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Jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw ts jiwiqvitns iwgsrex i

wsgmer: lytgmsteqitzs mtzirigzyer hsxjixrmti
5
LÁZMQE HERHIRE

MTZXSJYÇÃS
Iwzi gevízyrs wi xilixi e yqe viwuymwe xiermfeje vsx Lixtirr i Io (6474), je Ytmz sl
Tiyxsjibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, Jivexzqitz sl Veijmezxmgw, Woexehsxkw Nswvmzer, Qexmiwzej, Waijit
Jivexzqitz sl Vwcgnsrskc, wshxi e jmlmgyrjeji ji jmektswzmgex gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw uyi, emtje
uyi ebetgiq ets evów ets tsw etsw iwgsrexiw, evxiwitzeq hemds jiwiqvitns iwgsrex.
E viwuymwe ji Lixtirr i Io gneqe e ezitçãs vexe e xireçãs itzxi e gevegmjeji mtzirigzyer (UM) ji yq
jizixqmtejs kxyvs ji gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw i wiy jiwiqvitns iwgsrex i wsgmer. Iwwew gxmetçew i
ejsriwgitziw evxiwitzeq vxshriqew iwgsrexiw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw, eréq ji wmktmlmgezmbew rmqmzeçõiw
lytgmstemw, qew tãs wi ituyejxeq iq yq jmektówzmgs vxigmws. E eyzsxe wykixi uyi e iwgsre i
zeqhéq e wsgmijeji wi vxivexiq vexe ejevzex ew gstjmçõiw ji itwmts i ji zxeherns vexe iwwe
qmtsxme ji mtjmbíjysw uyi evxiwitzeq yq lytgmsteqitzs mtzirigzyer rmqízxsli.
Ezyerqitzi, ew viwuymwew je tiyxsgmêtgme i je tiyxsvwmgsrskme zêq gstzxmhyíjs wmktmlmgezmbeqitzi
vexe e ijygeçãs, yqe bif uyi iwzãs lsgetjs wye ezitçãs tew jmlmgyrjejiw i tsw zxetwzsxtsw ji
evxitjmfekiq. Iwwiw iwzyjsw wshxi s lytgmsteqitzs js géxihxs tsw báxmsw qsqitzsw je
evxitjmfekiq evstzeq vexe s jmektówzmgs, geje bif qemw vxigsgi, zetzs jew jmlmgyrjejiw gsqs jsw
zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq.
Iwwi jmektówzmgs kixerqitzi é limzs vsx yqe iuymvi qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex jew áxiew je weúji i je
ijygeçãs, uyi sxmitze e gstjyze qemw ejiuyeje vexe s egsqvetneqitzs iwgsrex i leqmrmex js
vegmitzi i vewwe e ezitjix ew tigiwwmjejiw mtjmbmjyemw ji geje mtwzâtgme itbsrbmje ts vxsgiwws.
Itzxizetzs, tiq wiqvxi s jmektówzmgs vxigsgi é xiermfejs, vsmw ew jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw,
qymzew bifiw, jiwvixzeq zexjmeqitzi e ezitçãs ji ijygejsxiw, emtje uyi xivixgyzeq te bmje
iwgsrex i wsgmer jiwwew gxmetçew i jiwwiw ejsriwgitziw uyi tãs gsxxiwvstjiq vswmzmbeqitzi àw
jiqetjew iwgsrexiw, eviwex js kxetji iwlsxçs uyi jiwvitjiq tew zexilew, evów wmktmlmgezmbew nsxew
ji iwzyjs, vexe ezmtkmx s qítmqs iwvixejs vexe s ets iwgsrex uyi lxiuyitzeq.
Ew jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw wãs zeqhéq gstnigmjew gsqs Lytgmsteqitzs Mtzirigzyer
Rmqízxsli (Hsxjixrmti Mtzirrigzyer Lytgzmstmtk – HML). Iwwi zmvs ji jmlmgyrjeji é gstwiuyêtgme ji yq
ezxews ts jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs i tiyxsvwmgsqszsx jyxetzi s vixísjs ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
gxmetçe, uyi vsji iwzex bmtgyrejs à lerze ji iwzmqyreçãs sy es gsqvxsqizmqitzs js wmwziqe tixbsws
gitzxer (WTG), s uyi egexxize yq ezxews js jiwitbsrbmqitzs te qszxmgmjeji, te rmtkyekiq sy te
gsktmçãs.
Iwwi lezs, itzxizetzs, wó wi ibmjitgme iq mjeji iwgsrex ebetçeje, iq yqe lemde izáxme uyi vxiberigi
itzxi 74 e 78 etsw, i iwwi é yq jsw vxmtgmvemw qszmbsw je jiqsxe ts jmektówzmgs, uyi é limzs vsx
qims ji yq ideqi tiyxsrókmgs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, hewiejs tew lewiw qezyxegmstemw je gxmetçe, i
ji yqe ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge uyi qiji ew nehmrmjejiw mtzirigzyemw i kxelsqszsxew, eréq ji ebermex ew
gexegzixíwzmgew je vixwstermjeji i ew nehmrmjejiw je bmje jmáxme.
E izmsrskme jew jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw, wikytjs Xszze, Snraimrix i Xmiwks (6441, v. 67),
[...] vsji wix jigsxxitzi ji erzixeçõiw etezôqmgew js WTG i ji jélmgmzw lytgmstemw js WTG, vxsbsgejsw vsx
erzixeçõiw qizehórmgew, mtligçãs, jiwtyzxmçãs, erzixeçõiw nmvódmgs-mwuyêqmgew sy zxeyqe.
 Ew xefõiw vexe iwwew jmlmgyrjejiw vsjiq wix grewwmlmgejew iq zxêw kxetjiw kxyvsw: vxé-tezemw,
vixmtezemw i vów-tezemw.
Ts vixísjs vxé-tezer, sw vxmtgmvemw lezsxiw izmsrókmgsw wãs mtligçõiw i vexewmzswiw, xyhésre,
zsdsvrewqswi, gmzsqikersbíxyw i NMB, mtzsdmgeçõiw vsx jxskew, árgssr, zehegs, izg., xejmeçõiw,
zxeyqezmwqsw i jizixqmtejew gstjmçõiw qezixtew (jsitçew gxôtmgew, etiqme kxebi, jiwtyzxmçãs).
Ts vixísjs vixmtezer, sgsxxêtgmew ji etsdme i nmvsdme, vxiqezyxmjeji, hemds viws i mtligçõiw
zeqhéq lefiq vexzi je izmsrskme js xizexjs.
Ts vixísjs vów-tezer, ew geywew vsjiq wix mtligçõiw js WTG (qitmtkmziw i itgilermziw), zxeyqew
gxetmetsw, jsitçew jiwqmirmtmfetziw, jiwtyzxmçãs vxszimge, mtzsdmgeçõiw, xejmeçõiw, ivmrivwme, itzxi
syzxew gstjmçõiw.
Vexe qirnsx iwgrexigmqitzs uyetzs es lytgmsteqitzs js mtjmbíjys gsq xizexjs qitzer, s JWQ-MB
(EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446) grewwmlmgebe e gstjmçãs iq uyezxs tíbimw ji kxebmjeji,
evxiwitzejsw te Zehire 5.7.
Zehire 5.7Geziksxmew ji grewwmlmgeçãs js xizexjs qitzer wikytjs s JWQ-MB
Geziksxme Jiwbms Uysgmitzi ji mtzirmkêtgme (UM) Gevegmjeji Wyvsxzi
Vejxãs mtzirigzyer tigiwwáxms
Ribi 6-9 14-11 e 34 Ijygábir Mtzixqmzitzi
Qsjixejs 9-8 91-84 e 14-11 Zximtábir Rmqmzejs
Kxebi 8-1 64-61 e 91-84 Qymzs gsqvxsqizmjs Idzitws
Vxslytjs >1 < 64-61 Qymzs gsqvxsqizmjs Vixqetitzi
Lstzi: Xszze, Snraimrix i Xmiwks (6441).

S JWQ-1 (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478) evxiwitze erzixeçõiw uyetzs à tsqieçãs

js uyejxs jiwgxmzs. S xizexjs qitzer, vxiwitzi ts JWQ-MB, evexigi te tsbe ijmçãs js qetyer gsqs
“jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer (zxetwzsxts js jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtzirigzyer)”. S tsbs gxmzéxms xilixitje uyi sw
jélmgmzw vsjiq wix lytgmstemw, zetzs ejevzezmbsw, uyetzs mtzirigzyemw. Iwwiw jélmgmzw vsjiq xilixmx-wi
es geqvs gstgimzyer, wsgmer sy vxázmgs.
Vexe uyi iwwi jmektówzmgs vswwe wix gstlmxqejs, é tigiwwáxms xigstnigix uyi wiyw jélmgmzw zitneq
sgsxxmjs jyxetzi s vixísjs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, eréq ji mqvsxzetziw gsqvxsqizmqitzsw ts
lytgmsteqitzs mtzirigzyer i ejevzezmbs. Ts geqvs je mtzirigzyermjeji, sw jélmgmzw vsjiq iwzex
xiregmstejsw gsq vxipyífsw iq xegmsgítms, vretipeqitzs, wsryçãs ji vxshriqew, ehwzxeçãs, pyífs
gxízmgs, i é vswwíbir bixmlmgá-rsw vire evxitjmfekiq egejêqmge sy vsx idvixmêtgme. Ts uyi wi xilixi
esw gxmzéxmsw wshxi jélmgmzw iq lytçõiw ejevzezmbew, iriw xiwyrzeq js lxegewws iq ezmtkmx vejxõiw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i wsgmsgyrzyxemw iq xireçãs e mtjivitjêtgme wsgmer sy xiwvstwehmrmjejiw ts geqvs
wsgmer.
S gxmzéxms emtje xiwwerze uyi s zixqs “xizexjs qitzer”, yzmrmfejs etzixmsxqitzi (wshxizyjs tsw
Iwzejsw Ytmjsw, vsx uyiwzõiw rikemw), vewwsy e wix wyhwzmzyíjs vsx “jilmgmêtgme qitzer”, qew qymzew
bifiw evexigi iq vixmójmgsw ji viwuymwe gsqs “jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer”.
S wmwziqe ji UM yzmrmfejs etzixmsxqitzi eksxe é jiwgxmzs vsx “Iwvigmlmgejsxiw”, zitjs iq bmwze uyi
s wmwziqe ji UM evxiwitzebe jmlmgyrjejiw vxmtgmverqitzi iq tíbimw mtlixmsxiw ji ebermeçãs. Ts tsbs
wmwziqe, sw gxmzéxmsw evxiwitzeq jiwgxmçõiw wshxi s jsqítms gstgimzyer, wsgmer i vxázmgs, gsqs lsxqe
ji ebermex sw iriqitzsw ejevzezmbsw uyi gsqvõi geje yq jsw tíbimw ji lytgmsteqitzs.
Ts JWQ-1, ts uyi wi xilixi à jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer ribi, e jiwgxmçãs wshxi e gstjmçãs ejevzezmbe
iq gxmetçew ts geqvs “jsqítms gstgimzyer” elmxqe uyi iq mjeji iwgsrex idmwziq jmlmgyrjejiw iq
evxitjix nehmrmjejiw egejêqmgew uyi itbsrbiq rimzyxe, iwgxmze, qeziqázmge, witjs tigiwwáxms evsms
iq yqe sy qemw áxiew vexe s ergetgi jew idvigzezmbew ewwsgmejew (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG
EWWSGMEZMST, 6478).
Te jiwgxmçãs wshxi s geqvs “jsqítms wsgmer” é xilixitjeje mqezyxmjeji tew xireçõiw wsgmemw, iq
gsqvexeçãs gsq sw vexiw ji qiwqe lemde izáxme. Iwwe mqezyxmjeji wi qetmliwze vsx qims ji
wmzyeçõiw gsqs: xigstnigix sy vixgihix vmwzew wsgmemw; jmlmgyrjejiw xiregmstejew e yqe rmtkyekiq
qemw gstgxize (gsq vsygsw iriqitzsw ji wyhpizmbeçãs) sy mqezyxe i rmqmzeje vixgivçãs js xmwgs iq
wmzyeçõiw wsgmemw, gsqs s xmwgs ji wix qetmvyrejs virsw jiqemw.
Ts geqvs “jsqítms vxázmgs”, e xiribâtgme iwzá te tigiwwmjeji ji evsms tew zexilew gsqvridew je
bmje jmáxme, iq gsqvexeçãs gsq wiyw vexiw. Iq kixer, sw mtjmbíjysw, qiwqs te bmje ejyrze,
tigiwwmzeq ji evsms vexe zsqex jigmwõiw ji gymjejsw ji weúji i jigmwõiw rikemw, hiq gsqs vexe
evxitjix i jiwiqvitnex yqe vxslmwwãs ji lsxqe gsqvizitzi.
Ew jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw wãs ji jmlígmr jmektówzmgs, vsmw e gxmetçe evxiwitze yq
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ibsryzmbs lxiuyitziqitzi tsxqer tsw etsw mtmgmemw sy evitew yq ribi ezxews iq
wye ibsryçãs. S jiwiqvitns vwmgsqszsx lmge yq vsygs ehemds js iwvixejs vexe e mjeji, e
rmtkyekiq tãs evxiwitze etsqerme kxswwimxe i e mtwixçãs wsgmer é uyewi wiqvxi wezmwlezóxme. Jeí e
xefãs ji tãs gneqex e ezitçãs jsw vemw sy jsw gymjejsxiw.
 S shpizmbs jiwzi iwzyjs lsm s ji erixzex qéjmgsw, leqmrmexiw i ijygejsxiw uyi egsqvetneq s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yqe gxmetçe vexe sw wyzmw wmtzsqew uyi vsjiq vewwex jiwvixgihmjsw jyxetzi s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr.
Emtje uyi ezxewsw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx, gsqs witzex, etjex, itkezmtnex, sy te
rmtkyekiq (lere) wipeq vsygs xivxiwitzezmbsw jyxetzi sw etsw mtmgmemw ji gxiwgmqitzs, iriw vsjiq
egexxizex wmktmlmgezmbsw jetsw ts jiwiqvitns iwgsrex i wsgmer je gxmetçe ts lyzyxs, uyetjs
mqvegzeq ts eqhmitzi iwgsrex i wsgmer, vsmw gstjyfiq e vxipyífsw iqsgmstemw i e jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw.
Qiwqs uyi, ji egsxjs gsq e Eqixmget Vwcgnmezxmg Ewwsgmezmst, s lytgmsteqitzs mtzirigzyer rmqízxsli
gsxxiwvstje e yq UM itzxi 34-28, sy wipe, – 7 i – 6 jiwbmsw vejxãs je tsxqermjeji i uyi iwwi tíbir
mtzirigzyer leçe vexzi je bexmeçãs tsxqer, iwwiw ewvigzsw tãs vsjiq wix jiwgstwmjixejsw vsx
euyiriw uyi gstbmbiq gsq e gxmetçe.
Eviwex je xigitzi qyjetçe tsw gxmzéxmsw ts JWQ-1, é wehmjs uyi, qiwqs uyi sw gxmzéxmsw
jmektówzmgsw evxiwitziq yqe tsbe vxsvswze ji gsqvxiitwãs wshxi yq jizixqmtejs geqvs
vwmgsvezsrókmgs, ts iwveçs wsgmer, iwwiw tsbsw gstgimzsw ribeq yq ziqvs vexe wixiq ehwsxbmjsw i
bermjejsw. S Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw – JWQ-MB-ZX (EQIXMGET VWC-­
GNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446, v. 38) yzmrmfebe s zixqs “xizexjs qitzer ribi” vexe wi xilixmx e
[...] yq kxyvs uyi jiwitbsrbi nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i ji gsqytmgeçãs jyxetzi sw etsw vxé-iwgsrexiw (ji 4 esw 1
etsw), evxiwitze yq vxipyífs qítmqs tew áxiew witwsxmsqszsxew i, gsq lxiuyêtgme, tãs wi jmlixitgme
legmrqitzi ji gxmetçew wiq xizexjs qitzer ezé yqe mjeji qemw zexjme. Es lmter je ejsriwgêtgme, vsjiq ezmtkmx
nehmrmjejiw egejêqmgew iuymberitziw evxsdmqejeqitzi es 0s ets iwgsrex. Jyxetzi e mjeji ejyrze, kixerqitzi
ejuymxiq nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i vxslmwwmstemw ejiuyejew vexe yq gywzims qítmqs jew vxóvxmew jiwviwew, qew
vsjiq vxigmwex ji wyvixbmwãs, sxmitzeçãs i ewwmwzêtgme, iwvigmerqitzi uyetjs wsh iwzxiwwi wsgmer sy
igstôqmgs mtgsqyq. Gsq evsmsw evxsvxmejsw, sw mtjmbíjysw gsq Xizexjs Qitzer Ribi, nehmzyerqitzi, vsjiq
bmbix wiq vxshriqew te gsqytmjeji, ji qsjs mtjivitjitzi sy iq gstzidzsw wyvixbmwmstejsw.
E etármwi wshxi s jiwiqvitns iwgsrex xilixmje vsx Lixtirr i Io (6474), iq viwuymwe xiermfeje te
Wyégme, te Ítjme i tsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw gneqe e ezitçãs vexe e gsxxireçãs itzxi s UM i sw xiwyrzejsw
jew ebermeçõiw iwgsrexiw. Sw xiwyrzejsw je viwuymwe xibireq uyi hemds UM, ewwsgmejs e lxegsw
xiwyrzejsw iwgsrexiw, vxijmwvõi e vxshriqew ji gstjyzew uyi mtzixlixiq te bmje wsgmer jiwwiw
mtjmbíjysw. Uyetjs jmektswzmgejsw, sw mtjmbíjysw gsq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw rmqízxsliw vsjiq wix
qemw hiq vxivexejsw vexe e bmje iwgsrex, ewwmq gsqs vexe e bmje wsgmer i vxslmwwmster.
Tiwwi witzmjs, vitwex te ijygeçãs gsqs gsqvizêtgme wsgmer é egxijmzex uyi leqírme i iwgsre
jibiq iwzex egsqvetnetjs ew qyjetçew gmitzílmgew i zigtsrókmgew uyi s tsbs qytjs mqvõi. Iwwew
qyjetçew mtzixlixiq jmxizeqitzi wshxi s evxitjix i iwzãs itzxireçejew e iriqitzsw lytjeqitzemw
vexe uyi e evxitjmfekiq wi iwzehiriçe.

IRIQITZSW XILIXITZIW ESW VXSGIWWSW JI EVXITJMFEKIQ

Wãs qúrzmvrsw sw lezsxiw uyi wi wshxivõiq es jiwiqvitns iwgsrex ejiuyejs, vsxuyi zeqhéq
wãs qúrzmvrsw sw uyi mtzixlixiq ts evxitjix. Jmetzi jiwwe vxiqmwwe, é vxigmws jilmtmx s uyi é s
evxitjix, vexe, itzãs, vsjix itzitjix sw geqmtnsw uyi e evxitjmfekiq vixgsxxi. “Evxitjix é yq
vxsgiwws ji euymwmçãs vxsjyfmjs vire eçãs je idvixmêtgme uyi wi zxejyf iq yqe qyjetçe ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs” (XIHSRRS, 6448, v. 73).
E evxitjmfekiq itbsrbi s wix iq wye zszermjeji i, vexe uyi ire sgsxxe, wãs tigiwwáxmew gstjmçõiw
háwmgew. Es gstzxáxms js uyi vitweq erkytw, iwwew gstjmçõiw gsqiçeq e wi iwzehirigix ts
qsqitzs je gstgivçãs. Gsq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js tsbs wix, iq yq vxsgiwws xávmjs ji
qyrzmvrmgeçãs giryrex, sxmkmte-wi e gstwzxyçãs ji yqe tsbe nmwzóxme, pá witwíbir es elizs i vxivexetjs-
wi vexe “evxitjix” e bmje. E tsbe bmje mtwgxibi-wi ts elizs – gstjmçãs vxmqsxjmer – vexe jiwitbsrbix e
gevegmjeji uyi s wix nyqets ziq vexe evxitjix i wi jiwitbsrbix.
S ezs ji evxitjix vewwe virs WTG, stji sgsxxiq qsjmlmgeçõiw lytgmstemw i gstjyzyemw, uyi jivitjiq js
gstzmtkitzi kitézmgs ji geje mtjmbíjys, ewwsgmejs es eqhmitzi iq uyi iwzá mtwixmjs. (XSZZE, 6440, v. 770).
E evxitjmfekiq é yq vxsgiwws ji mtzixeçãs itzxi lezsxiw kitézmgsw, sxkâtmgsw i eqhmitzemw, uyi
wi ermgixçe ts WTG. E vexzmx jiwwe lsxzi xireçãs, mtwzere-wi e gevegmjeji vexe evxitjix. Vsxzetzs,
evxitjix iwzá bmtgyrejs es jiwitbsrbmqitzs qezyxezmbs gixihxer i lytgmster ji geje mtjmbíjys,
egxiwgmjs ji zsje e wye gexke kitézmge i mtwixmjs iq yq eqhmitzi ts uyer sgsxxi yqe gstwzetzi i
mqvsxzetzi zxsge ji xireçõiw i bmbêtgmew, uyi bãs iwzxyzyxex e vixwstermjeji jiwwi tsbs wix. Ytmjsw
iq yq ezs gstzítys, s sxkâtmgs i s vwmgsrókmgs mtmgmeq e lsxqezeçãs ji yq léxzmr i qexebmrnsws
geqvs vexe e evxitjmfekiq: s wix nyqets.
S nsqiq é yq wix útmgs uyi tigiwwmze vixvizyex wye nmwzóxme, i s lef vsx qims ji xikmwzxsw uyi
qswzxeq wye ibsryçãs. Iwwiw xikmwzxsw mtjmgeq qyjetçew gstwzetziw tew uyemw, vsx qims je
mtzirmkêtgme, gstwikyi xivewwex wiyw gstnigmqitzsw e geje tsbs wix uyi tewgi. Tiwwi witzmjs,
elmxqeq Hejjiric, Etjixwst i Icwito (6477, v. 29), “[...] sw nyqetsw lsxqeq yqe iwvégmi uyi
gstwikyi wshxibmbix vsx qims je evxitjmfekiq”. Hewiejs iq yq iwzyjs irehsxejs vsx Nihh (7585
evyj HEJJIRIC; ETJIXWST; ICWITGO, 6477, v. 741) vexe idvrmgex e hewi lmwmsrókmge je
evxitjmfekiq, egxiwgitzeq, emtje, uyi “[...] e gevegmjeji ji evxitjix é gxygmer es jiwitbsrbmqitzs
zetzs js wix nyqets gsqs je wsgmijeji”.
E evxitjmfekiq, wsh s vstzs ji bmwze tiyxsvijmázxmgs, wi iwzehirigi vire riqhxetçe i vire
qyjetçe:
[...] uyetjs yq iwzíqyrs pá é gstnigmjs js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer, jiwitgejime yqe riqhxetçe, uyetjs s
iwzíqyrs é tsbs jiwitgejime yqe qyjetçe. (XSZZE, 6440, v. 70).
Tiwwi witzmjs, Hejjiric, Etjixwst i Icwito (6477) lefiq zeqhéq xilixêtgme e “tiyxôtmsw uyi wi
itzxireçeq”, vexe gstwzmzymx e evxitjmfekiq. E gixzife ji uyi gstnigmqitzsw etzixmsxiw wixbiq ji
hewi vexe gstnigmqitzsw vswzixmsxiw iwzehirigi s lezs ji uyi s evxitjix é yqe xireçãs ejevzezmbe
js nsqiq gsq s qims stji bmbi. Vexe Oeilix (6440, v. 28),
[...] e gevegmjeji ji evxitjix vxiwwyvõi yqe hewi bmtgyrex, mwzs é, gevegmjeji ji bmtgyreçãs i ji gstwzâtgme
shpizer elizmbe, e wye gevegmjeji ji xiregmstex-wi i ji mtzixekmx gsq s qytjs, hiq gsqs s wiy qsjs ji
evxitjix.
Tiwwi vxiwwyvswzs vwmgsrókmgs, qemw yqe bif s evxitjix iwzá mtzmqeqitzi rmkejs tãs wó e yqe
iwzxyzyxe sxkâtmge, qew zeqhéq iqsgmster. Gsqs itlezmfe Oeilix (6440, v. 28),
[...] e evxitjmfekiq tsxqer hewime-wi te vxiqmwwe ji uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs wi gstwzxóm e vexzmx
je mtzixeçãs ji lezsxiw sxkâtmgsw, kitézmgsw, hmsrókmgsw i eqhmitzemw.
É tiwwi gstzidzs iq uyi iwzãs mtwixmjsw sw geqmtnsw virsw uyemw e evxitjmfekiq vixgsxxi i
tsxzime e mtzirmkêtgme, wikytjs Vmekiz, à ryf jew gstgivçõiw elizmbew i gsktmzmbew uyi gsqvxiitjiq s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs. Hmórsks bsrzejs vexe e áxie je vwmgsrskme, jijmgsy 04 etsw ji wye bmje
xiytmtjs jejsw ji viwuymwe xilixitziw es jiwitbsrbmqitzs qitzer. Ivmwziqórsks kitézmgs
(ivmwziqsrskme é e gmêtgme uyi idvrmge gsqs s gstnigmqitzs é ejuymxmjs), wiy zxeherns mtgetwábir ji
viwuymwe lsm bsrzejs vexe s iwzyjs ji gsqs s vxsgiwws je mtzirmkêtgme wi jiwitbsrbi te gxmetçe. Wiy
iwzyjs lsm hewiejs te etármwi i te jiwgxmçãs gymjejswe jew qyjetçew uyermzezmbew js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i ts lytgmsteqitzs jew iwzxyzyxew gsktmzmbew iq mtzixeçãs gsq s qims eqhmitzi.
Wikytjs iri, gmzejs vsx Berizz (7533, v. 3),
[...] e mtzirmkêtgme é hewmgeqitzi yqe lytçãs hmsrókmge uyi eki vsx qims ji jyew lytçõiw háwmgew: e gsktmzmbe i
e elizmbe, geje uyer gstwzmzymtjs yq ewvigzs ji ejevzeçãs es qims eqhmitzi.
Ew gstbmgçõiw uyi Vmekiz ewwmtere wshxi e evxitjmfekiq wãs ew ji uyi ire é e euymwmçãs ji yqe
nehmrmjeji sy ji yqe mtlsxqeçãs iwvigílmge, hewieje tew iwzxyzyxew mtzirigzyemw idmwzitziw ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs js mtjmbíjys.
E mtzirmkêtgme nyqete é gsqvxiitjmje gsqs e lsxqe ji ejevzeçãs qemw xilmteje, uyi vixqmzi
ezmtkmx s iuymríhxms jew xikyreçõiw itzxi s wypimzs i s qims. E ejevzeçãs é yq iuymríhxms itzxi e
ewwmqmreçãs (mtgsxvsxeçãs ji iriqitzsw js qims pá iwzxyzyxejs ts mtjmbíjys) i e egsqsjeçãs (wãs ew
qsjmlmgeçõiw jew iwzxyzyxew js mtjmbíjys iq lytçãs jew erzixeçõiw js qims).
Iq zsjs s wiy zxeherns, Vmekiz gstwmjixsy e mqvsxzâtgme js jiwitbsrbmqitzs i wye xireçãs gsq s
qims. Gstwmjixe iri uyi zsjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs shijigi e iwzákmsw iq yq gstzmtyyq ji
sxketmfeçõiw qitzemw vewwíbimw ji qyjetçew geje bif qemw gsqvridew i sxketmfejew, uyi iwzãs
iwzehirigmjew iq iwzákmsw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Gsq s vxsvówmzs ji jilmtmx e iwzxyzyxeçãs gsktmzmbe, Vmekiz sxketmfsy s jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtzirigzyer
iq iwzákmsw, gsq wyew xiwvigzmbew gexegzixíwzmgew uyi, xiwyqmjeqitzi, evxiwitzeqsw e wikymx.
7s) Iwzákms je mtzirmkêtgme witwsxmsqszsxe (4-6 etsw): gexegzixmfe-wi virs gsqvsxzeqitzs
hewmgeqitzi qszsx. S jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs é vixgihmjs à qijmje uyi sw iwuyiqew wãs
gstwzxyíjsw.
6s) Iwzákms js vitweqitzs vxé-svixegmster (6-3 etsw): gexegzixmfe-wi virs jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
rmtkyekiq i ji syzxew lsxqew ji xivxiwitzeçãs i virs xávmjs jiwitbsrbmqitzs gstgimzyer. S
xegmsgítms é vxé-rókmgs.
9s) Iwzákms jew svixeçõiw gstgxizew (e vexzmx ji 76 etsw): gexegzixmfe-wi vire gevegmjeji ji evrmgex s
vitweqitzs rókmgs esw vxshriqew ts vxiwitzi, ts gstgxizs.
8s) Iwzákms jew svixeçõiw lsxqemw (e vexzmx ji 76 etsw): gexegzixmfe-wi virs tíbir qemw iribejs ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew iwzxyzyxew gsktmzmbew, ji qsjs uyi ew gxmetçew wi zsxteq evzew e evrmgex s
xegmsgítms rókmgs e zsjew ew grewwiw ji vxshriqew.
Ji egsxjs gsq e gstgivçãs vmekizmete, e evxitjmfekiq wó sgsxxi qijmetzi e gstwsrmjeçãs jew
iwzxyzyxew ji vitweqitzs, uyi sxketmfeq e evxitjmfekiq wsh sw iwuyiqew etzixmsxiw, kexetzmtjs
e vewwekiq i s wygiwws vexe s iwzákms vswzixmsx. Jiwwe lsxqe, yq iwzákms é jivitjitzi je
gstwsrmjeçãs i je wyvixeçãs js iwuyiqe etzixmsx.
Yqe bif ejuymxmjs yq gstnigmqitzs, vexe uyi sgsxxe e gstwzxyçãs ji yq tsbs, é vxigmws uyi wi
iwzehiriçe yq jiwiuymríhxms tew iwzxyzyxew qitzemw, mwzs é, sw gstgimzsw pá ewwmqmrejsw tigiwwmzeq
vewwex vsx yq vxsgiwws ji jiwsxketmfeçãs vexe uyi vswweq, tsbeqitzi, e vexzmx ji yqe
jiwegsqsjeçãs, xisxketmfexiq-wi, iwzehirigitjs yq tsbs gstnigmqitzs. Iwwi vxsgiwws é
jitsqmtejs iuymrmhxeçãs jew iwzxyzyxew qitzemw, sy wipe, e zxetwlsxqeçãs ji yq gstnigmqitzs
vxébms iq yq tsbs.
Vmekiz elmxqe uyi erkyqew gstjmçõiw wãs tigiwwáxmew es jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs, yqe bif uyi e
jmtâqmge mtzixmsx ji geje tíbir i itzxi sw tíbimw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs jivitji je mtzixeçãs itzxi
lezsxiw iwwitgmemw es jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs.
Lezsxiw gsqs qezyxeçãs i nixijmzexmijeji, idvixmêtgme ezmbe, mtzixeçãs wsgmer i iuymrmhxeçãs
wiqvxi wãs egsqvetnejsw virs jiwitbsrbmqitzs elizmbs (witzmqitzsw, bersxiw i mtzixiwwiw) uyi
xiwyrzeq, wikytjs iri, iq gstnigmqitzs. Vexe Vmekiz, “[...] zsje gxmetçe vewwe tigiwwexmeqitzi, vsx
zsjsw sw tíbimw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs te qiwqe sxjiq” (AEJWASXZN, 6449, v. 96). Jiwwe lsxqe, ew
xireçõiw uyi wi iwzehirigiq vexe uyi e evxitjmfekiq xierqitzi sgsxxe qshmrmfeq s wix nyqets
iq zsje wye gevegmjeji i gstzidzs ts uyer iwzá mtwixmjs.
Vexe s wix nyqets, s evxitjix i e bmje mtmgmeq ts qiwqs qsqitzs. E vexzmx jeí, s evxitjix iwzá
gsqvxsqizmjs gsq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js wix, vxstzs vexe vixgihix ew witweçõiw, ew iqsçõiw i ew
qyjetçew. Tãs hewze yq gsxeçãs uyi vyrwe, yq vyrqãs uyi xiwvmxe. Es wix nyqets é mtjmwvitwábir
mtzikxex zsjew ew witweçõiw à bmje, iq yqe xireçãs gstwzetzi ji zxsgew i bmbêtgmew gsq s qytjs,
uyi, pytzs gsq s gsqvrids lytgmsteqitzs ji tswws géxihxs, iwzehirigi wye mtzikxmjeji sxkâtmge i
vwíuymge.
Sw vxiwwyvswzsw zióxmgsw ji Vmekiz xiregmsteq e evxitjmfekiq gsq s qims eqhmitzi. E
gevegmjeji js wix nyqets iq evxitjix é iwzehirigmje vsx wye gstjmçãs sxkâtmge, vsx lezsxiw
iqsgmstemw i virs qims stji bmbi. Ji egsxjs gsq iwwe vxiqmwwe, e leqírme, jiwji sw vxmqimxsw jmew
ji bmje je gxmetçe, ziq vevir mqvsxzetzíwwmqs, iwzxyzyxetjs s bítgyrs jiwwi wix gsq s evxitjix. “É e
qãi uyi vixgihi i qsjyre e idvxiwwãs tãs-bixher i elizmbe jsw iwzejsw vwmgshmsrókmgsw ji wiy
hihê.” (LIXXIMXE evyj XSZZE, 6440, v. 891).
E lsxzi xireçãs uyi wi iwzehirigi itzxi qãi i lmrns, qymzs etziw js tewgmqitzs, pá wywzitze s
evxitjix gsq wyew tigiwwmjejiw bmzemw, iq yqe mtzixeçãs sxkâtmge gsq s qims wsgmsgyrzyxer iq uyi
s hihê iwzá mtwixmjs. Ew gstjmçõiw tiyxslmwmsrókmgew i vwmgsrókmgew ewwsgmejew e yq eqhmitzi
lebsxábir zsxteq s mtjmbíjys evzs vexe e evxitjmfekiq. Je qiwqe lsxqe, s mtjmbíjys xiwvstji e
yqe qezyxeçãs sxkâtmge i lytgmster, jizixqmteje vsx izevew wyhwiuyitziw ji gxiwgmqitzs uyi
gsxxiwvstjiq e yq jiwiqvitns iwvixejs iq xireçãs à wye mjeji gxstsrókmge.
Evów s tewgmqitzs, wãs zeqhéq iwvixejew ew wyvixeçõiw ji geje lewi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, uyi
tigiwwexmeqitzi zeqhéq shijigiq e yqe sxjiq gxstsrókmge, witjs wiyw viuyitsw jiwbmsw
egimzábimw iq lytçãs je gexke kitézmge ji geje yq i jsw iwzíqyrsw uyi s qims eqhmitzi
vxsvsxgmste. Ew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw wi iwzehirigiq i zsxteq-wi gstwiuyêtgme ji xmzqsw vxóvxmsw,
vsxéq jibiq egsqvetnex vejxõiw ibsryzmbsw jizixqmtejsw vexe geje wix útmgs.
Jiwwe lsxqe, gsqvsxzeqitzsw wiuyitgmemw i vxskxiwwmbsw wãs iwvixejsw vexe geje izeve je bmje.
S mtjmbíjys wikyi yqe sxjiq ibsryzmbe sxkâtmge, lytgmster i iqsgmster geje bif qemw gsqvride i,
vxskxiwwmbeqitzi, bem wi zsxtetjs evzs vexe bmbix wsgmerqitzi. S gxiwgmqitzs i s jiwitbsrbmqitzs
jibiq iwzex jitzxs ji yq ziqvs gxstsrókmgs iwvixejs uyi xiwvimzi yqe nmixexuyme wiuyitgmer iq
yq xmzqs sxketmgeqitzi sxketmfejs. Iwwe wiuyêtgme ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw vixqmzi uyi, es mtkxiwwex
te vxé-iwgsre, stji wi mtmgme yqe tsbe izeve wsgmer, e gxmetçe i e leqírme lmuyiq qemw idvswzew àw
gsqvexeçõiw itzxi mkyemw.
Gsq s mtígms je iwgsrexmjeji lsxqer, vsjiq evexigix jmlmgyrjejiw sy ezxewsw uyi jiwvixziq i
idmpeq qemsx ezitçãs vsx vexzi jew viwwsew uyi e gixgeq, vsxuyi s xitjmqitzs iwgsrex itgstzxe-wi
ts rmqmzi jsw xiwyrzejsw iwvixejsw. Jiwwi qsjs, sw etsw mtmgmemw ji iwgsrexmjeji xibireq e
tigiwwmjeji ji yq qemsx egsqvetneqitzs vsx vexzi jsw vemw i je iwgsre. Iwwew gxmetçew gsq
jmlmgyrjejiw jiwvixzeq e ezitçãs i, eviwex ji jiqetjexiq yq qemsx gstzxsri vsx vexzi jsw vemw i
vxsliwwsxiw, tãs gstwikyiq shzix xiwyrzejsw egmqe je qéjme iwvixeje vexe s tíbir ji iwgsrexmjeji
iq uyi wi itgstzxeq. Ezé itzãs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ibsryzmbs, iqsgmster i gsktmzmbs evitew “lski” à
rmtne ji tsxqermjeji.
E iwgsre, vsx wye bif, zeqhéq evxiwitze yq gyxxígyrs kxejyer, uyi jiwitbsrbi gstziújsw
ejiuyejsw es xiwvigzmbs tíbir ji iwgsrexmjeji. S vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq lsxqer tsw vejxõiw
kixemw vxsvõi iwuyiqew ji ebermeçãs, tsw uyemw, wãs iwzehirigmjsw vexâqizxsw gyxxmgyrexiw ji
jiwiqvitns iwgsrex es lmter ji geje vixísjs (zxmqiwzxi, wiqiwzxi sy ets).
Ná yq idvxiwwmbs ítjmgi ji gxmetçew uyi tãs wi ituyejxe iq yq jmektówzmgs vxigmws. Iqhsxe
wyvixiq ew izevew ets evów ets, wãs qymzew ew jmlmgyrjejiw evxiwitzejew tsw zxehernsw ebermezmbsw
iwgsrexiw. Es qiwqs ziqvs, itbsrbiq e leqírme i e iwgsre gsq uyiwzmsteqitzsw wshxi ew xefõiw
uyi ew mqvijiq ji shzix qirnsx jiwiqvitns. Tãs xexs, e gxmetçe, e iwgsre i e leqírme vixgsxxiq
báxmsw geqmtnsw ezé itgstzxexiq e qirnsx qetimxe ji gstjyfmx e evxitjmfekiq lsxqer. Wsh iwwi
itlsuyi, qymzew bifiw s evxitjix é mtmhmjs vire lerze ji mtzikxeçãs ji yq sy báxmsw lezsxiw uyi
wywzitzeq e evxitjmfekiq. Wmtemw ji hemds jiwiqvitns iwgsrex jibiq wix mtbiwzmkejsw e lmq ji
mqvijmx uyi geywiq wslxmqitzs te gxmetçe sy ts ejsriwgitzi jyxetzi wye bmje iwgsrex.
E tiyxsrskme, e vwmgsrskme, e lstseyjmsrskme i e vwmgsvijekskme, pytzeqitzi gsq e leqírme i e iwgsre,
itzxireçejew, hywgeq ew geywew uyi egsqvetneq s hemds jiwiqvitns jiwwew gxmetçew i
ejsriwgitziw.
Jmlmgyrjejiw, zxetwzsxtsw i uyiwzõiw vijekókmgew vsjiq wix jmektswzmgejsw jyxetzi s vixísjs ji
mtbiwzmkeçãs. Ts itzetzs, s xiwyrzejs jiwwe mtbiwzmkeçãs tiq wiqvxi zxejyf yq jmektówzmgs vexe ew
jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq, vsjitjs iwwi uyejxs iwzex mtgryíjs tsw zxetwzsxtsw js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze (ZIE), ts zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN) i te jmwridme.
Iq yqe ehsxjekiq qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex, itzitji-wi e tigiwwmjeji ji mtbiwzmkeçãs wsh sw báxmsw
itlsuyiw uyi itbsrbiq e evxitjmfekiq, vsmw gxmetçew gsq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw rmqízxsliw jibiq
lefix ebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge, vwmgsrókmge i vwmgsvijekókmge, ewwmq gsqs shwixbeçãs jew ezmbmjejiw ji
bmje jmáxmew. Iwwe ebermeçãs bmwe e jizigzex ew gevegmjejiw gsktmzmbew i elizmbew je gxmetçe.
S xiwyrzejs ewwixzmbs jew nmvóziwiw ji yqe mtbiwzmkeçãs kexetzi, ji gixze lsxqe, qmtmqmfex s
wslxmqitzs ts evxitjix je gxmetçe. Vsxéq, qymzew bifiw, s hemds xitjmqitzs iwgsrex iwzá wyzmrqitzi
bmtgyrejs e yq ribi ezxews ts vszitgmer mtzirigzyer js iwgsrex.
Wikytjs Oeilix (6440), sw ziwziw qemw yzmrmfejsw vexe e ebermeçãs wãs ew Iwgerew Aignwrix ji
Mtzirmkêtgme (AMWG), uyi mtgryiq zxêw bixwõiw (vexe ejyrzsw, ejsriwgitziw i gxmetçew iq mjeji vxé-
iwgsrex), i sw Ziwziw Kxelsqszsxiw i ji Vixwstermjeji. Iqhsxe s JWQ-1 tãs qemw iwzehiriçe s UM
gsqs vexâqizxs vxmtgmver vexe s jmektówzmgs je jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer, e AMWG emtje nspi é yq
mtwzxyqitzs vwmgsrókmgs i tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs uyi
[...] tãs wó é gevef ji jizigzex s tíbir mtzirigzyer [...] qew wixbi vxmtgmverqitzi vexe ebermex ew lytçõiw
iwvigílmgew, vixqmzmtjs e jizigçãs ji wmtemw ji sxjiq sxkâtmge, tiyxsrókmge i/sy iqsgmster uyi vswweq iwzex
te sxmkiq jew jmwlytçõiw gsktmzmbew itgstzxejew. (OEILIX, 6440, v. 20).
E eyzsxe emtje wermitze uyi s “[...] uysgmitzi mtzirigzyer – UM zxeze js jiwiqvitns ilizmbs js
mtjmbíjys, uyi vsji sy tãs gsxxiwvstjix à wye gevegmjeji vszitgmer ji mtzirmkêtgme” (OEILIX, 6440,
v. 20).
Qymzew bifiw e gxmetçe evxiwitze yq xiwyrzejs ehemds js iwvixejs vexe wiy jiwiqvitns, mwzs é,
vszitgmerqitzi e gxmetçe vsji xiwvstjix qirnsx àw wmzyeçõiw uyi itbsrbiq e evxitjmfekiq, vsxéq
wyew gstjmçõiw ji lytgmsteqitzs jmetzi js evxitjix tãs gsxxiwvstjiq e wye gevegmjeji
vszitgmer.
Oeilix (6440) wermitze zeqhéq uyi, iq erkytw qsqitzsw, e gxmetçe vsji iwzex witjs qymzs idmkmje
tew uyiwzõiw ji evxitjmfekiq i uyi wye gevegmjeji lytgmster vsji iwzex ts rmqmzi qádmqs ji
jiwiqvitns. Jeí e mqvsxzâtgme je ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge, uyi qswzxe s rmqmzi itzxi s uyi wi iwvixe
vexe e lemde izáxme iq uyi e gxmetçe wi itgstzxe i s uyi ire iwzá gstwikymtjs jiwiqvitnex
qitzerqitzi.
S xiwyrzejs jiwwe ebermeçãs, tsw gewsw ji jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw, vixqmzi mjitzmlmgex yq UM
ehemds js iwvixejs vexe e mjeji, qew qymzs vxódmqs je tsxqermjeji. Iwwi ribi jiwbms vejxãs tew
nehmrmjejiw mtzirigzyemw uyi lmge te lemde qéjme mtlixmsx (UM itzxi 38 i 28) tãs vixqmzi ejiuyex iwwew
gxmetçew iq yq jmektówzmgs ji zxetwzsxts js jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtzirigzyer.
Tiwwi witzmjs, s jmektówzmgs ji lytgmsteqitzs mtzirigzyer rmqízxsli tãs iwzá grewwmlmgejs gsqs yqe
“jilmgmêtgme iwvigílmge”, vsxéq, mtjmge rmqmzeçõiw gsktmzmbew uyi vxipyjmgeq s jiwiqvitns lytgmster,
xiwvstwábimw vsx xiwvswzew tikezmbew te bmje leqmrmex i wsgmer jiwwiw mtjmbíjysw.
Wiq júbmje, ew ebermeçõiw tiyxsrókmgew, vwmgsrókmgew i vwmgsvijekókmgew wãs mkyerqitzi
vxivstjixetziw vexe s jmektówzmgs ji jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw. Tirew hywgeq-wi wmtzsqew uyi
iwzipeq mtzixlixmtjs ts jiwiqvitns iwgsrex je gxmetçe. Wmtzsqew iqsgmstemw, gsktmzmbsw i wmtemw
tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw uyi, wsh s srnex grítmgs ji qéjmgsw i zixeviyzew, zxejyfiq yq jmektówzmgs.
E hywge vsx iwgrexigix sw vxsgiwwsw uyi mtzixlixiq jmxizeqitzi te evxitjmfekiq xivsxze-wi à
tigiwwmjeji, itzãs, jiwwe ehsxjekiq xiermfeje etzixmsxqitzi wshxi ew lsxziw xireçõiw itzxi ew
lytçõiw tiyxsrókmgew, gsktmzmbew i iqsgmstemw uyi wywzitzeq s mtjmbíjys vexe uyi iri wi jiwitbsrbe
vriteqitzi. Gsq ilimzs, sw iwzyjsw wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs, tiyxsrókmgs i gsktmzmbs i
wshxi sw lytgmsteqitzsw tsxqer i vezsrókmgs tãs wãs wylmgmitziw vexe e mtwixçãs iwgsrex i wsgmer js
mtjmbíjys iq wiy vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Jmetzi je zisxme vmekizmete, uyi jiwgxibi gsq vxsvxmijeji s lytgmsteqitzs gsktmzmbs je gxmetçe i
sw wiyw vxsgiwwsw ji ibsryçãs, e vwmgsvijekskme hywge erzixtezmbew uyi bmwiq es jiwitbsrbmqitzs
ji tsbew nehmrmjejiw, xiwvimzetjs s qsjs vexzmgyrex ji evxitjix. Vexerireqitzi, e vwmgsrskme
gstzxmhym ji lsxqe wmktmlmgezmbe vsx qims je etármwi jsw lezsxiw mtzixtsw i idzixtsw js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i js gsqvsxzeqitzs mtjmbmjyer wsh s vstzs ji bmwze iqsgmster, xiregmstetjs s
mtjmbíjys i wiy evxitjix gsq s qytjs. Ewwmq witjs,
 [...] e evxitjmfekiq, gsqs uyeruyix litôqits vwmgsrókmgs, wó vsji wix itzitjmje e vexzmx ji yqe ehsxjekiq
qyrzmlezsxmer, iq uyi mtzixbêq lezsxiw hmsrókmgsw i lezsxiw vwmgswwsgmemw. Ew bmbêtgmew mtletzmw mtzixekiq gsq s
vezxmqôtms kitézmgs, lefitjs ji yqe lytçãs vwíuymge yq litózmvs gsqvrids, mtlryitgmejs vsx qymzsw zmvsw ji
lezsxiw. (LIXXIMXE evyj XSZZE, 6440, v. 890).
Jiwwe lsxqe, ximzixetjs uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs elizmbs i gsktmzmbs é qsjyrejs virew mtzixeçõiw
eqhmitzemw, uyi iwzãs lsxziqitzi bmtgyrejew àw mtzixeçõiw elizmbew jiwji s tewgmqitzs, e
vwmgsvijekskme itgstzxe lytjeqitzsw vexe mtzixbitçãs, vxsgyxetjs, ewwmq, ezitjix ew
tigiwwmjejiw ji geje yq.
Te viwuymwe uyi wixbi ji hewi e iwzi iwzyjs, jitzxi sw egnejsw uyi jiwvixzeq e ezitçãs, iwzá e
xireçãs itzxi s kxey ji “ijygeçãs jew qãiw” i e qemsx sy qitsx mtzixeçãs qezixte. Wikytjs e
viwuymwe, uyetzs qitsx e ijygeçãs jew qãiw, qitsx e wye xireçãs ji zxsge gsq s lmrns i,
gstwiuyitziqitzi, qemsxiw ew gnetgiw ji itgstzxexqsw tiwwew gxmetçew rmqmzeçõiw gsktmzmbew uyi
vxipyjmgeq wiy lytgmsteqitzs, qew tãs zãs kxebiw uyi vixqmzeq grewwmlmgá-rew gsqs yqe
“jilmgmêtgme iwvigílmge”. Wikytjs Lixtirr i Io (6474), gxmetçew gsq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw, uyi
tãs xigihiq yq hsq itbsrbmqitzs qezixts, zitjiq e jiwitbsrbix yqe “jiwxikyreçãs iqsgmster i
gsqvsxzeqitzer”.
Lsm shwixbejs uyi ew qãiw jiwwew gxmetçew zmbixeq yq qitsx tíbir ji ijygeçãs js uyi ew qãiw
ji gxmetçew gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs. Tiwwe ehsxjekiq, Oeilix (6440) wi xilixi à “evxitjmfekiq
vwmgsrókmge”, uyi vsji wix jizixqmtetzi vexe s bítgyrs uyi wi lef tigiwwáxms, pytzs gsq e “qáuymte
nyqete”, vexe iwzehirigix e ytmjeji iwwitgmer js evxitjix.
Tiwwi witzmjs, gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw lmgeq jivitjitziw ji
yq srnex qemw vixwvmgef jsw vxslmwwmstemw je áxie je ijygeçãs i je weúji, vsmw, emtje uyi tãs
evxiwitziq wmtzsqew gexegzixíwzmgsw ji syzxsw jmwzúxhmsw ji evxitjmfekiq, zêq yq jiwiqvitns
iwgsrex ehemds js iwvixejs. Qymzew bifiw, jiqstwzxeq wmktmlmgezmbs jiwmtzixiwwi vire iwgsre i virew
ezmbmjejiw iwgsrexiw i vsjiq, iq qymzsw gewsw, gsqiçex e evxiwitzex, vexerireqitzi, vxshriqew ji
gstjyze.
E vwmgsvijekskme, uyi te wye iwwêtgme vxsgyxe mtzixbmx ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq i iq wyew
jmlmgyrjejiw, itgstzxe, te uyimde mtmgmer jsw vemw wshxi s jiwiqvitns je gxmetçe sy js ejsriwgitzi,
s gsqiçs je mtbiwzmkeçãs jsw vxshriqew uyi iwzãs elizetjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js evxitjix. Qymzew
bifiw, é s xiwyrzejs jiwwe “iwgyze vwmgsvijekókmge” uyi lsxqyre ew nmvóziwiw wshxi e qirnsx
gstjyze e wix ejszeje. Ts itzetzs, s uyi vsjixá zxefix e wítziwi i e jilmtmçãs ji yq jmektówzmgs é e
qyrzmjmwgmvrmtexmjeji, yq zxeherns gstpytzs ji vxslmwwmstemw ji jmbixwew áxiew. Vswzixmsxqitzi, mtmgme-
wi s ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, uyi zxeze ew tigiwwmjejiw vexzmgyrexiw ji geje mtjmbíjys ts uyi
wi xilixi à evxitjmfekiq.
Vexe e vwmgsvijekskme, s lezs ji wi iwzehirigix yq jmektówzmgs, emtje uyi zexjms, é vxivstjixetzi,
vsxuyi tiri wi itgstzxeq sw qimsw vexe qmtmqmfex s vxshriqe uyi itbsrbi s vxsgiwws ji evxitjix.
Ji lsxqe mtjmbmjyer, e mtzixbitçãs mtgmji, zeqhéq, ts egsqvetneqitzs je gxmetçe pytzs à iwgsre i à
leqírme iq yq gstzítys vxsgiwws elizmbs i gsktmzmbs. Ewwmq witjs, iq yqe ehsxjekiq qemw eqvre,
báxmsw itlsuyiw iwzãs bmtgyrejsw àw uyiwzõiw ji evxitjmfekiq wsh s srnex vwmgsvijekókmgs. Wãs ew
uyiwzõiw wsgmemw, igstôqmgew, vsrízmgew, vijekókmgew i vwmgsrókmgew, uyi vsjiq bmx e mtzixlixmx
jmxizeqitzi te evxitjmfekiq lsxqer.
Geje vewwekiq ji ets “exxewzetjs”, “exxetnetjs”, “gsq ew gerçew te qãs” biq gexxikeje ji qemw
wslxmqitzs. E bmje iqsgmster mtjmbmjyer i e je leqírme zeqhéq wslxiq gsq zetze jiqetje i zetze
vxiwwãs. Iwgsre i leqírme bmbitgmeq e qiwqe etkúwzme. Tsxqerqitzi, e leqírme egsqvetne iwwi
vxsgiwws jsrsxsws wiq itzitjix e xefãs js hemds jiwiqvitns. Es egúqyrs ji zexilew
gsqvriqitzexiw, nsxáxmsw idzxew ji eyrew i rehsxezóxmsw ji evxitjmfekiq wsqeq-wi ew qúrzmvrew
ezmbmjejiw je gxmetçe, uyi xiwvstji qymzs vsygs à jiqetje iwgsrex. E gxmetçe, ewwmq gsqs e leqírme,
wslxi yq jiwkewzi ji itixkme te hywge ji qirnsxiw gstjmçõiw iwgsrexiw i ji bmje. S “mtbmwíbir”, qew
shwixbábir iwlsxçs vexe gnikex e qizew ji jiwiqvitns, ji egsxjs gsq gxmzéxmsw iwzehirigmjsw,
evexigi tsw zxehernsw iwgsrexiw i tsw ziwziw ebermezmbsw.
E gxmetçe i s ejsriwgitzi gsq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw, wsh s vstzs ji bmwze vwmgsvijekókmgs
grítmgs, tigiwwmzeq ji yqe shwixbeçãs vixqetitzi ji wiy jiwiqvitns, gsq bmwzew tãs wó e
egsqvetnex wye qezyxeçãs, qew zeqhéq e yzmrmfex e iwzmqyreçãs qemw ejiuyeje uyi, jiwwe lsxqe,
gstzxmhymxá vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i jew vxázmgew ijygegmstemw.
Ew gstjmçõiw uyi mqvõiq s “rmqmzi” itzxi s vejxãs tsxqer i s jiwiqvitns iwgsrex ji geje yq
vsjiq wix shwixbejew uyetjs e gxmetçe vewwe e zix yq jiwiqvitns ehemds js iwvixejs tsw tíbimw
sy iwzákmsw jew svixeçõiw mtzirigzyemw, gstlsxqi iwvigmlmgejsw tsw iwzyjsw ji Vmekiz.
Tiwwi gstzidzs, es ezmtkmx etsw qemw ebetçejsw ji iwgsrexmjeji, wiy tíbir ji vitweqitzs tãs
gstwikyi egsqvetnex s vxsgiwws uyetzmzezmbs i uyermzezmbs je jiqetje gyxxmgyrex. Evexigiq ew
jmwgxivâtgmew ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq i iq wyew nehmrmjejiw i xigyxwsw viwwsemw, i e gxmetçe
qswzxe-wi mtgevef ji ezmtkmx tíbimw qemw iribejsw ji vitweqitzs. Wikytjs Vmekiz, ew gxmetçew
ibsryiq gsktmzmbeqitzi, ji lsxqe nmixexuymfeje, qew sw xmzqsw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vsjiq bexmex
ji yqe gxmetçe vexe syzxe, ewwmq gsqs ji yqe gyrzyxe vexe syzxe. Iq xefãs jew gexegzixíwzmgew
wyvxeqitgmstejew, sw jiwbmsw gsktmzmbsw vsjiq wix shwixbejsw i gsqvexejsw iq yqe gyxbe
tsxqer. Vsx mwws, é mqvsxzetzi mtbiwzmkex s vsxuyê ji iwwew gxmetçew evxiwitzexiq yq xmzqs qemw
ritzs ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs vexe ibmzex vswzixmsxiw regytew ji evxitjmfekiq.
Yq jsw lezsxiw uyi vsjiq mtzixlixmx ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs e uyi Vmekiz wi xilixi é e “[...]
qezyxeçãs, s jiwjshxeqitzs jew vswwmhmrmjejiw qitzemw xiregmstejew esw ewvigzsw líwmgsw js
wmwziqe tixbsws” (VMEKIZ evyj AEJWASXZN, 7523, v. 697).
E qezyxeçãs js wmwziqe tixbsws, wikytjs Vmekiz, xiwzxmtki s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs hiq gsqs ehxi
vswwmhmrmjejiw vexe s tsbs jiwitbsrbmqitzs. [...] zer qezyxeçãs tãs jivitji wsqitzi js kitsqe i js
gxiwgmqitzs ji geje litózmvs [...] é s vxsjyzs ji mtzixeçõiw iwzximzew itzxi kitsqe i s eqhmitzi.
(AEJWASXZN, 7523, v. 697).
Tiwwi witzmjs, ew ebermeçõiw tiyxsrókmgew i vwmgsrókmgew qswzxeq es vwmgsvijeksks s vejxãs ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs iq uyi e gxmetçe wi itgstzxe, vixqmzmtjs ewwmq jizigzex jiwbmsw i wmtzsqew i
vitwex tew mtzixbitçõiw tigiwwáxmew gsq gstjyzew jmlixitgmejew.
E gxmetçe gsq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw egsqvetne sw etsw mtmgmemw ji iwgsrexmjeji, tew uyemw
s gyxxígyrs iwgsrex iwzá ejiuyejs es vitweqitzs vxé-svixegmster i es svixegmster gstgxizs. À
qijmje uyi e gxmetçe ibsrym iq gstjmçõiw ejiuyejew, wiy xegmsgítms vewwe e lefix yq qemsx túqixs
ji xivxiwitzeçõiw qitzemw i ewwmq gsqiçe e iwzehirigix gstgimzsw uyi vxsvsxgmsteq s vrits
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq, sxketmfetjs s vitweqitzs vxé-svixegmster (6 e 3 etsw) i
iwzxyzyxetjs-s vexe s vitweqitzs svixegmster gstgxizs.
Tiwwi vxsgiwws gstzítys, iq uyi s tíbir ji vitweqitzs bem wi iwzxyzyxetjs gsktmzmbeqitzi, e
gxmetçe zsxte-wi gevef ji jiwitbsrbix yq xegmsgítms rókmgs i ji xiwsrbix wmzyeçõiw-vxshriqe
gstgxizew. Iwwi é s gneqejs vixísjs jew svixeçõiw gstgxizew (3 e 77 etsw).
Jyxetzi iwwi vixísjs, e gxmetçe é gevef ji jiwgitzxex wyew vixgivçõiw, egsqvetnex
zxetwlsxqeçõiw i xiermfex svixeçõiw rókmgew (wixmeçãs, gstwixbeçãs i grewwmlmgeçãs) geje bif qemw
gsqvridew i uyi wixbiq ji hewi vexe s gstgimzs ji túqixs. S vitweqitzs svixe wshxi sw shpizsw
i sw lezsw gstgxizsw shwixbábimw i xiemw. Mtmgme-wi, ewwmq, s vxsgiwws ji xibixwmhmrmjeji js
vitweqitzs, uyi zsxte e gxmetçe gevef ji gsqvxiitjix i pyrkex lezsw xiemw. Tiwwi vixísjs e gxmetçe
é gevef ji xegmsgmtex wshxi s zsjs i wyew vexziw wmqyrzetieqitzi. Es lmter jiwwi iwzákms, e gxmetçe é
gevef ji evxitjix xikxew gitzxemw uyi e lefiq vitwex wshxi s qims iq uyi bmbi i ejevzex-wi es
eqhmitzi. Vexe Vmekiz, wyvixex s vitweqitzs svixegmster gstgxizs é iwzex evzs e “[...] xegmsgmtex
ilizmbeqitzi wshxi s vxiwitzi, s vewwejs i s lyzyxs” (AEJWASXZN, 6449, v. 760).
S vixísjs jew svixeçõiw lsxqemw (e vexzmx ji 76 etsw) é, js vstzs ji bmwze lytgmster, wikytjs
Vmekiz, gexegzixmfejs virs xegmsgítms gmitzílmgs i vire gstwzxyçãs ji nmvóziwiw. Es ezmtkmx e mjeji ji
71-70 etsw, s ejsriwgitzi jibi iwzex vitwetjs iq bexmábimw uyi hywuyiq wsryçõiw vexe wmzyeçõiw-
vxshriqe.
Js vstzs ji bmwze lytgmster, s vitweqitzs gstgxizs i s vitweqitzs lsxqer wãs wiqirnetziw. Eqhsw
iqvxikeq svixeçõiw rókmgew. E vxmtgmver jmlixitçe itzxi sw jsmw vitweqitzsw gstwmwzi te qemsx ehxetkêtgme
ji xegmsgítms js vitweqitzs lsxqer. (VMEKIZ evyj AEJWASXZN, 6449, v. 760).
Js vstzs ji bmwze vwmgsvijekókmgs, hewiejs tsw iwzyjsw vmekizmetsw, s vitweqitzs gstgxizs
iwzehirigi, hewmgeqitzi, xireçõiw wshxi s uyi é vervábir i gstnigmjs i bmtgyre-wi lsxziqitzi àw
idvixmêtgmew bmbmjew.
Pá s iwzákms js vitweqitzs lsxqer idmki yq xegmsgítms hewiejs iq lsxqyreçãs ji nmvóziwiw wshxi
s vxiwitzi, s vewwejs i s lyzyxs. Mwws xivxiwitze yqe qemsx ehxetkêtgme jew tsçõiw ji ziqvs i ji
iwveçs, jmwzxmhyíjew iq gmxgytwzâtgmew tew uyemw vsjiq wix vixgihmjsw lezsw pá sgsxxmjsw sy
vxibmwzsw i vretipejsw, iq yqe mtgrywãs qemw eqvre jew bmbêtgmew i jew idvixmêtgmew ji geje yq. Iri
é gexegzixmfejs virs vitweqitzs nmvszézmgs. E gxmetçe zsxte-wi gstwgmitziqitzi jijyzmbe (vitwe tew
geywew i tsw ilimzsw) i é gevef ji irehsxex vxsvswmçõiw nmvszézmgew, mwzs é, vxibix lezsw vswwíbimw vexe
xilrizmx wshxi s xier. Vexe Vmekiz, “[...] e vxisgyveçãs gsq s vitweqitzs é s gsqvstitzi
lytjeqitzer js iwzákms jew svixeçõiw lsxqemw” (OEKET; qywwit; gstkiX, 7533, v. 609). Tiwwe
vixwvigzmbe, s iwvixejs vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ejiuyejs ji yqe gxmetçe é uyi, te qijmje iq uyi
ire wi jiwitbsrbi, wye gevegmjeji vexe evxitjix egsqvetni s wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs hmsrókmgs i
iqsgmster, kexetzmtjs-rni gstjmçõiw iwwitgmemw vexe uyi ire vswwe gnikex e iwzákmsw qemw ebetçejsw
ji jiwiqvitns ts lyzyxs.
S tíbir ji vitweqitzs uyi gsxxiwvstji esw etsw iwgsrexiw e vexzmx js 1s ets idmki xegmsgítms i
vitweqitzs geje bif qemw ehwzxezsw. Wsh iwwe vixwvigzmbe, ibmjitziqitzi, ew jmlmgyrjejiw
mtzirigzyemw ribiw wó wãs xigstnigmjew iq mjeji iwgsrex qemw ejmetzeje. Idmwziq jsmw kxetjiw
jiwelmsw vexe sw mtjmbíjysw uyi evxiwitzeq jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw: s jmektówzmgs vxigsgi i s
vxsktówzmgs.
 E vwmgsvijekskme, ermgixçeje te tiyxsgmêtgme i te vwmgsrskme, hywge s bítgyrs itzxi e evxitjmfekiq
i e lsxqe mtjmbmjyermfeje js “evxitjix e evxitjix”. Vexe uyi e mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge vswwe
iwzehirigix qizew i qmtmqmfex s wmtzsqe, hywgetjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgswwsgmer js mtjmbíjys, s
jmektówzmgs é wmktmlmgezmbs.
S vxsgiwws ji mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge iwzá bsrzejs vexe s jiwiqvitns tãs wó jew
gevegmjejiw mtzirigzyemw, qew zeqhéq vexe s jiwiqvitns js ejsriwgitzi gsqs mtjmbíjys,
lsxzerigitjs wye gsqvizêtgme wsgmer. Ji gixze lsxqe, e vwmgsvijekskme bmehmrmfe e ejiuyeçãs jew
gstjyzew wsgmsijygegmstemw vexe lsxzerigix, ts ejsriwgitzi, e gevegmjeji ji eyzstsqme, e ibsryçãs
ji mtzixiwwiw i ew xireçõiw wsgmemw.
É mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi e leqírme zeqhéq jibi wix ehsxjeje, vexe uyi vswwe gstzxmhymx te
uyermjeji jew xireçõiw elizmbew i jew mtzixeçõiw gsq s qims, jiwiqvitnetjs yq vevir legmrmzejsx
vexe e bmje wsgmsigstôqmge i gyrzyxer js ejsriwgitzi. S evsms esw vemw zsxte-wi ji lytjeqitzer
mqvsxzâtgme vexe e mtzixeçãs itzxi iriw i e gxmetçe, ji qsjs uyi, iq gstpytzs gsq sw zixeviyzew i
qéjmgsw, vswweq vretmlmgex s lyzyxs xiwvimzetjs ew nehmrmjejiw mtjmbmjyemw.
Ewwmq witjs, e viwuymwe i e zisxme wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtzirigzyer, iq uyi Vmekiz
lytjeqitzsy e iwzxyzyxeçãs js vxsgiwws ji gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs, wixbiq ji hewi ji
mtzixbitçãs vexe e vwmgsvijekskme. Gsqvizi e tów, vwmgsvijeksksw, evsmejsw te
qyrzmjmwgmvrmtexmjeji, ezitjix àw tigiwwmjejiw jiwwew gxmetçew, ts xmzqs mtjmbmjyer i ji egsxjs gsq e
nmwzóxme ji geje yqe, i ejevzá-rew à bmje iq wsgmijeji.
Xilrizmx wshxi ew xefõiw uyi vsjiq ribex e yq jmektówzmgs ji jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw itbsrbi
e wsgmijeji gsqs yq zsjs, qew vxmtgmverqitzi sw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji i je ijygeçãs. Iwwe, zerbif,
wipe yqe lsxqe ji ibmzex yq jmektówzmgs zexjms i ewwmq gstzxmhymx vexe yq qirnsx jiwitbsrbmqitzs
gsktmzmbs je gxmetçe. Es qiwqs ziqvs, é tigiwwáxms vitwex tsw vejxõiw tsxqemw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs uyi s wix nyqets evxiwitze ts mtígms ji wiy gmgrs bmzer ts uyi wi xilixi à
rmtkyekiq i esw ewvigzsw vwmgsqszsx, gsktmzmbs i wsgmer. Wmtemw ji xmwgs vsjiq wixbmx gsqs
ejbixzêtgme vexe e iwzmqyreçãs vxigsgi i, ewwmq, kexetzmx e vxmqefme je vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer.
Tiwwe vixwvigzmbe, e vwmgsvijekskme hywge vixqetitziqitzi xigyxwsw vexe egstzigix s “evxitjix
e evxitjix”, iqheweje tsw iwzyjsw vmekizmetsw i beritjs-wi je ibsryçãs zigtsrókmge, itzxireçeje àw
gmêtgmew je weúji i je ijygeçãs.

E NMWZÓXME JI QEXMETE

Iriqitzsw je ebermeçãs vwmgsvijekókmge

S gews iq iwzyjs xireze s mqvegzs js jmektówzmgs ji jmlmgyrjejiw mtzirigzyemw ribiw iq yqe leqírme
uyi tãs zibi s ziqvs gsqs lezsx vxijmzsx ji qemsxiw jetsw ts jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs i iqsgmster
js lmrns.
E izmsrskme jew jmlmgyrjejiw evxiwitzejew ts qsqitzs je vxsgyxe zixevêyzmge vexigi wix hiq
vstzyer: evitew yqe jmlmgyrjeji te erlehizmfeçãs. Itzxizetzs, e hywge iq gsqvxiitjix e sgsxxêtgme
jew jmlmgyrjejiw i uyi tíbimw ezmtkiq gstjyf à eçãs vwmgsvijekókmge vsx qims ji yqe ebermeçãs i à
lsxqyreçãs ji nmvóziwiw e xiwvimzs je uyimde mtmgmer: tãs gstwikyi evxitjix e rix i tãs iwzá
egsqvetnetjs e zyxqe.
Qexmete, 0 etsw i 74 qiwiw, lmrne útmge, lxiuyitze s 7s ets ji yqe iwgsre vexzmgyrex. S vexzs lsm
giwáxis, i e qitmte viwebe 9,814 ok. Qeqsy ezé sw 2 qiwiw, geqmtnsy gsq 7 ets i 6 qiwiw, lersy
verebxew wsrzew gsq 74 qiwiw i lxewiw gsq 9 etsw: Wiqvxi lersy qymzs vsygs. Gnyvsy hmgs ezé sw 8
etsw i ywsy qeqejimxe ezé 9 etsw. Evxiwitzebe ityxiwiw iwvsxájmgew ezé sw 0 etsw.
Itzxi sw 9-8 etsw ji mjeji, e qãi ewwyqmy gexks mqvsxzetzi, lmgetjs qemw ziqvs eywitzi tiwwi
vixísjs, ji qsjs uyi s vem ewwyqmy vsx qemw ziqvs sw gymjejsw je qitmte.
Itzxi sw etzigijitziw leqmrmexiw, e qãi xireze uyi wye mxqã ziq yq kxey ji zxetwzsxts js
iwvigzxs eyzmwze i ezé nspi, gsq 81 etsw, evxiwitze jmlmgyrjejiw vexe rimzyxe i iwgxmze.
Qexmete é bemjswe, iwzá wiqvxi hiq exxyqeje i vxisgyveje gsq ew xsyvew uyi ywe. Evázmge, lere
vsygs. Gnike àw wiwwõiw i witze. Qswzxe-wi vsygs jmwvstíbir vexe e xiermfeçãs ji ezmbmjejiw i psksw.
Tãs jiqstwzxe gyxmswmjeji iq idvrsxex s eqhmitzi vwmgsqszsx tiq uyiwzmste wshxi gemdew, psksw i
hxmtuyijsw idvswzsw vire were. Jmetzi ji wmzyeçõiw vxibmwzew vexe qshmrmfex wye gyxmswmjeji,
vixqetigi uymize, gsq ew qãsw itzxi ew vixtew i srnex vsygs idvxiwwmbs. Wmqvriwqitzi gnike i
ekyexje s uyi bem wix vxsvswzs.
Wikytjs e qãi, egsxje qymzs gijs i é qemw ezmbe tiwwi vixísjs. À zexji kswze ji jsxqmx, bix
ziribmwãs i lxiuyitze jyew bifiw vsx wiqete e iwgsre ji heré. E viwwse xiwvstwábir vsx ire ts
vixísjs je zexji é yqe witnsxe ji qemw ji 04 etsw eterlehize.
Wikytjs sw vemw, Qexmete ziq gxmwiw ji hmxxe iq gewe: hxmke vsx uyeruyix gsmwe, kxmze, qsxji,
xizxyge s vem i jivsmw gnsxe. Jiwji viuyite, uyetjs é ribeje vexe wye geqe, xirezeq uyi tãs kswze
ji lmgex wsfmtne. Ziq jmlmgyrjeji iq biwzmx-wi, tãs zsqe hetns wsfmtne i tike-wi e xiermfex nmkmiti
viwwser.
 E qãi xireze uyi “[...] teuyiri vxmqimxs ets ji iwgsrmtne tãs lxiuyitzebe ew werew xikyrexqitzi. Lerzebe
qymzs jibmjs e qymzew szmziw i mtligçõiw xiwvmxezóxmew”. Iq 6477, lsm qezxmgyreje te ijygeçãs mtletzmr,
tíbir H, te iwgsre vexzmgyrex uyi lxiuyitze ezé nspi. Wikytjs xirezs je qãi, “[...] zeqhéq tãs ixe
qymzs lxiuyitzi, jibmjs es lezs ji wix ts zyxts je zexji. Egsxjebe qymzs gijs i jsxqme jivsmw js erqsçs.
Lmgebe qymzs jmlígmr egsxjá-re vexe ribá-re à iwgsre”. Uyetjs egstzigme, lmgebe wiqvxi ji qey nyqsx i
tãs vxsjyfme qymzs. Ts ets ji 6476, lxiuyitzsy itzãs s 7s ets ts zyxts je qetnã.
Te iwgsre, Qexmete tãs evxiwitze jmlmgyrjejiw iq xiregmstex-wi gsq s kxyvs, vsxéq, iq were ji
eyre, qswzxe-wi evázmge i tãs gstwikyi egsqvetnex ew ezmbmjejiw, wikytjs xirezs je vxsliwwsxe.
Evxiwitze jmlmgyrjeji iq gsvmex, gejixts mtgsqvrizs i jiwsxketmfejs (wiq tsçãs ji mtígms i
wygiwwãs), rizxe hewzetzi kxetji. Tãs uyetzmlmge i qswzxe jmlmgyrjeji te gstwzxyçãs tyqéxmge.
Zeqhéq jyxetzi ew wiwwõiw ji vwmgsvijekskme iq erkytw qsqitzsw, qswzxe-wi “eywitzi”, gsq
srnex jmwzetzi.
Ew ebermeçõiw vwmgsqszsxe i vwmgsvijekókmge xiermfejew iq lmq ji ekswzs ji 6476 qswzxexeq yq
vixlmr vwmgsqszsx mqezyxs gsq nmvszstme qywgyrex.
Tew nehmrmjejiw ji rimzyxe i iwgxmze wiy jiwiqvitns é gsqvezíbir gsq s tíbir vxé-wmráhmgs.
Xigstnigi ji lsxqe mtgstwmwzitzi erkyqew rizxew js erlehizs, wiq ewwsgmeçãs lstézmge. Wye
rmtkyekiq é vsygs lryitzi. Wiyw xirezsw tãs wãs sxketmfejsw i evxiwitze jmlmgyrjeji ji exzmgyreçãs
iq erkytw lstiqew. Evxiwitze qymze jmlmgyrjeji te gsqvxiitwãs ji sxjitw. Te kxelme, evxiwitze
lernew ts ligneqitzs ji gíxgyrsw. Evxiitji s rávmw ji lsxqe ejiuyeje, vsxéq, wye idvxiwwãs kxálmge
é mtgmvmitzi i gsq zxeçejs mxxikyrex.
Jiwitne e lmkyxe nyqete ji gehiçe vexe hemds: mtmgme s jiwitns vire gehiçe, vswmgmstetjs-e te
vexzi mtlixmsx je lsrne, jivsmw gstzmtye s gsxvs i ew vixtew e wiy qsjs.
S tíbir ji vitweqitzs tew vxsbew vmekizmetew itgstzxe-wi iq iwzákms vxé-svixezóxms: wyhiwzákms
mtzymzmbs krsher. Qswzxe jmlmgyrjejiw tew svixeçõiw rókmgew (wixmex, grewwmlmgex, sxjitex, uyetzmlmgex) i
mtlxerókmgew (iwveçs i ziqvs).
Qswzxe lernew ts qetips gsq shpizsw ji yws jmáxms, gsqs kexls, lege, wehstizi, zserne (rebex i
wigex ew qãsw). Tãs gstwikyi biwzmx sw zêtmw sy hszew, ewwmq gsqs gewegsw sy qsrizstw.
Lsxeq wsrmgmzejsw ideqiw vexe lmtw ji jmektówzmgs, xiwyqmjeqitzi jiwgxmzsw: wsh s vstzs ji bmwze
tiyxsrókmgs evxiwitzsy mqezyxmjeji tiyxsrókmge, jiqstwzxeje ts Ideqi Tiyxsrókmgs Ibsryzmbs
(ITI) xihemdejs vexe 8-1 etsw; s irizxsitgilerskxeqe (IIK iq bmkírme, wiq lszsiwzmqyreçãs)
evxiwitze jmwgxize ritzmlmgeçãs jsw xmzqsw ji hewi vexe e mjeji; sw ideqiw ji nsxqôtms i gexmózmvs
lsxeq tsxqemw; e ebermeçãs gsq qéjmgs szsxxmtsrexmtksrskmwze jizigze gsxtizsw eyqitzejsw; e
ebermeçãs gsq slzerqsrskmwze lsm tsxqer; e ebermeçãs vwmgsjmektówzmge xiermfeje iq qexçs ji 6479
qswzxe s kxálmgs ji evzmjõiw gsktmzmbew, mtjmge jiwiqvitns mtzirigzyer krsher iq tíbir rmqízxsli gsq e
tsxqermjeji. E áxie bixher itgstzxe-wi vxiwixbeje (tíbir qéjms) gsq vxipyífs wmktmlmgezmbs iq pyífs
gxízmgs i tsxqezmbs, ezitçãs-gstgitzxeçãs, xegmsgítms exmzqézmgs i vitweqitzs xibixwíbir. Qswzxe
qymze lxekmrmjeji vexe rmjex gsq jiwelmsw je eyzstsqme i js gxiwgmqitzs. Uyetjs qymzs idmkmje,
zitji e jiwrmkex-wi jsw iwzíqyrsw idzixtsw, vexigitjs xilykmex-wi ts qytjs je letzewme:
UM Bixher: 30 Rmqízxsli
UM Idigyçãs: 34 Rmqízxsli
UM Zszer: 37 Rmqízxsli
S vxsgiwws ji mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge
E mtzixbitçãs mtmgmer lsm ts qetips je leqírme gsq Qexmete ts witzmjs ji wermitzex e mqvsxzâtgme te
vexzmgmveçãs jew ezmbmjejiw je bmje jmáxme, ji lsxqe uyi vixqmzeq e ire vitwex, xilrizmx i gnikex e
gstgrywõiw, qshmrmfetjs iwzxyzyxew gsktmzmbew, iwzmqyretjs wiy xegmsgítms bixher, vixgivzmbs i qszsx.
Te grítmge, ew iwzxezékmew ji mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge zêq gsqs shpizmbs vxmtgmver iwzmqyrex ew
áxiew jilewejew evxiwitzejew tew ebermeçõiw: pyífs gxízmgs i tsxqezmbs, ezitçãs-gstgitzxeçãs,
xegmsgítms exmzqézmgs, lytjeqitzejsw tsw uyezxs lezsxiw iq uyi Vmekiz idvrmge s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
mtzirmkêtgme: qezyxeçãs i nixijmzexmijeji, idvixmêtgme ezmbe, mtzixeçãs wsgmer i iuymrmhxeçãs. Je
qiwqe lsxqe, Qexmete hywge jiwitbsrbix wyew nehmrmjejiw ji euymwmçãs je rimzyxe i iwgxmze
(gstwgmêtgme lstsrókmge).
Evów yq ets ji mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge, vexigi uyi Qexmete iwzá qemw lirmf. Ritzeqitzi
qswzxe wmtemw ji gyxmswmjeji i vxefix i te bmje.
Tiwwi witzmjs, sw vxmtgívmsw uyi tsxzimeq s ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs i vwmgsqszsx hewimeq-
wi te vxiqmwwe ji uyi e vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer wi wshxivõi à gstjmçãs ji zsjew ew gstjyzew e wixiq
wikymjew vsx euyiriw uyi lefiq vexzi js qytjs ji Qexmete. S jmteqmwqs gsq uyi tswws géxihxs
gevze js eqhmitzi sw iwzíqyrsw uyi wãs s ermgixgi i sw legmrmzejsxiw vexe uyi wi jiwitbsrbeq tsbew
iwzxyzyxew gsktmzmbew hitilmgme e qitmte.
Ew gstzxmhymçõiw uyi e tiyxsgmêtgme i e tiyxsvwmgsrskme zxefiq vexe e wsgmijeji lytjeqitzeq e
mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge evsmejew te qyrzmjmwgmvrmtexmjeji. Tiwwi witzmjs, iq Vmekiz, itgstzxe-
wi s ermgixgi uyi jmxigmste s ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs ji Qexmete.
 XILIXÊTGMEW
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB-ZX. 8. ij. xib. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6446.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
HEJJIRIC, E.; ETJIXWST, Q. A.; ICWITGO, Q. A. Qiqóxme. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6477.
LIXTIRR, I.; IO, Y. Hsxjixrmti mtzirrigzyer lytgzmstmtk mt gnmrjxit etj ejsriwgitzw: mtwyllmgmitzrc xigsktmfij jmllmgyrzmiw. Egze
Veijmezxmge, b. 55, t. 1, v. 382-319, 6474.
OEILIX, N. Wiqmsrskme vwmgsrókmge. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq
tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
OEKET, P.; QYWWIT V.; GSTKIX, P. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs i vixwstermjeji je gxmetçe. 8. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Nexhxe, 7533.
XIHSRRS, Q. E. Jmlmgyrzejiw jir evxitjmfepi. Qstzibmjis: Vxitwe Qéjmge Rezmtseqixmgete, 6448.
XSZZE, T. Z. Zxetwzsxts je ezitçãs: ewvigzsw grítmgsw. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je
evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Xszmtew iq tiyxsvijmezxme. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6441.
BERIZZ, X. Zxezeqitzs ji jmwzúxhmsw ji evxitjmfekiq. Wãs Veyrs: Ytmbixwmjeji, 7533.
AEJWASXZN, H. Mtzirmkêtgme i elizmbmjeji je gxmetçe te zisxme ji Vmekiz. Wãs Veyrs: Vmstimxe, 6449.
AEJWASXZN, H. Vmekiz vexe s vxsliwwsx je vxé-iwgsre i 7ºkxey. 9. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Vmstimxe, 7523.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
LIXXIMXE, Q. N. Q. Evxitjmfekiq i vxshriqew iqsgmstemw. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je
evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
QEXGIRRM, J. Qetyer ji vwmgsvezsrskme je mtlâtgme ji Epyxmekyixxe. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 7552.
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
AIGNWRIX, J. Iwgere ji Mtzirmkêtgme Aignwrix vexe gxmetçew. Wãs Veyrs: Gewe js Vwmgórsks, 6446.

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