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Zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN) i

mtzixbitçãs vijekókmge: s gews “Bmti, s gsxvs leretjs”
0
WETJXE G. WGNXSIJIX I BMBMETI HEWZSW LSXTIX

MTZXSJYÇÃS
S zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN) é yqe gstwzxyçãs tswsrókmge uyi ezmtki
yq túqixs gstwmjixábir ji gxmetçew ts qytjs zsjs. E Sxketmfeçãs Qytjmer je Weúji (SQW) iwzmqe
uyi itzxi 6,1 i 1% jsw ejyrzsw, te qemsxme jew gyrzyxew, wslxeq ew gstwiuyêtgmew jiwwi zxetwzsxts
ts wiy gszmjmets.
Uyetjs tsw sgyveqsw jiwwi ewwytzs, tswws mtzixiwwi, qemw js uyi lefix yqe jiwgxmçãs gxmzixmswe
wshxi e ziqázmge js ZJEN, lsm vitwex erzixtezmbew vexe yqe tsbe gstwzxyçãs gstgimzyer. Vexzmtjs js
vxmtgívms ji uyi e nmvixezmbmjeji é yqe qetmliwzeçãs gsxvóxie, vire ekmzeçãs uyi wiqvxi gstzéq,
mqekmteqsw uyi yq tsbs srnex vexe iwwi ewvigzs vsjixme eydmrmex vxslmwwmstemw tew wyew vxázmgew
gszmjmetew.
É wehmjs uyi s yws ji qijmgeqitzsw vsji eydmrmex ts gstzxsri js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer gsqs
yq zsjs, vsxéq, yqe gxmetçe é zeqhéq e idvxiwwmbmjeji js wiy gsxvs, é e gstwzxyçãs wyhpizmbe uyi
qszmbe s kiwzs, é e mtzixezmbmjeji tigiwwáxme vexe gstnigix s qytjs.
Tiwzi gevízyrs, e êtlewi wi mtgrmte wshxi ew gstwmjixeçõiw wshxi s gsxvs, wyew xireçõiw gsq s
evxitjix i gsq s vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs. Xiwwerzeqsw e mqvsxzâtgme js zxeherns vwmgsqszsx tiwwe
mtzixbitçãs i e tigiwwmjeji ji iwzmqyreçãs i js iuymríhxms gsq gxmetçew tiwwe wmzyeçãs.
S zxeherns uyi qszmbsy iwzi iwzyjs lif vexzi ji yqe evxiwitzeçãs ts Kxyvs ji Iwzyjsw ji
Tiyxsrskme Ebetçeje. Vexe iwwe ezmbmjeji, lsm xiermfejs yq iwzyjs js exzmks “Gnmrjxit Amzn Ezzitzmst
Jilmgmz Ncvixegzmbmzc Jmwsxjix Nebi Mqvemxij Heretgi Lytgzmst: Mtbsrbiqitz sl Wsqezswitwsxc, Bmwyer
etj Biwzmhyrex Wcwziqw” (iq vsxzykyêw, “Gxmetçew gsq zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji
ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji gsq vxipyífs te lytçãs ji iuymríhxms: itbsrbmqitzs jsw wmwziqew
wsqezswwitwsxmer, bmwyer i biwzmhyrex”), ji Wnyq i Vetk (6445).
S exzmks ziq gsqs shpizmbs gsqvexex e vixlsxqetgi ji iuymríhxms i s gstzxsri je sxketmfeçãs vexe
s iuymríhxms iq gxmetçew gsq ZJEN-G (evxiwitzeçãs gsqhmteje),7 iq xireçãs e gxmetçew gsq s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs. Vexe zetzs, lsxeq viwuymwejew 89 gxmetçew gsq ZJEN i 14 gxmetçew gsq
jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs. Lsxeq yzmrmfejsw ziwziw ji bermjeçãs, gsqs s Witwsxc Sxketmfezmst Ziwz (WSZ),
i vxszsgsrsw mtjmgezmbsw jew lytçõiw xiregmstejew es iuymríhxms gsqs s wmwziqe wsqezswwitwsxmer,
biwzmhyrex i bmwyer.
Ew gsqvxiitwõiw ejbmtjew jiwwi iwzyjs tsw zxsydixeq yqe gsqvxiitwãs vexe s gews grítmgs uyi
gneqexiqsw ji “Bmti”. Iwwi xirezs ji mtzixbitçãs e vexzmx ji yqe ehsxjekiq vwmgsvijekókmge ziq
gsqs shpizmbs mrywzxex s exzmks iwzyjejs, eréq ji wix yqe zitzezmbe ji idvetjmx e jmwgywwãs wshxi ew
vswwmhmrmjejiw uyi e vwmgsvijekskme slixigi.

ZXETWZSXTS JI JÉLMGMZ JI EZITÇÃS/NMVIXEZMBMJEJI: GSTGIMZYERMFEÇÕIW MTMGMEMW

Xizsqetjs e rmzixezyxe qéjmge itgstzxeqsw gsqs jilmtmçãs gstgimzyer js zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji
ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji yq wmtzsqe tiyxsgsqvsxzeqitzer grewwmlmgejs iq zxêw geziksxmew:
jiwezitçãs, nmvixezmbmjeji i mqvyrwmbmjeji. Vsxzetzs, s ZJEN wi gexegzixmfe vsx yq tíbir mtejiuyejs
 ji ezitçãs iq xireçãs es iwvixejs, s uyi ribe e jmwzúxhmsw qszsxiw, vixgivzmbsw, gsktmzmbsw i
gsqvsxzeqitzemw (XSZZE, 6440).
Te GMJ-74 (ASXRJ NIERZN SXKETMFEZMST, 7559), s uyi gneqeqsw ji ZJEN iwzá grewwmlmgejs ts
kxyvs L54 – Zxetwzsxtsw Nmvixgmtézmgsw, uyi mtgryiq s zxetwzsxts sy wítjxsqi ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs
gsq nmvixezmbmjeji. Tiwwe grewwmlmgeçãs, e vxmtgmver gexegzixíwzmge é yq kxebi jélmgmz te ezitçãs i e
vxiwitçe ji nmvixezmbmjeji. Xiwwerzeq e tigiwwmjeji ji uyi iwzipe vxiwitzi iq qemw ji yqe
wmzyeçãs, gsqs gewe i iwgsre, vsx idiqvrs.
S JWQ-MB-ZX (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446), bmkitzi ezé s ets ji 6478, jiwgxibi ew
qiwqew gexegzixíwzmgew wmtzsqázmgew: jiwezitçãs i nmvixezmbmjeji. Itzxi sw gxmzéxmsw, s lezsx mjeji (3
etsw) é yq vxijmzsx je grewwmlmgeçãs. E grewwmlmgeçãs emtje qitgmste zxêw wyhzmvsw: gsq vxijsqítms
ji jiwezitçãs, gsq vxijsqítms ji nmvixezmbmjeji i yqe gsqhmteçãs ji eqhew (evxiwitzeçãs
gsqhmteje).
E vxmtgmver jmlixitçe gsq s JWQ-MB é s lezs ji zix wmjs xizmxejs s rmqmzi ji mjeji ji 3 etsw vexe s
evexigmqitzs jsw wmtzsqew. Ts JWQ-1 (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478, v. 04), s mziq
xirezmbs à mjeji evstze uyi “[...] báxmsw wmtzsqew ji jiwezitçãs i nmvixezmbmjeji-mqvyrwmbmjeji
iwzebeq vxiwitziw etziw jsw 76 etsw ji mjeji”. Gsq mwws, tsbsw iriqitzsw je bmje je gxmetçe, gsqs
e iwgsre sy syzxew xireçõiw vxiwitziw, eydmrmeq e gstlmkyxex i xigstnigix s uyejxs uyi e gxmetçe
evxiwitze.
Wãs zeqhéq gexegzixíwzmgew jiwwi uyejxs s gsqvxsqizmqitzs js iuymríhxms i js gstzxsri je
sxketmfeçãs witwsxmer, vsmw wãs gxmetçew qymzs ekmzejew, qsbmqitzetjs yq gsxvs uyi tãs wi
egsqsje.
Wehi-wi uyi tãs é yq zxetwzsxts ji evxitjmfekiq, qew sw wmtzsqew tygriexiw jiwwi zxetwzsxts
gsqvsxzeqitzer (jiwezitçãs, nmvixezmbmjeji i mqvyrwmbmjeji) zêq yq kxetji vxipyífs te bmje
iwgsrex, elizetjs e gsqvxiitwãs jsw wmwziqew wmqhórmgsw je rimzyxe, je iwgxmze i je qeziqázmge.
S zxetwzsxts é qyrzmlezsxmer, itbsrbitjs kitézmge i iwlixew eqhmitzemw. Iri wi ibmjitgme uyetjs sw
wmtzsqew vxmtgmvemw (jiwezitçãs, nmvixezmbmjeji i mqvyrwmbmjeji) wi qetmliwzeq iq yqe mtzitwmjeji
egmqe js iwvixejs vexe e lewi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx i gsktmzmbs je gxmetçe.

GSTNIGITJS S QYTJS JE GXMETÇE GSQ ZJEN

Erkytw jiwzeuyiw uyi vsjiq tsw erixzex vexe e vixgivçãs jiwwi uyejxs. Ew gxmetçew gsq ZJEN
vsjiq evxiwitzex:
• Jmlmgyrjeji jiqstwzxeje iq wi gstgitzxex iq yqe jizixqmteje zexile vsx yq vixísjs gstwmjixejs
tsxqer vexe wye mjeji. Vsx mwws, tãs rniw ekxeje zexilew ji ezitçãs lsgeje, witjs ew ezmbmjejiw
líwmgew qemw vxsgyxejew. Uyetjs wãs nmvixezmbew, s uyejxs é ji ekmzeçãs mtbsrytzáxms, e mqvyrwmbmjeji
vxiwitzi ew lef wi gsqvsxzex ji lsxqe mtejiuyeje i e lerze ji gstzxsri ew gsrsge iq wmzyeçãs ji
xmwgs.
• Iwuyigiq gsq legmrmjeji, vexigiq tãs sybmx s uyi rniw é jmzs, vsmw wó sybiq s uyi rniw mtzixiwwe.
• À qijmje uyi wãs xivxiitjmjew, bãs gstwzxymtjs yqe eyzsmqekiq tikezmbe i kxetji jmlmgyrjeji iq
zsrixex lxywzxeçõiw i rmqmziw. Witziq-wi qexkmtermfejew i gsq jmlmgyrjejiw ji ejevzex-wi iq
mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw.
• Wye eyzsiwzmqe vxigmwe wi ermqitzex ji xilsxçs vswmzmbs i vxsqsçõiw ji qszmbeçãs.
• Tãs vxiwzeq ezitçãs iq jizerniw, gsqs gstwiuyêtgme gsqiziq ixxsw iq ezmbmjejiw iwgsrexiw, tãs
zixqmtetjs ew zexilew.
• Jiqstwzxeq jmlmgyrjejiw te sxketmfeçãs i ts vretipeqitzs ji zexilew iq uyi é idmkmjs yq iwlsxçs
qitzer wywzitzejs.
• Uyetjs wãs nmvixezmbew, wye ezmbmjeji qszsxe wi evxiwitze idekixejeqitzi mtzitwe, jiwipetjs
wiqvxi e vxódmqe ezmbmjeji.

XIGSXZIW TIGIWWÁXMSW JI QETIPS

Erkyqew wmzyeçõiw sy ezmzyjiw vsjiq lebsxigix e xireçãs je gxmetçe gsq s wiy gszmjmets:
• Vxigmweq uyi s eqhmitzi iwzxyzyxi s uyi tãs gstwikyiq iwzxyzyxex mtzixteqitzi vsx gstze
vxóvxme.
• Riqhxizi ji mtwzxyçõiw, egsxjsw grexsw, xszmte, itgsxepeqitzs ji gsqvizêtgmew.
• Yq srnex lmxqi (ji vemw sy vxsliwwsxiw) vsji zmxex e gxmetçe je jiwezitçãs, vswwmhmrmzetjs yqe
vixkytze.
• Uyetzs qemw gijs lsx limzs s jmektówzmgs, sw vxshriqew wigytjáxmsw wixãs qemw hiq ezitjmjsw i
qetipejsw virs zxmvé ji evsms – leqírme, iwgsre i zixevmew. E gxmetçe bem ewwyqmtjs e kixêtgme js
vxsgiwws je wye evxitjmfekiq i evxitji e bmbix gsq s géxihxs qemw rmbxi ji xózyrsw (vxikymçsws,
wiq bstzeji, jiwezitzs, wiq jiwips) gsq vswwmhmrmjeji ji lsgex qirnsx e ezitçãs. E leqírme zixá
 qsbmqitzsw qemw weyjábimw ji qetips, gsqvxiitwãs i epyje, gstwsrmjetjs vixwmwzêtgme i bítgyrsw
tiwwi vxsgiwws.
• S shpizmbs js zxezeqitzs tãs é e gyxe, vsmw wi zxeze ji yq zxetwzsxts tiyxsuyíqmgs. É tigiwwáxme e
xisxketmfeçãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs lytgmster wezmwlezóxms gstwmks qiwqs, te leqírme, te iwgsre i te
wsgmijeji. ZJEN é yq vxshriqe gxôtmgs, uyi vsji i jibi wix qmtmqmfejs.
• S zxezeqitzs qijmgeqitzsws eki wshxi s vxshriqe tiyxsuyíqmgs uyi jmlmgyrze e ezitçãs,
qirnsxetjs ew gstjmçõiw ji evxitjmfekiq i vswwmhmrmzetjs qirnsxiw jiwiqvitnsw.
• E iwgsrne je iwgsre é limze virsw vemw gsq wyew idvigzezmbew i mjiermfeçõiw, hywgetjs vexe s lmrns s
uyi idmwzi ji qirnsx. Qymzew bifiw é tigiwwáxme e mtzixbitçãs js vwmgsvijeksks tiwwe epyje, vexe
uyi wipe limze e qirnsx svçãs gstzidzyermfeje, gstwmjixetjs s vixlmr je gxmetçe.
• Gxmetçew gsq ZJEN tigiwwmzeq ji ejyrzsw uyi idixçeq wiy vevir tsxqezmbs: sxmitzex, gstzix,
gstwzxymx egsxjsw gsq rmqmziw gstwmwzitziw. Wiq idgiwwsw ji ezmzyjiw gstzxsrejsxew i vytmzmbew, gsq
lridmhmrmjeji ji tiksgmeçõiw.
• Qijmetzi e wsrmgmzeçãs ji zexilew iwgsrexiw, iwwew gxmetçew, qymzew bifiw, jimdeq ji xiermfex s
wsrmgmzejs, lefitjs syzxew ezmbmjejiw, iq lytçãs je jmlmgyrjeji ji lmrzxex iwzíqyrsw.

S UYEJXS GRÍTMGS JI BMTI: XIREÇÕIW ITZXI S GEWS I S EXZMKS IWZYJEJS

S exzmks ji Wnyq i Vetk (6445), uyi jiy sxmkiq e iwzi iwzyjs, xiwwerze uyi s ZJEN é yq jsw
zxetwzsxtsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw qemw gsqytw te mtlâtgme, elizetjs evxsdmqejeqitzi ji 9 e 1% jew
gxmetçew gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs. Eréq jsw wmtzsqew gráwwmgsw, gsqs lerze ji ezitçãs,
mqvyrwmbmjeji i nmvixezmbmjeji, ew ibmjêtgmew egyqyrejew jsw iwzyjsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw i
irizxslmwmsrókmgsw jiqstwzxeq uyi qymzew gxmetçew gsq ZJEN wslxiq ji jilmgmêtgme ts
vxsgiwweqitzs witwsxmer. Iq viwuymwe ji mtbiwzmkeçãs ji tiyxsmqekiq, sw iwzyjsw ji gxmetçew gsq
ZJEN zeqhéq jiqstwzxexeq etsxqermjejiw tãs evitew tew xikmõiw js géxihxs mqvsxzetziw vexe
ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, gsqs s góxzid vxé-lxstzer, qew zeqhéq tew áxiew uyi lefiq vexzi js
gstzxsri witwsxmsqszsx, iwvigmerqitzi gixihirs i kâtkrmsw hewemw. Iwwiw lezsxiw vsjiq iwzex te
hewi js wyhjiwiqvitns qszsx xirezejs etzixmsxqitzi iq erkyqew gxmetçew gsq ZJEN.
S gstzxsri js iuymríhxms é yqe lytçãs witwsxmsqszsxe mqvsxzetzi uyi vsji lmgex gsqvxsqizmje te
vsvyreçãs uyi wslxi js ZJEN, vsxuyi xiuyix e nehmrmjeji ji mtzikxex e itzxeje jsw wmtemw ji báxmsw
wmwziqew witwsxmemw i ywá-rsw ji lsxqe mtzikxeje vexe kixex ew eçõiw qszsxew gssxjitejew, e lmq ji
qetzix s iuymríhxms js gsxvs. S iwzyjs js jiwiqvitns js iuymríhxms iq gxmetçew gsq ZJEN é
mqvsxzetzi, bmwzs uyi sw zxetwzsxtsw ji gevegmjeji ji qetzix s iuymríhxms vsjiq mtzixlixmx tew
ezmbmjejiw i vexzmgmveçãs i eyqitzex s xmwgs ji riwõiw. Eréq jiwwi exzmks, evitew jsmw iwzyjsw
ideqmtexeq e gstzxmhymçãs witwsxmer vexe e lytçãs js iuymríhxms iq gxmetçew gsq ZJEN.
Sw shpizmbsw js iwzyjs zxetwbixwer ji gews gstzxsri lsxeq: gsqvexex e gevegmjeji ji iuymríhxms i
sxketmfeçãs witwsxmer js gstzxsri js iuymríhxms iq vé itzxi ew gxmetçew iq mjeji iwgsrex gsq ZJEN-
G i gxmetçew gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs, vexiejsw vsx mjeji i wids, i mjitzmlmgex uyemw wmwziqew
vsjiq gstzxmhymx esw jélmgmzw ji iuymríhxms iq gxmetçew gsq ZJEN-G.
Ew gxmetçew gsq ZJEN-G zmbixeq yq jélmgmz wmktmlmgezmbs ts jiwiqvitns js iuymríhxms iq vé iq
zsjew ew gstjmçõiw uyi mtgryíeq e mtzixxyvçãs jsw wmtemw witwsxmemw. S wmwziqe bmwyer zitji e wix qemw
itbsrbmjs te gstzxmhymçãs es jélmgmz ji iuymríhxms iq gxmetçew gsq ZJEN-G js uyi sw wmwziqew
wsqezswwitwsxmer i biwzmhyrex. Vxmqimxs, ywsy-wi yqe eqswzxe gstbitmitzi, vsx mwws yqe vxsvitwãs
vexe eyzswwiriçãs vsji wix itbsrbmje. Vsx idiqvrs, sw vemw uyi iwzebeq vxisgyvejsw gsq e
nehmrmjeji je gxmetçe ji qetzix s iuymríhxms vsjmeq iwzex qemw jmwvswzsw e vexzmgmvex js iwzyjs.
Wikytjs, evitew yqe viuyite vexzi jew gxmetçew iwzebe xigihitjs qijmgeçãs vexe zxezex s ZJEN.
E eqswzxe vsjme xilrizmx yq kxyvs ji gxmetçew gsq e idvxiwwãs qemw eqite js ZJEN. Wixme
mtzixiwwetzi idvrsxex emtje qemw s jiwiqvitns js iuymríhxms iq gxmetçew uyi iwzãs zsqetjs
qijmgeqitzsw vexe zxezex s ZJEN. Lmterqitzi, tãs wi ideqmtsy gsqs s jélmgmz js iuymríhxms elize
ezmbmjeji i vexzmgmveçãs, lytçãs mqvsxzetzi uyi emtje ekyexje eqswzxe ji gstbitmêtgmew.

XIVITWETJS E GXMETÇE TS WMWZIQE

Ew gstlmkyxeçõiw leqmrmexiw ezyemw qyjexeq – e leqírme tygriex zxejmgmster (iwzábir, mjiermfeje i ligneje) pá tãs
é s útmgs i vxmtgmver qsjs ji sxketmfeçãs leqmrmex. Ew tsbew gstlmkyxeçõiw leqmrmexiw wãs qemw jmwvixwew:
“vemw”, “qãiw”, “lmrnsw” i “mxqãsw” wi jmwwiqmteq iq jmbixwew lmkyxew gsq qshmrmjeji i wyvixvswmçãs iwvegmer i
ziqvsxer vxsqsbitjs yqe ezmbmjeji ezitgmster jmlixitzi. (LIXTÁTJIF, 6476, v. 69).
Vitwetjs tew gstlmkyxeçõiw ezyemw ji leqírme i iwgsre, eqhmitziw vszitgmermfejsxiw ji epyje i
gstzitçãs, xiriqhxeqsw erkytw zóvmgsw ji wiqirnetçew i jmlixitçew itzxi vewwejs i vxiwitzi vexe
s itzitjmqitzs jiwwi iwveçs te bmje je gxmetçe. S geqmtns je evxitjmfekiq vewwe virs rújmgs, wye
eywêtgme vsjixá zxefix gstwiuyêtgmew vexe s evxitjmfejs iwgsrex (Lmk. 0.7).
 Lmkyxe 0.7 S geqmtns je gxmetçe vexe e iwgsre (sxketmfeje vsx Wetjxe G. Wgnxsijix).
Wikytjs Srmbimxe (7550), e lerze ji yq iwveçs líwmgs vexe ezyex zxetwlsxqe-wi te lerze ji yq iwveçs
mtzixts vexe witzmx. Nspi idmwzi yq iwzxetkyreqitzs ji iwveçsw, ew gxmetçew vixjixeq sw
qsbmqitzsw rújmgsw je xye virs tsbs iwzmrs ji qsxejme i zeqhéq vire lerze ji wikyxetçe. Iwwiw
iwveçsw wãs vxiitgnmjsw vire zigtsrskme iq idgiwws, vxipyjmgetjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx.
Ew gxmetçew zeqhéq lmgeq vxipyjmgejew te mtzixeçãs jsw wiyw rmqmziw uyi, wikytjs Gcvir (6440), wãs
mqvsxzetziw, vsmw bãs jiqexgetjs grexeqitzi vexe s mtjmbíjys iq jiwitbsrbmqitzs s uyi vsji sy
tãs, s uyi rni vixzitgi i s uyi é js syzxs, iq yqe wsqezóxme uyi rni vixqmzi evxitjix e gstbmbix
gsq e lxywzxeçãs i mtmhmx gsqvsxzeqitzsw mqvyrwmbsw.

S GÉXIHXS I EW GSTIDÕIW GSQ E EVXITJMFEKIQ

Tãs zix yq jiwiqvitns wezmwlezóxms te iwgsre sy zix jmlmgyrjeji ts evxitjmfejs tãs wmktmlmge uyi
e gxmetçe tãs kswzi ji iwzyjex. E lerze ji gstgitzxeçãs vsji zix sxmkiq ts géxihxs, te gsqytmgeçãs
itzxi sw tiyxôtmsw.
E gxmetçe ezmbe wi jmwzxem, qew kixitgme sw iwzíqyrsw tãs elizetjs wye vxsjyçãs iwgsrex, ituyetzs e
gxmetçe nmvixezmbe wi jmwzxem, jmetzi jsw jmwzxezsxiw eqhmitzemw, bmwyemw i eyjmzmbsw, tãs kixitgme iwwiw
iwzíqyrsw i wi vixji te vxsjyçãs iwgsrex. Iwwe jiwgstidãs ew gsrsge te iwlixe js ZJEN jibmjs à
jmlmgyrjeji itgstzxeje te zxetwqmwwãs wmtávzmge i xigevzeçãs js tiyxszxetwqmwwsx.
 Lmkyxe 0.6 Gstidõiw tsxqemw.

Lmkyxe 0.9 Gstidõiw itlxeuyigmjew – nmvóziwi ZJEN.

E GXMETÇE I WIYW QSBMQITZSW

Ijygeçãs vwmgsqszsxe
E ijygeçãs vwmgsqszsxe ziq yqe gstszeçãs qemw
vijekókmge qymzs yzmrmfeje iq grewwiw qezixtemw. Zxeze-wi ji
yq zxeherns xiermfejs vire mtzxspiçãs ji tsbsw qsjirsw ji
lytgmsteqitzs vxsvswzsw, witjs yq bixjejimxs vxsgiwws ji
legmrmzeçãs ji EVXITJMFEKIQ, vexe iwgsre sy vexe bmje
(QSXMFSZ, 7535, v. 70).
Ijygeçãs líwmge
E gxmetçe, vsx qims ji ezmbmjejiw ji ijygeçãs líwmge, jibixá
qsbmqitzex s gsxvs, xigstnigitjs ew wyew vexziw,
sxmitzetjs-wi, rsgermfetjs-wi i jmxigmstetjs-wi, vixgihitjs
s xávmjs, s wmqyrzâtis, s ritzs; jibixá jiwitbsrbix qirnsxiw
gstjmçõiw ji vexzmgmvex ji hxmtuyijsw, jxeqezmfeçõiw i
qíqmgew (QSXMFSZ, 7535, v. 613).

Ts mtbiwzmqitzs jew ezmbmjejiw líwmgew sgsxxiq qirnsxmew tsw wikymtziw ewvigzsw: birsgmjeji, lsxçe,
iuymríhxms, xmzqs, ekmrmjeji, xiwmwzêtgme, lridmhmrmjeji i jiwgstzxeçãs. E ijygeçãs vwmgsqszsxe, vsx wye
bif, hywge yqe mtzikxeçãs js iwuyiqe gsxvsxer, vswzyxe, jmwwsgmeçãs jsw qsbmqitzsw, qemsx
jsqítms je gssxjiteçãs krsher, lmte i ógyrs qetyer, iwzxyzyxeçãs je sxketmfeçãs iwvegmer i
ziqvsxer i s xmzqs.
Uyetjs ziqsw s jiwelms ji zxehernex gsq yqe gxmetçe gsq ZJEN vitweqsw iq uyi mqekiq js
wiy gsxvs iwze gxmetçe vswwym. Gstlsxqi Wgnmrjix, uyetzs qemw lsx ibsryíje iwwe mqekiq, qemw ew
vxedmew wixãs zeqhéq ibsryíjew i s lytgmsteqitzs vxádmgs js gsxvs bmxá gstwzmzymx iwwe mqekiq ts
witzmjs krsher js iwuyiqe gsxvsxer. Ewwmq, zsjsw sw qsbmqitzsw i ew eçõiw xilimzsw i xilrizmjsw ts
eqhmitzi zixevêyzmgs wsqexãs xmuyifew e iwwe mqekiq uyi wi xisxketmfe i wi evixlimçse vire eçãs
js mtjmbíjys ts iwveçs i wshxi sw shpizsw (HIXKÈW, 6442).
Uyetzs qemw gijs e gxmetçe lsx jmektswzmgeje, qemsx é e gnetgi ji wi sxketmfex iq wyew eçõiw,
ribetjs iq gstwmjixeçãs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsrókmgs i ew “petirew ji svsxzytmjeji”, uyi wãs
ehixzew vire vrewzmgmjeji tiyxer sy vire vswwmhmrmjeji ji qemsx túqixs ji gstidõiw tixbswew uyi
vswwmhmrmzeq e evxitjmfekiq vsx qims ji tsbew idvixmêtgmew.
Ew iwzxezékmew uyi qirnsx sxketmfeq s wypimzs gsq jmlmgyrjejiw ji qetyzitçãs je ezitçãs, uyi
zsxteq e evxitjmfekiq wmktmlmgezmbe i uyi itgeqmtneq xigyxwsw vexe yqe qirnsx qiqsxmfeçãs,
wãs, qymzew bifiw, iwuyigmjew virs gsxvs jsgitzi. Lere-wi jew ezmbmjejiw uyi itbsrbiq s qsbmqitzs
i e vxázmge ji ewwsgmá-rew esw gstnigmqitzsw bmbitgmejsw iq were ji eyre. Gxmetçew uyi ts wiy
gszmjmets tãs gstwikyiq gstgrymx zexilew tigiwwmzeq ji yqe ezitçãs iwvigmer vexe uyi vexzmgmviq
js xigxims i jew ezmbmjejiw uyi iwzmqyreq e sxketmfeçãs js qsbmqitzs js gsxvs gsq idgirêtgme. Es
gstzxáxms js uyi itzitjiq erkytw ijygejsxiw, iwwiw wãs qsqitzsw vxigmswsw. Iriw vswwmhmrmzeq e
idigyçãs ji qsbmqitzsw uyi iwzmqyrexãs e xisxketmfeçãs js kiwzs, evixlimçsexãs sw qsbmqitzsw
zsxviw uyi qymzew bifiw sw zsxteq mqvyrwmbsw i jiwqijmjsw iq wiy xiregmsteqitzs wsgmer. Iwwe
sxmitzeçãs é lytjeqitzer, vsxuyi lef vexzi js ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, gstwmjixex ew bmew
vixgivzsqszsxe i witwsxmsqszsxe gsqs rmtnew ji eçãs vxmsxmzáxmew ts ezitjmqitzs js zxetwzsxts.
Ew gxmetçew gsq ZJEN gnikeq ehwsryzeqitzi jiwzmzyíjew je vswwmhmrmjeji ji ekmx rmbxiqitzi ts
kxyvs, vsmw vixgihiq wye mtehmrmjeji i zsxvife, wi iwgstjiq sy wi sqmziq ji pskex gsq sw gsrikew
ts xigxims. Ts itzetzs, vsx qims js ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, zêq svsxzytmjeji ji
gsqvexzmrnex jmlmgyrjejiw ts iwveçs vxszikmjs js eqhmitzi zixevêyzmgs i gsqiçeq e “jiwelmex-wi”,
ji lsxqe mtgetwábir, te hywge je eyzstsqme i jiwzxife.

E MTZIXBITÇÃS VWMGSVIJEKÓKMGE: ÊTLEWI TE ÁXIE VWMGSQSZSXE

Jyxetzi s wiqmtáxms, lsm evxiwitzejs yq bíjis gsq wmzyeçõiw ji ezitjmqitzs iq uyi wi
vxsgyxebe iwzmqyrex e ezitçãs i s iuymríhxms, vitwetjs iq xilixitjex ew mjimew js zidzs vsx qims ji
ezmbmjejiw xiermfejew iq tswws gszmjmets ji zxeherns. S bíjis, mtmgmerqitzi, qswzxebe gitew ji
gxmetçew iq wmzyeçõiw iq uyi s gstzxsri js iuymríhxms é iwzmqyrejs. Iwwe mqvsxzetzi lytçãs
witwsxmsqszsxe, gstlsxqi s exzmks rmjs, vsji lmgex gsqvxsqizmje te vsvyreçãs uyi wslxi js ZJEN,
yqe bif uyi xiuyix e nehmrmjeji ji mtzikxex e itzxeje jsw wmtemw ji báxmsw wmwziqew witwsxmemw i ywá-
rsw ji lsxqe gstpytze vexe kixex eçõiw qszsxew gssxjitejew. Jiwwe qetimxe, zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw
vxsvswzew iq ezitjmqitzs zêq s shpizmbs ji lsxtigix e iwwew gxmetçew idvixmêtgmew jiwelmejsxew i
rújmgew uyi rniw vxsvsxgmstiq s yws mtzikxejs jsw iwuyiqew.
E wikymx, rmwzexiqsw erkyqew jew ezmbmjejiw jiwitbsrbmjew, gsqitzetjs-ew. Zsjew irew iwzmqyreq e
sxketmfeçãs witwsxmer js gstzxsri js iuymríhxms i, lytjeqitzerqitzi, wãs slixigmjew iq yq gstzidzs
zixevêyzmgs, eqhmitzi rmbxi ji gxízmgew i xivrizs ji gymjejs i mtgitzmbs. Iwwew ezmbmjejiw egeheq
zsxtetjs e bmje jsw vegmitziw qemw ákmr es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi legmrmzeq s evxitjix i sw lefiq wi
witzmx itgsxepejsw e vexzmgmvex jew hxmtgejimxew pytzs e syzxew gxmetçew, vxsvsxgmstetjs-rniw qirnsx
gstbmbêtgme wsgmer. Qsqitzsw uyi gswzyqebeq wix ji etkúwzme i zitwãs iq were ji eyre vewweq e
wix bmbmjsw gsq erikxme.
Iq vxmqimxs rykex, gneqeqsw e ezitçãs vexe e vswwmhmrmjeji ji slixigix hxmtgejimxew, àw bifiw
“exxspejew”, i, es qiwqs ziqvs, itwmtex e mqvsxzâtgme je vxibitçãs ji egmjitziw i s gymjejs gsq s
eqhmitzi es xijsx. Etermweqsw pytzs à gxmetçe sw vixmksw idmwzitziw ts rsger i vxivexeqsw vxsziçõiw
vexe mqvijmx vswwíbimw jetsw es gsxvs gsrsgetjs erqslejew i gsrgnõiw tsw rsgemw uyi slixigiq
xmwgs.
Iq wikytjs rykex, jiwzegeqsw e mqvsxzetzi zexile ji xikmwzxex vsx qims ji jiwitns sy vmtzyxe
zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw bmbitgmejew, vsjitjs evsmex-wi iq lszskxelmew i shwixbeçãs jsw qezixmemw i js
eqhmitzi gxmejs vexe e hxmtgejimxe. Iwwe é e qetimxe qemw mtjmgeje ji vxsvsxgmstexqsw yqe
mtzikxeçãs xier itzxi e eçãs i s vitweqitzs, jiwitbsrbitjs e gevegmjeji ji wmqhsrmfex eçõiw,
nehmrmjeji zãs mqvsxzetzi vexe yqe weyjábir evxitjmfekiq. Lmterqitzi, xiwwerzeqsw e ejevzeçãs
jew ezmbmjejiw wykixmjew vexe geje mjeji i gstjmçãs qszsxe. Sy wipe, zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw vsjixãs wix
qsjmlmgejew gstlsxqi geje gxmetçe i vxslmwwmster.
Ezmbmjeji: “Zexfet te hsrste”
Yqe jew ezmbmjejiw uyi qemw kswzeq ji xiermfex é e ji vitjyxex-wi iq yqe gsxje vxiwe iq yq
ketgns rsgermfejs ts zizs i, gsq s iqhers je gsxje (shwixbejs vxibmeqitzi), retçex-wi wshxi e hsre
wyíçe i, witzetjs tire, iuymrmhxex s gsxvs i xsrex iq jmxiçãs es gsrgnãs, gemtjs tiri, jmbixzmtjs-wi i
sxmitzetjs-wi e vexzmx je hxmtgejimxe (Lmk. 0.8).
 Lmkyxe 0.8 Zexfet te hsrste.
Iwwe ezmbmjeji vxsqsbi e mtzikxeçãs ji qymzsw qsbmqitzsw wmqyrzâtisw, eréq ji iwzmqyrex e lsxçe
jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw vexe gstwikymxiq vitjyxex-wi te gsxje, sy wipe, wywzitzexiq s viws js
gsxvs, gstzxsretjs eçõiw gssxjitejew. É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi iwwe ezmbmjeji iqhewe qymzsw
syzxsw ketnsw iwvixejsw vexe yq hsq jiwiqvitns iwgsrex: vsx idiqvrs, e jmwwsgmeçãs ji
qsbmqitzsw, lytjeqitzer vexe e iwgxmze. Etziw ji mtmgmex iwwe hxmtgejimxe, é tigiwwáxms uyi e gxmetçe
gstwmke wywzitzex s viws js gsxvs te gsxje gsq s eydírms je lsxçe jsw hxeçsw. Iwwe gsxje jibixá wix
ji erksjãs vexe tãs vxsbsgex jsx i vswwíbir iwlsreqitzs jew qãsw (Lmk. 0.1).
 Lmkyxe 0.1 Hxmtgetjs ji Zexfet ywetjs gsxje ji erksjãs.

EZMBMJEJI: IUYMRÍHXMS IQ VXETGNEW I IQ HSRE WYÍÇE

Iuymrmhxex-wi iq vxetgnew ji jmlixitziw kxeyw ji jmlmgyrjeji iwzmqyre e vxsvxmsgivçãs,
vxsvsxgmstetjs e vixgivçãs mtzikxeje jsw jsmw rejsw js gsxvs: s jmximzs i s iwuyixjs. Mwzs é,
jiwitbsrbi e gevegmjeji vixgivzsqszsxe, uyi pytzs gsq e bixzmgermjeji wãs lytjeqitzemw vexe uyi
s wypimzs gstwmke sxmitzex-wi ts iwveçs.
Te ezmbmjeji ji iuymríhxms iq gmqe ji hsre wyíçe gsq bexmejew vswmçõiw, e gxmetçe erzixte s vstzs
ji gstzezs gsq s gnãs: sxe vé iwuyixjs i qãs jmximze, sxe s gstzxáxms (Lmk. 0.0e).
Iq yq qsqitzs vswzixmsx, é vswwíbir sxketmfex kxelmgeqitzi e ezmbmjeji pytzs gsq e gxmetçe,
ywetjs vevémw i qezixmemw kxálmgsw. E gxmetçe, tiwwi qsqitzs, mtmgme yq vxsgiwws ji vixgivçãs i ji
zxetwvswmçãs je wye evxitjmfekiq ts ezs kxálmgs (Lmk. 0.0h).

e)
 h)

Lmkyxe 0.0 Ezmbmjeji ji iuymríhxms iq hsre wyíçe.

EZMBMJEJI: IUYMRÍHXMS JI HSREW IQ VEXZIW JS GSXVS I IQ QEZIXMEMW VRETSW

Iuymrmhxex hsrew (gsqiçex virew qemw qegmew uyi wãs qemw lágimw ji tãs xsrex) iq jmlixitziw vexziw
js gsxvs, gsq xeuyiziw (vxmqimxeqitzi gsq hsxje i, jivsmw, wiq ire; kxetjiw i viuyitew) i, es
qiwqs ziqvs, geqmtnex wiq jimdá-rew gemx (Lmk. 0.3).
 Lmkyxe 0.3 Iuymrmhxetjs hsrew gsq xeuyiziw.

EZMBMJEJI: GMXGYMZSW GSQ I WIQ EVSMS BMWYER

S yws ji qezixmemw jmbixwsw (iwgeje, hetuyizew, hsrew, gsxjew, heqhsrêw, vxetgnew ji iuymríhxms,
iwverjex, hetgs wyigs, psksw, izg.) iq yqe hxmtgejimxe ji “gmxgymzs”, te uyer e gxmetçe jiwitbsrbi e
nehmrmjeji ji mtzikxex e itzxeje jsw wmtemw ji báxmsw wmwziqew witwsxmemw, gssxjitex eçõiw qszsxew i
qetzix s iuymríhxms é yqe jew wmzyeçõiw iq uyi, eréq js iwzíqyrs vwmgsqszsx, zxeherne-wi e
gxmezmbmjeji, vsmw ew gxmetçew egeheq wykixmtjs jiwelmsw uyi vsjiq wix gsqvexzmrnejsw gsq syzxew
gxmetçew ts eqhmitzi iwgsrex sy ji gewe. Mtzixiwwetzi gsqs ew gxmetçew wãs gevefiw ji gxmex
hxmtgejimxew i s uyetzs iwwe eyzsxme xilsxçe e eyzsiwzmqe, xibixzitjs iq ketnsw mqvxibmwíbimw.
E mjime je xizmxeje js evsms bmwyer lsxtigi yq jiwelms qemsx à gxmetçe, uyi tigiwwmze sxketmfex e
nehmrmjeji js iuymríhxms i je gssxjiteçãs qszsxe. Wykixi-wi uyi, evów e idvixmqitzeçãs, xivizmjew
bifiw, ji yq gmxgymzs gsq evsms bmwyer, iri wipe xiermfejs gsq yqe bitje tsw srnsw (wi e gxmetçe
egimzex hiq). Iwwe ezmbmjeji idmki qemsx ezitçãs vexe uyi sgsxxe e ejevzeçãs qszsxe, iwzmqyretjs e
sxketmfeçãs witwsxmer i vxsqsbitjs mtlsxqeçõiw witwsxmemw emtje tãs idvixmqitzejew. Sy wipe,
iwwe bmbêtgme bem kixex e tigiwwmjeji ji yqe xiwvswze ji gstzxsri qszsx ejiuyeje vexe e wmzyeçãs,
ewwmq, tsbew evxitjmfekitw sgsxxiq (Lmk. 0.2).
 Lmkyxe 0.2 Gmxgymzs gsq e xizmxeje js evsms bmwyer.
Gstlsxqi Rytjc-Ioqet (6444), s wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer yzmrmfe mtlsxqeçõiw witwsxmemw vexe gxmex
yqe mqekiq je vswmçãs i js qsbmqitzs ji zsjs s gsxvs i js eqhmitzi uyi s gixge. Vxsvsxgmstex
ezmbmjejiw iq uyi e gxmetçe jibe vixgsxxix zxepizsw, idigyzetjs eçõiw vxibmeqitzi gsqhmtejew, iq
uyi jibixá gssxjitex qsbmqitzsw gsq jmlixitziw vexziw js gsxvs, iq bexmejew vswmçõiw, xmzqsw i
jmxiçõiw ts iwveçs, gixzeqitzi iwzmqyre iwwe sxketmfeçãs.
Emtje gsq xireçãs à ezmbmjeji ji gmxgymzsw, xilixmqsw e mqvsxzâtgme je xivxiwitzeçãs je wiuyêtgme
ji eçõiw bmbitgmejew. Ristnexjz (6440) tsw mtjmge iwzxezékmew ji mtzixbitçõiw, iq uyi iwveçsw i
eçõiw wãs wmqhsrmgeqitzi vixgihmjsw i xiermfejsw vsx qims ji qezixmer gstgxizs i qmtmezyxew ji
shpizsw.

EZMBMJEJI: “HSRMTNEW VYRETZIW”

Mrywzxetjs s gsqitzáxms etzixmsx, wykixmqsw e ezmbmjeji gsq hsrmtnew ji hsxxegne ji jmlixitziw
zeqetnsw, mtmgmetjs virew qemsxiw (hsrew ji zêtmw), uyi wãs qemw legmrqitzi ekexxábimw virs zeqetns
je qãs. Esw vsygsw, gstlsxqi ejevzeçãs je gxmetçe à ezmbmjeji, é vswwíbir mtzxsjyfmx hsrmtnew geje
bif qitsxiw i gsq vmuyi qemw birsf. Xibifeqitzs ji hsrmtnew gsq e qãs jmximze i iwuyixje, vexe
hemds, vexe gmqe, yqe sy qemw bifiw, kxejyerqitzi eyqitzetjs e jmlmgyrjeji i e uyetzmjeji ji
eçõiw iq yqe wiuyêtgme uyi jibixá wix xivizmje.
 EZMBMJEJI: IUYMRÍHXMS JI QEZIXMEMW JMBIXWSW
Iuymrmhxex viçew zxmjmqitwmstemw uyi wi itgemdeq, gsqs vijxew mxxikyrexiw, vermzsw i hrsgsw. E
vixgivçãs jew báxmew lsxqew jsw shpizsw, jew mtlsxqeçõiw witwsxmemw uyi iriw i s eqhmitzi
lsxtigiq é vxigmswe lstzi ji xisxketmfeçãs ji iuymríhxms gsxvsxer (Lmk. 0.5).

Lmkyxe 0.5 Qezixmer zxmjmqitwmster – vijxew.

EZMBMJEJI: “HSRE TS HERETÇS”

Iwwe ezmbmjeji idmki qymze ezitçãs ts uyi jmf xiwvimzs esw gymjejsw gsq e wikyxetçe je gxmetçe.
Ire jibixá iuymrmhxex s gsxvs iq yqe xiji sy heretçs iq qsbmqitzs wiq s eydírms jew qãsw vexe
wikyxex-wi. Vexe zetzs, é tigiwwáxms epywzex e erzyxe js hxmtuyijs, hiq gsqs vxszikix s gnãs gsq
gsrgnãs i erqslejew, eréq ji gixzmlmgex-wi ji uyi e gxmetçe pá shzibi êdmzs iq iuymrmhxex-wi tiwwi
mtwzxyqitzs wiq s evsms jew qãsw.
Iqheretjs-wi te xiji, s zixeviyze retçe vexe s vegmitzi e hsre, iwzi e jibsrbi vexe s zixeviyze,
gstzmtyetjs s iqherex-wi, xigihitjs yqe hsre, sy wipe, iq qsbmqitzs, gssxjitex eçõiw ts iwveçs
i ziqvs vxsqsbi e nehmrmjeji ji ywex mtlsxqe­çõiw witwsxmemw biwzmhyrexiw vexe qetzix s iuymríhxms.
Es heretçex-wi te xiji, slixigiqsw e idvixmêtgme ji xigihix wmtemw wsqezswwitwsxmemw gstlrmzetziw,
idmkmtjs gstwzetzi ezitçãs, sxketmfeçãs i xisxketmfeçãs je gssxjiteçãs jsw qsbmqitzsw e geje
pskeje (Lmk. 0.74).

Lmkyxe 0.74 Retçetjs e hsre js heretçs iq qsbmqitzs.

GEWS GRÍTMGS: BMTI, S GSXVS LERETJS...

E leqírme
Bmti é yq qitmts ji 0 etsw i 1 qiwiw, gyxwetjs pexjmq H, lmrns qemw birns ji vemw gsq mtwzxyçãs
wyvixmsx, vxslmwwmstemw rmhixemw. E leqírme ziq jmlmgyrjejiw ts xiregmsteqitzs, qãi gsq nmwzóxme ji
jivxiwwãs, zxezeqitzs vwmgszixávmgs i qijmge­qitzsws – wywvimze ji ergssrmwqs i witzmqitzs ji
gyrve virew jmlmgyrjejiw iwgsrexiw ji Bmti.
Sw vemw jmbixkmeq iq xireçãs àw jmlmgyrjejiw js lmrns. E qãi, jiwji s mtígms js vijmjs ji epyje,
eteqtiwi, jibsryzmbew i itzxibmwzew, lefme-wi vxiwitzi, iqhsxe wmtermfewwi ew wyew jmlmgyrjejiw ji
qetzix ew gsqhmteçõiw ji nsxáxms.
E mqvxiwwãs kixer uyi e qãi wmtermfebe é e ji uyi zyjs iwzebe qymzs wslxmjs gsq iriw, gsq sw
lmrnsw i, iq iwvigmer, gsq Bmti. Zxetwvexigme qymze etwmijeji, jiwsxmitzeçãs i vsyge iwvixetçe ji
uyi e wmzyeçãs js lmrns qyjewwi. Jmfme uyi s qexmjs e gyrvebe virsw mtwygiwwsw ji Bmti, es qiwqs
ziqvs iq uyi tikebe e tigiwwmjeji ji yq tsbs zxezeqitzs. Egnebe s qexmjs qymzs mtletzmr.
Uyetjs gstzxexmejs virs lmrns, gsrsgebe-wi iq wmzyeçãs ji mkyerjeji gsq e gxmetçe. E qãi xivizme
qymzew bifiw: Epyji qiy lmrns. Wixá uyi beqsw gstwikymx egerqá-rs? Uyixs uyi iri wipe egxijmzejs ts
kxyvs je iwgsre i jsw eqmksw. Getwim ji zxezeqitzsw.
Eteqtiwi
Wikytjs sw xirezsw je qãi, e kiwzeçãs lsm tsxqer i s vexzs lsm giwáxie. Nebme qymze zitwãs te
xireçãs js gewer tiwwi vixísjs. Bmti jsxqme hiq, erkyqew bifiw gsq sw vemw, i gsq lxiuyêtgme s
wsts ixe qymzs ekmzejs. Tãs ywsy hmgs. Qeqsy ts vimzs ezé sw 77 qiwiw i gsqiçsy e geqmtnex
tiwwe qiwqe évsge. E qãi tãs riqhxebe s vixísjs iq uyi Bmti jmwwi ew vxmqimxew verebxew. Te
sgewmãs pá iwzebe iq egsqvetneqitzs vwmgszixávmgs ná yq ets.
Ts qsqitzs je itzxibmwze ji eteqtiwi, e qãi bixhermfsy: Tãs riqhxs qemw ji teje. Wó s uyi é
xigitzi. Vsx stji qiy lmrns vewwe zsjsw wi uyimdeq jiri. Vexigi yq zylãs. É uyixmjs, qew ziq jmlmgyrjeji
vexe qetzix eqmksw. E mxqã, uyi é qemw tsbe, é gerqe i ezitze (wmg).
Vxmqimxsw qsqitzsw
Bmti wi evxiwitze gsqs wi jiwgiwwi ji yq gsxvs bmxzyer, gsrsgetjs-wi iq yq iwveçs xier gsq s
jiwips rújmgs ji hxmtgex i gstuymwzex wye eyzsxme te evxitjmfekiq. É vsxze-bsf ji yqe jiqetje
iwgsrex ji yqe gyrzyxe uyi vxiwwmste s wehix jew rizxew, jsw túqixsw, je eçãs gstgitzxeje te
vstze js rávmw i je gxmeçãs. Iq wiy qytjs mqekmtáxms, uyixme wix yq gsqvizitzi iwgxmzsx, iq yqe
xiermjeji ji ezitçãs jiwlsgeje. Bmti mtjmge s zxeherns rújmgs, gsq s jiwips ji hxmtgex i ji zix
wygiwws te iwgsre.
Uyetjs tsw evxiwitzeqsw, Bmti iwzebe lmtermfetjs s tíbir H. Zmbi e mqvxiwwãs ji yq qitmts
exzimxs mtuymizs, qew uyi zxefme ts hxmrns jsw wiyw srnsw yq bmbix rújmgs e wix jiwgshixzs. Yq exzmwze,
zerbif, vire wye nehmrmjeji sy ewzúgme ituyetzs gsrsgebe e grexife ji wiy vsjix. Lxetfmts, irézxmgs,
wiq qymzs gsxvs, vsygs gymjejs te wye evexêtgme, gsq zêtmw te qsgnmre i sw véw jiwgerçsw. Vsxze-
bsf ji yq gesw leqmrmex:
Te lere ji Bmti: Uyixs epyje vexe vxiwzex ezitçãs te eyre, mx hiq te iwgsre. Iy zi veks i ziq uyi wix
gsqs iy uyixs. Rá te qmtne gewe iy qetjs iq zsjsw, ezé e iqvxikeje pá qetjim iqhsxe. Gstzmtysy
gsq lxewiw gsqs: Qiyw gsrikew tãs kswzeq ji qmq, wãs vexejsw i iy wsy ji qetjex. Iriw tãs uyixiq
zxehernex gsqmks vsxuyi wsy mtzirmkitzi, wim qemw js uyi iriw, wim je Álxmge, Iwzejsw Ytmjsw i Qédmgs. Wó
tãs gstwmks zixqmtex qiyw zxehernsw. Tãs kswzs ji zxehernex te qiwe, tãs gstwmks vexex. Uyixs gsxxix,
vyrex, vsxuyi te iwgsre i iq gewe iriw hxmkeq gsqmks vexe vexex. Iq syzxs qsqitzs emtje elmxqe:
Iwzsy kswzetjs jeuym, qiy gsxvs kswze ji qsbmqitzs i te were ji eyre é jmlígmr lmgex witzejs.
Jivsmw ji hxmtgex gsq gmxgymzs ji ezmbmjejiw je were, giwze ji hewuyizi, heretçs, iwgeje, gmvó,
gsxje, qi jmwwi: Uyixs jiwitnex i zy iwgxibiw s uyi iy bsy jmfix wshxi s qiy zxeherns: yq qitmts witjs
teje (Lmk. 0.77).
 Lmkyxe 0.77 Jiwitns “yq qitmts witjs teje”.
Bmti jiqstwzxebe vsyge vixwmwzêtgme tew ezmbmjejiw, jiwexqstme jsw qsbmqitzsw, gsq wmtemw
vxijmzmbsw ji nmvóziwi ji yq gews ji ZJEN-G.
Tew ezmbmjejiw iq uyi ixe idmkmje yqe jiqetje ji ezitçãs gstgitzxeje ji sxketmfeçãs iwveçs-
ziqvsxer, evexigme wye jiwsxjiq wiuyitgmer, xmuyife ji bsgehyráxms, vshxife ji xikmwzxsw. Tew
ezmbmjejiw ji idvxiwwãs kxálmge, wslxme vsxuyi zmtne jmlmgyrjeji ji vexex, lmgex ezitzs, gsq vxipyífsw
ts yws je gsre, ziwsyxe, rávmw i lsrne ji jiwitns. Vijme epyje ts jiwips ji hywgex vxefix ts wiy
ytmbixws iwgsrex i zmtne gstwgmêtgme ji wye ekmzeçãs gsxvsxer mqvijmzmbe js wiy jiwiqvitns.
Vixgivçãs je iwgsre
Te itzxibmwze gsq e iwgsre, nsybi s gstwitws ji uyi iwwe gxmetçe ixe s geywejsx ji wmzyeçõiw
jmlígimw: Tãs iwzá hiq, tãs wehiqsw s uyi bem evxstzex. É yq eryts ji xmwgs. Wehiqsw uyi e qãi zitze
epyjex, qew zeqhéq tãs ziq vixwmwzêtgme gsq sw zxezeqitzsw. É gsqvxsqizmjs iq ezitçãs i
vxsjyçãs, wyew jmlmgyrjejiw gsqiçexeq jiwji s tíbir E.
Tiwwi itgstzxs, jitzxi ew iwzxezékmew gsqhmtejew, lmgsy s vijmjs ji itgeqmtneqitzs es
tiyxsvijmezxe vexe s vxódmqs ets, pá uyi ew léxmew ji bixãs iwzebeq vxódmqew, jibmjs àw nmvóziwiw
ji yq jélmgmz ji ezitçãs qmwzs.
Tiyxsvijmezxe
Es mtmgmex s 7s ets iwgsrex, lif ebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge i, gsqs evxiwitzebe hemds viws, e jigmwãs ji
qijmgá-rs lsm zsqeje wsqitzi wimw qiwiw jivsmw. Ts mtzixbers itzxi s vxmqimxs ideqi ibsryzmbs,
qswzxebe vxskxiwwsw, iqhsxe zmbiwwi vsyge vixwmwzêtgme iq wi qetzix tew ezmbmjejiw uyi idmkmwwiq
qemw ziqvs ji gstgitzxeçãs.
 Evów wix qijmgejs, sw vxskxiwwsw wi ibmjitgmexeq te uyiwzãs gsqvsxzeqitzer i vijekókmge, i
wiy ideqi tiyxsrókmgs ibsryzmbs wmtermfsy ew qirnsxew xiwkezetjs ew áxiew ji mqezyxmjeji.

7e ebermeçãs – Qexçs/ets

6e Tsbiqhxs/ets: mtígms je qijmgeçãs

9e (Gmtgs qiwiw jivsmw)

II – Iuymríhxms iwzázmgs; IJ – Iuymríhxms jmtâqmgs; GE – Gssxjiteçãs evitjmgyrex; VQ – Vixwmwzêtgme qszsxe; W –
Witwmhmrmjeji i ktswmew; – GZ-Q – Gssxjiteçãs zxstgs i qiqhxsw.

Ibsryçãs ts 7º ets
Lsm yq jsw vxmqimxsw erytsw e rix te were ji eyre. Te iwgxmze, bmhxebe gsq wiyw hmrniziw. Jiwgshxmy s
jiwitns i s hxmrns jew gsxiw, zxetwlsxqsy s wehix. Xiwvimzebe ew gsqhmteçõiw i gsrehsxebe gsq e
zyxqe. Iwgsrniy e rizxe gyxwmbe vsx wix ji kitzi kxetji. Eviwex jew jmlmgyrjejiw gsq e qszxmgmjeji
lmte, zmtne vxefix iq uyixix egixzex.
S srnex je vxsliwwsxe – 6º ets
E vxsliwwsxe xireze uyi, ituyetzs idvrmgebe e mtgrywãs js túqixs, vitwetjs te vixkytze uyi mxme
lefix vexe ribá-rsw e gstgrymx, Bmti viji rmgitçe i jmf: Jiwgshxm uyi sw túqixsw wiqvxi zêq qemw yq sy
qitsw yq. Vsx idiqvrs: s gmtgs é s uyezxs qemw yq, i s uyezxs é s gmtgs qitsw yq.
Bmti bmbiy te iwgsre yq iwveçs ji jiwgshixzew, gniksy tew rizxew, tsw túqixsw, vsjixsws, tãs
virs qetjs, qew vire jiwgshixze js wiy wehix, gstlsxqi wi vsji shwixbex te Lmkyxe 0.76. Zeqhéq
bmbitgmsy s rújmgs jew xireçõiw, vixgihitjs te iwgsre, ts WSI i te sxmitzejsxe yq iwveçs eqmks
vexe gsrsgex wiyw wikxijsw.

Lmkyxe 0.76 Jiwgshixze js wehix ji Bmti.

Jiwvijmje
Ts mtígms js 9s ets, s zxezeqitzs lsm mtzixxsqvmjs virew jmlmgyrjejiw igstôqmgew leqmrmexiw. Te
wiwwãs ji jiwvijmje jmwwi: Nspi itgixxeqsw, itzãs uyixs zixqmtex qiy ziqe euym. Uyixs uyi zy iwgyziw
e qmtne qúwmge (Ete Púrme) i retgni gsqmks. Jiwitnsy s iwveçs je were tsqietjs gsqs “Iwveçs lirmf”
(Lmk. 0.79). I egxiwgitzsy: Uyetjs iy vxigmwex, zi rm-ks. Euym iwzá e vyrwimxe uyi iy lmf vexe zm. Jiy-qi yq
himps i egitsy qymzsw zgneyw.
 Lmkyxe 0.79 Iwveçs lirmf.
Bmti mtgrymy te wye evxitjmfekiq iwzxezékmew vexe lefix, evxitjix i vitwex. Wemy qemw iwzxyzyxejs
iq wyew lytçõiw gsktmzmbew: ezitçãs, qiqóxme, vixgivçãs, nehmrmjejiw bmwysiwvegmemw, vxedmew,
ktswmew i lytçõiw idigyzmbew gsq e vswwmhmrmjeji ji yq tsbs qsqitzs te wye evxitjmfekiq,
vitwex evxitjitjs (Lmk. 0.78).

Lmkyxe 0.78 Vewwsw js vxsgiwws ji vitwex (sxketmfeje vsx Wetjxe G. Wgnxsijix).

S zxeherns vwmgsvijekókmgs gsq Bmti

Riqhxetjs s rújmgs jsw psksw, sw iwveçsw je vwmgsqszxmgmjeji gsq wiyw túgrisw ji ezmbmjejiw uyi
itbsrbiq s gsxvs, witweçõiw, vixgivçõiw, elizmbmjeji (wmwziqe ríqhmgs) gsq jmwvstmhmrmjeji vexe
eçãs (wmwziqe qszsx) i s jiwiqvitns je vxsjyçãs iwgsrex (lytçõiw idigyzmbew), mtmgme-wi e
mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge gsq Bmti.
Ehxmqsw iwveçs ji egsrnmqitzs i gstzmtêtgme, qijmeqsw gsqvizêtgmew, zxetwmzeqsw tsw túgrisw
jew uyezxs áxiew: wsgmselizmbs (gsqvizêtgmew), vwmgsqszsx, vwmgsrmtkyíwzmgs i gsktmzmbs. Egxijmzeqsw
te epyje je vrewzmgmjeji js géxihxs, js jiwips, js sxkâtmgs, js eqhmitzer i je iwzxyzyxe leqmrmex.
S qitmts sxketmfsy s iwuyiqe gsxvsxer i e gsktmçãs. Jew ezmbmjejiw virew uyemw vewwsy, lsm
vxiitgnitjs s iwveçs uyi lerzebe vexe egsqvetnex e iwgsre, gsqs qswzxeq ew Lmkyxew 0.71 i 0.70.
 Lmkyxe 0.71 S geqmtns mtmgmer (sxketmfeje vsx Wetjxe G. Wgnxsijix).

Lmkyxe 0.70 S geqmtns je mtzixbitçãs (sxketmfeje vsx Wetjxe G. Wgnxsijix).

S geqmtns mtmgmer
E gxmetçe gsq ZJEN vxigmwe wix riqhxeje wiqvxi uyi jibi vitwex etziw ji xiwvstjix, vretipex,
sxketmfex i xisxketmfex ew erzixtezmbew i wsryçõiw vexe zix êdmzs tew xiwvswzew. Gsq ew mtzixbitçõiw,
wiyw vxsgiwwsw ji vitweqitzs wixãs sxmitzejsw vexe xilridãs i bixhermfeçõiw je wye ezmbmjeji
qitzer. Bmti jiwgshxmy s vsjix jew gsqvizêtgmew, ribsy gstwmks s iuymríhxms js wiy wehix, jimdetjs-
tsw e xmuyife js wiy gxiwgmqitzs.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
 S wypimzs é yqe wítziwi je gstwzxyçãs sxketmfegmster ji nmwzóxmew ji euymwmçõiw gstuymwzejew vsx
qims jew idvixmêtgmew ji qsbmqitzeçõiw bmbmjew. É vsx qims je ezmbmjeji gsxvsxer i js psks uyi
ejuymxi ermgixgiw witwóxms-vixgivzmbsw-qszsxiw uyi bãs iwzex te hewi jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw idmkmjsw
virew evxitjmfekitw iwgsrexiw: eyzsjsqítms gsxvsxer-elizmbs-iqsgmster vexe ibmzex jmlmgyrjejiw ji
gstgitzxeçãs, ji rezixermfeçãs i ji vxigmwãs vwmgsqszsxe uyi gstwzmzyiq sw vxmtgmvemw shwzágyrsw àw
evxitjmfekitw je rimzyxe, je iwgxmze i js gárgyrs.
Ew gxmetçew gsq ZJEN-G gsq jmlmgyrjejiw ji iuymríhxms i gssxjiteçãs qszsxe vxigmweq ji yq
srnex qemw lsgejs ji mtzixbitçãs tew jmlmgyrjejiw ji sxketmfeçãs zôtmgs-vswzyxemw. Xilixmqs-tsw es
iuymríhxms virs wmqhsrmwqs uyi iri xilrizi ts vrets je xivxiwitzeçãs i js gstnigmqitzs.
S uyi qemw geywe jmlmgyrjejiw e iwwew gxmetçew é e kxetji slixze ji iwzíqyrsw, ji mtlsxqeçõiw
zxefmjew vire zigtsrskme, gsrsgetjs-wi te iwlixe nmvsezmbe ji vitwex, vixjitjs s rújmgs i e
gxmezmbmjeji, xiwyrzetjs jiwmtzixiwwi i evezme. S gstwyqmwqs qemw vixmksws é euyiri uyi wi mtwzere
ts vrets jew mjimew, vsxuyi jmlmgyrze s iwgsrnix i e zxmekiq ji iwzíqyrsw, jiwlsgetjs e ezitçãs.
E vwmgsvijekskme iwgsrni geqmtnsw ji vxsgyxex gstjmçõiw uyi vxsqsbeq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew
gevegmjejiw, gsq ew uyemw geje wix nyqets gstze. Jiwlsge e ezitçãs jsw jélmgmzw i lsge ezitçãs ts
vszitgmer js wypimzs, mtzikxetjs-s tew iwlixew leqmrmex, iwgsrex i ts kxyvs wsgmer, gsq yqe qirnsx
eyzsiwzmqe ji wygiwws.
Gxmetçew, gsqs ew js gews Bmti, vxigmweq uyi s srnex vwmgsvijekókmgs zitne, gsqs lsgs, e
mtzixbitçãs vwmgsqszsxe. Ewwmq, ts jigsxxix ji wyew bmjew, mtzikxexãs wyew evxitjmfekitw. Jiwwe
lsxqe, wi jiwvijiq js iwveçs ji ezitjmqitzs, ribetjs gstwmks e vxsjyçãs ji “hirsw lówwimw” vexe
e gstzmtymjeji ji wyew zxepizóxmew. Wyew jiwgshixzew i sw xikmwzxsw je mtzixbitçãs gstwzmzymxãs
qexgew mtjirébimw ji YQ GSXVS UYI LERE.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB-ZX. 8. ij. xib. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6446.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
HIXKÈW, P. S gsxvs te tiyxsrskme i te vwmgetármwi: rmçõiw grítmgew ji yq vwmgetermwze ji gxmetçew. Vsxzs Erikxi: GQG, 6442.
GCVIR, W. S vevir jew lytçõiw idigyzmbew tsw zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W.
Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
LIXTÁTJIF, E. E ezitçãs evxmwmsteje: vwmgsvijekskme je gevegmjeji ezitgmster. Vsxzs Erikxi: Vitws, 6476.
RISTNEXJZ, J. X. Ebermeçãs i grítmge jew vxedmew i jmwvxedmew te evxitjmfekiq: qevieqitzs je jsx kxálmge. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.;
SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6440.
RYTJC-IOQET, R. Tiyxsgmêtgmew: lytjeqitzsw vexe e xiehmrmzeçãs. Xms ji Petimxs: Kyetehexe Ossket, 6444.
QSXMFSZ, X. Ewvigzs lstseyjmsrókmgs. Psxter Hxewmrimxs ji Xiehmrmzeçãs Bsger, b. 6, t. 7, v. 71-72, 7535.
SRMBIMXE, K. ji G. Gstzxmhymçõiw je vwmgsqszxmgmjeji vexe e wyvixeçãs jew jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq. Mt: WMWZS, L. L. iz er.
(Sxk.). Ezyeçãs vwmgsvijekókmge i evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex. Xms ji Petimxs: Bsfiw, 7550.
XSZZE, T. Z. Zxetwzsxtsw je ezitçãs: ewvigzsw grítmgsw. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je
evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
WNYQ, W. H. Q.; VETK, Q. C. Gnmrjxit amzn ezzitzmst jilmgmz ncvixegzmbmzc jmwsxjix nebi mqvemxij heretgi lytgzmst: mtbsrbiqitz
sl wsqezswitwsxc, bmwyer, etj biwzmhyrex wcwziqw. Zni Psyxter sl Vijmezxmgw, b. 711, t. 6, v. 681-685, 6445.
ASXRJ NIERZN SXKETMFEZMST. Grewwmlmgeçãs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw i ji gsqvsxzeqitzs je GMJ-74: jiwgxmçõiw grítmgew i
jmxizxmfiw jmektówzmgew. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 7559.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
ERLETS, E.; GSYZMTNS, K.; BMETTE, X. Zxetwzsxts js jélmgmz ji ezitçãs i nmvixezmbmjeji: uyejxs grítmgs, tiyxsvwmgsrskme i
zxezeqitzs vwmgszixávmgs. Mt: ERBIW, R. Q.; QSYWMTNS, X.; GEVIRRMTM, W. E. (Sxk.). Jmwridme: tsbsw ziqew, tsbew vixwvigzmbew. Xms
ji Petimxs: Aeo, 6477.
HEGNIREXJ, K. E vsézmge js iwveçs. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7525.
HXSAT, Z. I. Zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs: e qitzi jiwlsgeje iq gxmetçew i ejyrzsw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6443.
GERREXM, E.; PEXJMTM, X. W. X. S jmriqe je jiwezitçãs. Heyxy: Xiteze Pexjmtm, 6474.
GEVIRRMTM, W. E.; KIXQETS, K. J.; GYTNE,B. R. S. (Sxk.). Zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq i zxetwzsxtsw ji ezitçãs: je ebermeçãs à
mtzixbitçãs. Wãs Pswé jsw Geqvsw: Vyrws, 6474.
GEVSBMRRE, L. G.; QSTZMIR, P. Q. Zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq je ebermeçãs à xiehmrmzeçãs. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw Qéjmgew, 6442.
GMEWGE, W. Q.; XSJXMKYIW, W. J.; WERKEJS, G. E. ZJEN: zxetwzsxts js jélmgmz ji ezitçãs i nmvixezmbmjeji. Xms ji Petimxs:
Xibmtzix, 6474.
GSTJIQEXÍT, Q.; KSXSWZIKYM, Q. I.; QMRMGMG, T. Zxetwzsxts js jélmgmz ji ezitçãs: iwzxezékmew vexe s jmektówzmgs i mtzixbitçãs
vwmgs-ijygezmbe. Wãs Veyrs: Vretize js Hxewmr, 6440.
GCVIR, W. E gxmetçe gsq jélmgmz ji ezitçãs i nmvixezmbmjeji: ezyermfeçãs vexe vemw, vxsliwwsxiw i vxslmwwmstemw je weúji. Wãs Veyrs:
Riqsw, 6447.
JSRZS, L. E mqekiq mtgstwgmitzi js gsxvs. Wãs Veyrs: Vixwvigzmbe, 7526.
LSTWIGE, B. je. Gsktmçãs, tiyxsrskme i evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxsvwmgsrókmge i vwmgsvijekókmge. Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw, 6443.
LSTWIGE, B. je. Zixevme vwmgsqszsxe: iwzyjs ji gewsw. Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw, 6442.
KSRJWZIMT, W.; KSRJWZIMT, Q. Nmvixezmbmjeji: gsqs jiwitbsrbix e gevegmjeji ji ezitçãs je gxmetçe. Geqvmtew: Vevmxyw, 7558.
KXETJS, P. G. (Sxk.). E (jiw)gstwzxyçãs js gsxvs. Hryqitey: Ijmlyxh, 6447.
 KYEXJMSRE, E. Zxetwzsxts je ezitçãs: ewvigzsw tiyxshmsrókmgsw. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw
je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
PSNTWST, J. P.; QCORIHYWZ, N. X. Jmwzúxhmsw ji evxitjmfekiq: vxmtgívmsw i vxázmgew ijygegmstemw. 6. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Vmstimxe,
7523.
RI HSYRGN, P. S jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx js tewgmqitzs ezé sw wimw etsw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7526.
RI HSYRGN, P. Ijygeçãs vwmgsqszsxe: e vwmgsgmtézmge te mjeji iwgsrex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7523.
RI HSYRGN, P. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsqszsx i evxitjmfekiq. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6442.
RIBMT, I. E grítmge vwmgsqszsxe: s gsxvs te rmtkyekiq. Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw, 7551.
QEZZSW, Veyrs. Ts qytjs je Rye. Wãs Veyrs: Riqsw, 6447.
VETZETS, Z.; FSXFM, P. R. Tiyxsgmêtgme evrmgeje à evxitjmfekiq. Wãs Pswé jsw Geqvsw: Vyrws, 6445.
XIHSRRS, Q. E. iz er. Re vwmgsqszxmgmjej. Qstzibmjis: Vxitwe Qéjmge Rezmtseqixmgete, 6443.
XMIWKS, X. W. Zxetwzsxts je ezitçãs: gsqsxhmjejiw. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je
evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
XSNJI, R. E.; JSXTIRIW, H. B.; GSWZE, E. G. Mtzixbitçõiw iwgsrexiw ts zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji. Mt:
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
WGNMRJIX, V. E Mqekiq js gsxvs: ew itixkmew gstwzxyzmbew je vwmuyi. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7514.
WGNAEXZFQET, P. W. Zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs. Wãs Veyrs: Qegoitfmi, 6447.
WITE, W. je W.; JMTMF TIZS, S. Jmwzxeíjs i e 7444 vsx nsxe. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6443.
WLSKKME, E.; LYXZEJS, T. X. E nmvixezmbmjeji i s jélmgmz ji ezitçãs. Mt: LXYZEJS, T. X. iz er. Rmqmziw: itzxi s vxefix ji jmfix
wmq i s jibix ji jmfix tãs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6445.
ZETM, K. Rimzyxew iq ijygeçãs líwmge: xizxezsw ji yqe psxteje. Wãs Veyrs: Vnsxzi, 6477.
ZSRIJS, Q. Q.; WMQÃS, E. Zxetwzsxts i jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji. Mt: GMEWGE, W. Q. (Sxk.). Jmwzúxhmsw ji evxitjmfekiq:
vxsvswze ji ebermeçãs mtzixjmwgmvrmtex. Wãs Veyrs: Gewe js Vwmgórsks, 6449.
ZSVGFIAWOM, E. Nmvixezmbmjeji: gsqs rmjex? Wãs Veyrs: Gewe js Vwmgórsks, 7555.
BECIX, V. S iuymríhxms gsxvsxer: yqe ehsxjekiq jmtâqmge jsw vxshriqew je ezmzyji i js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw
Qéjmgew, 7528.

7 Zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji gsq evxi­witzeçãs gsqhmteje (ZJEN-G): jitsqmteçãs

gstlsxqi s JWQ-1 (978.47) (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478).

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