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Xireçãs itzxi evxitjmfekiq i jmwlytçõiw idigyzmbew iq

gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex
73
RÍRMET XSGNE KSQIW ZEBEXIW I QEXMWE XSWE KYMQEXÃIW

MTZXSJYÇÃS
E evxitjmfekiq é, gixzeqitzi, yqe idvixmêtgme ytmbixwer. Ew viwwsew evxitjiq iq zsjsw sw
iwzákmsw je bmje. Wikytjs Qytmgms (7550), jitzxi zsjew ew iwvégmiw, wsqsw e uyi ziq yqe
mqezyxmjeji sxkâtmge qemw vxsrstkeje i tigiwwmze ji evsms idzixts qemw mtzitws, gsqs zeqhéq ji
gevegmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq qemw jiwitbsrbmjew i lridíbimw. Vsjiqsw jmfix uyi e gevegmjeji ji
evxitjmfekiq, pytzs gsq e rmtkyekiq, s nyqsx, e mxstme i erkyqew syzxew bmxzyjiw uyi egsqvetneq
tswwe gstjyze gstwzmzyiq s túgris háwmgs js egixbs nyqets uyi tsw jmlixitgme ji syzxew iwvégmiw.
Vexe iwwi eyzsx, wiq ew gevegmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq tãs vsjixíeqsw ejuymxmx e gyrzyxe i lsxqex
vexzi ji tswwe wsgmijeji.
E lytçãs lytjeqitzer je evxitjmfekiq nyqete é mtzixmsxmfex sy mtgsxvsxex e gyrzyxe, vexe ewwmq lsxqex vexzi
jire. Lefiqs-tsw viwwsew à qijmje uyi vixwstermfeqsw e gyrzyxe. (QYTMGMS, 7550, v. 65).
Ew zisxmew ji evxitjmfekiq vxiwitziw te rmzixezyxe gsqvxiitjiq ji lsxqew jmbixwew e qetimxe
gsqs wi evxitji: ituyetzs, vexe yqew, s eqhmitzi é vxivstjixetzi i s evxitjmf é vewwmbs
(iqvmxmwqs), vexe syzxew, s evxitjmf é ezmbs, é s gitzxs js vxsgiwws, i s eqhmitzi idixgi vsyge
mtlryêtgme wshxi iri (mtezmwqs). Ná, emtje, syzxs zmvs ji zisxme e uyer gstwmjixe eqhsw sw iriqitzsw –
viwwse i qims – gsqs ezmbsw tsw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq i jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Gsq hewi tmwws, vsjiqsw itzitjix uyi e evxitjmfekiq mtzikxe s vwíuymgs, s gsktmzmbs i s wsgmer,
witjs yq vxsgiwws tiyxsvwmgsgsktmzmbs uyi sgsxxixá iq yq jizixqmtejs qsqitzs nmwzóxmgs, iq
yqe jizixqmteje wsgmijeji, iq yqe gyrzyxe vexzmgyrex.
Xihsrrs (6448) elmxqe uyi e evxitjmfekiq é yq vxsgiwws uyi sgsxxi ts wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer
(WTG), vxsjyfmtjs qsjmlmgeçõiw qemw sy qitsw vixqetitziw, uyi ziq gsqs shpizmbs e ejevzeçãs js
wypimzs es eqhmitzi iq uyi bmbi. Ji egsxjs gsq iwwe elmxqeçãs, vsjiqsw jivxiitjix uyi e
evxitjmfekiq gsqiçe e vexzmx ji yq vxsgiwws tiyxsqezyxegmster uyi ziq wiy mtígms pá te bmje
mtzxeyzixmte, vixvewwetjs virs vixísjs tistezer, mtlâtgme, ejsriwgêtgme i mjeji ejyrze, i tãs evitew
uyetjs s vixísjs iwgsrex wi mtmgme.
Snraimrix (6440) wywzitze uyi, witjs s evxitjmfejs iwwi vxsgiwws jmtâqmgs i gsqvrids, ew
qsjmlmgeçõiw vixqetitziw ts WTG sgsxxiq e vexzmx je vixgivçãs js ezs qszsx vexe uyi,
irehsxejsw te gsxzmgermjeji, jiiq sxmkiq es uyi jitsqmteqsw gsktmçãs. Ewwmq, vexe uyi e
evxitjmfekiq sgsxxe, yq gstpytzs ji wmwziqew lytgmstemw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw vexzmgmve ji lsxqe
gstgsqmzetzi i wmqyrzâtie. Jitzxi iriw, jiwzege-wi s jew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, uyi ziq xivixgywwõiw
mqvsxzetziw ts evxitjmfejs gsqs yq zsjs i, vswwmbirqitzi wikytjs viwuymwew ezyemw, zeqhéq ts
evxitjmfejs je gxmetçe i js ejsriwgitzi gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex.
Iq tswwsw Wiqmtáxmsw Ebetçejsw ji Tiyxsrskme evrmgejsw e vxslmwwmstemw je weúji i ijygeçãs,
iwzyjeqsw i jiheziqsw s exzmks mtzmzyrejs “Vxipyífs je evxitjmfekiq bixher, je qiqóxme i je
lytçãs idigyzmbe iq mxqãsw tãs elizejsw ji wypimzsw iq iwzyjs gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex”, jsw
viwuymwejsxiw Oyroextm iz er. (6474), js Jivexzeqitzs ji Vwmuymezxme js Tezmster Mtwzmzyzi sl Qitzer
Nierzn etj Tiyxswgmitgiw (TMQNETW) iq Hetkersxi, Ítjme. Zer iwzyjs wykixi uyi sw jélmgmzw ji
evxitjmfekiq, qiqóxme bixher i lytçõiw idigyzmbew (vretipeqitzs) vsjixmeq wix itjslitózmvsw
vszitgmemw ts zxetwzsxts hmvsrex.
S zxetwzsxts hmvsrex é yqe gstjmçãs tiyxshmsrókmge hewzetzi gsqvride. Gstwmjixeje yqe jsitçe
gxôtmge, geywe vxipyífsw lytgmstemw wmktmlmgezmbsw pywzmlmgetjs e mqvsxzâtgme ji viwuymwew ji wye
tiyxshmsrskme vexe yq qirnsx itzitjmqitzs i vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji mtzixbitçõiw ejiuyejew.
Ibmjêtgmew evstzeq vexe yqe vxiberêtgme ji gixge ji 7,1% je vsvyreçãs, elizetjs mkyerqitzi
nsqitw i qyrnixiw. Iq gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw lsm gstwmjixeje xexe ezé vsygs ziqvs ezxáw, witjs
mtzixiwwetzi uyi ezé 04% jsw ejyrzsw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex jmfiq idvixmqitzex sw wmtzsqew je
jsitçe jiwji e mtlâtgme. E vexzmx ji 7534, iwzyjsw hmsuyíqmgsw, kitézmgsw i tiyxsitjógxmtsw
evxiwitzexeq tsbsw xilixitgmemw wshxi e izmsvezskitme js zxetwzsxts hmvsrex.
Ewwmq, gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq jmektówzmgs ji zxetwzsxts hmvsrex gsq s vewwex jsw etsw
vsjixãs evxiwitzex vmsxew kxejezmbew iq wyew lytçõiw ejevzezmbew, zitjs gsqs yqe jew vxmtgmvemw
áxiew elizejew e evxitjmfekiq. Vxshriqew gsktmzmbsw, jmlmgyrjejiw te lere i rmtkyíwzmgew, vxshriqew
ji xiregmsteqitzs te leqírme, gsq sw eqmksw i gsrikew te iwgsre vsjiq mtzixlixmx tikezmbeqitzi ts
vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq i sgewmstex lernew ts jiwiqvitns iwgsrex je gxmetçe i js ejsriwgitzi.
Jmetzi jmwws, iwzi gevízyrs shpizmbe ehsxjex e vswwíbir xireçãs itzxi evxitjmfekiq, jmwlytçõiw
idigyzmbew i gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex.

EVXITJMFEKIQ
Vxsbebirqitzi, zitne wmjs s viwuymwejsx wyíçs Piet Vmekiz (7250-7524) s kxetji vmstimxs te
zxetwlsxqeçãs uyermzezmbe je ehsxjekiq js evxitjmfejs nyqets, es iwzyjex e kêtiwi js
gstnigmqitzs ts géxihxs-qitzi jew gxmetçew, wemtjs je vyxe iwvigyreçãs vexe e viwuymwe iqvíxmge.
Es jiwgxibix e lsxqeçãs js vitweqitzs i js gstnigmqitzs nyqets vsx qims ji iwzxyzyxew
qitzemw, ji tezyxife i gsqvridmjeji gxiwgitziw, es rstks ji zsjs s evxitjmfejs i, vsxzetzs, ji
zsje e bmje nyqete, Vmekiz lsm yq bmwmstáxms i qymzs gsxepsws es mjitzmlmgex izevew ji ibsryçãs ji yq
vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq uyi gsqiçe gsq s qytjs witjs svixejs vsx qims ji eçõiw gstgxizew i
geqmtne te jmxiçãs ji gstwzxyçõiw qitzemw rókmgs-lsxqemw ehwzxezew. Vexe e zisxme vwmgskitézmge ji
Vmekiz (7512), e gevegmjeji ji gstnigix é lxyzs ji zxsgew itzxi s sxketmwqs i s qims. Iwwew zxsgew
wãs xiwvstwábimw, mtgrywmbi, vire gstwzxyçãs je vxóvxme gevegmjeji ji gstnigix; wiq irew, iwwe
gevegmjeji tãs wi gstwzxóm (LREBIRR, 7522).
Iq wi zxezetjs ji vswmçõiw ivmwziqsrókmgew, e zisxme vmekizmete gstwzmzym-wi iq yqe wítziwi
evxslytjeje jew gstgivçõiw iqvmxmwze i mtezmwze, bmwzs uyi gstgsxje gsq s iqvmxmwqs uyetzs à
idvixmêtgme gsqs lezsx mtjmwvitwábir, qew, je qiwqe lsxqe, egimze uyi ná yq túgris mtzirigzyer uyi
vixwmwzi ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs (vswmçãs mtezmwze). Bem, emtje, es itgstzxs je zisxme je Kiwzerz, es
itlezmfex
[...] e mqvsxzâtgme ji zszermjejiw sxketmfejew idmwzitziw ts wypimzs, ji lsxqe mtzirigzyer, uyi mqvijiq uyi s
sxketmwqs wipe yq xigivzágyrs vewwmbs ji yqe xiermjeji vxstze. (LREBIRR, 7522, v. 30).
Vsx lmq, gsqvexzmrne mjimew gsq e zisxme js zezieqitzs, wikytjs e uyer ew eçõiw sxmkmtejew ts
wypimzs sy jiwevexigiq vsxuyi tãs wixbmxeq sy wi iwzehirigiq vsxuyi lsxeq ejiuyejew,
jivitjitjs ji wiy wygiwws te qetmvyreçãs ilizmbe jsw shpizsw. E zisxme js zezieqitzs ziq, gsqs
gstgivçãs ji mtzirmkêtgme, e nmvóziwi ji Pittmtkw, xizsqeje vsx Znsxtjmoi (evyj LREBIRR, 7522),
wikytjs e uyer, vsx yq rejs, idmwzi yq qézsjs ezmbs ji ejevzeçãs àw gmxgytwzâtgmew tsbew, vsx qims
ji zitzezmbew, ejqmzmtjs ixxsw i wygiwwsw i, vsx syzxs, ná yqe wiriçãs vxskxiwwmbe, evów s ibitzs.
Wikytjs e zisxme vmekizmete, s lezsx uyi qszmbe s wypimzs e itbsrbix-wi iq ezmbmjejiw gsq lmtw ji
gstnigix, jmetzi js eqhmitzi, vxsbéq ji mqvyrwsw vxmqáxmsw, gsqs lsqi, wiji i wids, sy ji
tigiwwmjejiw wigytjáxmew jigsxxitziw jew tigiwwmjejiw vxmqáxmew (LREBIRR, 7522). Vmekiz, ts
itzetzs, elmxqe wix ji tezyxife jmlixitzi s lezsx vxsvyrwsx js iwlsxçs mtzirigzyer, gypew iwzxyzyxew
vixqetigiq iq lytgmsteqitzs. Iwwew iwzxyzyxew wãs ewvigzsw bexmábimw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs:
ew lsxqew ji sxketmfeçãs ji ezmbmjeji qitzer zêq jyvre sxmkiq: qszsx sy mtzirigzyer, ji yqe vexzi, i elizmbs,
ji syzxe, gsq wyew jmqitwõiw mtjmbmjyer i wsgmer. (MTNIRJIX, 7537, v. 79).
Vmekiz jilitji e vswmçãs ji egsxjs gsq e uyer idmwzi yqe tigiwwmjeji mtzxítwige jsw óxkãsw sy
iwzxyzyxew gsktmzmbew uyi, yqe bif kixeje virs lytgmsteqitzs, vixvizye-wi vsx qims je gstzmtyeçãs
jiwwi lytgmsteqitzs.
Ewwmq, vexe Vmekiz, s sxketmwqs vxigmwe “ermqitzex” wiyw iwuyiqew gsktmzmbsw, mtgsxvsxetjs sw
“tyzxmitziw” eqhmitzemw uyi sw wywzitziq i itxmuyiçeq. Vexe Lrebirr (7522), Vmekiz tãs jilmti
“iwuyiqe” ji qsjs gymjejsws i gsqvrizs, qew ná lxekqitzsw ji jilmtmçõiw wygiwwmbew, iwvernejsw
iq báxmsw bsryqiw, gsqs iwzi e wikymx:
 Yq iwuyiqe é yqe iwzxyzyxe gsktmzmbe uyi wi xilixi e yqe grewwi ji wiuyêtgmew ji eçãs wiqirnetziw,
wiuyêtgmew uyi gstwzmzyiq zszermjejiw vszitziw i hiq jirmqmzejew, tew uyemw sw iriqitzsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw
uyi ew gstwzmzyiq iwzãs iwzximzeqitzi mtzix-xiregmstejsw. (VMEKIZ evyj LREBIRR, 7522, v. 16).
Sw iwuyiqew xivxiwitzeq ew eçõiw wywgizíbimw ji wixiq idixgmjew wshxi sw shpizsw, ewwmq gsqs
ew wiuyêtgmew ji gsqvsxzeqitzs (v. id., iwuyiqe ji wykex, iwuyiqe ji vikex) (LREBIRR, 7522).
Ewwmq, uyetjs e gxmetçe idigyze yqe wiuyêtgme ji ekexxex, ire iwzá evrmgetjs yq iwuyiqe ji
ekexxex à xiermjeji, i s vxóvxms gsqvsxzeqitzs gstwzmzym s iwuyiqe. Jiwwe lsxqe, s lytgmsteqitzs
ewwmqmrezmbs kixsy yqe iwzxyzyxe gsktmzmbe. Mqvsxze itlezmfexqsw uyi, jiwji qymzs gijs, e gxmetçe,
iqhsxe tãs zitne emtje e gevegmjeji ji xivxiwitzeçãs, pá é gevef ji ezxmhymx wmktmlmgejs es qytjs
uyi e gixge, à qijmje uyi gsqiçe e gstwzxymx sw iwuyiqew qszsxiw, gstjmçãs tigiwwáxme vexe ew
eçõiw. Vexe Vmekiz (7537), e wmktmlmgeçãs é s xiwyrzejs je vswwmhmrmjeji ji ewwmqmreçãs: ezxmhymx
wmktmlmgejs é mtwixmx erks iq yqe iwzxyzyxe, é vsjix itgemdex erkyqe gsmwe iq yq zsjs sxketmfejs.
Uyetjs mwws tãs egstzigi, ná yqe ejevzeçãs (egsqsjeçãs) uyi zxetwlsxqe yq iwuyiqe iq syzxs
qemw ejiuyejs, vsx mwws, gevef ji xiermfex e ewwmqmreçãs. Vsxzetzs, egsqsjeçãs gstwmwzi te bexmeçãs
ji yq iwuyiqe. E eçãs nyqete bmwe e yqe qirnsx ejevzeçãs es eqhmitzi i, vexe uyi iwze wipe
vswwíbir, sgsxxiq gstwzetziw sxketmfeçõiw je idvixmêtgme, wmqyrzetieqitzi witwsxmsqszsxe,
gsktmzmbe i elizmbe. Wikytjs Vmekiz (7537), iwwew idvixmêtgmew wi jmlixitgmeq i gstuymwzeq uyermjejiw
tsbew, zxetwlsxqetjs-wi. Gswze (6446, v. 5) idvrmge uyi, vexe Vmekiz,
[...] e gstwzxyçãs je mtzirmkêtgme vsji wix iwuyiqezmfeje gsqs yqe iwvmxer gxiwgitzi bsrzeje vexe e
iuymrmhxeçãs xiwyrzetzi je gsqhmteçãs jsw vxsgiwwsw ji ewwmqmreçãs i egsqsjeçãs.
Lrebirr (7522) mtzixvxize uyi, vexe Vmekiz, e eçãs nyqete, jmxigmstetjs-wi e yqe gstwzetzi
iuymrmhxeçãs, qszmbe yq xsqvmqitzs je xszmte, vxsbsgetjs mtjekeçõiw, e lmq ji iwzehirigix yq
qirnsx xiregmsteqitzs gsq s qytjs.
Beri xiwwerzexqsw uyi s vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq itbsrbi yqe eçãs gstzítye, tãs evitew wi
iqhewetjs tsw qsbmqitzsw ewwmqmrezmbsw i egsqsjezmbsw, gevefiw ji vxsjyfmx sxketmfeçõiw
vxskxiwwmbew jew eçõiw js wypimzs jmetzi js shpizs, qew zeqhéq te zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme js
vxóvxms vitweqitzs. Vexe Vmekiz (7529, v. 694),
[...] zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme gstwmwzi iq lefix vewwex erkytw iriqitzsw ji yq vrets mtlixmsx mtgstwgmitzi e yq
vrets wyvixmsx gstwgmitzi, gstwzmzymtjs-wi yqe xigstwzxyçãs ts vrets wyvixmsx js uyi pá iwzá sxketmfejs.
Wikytjs Grevixèji (evyj VMEKIZ, 7529), js vstzs ji bmwze lytgmster, e zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme wi
vxsjyf vsx sgewmãs ji yqe jiwejevzeçãs, vsxuyi, uyetjs yqe gstjyze é hiq ejevzeje i lytgmste
wiq jmlmgyrjejiw, tãs ná xefãs ji vxsgyxex etermwex gstwgmitziqitzi wiyw qigetmwqsw; rsks, wi yqe
eçãs é hiq ejevzeje, tãs ná tigiwwmjeji ji zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme.
E zisxme vmekizmete wykixi uyi jibiqsw ribex iq gstwmjixeçãs uyi, te evxitjmfekiq, qymzsw
lezsxiw iwzãs itbsrbmjsw. Itzãs, ezitzi vxmtgmverqitzi vexe ew vswwíbimw mtzixbitçõiw uyi lexá iq
xireçãs esw erytsw, uyermlmgetjs-ew ji qetimxe vxsjygitzi; vsx idiqvrs, vxsqsbitjs
jiwejevzeçãs, vexe vswwmhmrmzex e zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme. Grevexèji (evyj VMEKIZ, 7529) idvrmge uyi
ew gsmwew uyi idmkiq yqe ejevzeçãs ji tswwe vexzi, euyirew uyi idgmzeq tswwe gstwgmêtgme, wãs
qyjetçew ts qytjs idzixmsx, vsx svswmçãs àw “vixmvégmew” js zxeherns js vitweqitzs.
S vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq zeqhéq itbsrbi e qizegsktmçãs. Hxmzz (7523, v. 793) e jilmti gsqs
yqe
[...] ezmbmjeji qizsjsrókmge ji etermwex i xilrizmx wshxi s vxsgiwws gsktmzmbs i e gevegmjeji ji vôx iq vxázmge
gstwgmitziqitzi yq xegmsgítms.
Vexe e eyzsxe, e zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme js vxsliwwsx, ji yqe iwzxyzyxe js wehix i je wye
irehsxeçãs, gsq s mtzymzs ji kymex s eryts, virs ezs vijekókmgs, te gstwzxyçãs ji wiy wehix mtjyf s
eryts e zsqex gstwgmêtgme ji “qézsjsw ji vitweqitzs”. Jmetzi jmwws, s vxsliwwsx jibi ribex s eryts
à gstwzxyçãs ji wiy wehix vsx qims ji iwzxezékmew iwvigílmgew vexe yqe evxitjmfekiq eyzôtsqe. E
xilridãs tigiwwáxme vexe uyi s eryts vixgihe sw wiyw vxóvxmsw vxsgiwwsw qitzemw vsji sgsxxix vire
qijmeçãs js ijygejsx. Iwzi jibi svsxzytmfex uyi wiyw erytsw xiermfiq iwgsrnew gstwgmitziw ji
iwzxezékmew ji evxitjmfekiq tew wmzyeçõiw uyi vxsvõi. Hxmzz elmxqe uyi s gstnigmqitzs egixge jew
iwzxezékmew qitzemw uyi s eryts vsji yzmrmfex ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq é ji mqvsxzâtgme jigmwmbe
vexe s vxsliwwsx, yqe bif uyi vsji eydmrmex s evxitjmf e yzmrmfá-rew ji qetimxe ilmgef. Wiq e
qijmeçãs js vxsliwwsx, e zsqeje ji gstwgmêtgme virs eryts tãs wixme vswwíbir: jeí e êtlewi tiwwi ezs
vijekókmgs, uyi jitsqmte qizegsktmçãs (HXMZZ, 7523).
Beritjs-wi js uyi ewwmtereqsw egmqe, e mtzixeçãs gsq s eqhmitzi é mqvsxzetzi vsxuyi gstlmxqe
sy mtjyf e evxitjmfekiq sy s evexigmqitzs ji tsbsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw, jigsxxitziw je lsxqeçãs
ji gstidõiw tixbswew. Qymzew viwuymwew zêq qswzxejs uyi, vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js wmwziqe
tixbsws, e iwzmqyreçãs eqhmitzer é idzxiqeqitzi mqvsxzetzi, gstlmxqetjs uyi e qemsx vexzi jsw
tswwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs evxitjmjsw i tãs vxskxeqejsw vire tezyxife.
Syzxs eyzsx idzxiqeqitzi mtlryitzi te vwmgsrskme js jiwitbsrbmqitzs i je evxitjmfekiq lsm s
hmirsxxywws Rib Wiqitsbmzgn Bckszwoc (7250-7598). Wiy vxmtgmver shpizmbs lsm ijmlmgex yqe gmêtgme
vwmgsrókmge qemw zszermfejsxe js uyi ew zisxmew idmwzitziw à wye évsge. Iwwe gmêtgme wi gstwzmzymxme iq
zxêw iriqitzsw lytjeqitzemw: s itzitjmqitzs ji uyi s géxihxs é e hewi hmsrókmge jew lytçõiw
vwmgsrókmgew; e tsçãs ji uyi zemw lytçõiw lytjeq-wi tew xireçõiw wsgmemw, uyi wãs tigiwwexmeqitzi
nmwzóxmgew i gyrzyxemw; i e wmktmlmgeçãs ji uyi ew lytçõiw vwmgsrókmgew wyvixmsxiw wãs qijmejew
wmqhsrmgeqitzi (SRMBIMXE, 7553).
Bckszwoc (7598) elmxqe uyi zsjew ew ezmbmjejiw gsktmzmbew háwmgew js wypimzs sgsxxiq ji egsxjs
gsq wye nmwzóxme wsgmer i wi gstwzmzyiq gsqs xiwyrzejs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs nmwzóxmgs-wsgmer ji wye
gsqytmjeji (RYXME, 7530). Ewwmq, ew nehmrmjejiw gsktmzmbew i ew lsxqew ji iwzxyzyxex s vitweqitzs
jiwwi wypimzs tãs wãs jizixqmtejew vsx lezsxiw kitézmgsw, gstkêtmzsw. Wãs xiwyrzetziw jew ezmbmjejiw
vxezmgejew ji egsxjs gsq sw náhmzsw wsgmemw je gyrzyxe iq uyi iri wi jiwitbsrbi. Vsxzetzs, sw
lezsxiw vxmqsxjmemw uyi bãs jizixqmtex e lsxqe ji vitwex ji yqe gxmetçe wixãs e nmwzóxme je
wsgmijeji te uyer ire wi jiwitbsrbi i wye nmwzóxme viwwser. Tiwwi vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs
gsktmzmbs, vexe Bckszwoc (7598), e rmtkyekiq ziq vevir lytjeqitzer te jizixqmteçãs ji gsqs e
gxmetçe bem evxitjix e vitwex, yqe bif uyi ew lsxqew ebetçejew ji vitweqitzs wãs zxetwqmzmjew à
gxmetçe vsx qims ji verebxew (QYXXEC ZNSQEW, 7559).
Vexe Bckszwoc (7598), yq grexs itzitjmqitzs jew xireçõiw itzxi vitweqitzs i rítkye é tigiwwáxms
vexe uyi wi itzitje s vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtzirigzyer.
S uyi iri zitze qswzxex é uyi vitweqitzs i rmtkyekiq tsw wypimzsw zêq sxmkitw jmlixitziw.
Mtmgmerqitzi, s vitweqitzs te gxmetçe tãs é bixher, i e rmtkyekiq tãs é mtzirigzyer. Wyew zxepizóxmew
ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs, itzxizetzs, gxyfeq-wi, tãs witjs vexerirew. Gsq gixge ji 6 etsw ji mjeji, ew
gyxbew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs js vitweqitzs i je rmtkyekiq, ezé itzãs wivexejew, itgstzxeq-wi vexe
jex mtígms e yqe tsbe lsxqe ji gsqvsxzeqitzs. E vexzmx jiwwe mjeji, s vitweqitzs je gxmetçe
vexigi ywex rmtkyekiq evitew vexe mtzixeçãs wyvixlmgmer iq wiy gstbíbms, qew é wó evexêtgme, vsmw
iwwe rmtkyekiq vitizxe ts wyhgstwgmitzi vexe wi gstwzmzymx te iwzxyzyxe ji wiy vitweqitzs.
Bckszwoc (7598) elmxqe uyi zsje lytçãs vwmgsrókmge wyxki mtmgmerqitzi ts tíbir wsgmer,
mtzixvwmgsrókmgs, vexe jivsmw wix mtzixtermfeje, vewwetjs vexe s tíbir mtjmbmjyer, mtzxevwmgsrókmgs.
Ewwmq, e rmtkyekiq, uyi wyxki je tigiwwmjeji ji gsqytmgeçãs gsq sw jiqemw qiqhxsw ji wiy
kxyvs, vewwe vswzixmsxqitzi e qijmex wyew xivxiwitzeçõiw qitzemw, yqe bif uyi witjs yq wmwziqe
wmqhórmgs idixgi yq vevir mqvsxzetzi ts eyzsgstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs, vsx idiqvrs, vretipetjs
eçõiw vexe e xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew.
Bckszwoc (7598) zeqhéq tsw evxiwitze syzxe lsxqe ji srnex vexe e uyiwzãs je evxitjmfekiq i js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Iq wiyw iwzyjsw, ideqmte ew zxêw zitzezmbew vxmtgmvemw ji xiwsrbix iwwi vxshriqe,
uyi ezé nspi zêq mqvsxzâtgme te vwmgsrskme wsbmézmge.
E vxmqimxe zisxme, emtje jmlytjmje nspi, gstwmjixe e evxitjmfekiq i s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsqs jsmw
vxsgiwwsw mtjivitjitziw itzxi wm. S jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe é bmwzs gsqs yq vxsgiwws ji
qezyxeçãs wypimzs àw rimw tezyxemw, ituyetzs e evxitjmfekiq é bmwze gsqs evxsbimzeqitzs
qixeqitzi idzixmsx jew svsxzytmjejiw gxmejew virs vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Ji egsxjs gsq
iwwe bmwãs, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vsji vxsgiwwex-wi tsxqerqitzi i ezmtkmx wiy tíbir qemw erzs wiq
titnyq itwmts. Ewwmq, ew gxmetçew uyi tãs vewwexeq virs itwmts iwgsrex jiwitbsrbiq zsjew ew
lsxqew ji lytçõiw wyvixmsxiw js vitweqitzs i xibireq zsje e vritmzyji jew vswwmhmrmjejiw
mtzirigzyemw te qiwqe qijmje uyi ew gxmetçew uyi vewwexeq vire evxitjmfekiq te iwgsre. Iwwe
zisxme lsm ribeje es idzxiqs rókmgs te zisxme ji Vmekiz, uyi egxijmze uyi s vitweqitzs je gxmetçe
vewwe tigiwwexmeqitzi vsx jizixqmtejew lewiw i iwzákmsw, mtjivitjitziqitzi ji iwzex e gxmetçe iq
vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq iwgsrex sy tãs.
E wikytje gstgivçãs, mtmgmerqitzi vxsvswze vsx Amrrmeq Peqiw, lytji evxitjmfekiq i
jiwitbsrbmqitzs, zsxtetjs mjêtzmgsw sw jsmw vxsgiwwsw. Iwwi eyzsx vxsgyxsy qswzxex uyi s vxsgiwws
ji lsxqeçãs ji ewwsgmeçõiw i nehmrmjejiw wixbi mkyerqitzi ji hewi zetzs à evxitjmfekiq uyetzs es
jiwitbsrbmqitzs qitzer. Ewwmq, evxitjmfekiq é jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
S zixgimxs kxyvs ji zisxmew, gstwmjixejew jyemw, sgyve vswmçãs mtzixqijmáxme itzxi sw jsmw vstzsw
ji bmwze egmqe gmzejsw. Sy qirnsx, zitze gixze ytmlmgeçãs jiwwiw vstzsw ji bmwze. Ziq gsqs wiy
xivxiwitzetzi vxmtgmver Oslloe, vexe uyiq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs jiwji s mtígms wiqvxi evxiwitze yq
jyvrs gexázix. Eviwex jmwws, vexe Bckszwoc, gsqvexeje àw jyew etzixmsxiw, iwwe zisxme ebetçe,
qswzxetjs uyi itzxi jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsqs qezyxeçãs i evxitjmfekiq jibi idmwzmx yqe
mtzixjivitjêtgme. I gsqvrize gsq erks tsbs: e gstgivçãs je evxitjmfekiq gsqs vxsgiwws
iwzxyzyxer i gstwgmitzmfejs. E evxitjmfekiq vsji vxsjyfmx qemw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs uyi euymrs uyi
gstzéq iq wiyw xiwyrzejsw mqijmezsw. Gstwiuyitziqitzi, e evxitjmfekiq vsji mx tãs wó ezxáw js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs, tãs wó vewws e vewws gsq iri, qew vsji wyvixá-rs, vxspizetjs-s vexe e lxitzi i
wywgmzetjs tiri tsbew lsxqeçõiw.
 Te ehsxjekiq bckszwocete, e mqvsxzâtgme je qijmeçãs wsgmer ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs é
gstwmwzitzi gsq ibmjêtgmew idvixmqitzemw ezyemw ji uyi qymzew xikmõiw tisgsxzmgemw i wyhgsxzmgemw
idmhiq qyjetçew tiyxstemw i iwzxyzyxemw iq xiwvswze e idvixmêtgmew gsqs evxitjmfejs i zixevmew
gsqvsxzeqitzemw.
Ewwmq, vsjiqsw itzitjix e evxitjmfekiq gsqs yq vxsgiwws uyi sgsxxi ts wmwziqe tixbsws
gitzxer uyi bem witjs qsrjejs, gstwzmzymtjs wyew hewiw gsktmzmbew, gstlsxqi iwwe mtzixeçãs
eqhmitzer, wsgmer i gyrzyxer.
Vexe uyi s evxitjmfejs sgsxxe, jmbixwew áxiew gixihxemw iwzãs itbsrbmjew, stji qigetmwqsw
hmsuyíqmgsw itzxeq iq eçãs, lefitjs tiyxszxetwqmwwsxiw wixiq rmhixejsw iq qemsx sy qitsx
uyetzmjeji sy zixiq yqe eçãs qemw ilmgmitzi te qiqhxete vów-wmtávzmge. Vsxzetzs, js vstzs ji
bmwze tiyxshmsrókmgs, e evxitjmfekiq é xiwyrzejs ji qsjmlmgeçõiw uyíqmgew i iwzxyzyxemw ts WTG ji
geje wypimzs itbsrbmjs tiwwi vxsgiwws i uyi wi zxejyf vire lsxqeçãs i gstwsrmjeçãs jew wmtevwiw, sy
wipe, jew rmkeçõiw itzxi ew géryrew tixbswew.

JMWLYTÇÕIW IDIGYZMBEW
S jmgmstáxms je Mtzixtezmster Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger Wsgmizc jilmti lytçõiw idigyzmbew (LIw) gsqs
[...] ew nehmrmjejiw gsktmzmbew tigiwwáxmew vexe xiermfex gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqvridsw jmxmkmjsw vexe jizixqmtejs
shpizmbs i e gevegmjeji ejevzezmbe àw jmbixwew jiqetjew i qyjetçew eqhmitzemw. (RSXMTK, 7555, v. 08).
Lytçõiw idigyzmbew xivxiwitzeq yq gstpytzs ji vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw uyi itbsrbiq gevegmjejiw
ji vretipeqitzs, idigyçãs ji ezmbmjejiw gsqvridew i syzxsw vxsgiwwsw uyi vixqmziq uyi sw
wypimzsw sxketmfiq i iwzxyzyxiq wiy eqhmitzi ji egsxjs gsq yq shpizmbs (LSWZIX iz er., 7553). Vexe
Gcvir (6440, v. 931), vexzmgmve je gstwigyçãs jew LIw “yq iwvigzxs eqvrs ji vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw,
jiwzegetjs-wi s iwzejs ji erixze, e ezitçãs wywzitzeje i wirizmbe, s ziqvs ji xieçãs, e lryêtgme i e
lridmhmrmjeji js vitweqitzs”, uyi zixmeq gsqs zexile e xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew.
Ewwmq, vsjiqsw etermwex uyi, lmrskitizmgeqitzi, ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew uyi gstwzmzyiq iwwi
gstpytzs ji nehmrmjejiw evxiwitzejs ezmtkmxeq wiy ávmgi te iwvégmi nyqete i bêq e wix s uyi tsw
jmlixitgme jsw jiqemw etmqemw. Irew itbsrbiq-wi tsw âqhmzsw gsktmzmbs, iqsgmster i wsgmer, te qijmje
iq uyi evxiwitzeq gsqs shpizmbs e xikyreçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs i vixqmziq esw wypimzsw
jmxigmstex gsqvsxzeqitzsw e qizew, ebermex e ilmgmêtgme i e ejiuyeçãs jiwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw,
ehetjstex iwzxezékmew mtilmgefiw vsx syzxew qemw ilmgmitziw, xiwsrbitjs, jiwwi qsjs, vxshriqew
mqijmezsw, ji qéjms i rstks vxefs.
Ew LIw jivitjiq ji yq vxsgiwweqitzs hewzetzi gsqvrids uyi itbsrbi s rshs lxstzer, erkytw
túgrisw je hewi (gsqs s wzxmezyq), s záreqs, ew iwzxyzyxew ríqhmgew i ew bmew uyi gstigzeq iwwew
xikmõiw. E jiwvimzs ji erkyqew jew zisxmew wshxi ew lytçõiw js rshs lxstzer, sw zxehernsw ji Ryxme
(7527) xitsbexeq e etármwi wiqmsrókmge jsw jmwzúxhmsw xiregmstejsw àw riwõiw jsw rshsw lxstzemw. Wiyw
iwzyjsw jiwiqhsgexeq iq yqe gstgivçãs zxmvexzmzi js géxihxs: yqe fste hewer uyi mtzikxe s
zxstgs gixihxer i s wmwziqe ríqhmgs xiwvstwábir vire ezitçãs i vire qiqsxmfeçãs; yqe fste
vswzixmsx xiwixbeje es zxezeqitzs jew mtlsxqeçõiw witwsxmemw; yqe xikmãs etzixmsx uyi xikyre s
wiuyitgmeqitzs i e vretmlmgeçãs je ezmbmjeji gixihxer, wipe qszsxe sy qitzer, gsq zyjs s uyi iwwew
lytçõiw egexxizeq tew iwgsrnew e lefix i e ejevzex, gsqs tew xiwsryçõiw ji vxshriqew i te
gevegmjeji iwzxezékmge vexe wirigmstex sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw tigiwwáxmsw à xiermfeçãs jsw vxspizsw
uyi zigiq e bmje nyqete. Ryxme, eviwex ji zix wmjs yq jsw vxmqimxsw e viwuymwex sw vxsgiwwsw
idigyzmbsw, tãs sw zxezsy gsq iwwi tsqi, qew jimdsy ibmjitzi e mqvsxzâtgme js vretipeqitzs i js
gsqvsxzeqitzs jmxmkmjs e shpizmbsw vexe e idigyçãs ji lytçõiw gsqvridew.
Vsxéq, wãs ew áxiew vxé-lxstzemw uyi idixgiq yq vevir ji idzxiqe mqvsxzâtgme wshxi iwwew
lytçõiw. S góxzid vxé-lxstzer ziq mtúqixew gstidõiw, uyewi wiqvxi xigívxsgew, gsq mtúqixew
xikmõiw js géxihxs. Iri xivxiwitze itzxi yq uyexzs i yq zixçs je qewwe js góxzid, qetzitjs
gstidõiw gsq s nmvsgeqvs, e eqíkjere, s záreqs, s góxzid vexe-nmvsgeqver i gmtkyrex, s nmvszáreqs
i s zikqitzs qiwitgilármgs. Rsks, é vswwíbir jmfix uyi s góxzid vxé-lxstzer wi gsqvsxze gsqs yqe
mtzixlegi itzxi e gsktmçãs i s witzmqitzs. Vsjiqsw zeqhéq egxiwgitzex uyi iri iwzá mqvrmgejs te
qiqóxme vsx mtzixqéjms js wmwziqe ríqhmgs i tsw vxsgiwwsw je ezitçãs virs záreqs, iri vxóvxms
rmkejs gsq e wyhwzâtgme xizmgyreje ts zxstgs itgilármgs. S góxzid vxé-lxstzer xigihi elixêtgmew jew
áxiew srlezmbew je hewi js géxihxs i zeqhéq iwzá rmkejs, virs záreqs i wyew gstidõiw jiwgitjitziw,
es wmwziqe tixbsws eyzôtsqs.
Hxejwnea (6447) jiwgxibi gmtgs gmxgymzsw lxstzemw wyhgsxzmgemw vexerirsw, witjs zxêw xiregmstejsw
gsq ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew: gmxgymzs jsxwsrezixer, gmxgymzs sxhmzslxstzer i gmxgymzs gítkyrs etzixmsx.
S gmxgymzs jsxwsrezixer, witjs yqe áxie ji gstbixkêtgme qyrzmqsjer, sxmkmte-wi ts góxzid vxé-
lxstzer jsxwsrezixer, vxspize-wi vexe s túgris geyjejs, uyi xigihi wmtemw js góxzid vexmizer i je áxie
vxé-qszsxe, uyi iwzãs gstigzejsw gsq s krshs vármjs i e wyhwzâtgme tikxe xizmgyreje. S gmxgymzs
gstzmtye vexe xikmõiw jsw túgrisw zerâqmgsw, uyi, vsx wye bif, iqmziq vxspiçõiw ji bsrze vexe s
góxzid vxé-lxstzer jsxwsrezixer.
Wikytjs Qerrsc-Jmtmf iz er. (6445), e xikmãs vxé-lxstzer jsxwsrezixer é yqe áxie xiregmsteje e
vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw ji lryêtgme bixher i tãs bixher, xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew, qstmzsxeçãs je
ezitçãs, eyzsxxikyreçãs i lridmhmrmjeji gsktmzmbe. Jmwlytçõiw tiwwew áxiew gstzxmhyiq vexe vxipyífs
ji qiqóxme, jélmgmzw ji qiqóxme ji zxeherns, vshxi sxketmfeçãs ji iwzxezékmew i gsqvxsqizmqitzs
iq erzixtex i qetzix e lytçãs ji erixze.
S gmxgymzs sxhmzslxstzer sxmkmte-wi ts góxzid vxé-lxstzer rezixer mtlixmsx i bitzxer etzixmsx, vxspize-wi
vexe s túgris geyjejs uyi xigihi wmtemw ji syzxew áxiew ji ewwsgmeçãs gsqs s kmxs ziqvsxer
wyvixmsx i mtlixmsx, xiregmstejew es vxsgiwweqitzs eyjmzmbs i bmwyer, xiwvigzmbeqitzi, gsqs zeqhéq
ji xikmõiw js zxstgs itgilármgs. S gmxgymzs gstzmtye vexe s krshs vármjs jsxwsqijmer i vexe e vsxçãs
xswzxsqijmer je wyhwzâtgme tikxe, vxspizetjs-wi e wikymx vexe túgrisw bitzxemw etzixmsxiw i
jsxwsqijmemw js záreqs, xizsxtetjs, itzãs, vexe s góxzid sxhmzslxstzer.
Iwwi gmxgymzs xikyre lytçõiw mqvsxzetziw gsqs s gstzxsri mtmhmzóxms, xikyreçãs iqsgmster i e
gevegmjeji ji ejmex yqe xiwvswze. Zeqhéq vexigi iwzex itbsrbmjs gsq ewvigzsw js
gsqvsxzeqitzs wsgmer, gsqs iqvezme i gyqvxmqitzs ji xikxew. Vsxzetzs, gsqvxsqizmqitzsw ts
gmxgymzs sxhmzslxstzer zxefiq gsqs gstwiuyêtgmew gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji xmwgs i erzixeçõiw je
vixwstermjeji, gexegzixmfeje vsx jmqmtymçãs je witwmhmrmjeji àw tsxqew wsgmemw, jiwmtmhmçãs, nyqsx
swgmretzi itzxi iylsxme i xembe, hemde zsrixâtgme à lxywzxeçãs, mtletzmrmfeçãs i jivitjêtgme ji xilsxçsw.
Vsji nebix zeqhéq vxipyífs ts pyrkeqitzs wsgmer i ts evxitjmfejs hewiejs iq iqsçõiw. Gsq mwws,
yqe viwwse vsji evxiwitzex jmlmgyrjejiw te zsqeje ji jigmwõiw vire tãs etzigmveçãs jew
gstwiuyêtgmew lyzyxew ji wyew ezmzyjiw.
Yq jsw vxmqimxsw gewsw jiwgxmzsw wshxi s mqvegzs ji riwõiw ts góxzid sxhmzslxstzer wshxi e
vixwstermjeji lsm s ji Vnmtiew Keki, uyi, iq yq egmjitzi ji zxeherns, zibi e hewi js géxihxs
zxetwvewweje vsx yqe hexxe ji lixxs. Evów iwwi mtgmjitzi, iwwi psbiq ji evitew 61 etsw vewwsy e
evxiwitzex erzixeçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw wmktmlmgezmbew, mtgrymtjs swgmreçõiw ji nyqsx, lerze ji mtmhmçãs,
jmlmgyrjejiw iq wikymx tsxqew wsgmemw, eviwex ji qetzix mtzirmkêtgme kixer, lytçõiw vixgivzmbew i
rmtkyekiq vxiwixbejew.
S gmxgymzs gmtkyrejs etzixmsx sxmkmte-wi ts gítkyrs etzixmsx i wi vxspize vexe s túgris eggyqhitw i
áxiew srlezmbew, uyi xigihiq wmtemw js góxzid ji ewwsgmeçãs vexeríqhmgs, uyi mtgryiq eqíkjere,
nmvsgeqvs mtlixmsx i góxzid itzsxxmter. S gmxgymzs gstzmtye vexe s krshs vármjs bitzxer i wyhwzâtgme
tikxe xswzxsjsxwer i wikyi vexe s túgris zerâqmgs jsxwsqijmer, xizsxtetjs es gítkyrs etzixmsx. Iri
xikyre e qszmbeçãs i s vxsgiwweqitzs iqsgmster, witjs mqvsxzetzi vexe s qstmzsxeqitzs ji
gsqvsxzeqitzsw, gstzxsri idigyzmbs je ezitçãs, wiriçãs i gstzxsri jew xiwvswzew. Riwõiw hmrezixemw
js gmxgymzs js gítkyrs etzixmsx vsjiq geywex jmqmtymçãs sy jiwevexigmqitzs ji qsbmqitzsw
eyzsqázmgsw i qyzmwqs, nebitjs eywêtgme ji witwmhmrmjeji i iwvstzetimjeji i xijyçãs je
gstwgmêtgme js mtígms js jmwgyxws. Sw wypimzsw elizejsw wãs, qymzew bifiw, xilixmjsw gsqs evázmgsw,
ejmtâqmgsw sy vwiyjsjivxiwwmbsw.
Oixx i Firefs (6448, evyj QERRSC-JMTMF iz er., 6474) grewwmlmgeq ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew iq jsmw
kxetjiw kxyvsw: ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew js zmvs “lxms” i ew js zmvs “uyitzi”. S vxmqimxs kxyvs é
gexegzixmfejs vsx ewvigzsw rókmgsw i ehwzxezsw, i s wikytjs ziq qemsx itbsrbmqitzs ji ewvigzsw
iqsgmstemw, qszmbegmstemw, gsq hewi te etármwi js gywzs i hitilígms je nmwzóxme i mtzixvxizeçãs
viwwser. Uyetzs à vixwvigzmbe tiyxsiwzxyzyxer, s vxmqimxs kxyvs iwzexme xiregmstejs es gmxgymzs
jsxwsrezixer, i ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew js zmvs “uyitzi” iwzexmeq qemw xiregmstejew esw gmxgymzsw
sxhmzslxstzemw.
Ewwmq, erzixeçõiw geywejew vsx gsqvxsqizmqitzsw ts góxzid vxé-lxstzer zêq wmjs jiwgxmzew gsqs
jmwlytçõiw idigyzmbew. E wítjxsqi jmwidigyzmbe xiwyrzetzi ji zemw jetsw, ejuymxmjsw ts gyxws je bmje
sy jigsxxitziw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs etsxqer, vsjixá ewwyqmx lsxqew jmwzmtzew ji qetmliwzeçãs
gstlsxqi sw gmxgymzsw uyi evxiwitzeq qemsx tíbir ji egsqizmqitzs. Zxeze-wi ji yq gstpytzs ji
erzixeçõiw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs i gsktmzmbew, uyi itbsrbi jmlmgyrjejiw vexe gstgitzxex-wi iq yqe
zexile i lmtermfá-re wiq e epyje ji xilsxçsw eqhmitzemw idzixtsw, gsqvsxzeqitzs xíkmjs, vixwibixetzi,
vsjitjs vsx bifiw evxiwitzex gstjyzew iwzixiszmvejew, jmlmgyrjeji te gstwzxyçãs ji tsbsw
xivixzóxmsw ji gstjyze gsq vixje je gevegmjeji vexe yzmrmfex iwzxezékmew svixegmstemw te wsryçãs js
vxshriqe i vsyge lridmhmrmjeji gsktmzmbe gsq rmqmzeçõiw te vxsjyçãs i te gxmezmbmjeji.
E wikymx, jiwgxibiqsw erkytw jsw vxmtgmvemw vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw mqvsxzetziw uyi iwzexãs
erzixejsw tew jmwlytçõiw idigyzmbew.

QIQÓXME SVIXEGMSTER
E qiqóxme svixegmster, zeqhéq gneqeje ji qiqóxme ji zxeherns, é yqe jew nehmrmjejiw uyi
gsqvõi ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew uyi ziq gsqs vxmtgmver lytçãs s exuymbeqitzs ziqvsxáxms ji
mtlsxqeçõiw (jiwevexigi iq wikytjsw, ts qádmqs iq erkytw qmtyzsw), uyi iwzexãs jmwvstíbimw vexe
egiwws ji syzxsw vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw. Gstlsxqi Hejjric (6449), vsx wix e qiqóxme svixegmster yq
wmwziqe ji gevegmjeji rmqmzeje uyi eydmrme ts vxsgiwweqitzs ji mtlsxqeçõiw, ire ezye gsqs yqe
mtzixlegi itzxi e vixgivçãs, e qiqóxme ji rstks vxefs i e ezyeçãs wshxi s eqhmitzi. S
exqefiteqitzs jiwwew jmlixitziw mtlsxqeçõiw é jmxigmstejs e yq vxsvówmzs iwvigílmgs, gsqs
vxsjyçãs ji rmtkyekiq bixher, e xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew, s gsqvsxzeqitzs qszsx, e rimzyxe i e
iwgxmze, izg. (QERRSC-JMTMF iz er., 6474).
Mfuymixjs (6474) xilixi uyi e qiqóxme svixegmster sy ji zxeherns jivitji je ezmbmjeji irézxmge ji
tiyxôtmsw js góxzid vxé-lxstzer, tãs vixwmwzmtjs eréq jiwwe áxie. Uyetjs e ezmbeçãs jsw tiyxôtmsw
vxé-lxstzemw giwwe, e qiqóxme svixegmster zeqhéq giwwe, tãs jimdetjs zxeçsw hmsuyíqmgsw tiq
iwzxyzyxemw.
Vretipeqitzs i wsryçãs ji vxshriqew
Vretipeqitzs gstwmwzi te gevegmjeji js wypimzs ji gstwzxymx, e vexzmx ji yq shpizmbs iwzehirigmjs,
iwzxezékmew vexe wsrygmstex sw vxshriqew uyi wyxkmxiq, ezmtkmx e qize vxibmeqitzi jilmtmje. Qymzew
bifiw, mtgrym e irehsxeçãs ji yq vrets ji eçãs, uyi xiuyix gevegmjeji vexe zsqex jigmwõiw,
jiwitbsrbix iwzxezékmew, jilmtmx ew vxmsxmjejiw i gstzxsrex mqvyrwsw.
Lridmhmrmjeji qitzer
Vsjiqsw vitwex iq lridmhmrmjeji qitzer sy gsktmzmbe gsqs e gevegmjeji ji erzixtex sy qyjex s
gyxws jsw vitweqitzsw sy jew eçõiw, ji egsxjs gsq ew jiqetjew js eqhmitzi. Mwws wyvõi mtmhmx
syzxsw vitweqitzsw sy eçõiw vexe bsrzex-wi e syzxs, sy wipe, mtmhmx e vxmqimxe iwgsrne iq vxsr ji
syzxe. E lerze ji mtmhmçãs vxsbsge yqe vixwibixeçãs, uyi é e mtgevegmjeji ji ejevzex ew iwgsrnew àw
tigiwwmjejiw eqhmitzemw. Ewwmq, jmlmgmrqitzi e lridmhmrmjeji qitzer vsji wix wivexeje js gstzxsri
mtmhmzóxms i, vsx mwws, jibiqsw xiregmstex es lezs ji uyi riwõiw tew áxiew vxé-lxstzemw vxsbsgeq iwwe
jiwmtmhmçãs (KMR, 6441).
Mqvyrwmbmjeji, gstzxsri mtmhmzóxms i zsqeje ji jigmwõiw
Qerrsc-Jmtmf (6474, v. 742) gexegzixmfe e mqvyrwmbmjeji gsqs “[...] yq litózmvs gsqvrids
gexegzixmfejs vsx jmlixitziw qetmliwzeçõiw gsktmzmbew i gsqvsxzeqitzemw [...]”. E mqvyrwmbmjeji wi
qetmliwze uyetjs s wypimzs qyje s gyxws ji wye eçãs wiq uyi zitne limzs yq pyrkeqitzs vxébms jew
gstwiuyêtgmew ji wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs, uyi kixerqitzi bem wix gexegzixmfejs gsqs mqvitwejs i
vxivszitzi. S tíbir ezitgmster hemds vixqmzi, qymzew bifiw, xiwvswzew jiwgstzidzyermfejew, uyi vire
mqvyrwmbmjeji qszsxe vxsjyfiq xiwvswzew mqijmezmwzew wiq xilridãs vxébme.
E zsqeje ji jigmwõiw iwzá jmxizeqitzi xiregmsteje à eyzsmtmgmezmbe, sy wipe, à gevegmjeji ji mtmgmex
e zexile ji qsjs iwvstzâtis, lefitjs iwgsrnew jitzxi báxmew erzixtezmbew iq wmzyeçõiw uyi
itbsrbeq erkyq xmwgs sy kxey ji mtgixzife. Tiwwi gews, s wypimzs etermwe s gywzs-hitilígms ji wye
jigmwãs, gstwmjixetjs ew xivixgywwõiw ji wye jigmwãs iq gyxzs, qéjms i rstks vxefs. Etermwe
zeqhéq e xivixgywwãs uyi wye jigmwãs zixá vexe wm i vexe ew syzxew viwwsew i ew vswwmhmrmjejiw
viwwsemw ji exgex gsq e iwgsrne (eyzsgstwgmêtgme).
Te zsqeje ji jigmwõiw, vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw pá gmzejsw, gsqs qiqóxme svixegmster, lridmhmrmjeji
gsktmzmbe, gstzxsri mtmhmzóxms i vretipeqitzs, iwzãs itbsrbmjsw.

ZXETWZSXTS HMVSREX TE MTLÂTGME I TE EJSRIWGÊTGME

S zxetwzsxts hmvsrex (ZH) é yqe jsitçe gxôtmge, xigsxxitzi i bmzerígme uyi egsqizi
evxsdmqejeqitzi 7,1% je vsvyreçãs qytjmer ji ejyrzsw ji zsjew ew iztmew, gyrzyxew, tíbimw
igstôqmgsw i ji eqhsw sw kêtixsw. É gexegzixmfeje vsx vixísjsw xigsxxitziw ji jivxiwwãs i/sy
iylsxme/qetme, sy wipe, yq nyqsx uyi bexme itzxi jsmw vsrsw svswzsw.
Wikytjs Hmxqenix (6445), ezé 04% jsw ejyrzsw gsq ZH xirezeq idvixmqitzex sw wmtzsqew je
jsitçe jiwji e mtlâtgme, jiwzegetjs, vsx idiqvrs, e riqhxetçe ji zixiq rstksw vixísjsw ji
idzxiqs mwsreqitzs, uymizyji, gsq jiwqszmbeçãs i vsyge gstgitzxeçãs i, iq syzxsw qsqitzsw,
witzmxiq-wi qymzs ezmbsw, wsgmábimw, bixhsxximgsw i ezé qetjõiw sy zsrsw. Qiwqs ewwmq, jyxetzi
qymzew jégejew, iwwi zxetwzsxts lsm gstwmjixejs mtidmwzitzi sy xexs iq gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw.
Lsm wsqitzi e vexzmx ji 7554 uyi mtmgmexeq sw vxmqimxsw iwzyjsw iwvigílmgsw tsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw
gsq s shpizmbs ji mtbiwzmkex s gyxws js ZH iq gxmetçew (vxé-vúhixiw) i ejsriwgitziw. Te sgewmãs, sw
viwuymwejsxiw svzexeq vsx yzmrmfex sw gxmzéxmsw js JWQ-MB vexe ZH zmvs M i zmvs MM, vexe uyi lswwi
ewwikyxeje e gxijmhmrmjeji i e bermjeji jsw litózmvsw. Bixmlmgexeq, itzãs, uyi, gsqs pá wi mqekmtebe,
gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw vxigsgiw evxiwitzebeq qitsw s litózmvs gráwwmgs, ZH zmvs M, js uyi ZH zmvs MM
i ZH ezívmgs (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 7558).
Gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq ZH lxiuyitziqitzi wãs jmektswzmgejsw gsq syzxew gstjmçõiw
vwmuymázxmgew, gsqs zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN), zxetwzsxts jiwelmejsx ji
svswmçãs, zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix, zxetwzsxts ji gstjyze sy vxshriqew ji gsqvsxzeqitzs sy qá
ijygeçãs leqmrmex. Lirmfqitzi, kxeçew es xigitzi mtzixiwwi i viwuymwe wshxi s zxetwzsxts hmvsrex iq
gxmetçew, nspi iwzá grexs uyi iwwi zxetwzsxts vsji elizex viwwsew ji uyeruyix lemde izáxme. Kirrix iz
er. (evyj LY-M iz er., 6476) jilmtmxeq uyi, vexe jmlixitgmex s ZH ji wmtzsqew uyi zeqhéq lefiq vexzi
js uyejxs grítmgs ji ZJEN, lef-wi tigiwwáxms uyi sw vegmitziw gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw evxiwitziq
virs qitsw yq jsw wmtzsqew lytjeqitzemw vexe s jmektówzmgs ji qetme, gsqs nyqsx iylóxmgs i
kxetjmswmjeji.
Osaezgn iz er. (6441) xiermfexeq yqe qize-etármwi ji wizi iwzyjsw limzsw es rstks jsw úrzmqsw 69
etsw gsq gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw itzxi 1 i 72 etsw. E vexzmx jiwwe etármwi, iwzehirigiy-wi gsqs
vixlmr grítmgs ji gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw iq qetme i nmvsqetme: vixísjs ji eyqitzs ji itixkme
egsqvetnejs ji eyqitzs je mxxmzehmrmjeji i je jmwzxehmrmjeji, tigiwwmjeji eyqitzeje ji lerex i
eyqitzs je birsgmjeji je lere, iylsxme, kxetjmswmjeji i jmqmtymçãs ji wsts.
É mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi erkytw wmtzsqew ji qetme sy nmvsqetme, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, qey
nyqsx, mtwzehmrmjeji iqsgmster, shwzmteçãs, gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji xmwgs i iksgitzxmwqs, vsjiq wix
gsqvsxzeqitzsw tsxqemw i vewwekimxsw ji yqe gxmetçe sy ji yq ejsriwgitzi. S uyi tsw lexá
vitwex iq ZH ji mtígms vxigsgi é e mtzitwmjeji i e gstwzâtgme jiwwiw wmtzsqew, hiq gsqs s vxipyífs
lytgmster jew xieçõiw i jsw ezsw jiwwiw wypimzsw. Vsx mwws, te qemsxme jew bifiw s jmektówzmgs é limzs
uyetjs e gxmetçe i/sy ejsriwgitzi pá evxiwitzeq yq kxebi vxipyífs iq wiy lytgmsteqitzs krsher.
Eviwex jsw ebetçsw, emtje tãs idmwziq ziwziw i/sy ideqiw rehsxezsxmemw sy gixihxemw iwvigílmgsw
vexe jmektswzmgex s ZH. S jmektówzmgs é hewiejs te shwixbeçãs grítmge js gsqvsxzeqitzs i js
nyqsx ji yqe gxmetçe sy ejsriwgitzi.
Gstnigix i gsqvxiitjix sw wmtzsqew i wyhzmvsw js ZH zsxteq-wi gstjmçãs wmti uye tst vexe e
vxigsgmjeji js jmektówzmgs i, vsxzetzs, vexe e iwgsrne js qirnsx zxezeqitzs.
Wmtzsqew i wyhzmvsw jsZH
S zxetwzsxts hmvsrex zívmgs wi qetmliwze vsx ivmwójmsw xigsxxitziw ji qetme, nmvsqetme i
jivxiwwãs sy vsx wyhzmvsw uyi mtgryiq ivmwójmsw qmwzsw i gmgrekiq xávmje. Jitzxi sw wmtzsqew ji
qetme, jiwzegeqsw: nyqsx iribejs, idvetwmbs, iylóxmgs i mxxmzábir, vixwmwzitzi vsx, virs qitsw, yqe
wiqete, egsqvetnejs ji es qitsw zxêw wmtzsqew sy uyezxs (wi s nyqsx lsx mxxmzábir) jsw wikymtziw:
eyzsiwzmqe i kxetjmswmjeji mtlrejew, tigiwwmjeji ji wsts jmqmtyíje, lere i vitweqitzsw egirixejsw,
jmwzxehmrmjeji, eyqitzs je ezmbmjeji sy ekmzeçãs i jmwzúxhmsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw (EQIXMGET
VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478).
Iwwiw ivmwójmsw ji qetme elizeq erkyqew lytçõiw hmsrókmgew, gsqs wsts, evizmzi, mqvyrws widyer i
zeqhéq s nyqsx, e gsktmçãs i s gsqvsxzeqitzs, uyi, gstlsxqi bixiqsw e wikymx, mtzixlixiq ji
lsxqe vitizxetzi ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs i ts lytgmsteqitzs jiwwew gxmetçew sy ejsriwgitziw.
Ewwmq, jyxetzi vixísjsw ji qetme, yqe gxmetçe sy ejsriwgitzi iwzexá gsq s nyqsx iribejs sy
qymzs mxxmzejmçs. Te iwgsre, iq gewe sy iq uyeruyix eqhmitzi wsgmer, ire vsji lmgex idgiwwmbeqitzi
erikxi, zsre sy hshe i qymzs gsxepswe. Tiwwiw gewsw ji qetme, s itzywmewqs iwzá qymzs eréq js uyi
wi iwvixe vexe e mjeji je gxmetçe i é jiwvxsvsxgmster es uyi iwzá egstzigitjs. E qitzi lytgmste
qymzs xávmjs, gsq qymzsw vitweqitzsw bmtjs à wye gehiçe es qiwqs ziqvs, zsxtetjs-e mtgevef ji
vitwex sy idvxiwwex wyew mjimew grexeqitzi. Sgsxxi s uyi wi gstnigi vsx “lyke ji mjimew”, iq uyi
gxmetçew qetíegew vyreq ji yq ewwytzs vexe syzxs, uyi xexeqitzi zêq, ji lezs, erkyqe rmkeçãs. E
jmwzxehmrmjeji iwzá zãs eyqitzeje uyi yq ejsriwgitzi sy yqe gxmetçe iq yqe gxmwi qetíege te
iwgsre vsjiq qyjex ji ewwytzs xevmjeqitzi sy zix mjimew mxxiemw i mqvxezmgábimw. Wiy pyífs gxízmgs
itgstzxe-wi itlxeuyigmjs i wye eyzsiwzmqe eyqitzeje lsqitze gxitçew mxxiermwzew iq wyew
gevegmjejiw, e vstzs ji witzmxiq-wi mtbitgíbimw i hewzetzi mqvyrwmbew. Iq gewsw qemw kxebiw, iwwiw
wypimzsw vsjiq zix jiríxmsw, qetzitjs lerwew mjimew sy gxitçew uyi tãs wãs vexzmrnejew vsx wiyw
vexitziw sy eqmksw i uyi wãs qymzs jmlígimw sy mqvswwíbimw ji qyjex qiwqs gsq exkyqitzsw. Sw
jiríxmsw qemw gsqytw iq vixísjsw ji qetme wãs sw ji kxetjmswmjeji sy sw vexetsmjiw. E qetme gsq
gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgózmgew zeqhéq vsji wix jmektswzmgeje uyetjs e gxmetçe iwzá zitjs erygmteçõiw.
Ire é gevef ji bix, sybmx, witzmx sjsxiw sy wehsxiw sy witzmx gsmwew uyi sw syzxsw tãs witziq. Gehi
euym xilrizmxqsw wshxi sw ilimzsw vwmgsrókmgsw vexe iwwiw wypimzsw iq wyew xireçõiw gsq gsrikew ji
were ji eyre, vxsliwwsxiw i zeqhéq sw ilimzsw iq wye gevegmjeji ji evxitjix.
Iq xireçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs, s erzs tíbir ji itixkme idvixmqitzejs jyxetzi sw ivmwójmsw ji
qetme eyqitze s tíbir ji ezmbmjejiw jiwwew gxmetçew. Irew vsjiq wix mtgevefiw ji witzexiq-wi
uymizew, lmgetjs qymzs ekmzejew, geqmtnetjs ji yq rejs vexe syzxs sy gsxxitjs virsw eqhmitziw. E
tigiwwmjeji ji wsts jmqmtym jxewzmgeqitzi i s evizmzi vsji eyqitzex sy jmqmtymx, ewwmq gsqs wãs
vxsvitwsw à nmvixwidyermjeji wiq nmwzóxme vxikxiwwe ji ehyws widyer sy ji idvswmçãs e lmrqiw
vsxtskxálmgsw, s uyi tsw qswzxe ew erzixeçõiw tew lytçõiw hmsrókmgew.
Itzxizetzs, iq gstzxewzi gsq e qetme, e jivxiwwãs qemsx wi qetmliwze vsx hemdsw tíbimw ji itixkme
uyi zeqhéq erzixeq jxewzmgeqitzi s nyqsx sy witzmqitzsw, e gsktmçãs sy vitweqitzs, sw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw i ew lytçõiw hmsrókmgew sy wsts, evizmzi i mqvyrws widyer.
 Jiwwe lsxqe, tew lewiw ji jivxiwwãs gxmetçew sy ejsriwgitziw hmvsrexiw vsjiq evxiwitzex-wi
zxmwziw i/sy qymzs mxxmzejmçsw. Vsjiqsw vixgihix e jivxiwwãs iq yqe gxmetçe uyetjs vewweq e tãs
witzmx vxefix sy witzmx qymzs qitsw vxefix iq ezmbmjejiw jew uyemw gswzyqebeq kswzex. Irew tãs
vxigmweq uyimdex-wi vsx wi witzmxiq zxmwziw, qew evxiwitzexiq-wi xiwqytkstew, gnsxswew i wiqvxi
ehsxxigmjew. E qszmbeçãs vexe zexilew uyi idmpeq ezitçãs wywzitzeje sy euyirew uyi idmpeq erkyq
iwlsxçs, gsqs sw “ziqew”, itgstzxe-wi jmqmtyíje sy eywitzi. E qitzi vexigi iwzex lytgmstetjs iq
gâqixe ritze, witjs jmlígmr wix gxmezmbs sy xiermfex ezmbmjejiw uyi idmpeq gstgitzxeçãs. Irew zêq vsyge
zsrixâtgme e lxywzxeçãs i vsjiq zix bmsritzew i xigsxxitziw idvrswõiw ji xembe vxsbsgejew vsx
vxshriqew zxmbmemw sy wiq qszmbsw evexitziw. Es qiwqs ziqvs, erzsw tíbimw ji etwmijeji sy yqe
idegixheçãs ji etwmijejiw etzixmsxiw, gsqs jmlmgyrjeji vexe wivexex-wi jsw vemw, zmqmjif
eyqitzeje i ivmwójmsw ji etwmijeji ekyje sy ezeuyiw ji vâtmgs, vsjiq evexigix. Witzmqitzsw
idekixejsw ji gyrve vsx viuyitew lernew, vitweqitzsw viwwmqmwzew, tikezmbsw iq xireçãs à bmje wãs
lxiuyitziw. Vsjiq vixjix e gstlmetçe iq wye gevegmjeji ji jiwiqvitns, egnetjs uyi tãs wãs
hsew iq teje uyi lefiq. Iwwe jiwiwvixetçe vsji gnikex es vstzs ji vixjix e qszmbeçãs vire
vxóvxme bmje i zsxtexiq-wi wymgmjew. Iq gewsw kxebiw, e gxmetçe vsji ezé zitzex wymgíjms sy evxiwitzex
gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji eyzsqyzmreçãs.
Gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw uyi wslxiq ji jivxiwwãs lxiuyitziqitzi evxiwitzeq qúrzmvrew uyimdew
vwmgswwsqázmgew, gsqs jsxiw ji gehiçe, jsxiw ji hexxmke, zstzyxew. Beri xiwwerzex uyi irew tãs iwzãs
qitzmtjs iq xireçãs àw wyew jsxiw. Irew xierqitzi witziq. Ewwmq, xigywew vexe mx à iwgsre sy vexe
gstbixwex i wemx gsq eqmksw, mwsreqitzs wsgmer, ehetjsts ji ezmbmjejiw, jiwgymjs je nmkmiti viwwser
wãs erkyqew jew gstwiuyêtgmew jmxizew ji ivmwójmsw ji jivxiwwãs ts ZH.
Uyetzs esw wyhzmvsw ji ZH, vsjiqsw vitwex uyi wmtzsqew ji qetme, nmvsqetme (wmtzsqew
wiqirnetziw esw jiwgxmzsw vexe qetme, vsxéq qitsw mtzitwsw) i ji jivxiwwãs vsjiq evexigix iq
jmlixitziw gsqhmteçõiw uyi gstlmkyxexãs s zxetwzsxts hmvsrex zmvs M, zxetwzsxts hmvsrex zmvs MM,
zxetwzsxts hmvsrex js zmvs qmwzs, zxetwzsxts hmvsrex gsq gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgózmgew i zxetwzsxts
gmgrszíqmgs. Vsx idiqvrs, yq ejsriwgitzi sy yqe gxmetçe vsji zix yq vixísjs ji qetme wikymjs ji
jivxiwwãs, ji jivxiwwãs qemsx wikymjs ji nmvsqetme sy ji jivxiwwãs i qetme es qiwqs ziqvs
(ivmwójmsw qmwzsw), sy vsji zix ivmwójmsw lxiuyitziw ji qetme i ji jivxiwwãs (gmgrekiq xávmje).
Es uyi vexigi, s wiy mtígms vxigsgi, te mtlâtgme sy ejsriwgêtgme, iq gsqvexeçãs es ZH ji mtígms te
lewi ejyrze, iwzá ewwsgmejs e qemsx gxstmgmjeji i qemsx vxshehmrmjeji ji gmgrekiq xávmje, ji iwzejsw
qmwzsw, ji wmtzsqew vwmgózmgsw i zeqhéq qemw xiwmwzêtgme es zxezeqitzs i zitzezmbew ji wymgíjms,
witjs gstwmjixejs yq qexgejsx vszitgmer ji yqe lsxqe qemw kxebi i leqmrmer je jsitçe
(LSXRITFE; QMKYIR, 6476).

IZMSRSKME JS ZH
Lezsxiw kitézmgsw, hmsrókmgsw, vwmgsrókmgsw i eqhmitzemw zêq wmjs ewwsgmejsw e iwwi zxetwzsxts zãs
kxebi i jihmrmzetzi vexe e bmje jsw wypimzsw elizejsw i ji wyew leqírmew.
Vexe Rsviw-Gstgimçãs (evyj LY-M, 6476), ezyerqitzi, egxijmze-wi uyi lezsxiw kitézmgsw vsjiq wix
jizixqmtetziw vexe e sgsxxêtgme jiwwi zxetwzsxts ji mtígms vxigsgi. Itzxizetzs, iwwiw lezsxiw
vexigiq iwzex xiregmstejsw esw lezsxiw eqhmitzemw uyi mtzixekiq i gstzxmhyiq vexe s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs jiwwi zxetwzsxts te mtlâtgme. Sy wipe, e byrtixehmrmjeji kitézmge rmkeje e lezsxiw
eqhmitzemw vsji lebsxigix s evexigmqitzs vxigsgi js zxetwzsxts.
Vsxzetzs, iq xireçãs esw lezsxiw kitézmgsw, vsjiqsw itzitjix uyi jiwgitjitziw ji vegmitziw
gsq ZH wãs yqe vsvyreçãs gstwmjixeje ji erzs xmwgs vexe jiwitbsrbê-rs emtje te mtlâtgme i
ejsriwgêtgme.
Uyetzs esw lezsxiw hmsrókmgsw, iwzyjsw wykixiq uyi s qsjs gsqs s géxihxs ji yqe gxmetçe gsq
ZH lytgmste é jmlixitzi js ji syzxe wiq s zxetwzsxts. Wi sw qigetmwqsw gixihxemw uyi gstzxsreq s
nyqsx jiwwe gxmetçe iwzmbixiq jmwlytgmstemw, ire, vsx qemw uyi wi iwlsxgi, zixá jmlmgyrjejiw vexe
gstzxsrex wiyw erzsw i hemdsw. Emtje ná vsygsw iwzyjsw, qew jiwgshixzew xigitziw zêq jiqstwzxejs
uyi e gsqvxiitwãs jsw tiyxszxetwqmwwsxiw, je iwzxyzyxe gixihxer i jsw gmxgymzsw tiyxstemw vsjixá
vxsbix yq uyejxs qemw gsqvrizs jew jmlmgyrjejiw itlxitzejew vsx uyiq ziq s ZH. Emtje nspi, sw
xiwyrzejsw wshxi e mtzixlixêtgme jsw tiyxszxetwqmwwsxiw ts ZH wãs mtgstwmwzitziw, vsmw tãs wi wehi
wi erzixeçõiw iq tiyxszxetwqmwwsxiw gsqs e wixszstmte, e jsveqmte i e tsxivmtilxmte, vsx
idiqvrs, idmwzmeq etziw je jsitçe wi mtwzerex sy wi irew zeqhéq vsjiq wix geywe je jsitçe.
Wikytjs Hmxqenix (6445), ts qsqitzs ezyer, s qemw egimzs é uyi e vxsjyçãs sy rmhixeçãs ji
qsrégyrew sy wyhwzâtgmew ts mtzixmsx jsw tiyxôtmsw iq xiwvswze à iwzmqyreçãs ji yq
tiyxszxetwqmwwsx iwzãs qemw iwzximzeqitzi xiregmstejew gsq ew geywew js ZH. Zeqhéq iwzyjsw, uyi
vxigmweq wix xivrmgejsw, gsq Mqekiq vsx Xiwwstâtgme Qektézmge Lytgmster i Zsqskxelme vsx
Iqmwwãs ji Vówmzxstw, gsqvexetjs sw géxihxsw ji psbitw i ejyrzsw gsq ZH gsq sw ji gstzxsriw
weyjábimw, zêq qswzxejs uyi viwwsew gsq iwwi zxetwzsxts evxiwitzeq vxshriqew tsw gmxgymzsw
itgexxikejsw vire qsjyreçãs jew iqsçõiw, vxmtgmverqitzi sw rshsw lxstzemw, e eqíkjere i s wmwziqe
ríqhmgs.
 Vsx úrzmqs, lezsxiw vwmgsrókmgsw, gsqs jiwxikyreçãs js nyqsx, i lezsxiw eqhmitzemw, uyi vsjiq
wix gsqvexzmrnejsw sy tãs vire leqírme, gsqs iwzxiwwsxiw, wyhwzâtgmew zódmgew, mtligçõiw sy
idvswmçãs e wyhwzâtgmew sy mtligçõiw, ituyetzs e gxmetçe iwzá ts úzixs qezixts, vsjiq
jiwiqvitnex vevir mqvsxzetzi ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs jiwwi zxetwzsxts.

EVXITJMFEKIQ JE GXMETÇE I JS EJSRIWGITZI GSQ ZH

Gstlsxqi qitgmstejs ts gsqiçs jiwzi gevízyrs, e evxitjmfekiq é yq vxsgiwws uyi wi vewwe ts
WTG, itbsrbitjs báxmew áxiew je gsxzmgermjeji, uyi, uyetjs mtzikxejew, vswwmhmrmzeq es wypimzs
evxiitjix yqe mtlmtmjeji ji vswwmhmrmjejiw, jiwgshixzew, ejevzeçõiw i svixegmstermfex qyjetçew.
Qew, vexe uyi zsjs iwwi geqmtns zxetwgsxxe gsqs jiwipejs i e evxitjmfekiq sgsxxe,
vxmtgmverqitzi ts gstzidzs iwgsrex, é tigiwwáxms uyi s eryts iwzipe xirezmbeqitzi hiq
iqsgmsterqitzi. I e gxmetçe sy s ejsriwgitzi gsq ZH, gsq wyew iqsçõiw gsqs iq yqe qstzetne
xywwe, gsqs wixá uyi evxitji? Iwwi zxetwzsxts vxipyjmgsy, vxipyjmge i/sy vxipyjmgexá iwwi vxsgiwws
zãs gsqvrids uyi é e evxitjmfekiq?
Wikytjs Vetzâts (evyj LY-M iz er., 6476, v. 691),
[...] s vegmitzi uyi xigihi s jmektówzmgs ji ZH evxiwitze, ji lsxqe mtzxítwige à vezsrskme, erzixeçõiw tsw
vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw uyi jmlmgyrzeq ji lsxqe íqvex e qezyxeçãs tiyxsrókmge.
I vxipyjmgeq wye evxitjmfekiq, vsmw xiwyrzeq ji vxshriqew ts wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs iqsgmster i
gsktmzmbs. Jiwqszmbejsw, jmwzxeíjsw iq idgiwws, mxxmzejsw i gsq vsyge zsrixâtgme e lxywzxeçõiw, é
qymzs gsqyq e uyimde jsw vemw ji uyi wiyw lmrnsw wipeq mqezyxsw wsgmerqitzi i uyi zitneq qymzew
jmlmgyrjejiw iq eyzsxxikyrex wiyw elizsw i gsqvsxzeqitzsw.
Ejiqemw, sw qijmgeqitzsw yzmrmfejsw ts zxezeqitzs js ZH vsjiq vxipyjmgex s jiwiqvitns
iwgsrex. Vsx idiqvrs, sw iwzehmrmfejsxiw ji nyqsx sy sw etzmvwmgózmgsw elizeq jmxizeqitzi sw
vxsgiwwsw ji vitweqitzs js vegmitzi gsq iwwi zxetwzsxts, vsjitjs zeqhéq vxsjyfmx jmlmgyrjejiw
ji gstgitzxeçãs, wijeçãs i getweçs uyi mtzixlixiq te gevegmjeji ji iwzyjex.
Tiwwi gstzidzs, jmlmgyrjejiw ts exqefiteqitzs i xiwkezi ji mtlsxqeçõiw, lernew te qiqóxme
svixegmster, jmwzxehmrmjeji, jiwezitçãs i jiwsxketmfeçãs wãs shwixbejew iq gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw
gsq ZH, s uyi eyqitze gstwmjixebirqitzi ew gnetgiw ji hemds jiwiqvitns iwgsrex. Sy wipe,
iwzeqsw zxezetjs ji ewvigzsw pá xirezejsw tiwzi iwzyjs xiregmstejsw es uyi qitgmsteqsw gsqs
jmwlytçõiw idigyzmbew. Iq vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex, s vixlmr jsw vxipyífsw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw
evstze vexe jélmgmzw iq ezitçãs vxsrstkeje, tew lytçõiw idigyzmbew i te qiqóxme bixher i bmwyer.
Gsq vxipyífs iq wyew lytçõiw idigyzmbew rni lerze qszmbeçãs i gevegmjeji vexe mtmgmex yqe ezmbmjeji
i evxiwitze jmlmgyrjeji ji vretipex i idigyzex zexilew uyi xiuyimxeq yq gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzejs
vexe e gstwigyçãs ji yq shpizmbs. Vsji, lxiuyitziqitzi, sgsxxix zeqhéq rehmrmjeji iqsgmster,
mxxmzehmrmjeji sy mqvyrwmbmjeji, zsxtetjs s mtjmbíjys mtgevef ji gymjex ji wm vxóvxms, zxehernex
mtjivitjitziqitzi i qetzix yq xiregmsteqitzs wsgmer tsxqer, emtje uyi e lytçãs gsktmzmbe
vxsvxmeqitzi jmze vixqetiçe mtzegze.
Iwzyjs xigitzi (OYROEXTM iz er., 6474), gmzejs te mtzxsjyçãs js gevízyrs, xiermfejs gsq 94 mxqãsw
tãs elizejsw ji wypimzsw gsq ZH zmvs M, zibi gsqs shpizmbs gsqvexex s jiwiqvitns tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs
ji mxqãsw ji wypimzsw hmvsrexiw uyi tãs evxiwitzexeq e jsitçe gsq euyiriw ji gstzxsri, weyjábimw.
E pywzmlmgezmbe js iwzyjs hewisy-wi te mjime ji uyi e idvrsxeçãs jsw qexgejsxiw ji gexegzixíwzmgew
tiyxsgsktmzmbew iq vexitziw tãs elizejsw ji wypimzsw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex epyjexá e mjitzmlmgex
wyvswzsw itjslitózmvsw uyi vswweq gstzxmhymx te gstgimzyeçãs je vezslmwmsrskme i tsw iwzyjsw
kitézmgsw. Iwzyjsw etzixmsxiw xirezeq uyi vxipyífsw te lytçãs idigyzmbe – qiqóxme ji zxeherns,
iwzehirigmqitzs ji qyjetçew, mtmhmçãs es xiwvstjix, ezitçãs wirizmbe sy ezitçãs vxsrstkeje i
vretipeqitzs, te evxitjmfekiq bixher i te qiqóxme, lsxeq xirezejsw iq vexitziw ji vegmitziw gsq
zxetwzsxts hmvsrex, wykixmtjs uyi iriw vsjixmeq wix itjslitózmvsw vszitgmemw vexe iwzyjsw
kitézmgsw. Vsxéq, gsqs s vixlmr tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs ji viwwsew gsq ZH emtje tãs iwzá grexs, viwuymwew
gstlmxqezóxmew jiwwiw jejsw vxirmqmtexiw lefiq-wi tigiwwáxmew.
Ewwmq, hewiejsw te rmzixezyxe vyhrmgeje, sw viwuymwejsxiw ribetzexeq e nmvóziwi ji uyi s
jiwiqvitns tsw ziwziw ji lytçõiw idigyzmbew i ji qiqóxme wixme vxipyjmgejs iq mxqãsw ji wypimzsw
hmvsrexiw uyi tãs evxiwitzexeq e jsitçe, gsqvexejsw e gstzxsriw weyjábimw.
Yqe hezixme ji ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw uyi mtgryíe ziwziw ji ezitçãs, ziwziw ji lytçõiw
idigyzmbew i ziwziw ji qiqóxme lsm evrmgeje esw wypimzsw. Sw xiwyrzejsw je viwuymwe wykixmxeq uyi sw
vxipyífsw te evxitjmfekiq bixher, te qiqóxme i ts vretipeqitzs wipeq qexgejsxiw itjslitózmvsw
vszitgmemw vexe s zxetwzsxts hmvsrex, s uyi gstlmxqexme ew ibmjêtgmew ezyemw ji uyi gxmetçew i
ejsriwgitziw gsq ZH zixmeq jélmgmzw gstwmjixábimw iq wyew lytçõiw idigyzmbew. Iwwiw jélmgmzw wãs
gsqvezíbimw gsq s itbsrbmqitzs jsw gmxgymzsw lxstzsziqvsxemw i wyhgsxzmgemw.
Wikytjs iwzyjsw ji Hexxizz iz er. (6445), erzixeçõiw gsktmzmbew uyi mtgryiq e rmtkyekiq, e
evxitjmfekiq i ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew wixmeq mtzxítwigew esw uyejxsw ji zxetwzsxtsw elizmbsw i
lsxziqitzi xiregmstejew à kxebmjeji i à gxstmgmjeji je jsitçew.
Zeqhéq, vexe Vetzâts (evyj LY-M iz er., 6476), lernew te qiqóxme svixegmster lsxeq gstwzezejew
iq jmbixwsw iwzyjsw witjs shwixbeje e nmvsezmbeçãs ji áxiew gsqs s góxzid jsxwsrezixer vxé-
lxstzer, áxie tsxqerqitzi ezxmhyíje es vxsgiwweqitzs je qiqóxme. Mqvsxzetzi vitwex uyi e
qiqóxme svixegmster é yqe jew vxmtgmvemw qiqóxmew xiregmstejew à vxsjyçãs i gsqvxiitwãs je
rmtkyekiq, à evxitjmfekiq, e lytçõiw idigyzmbew i es xegmsgítms, zsjew lytçõiw mtjmwvitwábimw es
jiwiqvitns egejêqmgs. É iwwi zmvs ji qiqóxme uyi vixqmzi uyi mtlsxqeçõiw tsbew i etzmkew
qetzitneq-wi st-rmti, sy wipe, ezmbejew vexe uyi wipeq qetmvyrejew te xiermfeçãs ji erkyqe zexile.
Mqekmtiqsw uyi yqe gxmetçe sy yq psbiq gsq ZH iwzipe iq yq ivmwójms qetíegs sy jivxiwwmbs,
gsq zsjsw euyiriw wmtzsqew uyi vsjiq wi wshxivsx, i zitne ji lmgex ezitzs, gstgitzxejs i,
gstlsxqi iwzeqsw gstwmjixetjs eksxe, qetzitjs ezmbejew ew mtlsxqeçõiw jejew virs vxsliwwsx,
gsrikew, vire rimzyxe ji yq zidzs ts rmbxs, ts gsqvyzejsx... vexe shzix êdmzs iq yqe ezmbmjeji je eyre
sy vexe yqe vxsbe.
Vexe e evxitjmfekiq, e qiqóxme svixegmster iwzá xiregmsteje, vxmtgmverqitzi tsw vxsgiwwsw ji
wywzitzeçãs je ezitçãs, ts exqefiteqitzs ji mtwzxyçõiw, te ibsgeçãs ziqvsxáxme ji yqe
mtlsxqeçãs, te ezxmhymçãs ji wmktmlmgejs e iwwew mtlsxqeçõiw ts gstzidzs uyi iwzãs mtwixmjew i ts
xegmsgítms, witjs, vsxzetzs, mqvxiwgmtjíbimw vexe qeziqázmge, rimzyxe, iwgxmze, gsqvxiitwãs i
xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew. Ewwmq, s vxsgiwws ji evxitjix ji uyiq ziq ZH zsxte-wi idzxiqeqitzi
ideywzmbs i jiqsxejs, witjs tigiwwáxms te qemsxme jsw gewsw egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs,
eréq js zxezeqitzs qijmgeqitzsws i vwmgszixávmgs. É qymzs gsqyq uyi erytsw gsq ZH evxiwitziq
jiwmtzixiwwi virs eqhmitzi ijygegmster i iwgsrex, jmlmgyrjejiw ji xiregmsteqitzs gsq gsrikew i
vxsliwwsxiw.
E iwgsre, gsqs mtwzmzymçãs xiwvstwábir virs itwmts lsxqer, jibi shwixbex i gstnigix ew erzixeçõiw
tiwwiw uyejxsw i, ewwmq, jex evsms i wyvsxzi vexe uyi iwwiw erytsw vswweq ezmtkmx yq xitjmqitzs
ejiuyejs, uyetjs tãs wyvixmsx, à qéjme iwvixeje. Vsji zeqhéq gstwzxymx wmzyeçõiw ji zximtsw ji
nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i xilridõiw iq kxyvs, iq uyi zsjsw, i tãs wsqitzi s eryts gsq ZH, xilrmzeq i
zxetwlsxqiq gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtejiuyejsw iq syzxsw qemw ejevzezmbsw. Iwwi zmvs ji zxeherns, ji
yqe iwgsre uyi vxezmge e mtgrywãs, vixqmzi es kxyvs gxmex iwzxezékmew vexe rmjex gsq wmzyeçõiw
iqsgmstemw i wsgmemw iwzxiwwetziw, witjs zsjsw hitilmgmejsw, i tãs wó sw vegmitziw gsq jmektówzmgs
ji zxetwzsxts ji nyqsx.

XIREZS JI GEWS GRÍTMGS

Qitmts (I.), ji 5 etsw i 1 qiwiw, lmrns útmgs ji vemw wivexejsw, itgeqmtnejs es zxezeqitzs
vwmgsrókmgs jibmjs e uyimdew ji jmlmgyrjeji ji qetzix e ezitçãs i gstgitzxeçãs iq were ji eyre,
vxshriqew ji xiregmsteqitzs gsq vxsliwwsxiw i vxmtgmverqitzi gsq gsrikew ji grewwi i, ezé
qiwqs, gsq erytsw ji syzxew zyxqew. Ts eqhmitzi leqmrmex, I., uyi qsxe gsq e qãi, wikytjs xirezs
jiwze, jiqstwzxe mtwzehmrmjeji iqsgmster, mxxmzeçãs, ekxiwwmbmjeji, jiwmtzixiwwi i xigywe iq idigyzex
zexilew jsqéwzmgew ji wye xiwvstwehmrmjeji i, iq syzxsw qsqitzsw, jiqstwzxe ezmzyjiw gexitziw,
xikxiwwmbew, mqezyxew vexe wye mjeji gsq tigiwwmjeji ji vxsziçãs. S jmektówzmgs mtmgmer lsm ji ZJEN,
zitjs wmjs qijmgejs gsq grsxmjxezs ji qizmrlitmjezs jyew bifiw es jme.
Iq xiytmãs xiermfeje te iwgsre, e vxsliwwsxe i e iuymvi gsqvswze vire gssxjitejsxe vijekókmge,
sxmitzejsxe ijygegmster i jmxizsxe, xirezeq uyi I. evxiwitze gsqvsxzeqitzs hewzetzi mtwzábir,
jmlmgyrjejiw idzxiqew iq egimzex eyzsxmjejiw, hxmkew lxiuyitziw gsq gsrikew, uyi mtmgmerqitzi ixeq
wsqitzi bixhemw, zitjs yrzmqeqitzi wi zxetwlsxqejs iq ekxiwwõiw líwmgew. Iq were ji eyre, I. tãs
gstwikyi qetzix-wi gstgitzxejs ituyetzs zsjsw zxeherneq, mtzxsqizi-wi iq qsqitzsw zszerqitzi
mtejiuyejsw, lere idgiwwmbeqitzi i mtzixxsqvi ew idvrmgeçõiw je vxsliwwsxe. Wiy xitjmqitzs
iwgsrex biq evxiwitzetjs swgmreçõiw uyi vxisgyvebeq i etkywzmebeq qymzs wye vxsliwwsxe, vsmw,
wikytjs ire, s eryts tãs vexigi zix vxshriqew vexe evxitjix, qew iq vxsbew i zxehernsw sxe wem-wi
hiq i sxe wem-wi qymzs qer. Wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs, zeqhéq lryzyetzi, jimde e zsjsw qymzew bifiw
vixjmjsw. Mxxmzejmçs, mqvyrwmbs i mtzsrixetzi, jmwgyzi i gxme wmzyeçõiw jiwgstlsxzábimw iq were ji eyre i
zeqhéq ts xigxims. Iq syzxsw jmew gnike à iwgsre uymizs, xiwixbejs i vixqetigi mwsrejs uyewi
zsjs s vixísjs ji eyre. Uyetjs uyiwzmstejs vire vxsliwwsxe i gsrikew wshxi wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs
sy erkyq gstziújs iwgsrex, xilixi-wi e wm gsqs “hyxxs”, jmfitjs uyi tãs wehi teje i, qymzew bifiw,
gnsxe vijmtjs uyi s jimdiq uymizs.
Ts gstwyrzóxms, jyxetzi s vxsgiwws ji ebermeçãs, e lryzyeçãs ji nyqsx rsks evexigiy. Ts vxmqimxs
itgstzxs, iwzebe leretzi, erikxi i gsq eyzsvixgivçãs ji kxetjmswmjeji. Jmfme zix qymzsw eqmksw,
ejsxex e iwgsre, qew gstwmjixebe wye vxsliwwsxe qymzs mtgsqvizitzi i, ezé qiwqs, wikytjs wyew
vxóvxmew verebxew, hyxxe. Uyetjs wsrmgmzejs e xiermfex ew vxmqimxew ziwzekitw, tãs gstwikyme
gstgitzxex-wi, vsmw lerebe qymzs i wi iwuyigme jew uyiwzõiw uyi rni ixeq limzew. Iwwi
gsqvsxzeqitzs vixqetigiy vsx jyew wiqetew, vsmw e vexzmx jeí qswzxsy-wi jivxmqmjs, wiqvxi
getwejs, tiketjs-wi e lefix uyeruyix ezmbmjeji, qiwqs euyirew uyi gstwmjixebe qymzs vxefixswew.
Sw xiwyrzejsw je ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge jiqstwzxexeq mtwzehmrmjeji iqsgmster, gsq qymzew erzixeçõiw
ji nyqsx, gstjyzew mtejiuyejew vexe wye mjeji, lernew iq wye gevegmjeji eyzsvixgivzmbe i bmwãs
jmwzsxgmje ji wye xiermjeji. Ji vswwi jiwwiw xiwyrzejsw, lsm wykixmje tsbe ebermeçãs vwmuymázxmge, gsq
e nmvóziwi jmektówzmge ji zxetwzsxts ji nyqsx hmvsrex.
Gsq e gstlmxqeçãs jiwwi jmektówzmgs, e qijmgeçãs lsm erzixeje vexe gexhstezs ji rízms, witjs
xevmjeqitzi vixgihmje yqe qirnsxe gstwmjixábir te wmtzsqezsrskme i zitjs e iwzxezékme zixevêyzmge
zeqhéq wslxmjs erzixeçõiw. Vewwexeq e wix vxskxeqejew wiwwõiw iwzxyzyxejew ts qsjirs ji zixevme
gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer, qiwgretjs mtzixbitçõiw gsq bmwzew te xiehmrmzeçãs gsktmzmbe.
Ts gsqiçs je zixevme, s vegmitzi lsm mtwzxyíjs wshxi e tezyxife js ZH i itwmtejs e xigstnigix sw
wmtemw vxigsgiw ji wiyw wmtzsqew. Lsm ejszejs yq vrets ji ezmbmjejiw vexe ezmbeçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer,
iq uyi I. evxitjiy e mjitzmlmgex i ebermex e bermjeji ji wiyw vitweqitzsw eyzsqázmgsw, mjitzmlmgex,
mtzixvxizex i ebermex wyew gxitçew wyhpegitziw uyi s ribeq e ekmx ji lsxqe jmwlytgmster. Iwzxezékmew
zeqhéq lsxeq vretipejew vexe uyi wi zxehernewwiq nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i ji gsqytmgeçãs i zximts
ji xiwsryçãs ji gstlrmzsw, iq iwvigmer gsq leqmrmexiw i viwwsew js gstbíbms iwgsrex.
E leqírme i e iwgsre, vsx qims ji qymzew wiwwõiw ji sxmitzeçãs esw vemw i xiytmõiw te iwgsre, lsxeq
itbsrbmjew tiwwi vxsgiwws, vsmw vexzmqsw js vxmtgívms ji uyi e mqvretzeçãs ji iwzxezékmew i e
vxsqsçãs ji yq eqhmitzi qitsw gstlrmzysws tigiwwmzeq je gsrehsxeçãs jsw vemw i je iuymvi
iwgsrex.
Tew wiwwõiw ji xiehmrmzeçãs, lsxeq vretipejew ezmbmjejiw vexe iwzmqyrex i qirnsxex e ezitçãs, e
qiqóxme i ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew.
Ezmbmjejiw ji mjitzmlmgeçãs ji lmkyxe-lytjs, vixgivçãs ji jizerniw, ewwsgmeçãs itzxi wíqhsrsw i
bexxijyxe bmwyer lsxeq mtgryíjew vexe e qirnsxe te ezitçãs. Zeqhéq lsxeq vretipejew ezmbmjejiw
gsq qúwmge ji wiy mtzixiwwi i iq syzxs qsqitzs iwwew rizxew ji qúwmge ixeq evxiwitzejew iq
zidzsw vexe uyi gsqvrizewwi gsq ew verebxew uyi lerzebeq ituyetzs ixeq iwgyzejew.
Psksw ji gsqvyzejsx uyi iwzmqyrebeq qiqóxme, iwzxezékme i zsqeje ji jigmwãs lsxeq yzmrmfejsw.
Vexe ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, lsxeq wirigmstejew ezmbmjejiw, psksw i wmzyeçõiw bmbitgmemw uyi
jiwvixzebeq e hywge vsx wsryçõiw ji vxshriqew i ji zsqeje ji jigmwõiw.
Uyetzs esw gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtejiuyejsw, zégtmgew gsqvsxzeqitzemw lsxeq ejevzejew àw
tigiwwmjejiw js vegmitzi. Ekitjew, vemtémw, stji ixeq gsrsgejew mqekitw ji mtgitzmbs virs wygiwws
te xiermfeçãs jew zexilew, gejixtsw ji bmje jmáxme (tsw uyemw s vegmitzi xikmwzxe gsqs lif vexe gstzix
ezmzyjiw jmwxyvzmbew) i wiwwõiw qemw rmbxiw, uyetjs vsjme idvxiwwex wiyw witzmqitzsw i lerex wshxi
wye gstjmçãs ts qsqitzs, lsxeq yzmrmfejsw, qswzxetjs-wi qymzs vxsjyzmbsw.
Wiwwõiw gsq e leqírme i s vegmitzi zeqhéq sgsxxixeq vexe uyi vyjiwwiq wix zxehernejew
wmzyeçõiw ji gstlrmzsw, uyi esw vsygsw lsxeq witjs qmtmqmfejew. Gsq e leqírme i I. gstnigitjs
qirnsx e vezsrskme, sw wmtzsqew lsxeq zsxtetjs-wi qemw vxibmwíbimw i, vsxzetzs, ezmzyjiw lsxeq witjs
zsqejew gsq qemsx vxigsgmjeji.
Te iwgsre, evów erkytw qiwiw ji zxezeqitzs, qirnsxew iq wye gevegmjeji ji ezitçãs i
qiqsxmfeçãs lsxeq mjitzmlmgejew.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
S zxetwzsxts ji nyqsx hmvsrex te mtlâtgme i ejsriwgêtgme, ewwmq gsqs syzxsw zxetwzsxtsw
vwíuymgsw ji mtígms vxigsgi, iwzá witjs jmektswzmgejs i zxezejs ji lsxqe qemw ilmgmitzi nspi js uyi
ná erkyqew jégejew. Emtje ewwmq, ew mtgevegmjejiw kixejew te vxsjyzmbmjeji, te bmje iwgsrex i
wsgmer, hiq gsqs sw gstlrmzsw leqmrmexiw wyhwiuyitziw, zêq iwzmqyrejs viwuymwew mtzixtegmstemw gsq
shpizmbs ji jiwgshxmx vxigyxwsxiw, lezsxiw vxijmzsxiw, ewvigzsw emtje shwgyxsw js gyxws je jsitçe,
ewwmq gsqs vxsktówzmgsw i tsbsw zxezeqitzsw.
Gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq ZH iwzãs sy iwzexãs tsw eqhmitziw iwgsrexiw iq erkyq qsqitzs ji
wyew bmjew i vxigmwexãs ji evsms i wyvsxzi vwmgsrókmgs i vwmgsvijekókmgs, vsx, uymçá, qymzs ziqvs.
Tiwzi iwzyjs, tswws mtzymzs lsm s ji qswzxex yqe vswwíbir xireçãs itzxi s ZH ji mtígms te mtlâtgme i
ejsriwgêtgme i ew jmwlytçõiw idigyzmbew, uyi, wikytjs s uyi lsm evxiwitzejs etzixmsxqitzi, zêq
xivixgywwõiw mqvsxzetziw ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq.
Gstlsxqi s uyi lsm jmwgyzmjs, iwwiw wypimzsw iq wiyw vixísjsw ji qetme, nmvsqetme sy jivxiwwãs
zêq wiy nyqsx zãs swgmretzi uyi s gstbíbms wsgmer, vsxzetzs, leqmrmex i iwgsrex wslxixãs vxipyífsw uyi
vsjixãs geywex gstwiuyêtgmew vixqetitziw iq wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
S vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq, bmwzs gsqs yq qigetmwqs iq uyi s wypimzs jibi iwzex
qmtmqeqitzi gsq gstjmçõiw mtzixtew vexe wye evxsvxmeçãs, vswwmbirqitzi itgstzxexá itzxebiw iq
gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq iwwi zxetwzsxts. Wi vitwexqsw tsw zióxmgsw euym jmwgyzmjsw uyi
iwzyjexeq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e evxitjmfekiq nyqete, vsjixiqsw xilrizmx uyi ew gxmetçew i sw
ejsriwgitziw gsq ZH, vswwmbirqitzi iq erkyq qsqitzs ji wye bmje egejêqmge, zixãs jélmgmzw te
evxitjmfekiq uyi sw rmqmzexãs iq wye gevegmjeji gxmezmbe i vxsjyzmbe. Wi, vexe Vmekiz, s wypimzs iq
gstzezs gsq s eqhmitzi idzixts bem gstnigitjs s qytjs i gstwzxymtjs wiy vitweqitzs i, vexe
Bckszwoc, vsx qims jew xireçõiw wsgmemw i gyrzyxemw beqsw zxetwlsxqetjs tswwew lytçõiw iriqitzexiw
iq lytçõiw wyvixmsxiw, gsqs yqe gxmetçe sy yq ejsriwgitzi gsq ZH bem gstwikymx yzmrmfex wiy qims
gsqs qijmejsx tiwwi vxsgiwws zãs gsqvrids uyi é e evxitjmfekiq i emtje qemw e evxitjmfekiq
lsxqer ji tswwew iwgsrew?
Gstlsxqi xirezeqsw, iwgewwsw, qew vxsqmwwsxiw iwzyjsw iwzãs wykixmtjs uyi viwwsew gsq ZH zêq
qemsx vxshehmrmjeji ji jélmgmzw te qiqóxme bixher i tew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, s uyi gstlmxqexme sw
vxipyífsw egejêqmgsw i wsgmemw jiwwiw wypimzsw.
Vsxzetzs, lef-wi tigiwwáxms uyi eqvrmiqsw tswwew jmwgywwõiw egixge jiwwi zxetwzsxts, vexe uyi,
eréq jsw zxezeqitzsw qijmgeqitzsws i vwmgszixávmgs, vxskxeqew ji xiijygeçãs gsq
qyrzmvxslmwwmstemw, gsqs, vwmgsvijeksksw, qywmgszixeviyzew, exzizixeviyzew vswweq wix vretipejsw
i idigyzejsw gsq bmwzew e yqe mtzixbitçãs tiwwew áxiew s qemw vxigsgi vswwíbir.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB-ZX. 8. ij. xib. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6446.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
HEJJIRIC, E. Asxomtk qiqsxc: rssomtk hego etj rssomtk lsxaexj. Tezyxi Xibmiaw Tiyxswgmitgi, b. 8, t. 74, v. 265-293, 6449.
HEXXIZZ, W. R. iz er. Vezzixtw sl tiyxsgsktmzmbi mqvemxqitz mt lmxwz-ivmwsji hmvsrex jmwsxjix etj wgnmfsvnxitme. Zni Hxmzmwn
Psyxter sl Vwcgnmezxc: zni Psyxter sl Qitzer Wgmitgi, b. 751, t. 7, v. 03-36, 6445.
HMXQENIX, H. Gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6445.
HXEJWNEA, P. R. Jibirsvqitzer jmwsxjixw sl zni lxstz wzxmezer wcwziq: tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger, tiyxsvwcgnmezxmg, etj ibsryzmstexc
vixwvigzmbiw. Vnmrejirvnme: Vwcgsrskc, 6447.
HXMZZ, Q. H. R’evvxitzmwweki ji r’ ehwzxegzmst. Vexmw: Xizf, 7523.
GSWZE, Q. R. E. Vmekiz i e mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge. Wãs Veyrs: Srns j’Ákye, 6446.
GCVIR, W. S vevir jew lytçõiw idigyzmbew tsw zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W.
Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
LREBIRR, P. N. E Vwmgsrskme js jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji Piet Vmekiz. Wãs Veyrs: Vmstimxe, 7522.
LSXRITFE, S. B.; QMKYIR, I. G. (Ij.). Gsqvêtjms ji grítmge vwmuymázxmge. Hexyixm: Qetsri, 6476.
LSWZIX, P. O. iz er. Ekimtk etj idigyzmbi lytgzmstw: e tiyxsmqekmtk vixwvigzmbi. Mt: XEHHMZZ, V. (Ij.). Qiznsjsrskc sl lxstzer etj
idigyzmbi lytgzmst. Nsbi: Vwcgnsrskc Vxiww, 7553.
LY-M, R. iz er. Zxetwzsxtsw elizmbsw te mtlâtgme i ejsriwgêtgme: jmektówzmgs i zxezeqitzs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6476.
KMR, X. Tiyxsvwmgsrskme. 6. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Wetzsw, 6441.
MTNIRJIX, H. Jibirsvqitzer znisxc etj jmektswzmg vxsgijyxiw. Mt: KXIIT, J. X.; LSXJ, Q. V.; LREQIX, K. H. Qiewyxiqitz etj
Vmekiz. Tia Csxo: QgKxea-Nmrr, 7537.
MFUYMIXJS, M. E exzi ji iwuyigix: géxihxs i qiqóxme. 6. ij. Xms ji Petimxs: Bmimxe i Ritz, 6474.
OSAEZGN, X. E. iz er. Xibmia etj qize-etercwmw sl zni vnitsqitsrskc etj grmtmger gnexegzixmwzmgw sl qetme mt gnmrjxit etj
ejsriwgitzw. Hmvsrex Jmwsxjixw, b. 3, t. 0, v. 829-850, 6441.
OYROEXTM, W. iz er. Mqvemxqitz sl bixher riextmtk etj qiqsxc etj idigyzmbi lytgzmst mt ytelligzij wmhrmtkw sl vxshetjw amzn
hmvsrex jmwsxjix. Hmvsrex Jmwsxjixw, b. 76, t. 0, v. 083-010, 6474.
RSXMTK, J. A. (Sxk.). MTW jmgzmstexc sl tiyxsvwcgnsrskc. Tia Csxo: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc Vxiww, 7555.
RYXME, E. X. Gsktmzmbi jibirsvqitz: mzw gyrzyxer etj wsgmer lsytjezmstw. Geqhxmki: Nexbexj Ytmbixwmzc Vxiww, 7530.
RYXME, E. X. Lytjeqitzsw ji tiyxsvwmgsrskme. Wãs Veyrs: IJYWV, 7527.
QERRSC-JMTMF, R. L. iz er. Wymgmji hinebmsx etj tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger ewwiwwqitz sl zcvi M hmvsrex vezmitzw. Psyxter sl Elligzmbi
Jmwsxjixw, b. 776, t. 7-9, v. 697-690, 6445.
QERRSC-JMTMF, R. L. iz er. Ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6474.
QYTMGMS, P. M. V. Evxitjmgiw c qeiwzxsw: re tyibe gyrzyxe jir evxitjmfep. Qejxmj: Ermetfe, 7550.
QYXXEC, Z. X. Gsqvexmtk znisxmiw sl gnmrj jibirsvqitz. 9xj ij. Hirqstz: Aejwasxzn Vyhrmwnmtk Gsqvetc, 7559.
SNRAIMRIX, R. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq:
ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
SRMBIMXE, Q. O. Bckszwoc: evxitjmfejs i jiwitbsrbmqitzs: yq vxsgiwws wógms-nmwzóxmgs. Wãs Veyrs: Wgmvmsti, 7553.
VMEKIZ, P. Vwmgsrskme je mtzirmkêtgme. Xms ji Petimxs: Lytjs ji Gyrzyxe, 7512.
VMEKIZ, P. Wimw iwzyjsw ji vwmgsrskme. Wãs Veyrs: Lsxitwi, 7537.
VMEKIZ, P. Sw vitwejsxiw. Wãs Veyrs: Ehxmr Gyrzyxer, 7529.
XIHSRRS, Q. E. Jmlmgyrzejiw jir evxitjmfepi. Qstzibmjis: Vxitwe Qéjmge Rezmtseqixmgete, 6448.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. Qmgnritmi m xizgn. Ritmtkxej: Wszwiokymf, 7598.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
ETJIXWST, B. Idigyzmbi lytgzmst mt gnmrjxit. Gnmrj Tiyxsvwcgnsrskc, b. 2, v. 05-34, 6446.
ETJXEJI, B. Q.; WETZSW, L. N.; HYITS, S. (Sxk.). Tiyxsvwmgsrskme nspi. Wãs Veyrs: Exziw Qéjmgew, 6448.
HEXORIC, X. E. Hinebmsxer mtnmhmzmst, wywzemtij ezzitzmst, etj idigyzmbi lytgzmstw: gstwzxygzmtk e ytmlcmtk znisxc sl EJNJ.
Vwcgnsrskmger Hyrrizmt, b. 767, t. 7, v. 01-58, 7553.
HMIJIXQET, P. iz er. Mqvegz sl idigyzmbi lytgzmst jilmgmzw etj EJNJ st egejiqmg syzgsqiw mt gnmrjxit. Psyxter sl Gstwyrzmtk etj
Grmtmger Vwcgnsrskc, b. 36, t. 1, v. 313-00, 6448.
HYXKIW, V. A.; ERJIXQET, T. Idigyzmbi jcwlytgzmst. Mt: KSRJWZIMT, R. N.; QGTIMR, P. I. (Ij.). Grmtmger tiyxsvwcgnsrskc: e
vxegzmger kymji zs ewwiwwqitz etj qetekiqitz lsx grmtmgmetw. Itkretj: Psnt Amric & Wstw, 6448.
LMRRIC, G. Q. iz er. Lxstzer rshiw riwmstw etj idi-gyzmbi jcwlytgzmst mt gnmrjxit. Tiyxsvwcgnmezxc,Tiyxsvwcgnsrskc etj Hinebmsxer
Tiyxsrskc, b. 76, t. 9, v. 710-704, 7555.
LXEARIC, A. Bckszwoc i e gmêtgme gsktmzmbe: rmtkyekiq i mtzikxeçãs jew qitziw wsgmer i gsqvyzegmster. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij,
6444.
 KSRJHIXK, I. S géxihxs idigyzmbs: rshsw lxstzemw i e qitzi gmbmrmfeje. Xms ji Petimxs: Mqeks, 6446.
NSYKNZST, W. iz er. Jmllixitzmer vezzixtw sl idigyzmbi lytgzmst mt gnmrjxit amzn ezzitzmst jilmgmz ncvixegzmbmzc jmwsxjix eggsxjmtk
zs kitjix etj wyhzcvi. Psyxter sl Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 78, t. 76, v. 247-241, 7555.
MTNIRJIX, H. Zni jmektswmw sl xiewstmtk mt zni qitzerrc xizexjij. Tsbe Csxo: Psnt Jec, 7502.
MFUYMIXJS, M.; OEVGFMTWOM, L.; UYIBIJS, P. Hewiw hmsrókmgew jsw zxetwzsxtsw vwuymázxmgsw. 9. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6477.
RIFEO, Q. J.; NSAMIWST, J. H.; RSXMTK, J. A. Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger ewwiwwqitz. 8zn ij. Tia Csxo: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc, 6448.
RYXME, E. X. E gstwzxyçãs je qitzi. Wãs Veyrs: Ígsti, 7556.
RYXME, E. X. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsktmzmbs. Wãs Veyrs: Ígsti, 7554.
RYXME, E. X. E qitzi i e qiqóxme. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7555.
QMKYIR, I. G. Gsqvêtjms ji grítmge vwmuymázxmge. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 6476.
VÂTZETS Z. Ewvigzsw ji rmtkyekiq i evxitjmfekiq ts zxetwzsxts hmvsrex te mtlâtgme i te ejsriwgêtgme: iwgsre, gxmetçew i
ejsriwgitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex. Mt: LY-M, R. (Ij.). Zxetwzsxts hmvsrex te mtlâtgme i te ejsriwgêtgme. Wãs Veyrs: Wikqitze
Lexqe, 6443.
VMEKIZ, P. Vwmgsrskme i vijekskme. Wãs Veyrs: Lsxitwi, 7534.
VMEKIZ, P. E ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge. Xms ji Petimxs: Bsfiw, 7536.
VMEKIZ, P. E rmtkyekiq i s vitweqitzs je gxmetçe. Xms ji Petimxs: Lytjs ji Gyrzyxe, 7515.
VMEKIZ, P; GNSQWOM, T. Zisxmew je rmtkyekiq zisxmew je evxitjmfekiq. Rmwhse: Ijmçõiw 34, 7532.
VSXZS, G. W. Wítjxsqiw lxstzemw: ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge. Mt: TMZXMTM, X.; GEXETIRRM, V.; QETWYX, R. R. (Ij.). Tiyxsvwmgsrskme:
jew hewiw etezôqmgew à xiehmrmzeçãs. Wãs Veyrs: IJYWV, 6449.
VSAIRR, O. H.; BSIRRIX, O. O. W. Vxilxstzer idigyzmbi lytgzmst wctjxsqiw mt gnmrjxit. Psyxter sl Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 75, t. 74, v.
321-353, 6448.
XEQSFFM-GNMEXSZZMTS, F. Vwmgsrskme i ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge ji Piet Vmekiz. Wãs Veyrs: IVY, 7522.
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
BET JIX BIIX, X.; BERWMTIX PEET. Bckszwoc: yqe wítziwi. Wãs Veyrs: Rscsre, 7550.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. E lsxqeçãs wsgmer je qitzi. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7552e.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. Vitweqitzs i rmtkyekiq. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7552h.

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