 1 etsw i ew gexegzixíwzmgew js vitweqitzs mtletzmr xilixitziw e iwwi
vixísjs ji lsxqeçãs jew iwzxyzyxew qitzemw, ixe vxmqsxjmer gstnigix ji uyi lsxqe iwzebe
sgsxxitjs e vewwekiq je eçãs à svixeçãs vsx qims je xivxiwitzeçãs. Tiwwi witzmjs, s
gstnigmqitzs e xiwvimzs je gstwzmzymçãs js vitweqitzs wmqhórmgs zibi vxmsxmjeji ts vxsgiwws
vwmgsvijekókmgs ebermezmbs i ji mtzixbitçãs.
Kehxmire tãs hxmtgebe, wye mtzixeçãs gsq sw shpizsw (hxmtuyijsw) gexegzixmfebe-wi vsx wix
qetmvyrezmbe: zmxebe zsjew ew vetirmtnew, vxezmtnsw i gsvmtnsw ji yqe gemde, gsrsgebe iq syzxs rykex
sy kyexjebe tsbeqitzi te gemde. Iwwe eçãs tãs ixe egsqvetneje/gstzidzyermfeje vsx qims ji yqe
eçãs mqekmtezmbe/gxmezmbe ji lef ji gstze.
S hxmtgex é gstwzmzyzmbs je gxmetçe. Yqe gxmetçe uyi tãs hxmtge, uyi tãs bmbitgme iwvstzetieqitzi
s ezs ji hxmtgex, é yqe gxmetçe iq iwzejs ji ejsigmqitzs. Tiwwi iwveçs rújmgs, uyi lmge itzxi s
shpizs idzixts (s hxmtuyijs) i s iwveçs mtzixts (s geqvs wmqhórmgs), é uyi vsjiqsw tsw gstwzmzymx i
ehwsxbix s uyi e xiermjeji idzixte tsw slixze. Amttmgszz (7531, v. 24) itlezmfe uyi
[...] é ts hxmtgex, i wsqitzi ts hxmtgex, uyi s mtjmbíjys, gxmetçe sy ejyrzs, vsji wix gxmezmbs i yzmrmfex e wye
vixwstermjeji mtzikxer: i é wsqitzi witjs gxmezmbs uyi jiwgshxi s wiy iy.
Es hxmtgex e gxmetçe vsji xiwwmktmlmgex wye nmwzóxme i wyew xireçõiw, vsji xiqstzex wiy rykex te zime
wmqhórmge uyi e itbsrbi.
Iq zixqsw gsktmzmbsw, é vsx qims js hxmtgex uyi e gxmetçe bem iwzehirigix eçõiw rókmgew, gsqs
wixmex, grewwmlmgex, sxjitex, vexiex. Kehxmire tãs xiermfebe wixmeçãs i grewwmlmgeçãs, wiuyix lefme
gsxxiwvstjêtgme zixqs e zixqs. S lezs ji tãs hxmtgex zxefme ilimzsw ts uyi zetki esw jmlixitziw
ewvigzsw js wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs: gsktmzmbs, vwmgsqszsx, elizmbs, rmtkyíwzmgs i vwíuymgs.
S hxmtgex iwzixiszmvejs é yqe xivxiwitzeçãs je mtevxsvxmeçãs js geqvs je rmtkyekiq i je
idvxiwwmbmjeji vswwíbir je gxmetçe. S iwbefmeqitzs wmqhórmgs vxiwitzi te hxmtgejimxe tsw xilrizi
yqe eywêtgme ji mtbiwzmqitzs je gxmetçe ts wiy lefix, ts wiy hxmtgex, gstwiuyitziqitzi, jsw
mtbiwzmqitzsw uyi ire vxóvxme xigihi. S hxmtgex xivizmzmbs, uyi evitew zxetwvsxze shpizsw ji yq rejs
e syzxs, qswzxe yq hxmtuyijs uyi tãs ketne wmktmlmgejs vexe uyiq gsq iri hxmtge. S hxmtuyijs
tãs lef vexzi ji yqe gite, tãs ziq wmktmlmgejs iq yqe nmwzóxme, tãs jiwitbsrbi yq witzmqitzs ji
vixzitçe te gxmetçe. Gxmetçew qymzs viuyitew yzmrmfeq shpizsw vexe idvrsxex s qytjs. Zmxeq jiri s
gnimxs, s kswzs, s wsq. Gstwzxsiq xireçõiw qijmejew virsw shpizsw, qew zeqhéq mtzixekiq gsq e
xiermjeji vsx qims jiri. Ná tiwwi qsqitzs rújmgs yqe lywãs itzxi e gxmetçe i s shpizs, yq lefitjs
vex gsq s syzxs, xizmxetjs js idzixts i xigshxmtjs gsq s mtzixts. S rújmgs é lxyzs jiwwi
gxyfeqitzs gstwzmzymtzi itzxi s hxmtgex i e gxmetçe.
À qijmje uyi gxiwgi, e gxmetçe vewwe e ywex s shpizs gsqs xivxiwitzezmbs, gsqs iriqitzs
gstwzmzymtzi ji yqe gite, ji yqe mtzitçãs, ji wye idzitwãs. Es gstwzxymx yqe gite, s qsjs gsqs
iwgsrni i sxketmfe sw hxmtuyijsw, e mtzixeçãs letzewmswe i wiyw shpizmbsw iq xivxsjyfm-re tsw
qswzxeq s qsjs gsqs ire witzi s eqhmitzi uyi e gixge, ji uyi lsxqe gstwzmzym ew xireçõiw i ew
vixgihi. Ew iwzixiszmvmew, bmwzew iq wmzyeçõiw ji ejsigmqitzs qemw kxebiw, gsqs zxetwzsxts js
iwvigzxs eyzmwze i vwmgswi, zeqhéq vsjiq wix bmwzew, iq yqe eqvrmzyji qymzs qitsx, iq
qsqitzsw sy iwzákmsw je bmje iq uyi s wslxmqitzs je gxmetçe é qemw mtzitws. Ew iwzixiszmvmew wãs,
tew verebxew ji Reftmo-Vitsz (evyj VMXIW, 6443, v. 04), “[...] mqmzeçõiw uyi tãs wi zxetwlsxqeq iq
mjitzmlmgeçõiw”. Ew mjitzmlmgeçõiw wãs s xigshxmqitzs tigiwwáxms es hxmtgex, wãs e gstwzxyçãs vswwíbir
itzxi s shpizs-hxmtuyijs i s geqvs wmqhórmgs je gxmetçe. Es wi eywitzex jiwwe mtzixeçãs, e
iwzixiszmvme qswzxe s iwbefmeqitzs js jiwips je gxmetçe iq mtzixekmx gsq s idzixts.
Ew tsçõiw rmkejew es gsxvs i esw ewvigzsw vwmgsqszsxiw zeqhéq wi evxiwitzebeq lxekmrmfejew.
Kehxmire tãs gstnigme zsjew ew vexziw js gsxvs, gstlytjmtjs-wi es zix ji tsqiá-rew i mtjmgá-rew iq
wm i tsw syzxsw. Evxiwitzebe xigims iq jiwrsgex-wi ts iwveçs uyetjs wyhme sy jiwgme jikxeyw,
tigiwwmzetjs wikyxex-wi, jiqstwzxetjs qijs i jiwiuymríhxms es rsgsqsbix-wi. Lxekmrmjejiw
bmtgyrejew es iuymríhxms iwzázmgs i jmtâqmgs lsxeq shwixbejew. Ew tsçõiw gstgimzyemw ji rstki, vixzs,
iq gmqe, iqhemds, jitzxs, lsxe i es rejs emtje tãs nebmeq wmjs gstwzxyíjew. Uyetzs esw ewvigzsw
rmkejsw à gssxjiteçãs qszsxe lmte i bmwysqszsxe, jiwzegebe-wi e tigiwwmjeji ji uyermlmgex i xilmtex
iwwiw ewvigzsw. E vegmitzi ixe jiwzxe, svzebe iq ywex rávmw i getizew qemw kxswwsw (zmvs
getizãs/pyqhs) i zeqhéq ts lsxqezs zxmetkyrex. Evxiwitzebe kxetji jmlmgyrjeji ts qetips gsq e
ziwsyxe.
S gsxvs mtwgxibi jiwji s tewgix s jiwzmts uyi lsm xiwixbejs vexe e gxmetçe. S gymjejs qezixts
xilrizmjs jmxizeqitzi ts gsxvs, tew etkúwzmew i vxisgyveçõiw, ewwmq gsqs ew wezmwleçõiw uyi
zeqhéq vxsvmgme, qsrjeq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js gsxvs mtletzmr. E qãi uyi wi vxisgyve
jiqewmejeqitzi gsq s gsxvs je gxmetçe gsxxi s xmwgs ji zix iwwe útmge bme ji xiwvswze je gxmetçe. E
wsqezmfeçãs vsji wix yqe bme ji gsqytmgeçãs gstwzxyíje vire gxmetçe, te útmge rmtkyekiq uyi e
qãi itzitji. Es zix ji yzmrmfex s gsxvs, e gxmetçe gsrsge iq xmwgs e rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe gsqs lstzi
ji gstzezs gsq s qytjs idzixts, jiwitbsrbitjs yqe rmtkyekiq evitew wsqázmge, vshxi vexe
qetmliwzeçõiw qemw gsqvridew. S ejsigmqitzs, e mqezyxmjeji, e jsx vsjiq wmktmlmgex idvxiwwõiw ji
wslxmqitzs vwíuymgs uyi wó itgstzxeq ts sxkâtmgs yq srnex ji xigstnigmqitzs. Tewms (6445)
xiwwerze uyi tãs hewze s mtbiwzmqitzs rmhmjmter (elizmbs), é tigiwwáxms uyi yq egstzigmqitzs witwsxmer
wipe xivxiwitzejs te vxiwitçe mtzixmsxmfeje js syzxs. Elmxqe: “[...] é vxigmws elizs, jigixzs, qew
zeqhéq js syzxs. Wi wmtzs yqe jsx, é wiqvxi iq xilixêtgme es syzxs.” (TEWMS, 6445, v. 5).
Itzitjiqsw uyi e jsx vxstytgmeje vsx iri tãs vxigmwe wix evitew e witweçãs jsrsxmje uyi xigshxi
s gsxvs tew riwõiw, qew zsjs s ewvigzs uyi jiwbmxzyi s gsxvs js wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs, kixetjs
wslxmqitzs.
Es tãs wi xigstnigix iq wyew vszitgmermjejiw i jiwgstnigix s wiy rykex ts qytjs, e qitmte tsw
xibire uyi s ytmbixws mtletzmr i wyew jiwgshixzew ixeq mtwylmgmitziw i vshxiw tsw wiyw jiwelmsw. Ew
eçõiw gsxvóxiew, uyetjs vsygs iwzmqyrejew, xizxeiq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs eqvrs i lmts je
qszxmgmjeji, js iuymríhxms sy js qsbmqitzs ji vmtçe – tigiwwáxms vexe e iwgxmze. S wypimzs vxigmwe
xigstnigix ew báxmew lsxqew ji mtzixekmx i qetmvyrex sw jmbixwsw xigyxwsw vswwíbimw vexe e wye
idvxiwwãs.
Iq gstwstâtgme gsq eyzsxiw je wsgmsrskme je mtlâtgme, Hyww-Wmqãs iz er. (6474) xilixitjeq s
zixqs gsxvsxmlmgeçãs. Tiwwi gstgimzs, e gsxvsxmlmgeçãs é yq vxsgiwws kxejezmbs i evxitjmjs ji
mtzixtermfeçãs ji xikxew, vxigimzsw, náhmzsw, vsx qims js uyer gixzew lsxqew ji gsqvsxzeqitzs
zsxteq-wi eyzsqázmgew, itxemfejew tew vxázmgew gsxvsxemw. S vxsgiwws wi jexme evitew gsqs lsxqe
ji ewwmqmreçãs i xivxsjyçãs, tãs nebitjs iwveçs vexe e ximtbitçãs ezmbe jew gxmetçew. Sw eyzsxiw,
te hywge ji yqe wyvixeçãs jsw xijygmstmwqsw i jizixqmtmwqsw jew jmgszsqmew itzxi tezyxife i
gyrzyxe tew gstgivçõiw ji gsxvs i mtlâtgme, vxsvõiq iwwi vxsgiwws ji gsxvsxmlmgeçãs gsqs “iwveçsw
ji gxmeçãs” i “ximtbitçãs”. Tiwwiw iwveçsw, e gsxvsxmlmgeçãs é gsqvxiitjmje gsqs vevir ezmbs jew
gxmetçew, uyi, vsx qims jire, ewwmqmreq, xivxsjyfiq, qew zeqhéq vxsjyfiq erks tsbs, gstwzxsiq i
zeqhéq xigstwzxsiq e wm i wiy qytjs wsgmer.
Kehxmire tãs gstnigme ew lsxqew kisqézxmgew tiq ew gsxiw. Eviwex ji gstzex te wiuyêtgme ezé 1 i
gstnigix erkytw túqixsw, tãs lefme e gsxxiwvstjêtgme gsq e uyetzmjeji. Tãs xiermfebe e
jmlixitgmeçãs itzxi jiwitns i rizxe, eriketjs iq qymzsw qsqitzsw iwzex iwgxibitjs ituyetzs
jiwitnebe.
E xivxiwitzeçãs kxálmge je lmkyxe nyqete gexegzixmfebe-wi virs jiwitns giryrex, gsqvswzs ji yq
gíxgyrs mtjmgetjs gehiçe i gsxvs, hxeçsw i vixtew, gsqs qswzxe e Lmkyxe 2.7.

Lmkyxe 2.7 Jiwitns je lmkyxe nyqete.

E qetmliwzeçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji Kehxmire gexegzixmfebe yq uyejxs ji ezxews ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs krsher. Ewvigzsw líwmgsw i vwmgsrókmgsw iwzebeq itzxireçejsw, witjs tigiwwáxms vexe
e gxmetçe epyjá-re e ximtbitzex yq tsbs pimzs ji wi gsqytmgex, ji mtzixekmx gsq s idzixts, ji wi
idvxiwwex – mtgrymtjs e evxsvxmeçãs ji jmlixitziw rmtkyekitw.

EGSQVETNEQITZS VWMGSVIJEKÓKMGS
– Eksxe zy é e qeqãi, i iy wsy e lmrnmtne!
Kehxmire
 E mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge zibi yqe lxiuyêtgme ji jyew bifiw te wiqete. Vxmsxmfsy yq
zxeherns bsrzejs esw ewvigzsw wmqhórmgsw ji Kehxmire. Ji yqe wmqvriw qetmvyreçãs jsw shpizsw,
mtzitgmstebe-wi uyi Kehxmire vyjiwwi gxmex gitew ji lef ji gstze i idixgmzex s psks wmqhórmgs.
Iq yq vxmqimxs qsqitzs lsm vxmsxmfejs yq zxeherns yzmrmfetjs qezixmemw gsqs hsrew, herõiw,
gsxjew i hsrmtnew ji wehãs. Yqe wmqvriw geqmtneje iq gmqe je gsxje vexe gsrsgex yq vé te lxitzi
js syzxs i iuymrmhxex-wi ketnebe yq gstzidzs mqekmtezmbs i yq gitáxms jitzxs js iwveçs
vwmgsvijekókmgs vsx qims jew jxeqezmfeçõiw. Jiwwe lsxqe, Kehxmire tãs geqmtnebe wmqvriwqitzi
iq gmqe ji yqe gsxje, qew “[...] ezxebiwwebe yqe vstzi i jibixme iuymrmhxex-wi vexe tãs gemx ts
‘lyxmsws’ xms uyi vewwebe vsx jihemds. Eréq jmwws, js syzxs rejs je lrsxiwze zixme uyi jiwgshxmx yq
ziwsyxs iwgstjmjs (jitzxs ji yq herãs)[...]”.
Ew nmwzóxmew, sw wmktmlmgejsw i sw witzmjsw uyi, iq yq vxmqimxs qsqitzs, lsxeq iqvxiwzejsw à
Kehxmire esw vsygsw vewwexeq e wix mtbitzejsw vire qitmte, uyi ewwyqme yqe eyzsxme te
vxsvswmçãs jew gitew wmqhórmgew. Ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js psks wmqhórmgs, ew gxmetçew zxefiq
iriqitzsw i wmzyeçõiw bmbitgmejew ts wiy gszmjmets xiermfetjs iq qymzsw qsqitzsw yqe mqmzeçãs
jmlixmje, vsxuyi ibsgeq qitzerqitzi yqe wmzyeçãs pá jmwzetzi ts ziqvs i ts iwveçs vsx qims ji
wiyw kiwzsw mqmzezmbsw.
Hxmtgejimxew ji qeqãi i hihê vxszekstmfexeq iwwi vxmqimxs ziqvs je mtzixbitçãs
vwmgsvijekókmge. Vsx yq hsq ziqvs, Kehxmire sgyvsy s vevir ji qãi tiwwiw qsqitzsw ji lef ji
gstze. Vsx bifiw, ire ixe e qãi, vsx bifiw, qetmvyrebe ew hstigew uyi ixeq ew “qãiw” te hxmtgejimxe.
S gstziújs jiwwew xivxiwitzeçõiw itbsrbme wmzyeçõiw gstlrmzyswew itzxi e qeqãi i s hihê. I, gsq
lxiuyêtgme, s hihê qsxxme es lmter je nmwzóxme.
E xibmbêtgme ji yqe gite jsrsxmje sy vxefixswe te mtlâtgme tsw xiqizi tsbeqitzi esw vxsgiwwsw
ji wmqhsrmfeçãs gstzítysw uyi gstwzmzyiq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr. Kyzlximtj (6474), es xirezex
wiy zxeherns gsq gstzsw ts geqvs zixevêyzmgs, xilixitje uyi, es ehxmx yq iwveçs rújmgs je gxmetçe,
vsx qims je gsqhmteçãs ji mqekitw, psksw i mrywõiw, e gxmetçe vsjixá mtbitzex, mqekmtex, pskex, srnex
ji syzxe lsxqe vexe s gstgxizs, kyexjetjs-s iq yq rsger mtzixts, stji vsjixá wi xilykmex tsw
qsqitzsw jmlígimw es rstks je wye bmje. Es wmtermfex iwwi zxâtwmzs vixqetitzi ji mtzixeçãs-xilridãs,
s eyzsx ehxi iwveçs vexe e gxmezmbmjeji gsqs iriqitzs zixevêyzmgs. Es mtbitzex yqe hxmtgejimxe, e
gxmetçe vsji ryjmgeqitzi xibmbix sw wiyw qijsw i wiyw witzmqitzsw vxefixswsw, wiq uyi wi wmtze
eqieçeje sy iwbefmeje jiriw.
E ryjmgmjeji vswwmhmrmze uyi e gxmetçe bmbe syzxsw vevémw, itwemi syzxew xiwvswzew, itgstzxi tsbew
wsryçõiw uyi wixmeq mqvswwíbimw wi evitew xibmbiwwi gstwzetziqitzi, vsx vitweqitzsw sy
witzmqitzsw, s uyi rni geywebe wslxmqitzs. Es mtbixzix sw vevémw, ire vsji wix e qãi, vsji wix s
hihê, vsji wix e zixeviyze uyi epyje. Sy vsji wix zsjsw pytzsw, te gite uyi gxme i gsqetje. Sw
qigetmwqsw mtzixtsw é uyi bãs jizixqmtex uyer gite pá vsji wix idvswze i xibmbmje, uyer hxmtgejimxe
wyvsxze wiyw witzmqitzsw. Sw ziqsxiw jew hxmkew, je qsxzi sy js ehetjsts itgstzxeq te gite je
hxmtgejimxe yqe idvxiwwãs wyvsxzábir je etkúwzme uyi, es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi idvõi, idmki tsbew
wsryçõiw vexe s jiwitxsrex je gite. Es ximtbitzex wye bmwãs wshxi e gite-witzmqitzs, mtzixteqitzi
bem wi jiwvxitjitjs je mqshmrmfeçãs, je witweçãs ji mqvszêtgme i jsx, uyi gstwzmzyiq s wiy
wmtzsqe.
Eviwex je mqvsxzâtgme js gstziújs xilixitzi à hxmtgejimxe, mqvsxzebe, iq zixqsw ji ezitjmqitzs
vwmgsvijekókmgs, svsxzytmfex iwwi iwveçs ji gstwzxyçãs jsw iriqitzsw wmqhórmgsw, vsx qims jsw
uyemw Kehxmire ixe gevef ji (xi)wmktmlmgex i irehsxex wmzyeçõiw bmbitgmejew ts wiy gszmjmets, qew
vxmtgmverqitzi gstwzxymx i eqvrmex wye gevegmjeji xivxiwitzezmbe, mqekmtezmbe i gxmezmbe.
E lmdeçãs iq yq vevir lsm mtbixzmje evów qymzew bifiw zixqsw xivizmjs e hxmtgejimxe. Gixzs jme,
Kehxmire gnike es ezitjmqitzs, zxef à gite sw iriqitzsw (hxmtuyijsw) vexe s mtígms ji yqe
idvixmêtgme gsqvexzmrneje ji lef ji gstze i jizixqmte: “Zy é e qeqãi, i iy wsy e lmrnmtne!”. E
hxmtgejimxe mtmgme. E qeqãi egsxje wye lmrnmtne, slixigi s gelé, já hetns, zxsge wye xsyve i e exxyqe
vexe mxiq à iwgsre. Iq jizixqmtejs qsqitzs je hxmtgejimxe Kehxmire jizixqmte: “Eksxe zy ziq uyi
qezex e lmrnmtne!”. I xigihi gsqs xiwvswze e gstzxevexzmje: “Tãs, iy tãs bsy qezex! Ire é qmtne lmrnmtne
i iy bsy gymjex!”. E hxmtgejimxe gstzmtysy gsq e qeqãi slixigitjs firs i gymjejs à wye lmrne. E vexzmx
jiwwi jme, Kehxmire tãs qezsy tiq wykixmy e qsxzi jsw wiyw lmrnmtnsw.
Ew zitzezmbew ji mtzixeçãs gsq sw psksw ji xikxew tiwwi vxmqimxs qsqitzs ji ezitjmqitzs
jiqstwzxebeq s iksgitzxmwqs ji Kehxmire, uyi tãs gstwikyme mtzixtermfex ew xikxew js psks i
egehebe vsx iwzmvyrex wyew vxóvxmew xikxew qsjmlmgetjs gstlsxqi wiyw mtzixiwwiw i bstzejiw.
Ew hxmtgejimxew ji qeqãi i lmrnmtne gijixeq rykex àw hxmtgejimxew ji iwgsre, tew uyemw Kehxmire
ixe e vxsliwwsxe i ejqmtmwzxebe ew wmzyeçõiw ji evxitjmfekiq gsq wiyw erytsw. Tiwwi gstzidzs, sw
iriqitzsw iwgsrexiw, zemw gsqs rávmw, getize, xékye, gejixts i uyejxs, gsqiçexeq e sgyvex e gite
jew hxmtgejimxew i js ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs. Vsx qims jew hxmtgejimxew, Kehxmire vxsqsbme
wmzyeçõiw hiq-wygijmjew ji evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex kexetzmtjs s wygiwws jiwwi vxsgiwws.
Ew hxmtgejimxew vewwexeq e jmbmjmx e ezitçãs ji Kehxmire gsq ezmbmjejiw ji xivxiwitzeçãs kxálmge,
gsqs jiwitnsw i vmtzyxew, yzmrmfetjs jmlixitziw qezixmemw te gstligçãs jiwwew vxsjyçõiw, gsqs
mtjmge e Lmkyxe 2.6.
 Lmkyxe 2.6 Jiwitns i vmtzyxe je leqírme yzmrmfetjs jmlixitziw qezixmemw, gsqs zmtze, gsre gsrsxmje i rã.
Tiwwe vxsjyçãs pá é vswwíbir mjitzmlmgex yqe ibsryçãs ts uyi zetki es jiwitns i à xivxiwitzeçãs
je lmkyxe nyqete uyi evxiwitzeq gehiçe, zxstgs i qiqhxsw, hiq gsqs iriqitzsw qemw
jizernejsw, gsqs srnsw, texmf, hsge, gehirsw i sw jijsw je qãs. I emtje, ew jmlixitgmeçõiw itzxi
jiwitns i rizxe gsqiçeq e wix qetmliwzejew te qijmje iq uyi Kehxmire jiwitne i lef zitzezmbew ji
iwgxmze js wiy tsqi, gstlsxqi jiqstwzxe e Lmkyxe 2.9.

Lmkyxe 2.9 Jiwitns i iwgxmze js tsqi ji Kehxmire.

Yqe xiebermeçãs tiyxsvijmázxmge lsm limze evów wimw qiwiw ji egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs.
Sw xiwyrzejsw js ideqi tiyxsrókmgs ibsryzmbs wãs evxiwitzejsw ts kxálmgs te Lmkyxe 2.8.
 Lmkyxe 2.8 Kxálmgs gsq s jiwiqvitns je vegmitzi ts ITI xiermfejs iq syzyhxs ji 6474, ts qsqitzs ji
gnikeje es ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, i xilimzs iq qexçs ji 6477, ts qsqitzs ji xiebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge.
É vswwíbir bmwyermfex sw mqvsxzetziw vxskxiwwsw xiermfejsw vsx Kehxmire, hiq gsqs sw wmktmlmgezmbsw
ilimzsw je mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge tsw ewvigzsw tiyxsvwmgsqszsxiw.
S lezs ji uyi s sxketmwqs hmsrókmgs é e mtlxeiwzxyzyxe iq uyi wi ewwitzeq zsjsw sw vxsgiwwsw vwíuymgsw,
mtgrymtjs e evxitjmfekiq, zsxte tigiwwáxme e gstwmjixeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs líwmgs i vwmgsqszsx (i jsw
ewvigzsw tiyxsrókmgsw eí mqvrmgejsw) uyetjs wi ehsxjeq, uyix e tíbir zióxmgs, uyix e tíbir vxázmgs (ideqi je
jmlmgyrjeji ji evxitjmfekiq ji yq vegmitzi), uyiwzõiw ji evxitjmfekiq i ji jmlmgyrjeji ji evxitjmfekiq.
(GSXWS, 6443, v. 24).
Evów wimw qiwiw ji zxeherns, e jilewekiq ji mjeji bixwyw nehmrmjejiw tiyxs-vwmgsqszsxew nebme
wmjs gsqvitweje i e gxmetçe evxiwitzebe gstjmçõiw lebsxábimw vexe ew evxitjmfekitw iwgsrexiw.
Ts uyi zetki esw ewvigzsw iwgsrexiw, lsm sxmitzeje à leqírme e zxsge ji iwgsre. Gstwmjixetjs s
vszitgmer gstwzmzyzmbs js iwveçs iwgsrex, lsm mtjmgejs uyi e leqírme vxsgyxewwi yqe mtwzmzymçãs gsq
yqe vxsvswze vijekókmge uyi ezitjiwwi àw tsbew tigiwwmjejiw je gxmetçe. E xireçãs uyi e leqírme
iwzehirigme gsq s iwveçs (iwgsrex) vxigmwsy wix xibmwze (gstwmjixetjs ew lxiuyitziw lerzew uyi e
vegmitzi evxiwitzebe). Eréq jmwws, e vixgivçãs je qãi gsqvxiitjme e “iwgsrmtne” gsqs yq rykex
vexe jimdex e Kehxmire uyetjs vxigmwe wi itbsrbix gsq uyiwzõiw viwwsemw i tãs nebme gsq uyiq
jimdex e qitmte. Jiwwe lsxqe, zibi-wi e zitzezmbe ji wi (xi)wmktmlmgex e iwgsre gsqs yq mqvsxzetzi
iwveçs ji evxitjmfekiq i jiwitbsrbmqitzs witjs iwwitgmer e lxiuyêtgme je qitmte tiwwi iwveçs.
E zxsge ji iwgsre lsm xiermfeje, i Kehxmire mtmgmsy s ets ji 6477 te vxé-iwgsre. Lsm limze e mtjmgeçãs
ji egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs jyew bifiw te wiqete. Gstbixwew wmwziqázmgew gsq e leqírme
(qãi) lsxeq xiermfejew gsq s mtzymzs ji iwgrexigix uyi, eviwex jsw mqvsxzetziw ebetçsw xiermfejsw
vsx Kehxmire, s egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs wixme tigiwwáxms vsx qemw yq ziqvs.
Kehxmire wikymy gsq egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, i ew rizxew, iq iwvigmer ew rizxew js wiy
tsqi, vewwexeq e wix shpizs ji wiy mtzixiwwi. Te gite vwmgsvijekókmge, zsjsw sw iriqitzsw e
wixiq ywejsw ixeq iwgsrnmjsw i jigmjmjsw vsx Kehxmire. Jiwwe lsxqe, ire jigmji lefix yqe
vxsjyçãs, iq yqe lsrne E9, gsq ew rizxew js wiy tsqi (Lmk. 2.1).
 Lmkyxe 2.1 Vxsjyçãs ji Kehxmire itbsrbitjs s vxóvxms tsqi.
Gsrsge yq géy ji zmtze kyegni, ew tybitw i s wsr gsq gsre gsrsxmje; viji vexe uyi wiy tsqi wipe
iwgxmzs ji lsxqe uyi ire vswwe vmtzá-rs (geje rizxe ji yqe gsx. Eksxe pá wehme ew gsxiw i vsjme
idvixmqitzex gsq irew) i gstzsxtex geje rizxe gsq gsre krmzzix (geje gstzsxts ji yq hxmrns ji yqe
gsx). Vmtzex gsq vmtgir jitzxs ji yq iwveçs jizixqmtejs, gstzsxtex gsq gsre krmzzix i gsrex
vijxmtnew yqe es rejs je syzxe idmkme yq kxetji zxeherns ji gssxjiteçãs qszsxe lmte, tigiwwáxms à
evxitjmfekiq i es jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji Kehxmire. S geqmtns bixji ji vijxmtnew ketne yq gsrsxmjs
es rstks js vixgyxws. Wshxi iwwi geqmtns gsrsxmjs é gstwzxyíje yqe gewe i, ts vázms jiwwe gewe, é
gyrzmbejs yq pexjmq. S pexjmq é gsqvswzs ji lrsxiw uyi wãs wixmejew: jyew lrsxiw xswew, jyew lrsxiw
eqexirew, jyew lrsxiw efymw. Geje lrsx ziq yq geyri lmtmtns uyi lsm vxigmweqitzi qijmjs i gsrejs.
Vexigi gstbixkmx vexe iwwe vxsjyçãs zsjsw sw iriqitzsw shpizmbsw i wyhpizmbsw, zsjsw sw ewvigzsw
tigiwwáxmsw à evxitjmfekiq ji Kehxmire.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
E ebermeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx ziq ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs i te
rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe yq srnex qemw jmxigmstejs jew eyzsxew Hünrix iz er. (6442). Egxijmzeq irew uyi,
gsqs ts gews je qitmte Kehxmire, yq srnex ezitzs é gevef ji jizigzex jmlmgyrjejiw i xizsqex s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs iwvixejs vexe ew gxmetçew jiwwe lemde izáxme. S mtwzxyqitzs ebermezmbs uyi ew
eyzsxew wykixiq lmxqe vexâqizxsw i eydmrme sw vxslmwwmstemw e gsqvexexiq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
gxmetçe, gsq lmtw ji vsjixiq mtzixbmx, wiqvxi uyi tigiwwáxms.
E mqezyxmjeji, evstzeje vsx Qexgirrm (7552) i Lixxexm iz er. (6447), tsw qswzxe uyi tiq wiqvxi ew
jmlmgyrjejiw evxiwitzejew virs wmwziqe tixbsws wãs ji sxjiq riwmster sy vezsrókmge, vsxéq, vsjiq
zeqhéq wmktmlmgex yq iqvshxigmqitzs jew xireçõiw gsq s eqhmitzi. S gsxvs i, qemw vxigmweqitzi,
s wmwziqe tixbsws, uyi wywzitzeq ew sxketmfeçõiw ji sxjiq sxkâtmge, vxigmweq je mtzixeçãs gsq s
eqhmitzi vexe wixiq vszitgmermfejsw i wi jiwitbsrbixiq. E gsktmçãs, ts uyi wi xilixi es ewvigzs
je evxitjmfekiq, xsqvi gsq yqe jmgszsqme gsxvs-qitzi qswzxetjs uyi, vexe uyi wi yzmrmfi s
vszitgmer tiyxster, iwwiw jibiq ezyex wshxi yq jizixqmtejs eqhmitzi. E ezyeçãs wshxi s qytjs
idzixts é gevef ji vxsbsgex, ji qexgex, ji mtzixmsxmfex e idvixmêtgme, wsh e lsxqe ji xivxiwitzeçõiw,
ts geqvs wmqhórmgs je gxmetçe.
Zsjew ew idvixmêtgmew wãs bármjew i jimdeq wiyw xikmwzxsw te bmje ji zsjsw sw wixiw nyqetsw. S
jiwips ji tewgmqitzs, qiw-qs uyetjs tãs idvxiwws idvrmgmzeqitzi, pá é yqe qexge jilmtmzmbe ji
mtwixçãs ts geqvs wmqhórmgs. Zsjew ew gstjmçõiw vswzixmsxiw wãs lxyzs jiwwe xigivzmbmjeji, jew
mtzixeçõiw uyi s qytjs vxsvmgme, je gevegmjeji ji wi jimdex qexgex i elizex vsx iwwew idvixmêtgmew.
E mtzirmkêtgme i e gsktmçãs wãs lxyzsw je mtzixezmbmjeji js wypimzs gsq wiy qims, evsmejs iq yq
jiwitbsrbmqitzs sxkâtmgs weyjábir.
Uyetjs xigihiqsw Kehxmire iq tswwsw gstwyrzóxmsw, s uyi vixgihíeqsw ixe yqe qitmte gsq
vexgsw xikmwzxsw jew wyew idvixmêtgmew ji bmje. Ejbmtje ji yq rex stji, eviwex ji zix sw gymjejsw
háwmgsw ezitjmjsw, wyew xireçõiw elizmbew i gxmezmbew ixeq vsygs iwzmqyrejew. Gsq yqe lere uyi
xivxsjyfme vexe wm qiwqe, qew wiq e tigiwwmjeji ji vegzyex gsq syzxiq s wiy wmktmlmgejs, e
qitmte jiwitbsrbiy yq ytmbixws vxóvxms ji rmtkyekiq.
Gsqs wehiqsw, e rmtkyekiq é vexzi sxmkmter, vexzi nixjeje je gyrzyxe. E sxmkmtermjeji iwzá te
gevegmjeji gsq uyi geje yq sxketmfe wye idvxiwwãs, wye bstzeji ji gsqytmgex. S vexzmrneqitzs
gyrzyxer, vsx wye bif, é yq vegzs iwzehirigmjs iq yq jizixqmtejs kxyvs vexe wye mtzixeçãs. Tiwwe
qijmje, es wix mtwixmje ts ytmbixws je gsqytmgeçãs, e gxmetçe jibi egsxjex iq ywex sw qimsw uyi
zer kxyvs iwzehirigiy. Yqe verebxe iwzá rmkeje e yqe xivxiwitzeçãs ji erkyqe gsmwe. E verebxe
gsqyq e zsjsw wixbi ji hewi vexe iwwe zxsge, eviwex ji geje leretzi zix wye sxmkmter lsxqe ji
xivxiwitzá-rs mtzixteqitzi. Tiwwe zxsge, e gxmetçe ziq ji jimdex ji idvxiwwex evitew gsqs kswzexme,
qew jibi jmxmkmx-wi es syzxs gsq s mtzymzs ji gsqytmgex-wi, ywetjs ew verebxew jizixqmtejew
vxibmeqitzi virs kxyvs. Ve-xe uyi mwws sgsxxe, s ejyrzs jibi epyjex tiwwe gstwzxyçãs, slixzetjs wye
vxóvxme xiji ji gstnigmqitzsw i, wsh s srnex ezitzs i gstwzetzi, mtwixmx e gxmetçe tiwwi eqhmitzi.
Iwwi vxsgiwws, uyi tãs wi xilixi idgrywmbeqitzi à lere, qevime zsjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs nyqets.
Vexe uyi s ewvigzs qszsx gsqs yq zsjs wi jiwitbsrbe, s qiwqs mtbiwzmqitzs vegzyejs wixá jejs
à gxmetçe, vswwmhmrmzetjs sy mqvijmtjs uyi ire leçe e idvrsxeçãs js wiy itzsxts.
Ts gews ji Kehxmire, qymzew izevew i gmxgytwzâtgmew lsxeq gstwzxyzmbew. Es mtzixekmx gsq e gxmetçe i
slixigix-rni yq ytmbixws rújmgs, iwzmqyretzi i ji eqvre egimzeçãs je wye gstjmçãs, sw zixeviyzew
xigstwzxsiq euyiri uyi jibixme wix s jiwitbsrbmqitzs iwvixejs, teuyire lemde js jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Es evxsvxmex-wi jiwwi jiwelms, e gxmetçe idmki js wiy vxóvxms gsxvs s yws ji vszitgmermjejiw
ejsxqigmjew uyi gstlmkyxebeq s uyejxs ji mqezyxmjeji uyi qszmbsy e gstwyrze.
S uyi wi vixgihi te gsqvexeçãs je ebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge é yq ebetçs wmktmlmgezmbs, iq yq
iwveçs ji ziqvs viuyits. Mwws tsw mtjmge uyi e vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer é lxyzs je mtzixeçãs gsxvs-
eqhmitzi. Ts ytmbixws rújmgs xiwmjmy e vszitgmermjeji je mtzixbitçãs, vsxuyi tiwwe ehsxjekiq teje
js uyi e gxmetçe zmtne lsm xipimzejs, evitew egxiwgmjs vire bme xiregmster.
S uyi gneqeqsw gsktmçãs – qymzew bifiw bmwze evitew vire wmwziqezmfeçãs iwgsrex – é lxyzs ji
yqe keqe qymzs qemw eqvre ji gstnigmqitzs. E lsxqermfeçãs ji yqe wsrmgmzeçãs js gstzidzs
iwgsrex, gsqs e iwgxmze, vsx idiqvrs, é wywzitzeje vsx yqe xiji uyi itbsrbi elizmbmjejiw i
nehmrmjejiw jiwitbsrbmjew etzixmsxqitzi. Vexe tíbimw qemw iribejsw, shwix­bejs wsh e óvzmge
vmekizmete, é tigiwwáxms uyi e gxmetçe zitne vewwejs vsx báxmew izevew etzixmsxiw. Ew lrsxiw
xizxezejew te úrzmqe vxsjyçãs, uyi gstzéq iq wye lsxqeçãs, iriqitzsw ji wixmeçãs i ekxyveqitzs,
wó vsjiq wix limzew vsxuyi s jiwitns js hstigs-giryrex je vxmqimxe lmkyxe zeqhéq lsm vixqmzmjs
iq yqe lewi etzixmsx. S gíxgyrs js qmsrs je lrsx tewgiy js gsxvs js hstigs-géryre. E mtzirmkêtgme é
lxyzs je mtzixezmbmjeji i tãs tsw hewze gsqs ijygejsxiw evitew hywgex s xiwyrzejs lmter iq lsxqe
ji lrsx, wi lsxqsw mtgevefiw ji vixgihix iq uyer pexjmq tewgiy iwwe gxmetçe.
Vsx lmq, shwixbeqsw i egsqvetneqsw s uyetzs yqe gxmetçe, uyetjs vixqmzmje bmbix wye mtlâtgme
gsxvóxie i vwíuymge, qiwqs uyi iq yqe izeve zexjme js wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs, vsji xisxketmfex ew
izevew js wiy gxiwgmqitzs. S egsrnmqitzs gsq e leqírme, ewwmq gsqs e mtzixbitçãs jmxize wshxi e
gxmetçe, tsw qswzxe uyi jibiqsw iwzex vxivexejsw vexe eqvexex vemw i lmrnsw iq wmzyeçõiw uyi
vixvewweq vexe eréq je lsxqermjeji iwgsrex sy je idvigzezmbe js jiwitbsrbmqitzs.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
HÜNRIX, O. I. iz er. Vxszsgsrs vexe shwixbeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs i ji rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe (VSJGRI). Xibmwze
Hxewmrimxe ji Lstseyjmsrskme, b. 79, t. 7, v. 04-02, 6442.
HYWW-WMQÃS, Q. iz er. Gsxvs i mtlâtgme: tezyxife i gyrzyxe iq gstlxstzs. Ijygeçãs iq Xibmwze, b. 60, t. 9, v. 717-702, 6474.
GSXWS, N. B. Jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq i ezxewsw qezyxezmbsw: ezitçãs esw ewvigzsw tiyxsvwmgsqszsxiw te ebermeçãs i
mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge. Xibmwze Vwmgsvijekskme, b. 68, t. 39, v. 30-25, 6443.
LIXXEXM, I. E. ji Q. iz er. Vrewzmgmjeji tiyxer: xireçõiw gsq s gsqvsxzeqitzs i ehsxjekitw idvixmqitzemw. Vwmgsrskme: Zisxme i
Viwuymwe, b. 73, t. 6, v. 723-758, 6447.
KYZLXIMTJ, G. S zixeviyze i s rshs: e yzmrmfeçãs jsw gstzsw te vwmgetármwi je gxmetçe. Xms ji Petimxs: Exziw i Slígmsw, 6474.
QEGNEJS, E. K.; IKIAEXZN, G.; XSZZE, T. Z. Ebermeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx iq iwgsrexiw ji vxmqimxe wéxmi i
wye xireçãs gsq s iwzejs tyzxmgmster. Psxter ji Vijmezxme, b. 33, t. 9, v. 725-750, 6447.
QETTSTM, Q. E gxmetçe, wye “jsitçe” i sw syzxsw. Wãs Veyrs: Bme Rizzixe, 7555.
QEXGIRRM, J. Qetyer ji vwmgsvezsrskme je mtlâtgme ji Epyxmekyixxe. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 7552.
TEWMS, P. J. Qiy gsxvs i wyew mqekitw. Xms ji petimxs: Psxki Fenex, 6445.
VMXIW, R. Js wmritgms es igs: eyzmwqs i grítmge vwmgeterízmge. Wãs Veyrs: IJYWV, 6443.
XSZZE, T. Z. Zxetwzsxts je ezitçãs: ewvigzsw grítmgsw. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je
evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
XSZZE, T. Z.; VIJXSWS, L. W. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsrókmgs: ebermeçãs ibsryzmbe. Xibmwze EQXMKW, b. 82, t. 9, v. 731-735, 6448.
AMTTMGSZZ, J. A. S hxmtgex i e xiermjeji. Xms ji Petimxs: Mqeks, 7531.
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