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Mtbiwzmkeçãs vxigsgi js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze:

wmtemw uyi erixzeq vexe e mtzixbitçãs
6
XSWE ETKIRE REQIMXS VSXGMYTGYRE

Uyetjs e ryf jsw srnsw qiyw

I e ryf jsw srnsw ziyw

Xiwsrbiq wi itgstzxex
Em, uyi hsq uyi mwws é, qiy Jiyw

Uyi lxms uyi qi já s itgstzxs jiwwi srnex

Bmtígmyw ji Qsxeiw

MTZXSJYÇÃS
E idvxiwwãs eyzmwqs mtletzmr lsm yzmrmfeje vsx vxmqimxe bif virs vwmuymezxe wyíçs Iykiti Hriyrix, iq
7577, qew lsm Ris Oettix, iq 7589, uyiq qirnsx e jiwgxibiy es xirezex wye shwixbeçãs ji 77
gxmetçew uyi zmtneq iq gsqyq yq gsqvsxzeqitzs hewzetzi vigyrmex uyi wi gexegzixmfebe vsx yqe
mtehmrmjeji mteze vexe iwzehirigix gstzezs elizmbs i mtzixviwwser ewwsgmeje e shwiwwmbmjeji,
iwzixiszmvmew i igsrerme (EWWYQVÇÃS PX.; VMQITZIR, 6444).
Netw Ewvixkix, yq ets qemw zexji, jiwgxibiy syzxsw gewsw ji gxmetçew gsq erkyqew gexegzixíwzmgew
wiqirnetziw es eyzmwqs uyi zeqhéq qetmliwzebeq jmlmgyrjejiw te gsqytmgeçãs wsgmer. Ts itzetzs,
evxiwitzebeq gsqs jmlixitgmer s lezs ji zixiq mtzirmkêtgme tsxqer i eywêtgme ji jélmgmzw ji
rmtkyekiq (KEJME, 6440).
E viwuymwe ji Ewvixkix, vsx zix wmjs vyhrmgeje iq eriqãs, vixqetigiy xiwzxmze à gsqytmjeji
gmitzílmge ji rítkye kixqâtmge ezé Rsxte Amtk jiwgxibê-re iq mtkrêw, iq 7527. Amtk vswzyrsy uyi e
wítjxsqi ji Ewvixkix tãs gstwzmzyíe yqe gstjmçãs wivexeje js eyzmwqs i, wmq, yqe bexmeçãs,
xivxiwitzetjs yqe mtzix-xireçãs iq yq qiwqs gstzmtyyq js zxetwzsxts (AMTK, 7527 evyj
QEZWST; TIHIR-WGNAERQ; QEZWST, 6440).
Gstlsxqi Kejme (6440), nspi wi wehi uyi s eyzmwqs tãs é yqe jsitçe útmge, qew wmq yq jmwzúxhms
ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs gsqvrids, jilmtmjs js vstzs ji bmwze gsqvsxzeqitzer, uyi evxiwitze izmsrskmew
qúrzmvrew i wi gexegzixmfe vsx kxeyw bexmejsw ji kxebmjeji. Es rstks jsw etsw, jiwji e wye
jiwgshixze, s eyzmwqs zsxtsy-wi yq jiwelms vexe tiyxsrskmwzew i vwmuymezxew mtletzmw i wye jilmtmçãs
biq wslxitjs qsjmlmgeçõiw e vexzmx ji yqe tsbe gsqvxiitwãs.
Te qetmliwzeçãs grítmge jsw jmlixitziw uyejxsw, shwixbe-wi e mtlryêtgme ji lezsxiw ewwsgmejsw uyi
tãs tigiwwexmeqitzi lefiq vexzi jew gexegzixíwzmgew vxmtgmvemw js zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze.
Itzxi irew, gmze-wi gsqs ji kxetji mqvsxzâtgme e nehmrmjeji gsktmzmbe.
Sw jmlixitziw kxeyw ji vswwmhmrmjejiw te gsqytmgeçãs, tew nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i tsw vejxõiw ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs je gxmetçe eyzmwze qszmbexeq e idvxiwwãs “zxetwzsxtsw krshemw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs”
(ZKJw), uyi gstwzmzyiq s iwvigzxs jsw zxetwzsxtsw eyzmwzew (KEJME, 6440).
E vxiberêtgme, jivitjitjs jsw gxmzéxmsw ji mtgrywãs, bexme ji 8 e 79 iq geje 74 qmr gxmetçew,
sgyvetjs s zixgimxs rykex itzxi sw jmwzúxhmsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr, iwzetjs à lxitzi jew
qerlsxqeçõiw gstkêtmzew i je wítjxsqi ji Jsat (KEJME; ZYGNQET; XSZZE, 6448; QEXZSW-VÉXIF,
6440). Iwwiw ítjmgiw jitszeq, vsxzetzs, yq túqixs qymzs wyvixmsx esw gmzejsw iq jégejew
etzixmsxiw, zitjs gsqs e qemw vxsbábir idvrmgeçãs s eyqitzs js túqixs ji gxmetçew mjitzmlmgejew, s
qemsx xigstnigmqitzs jiwwe gstjmçãs i, egmqe ji zyjs, e qemsx ehxetkêtgme js gstgimzs ji
zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze (ZIE).
Syzxs jejs xiribetzi é uyi e gstjmçãs elize qemw qitmtsw, te vxsvsxçãs ji 9 e 8 gxmetçew js wids
qewgyrmts vexe geje js wids liqmtmts (XSJXÍKYIF-HEXXMSTYIBS; XSJXÍKYIF-BMBIW, 6446).
Wikytjs Sfetj iz er. (6449), sw vxmqimxsw wmtemw iq kixer wãs shwixbejsw es xijsx jsw 9 etsw, qew
qymzsw wmtzsqew ji erixze gswzyqeq sgsxxix emtje etziw js vxmqimxs ets ji bmje.
E ebermeçãs js ZIE zsxtsy-wi yqe áxie mqvsxzetzi ji mtbiwzmkeçãs vexe qymzsw eyzsxiw.
Gixzeqitzi uyetzs qemw gijs yqe gxmetçe vyjix wix mjitzmlmgeje, qemw xávmjew wixãs e mtzixbitçãs i
e ejiuyeçãs js gyxws ji wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Uyetjs zxeherneqsw gsq leqírmew ji gxmetçew gsq ZIE, vsx qymzew bifiw tsw jivexeqsw gsq yqe
xiermjeji hewzetzi jmlígmr. Tãs é xexs sybmx ji vemw uyi pá vewwexeq vsx yq rstks geqmtns iq hywge
ji xiwvswzew uyi wyew mtuymizeçõiw wãs jiwtigiwwáxmew. Qymzsw xilixiq zix wyew vxisgyveçõiw
jiwgexzejew vsx iwgyzexiq uyi tãs wi vsji gsqvexex yqe gxmetçe gsq syzxe sy, emtje, uyi geje
gxmetçe ziq wiy ziqvs, izg. Gsq iwwi jmwgyxws, s ziqvs bem vewwetjs, ew leqírmew wi jiwkewzeq, wi
gstlytjiq i, s uyi é qemw vxisgyvetzi, e gxmetçe gsq wmtemw ji ZIE bem gxiwgitjs wiq wix hiq
gsqvxiitjmje i wiq xigihix s ezitjmqitzs ji uyi tigiwwmze.
Iq kixer wãs sw vemw uyi xigstnigiq sw wmtemw ji uyi erks jmlixitzi sgsxxi ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs
js lmrns, i, hiq qemw gijs js uyi e évsge iq uyi s jmektówzmgs é limzs, pá wi shwixbeq ew vxmqimxew
ibmjêtgmew. Iwwiw wmtemw gswzyqeq sgsxxix jyxetzi s vxmqimxs ets ji bmje sy emtje ts wikytjs ets,
evów e vixje ji erkyqew nehmrmjejiw vxibmeqitzi ejuymxmjew. Yq jsw wmtzsqew mtmgmemw qemw gsqytw
i xigstnigmjsw virsw vemw é s ezxews ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je lere. Gsq e lerze ji yq jmektówzmgs
vxigmws, sw vemw egeheq tãs xigihitjs ew sxmitzeçõiw ejiuyejew, s uyi ji gixze lsxqe gstzxmhym
vexe yq vxipyífs te uyermjeji ji bmje zetzs je gxmetçe gsqs ji wye leqírme.
S exzmks uyi jiy sxmkiq e iwzi gevízyrs lsm evxiwitzejs jyxetzi s ets ji 6474, zitjs gsqs
vxsvówmzs e bermjeçãs ji qemw yq mtwzxyqitzs vexe jmektówzmgs vxigsgi js ZIE. Xilixi-wi es xirezs
wshxi e bermjeji gstbixkitzi i jmbixkitzi je Hehc etj Mtletz Wgxiit lsx Gnmrjxit amzn Eyzmwq Zxemzw
(HMWGYMZ – Zxmekiq ji hihêw i regzitziw vexe gxmetçew gsq zxeçsw ji eyzmwqs), iwvigmlmgeqitzi e
HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7, ji Qezwst, Amromtw i Lsjwzej (6474), hywgetjs bixmlmgex e bermjeji krsher js
mtwzxyqitzs iq wye gevegmjeji vexe qijmx i ebermex gsq idezmjãs gstwzxyzsw xivxiwitzezmbsw js ZIE
iq gxmetçew qymzs psbitw. Iwwiw gstwzxyzsw ji yq qsjs kixer xilixiq-wi e jélmgmzw te wsgmermfeçãs i
te gsqytmgeçãs i e vxiwitçe ji mtzixiwwiw i gsqvsxzeqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw.
E eqswzxekiq js iwzyjs lsm gstwzmzyíje ji 7.443 gxmetçew, gsq 73 e 93 qiwiw ji mjeji, iq uyi
342 ixeq js wids qewgyrmts i 655 js wids liqmtmts, jew uyemw 12% ixeq hxetgew, 95,8% ixeq elxs-
eqixmgetew, 6,1% ixeq nmwvâtmgew i 9,9% ixeq ji syzxew iztmew. Zsjsw sw vexzmgmvetziw nebmeq wmjs
mtwgxmzsw iq yq vxskxeqe ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi je Rsymwmete Wzezi Ytmbixwmzc, uyi vxiwze wixbmçsw
àw leqírmew ji gxmetçew viuyitew, ew uyemw teuyiri qsqitzs evxiwitzebeq yq ezxews ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs sy zmtneq yqe jsitçe uyi vsjixme xiwyrzex iq ezxews.
Ts vxspizs idvixmqitzer jiwwi iwzyjs, lsm yweje yqe qezxmf gsxxiregmsteje gstzitjs e bermjeji
gstbixkitzi i jmbixkitzi i wimw gstwzxyzsw lsxeq qijmjsw: e wmtzsqezsrskme js ZIE; ew nehmrmjejiw
ejevzezmbew; ew nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw; e gsqytmgeçãs; e gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe; i ew nehmrmjejiw qszsxew.
Zxêw qijmçõiw lsxeq yzmrmfejew, jyew jew uyemw ixeq iwgerew ji grewwmlmgeçãs je HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 i
je Qsjmlmij Gnigormwz lsx Eyzmwq mt Zsjjrixw (Q-GNEZ), i yqe ixe yqe gsqhmteçãs ji itzxibmwze
vexitzer i shwixbeçãs jmxize, e Hezzirri Jibirsvqitzer Mtbitzsxc-Wigstj Ijmzmst (HJM-6). Iwwiw zxêw
mtwzxyqitzsw wixãs qemw hiq jiwgxmzsw es rstks jiwzi gevízyrs vsx wixiq qijmjew ji ebermeçãs vexe
jmektówzmgs vxigsgi js ZIE.
E HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 xivxiwitze e vxmqimxe qijmçãs ji ebermeçãs vexe gxmetçew viuyitew, ywetjs
yqe kxetji eqswzxekiq ji mtjmbíjysw vxibmeqitzi jizixqmtejsw gsqs iwzetjs iq xmwgs ji ZIE.
Gsqs vixwvigzmbew, s iwzyjs xibirsy uyi viwuymwew lyzyxew jibiq iwzehirigix e bermjeji je
HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 te ebermeçãs jsw wmtzsqew ji ZIE iq xireçãs esw kxyvsw izáxmsw qemw iwvigílmgsw.
Vsxzetzs, sw viwuymwejsxiw gstgryiq wshxi e tigiwwmjeji ji qemw iwzyjsw uyi iwzehiriçeq e
bermjeji jiwwi mtwzxyqitzs, vsx qims ji gsqvexeçõiw gsq syzxew qijmçõiw vxigsgiw vexe ZIE.
Tiwzi gevízyrs, bixmlmge-wi e mqvsxzâtgme je mtbiwzmkeçãs xiermfeje vxigsgiqitzi, vsx qims je
shwixbeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe, yqe bif uyi s jmektówzmgs zexjms vsjixá mqvrmgex s
ezxews js mtígms js zxezeqitzs, gstzxmhymtjs vexe s eyqitzs js iwzxiwwi leqmrmex. E mtzixbitçãs
vxigsgi, vsx wye bif, gsrehsxe vexe e qirnsxe js uyejxs gsqs yq zsjs, lebsxigitjs s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji áxiew mqvsxzetziw, gsqs s jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs, nehmrmjejiw ji rmtkyekiq,
nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i gymjejsw iwvigílmgsw iq ezmbmjejiw js gszmjmets.

JMEKTÓWZMGS
S jmektówzmgs js ZIE xexeqitzi é xiermfejs etziw jsw 6 etsw ji mjeji i vsygs wi wehi wshxi sw
wmtzsqew mtmgmemw uyetzs es jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsrókmgs, gsqvsxzeqitzer i gsktmzmbs jsw regzitziw
gsq ZIE. Ná mtjmgeçõiw ji uyi sw vxmqimxsw wmtzsqew gsqvsxzeqitzemw wãs qetmliwzejsw emtje ts
vxmqimxs ets ji bmje i, vsx tãs nebix yq qexgejsx hmsrókmgs, s jmektówzmgs é hewiejs
vxmtgmverqitzi ts uyejxs grítmgs, uyi wi gexegzixmfe vsx elizex zxêw áxiew: nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw,
gsqytmgeçãs i gsqvsxzeqitzsw xivizmzmbsw. S ZIE, vsx wix yq zxetwzsxts gsqvrids, ewwsgme
wmtzsqew gsq gexegzixíwzmgew lsxe js jsqítms wsgmer i uyi vsjiq iwzex xiregmstejsw e ewvigzsw
tiyxsrókmgsw uyi mtgryiq: zxetwzsxtsw ji rmtkyekiq (mtgrymtjs eywêtgme ji lytçõiw vxé-rmtkyíwzmgew),
jmlmgyrjejiw te gssxjiteçãs qszsxe i ezitçãs bmwyer. Jiwwe lsxqe, te vxmqimxe mtlâtgme s ZIE
gswzyqe iwzex ewwsgmejs e vxipyífsw tew nehmrmjejiw wsgmsgsqytmgezmbew, vxsgiwweqitzs ji gstzezsw
legmemw i bmwyemw, mqmzeçãs i gsqytmgeçãs.
Gstlsxqi Xszze i Xmiwks (6441), e kxetji bexmehmrmjeji ts uyejxs grítmgs jsw eyzmwzew zsxtsy qemw
evxsvxmejs s yws ji uyeruyix yqe jew zxêw wikymtziw idvxiwwõiw, uyi wãs iuymberitziw: zxetwzsxts
js iwvigzxs eyzmwze (ZIE), zxetwzsxtsw mtbewmbsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs (ZMJ) i zeqhéq zxetwzsxts krsher
js jiwitbsrbmqitzs (ZKJ).
Xyzzix (6441) egxijmze uyi s ZIE zitne sxmkiq tiyxsrókmge i jyxeçãs ji zsje yqe bmje. S
zxetwzsxts eyzmwze, ewwmq gsqs s zxetwzsxts mtbewmbs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs wiq syzxe iwvigmlmgeçãs i s
zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix wãs sw zxêw ZIE uyi sgsxxiq gsq qemw lxiuyêtgme.
Sw gxmzéxmsw yzmrmfejsw vexe jmektswzmgex s eyzmwqs xilixiq-wi es uyejxs gsqvsxzeqitzer
gsqvswzs hewmgeqitzi ji zxêw qetmliwzeçõiw jiwgxmzew ts Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji
zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw, je Ewwsgmeçãs Eqixmgete ji Vwmuymezxme (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST,
7551), uyi itbsrbiq gxmzéxmsw jmbmjmjsw iq zxêw geziksxmew: gsqvxsqizmqitzs uyermzezmbs je mtzixeçãs
wsgmer; gsqvxsqizmqitzs uyermzezmbs je gsqytmgeçãs; vejxõiw xiwzxmzsw i xivizmzmbsw ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Gstlsxqi Kejme (6440), iqhsxe gsq sw gxmzéxmsw js JWQ-MB zitne lmgejs qemw lágmr itzitjix ew
jmbmwõiw jsw ZKJw, uyiwzõiw gsqs e ji wi s eyzmwqs i e wítjxsqi ji Ewvixkix xivxiwitzebeq
itzmjejiw grítmgew jmwzmtzew sy wi wãs bexmetziw ji yq qiwqs jmwzúxhms gstzmtyeq tãs xiwvstjmjew.
Sw gxmzéxmsw jiwgxmzsw ts JWQ-MB-ZX, yzmrmfejsw vexe jmektswzmgex s zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix, xilixmeq-
wi àw wi­kymtziw qetmliwzeçõiw: gsqvxsqizmqitzs uyermzezmbs je mtzixeçãs wsgmer i ji vejxõiw
xiwzxmzsw, xivizmzmbsw i iwzixiszmvejsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs, mtzixiwwiw i ezmbmjejiw. Tiwwe grewwmlmgeçãs,
sw ewvigzsw xirezmbsw à gsqytmgeçãs (vxiwitziw ts zxetwzsxts eyzmwze) tãs vexzmgmveq js jmektówzmgs
(EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446).
Te tsbe bixwãs js JWQ-1 (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478), zxsge-wi e zxíeji
jmektówzmge vsx yqe jíeji gsqvswze vsx gsqvsxzeqitzsw xivizmzmbsw i mtzixiwwiw xiwzxmzsw ji yq
rejs i jélmgmzw wsgmemw i gsqytmgezmbsw ji syzxs, gstwzmzymtjs s zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze (ZIE).
Iq yqe tsze idvrmgezmbe, s JWQ-1 (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478) xilixitje uyi
viwwsew jmektswzmgejew gsq zxetwzsxts eyzmwze, zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix sy zxetwzsxts krsher js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs vewweq e xigihix s jmektówzmgs ji zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Xiwwerze emtje
uyi viwwsew gsq jélmgmzw egitzyejsw te gsqytmgeçãs, qew uyi tãs ligneq sw jiqemw gxmzéxmsw vexe
ZIE, jibiq wix ebermejew iq xireçãs e zxetwzsxts je gsqytmgeçãs wsgmer.
Ew gxmetçew gsq ZIE vsjiq zeqhéq evxiwitzex iwzixiszmvmew qszsxew, gsqs heretçex-wi, hezix
verqew, etjex iq gíxgyrsw sy te vstze jsw véw.
Wsqetjs-wi esw wmtzsqew vxmtgmvemw, iwwew gxmetçew, lxiuyitziqitzi, evxiwitzeq jmwzúxhmsw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw kxebiw, gsqs eyzs i nizixsekxiwwmbmjeji i egiwwsw ji xembe iq xiwvswze àw
idmkêtgmew js eqhmitzi, eréq ji witwmhmrmjeji etsxqer e iwzíqyrsw witwsxmemw (XSZZE; XMIWKS, 6441).
Eviwex jsw xigitziw ebetçsw, s jmektówzmgs ji ZIE emtje nspi ziq gsqs hewi ew gexegzixíwzmgew
gsqvsxzeqitzemw uyi vsjiq zsqex lsxqew uyermzezmbeqitzi jmlixitziw te vxmqimxe mtlâtgme. E
wmzyeçãs qemw gsqyq é uyi ew vxisgyveçõiw jsw vemw i jsw vxslmwwmstemw xigeiq qemw ts ezxews je
lere je gxmetçe js uyi tsw ewvigzsw wsgmemw js gsqvsxzeqitzs.
S jmektówzmgs vxigmws, vsxzetzs, tãs é yqe zexile lágmr vexe s vxslmwwmster, pá uyi vsji nebix
vxshriqew vexe jmwzmtkymx itzxi gxmetçew gsq ZIE i gxmetçew tãs bixhemw gsq jélmgmzw ji evxitjmfejs
sy vxipyífs je rmtkyekiq. Ts itzetzs, esw 9 etsw, ew gxmetçew zitjiq e vxiitgnix sw gxmzéxmsw ji ZIE
iq yqe bexmijeji ji qijmjew jmektówzmgew.
Kixerqitzi, qexgsw jiwitbsrbmqitzmwzew wãs ergetçejsw iq mtzixbersw ji ziqvs vxibmwíbimw
jyxetzi e vxmqimxe mtlâtgme, vsxéq, vexe gxmetçew gsq ZIE, eréq ji ezxewsw tew izevew ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs, zeqhéq vsjiq sgsxxix mxxikyrexmjejiw iq mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw, te ezitçãs, te
gsqytmgeçãs i iq hxmtgejimxew mqekmtezmbew, xmkmjif gsktmzmbe; pytzs gsq gsqvsxzeqitzsw
gsqóxhmjsw, gsqs nmvixezmbmjeji, xmzyemw, iwzixiszmvmew, egiwwsw ji xembe i ekxiwwãs.
Qefiz i Rihsbmgm (7557) xilixiq uyi e wmktmlmgetzi vxshehmrmjeji ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw
gstgsqmzetziw i e vxiwitçe ji wmtzsqew gsqóxhmjsw zsxteq s jmektówzmgs jmlixitgmer js ZIE
gsqvrids. Jiwwe lsxqe, vexe uyi wi vswwe ebermex i jmektswzmgex gsq idezmjãs gxmetçew qemw psbitw, é
tigiwwáxms s gstnigmqitzs wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer, iq vexzmgyrex te áxie je gsqytmgeçãs
tãs bixher, je ezmbmjeji qszsxe, jew nehmrmjejiw ji ezitçãs gsqvexzm­rneje, mqmzeçãs i xiwvswzew
bmwyemw i eyjmzmbew e iwzíqyrsw idzixtsw.
Jmektówzmgs: gxmetçew zívmgewbixwywgxmetçew eyzmwzew
 E gxmetçe iq wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs vewwe vsx iwzákmsw, i geje yq jiriw gstzéq gexegzixíwzmgew
vexzmgyrexiw. Vexe geje izeve, wãs iwvixejew zexilew, tew uyemw bãs wi sxketmfex ew nehmrmjejiw
ejuymxmjew i vxskxiwwmbeqitzi ebetçex iq jmxiçãs e yq tsbs iwzákms. Gsq iwwew tsbew euymwmçõiw, e
gxmetçe bem jiwgshxmtjs wiy gsxvs, wiy qytjs i wyew gevegmjejiw.
Sw hihêw xevmjeqitzi jiwitbsrbiq yqe nehmrmjeji ji wi gsqytmgex vsx qims ji wmtemw tãs
bixhemw: jiqstwzxeq wyew iqsçõiw vire idvxiwwãs legmer, vxsgyxeq vsx shpizsw ji mtzixiwwi sy vsx
viwwsew, etzigmveq-wi vexe shzix gstzezs líwmgs gsq wiyw vemw. S qiwqs tãs sgsxxi gsq gxmetçew
eyzmwzew. Vxipyífsw uyermzezmbsw te gsqytmgeçãs, ezxewsw i etsxqermjejiw te rmtkyekiq i lere wãs
uyimdew lxiuyitziw uyi wi evxiwitzeq.
Uyejxs 6.7 Mtjmgejsxiw vxigsgiw ji 4 e 0 qiwiw
Gxmetçew zívmgew Gxmetçew gsq ZIE
Bmxeq e gehiçe uyetjs gneqejew Tãs xiekiq uyetjs gneqejew
Wikyiq e jmxiçãs js srnex je qãi uyetjs ire srne vexe yq Tãs xiwvstjiq e “vmwzew” wsgmemw, e tãs
erbs bmwíbir wix gsq iwzíqyrsw qymzs xivizmzmbsw
Gsqiçeq e jiwitbsrbix e ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje Jiqstwzxeq xiwvswzew elizmbew qítmqew
Xiwvstjiq e jiqstwzxeçãs ji elizs ji syzxsw Wãs qemw vewwmbew i uymizew
Xiwvstjiq e iqsçõiw Jmlixitziw jsw syzxsw hihêw
Lstzi: Irehsxejs vire Jxe. Tiaxe Xszze gsq hewi iq Jeawst iz er. (6448), Aixtix iz er. (6444) i Faemkitheyq iz er. (6441).

Sw hihêw xigéq-tewgmjsw tãs wãs vixwstekitw vewwmbsw te xireçãs vemw i lmrnsw, es gstzxáxms, zêq
yq vevir qymzs ezmbs ts psks wsgmer, i à qijmje uyi sw qiwiw vewweq iwwi psks bem wi evxmqsxetjs
(EHIXEWZYXC, 7556).
Es vixgihix wyew xszmtew rújmgew, s hihê evxitji e etzigmvex ew wyew eçõiw. Uyetjs kswze ji yqe
hxmtgejimxe, iri evxitji e gsqytmgex wye erikxme gsq wsxxmwsw, kexkernejew, gnyziw idgmzejsw i
kxmzmtnsw. Iwwew xieçõiw, vsx wye bif, iwzmqyreq sw vemw e hxmtgex qemw emtje, gxmetjs yq psks uyi
lsxzerigi sw reçsw elizmbsw itzxi iriw (KSZZQET, 7553).
Zsjsw sw hihêw gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer evxiwitzeq gexegzixíwzmgew wmqmrexiw, uyi tãs wãs
gsqytw tiq gstwzetziw tsw uyi zêq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze: gyxmswmjeji; vxefix ts gstzezs
líwmgs gsq sw syzxsw (egstgniks); hywge vire “ezitçãs” jew syzxew viwwsew i hywge virs srnex jew
syzxew viwwsew. Eréq jmwws, erkytw vemw ziqiq uyi wiyw lmrnsw wipeq wyxjsw, pá uyi e gxmetçe vsji
tãs xiwvstjix uyetjs gneqeje. Uyetjs wãs hihêw, ew gxmetçew gsq ZIE vsjiq vixqetigix nsxew
wsfmtnew iq wiyw hixçsw sy gixgejmtnsw, wiq gnsxex sy lefix idmkêtgmew esw vemw, uyi egxijmzeq zix
yq hihê zxetuymrs i lágmr ji gymjex. É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi iwwew gexegzixíwzmgew vsjiq sgsxxix
ji lsxqe bexmeje, tiq wiqvxi lxiuyitziw i gstwzetziw tew gxmetçew gsq ZIE. Mwws uyix jmfix uyi, wi
erkytw gsqvsxzeqitzsw tsxqemw idmwzmxiq, vsjiq tãs iwzex vxiwitziw te qiwqe uyetzmjeji uyi
sgsxxi gsq s hihê wiq ZIE.
Uyejxs 6.6 Mtjmgejsxiw vxigsgiw jsw 3 esw 76 qiwiw
Gxmetçewzívmgew Gxmetçew gsq ZIE
Gsqiçeq e jiqstwzxex ezitçãs Qemsx mtgmjêtgme ji vswzyxew etsxqemw
gsqvexzmrneje
Jiqstwzxeq xilixêtgme wsgmer (vxsgyxeq mt­lsxqeçãs Tigiwwmzeq ji qemw iwzíqyrsw vexe xiwvstjix es tsqi
iqsgmster te legi ji ejyrzsw iq wmzyeçõiw mtgixzew)
Gsqytmgeçãs bsger wmqvriw Wãs nmvixsxemw (võiq zyjs te hsge)
Mtígms ji gevegmjejiw mqmzezmbew Ziq ebixwãs es zsuyi wsgmer
Vxiwzeq vsyge ezitçãs es jiwgstlsxzs ji syzxsw
Lerze ji wsxxmws wsgmer i ji idvxiwwãs legmer evxsvxmeje
Lstzi: Irehsxejs vire Jxe. Tiaxe Xszze gsq hewi iq Jeawst iz er. (6448), Aixtix iz er. (6444) i Faemkitheyq iz er. (6441).

S jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr wikyi yqe gixze wiuyêtgme, vire uyer ew gxmetçew jibiq ezmtkmx yq
jizixqmtejs tíbir ji qezyxeçãs uyi ribexá e vxstzmjãs vexe s idixgígms ji nehmrmjejiw. Ewwmq, ew
iqsçõiw zeqhéq vsjiq wix mtgxiqitzejew gsq s gxiwgmqitzs i jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Esw 0 qiwiw, s
evexigmqitzs js psks wsgmer lef wyxkmx iqsçõiw emtje qemw jmlixitgmejew, qswzxetjs erikxme, qijs,
xembe i wyxvxiwe (VEVERME; SRJW, 6444).
Wikytjs Hsarhc (7554), yqe bif uyi e rmkeçãs elizmbe iwzipe lsxziqitzi iwzehirigmje, qemw sy
qitsw vsx bsrze js smzebs qêw ji bmje, s hihê gsqiçe e qetmliwzex etwmijeji (vxsziwzsw, gnsxs)
uyetjs e qãi wi eywitze i gsqiçe e “iwzxetnex”. E zitjêtgme js hihê é ji rmkex-wi qemw lsxziqitzi
e yqe lmkyxe, tiwwi gews, à qãi.
Ji qsjs jmlixitzi jew gxmetçew zívmgew, ew uyi evxiwitzeq wmtemw ji ZIE gswzyqeq lefix qitsw
zxsgew gsqytmgezmbew esw itgstzxsw gsq e qãi i gsq sw syzxsw, i s srnex tsw srnsw gsqs lsxqe ji
gsqytmgex é eywitzi sy xexs, qiwqs uyetjs vijiq erks. Je qiwqe lsxqe, s egstgniks líwmgs vsji
wix xipimzejs, gsq e jiqstwzxeçãs ji witzmx-wi qirnsx ts hixçs uyetjs lmge wsfmtns. Hihêw eyzmwzew
vsjiq tãs ribetzex sw hxeçsw vexe wixiq viksw ts gsrs sy xizmxejsw js hixçs; vsjiq tãs
jiqstwzxex erikxme gsq qyjetçew ji qíqmge legmer i gsxvsxer tiq iqmwwãs ji wstw àw hxmtgejimxew
ywyemw ji himpsw, gógikew, qúwmge, izg. Vsjixãs sgsxxix zeqhéq jmwzúxhmsw ts wsts i te ermqitzeçãs.
Vsx bsrze js smzebs qêw, tãs evstze vexe jiqstwzxex s uyi uyix i, vsx bsrze ji 7 ets, tãs evstze
vexe vexzmrnex mtzixiwwiw.
Uyejxs 6.9 Mtjmgejsxiw vxigsgiw jsw 79 esw 78 qiwiw
Gxmetçew zívmgew Gxmetçew gsq ZIE
Gsqytmgeçãs xigivzmbe/idvxiwwmbe Ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje qymzs rmqmzeje
Qemsx mtgmjêtgme ji lef ji gstze Eywêtgme ji lytçõiw vxé-rmtkyíwzmgew (evstzex)
Idmhiq ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje Lerze ji iqvezme
Tãs jiqstwzxeq psks mqekmtezmbs
Lstzi: Irehsxejs vire Jxe. Tiaxe Xszze gsq hewi iq Gnexqet iz er. (7553), Jeawst iz er. (6448), Oehsz iz er. (6449) i Xshmtw
iz er. (6447).

S hxmtgex é yqe lsxqe ji gsqvsxzeqitzs gexegzixíwzmgs je mtlâtgme i vixzitgi e yq gstpytzs ji

ezmbmjejiw uyi gsqvõi e tsçãs js psks. Hewiejs iq yqe qetmvyreçãs ji mqekitw, s psks
xivxiwitze e xiermjeji, i e lsxqe gsqs e gxmetçe yzmrmfe s hxmtuyijs qymzs ziq e xibirex wshxi ew
gstjmçõiw ji wiy vwmuymwqs (XSFE; XIMW, 7553).
Tew gxmetçew gsq ZIE, bixmlmge-wi yq ezxews tew hxmtgejimxew ji iwgstji-iwgstji vxóvxmew vexe e
mjeji; e lere kixerqitzi tãs wyxki te uyetzmjeji iwvixeje; vsji nebix qsbmqitzsw ji qãsw i
hxeçsw wiq lmtermjeji evexitzi, ywyerqitzi qãsw te lxitzi jsw srnsw; uyetjs pá evxitjiy e
geqmtnex, vike s syzxs vire qãs i s ribe vexe lefix erks (ywe sw syzxsw gsqs lixxeqitzew); uyetjs
lere, ywe s vxstsqi te zixgimxe viwwse (iri) vexe wi tsqiex, iq bif ji te vxmqimxe (iy).
Uyejxs 6.8 Gexegzixíwzmgew js ZIE itzxi 76 i 68 qiwiw ji bmje
Jélmgmzw i ezxews ts wyxkmqitzs je ezitçãs gstpytze
Xiwvswze jmqmtyíje es tsqi
Mqmzeçãs jmqmtyíje
Xizexjs te gsqytmgeçãs bixher i tãs bixher
Xizexjs qszsx
Lxiuyêtgme iribeje ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw xivizmzmbsw (v. id., ekmzeçãs jew qãsw).
Idvrsxeçãs bmwysqszsxe ezívmge ji shpizsw
Idzxiqsw ts ziqvixeqitzs
Qitsx lridmhmrmjeji iq jiwlsgex e ezitçãs bmwyer
Lstzi: Irehsxejs vire Jxe. Tiaxe Xszze gsq hewi iq Hxcwst iz er. (6443), Retje i Kexxizz-Qecix (6440), Tejmk iz er. (6443),
Wyrrmbet iz er. (6443) i Csjix iz er. (6443).

Iwzixiszmvmew iwzãs vxiwitziw iq uyewi zsjew ew gxmetçew eyzmwzew i vsjiq mtgrymx: werzmzsw
egsqvetnejsw ji ehetex ew qãsw uyetjs idgmzejew, wegyjmx sw jijsw iq lxitzi esw srnsw, heretçex
s gsxvs sy lefix gexizew. Vsjiq zeqhéq evxigmex shpizsw kmxezóxmsw, xsjsvmetziw, gsqs váw ji
bitzmrejsxiw sy qáuymtew ji rebex iq lytgmsteqitzs (OEVRET; WEJSGO, 7552).
Ezé sw 68 qiwiw, ew gexegzixíwzmgew uyi wi zsxteq qemw evexitziw ts eyzmwqs wãs sw jélmgmzw wsgmemw
i sw jélmgmzw ji gsqytmgeçãs, ituyetzs s xivixzóxms xiwzxmzs ji mtzixiwwiw vsji tãs wix evexitzi ezé
sw 90 qiwiw (QEFIZ; RIHSBMGM 7557).
Uyetzs qemw gijs é mjitzmlmgejs s ZIE, qemw xávmjs s gyxws tsxqer js jiwitbsrbmqitzs vsji wix
xizsqejs. Vsxéq, sw xiwyrzejsw jivitjiq tãs wsqitzi je mjitzmlmgeçãs jsw ezxewsw i je mtjmgeçãs
jsw zxezeqitzsw ejiuyejsw i ilmgefiw, qew zeqhéq js kxey iq uyi wi qetmliwze. E wywvimze je
qemsxme jsw uyejxsw ji ZIE vsji wix xiermfeje pá tsw vxmqimxsw qiwiw ji bmje, i te qemsxme jew
bifiw iriw wãs vewwíbimw ji qirnsxew wmktmlmgezmbew.
Ew gxmetçew gsq ZIE uyi jiwitbsrbiq rmtkyekiq i hxmtuyijs wmqhórmgs ezé sw 1 etsw gswzyqeq
zix yq qirnsx vxsktówzmgs, i ew mtzixbitçõiw uyi wi mtmgmeq etziw jsw 8 etsw zêq yq mqvegzs qemsx
js uyi jivsmw jsw 1 etsw. Mwws jitsze e mqvsxzâtgme uyi e mtbiwzmkeçãs vxigsgi idixgi wshxi s
vxsktówzmgs jiwwi zxetwzsxts.
Uyejxs 6.1 Gexegzixíwzmgew grítmgew ibsryzmbew jizigzejew vsx vixísjs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe gsq ZIE
Vixísjs ji
Gexegzixíwzmgew grítmgew
jiwitbsrbmqitzs
Xigéq-tewgmjs – vexigi jmlixitzi jsw syzxsw hihêw
– vexigi tãs vxigmwex ji wye qãi
– xexeqitzi gnsxe (yq hihê “qymzs gsqvsxzejs”)

Vxmqimxs ets
Wikytjs i zixgimxs etsw
Uyexzs i uymtzs etsw
Lstzi: Sxtmzf (7529).
– zsxte-wi xíkmjs uyetjs é viks ts gsrs
– àw bifiw qymzs xiezmbs esw iriqitzsw i mxxmzábir
– tãs viji teje, tãs tsze wye qãi
– wsxxmwsw, xiwqytksw, xiwvswzew etzigmvejew wãs eywit­ziw sy xizexjejsw
– lerze ji mtzixiwwi vsx psksw, qymzs xiezmbs esw wstw
– tãs elizysws
– tãs mtzixiwwejs vsx psksw wsgmemw
– uyetjs é viks ts gsrs, é mtjmlixitzi sy xíkmjs
– eywêtgme ji gsqytmgeçãs bixher sy tãs bixher
– nmvs sy nmvix-xiezmbs esw iwzíqyrsw
– ebixwãs vire ermqitzeçãs wórmje
– izevew js jiwitbsrbmqitzs qszsx mxxikyrexiw sy xizexjejew
– mtjmlixitzi esw gstzezsw wsgmemw
– gsqytmge-wi qiditjs e qãs js ejyrzs
– s útmgs mtzixiwwi virsw hxmtuyijsw gstwmwzi iq ermtná-rsw
– mtzsrixâtgme à tsbmjeji tsw psksw
– vxsgyxe iwzmqyreçõiw witwsxmemw gsqs xetkix sw jitziw, iwlxikex i exxetnex
wyvixlígmiw, srnex lmdeqitzi jizerniw bmwyemw, srnex qãsw iq qsbmqitzsw sy shpizsw
gsq qsbmqitzsw gmxgyrexiw
– vexzmgyrexmjeji qszsxe: hezix verqew, etjex te vstze jsw véw, heretçex e gehiçe,
kmxex iq zsxts ji wm qiwqs
– eywêtgme ji gstzezs bmwyer
– psksw; eywêtgme ji letzewmew, ji mqekmteçãs, ji psksw ji xivxiwitzeçãs
– rmtkyekiq rmqmzeje sy eywitzi – igsrerme, mtbixwãs vxstsqmter
– etsqermew js xmzqs js jmwgyxws, js zsq i jew mtlridõiw
– xiwmwzêtgme àw qyjetçew ts eqhmitzi i tew xszmtew

EBERMEÇÃS
S jmektówzmgs vxigsgi gstwzmzym yq kxetji gstwitws iq zsjs s qytjs e xiwvimzs js ZIE. Uyetzs
etziw lsx mjitzmlmgejs i uyetzs qemw gijs wi mtmgme s zxezeqitzs, qemsxiw wãs ew gnetgiw ji
vxskxiwwsw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs i te uyermjeji ji bmje.
Ezyerqitzi idmwzi yq mtzixiwwi gxiwgitzi ts ZIE, vsx iwwe xefãs e ebermeçãs js zxetwzsxts zsxtsy-
wi yqe áxie vexzmgyrexqitzi vsvyrex vexe mtbiwzmkeçãs. Shbmeqitzi, uyetzs qemw gijs yqe viwwse
vyjix wix mjitzmlmgeje gsq iwwi zxetwzsxts, qemw xávmje wixá e mtzixbitçãs.
S jmektówzmgs (sy wye wywvimze) é hewiejs iq ebermeçõiw grítmgew, e vexzmx je shwixbeçãs js
gsqvsxzeqitzs je gxmetçe i js xirezs jsw vemw, i emtje é qemw jmlígmr etziw jsw 9 etsw, vsmw, e vexzmx
jiwwe mjeji, erkytw gsqvsxzeqitzsw evexigiq ji lsxqe qemw grexe i ibmjitzi.
Gstlsxqi Kejme (6440), e ebermeçãs ji mtjmbíjysw eyzmwzew xiuyix yqe iuymvi qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex i s
yws ji iwgerew shpizmbew. Zégtmgew iwzxyzyxejew jibiq wix yzmrmfejew vexe ebermeçãs zetzs js
gsqvsxzeqitzs wsgmer jew gxmetçew uyetzs je wye gevegmjeji ji mqmzeçãs.
Ji lezs, zêq sgsxxmjs iwlsxçsw ji viwuymwe vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e bermjeçãs ji mtwzxyqitzsw
ji xewzxieqitzs iwvigílmgsw vexe s ZIE iq gxmetçew viuyitew. Ezyerqitzi, idmwziq báxmsw
mtwzxyqitzsw uyi vsjiq wix yzmrmfejsw iq gxmetçew iq jmlixitziw iwzákmsw je bmje.
Sw viwuymwejsxiw uyi mtbiwzmkeq s yws i e yzmrmjeji ji iwzxezékmew ji mtzixbitçõiw vxigsgiw iq
gxmetçew gsq ZIE, iq kixer, gswzyqeq elmxqex uyi s zxezeqitzs mtzitwmbs te gxmetçe iwzá
xiregmstejs e yqe wmktmlmgezmbe qirnsxe te gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe i gsqytmgezmbe, ewwmq gsqs es
gxiwgmqitzs te gevegmjeji je gxmetçe ji mtzixekmx gsq wiy eqhmitzi wsgmer. S wygiwws mtmgmer ji
mtzixbitçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw mtzitwmbew vxigsgiw egxiwgitzsy emtje qemsx yxkêtgme à zxmekiq i es
jmektówzmgs jsw ZIEw.
Jiwwe lsxqe, ná xefõiw wylmgmitziw vexe eyqitzex sw iwlsxçsw te mjitzmlmgeçãs i mtzixbitçãs vexe
gxmetçew gsq ZIE, s qemw vxigsgiqitzi vswwíbir, zitjs iq bmwze uyi ezxewsw jiwtigiwwáxmsw ts
jmektówzmgs zêq mqvrmgeçõiw vxázmgew mqvsxzetziw, pá uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji iwzxezékmew ji
gsqytmgeçãs ilizmbew, emtje uyi wmqvriw, iq yq iwzákms vxigsgi je bmje, eydmrmeq e vxibitmx ew
qetmliwzeçõiw ji xyvzyxe gsq e xiermjeji.
Te zitzezmbe ji ebetçex tsw iwlsxçsw ji jmektówzmgs i zxezeqitzs vxigsgi js ZIE, yqe kxetji
vxmsxmjeji é s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji lixxeqitzew jmektówzmgew vxigmwew vxigsgiw uyi vswweq wix
evrmgejew ts qitsx ziqvs vswwíbir. Wixbmy gsqs xilixêtgme vexe iwzi gevízyrs yqe jiwwew iwgerew, e
uyer wi xilixi à bermjeji je zxmekiq ji hihêw i regzitziw vexe gxmetçew gsq zxeçsw ji ZIE: e HMWGYMZ
– vexzi 7 (QEZWST; AMROMTW; LSJWZEJ, 6474).
E HMWGYMZ é yqe hezixme ji mtwzxyqitzsw jiwitbsrbmje ná vsygs ziqvs vexe eydmrmex te ebermeçãs
je wmtzsqezsrskme eyzmwze i ji gexegzixíwzmgew ewwsgmejew iq gxmetçew viuyitew (QEZWST, HSMWPSRM,
AMROMTW, 6443). E HMWGYMZ é gsqvswze ji zxêw qijmçõiw jmlixitziw. E HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 jmlixi ji
syzxsw mtwzxyqitzsw vxigsgiw vexe s ZIE uyetzs e wiy vxsvówmzs ji eydmrmex ts jmektówzmgs js
zxetwzsxts iq gxmetçew pá mjitzmlmgejew gsqs iwzetjs “iq xmwgs” ts gstzidzs ji yqe ebermeçãs
ehxetkitzi. E HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 mtgrym wmtzsqew tsw zxêw jsqítmsw gitzxemw js ZIE (mwzs é, jélmgmzw tew
nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw, vxipyífsw te gsqytmgeçãs i vxiwitçe ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw i/sy mtzixiwwiw
xiwzxmzmbsw i xivizmzmbsw) iq wiy erksxmzqs jmektówzmgs. Jiwwe lsxqe, iwwi mtwzxyqitzs gyqvxi ew
tsxqew vexe e geziksxmfeçãs jmektówzmge js zxetwzsxts eyzmwze (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG
EWWSGMEZMST, 6444), uyi iwzehirigi uyi, vexe xigihix yq jmektówzmgs, yq mtjmbíjys jibi
evxiwitzex gsqvsxzeqitzsw iq zsjsw sw zxêw jsqítmsw gitzxemw (QEZWST; AMROMTW; LSJWZEJ,
6474).
E HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 gstzéq 06 mzitw jiwzmtejsw e eydmrmex ts jmektówzmgs js ZIE. Sw mzitw wãs
grewwmlmgejsw vsx qims ji yq lsxqezs ji itzxibmwze vexitzer pytzs gsq yqe iwgere ji zxêw vstzsw iq
xireçãs e gsqs e gxmetçe iwzá witjs ebermeje iq gsqvexeçãs e yq gsrike uyi evxiwitze
jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer, je wikymtzi lsxqe: 4 (tãs jmlixitzi; titnyq vxipyífs), 7 (yq vsygs
jmlixitzi; vxipyífs qsjixejs) sy 6 (qymzs jmlixitzi; vxipyífs kxebi). S ziqvs ji ejqmtmwzxeçãs js
ziwzi HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7 é ji evxsdmqejeqitzi 64 e 94 qmtyzsw (QEZWST iz er., 6445g evyj
QEZWST; AMROMTW; LSJWZEJ, 6474). Gstzyjs, vsji bexmex iq lytçãs jew gexegzixíwzmgew mtjmbmjyemw
je gxmetçe. Mzitw xivxiwitzezmbsw mtgryiq vxisgyveçãs etsxqer gsq ew vexziw ji yq shpizs sy ji
shpizsw, mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw gsq syzxew gxmetçew ji wye mjeji, vxilixêtgme vsx ermqitzsw ji gixze
zidzyxe sy sjsx i gsqytmgeçãs ilizmbe (vsx idiqvrs, ywetjs verebxew, kiwzsw sy rmtkyekiq ji
wmtemw).
E iwgere Q-GNEZ é syzxs mtwzxyqitzs ji ebermeçãs gsqyqitzi yzmrmfejs. E Q-GNEZ (XSHMTW iz er.,
6447 evyj QEZWST; AMROMTW; LSJWZEJ, 6474) é yqe bixwãs ji 69 mzitw idvetjmjsw je Gnigormwz lsx
Eyzmwq mt Zsjjrixw (HEXST-GSNIT; ERRIT; KMRRHIXK, 7556 evyj QEZWST; AMROMTW; LSJWZEJ, 6474).
Sw mzitw je Q-GNEZ hewimeq-wi iq xirezsw vexitzemw i iq xiwvswzew gsqs “wmq” sy “tãs”
(grewwmlmgejew gsqs “evxsbejs” sy “xivxsbejs”, xiwvigzmbeqitzi). E Q-GNEZ lsm vxspizeje vexe
gxmetçew ji 70 e 94 qiwiw ji mjeji, i s gstziújs js mziq xilrizi wmtzsqew js ZIE, iwvigílmgsw js
zxetwzsxts. Yqe gxmetçe é “xivxsbeje” ts ziwzi wi jsmw sy qemw jsw wimw mzitw gxízmgsw (vsx idiqvrs,
wiy lmrns wi mtzixiwwe vsx syzxew gxmetçew, wiy lmrns erkyqe bif ribe shpizsw vexe bsgê [vem sy qãi] e
lmq ji qswzxex-rni erks) sy zxêw sy qemw mzitw zszemw wãs wywzitzejsw. E Q-GNEZ lsm vxspizeje gsqs
yq mtwzxyqitzs ji zxmekiq i tãs lsm jiwzmteje e eydmrmex iq jmektówzmgsw. Vsxzetzs, wi yqe gxmetçe
lsx “xivxsbeje”, tãs wmktmlmge uyi e gxmetçe zitne ZIE, qew wmq uyi yqe ebermeçãs jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze
i jmektówzmge qemw ehxetkitzi é pywzmlmgeje.
Syzxe qijmje ji ebermeçãs, uyi pytzs gsq Q-GNEZ wixbmy vexe bermjex e HMWGYMZ – vexzi 7, é e HJM-
6. Iwwi é yq mtwzxyqitzs ji ebermeçãs vejxstmfeje, xilixitgmeje vsx gxmzéxmsw i jiwzmteje e qijmx ew
nehmrmjejiw jiwitbsrbmqitzmwzew ji gxmetçew e vexzmx js tewgmqitzs ezé sw 2 etsw ji mjeji
(TIAHSXK, 6441 evyj QEZWST; AMROMTW; LSJWZEJ, 6474). Iwwe ebermeçãs gstwmwzi ji 814 mzitw ts
zszer, sw uyemw iwzãs ekxyvejsw iq gmtgs jsqítmsw (ejevzezmbs, viwwser/wsgmer, gsqytmgeçãs, qszsx i
gsktmzmbs), ewwmq gsqs ji yqe wiçãs ji zxmekiq ji 744 mzitw. E grewwmlmgeçãs js HJM-6 vxsjyf yq
iwgsxi ji hezixme zszer i iwgsxiw vejxãs vexe geje yq jsw gmtgs jsqítmsw. Sw mzitw wãs grewwmlmgejsw
gsqs 4, 7 i 6, i ew xiwvswzew esw mzitw wãs shzmjew vsx yq lsxqezs iwzxyzyxejs ji ziwzi, shwixbetjs
jmxizeqitzi e gxmetçe i itzxibmwzetjs wiyw vemw sy s wiy gymjejsx vxmtgmver.
Itzxi sw jmlixitziw ziwziw uyi ebermeq ew gexegzixíwzmgew jew gxmetçew eyzmwzew, yqe jew iwgerew qemw
ywejew é e Gnmrjnssj Eyzmwq Xezmtk Wgeri (GEXW), uyi gstwmwzi iq yqe itzxibmwze iwzxyzyxeje ji 71
mzitw, vsjitjs wix evrmgeje ji lsxqe hxibi pytzs esw vemw (sy xiwvstwábimw) ji yqe gxmetçe eyzmwze
qemsx ji 6 etsw. Wye mqvsxzâtgme gstwmwzi iq jmlixitgmex i grewwmlmgex vire vstzyeçãs ew lsxqew
ribiw, qsjixejew sy kxebiw ji ZIE. Sw gxmzéxmsw jiwwi mtwzxyqitzs lsxeq yzmrmfejsw gsqs lsxqe ji
shwixbeçãs i ebermeçãs js gews jiwgxmzs e wikymx.

EBERMEÇÃS: XIREZS JI GEWS

Yqe qitmte lsm zxefmje vire qãi vire vxmqimxe bif iq qiy gstwyrzóxms esw 6 etsw i 8 qiwiw, vsx
evxiwitzex erkytw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi e vxisgyvebeq. Vsx wi zxezex ji yqe qitmte qymzs psbiq
vexe xiwvstjix e mtwzxyqitzsw zetzs je iwlixe vixgivzs-qszsxe gsqs je iwlixe gsktmzmbe i elizmbe,
lsm yzmrmfeje e gstjyze shwixbeje.

Mtwzxyqitzsw: Itzxibmwze ji eteqtiwi gsq e qãi; Nsxe ji Psks Jmektówzmgs gsq e vxiwitçe je
qãi; Nsxe ji Psks Jmektówzmgs gsq e vxiwitçe js vem.
SHW.: Iq eqhsw sw itgstzxsw lsxeq yzmrmfejsw erkytw gxmzéxmsw ji shwixbeçãs wikytjs s
mtwzxyqitzs Gnmrjnssj Eyzmwq Xezmtk Wgeri, bixwãs iq vsxzykyêw – GEXW.
Shwixbeçõiw je leqírme: Jéhsxe lsm yq hihê vretipejs i qymzs iwvixejs. E kiwzeçãs lsm zxetuymre i e
qitmte tewgiy ji giwexmete gsq 86 wiqetew. Qeqsy ts wims ezé s zixgimxs qêw i ezé nspi é hiq
weyjábir uyetzs esw ewvigzsw líwmgsw. Esw 0 qiwiw gemy je geqe jsw vemw, lsm ribeje es vxstzs
ezitjmqitzs stji vixqetigiy iq shwixbeçãs vsx zix evxiwitzejs bôqmzsw, qew lsm rmhixeje vsx
jiqstwzxex qirnsxe – tiwwe wmzyeçãs tãs lsm ebermeje vsx tiyxsrskmwze. E qitmte witzsy-wi wiq
evsms es xijsx jsw 0 qiwiw, itkezmtnsy vsx bsrze jsw 5 qiwiw i geqmtnsy wiq eydírms gsq 7 ets i
1 qiwiw. Uyetjs hihê, tãs gswzyqebe iwzxetnex ew viwwsew i herhygmsy yq vsygs.
E vxisgyveçãs jsw vemw ejbéq ji erkyqew wmtkyrexmjejiw shwixbejew ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
rmtkyekiq, lsxqe ji mtzixeçãs i náhmzsw xszmtimxsw.
Uyetzs es jiwiqvitns je rmtkyekiq, e vxstútgme jew vsygew verebxew uyi yzmrmfebe nebme wmjs
ejuymxmje ná vsygs ziqvs i gstwmwzme iq yq xivixzóxms xiwzxmzs vexe e wye mjeji gxstsrókmge – ew
verebxmtnew ixeq qstswwírehew i vsyuyíwwmqew jmwwírehew. Itzxi irew, bixmlmgebe-wi: qe qeqe, vevá,
muym, é (pegexé), ihe (fihxe), vé i hshó. Ew vxstútgmew qitgmstejew lsxeq uyewi zsjew ejuymxmjew vsx
qims ji hstigew i JBJw. Emtje tãs wi xilixme es mxqãs qemw birns, qew vexigme kswzex hewzetzi jiri.
Eviwex ji vswwymx qymzsw hxmtuyijsw i wix hewzetzi iwzmqyreje, Jéhsxe evxiwitzebe vxilixêtgme
vsx yq túqixs xiwzxmzs ji shpizsw, itzxi iriw iwzebeq erkyqew hstigew uyi getzebeq, s evexirns
ji wsq i s JBJ. Wikytjs e qãi, e qitmte gswzyqebe iwgyzex wyew qúwmgew vxilixmjew jyxetzi zsjs
s jme, iwzmqyretjs-wi qymzs, vyretjs wiq vexex i jiqstwzxetjs vxefix gsq iwwe ezmbmjeji. Jyxetzi
ew xilimçõiw, qetzmtne yq xmzyer ji ewwmwzmx es JBJ ituyetzs ixe ermqitzeje vire hehá – emtje tãs
gsqme wsfmtne i tãs vexigme mtzixiwwex-wi vsx mwws.
Yqe jew wmzyeçõiw uyi e qitmte kswzebe qymzs ixe e ji uyi e qãi jetçewwi ew qúwmgew uyi
gswzyqebe sybmx i, tiwwe nsxe, lmdebe-wi es qsbmqitzs ji véw, mtwmwzmtjs vexe jex gstzmtymjeji es
zéxqmts ji geje getçãs (tiwwi gews, iqvyxxebe sw véw je qãi vexe qetmliwzex wiy jiwips ji uyi
gstzmtyewwi jetçetjs). Uyetjs s JBJ sy s GJ gnikebe es lmter, Jéhsxe wikyxebe e qãs je qãi i e
gstjyfme ezé s evexirns vexe uyi ire xigsqiçewwi e hxmtgejimxe.
E mtzixeçãs gsq ew viwwsew wi xibirebe gsqs yqe jew kxetjiw vxisgyveçõiw, vsmw e qitmte
mtzixekme ji qsjs zxetuymrs wsqitzi gsq ew lmkyxew vexitzemw qemw vxódmqew (qãi, vem i mxqãs). Gsq
e hehá xiregmstebe-wi hiq, qew ixe mtjmlixitzi e wye vxiwitçe sy eywêtgme, ekmtjs je qiwqe lsxqe
gsq e syzxe witnsxe uyi zxeherne iq wye gewe.
Wikytjs e qãi, Jéhsxe tãs gswzyqebe mtzixekmx gsq s vxmqs ji 1 etsw, gsq uyiq gstbmbi jiwji
hihê. Je qiwqe lsxqe, ixe mtjmlixitzi gsq e zme, gsq ew ebów, gsq e teqsxeje js mxqãs i gsq ew
jiqemw viwwsew, zetzs ejyrzsw uyetzs gxmetçew. Te vxiwitçe js vxmqs, gswzyqebe irikix yq iwveçs
ts wslá vixqetigitjs erm ezé uyi iri lswwi iqhsxe.
Uyetjs egsqvetnebe sw vemw te gewe ji leqmrmexiw i eqmksw vxódmqsw, ixe tigiwwáxms egsqsjex e
qitmte iq yqe vsrzxste, ewwmwzmtjs e yq ji wiyw JBJw, vsmw wó ewwmq vixqetigme vsx erkyq ziqvs
ts eqhmitzi. Js gstzxáxms, Jéhsxe tãs vexigme lmgex à bstzeji, gnsxetjs i mtwmwzmtjs vexe mx iqhsxe.
Erkytw qijsw evexigmeq ji lsxqe vigyrmex à qitmte, witjs sw vxmtgmvemw e gejimxe js gexxmtns ji
wyvixqixgejs i s “Vexehétw e bsgê”, zetzs iq wyew liwzew gsqs tew ji syzxew viwwsew.
Itzxi erkyqew qetmew gmzejew virsw vemw evexigmeq: ribex zyjs à hsge (mtgrywmbi gsqix qewwmtne ji
qsjirex, qsxjix qóbimw, hetgsw je vxeçe, izg.); shwixbex-wi ts iwvirns, stji xigstnigme ew vexziw
ji wiy gsxvs evxitjmjew iq yqe jew qúwmgew uyi gswzyqebe sybmx, i xigitziqitzi nebme ejuymxmjs
s náhmzs ji xetkix sw jitziw.
Gstjyze shwixbeje virs ideqmtejsx
Qetmliwzeçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw: Jyxetzi e gstjyze shwixbeje iq Nsxe ji Psks, hiq gsqs ew
mtlsxqeçõiw shzmjew te itzxibmwze vexitzer, Jéhsxe evxiwitzsy erkytw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsq
mqvsxzetziw mtjmgejsxiw ts uyi wi xilixi e mtzixeçãs wsgmer, gsqytmgeçãs i mtzixiwwiw.
Uyetjs iwzmqyreje virsw vemw, vsx qims jsw hxmtuyijsw uyi zxefme, gswzyqebe xiwvstjix, vsxéq,
tãs idvrsxsy sw uyi nebmeq te were. Iq erkytw qsqitzsw jiqstwzxsy uyixix mx iqhsxe,
gnsxeqmtketjs i hywgetjs e vsxze. Syzxew bifiw jmwzxeíe-wi wsfmtne, itkezmtnetjs vexe jihemds je
qiwe sy wyhmtjs tew gejimxew.
Erkytw jélmgmzw uyermzezmbsw te mtzixeçãs wsgmer je qitmte lsxeq qetmliwzejsw: lernew js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji xireçõiw mtzixviwwsemw evxsvxmejew es tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs; lerne iq
vxsgyxex, iwvstzetieqitzi, gsqvexzmrnex mtzixiwwiw sy ezmbmjejiw vxefixswew gsq syzxsw; lerze ji
xigmvxsgmjeji wsgmer sy iqsgmster qiwqs gsq viwwsew vxódmqew, gsqs leqmrmexiw.
Te gsqytmgeçãs, shwixbsy-wi lerze sy ezxews js jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji rmtkyekiq, tiq wiqvxi
gsqvitweje vsx syzxsw qimsw; jélmgmzw te ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje i mtehmrmjeji iq vexzmgmvex ji
hxmtgejimxew mqekmtezmbew vexe wiy tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Lsxeq zeqhéq shwixbejsw erkytw vejxõiw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs, ezmbmjejiw i mtzixiwwiw xiwzxmzsw i
iwzixiszmvejsw, gsqs: vxisgyveçãs idgiwwmbe iq zixqsw ji mtzitwmjeji sy ji lsgs, gsq mtzixiwwiw
xiwzxmzsw i iwzixiszmvejsw; gixze jmlmgyrjeji te lridmhmrmjeji je xszmte; qetimxmwqsw qszsxiw
xivizmzmbsw i iwzixiszmvejsw (iwwi ewvigzs lsm bixmlmgejs vsx wye lsxqe ji vyrex i jetçex); ezitçãs
lsgeje i vixwmwzitzi gsq vexziw ji shpizsw (ewvigzs shwixbejs ts gstwyrzóxms iq xireçãs esw hrsgsw
ji qejimxe, stji shwixbebe i iwgsrnme wiqvxi sw ji gsx bixji i sw ribebe à hsge).
Shwixbeçãs jsw gxmzéxmsw je GEXW
 M Xireçõiw viwwsemw: àw bifiw vexigme mktsxex s ejyrzs. Syzxew bifiw, ixeq tigiwwáxmew
zitzezmbew vixwmwzitziw i bmksxswew vexe gstwikymx wye ezitçãs.
MM Mqmzeçãs: mqmzebe evitew vexzi js ziqvs i xiuyixme epyje js ejyrzs.
MMM Xiwvswze iqsgmster: jiqstwzxebe wmtemw ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw tiq wiqvxi ejiuyejew,
vxmtgmverqitzi te mtzixeçãs.
MB Yws gsxvsxer: yzmrmfebe gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqs srnex lmds es xijsx iq wiy eqhmitzi, yws js
ejyrzs gsqs vexzi ji wm qiwqs (gswzyqebe yzmrmfex e qãs je qãi vexe shzix s uyi jiwipebe
i yzmrmfsy e qãs js vem vexe evstzex lmkyxew ts rmbxmtns).
B Yws ji shpizsw: jiqstwzxebe vsygs mtzixiwwi vsx hxmtuyijsw i gsqyqitzi iwgsrnme wiqvxi
sw qiwqsw.
BM Xiwvswze e qyjetçew: gswzyqebe jiqstwzxex hewzetzi etkúwzme uyetjs erkyqe qyjetçe wi
vxsvsxgmstebe sy uyetjs ixe tigiwwáxms ejiuyex-wi e erkyqe tsbe wmzyeçãs.
BMM Xiwvswze bmwyer: tigiwwmzebe wix riqhxeje lxiuyitziqitzi ji srnex vexe s uyi rni ixe
wsrmgmzejs. Gswzyqebe srnex lmdeqitzi vexe s iwveçs, tãs wywzitzetjs s srnex ts
ideqmtejsx, qew lsm vswwíbir bixmlmgex uyi gsq s vem i e qãi ixe gevef ji wywzitzex.
BMMM Xiwvswze eyjmzmbe: evexigmeq ji qsjs bexmejs, vsx qsqitzsw mktsxebe erkytw wstw i iq
syzxsw sw vixgihme xiwvstjitjs e iriw.
MD Xiwvswze i yws js verejex i srlezs: qetzmtne s náhmzs ji ribex zyjs à hsge, mtgrywmbi qshírmew
js gstwyrzóxms i hetgsw je vxeçe gsqs pá lsm jiwgxmzs.
D Qijs sy tixbswmwqs: vexehétw i gejimxew jsw gexxmtnsw ji wyvixqixgejs (gswzyqebe
gnsxex mtzitweqitzi tiwwew wmzyeçõiw).
DM Gsqytmgeçãs bixher: shwixbejs wsqitzi ezxews, wiq igsrerme i sy pexkõiw.
DMM Gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher: tiq wiqvxi ixe gevef ji idvxiwwex wyew tigiwwmjejiw i jiwipsw
ji lsxqe tãs bixher.
DMMM Tíbir je ezmbmjeji: qymzew bifiw tigiwwmzebe ji iwzíqyrsw, gswzyqebe vixqetigix vsx rstksw
vixísjsw iq yqe qiwqe sgyveçãs. (Tiwwi vixísjs Jéhsxe pá jsxqme wsfmtne iq wiy
vxóvxms uyexzs. E qãi xirezsy uyi etziw lmgebe te geqe jsw vemw, vsxéq, egimzsy e qyjetçe
ji qsjs qirnsx js uyi s iwvixejs. Gswzyqebe ejsxqigix wsfmtne i, es egsxjex,
vixqetigme te geqe wiq gneqex ezitçãs vexe wm – lmgebe hxmtgetjs gsq sw gshixzsxiw i
jmwzxeíe-wi ezé e gnikeje ji erkyéq.)
DMB Tíbir i gstwmwzêtgme ji xiwvswze mtzirigzyer: jyxetzi e ebermeçãs, evxiwitzsy nehmrmjejiw ji
qiqóxme iq tíbir evxefíbir, vsxéq, jmxigmstejsw e mtzixiwwiw xiwzxmzsw, gsqs: wiuyêtgmew
qywmgemw i e sxjiq ji rizxew “e, i, m, s, y”. Zeqhéq ixe gevef ji xiriqhxex ew vexziw js gsxvs
evstzejew iq yqe jew qúwmgew ji uyi kswzebe i iwgyzebe xivizmjeqitzi.
DB Mqvxiwwõiw kixemw: tiwwe mtbiwzmkeçãs, lsm vswwíbir jiwgshxmx uyi Jéhsxe ixe yqe qitmte
iwvixze, uyi, eviwex jew jmlmgyrjejiw uyetzs àw nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i gsqytmgezmbew,
xiwvstjiy à hxmtgejimxe gsq e hsre, te uyer iy rni pskebe i ire qi jibsrbme. Zeqhéq tãs
lsxeq ibmjitgmejsw mtjmgejsxiw ji vxipyífs je áxie mtzirigzmbe. Zxezebe-wi ji yqe qitmte
emtje te viuyite mtlâtgme uyi, qiwqs gsq erkyq ezxews, pá gsqiçebe e yzmrmfex e rmtkyekiq
bixher i zeqhéq gsqvitwebe vsx syzxsw qimsw. Evów e itzxibmwze jibsryzmbe, e qitmte lsm
itgeqmtneje vexe ebermeçãs gsq tiyxsvijmezxe i mtmgmsy-wi s zxeherns ji mtzix­bitçãs gsq
sxmitzeçãs esw vemw, wikymjs ji ezitjmqitzs lstseyjmsrókmgs.

MTZIXBITÇÃS
Jmlixitziw shpizmbsw wãs ergetçejsw ts zxeherns ji mtzixbitçãs gsq gxmetçew eyzmwzew. Iwwew
gxmetçew tigiwwmzeq evxitjix ji yqe qetimxe iwvigílmge euymrs uyi ew syzxew evxitjiq
tezyxerqitzi. Yq jsw ewvigzsw mqvsxzetziw ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi é leqmrmexmfex e gxmetçe gstwmks
qiwqe, gstwzmzymtjs yq vewws tigiwwáxms etziw uyi vswwe wix iwzehirigmjs yq gstzezs qemsx gsq
leqmrmexiw, gsrikew, vxsliwwsxiw i s eqhmitzi iq kixer. É tigiwwáxms yq zxeherns uyi itbsrbe sw
witzmjsw, e eyzsjiwgshixze i e gstwgmêtgme e xiwvimzs ji wm qiwqe, ji wiy gsxvs i ji wye idmwzêtgme.
Iwwe gstjyze lsm mtmgmerqitzi yzmrmfeje gsq Jéhsxe.
Evów zix wmjs gstlmxqejs uyi e qitmte evxiwitze yq uyejxs gsq wmtemw ji zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze,7 mqvsxzetziw qizew lsxeq iwzehirigmjew pytzs gsq sw vemw, hywgetjs s uyi qirnsx vsjixme
wix limzs vexe wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Vexe qmtne wyxvxiwe, s uyi vexigme wix yqe áxjye zexile egehsy wi zxetwlsxqetjs iq yq
vxefixsws i itgetzejsx zxeherns. Vexzmy-wi js vxmtgívms ji uyi Jéhsxe vxigmwebe esw vsygsw zsqex
gstwgmêtgme ji wiy gsxvmtns, ji wyew tigiwwmjejiw i bstzejiw (uyi mtgryíeq e xizmxeje jew lxerjew),
hiq gsqs ji zyjs uyi iwzebe es wiy xijsx. Vexe sw vemw, iwwi zeqhéq ixe yq kxetji jiwelms, zitjs
iq bmwze uyi erkyqew zitzezmbew limzew etzixmsxqitzi nebmeq wmjs iq bãs.
E qemsxme jsw vxskxeqew ijygegmstemw vexe gxmetçew eyzmwzew, iqhsxe lxiuyitziqitzi zitneq
áxiew ji êtlewi jmlixitziw, gsqvexzmrneq shpizmbsw wiqirnetziw: jiwitbsrbmqitzs wsgmer i gsktmzmbs,
gsqytmgeçãs bixher sy tãs bixher, gevegmjeji ji ejevzeçãs i xiwsryçãs ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw
mtjiwipábimw (KEJME, 6440). Iwwi eyzsx emtje xilixi uyi jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw, eviwex ji tãs
gstwzmzyíxiq gexegzixíwzmgew háwmgew ts jmektówzmgs ji eyzmwzew, zêq yq vevir mqvsxzetzi iq zixqsw
js vxsktówzmgs jiwwew gxmetçew. Mwws wmktmlmge uyi ew gxmetçew eyzmwzew wiq vxipyífsw te áxie
mtzirigzmbe vsjixãs xiwvstjix ji lsxqe qemw evxefíbir àw zégtmgew ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi, shzitjs,
jiwwe lsxqe, iq ziqvs qitsx, yq qirnsx vxsktówzmgs ts gyxws ji wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
S gews uyi mrywzxe iwzi gevízyrs é yq idiqvrs js uyi lsm exkyqitzejs. Jéhsxe é yqe gxmetçe
itgetzejsxe, gezmbetzi i qymzs mtzirmkitzi. Witjs ewwmq, jiqstwzxe wiqvxi hewzetzi qszmbeçãs i
erikxme iq zsjew ew tsbew evxitjmfekitw.
Gsq kxetji evsms jsw vemw, zsjew ew sxmitzeçõiw gsqhmtejew wãs ezitjmjew i egsrnmjew gsq
witwmhmrmjeji i rygmjif. Jéhsxe, eréq ji zsjew ew uyermjejiw uyi vswwym, tewgiy iq yqe leqírme
qymzs iwvigmer, uyi, eviwex jew ejbixwmjejiw gsqytw itlxitzejew vsx uyiq xigihi s jmektówzmgs ji
uyi wiy lmrns iwzá jitzxs js iwvigzxs eyzmwze, tãs wi mtzmqmje gsq e wmzyeçãs i bem ejmetzi
bersxmfetjs s uyi ire vswwym ji qirnsx i eydmrmetjs vexe uyi wyew jmlmgyrjejiw tãs wipeq vijxew ts
geqmtns.
Jéhsxe, nspi gsq 9 etsw i 3 qiwiw, lxiuyitze s qezixter, tãs ywe qemw lxerjew (jme i tsmzi), lef ew
xilimçõiw pytzs gsq e leqírme, xigstnigi zsjew ew gsxiw, jsqmte tsçõiw iriqitzexiw ji uyetzmjeji
iq tíbir hiq wyvixmsx e wye mjeji gxstsrókmge, xigstnigi sw gsrikew ji iwgsre i sw mjitzmlmge virs
tsqi, xiregmste-wi ji lsxqe evxefíbir gsq sw vxslmwwmstemw i gsq wiyw leqmrmexiw, kswze ji mx à
vxegmtne, bem e liwzew ji etmbixwáxms, vexzmgmve ji evxiwitzeçõiw te iwgsre i wywzitze s srnex ts
ideqmtejsx jiqstwzxetjs mtzixiwwi i vxefix te mtzixeçãs (es lmter ji geje ezitjmqitzs, gswzyqe
egimzex himps, ezitjix e wsrmgmzeçãs ji kyexjex sw hxmtuyijsw i egitex te jiwvijmje), eréq js qemw
eqvrmsy ji lsxqe mqvsxzetzi wiy bsgehyráxms i lef yws jiri vexe wi gsqytmgex i mtlsxqex s uyi
uyix.
Erkytw qsbmqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw uyi emtje wãs shwixbejsw evexigiq ewwsgmejsw e wmzyeçõiw ji
idgmzeçãs i erikxme, sw jiqemw lsxeq jiwevexigitjs tezyxerqitzi. Emtje vswwym erkytw náhmzsw
xivizmzmbsw i xszmtimxsw, vsxéq, shwixbe-wi uyi iwzãs qemw gstzidzyermfejsw, vixqmzmtjs yqe qirnsx
gstbmbêtgme i mtzixeçãs tãs wó gsq ejyrzsw, gsqs zeqhéq gsq gxmetçew ji wye mjeji.
Wikytjs Kejme (6440), e qemsxme jsw qézsjsw ji mtzixbitçãs i zxezeqitzs vsji wix wyhjmbmjmje
iq zxêw kxetjiw kxyvsw: euyiriw uyi yweq qsjirsw ji etármwi evrmgeje js gsqvsxzeqitzs; sw uyi
wãs lytjeqitzejsw iq zisxmew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs; i euyiriw uyi wãs lytjeqitzejsw iq zisxmew
ji itwmts iwzxyzyxejs.
Sw shpizmbsw uyi tsxzimeq sw vxskxeqew ji mtzixbitçãs kixerqitzi wikyiq yq jitsqmtejsx
gsqyq i vxizitjiq zxehe- rnex sw jélmgmzw jew gxmetçew gsq ZIE, mjitzmlmgetjs sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
iq uyi wi iwzehirigiq wyew qemsxiw jmlmgyrjejiw sy ezé mtehmrmjejiw uyi vswweq vxipyjmgex wiy
jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Itzxi sw vxmtgmvemw shpizmbsw iwzãs jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme i mtzitwmjeji ji
gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtjiwipábimw gsqs, vsx idiqvrs: ekxiwwmbmjeji, iwzixiszmvmew i syzxsw uyi
jmlmgyrzeq s gstbíbms wsgmer i evxitjmfekiq; vxsqsbix s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw,
gsqytmgezmbew, ejevzezmbew i gsktmzmbew; vxsqsbix gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi jiwipábimw i
gstzidzyermfejsw.
Áxiew ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi
Tiwze wiçãs, wixãs evxiwitzejew áxiew ji mtzixbitçãs gstlsxqi e vixwvigzmbe jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze,
uyi wi gexegzixmfe vsx vxsgyxex gsqvxiitjix sw jiwbmsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe eyzmwze, e
vexzmx js jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs, vsx zixiq wixbmjs ji mtwzxyqitzs ji zxeherns ts gews mrywzxezmbs.
S itlsuyi jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze euym evxiwitzejs gexegzixmfe-wi qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi vsx yqe
ehsxjekiq iqmtitziqitzi vxekqázmge i wsgmer ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Vxmfetz, Aiznixhc i Xcjirr
(6444) elmxqeq uyi e ehsxjekiq jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze vxekqázmge itlezmfe e tigiwwmjeji ji lsgex e
rmtkyekiq vxé-bixher i bixher, ewwmq gsqs ew nehmrmjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs lytgmster. Ire kixsy, vsx
qims ji iwzyjsw wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq i je gsqytmgeçãs iq gstzidzsw wsgmemw,
vxmtgívmsw uyi sxmitzexeq e vxázmge grítmge i ijygegmster. S eyzsx Zsqewirrs (6449) xigsxxiy mtúqixew
bifiw es vitweqitzs wsgmsvxekqázmgs ji Bckszwoc vexe evsmex wiyw exkyqitzsw.
Tiwwi gstzidzs, yq lezs iqvmxmgeqitzi iwzehirigmjs i hiq gstnigmjs é s ji uyi s evxitjmfejs
jibi wix gsqhmtejs ji erkyqe qetimxe gsq s tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe. Vexe Bckszwoc
(7528), tãs vsjiqsw rmqmzex-tsw qixeqitzi à jizixqmteçãs ji tíbimw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs, uyetjs
tswws shpizmbs é jiwgshxmx xireçõiw xiemw itzxi s vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e gevegmjeji ji
evxitjmfejs. Ziqsw ji jizixqmtex virs qitsw jsmw tíbimw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. S vxmqimxs é
gneqejs ji tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs xier, mwzs é, s tíbir ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew lytçõiw qitzemw je
gxmetçe uyi wi iwzehirigixeq gsqs xiwyrzejs ji gixzsw gmgrsw ibsryzmbsw pá gsqvrizejsw. S wikytjs
tíbir é gneqejs ji fste ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxsdmqer, uyi jilmti euyirew lytçõiw uyi emtje tãs
eqejyxigixeq, qew uyi iwzãs iq vxsgiwws ji qezyxeçãs.
 Ewwmq, iwwi ewvigzs jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze vxsvswzs vsx Bckszwoc (7528) vxsbê, vexe sw vxslmwwmstemw
uyi zxeherneq zetzs te ijygeçãs ji gxmetçew zívmgew uyetzs te ji gxmetçew gsq ZIE, yq mqvsxzetzi
qézsjs iq uyi wi vsji jex gstze tãs wsqitzi ji gmgrsw i vxsgiwwsw ji qezyxeçãs uyi pá lsxeq
gsqvrizejsw, gsqs zeqhéq jeuyiriw vxsgiwwsw uyi iwzãs iq iwzejs ji lsxqeçãs, sy wipe, iwzãs
evitew gsqiçetjs e eqejyxigix i e wi jiwitbsrbix.
Sw vxskxeqew ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi uyi zêq gsqs xilixêtgme ewvigzsw lytjeqitzejsw iq
zisxmew js jiwitbsrbmqitzs evsmeq-wi te gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher, s vxmtgmver erbs ji zxeherns. Ts
itzetzs, syzxew áxiew zeqhéq wãs mtgryíjew ribetjs iq gstze uyi gxmetçew gsq ZIE zeqhéq
evxiwitzeq lernew te nehmrmjeji ji mqmzex i vigyrmexmjejiw ts vxsgiwweqitzs witwsxmer uyi
vxigmweq wix gstwmjixejew i zxehernejew vexe uyi yq vxskxeqe ji mtzixbitçãs vswwe wix hiq-
wygijmjs. Eréq jmwws, e êtlewi ts gstzidzs tezyxer wsgmsvxekqázmgs idmki e vexzmgmveçãs je leqírme i
xigsqitje e mtgrywãs ji vexiw iq zemw vxskxeqew. Wãs iwwew ew áxiew uyi wixãs bmwzew e wikymx.
Gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher
Mtúqixew gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs – gixge ji 14% – tytge lefiq yws je lere i euyirew uyi lereq
evxiwitzeq etsxqermjejiw (XYZZIX; WGNSVRIX, 7532). Sw vxipyífsw tew nehmrmjejiw rmtkyíwzmgew i
vxé-rmtkyíwzmgew ts eyzmwqs itbsrbiq tãs evitew yq ezxews, qew, vxmtgmverqitzi, yq jiwbms ts
gyxws js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Ts eyzmwqs, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew nehmrmjejiw rmtkyíwzmgew é qymzs
jmlixitzi js jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew gxmetçew jmzew “tsxqemw” i jeuyirew uyi evxiwitzeq zxetwzsxtsw
je rmtkyekiq.
S vxipyífs rmtkyíwzmgs ts eyzmwqs itbsrbi vxshriqew ji gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher, vxshriqew
wmqhórmgsw, vxshriqew ji lere, ewwmq gsqs vxshriqew vxekqázmgsw. Ná lernew iq nehmrmjejiw uyi
vxigijiq e rmtkyekiq, gsqs s herhygms, e mqmzeçãs, s yws wmktmlmgezmbs ji shpizsw i s psks wmqhórmgs.
Ná zeqhéq lernew te gsqvxiitwãs je lere, lerze ji kiwzsw, qíqmge i js evstzex.
Yqe jew gexegzixíwzmgew qexgetziw je gsqytmgeçãs jew gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs é uyi s ezxews je
rmtkyekiq tiq wiqvxi é gsqvitwejs vsx syzxew lsxqew ji idvxiwwãs, zsxtetjs emtje qemw jmlígmr
yq ji wiyw qemsxiw gsqvxsqizmqitzsw uyi é e mtzixeçãs. Vsx iwwe xefãs, sw vxskxeqew ji
mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi uyi wikyiq yq itlsuyi jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze zêq gsqs shpizmbs kixer e
vxsqsçãs je rmtkyekiq vxé-bixher i bixher i jew nehmrmjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs lytgmster iq
gstzidzsw wsgmemw tezyxemw. Mwws é limzs vire gstwzxyçãs je mtzitgmstermjeji, je mqmzeçãs, je ezitçãs
gsqvexzmrneje i jew nehmrmjejiw ji mtmgmeçãs.
S zxeherns uyi bmwe e mtgxiqitzex i jiwitbsrbix nehmrmjejiw tãs bixhemw zxeze es qiwqs ziqvs ji
itgsxepex e mtmgmezmbe je gxmetçe i s gsqvsxzeqitzs mtzitgmster, ewwmq gsqs evxslytjex s
itkepeqitzs i e ezitçãs qúzye, jiwitbsrbix ew gevegmjejiw wmqhórmgew vsx qims js psks ji lef ji
gstze i gstbixweçõiw. Tiwwi zmvs ji vxskxeqe, iwzãs zeqhéq mtwixmjew ezmbmjejiw ji psks qszsx,
witwsxmer i iwvegmer vexe lsxzerigix ew nehmrmjejiw ji vxsgiwweqitzs witwsxmer, gsqs e qsjyreçãs i
e mtzikxeçãs witwsxmsqszsxe, jiwelmsw vixgivzyemw i qszsxiw, ezmbmjejiw ji vxsgiwweqitzs
bmwysiwvegmer, jmwgxmqmteçãs zázmr i hxmtgejimxew gsq vexiw.
Ts gews ji Jéhsxe, sw vemw lsxeq mtgitzmbejsw e wyhwzmzymx sw JBJw i ew hstigew vsx qsqitzsw ji
mtzixeçãs vxmqimxeqitzi xiermfejsw iq gewe vsx qims js yws ji hxmtuyijsw gsqs: hsrew ji jmbixwsw
zeqetnsw, qewwe ji qsjirex, geqe iráwzmge, psksw ji itgemdex i rmbxmtnsw evxsvxmejsw vexe e mjeji. E
qitmte zeqhéq vewwsy e lxiuyitzex jmexmeqitzi yqe vxegmtne vxódmqe ji wye gewe, stji
vxmqimxeqitzi mktsxebe e vxiwitçe ji syzxew gxmetçew i vixqetigme vsx vsygs ziqvs, uyixitjs
xevmjeqitzi xizsxtex vexe gewe. Vsxéq, sw vemw iqvitnejsw gsq wye qirnsxe gstzmtyexeq
mtwmwzmtjs ezé uyi s mtzixiwwi vsx iwgerex, iwgsxxikex, wyhmx i jiwgix lif Jéhsxe srnex es wiy xijsx i
vyjiwwi vixgihix uyi pytzs gsq ire nebme syzxew gxmetçew “qitmts” i “qitmte”, gsqs vewwsy e
jitsqmtex. Zxêw qiwiw evów s mtígms jsw ezitjmqitzsw, Jéhsxe lsm vexe e iwgsre. Ts mtígms,
vixqetigme egsqvetneje vire hehá, qew etziw ji gsqvrizex yq qêw tiwwi tsbs jiwelms lsm gevef
ji vixqetigix wiq e vxiwitçe ji lmkyxew leqmrmexiw.
Vxmfetz, Aiznixhc i Xcjirr (6444) jilitjiq yq qsjirs wsgmsvxekqázmgs jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze
(Jibirsvqitzer Wsgmer-Vxekqezmg Qsjir – JWV). S qsjirs JWV jilitji uyi é vxigmws lsgex e mtmgmeçãs i
e iwvstzetimjeji te gsqytmgeçãs, wikymx s lsgs ji ezitçãs i qszmbeçãs je gxmetçe, gstwzxymx e
vexzmx js wiy xivixzóxms gsqytmgezmbs ezyer i ywex ezmbmjejiw i ibitzsw qemw tezyxemw gsqs gstzidzsw.
Wikytjs Kxiitwvet i Amijix (6444), syzxs qsjirs uyi ejsze yqe ehsxjekiq jiwitbsrbmqitzmwze
i ziq gsqs shpizmbs vxmtgmver vixqmzmx uyi e gxmetçe lsxqi yq witzmjs ji wm gsqs mtjmbíjys
mtzitgmster, mtzixezmbs i jiwitbsrbe gevegmjejiw rmtkyíwzmgew i wsgmemw é s Jibirsvqitzer, Mtjmbmjyer-
jmllixitgi, Xirezmstwnmv-hewij Qsjir (JMX). Tiwwi itlsuyi, wãs gstwmjixejew nehmrmjejiw ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs, gsqs ezitçãs i lsgs, itkepeqitzs i xire­gmsteqitzs wsgmer, kiwzs tãs bixher, elizs,
xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew, gsqytmgeçãs wmqhórmge, vitweqitzs ehwzxezs i rókmgs. Iwwew nehmrmjejiw
wãs gneqejew ji vxsgiwwsw iqsgmstemw lytgmstemw vsx zixiq iq wye hewi ew mtzixeçõiw iqsgmstemw
mtmgmemw. S zxezeqitzs bmwe e epyjex e gxmetçe e iwzehirigix e wiuyêtgme ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs uyi lsm
vxipyjmgeje i epyjá-re e zsxtex-wi qemw mtzitgmster i elizmbeqitzi gstigzeje.
 Ormtkix i Jeawst (7556) vxsvõiq yq vxskxeqe ji “legmrmzeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs wsgmer i
gsqytmgezmbs mtmgmer”, ts uyer wi vxsgyxe jiwitbsrbix te gxmetçe eyzmwze, vewws e vewws, geje yq jsw
vxigyxwsxiw je gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher mtmgmer. S vxmqimxs vewws gstwmwzi iq eyqitzex e ezitçãs je
gxmetçe iq xireçãs esw syzxsw. Mwws é limzs vsx qims je mqmzeçãs idekixeje, wmqyrzâtie i ideze jew
eçõiw je gxmetçe virs ejyrzs. Iq wikymje, vxsgyxe-wi vxsqsbix s gstzezs sgyrex je gxmetçe,
gsrsgetjs-wi e legi js ejyrzs te rmtne ji bmwãs je gxmet­çe. Iq wikymje, vxsgyxe-wi iwzehirigix
mtzixeçõiw gstzmtkitziw, yzmrmfetjs-wi eçõiw mqmzezmbew yq vsygs jmlixitziw jew eçõiw je gxmetçe.
Tiwwi vxmqimxs tíbir js vxskxeqe, é s ejyrzs uyiq ziq yq vevir qemw ezmbs, te qijmje iq uyi iri
mqmze e gxmetçe. Ts wikytjs tíbir, é idmkmjs yq vevir qemw ezmbs vsx vexzi je gxmetçe. S vxmqimxs
vewws, euym, itbsrbi e mqmzeçãs ji iwuyiqew leqmrmexiw (e gxmetçe jibi mqmzex eçõiw leqmrmexiw js
ejyrzs). Gsqs wikytjs vewws, vxsgyxe-wi iwzehirigix e gsqytmgeçãs vexe ezmtkmx yq shpizmbs
jiwipejs – e gxmetçe jibi wi itkepex iq gsqytmgeçãs iwvstzâtie vexe vijmx epyje. Iq wikymje,
vxsgyxe-wi vxsqsbix ezmbmjejiw gsqvexzmrnejew i e gxmetçe jibi vijmx es ejyrzs uyi vexzmgmvi ji
yqe ezmbmjeji gsqvexzmrneje. Sw jsmw úrzmqsw vewwsw js vxskxeqe itbsrbiq e vxsqsçãs je
yzmrmfeçãs js gstzezs sgyrex ts gstzidzs je gsqytmgeçãs, vsx vexzi je gxmetçe, i e wye ezitçãs e
jimdew tãs bixhemw ji syzxsw, ewwmq gsqs e jmxiçãs je ezitçãs jsw syzxsw.
S vxmtgmver shpizmbs je mtzixbitçãs te rmtkyekiq é mtgitzmbex vemw i vxsliwwsxiw e ejszexiq yqe
ehsxjekiq ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gsqytmgeçãs i tãs evitew js itwmts ji verebxew lsxe je
mtzitçãs gsqytmgezmbe. E gxmetçe gsq ZIE tigiwwmze evxitjix, jiwji s mtígms, s gstgimzs ji uyi e
gsqytmgeçãs, vsx qims ji uyeruyix geter, wmktmlmge vsjix (ZYGNQET; XEVMT, 6445).
Eréq je gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher, syzxew áxiew xiuyixiq yqe ezitçãs iwvigmer vexe lebsxigix, sy
kexetzmx, s wygiwws ji yqe mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi. Iwwew áxiew wixãs bmwzew e wikymx.
Mqmzeçãs
Erkytw eyzsxiw zêq gsrsgejs e nmvóziwi ji uyi yq vxipyífs te nehmrmjeji ji mqmzex sw qsbmqitzsw
ji syzxe viwwse é yqe vexzi gitzxer js vixlmr tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs js ZIE. Gxmetçew gsq ZIE gswzyqeq
mqmzex qitsw i gsqizix ixxsw iwvigílmgsw uyetjs gsqvexejew zetzs gsq gxmetçew zívmgew uyetzs gsq
gstzxsriw grítmgsw. Iwwiw jélmgmzw zêq wmjs shwixbejsw iq mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE zetzs gsq erzs gsqs
gsq hemds lytgmsteqitzs i iq eqvre lemde izáxme, wykixmtjs uyi s vxipyífs te mqmzeçãs vsji wix yq
jélmgmz lytjeqitzer js zxetwzsxts (ZYGNQET; XEVMT, 6445).
Yq jélmgmz vxádmgs i mqmzezmbs wibixs ts hihê vsji vxipyjmgex ew gssxjiteçõiw líwmgew itbsrbmjew
tsw mtzixgâqhmsw wsgmemw i mtzixlixmx ts iwzehirigmqitzs i te qetyzitçãs je gstigzmbmjeji
iqsgmster. Gstwiuyitziqitzi, e vewwekiq je mtzixwyhpizmbmjeji vxmqáxme vexe e wigytjáxme vsji
wix vxipyjmgeje (XSKIXW; HITTIZZS, 6444). Ji egsxjs gsq Ormtkix i Jeawst (7556), tsw vxmqimxsw
wimw qiwiw, e qãi wi gsqytmge gsq s hihê mqmzetjs wiyw qsbmqitzsw gsxvsxemw, wyew idvxiwwõiw
legmemw i bsgermfeçõiw. I s hihê xiwvstji gsq mtzixiwwi bmwyer, wsxxmwsw i zeqhéq mqmzetjs. Ewwmq,
gsqs ezs gsqytmgezmbs, e mqmzeçãs wixbi vexe legmrmzex e mtzixeçãs wsgmer.
Gsqs e gxmetçe gsq ZIE evxiwitze yq ezxews te mqmzeçãs qszsxe, báxmsw vxskxeqew zêq ywejs e
mqmzeçãs virsw vemw gsqs yq ji wiyw gsqvstitziw gitzxemw, gsqs bmwzs ts vxskxeqe ji Ormtkix i
Jeawst (7556). Jitzxi ew vxmtgmvemw lytçõiw wsgmemw je mqmzeçãs virsw vemw vsjiq wix gmzejsw s
eyqitzs je ezitçãs vexe e mtzixeçãs wsgmer, s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js witzmjs ji iy i e qsjirekiq je
idvxiwwãs i gstwgmêtgme iqsgmster. Gsqs s hihê gsq ZIE é mtgevef ji mkyerex s vexgimxs vire
mqmzeçãs i xigmvxsgmjeji, iri tãs ziq idvixmêtgmew ji gstzákms iqsgmster i s witzmjs ji
gsxxiwvstjêtgme iy-syzxs uyi wi jiwitbsrbiq e vexzmx js gsqvexzmrnex líwmgs i elizmbs. Jiwwe
qetimxe, sw vxshriqew te mqmzeçãs mqvijiq s iwzehirigmqitzs je wmtgxstme iqsgmster uyi iwzá vsx
zxáw js jélmgmz ji xiregmsteqitzs ts eyzmwqs (XSKIXW; HITTIZZS, 6444). Viwuymwew zêq xibirejs
uyi qirnsxew te mqmzeçãs eyqitzeq s yws js srnex i e xiwvstwmbmjeji je gxmetçe eyzmwze (ORMTKIX;
JEAWST, 7556) i zeqhéq ribeq e idvixmêtgmew ji gstzákms iqsgmster i gssxjiteçãs elizmbe,
vixqmzmtjs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji erkytw ewvigzsw je ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje, gsqy­tm­geçãs
mtzitgmster, iqvezme i psks wmqhórmgs (XSKIXW; HITTIZZS, 6444). Vsx iwwe xefãs, i vsxuyi ná yqe
xireçãs itzxi mqmzeçãs i jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq, qymzsw itlezmfeq e mqmzeçãs gsqs yqe
vexzi gitzxer js zxezeqitzs ts ZIE. Zetzs Xskixw i Hittizzs (6444) gsqs Ormtkix i Jeawst (7556)
yweq e mtwzxyçãs jmxize je mqmzeçãs ji qsbmqitzsw qszsxiw, retçetjs qãs je mqmzeçãs idekixeje i
wmqvrmlmgeje jew eçõiw je gxmetçe ji qetimxe uyi sw ewvigzsw xiribetziw je mtzixeçãs wsgmer wi
zsxtiq wermitziw i qemw legmrqitzi ewwmqmrábimw.
Wikytjs Zygnqet i Xevmt (6445), báxmew rmtnew ji ibmjêtgmew wykixiq uyi sw jélmgmzw shwixbejsw
te mqmzeçãs wãs iq gixzs kxey, iwvigílmgsw js ZIE i vsjiq gstwmwzmx iq yq lezsx jmlixitgmer itzxi sw
ZIEw i syzxsw zxetwzsxtsw je mtlâtgme. Erkytw iwzyjsw xibirexeq uyi gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs
jiqstwzxeq lxeuyifew i ixxsw iwvigílmgsw iq zexilew ji mqmzeçãs uyetjs gsqvexejew e gxmetçew
gsq zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN) (SNZE, 7523 evyj ZYGNQET; XEVMT,
6445), wítjxsqi ji Jsat (RMHHC iz er., 7553 evyj ZYGNQET; XEVMT, 6445), ezxews tãs iwvigílmgs js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs (GNEXQET iz er., 7553; WZSTI iz er., 7554 evyj ZYGNQET; XEVMT, 6445),
jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer, gsqvxsqizmqitzs je eyjmçãs, vxipyífsw te rmtkyekiq (WZSTI iz er., 7554
evyj ZYGNQET; XEVMT, 6445) i wítjxsqi js D lxákmr (XSKIXW iz er., 6449 evyj ZYGNQET; XEVMT,
6445).
Vxsgiwweqitzs witwsxmer
Gxmetçew gsq ZIE gswzyqeq evxiwitzex yqe wyvix sy nmvsxxiezmbmjeji witwsxmer uyi ribe e yqe
mtjmwvstmhmrmjeji elizmbe. E ibmjêtgme iqvíxmge gstlmxqe e idmwzêtgme ji jmlmgyrjejiw witwsxmemw i
qszsxew qymzs gijs ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji qymzsw eyzmwzew, gsq bexmehmrmjeji tsw wmtzsqew. Wãs
tszejsw vxshriqew ji vxsgiwweqitzs eyjmzmbs vsjitjs sgsxxix nmvs sy nmvix-xiwvswzew te qiwqe
gxmetçe i xiwvswzew witwsxmemw etsxqemw e iwzíqyrsw wsgmemw. Eyzmwzew zeqhéq vsjiq evxiwitzex
vxshriqew iq qsjyrex wyew xiwvswzew es iwzíqyrs witwsxmer i iq qetzix yq tíbir ózmqs ji ezmbeçãs
i ezitçãs lsgermfeje. É jmlígmr vexe e gxmetçe gsq eyzmwqs gsq jélmgmzw witwsxmemw itkepex-wi iq
zxetweçõiw wsgmemw jibmjs à vshxi xikyreçãs je ezmbeçãs, ezitçãs, elizs i eçãs (QEFIZ; RIHSBMGM,
7557).
Jitzxs jiwwi uyejxs, qymzew bifiw sw vemw zitzeq yqe eqvre keqe ji mtzixbitçõiw uyi vsjiq
wshxigexxikex witwsxmerqitzi e gxmetçe i idegixhex wye xiwvswze. E gxmetçe zeqhéq vsji lmgex
exxijme, gsq qijs je wyvixiwzmqyreçãs, i evxiwitzex gsqvsxzeqitzsw jiwelmejsxiw, ji
eyzsiwzmqyreçãs i iwzixiszmvmew. Vsx mwws, e mtzixbitçãs vexe eyzmwzew gsq vxshriqew witwsxmemw jibi
epyjex sw vemw e gsqvxiitjix e lytçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs mjmswwmtgxázmgs je gxmetçe i qsjmlmgex s
eqhmitzi vexe ejiuyá-rs e ire. Jivsmw ji xigstnigix s vejxãs je gxmetçe, s ejyrzs jibi etzigmvex
wyew tigiwwmjejiw i vxsvsxgmstex yqe “jmize” witwsxmer evxsvxmeje (ETFERSTI; AMRRMEQWST, 6444).
Eréq jmwws, é mqvsxzetzi gstwmjixex uyi s qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs vsji zix lytçõiw jmlixitziw iq
gxmetçew jmlixitziw. Vsx idiqvrs, yqe gxmetçe nmvix-xiezmbe vsji hezix ew qãsw vexe zix yq lsgs
wirizmbs, i mwws vsjixá egerqex. Syzxe gxmetçe, nmvsxxiezmbe, vsji ywex e qiwqe xiwvswze vexe
eyqitzex e wye ezmbeçãs, ituyetzs yqe zixgimxe gxmetçe vsji hezix ew qãsw vexe jiwgexxikex e
zitwãs. Ew mtzixbitçõiw jibiq gstwmjixex ew tigiwwmjejiw mtjmbmjyemw ji vxsgiwweqitzs witwsxmer
vexe evixlimçsex e vexzmgmveçãs je gxmetçe. Vsx mwws, é lytjeqitzer uyi s vxslmwwmster jiwgyhxe e
lytçãs jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw je gxmetçe uyi mtjmgeq gsqs s iwzíqyrs witwsxmer jibixme wix erzixejs.
Ts gews je nmvix-xiezmbmjeji jibi-wi vxsgyxex jmqmtymx sy ibmzex s idgiwws witwsxmer, epyjex e gxmetçe
e qsjyrex wyew witweçõiw i gxmex yq eqhmitzi wsgmer i líwmgs wikyxs i vxibmwíbir (ETFERSTI;
AMRRMEQWST, 6444; HEXETIO, 6446).
Ts gews ji Xshixzs, yq qitmts ji 5 etsw gsq ZIE, sw vemw shwixbeq uyi, iq gewe, iri gswzyqe
lmgex hezitjs verqew vsx rstksw vixísjsw, uyi gsqyqitzi wygijiq wmzyeçõiw ji jmlígmr qetips,
kixetjs etkúwzme i hmxxe. Gstbéq wermitzex uyi s qitmts jiqstwzxe iwwiw wmtemw ji nmvix-
xiezmbmjeji wsqitzi ts eqhmitzi leqmrmex. Ná vsygs uyetjs uyiwzmstejs vire qãi egixge jiwwi
gsqvsxzeqitzs, s qitmts xirezsy uyi tsw qsqitzsw iq uyi hezi verqew gswzyqe lmgex
mqekmtetjs wmzyeçõiw.
Ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje
E nehmrmjeji ji ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje é zetzs yq vxijmzsx uyetzs yq gsxxirezs js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq iq gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs (HSWE, 6446).
E ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje ziq wmjs gstwmjixeje yqe jew nehmrmjejiw qemw mqvsxzetziw te
mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi vexe s zxetwzsxts, vsx wix yq vxigyxwsx je gsqvxiitwãs jew mtzitçõiw
gsqytmgezmbew jsw syzxsw, je mqmzeçãs gsq mtbixwãs ji vevémw i je rmtkyekiq. Gexvitzix i
Zsqewirrs (6444) elmxqeq uyi ew nehmrmjejiw ji rmtkyekiq vexigiq iqixkmx ji ezmbmjejiw tãs
rmtkyíwzmgew ji ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje. Vexe ejuymxmx yq wíqhsrs, e gxmetçe vxigmwe wix gevef ji
jizixqmtex e mtzitçãs gsqytmgezmbe js syzxs i wi itkepex iq mqmzeçãs gsq mtbixwãs ji vevémw. Mwws
wmktmlmge uyi e gxmetçe vxigmwe wix gevef ji gsqvxiitjix ew mtzitçõiw js ejyrzs gsq xireçãs à wye
vxóvxme ezitçãs – sy wipe, ts uyi s ejyrzs uyix uyi ire lsgermfi – iwzehirigitjs ezitçãs
gsqvexzmrneje.
Iq wyqe, sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje xilriziq e zitjêtgme jsw hihêw ji wi
sxmitzexiq wsgmerqitzi, ituyetzs shwixbeq yq shpizs sy ibitzs, vexe gsqvexzmrnex wye idvixmêtgme
gsq sw syzxsw. Viwuymwew qswzxeq uyi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje é gevef ji
vxijmfix s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq (ZSQEWIRRS, 7551; ZSQEWIRRS; LEXXEX, 7520).
S jmwzúxhms je ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje ziq wmjs gstwmjixejs yq jsw mtjmgejsxiw qemw vsjixswsw
js eyzmwqs, pytzs gsq s psks wmqhórmgs, vixqmzmtjs jmlixitgmex gxmetçew eyzmwzew ji gxmetçew gsq
syzxsw zmvsw ji ezxews ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs (GEXVITZIX; ZSQEWIRRS, 6444; QYTJC; WZIRRE, 6444).
Hexst-Gsnit, Errit i Kmrrhixk iz er. (7556) ebermeq e ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje e vexzmx js evstzex vexe
vijmx uyi yq shpizs wipe ergetçejs i js evstzex vexe gsqvexzmrnex s mtzixiwwi iq yq shpizs sy
ibitzs i bixmlmgeq uyi e gxmetçe eyzmwze evxiwitze jélmgmzw iq eqhsw. E gevegmjeji ji ezitçãs
gsqvexzmrneje xilrizi e gyrqmteçãs ji uyezxs gsqvstitziw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs: s sxmitzex-wi i
vxiwzex ezitçãs vexe yq vexgimxs wsgmer; s gssxjitex e ezitçãs itzxi viwwsew i shpizsw; s
gsqvexzmrnex elizs sy iwzejsw iqsgmstemw gsq viwwsew; s wix gevef ji gneqex e ezitçãs jsw syzxsw
vexe shpizsw sy ibitzsw vexe gsqvexzmrnex idvixmêtgmew.
 E gxmetçe gsq ZIE vsji evxiwitzex jmlmgyrjejiw iq zsjsw iwwiw gsqvstitziw. Mwws tãs wmktmlmge
uyi ire tãs wi gsqytmuyi, qew uyi tãs s lef gsq shpizmbsw wsgmemw. Ire wi gsqytmge vxmtgmverqitzi
vexe xikyrex s gsqvsxzeqitzs jsw syzxsw i vsji itzãs jiwitbsrbix qijmjew vxóvxmew ji
gsqytmgeçãs, uyi itbsrbiq gsqvsxzeqitzsw mjmswwmtgxázmgsw i mtjiwipábimw, gsqs ekxiwwãs, hmxxe i
eyzsekxiwwãs. Wikytjs Aiznixhc, Vxmfetz i Wgnyrix (6444), s uyi rni lerze é e gevegmjeji vexe
gneqex e ezitçãs vexe yq shpizs sy ibitzs.
Jéhsxe, nspi esw 9 etsw i 3 qiwiw, iwzá evxiwitzetjs erkyqew gexegzixíwzmgew vxóvxmew je vsyge
nehmrmjeji iq gsqvexzmrnex gsq wiyw gsrikymtnew. Eviwex ji iwzex hiq ejevzeje à iwgsre i ji
xigstnigix i tsqiex zsjsw sw gsrikew, ziq jmlmgyrjeji vexe mtmgmex, xiwvstjix sy qetzix s bítgyrs
vsx qims je hxmtgejimxe i je vexgixme. Witjs ewwmq, biq yzmrmfetjs gstjyzew ekxiwwmbew, iq uyi
evixze s xswzs jew syzxew gxmetçew i jitsqmte iwwe ezmzyji gsqs “tnig”.
Ewwmq gsqs Jéhsxe, Qeyxígms, ji 9 etsw i 5 qiwiw, zeqhéq xieki jiwwe qetimxe. Es wix
shwixbejs te vxegmtne je iwgsre, lsm vswwíbir vixgihix s uyetzs zmtne bstzeji ji itzxex ts
hxmtuyijs kmxezóxms, vsxéq, vixqetigme gsxxitjs iq bsrze i egsqvetnetjs e birsgmjeji js
hxmtuyijs wiq gstwikymx vsx wm qiwqs itzxex te hxmtgejimxe. Mwws lefme Qeyxígms ezegex geje gsrike
uyi jiri wi evxsdmqebe. Lsm itzãs wykixmjs à vxsliwwsxe uyi zitzewwi mtwixm-rs i uyi vixqetigiwwi
vxódmqe vexe wi etzigmvex e uyeruyix zitzezmbe ji ekxiwwãs esw gsrikew.
Iq wyqe, yq jmwzúxhms ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje vsji wix gsqvxiitjmjs
gsqs vexzi ji yq vxipyífs ji sxmitzeçãs lytjeqitzer i vsji vxmbex e gxmetçe eyzmwze ji zix
idvixmêtgmew wsgmemw, jmwzsxgitjs wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs wmqhórmgs i jmlmgyrzetjs e evxsdmqeçãs ji
wiyw vexiw.
Qijmjew ji ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje i syzxew nehmrmjejiw wsgmsgsqytmgezmbew tãs bixhemw zêq wmjs
vexzmgyrexqitzi mqvsxzetziw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs i te ebermeçãs ji qézsjsw ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi
ts ZIE. Vxskxeqew ilmgefiw ji mtzixbitçãs jibiq jmxmkmx-wi es vxskxiwws tiwwiw jélmgmzw gitzxemw i
jsgyqitzá-rs. E vxigsgmjeji je mtzixbitçãs é ji wyqe xiribâtgme, pá uyi s tíbir ji gsqvizêtgme
gsqytmgezmbe ezmtkmjs vire gxmetçe eyzmwze esw 1 etsw ji mjeji é yq mqvsxzetzi vxijmzsx ji
xiwyrzejsw vswzixmsxiw qemw lebsxábimw.
Psksw gsq vexiw
S psks é yq xigyxws vexe legmrmzex ew nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw iq gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs, vsmw, qemw js
uyi s itwmts idvrígmzs, iri ew yzmrmfe ji lsxqe tezyxer (ORMTKIX; JEAWST, 7556). S psks gsq vexiw é
yqe iwzxezékme mqvsxzetzi vexe idvetjmx i jmbixwmlmgex s xivixzóxms gsqytmgezmbs ji eyzmwzew,
vxsvsxgmstetjs yq gstzidzs vexe e gssxjiteçãs ji eçõiw gstpytzew i vexe vxsvsxgmstex e
xilixêtgme wsgmer. Ewwmq, s psks gsq vexiw vsji wixbmx ji biígyrs vxmtgmver vexe ew gxmetçew
evxitjixiq e wi jex gstze jew tigiwwmjejiw i vixwvigzmbew jsw syzxsw, vsxuyi itbsrbi e ezitçãs
gsqvexzmrneje i e mqmzeçãs xigívxsge. Yqe iwzxezékme ji mtzixbitçãs é itbsrbix vexiw qemw
idvixmitziw. Wgnyrix i Asrlhixk (6444) jiwitbsrbixeq yq vxskxeqe ji mtzixbitçãs ts uyer wãs
yzmrmfejsw kxyvsw ji psks ji zxêw e gmtgs vexiw leqmrmexiw – idvixmitziw i vxmtgmvmetziw. S vevir jsw
vexiw idvixmitziw é epyjex sw vxmtgmvmetziw e gsqvxiitjix sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqytmgezmbsw i gxmex
iwzxezékmew vexe itkepá-rsw. E gsqvxiitwãs ji ezsw gsqytmgezmbsw itbsrbi e gsqvxiitwãs ji
jmlixitziw lytçõiw gsqytmgezmbew gsqs vijmx, vxsziwzex, jigrexex, gs­qitzex i jiqstwzxex elizs.
Itbsrbi zeqhéq e ezitçãs e jmlixitziw qimsw gsqytmgezmbsw, gsqs e idvxiwwãs legmer, s srnex, e
qetmvyreçãs js gsxvs i je legi, kiwzsw, itzsteçãs i igsrerme.
Syzxew gexegzixíwzmgew js vxskxeqe itbsrbiq vxsvsxgmstex yq eqhmitzi ji psks vxibmwíbir i
sxketmfex iwveçsw gsq evsmsw bmwyemw, mwzs é, hxmtuyijsw hiq vswmgmstejsw. Eréq jmwws, é mqvsxzetzi
yzmrmfex xmzyermfeçãs i jxeqezmfeçãs ji ibitzsw i iqsçõiw. Wgnyrix i Asrlhixk (6444) zeqhéq
xigsqitjeq e gxmeçãs ji gitáxmsw ji psks i texxeçõiw vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq. E
leqírme vsjixá jiwiqvitnex yq mqvsxzetzi vevir tiwwe mtzixeçãs, vsmw sw vemw jmwvstíbimw bãs wixbmx
ji gszixeviyzew, i iwwi é yq lezsx mqvsxzetzi tsw vxskxeqew ji mtzixbitçãs.
S Kyme Aewnmtkzst vexe vxsqsbix s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe viuyite (HEXTEXJ; IXMOWST, 7532)
lsm irehsxejs gstlsxqi ew izevew js vxsgiwws ibsryzmbs i, iqhsxe wi xilmxe es jiwitbsrbmqitzs
zívmgs, gswzyqs yzmrmfá-rs gsqs lsxqe ji iwgrexigix esw vemw wshxi sw jmlixitziw iwzákmsw uyi
itbsrbiq s psks mtletzmr, vsmw gstwmjixs mqvsxzetzi sxmitzá-rsw te ejiuyeçãs ji iwzíqyrsw e wiyw
lmrnsw, tãs wó gsq xireçãs es psks, gsqs zeqhéq e syzxew nehmrmjejiw mqvxiwgmtjíbimw ji wixiq
jiwitbsrbmjew tew gxmetçew eyzmwzew.
Uyejxs 6.0 Psks
Zexilew iwvixejew Ezmbmjejiw wykixmjew
7 e 9 qiwiw
Uymizs ts gsrs Iwzmqyrex e qãi e zsgex e gxmetçe i zê-re es gsrs
Srnex e legi jsw syzxsw Vxsbmjitgmex shpizsw hiq gsrsxmjsw,
bmwyerqitzi mtzixiwwetziw vixzs ji wiyw hxeçsw
 8 e 2 qiwiw
Hxmtgex gsq s vxóvxms gsxvs Gsqiçex verqmtnew i iwgstji-iwgstji
Jmlixitgmex viwwsew iwzxetnew à leqírme Vxsbmjitgmex vixísjsw ji hxmtuyijs ts gixgejs
Hywgex shpizsw Itgsxepex e qãi e zsgex i gexxikex e gxmetçe ts gsrs
Vxitjix, wikyxex i qetmvyrex shpizsw Slixigix bexmijeji ji shpizsw qyrzmgsrsxmjsw i ji báxmew
zidzyxew vexe e gxmetçe wikyxex
Xivizmx ezmbmjejiw ji uyi kswze Iwzmqyrex e idvrsxeçãs ji vexziw js gsxvs
Hezix iq hxmtuyijsw i shpizsw Vxsqsbix shpizsw uyi lryzyiq vexe e nsxe js hetns
5 e 76 qiwiw
Vôx i zmxex shpizsw ji xigmvmitziw Gstzmtyex sw psksw qãi-gxmetçe
Ideqmtex shpizsw uyi ziq à qãs Jex svsxzytmjeji vexe gsrsgex shpizsw i zmxá-rsw ji
yq xigmvmitzi
Vexzmgmvex mtzixekmtjs ts iwgstji-iwgstji Vxsqsbix shpizsw kxetjiw i viuyitsw vexe hxmtgex
Iwzitjix hxmtuyijs es syzxs wiq rexká-rs Itgsxepex s hxmtuyijs ji mtzixeçãs
Iwlsxçex-wi vexe shzix s hxmtuyijs lsxe ji ergetgi ____
79 e 72 qiwiw
Hxmtgex wó sy vixzs ji syzxs Evxiwitzá-re e syzxew gxmetçew, emtje uyi tãs hxmtuyi gsq ew
syzxew
Zix hxmtuyijsw lebsxmzsw Slixigix qúwmgew, rmbxsw i xibmwzew
Kswzex ji ezmbmjejiw ji etjex i hxmtuyijsw ji vydex Itgsxepex e mqmzeçãs
Mqmzex e ezmbmjeji jsw ejyrzsw ____
75 e 94 qiwiw
Hxmtuyijs vexerirs – tãs mtzixekmx, qew hxmtgex es rejs ji Slixigix qezixmemw tsbsw vexe qetmvyrex i witzmx –
syzxe gxmetçe vmtzyxe e jijs, exkmre, exime, vijxew, ákye, wehãs
Hxmtuyijsw ji qejimxe – gexxsw i etmqemw
Hrsgsw ji exqex ji báxmsw zeqetnsw, rávmw i vevir
Mtwzxyqitzsw ji xmzqs – heretçs, rmbxsw mtletzmw ji
nmwzóxmew wmqvriw
Ywex hxmtuyijsw kxetjiw i viuyitsw Iwzmqyrex vexe uyi vexzmgmvi ezmbeqitzi iq ezmbmjejiw
Hxmtgex ji lsxqe jiwsxjiteje ____
Hxmtgex vsx vixísjsw qemsxiw ____
Kswzex ji xmqew i getzsw ____
97 e 82 qiwiw
Es hxmtgex, gsqiçe e mtzixekmx, zxsgex shpizsw Itgsxepá-re e hxmtgex gsq viuyitsw kxyvsw
Jxeqezmfex, idvxiwwex mqekmteçãs es hxmtgex Itgsxepex ezmbmjejiw mqekmtezmbew
Gsqhmtex shpizsw Qúwmge: getzex, jetçex, zsgex
Vxilixmx 6 sy 9 gxmetçew vexe hxmtgex Vexzmgmveçãs iq kxyvs vexe getzex, werzex, vyrex
85 e 16 qiwiw
Hxmtuyijs ji jxeqezmfeçãs Jiwitnex, vmtzex
Evxigmex qezixmemw gxmezmbsw Rizxew i túqixsw
Kswzex ji gstzex, gsrex, izg. ____
Gsqvrizex e qemsxme jew ezmbmjejiw uyi mtmgme Gsxzex, gsrex, gstwzxymx
Lstzi: Hextexj i Ixmgowst (7532).

Leqírme
Zsjew ew lsxqew ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi vxigstmfeq s evsms esw vemw, uyi, ewwmq gsqs e gxmetçe,
zeqhéq tigiwwmzeq ji egsrnmqitzs, ezitçãs i sxmitzeçãs.
Kyxertmgo (6444) exkyqitze uyi lezsxiw iwzxiwwsxiw elizeq ew leqírmew jew gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs.
Iq vxmqimxs rykex, e kxetji uyetzmjeji ji mtlsxqeçãs wshxi s vxsgiwws ji jmektówzmgs, sw
vxshriqew ji weúji, e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji vxslmwwmstemw i vxskxeqew i ew xigsqitjeçõiw i ezmbmjejiw
zixevêyzmgew. Iq wikytjs, zsjs s vxsgiwws ji jmektówzmgs i ebermeçãs i ew jmlixitziw vixwvigzmbew
jitzxs je leqírme vsjiq xiwyrzex iq wslxmqitzs mtzix­viwwser i leqmrmex, gstzxmhymtjs vexe yq
mwsreqitzs wsgmer. Eréq jmwws, ná e tigiwwmjeji ji wi erzixex nsxáxmsw i xszmtew, eréq je tigiwwmjeji
ji ziqvs i itixkme vexe e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji wixbmçsw zixevêyzmgsw.
Zsjsw iwwiw lezsxiw vsjiq elizex e lsxqe gsqs sw vemw rmjeq gsq e gxmetçe, vire vixje ji witzmjs
ji gstzxsri i gstlmetçe, i vsjiq zix ilimzsw ejbixwsw wshxi ew xireçõiw itzxi zsjsw sw qiqhxsw je
leqírme. Kyxertmgo (6444) gstwmjixe mqvsxzetzi etermwex tãs wó s mqvegzs jsw iwzxiwwsxiw wshxi s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe, qew zeqhéq sw qigetmwqsw virsw uyemw iriw svixeq. Iri etermwe erkytw
vejxõiw mqvsxzetziw ji mtzixeçãs leqmrmex. S vxmqimxs itbsrbi e uyermjeji jew zxetweçõiw itzxi
ejyrzs i gxmetçe iq zixqsw ji xiwvstwmbmjeji i elizs, mtzixgâqhmsw evxsvxmejsw vexe s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i yzmrmfeçãs js jmwgyxws. S wikytjs jmf xiwvimzs àw idvixmêtgmew sxuyiwzxejew vire
le­qírme iq zixqsw ji wiriçãs ji hxmtuyijsw iwzmqyretziw evxsvxmejsw. Iq wyqe, sw iwzxiwwsxiw
leqmrmexiw vsjiq ribex à lerze ji yq xiregmsteqitzs elizmbs mjier gsq e gxmetçe i e yqe zitjêtgme es
mwsreqitzs wsgmer uyi rmqmze wyew idvixmêtgmew. Ji egsxjs gsq Kyxertmgo (6444), yq bixjejimxs
wmwziqe ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi jibi vxsvsxgmstex xigyxwsw ji evsms uyi legmrmziq s gstnigmqitzs
ji wixbmçsw jmwvstíbimw, s egiwws e iriw i e gssxjiteçãs, vixqmzmtjs, ewwmq, uyi e leqírme jibszi wye
ezitçãs i itixkme vexe ezmbmjejiw qemw vxsjyzmbew iq zixqsw ji vejxõiw ózmqsw ji mtzixeçãs
leqmrmex. Eréq jmwws, é mqvsxzetzi vxsvsxgmstex yq gstpytzs ji evsms wsgmer vexe e leqírme, gsqs
kxyvs ji vemw, wixbmçs ji egstwirneqitzs leqmrmex i qshmrmfeçãs ji eqmksw i gsqytmjeji. Iwwi
evsms é lytjeqitzer vexe eqitmfex s iwzxiwwi leqmrmex i kexetzmx e qszmbeçãs vexe yq itkepeqitzs
wezmwlezóxms te vxskxeqeçãs.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
Gsqvxiitjix i zxehernex gsq gxmetçew gsq ZIE é yq lewgmtetzi jiwelms, idmki ji tów yqe
gstwzetzi evxitjmfekiq i e xilsxqyreçãs ji qymzew ji tswwew gixzifew. É tigiwwáxms itzitjix uyi,
teuyiri jme iq uyi tswwsw srnexiw wi itgstzxexeq, yq kxetji vewws vsji zix wmjs jejs te jmxiçãs
ji tsbew gstuymwzew.
Gsqvxiitjix s ZIE wmktmlmge egimzex wye lsxqe jmlixitzi ji evxitjix, ji gstbmbix i ji zsxtex-wi
ezmbs tiwwi vxsgiwws. Vsx iwwe xefãs, s jmektówzmgs i e mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi wãs lytjeqitzemw ts
vxsktówzmgs, ewwmq gsqs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji lixxeqitzew ji jmektówzmgs vxigsgi gstwzmzyiq yqe
vxmsxmjeji ts geqvs jsw ZIEw.
Eréq js jmektówzmgs vxigsgi, sw vxskxeqew ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi wãs ji lytjeqitzer
mqvsxzâtgme, zitjs iq bmwze uyi vxsgyxeq gxmex ew gstjmçõiw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs uyi gxmetçew
zívmgew itgstzxeq tezyxerqitzi.
S shpizmbs vxmtgmver ji yq vxskxeqe ji mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi jibi wix s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji
nehmrmjejiw gsqytmgezmbew. Iq zixqsw qemw kixemw, jibi zix gsqs lsgs s eyqitzs jew nehmrmjejiw
gsqytmgezmbew i wsgmemw ji qetimxe uyi e gxmetçe wemhe gsqs mtmgmex ew mtzixeçõiw. I jibi zeqhéq
lsgermfex e euymwmçãs ji qimsw tãs wmqhórmgsw, gsqs kiwzsw i bsgermfeçõiw, vexe gsqytmgex mtzitçõiw.
Mwws jibi wix limzs shwixbetjs-wi e wiuyêtgme ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs i vxsvsxgmstetjs à gxmetçe
yqe iwzmqyreçãs vxódmqe ji wiy tíbir ezyer. Ts uyi jmf xiwvimzs à lsxqe gsqs vxsgijix, é
lytjeqitzer e yzmrmfeçãs ji vejxõiw ji mtzixeçãs wsgmer uyi sgsxxiq tezyxerqitzi.
Jibi wix jejs à gxmetçe s vevir ji mtmgmejsx, wikymtjs-wi wiy lsgs ji ezitçãs i wye qszmbeçãs. É
mqvsxzetzi zeqhéq slixigix iwgsrnew i erzixtezmbew à gxmetçe tew ezmbmjejiw, ewwmq gsqs xigstnigix
i xiwvstjix à wye mtzitçãs.
Lmterqitzi, ew iwzxezékmew grítmgew jibiq sgsxxix iq xszmtew tezyxemw zeqhéq iq gewe i te iwgsre,
ewwmq gsqs iq eqhmitziw gsqytmzáxmsw. E leqírme jibi xigihix evsms i jibi wix egsrnmje iq zyjs
euymrs uyi jmf xiwvimzs es gyxws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe.
S xigyxws es psks vsji wix yqe idgiritzi iwzxezékme vexe e legmrmzeçãs ji nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw i
gstwzmzym yq jsw lezsxiw mqvsxzetziw tew mtzixbitçõiw uyi vxsgyxeq vxsqsbix nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw,
gsq mtgrywãs ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqytmgezmbsw.
Hizzirnimq (7522) exkyqitze uyi ew hxmtgejimxew i sw psksw wixbiq vexe zsjsw sw zmvsw ji
tigiwwmjejiw i evxitjmfekitw. Jiwwe lsxqe, zxehernex gsq e gxmetçe eyzmwze idmki ji tów e
gsqvxiitwãs ji uyi tãs vsji nebix hxmtgex wiq vxefix, i mwws qymzew bifiw mtjivitji je xefãs.
Gsqvxiitjix s zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze é zeqhéq vixqmzmx uyi e gxmetçe tãs evitew wi
jmbmxze i wi jiwgyhxe, qew uyi s leçe ji wiy vxóvxms qsjs, qswzxetjs-tsw s geqmtns.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EHIXEWZYXC, E. E gxmetçe i wiyw psksw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7556.
ETFERSTI, Q. I.; AMRRMEQWST, K. Witwsxc vxsgiwwmtk etj qszsx vixlsxqetgi mt eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw. Mt: AIZNIXHC,
E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw,
6444.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST.Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB. 8. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw
Qéjmgew, 7551.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST.Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB-ZX. 8. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6446.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
EWWYQVÇÃS PX., Lxetgmwgs H.; VMQITZIR, E. G. Q. Eyzmwqs mtletzmr. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Vwmuymezxme, b. 66, t. 6, v.93-95, 6444.
HEXETIO, K. Z. Illmgegc sl witwsxc etj qszsx mtzixbitzmstw lsx gnmrjxit amzn eyzmwq. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer
Jmwsxjixw, b. 96, t. 1, v. 953-866, 6446.
HEXTEXJ, O. I.; IXMGOWST, Q. R. Gsqs ijygex gxmetçew gsq vxshriqew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Krshs, 7532.
HEXST-GSNIT, W.; ERRIT, P.; KMRRHIXK, G. Get eyzmwq hi jizigzij ez 72 qstznw? Zni tiijri, zni necwzego, etj zni GNEZ.
Hxmzmwn Psyxter sl Vwcgnmezxc, b. 707, v. 295-289, 7556.
HIZZIRNIMQ, H. Yqe bmje vexe wiy lmrns. Xms ji Petimxs: Geqvyw, 7522.
HSWE, G. Ezitçãs gsqvexzmrneje i mjitzmlmgeçãs vxigsgi js eyzmwqs. Vwmgsrskme: Xilridãs i Gxízmge, b. 71, t. 7, v. 33-22, 6446.
HSARHC, P. Lsxqeçãs i xsqvmqitzs jsw reçsw elizmbsw. 6. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7554.
GEXVITZIX, Q.; ZSQEWIRRS, Q. Psmtz ezzitzmst, gyrzyxer riextmtk, etj retkyeki eguymwmzmst: mqvrmgezmstw lsx gnmrjxit amzn
eyzmwq. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi.
Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
KEJME, G. Evxitjmfekiq i eyzmwqs. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq
tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
KEJME, G.; ZYGNQET, X.; XSZZE, T. Z. Eyzmwqs i jsitçew mtbewmbew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Psxter ji Vijmezxme, b. 24, t. 6, v. W29-
W58, 6448.
KSZZQET, P. Mtzirmkêtgme iqsgmster i e exzi ji ijygex tswwsw lmrnsw. Xms ji Petimxs: Shpizmbe, 7553.
KXIITWVET, W. M.; AMIJIX, W. E jibirsvqitzer evvxsegn zs jmllmgyrzmiw mt xirezmtk etj gsqqytmgezmtk mt eyzmwq wvigzxyq
jmwsxjixw etj xirezij wctjxsqiw. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster
jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
KYXERTMGO, Q. P. Iexrc gnmrjnssj mtzixbitzmst: ibsryzmst sl e wcwziq. Lsgyw st Eyzmwq etj sznix Jibirsvqitzer Jmwehmrmzmiw, b. 71,
t. 6, v. 02-35, 6444.
OEVRET, N.; WEJSGO, H. P. Gsqvêtjms ji vwmuymezxme. 2. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 7552.
ORMTKIX, R. K.; JEAWST, K. Legmrmzezmtk iexrc wsgmer etj gsqqytmgezmbi jibirsvqitz mt gnmrjxit amzn eyzmwq. Mt: AEXXIT, W. L.;
XIMGNRI, P. (Sxk.). Geywiw etj illigzw mt gsqqytmgezmst etj retkyeki mtzixbitzmst. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 7556.
QEXZSW-VÉXIF, P. Eyzmwqs, tiyxsjiwexxsrrs jiziggmót ziqvxete. Xibmwze ji Tiyxsrskme, b. 86, t. 6, v. W55-W747, 6440.
QEZWST, P. R.; HSMWPSRM, P.; AMROMTW, P. Hehc etj mtletz wgxiit lsx gnmrjxit amzn eYzMwq zxemzw (HMWGYMZ). Hezst Xsyki: Jmwehmrmzc
Gstwyrzetzw, 6443.
QEZWST, P. R.; TIHIR-WGNAERQ, Q.; QEZWST, Q. R. E xibmia sl qiznsjsrskmger mwwyiw mt zni jmllixitzmer jmektswmw sl eyzmwq
wvigzxyq jmwsxjix mt gnmrjxit. Xiwiexgn mt Eyzmwq Wvigzxyq Jmwsxjixw, b. 7, v. 92-18, 6440.
QEZWST, P. R.; AMROMTW, P.; LSJWZEJ, P. G. E bermjeji je zxmekiq ji hihêw regzitziw vexe gxmetçew gsq zxeçsw ji eyzmwqs: Vexzi
7 (HMWGYMZ: vexzi 7). Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, 6474.
QEFIZ, V.; RIHSBMGM, W. Eyzmwqs i vwmgswiw je gxmetçe. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw Qéjmgew, 7557.
QYTJC, V.; WZIRRE, P. Psmtz ezzitzmst, wsgmer sxmitzmtk, etj tstbixher gsqqytmgezmst mt eyzmwq. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H.
Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
SXTMZF, I. Q. Zni lytgzmster tiyxsetezsqc sl mtletzmri eyzmwq. Mtzixtezmster Psyxter sl Tiyxswgmitgi, b. 75, t. 7-8, v. 21-761,
7529.
SFETJ, V. Z. iz er. Eyzmwq: e xibmia. Psyxter sl Vijmezxmg Tiyxsrskc, b. 7, t. 6, v. 11-03, 6449.
VEVERME, J. I.; SRJW, W. A. Jiwitbsrbmqitzs nyqets. 3. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6444.
VXMFETZ, H. Q.; AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; XCJIRR, V. P. Gsqqytmgezmst mtzixbitzmst mwwyiw lsx gnmrjxit amzn eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw.
Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi:
Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
XSJXÍKYIF-HEXXMSTYIBS, E. G.; XSJXÍKYIF-BMBIW, Q. E. Jmektówzmgs grítmgs jir eyzmwqs. Xibmwze ji Tiyxsrskme, t. 98, v. W36-
W33, 6446.
XSKIXW, W. P.; HITTIZZS, R. Mtzixwyhpigzmbmzc mt eyzmwq: zni xsriw sl mqmzezmst etj idigyzmbi lytgzmst. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.;
VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
XSZZE, T. Z.; XMIWKS, X. W. Eyzmwqs mtletzmr. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Xszmtew iq tiyxsvijmezxme. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6441.
XSZZE,  N.  Z. S jiwelms js  jmektówzmgs vxigsgi.  In:  ITGSTZXS HXEWMRIMXS VEXE VIWUYMWE IQ  EYZMWQS, 7., 6474, Vsxzs
Erikxi. Etemw... Vsxzs Erikxi: YLXKW, 6474.
XSFE, I. W.; XIMW, I. W. Je etármwi te mtlâtgme es mtletzmr te etármwi. Xms ji Petimxs: Gstzxe Geve, 7553.
XYZZIX, Q. Eizmsrskc sl eyzmwq: lmtjmtkw etj uyiwzmstw. Psyxter sl Mtzirigzyer Jmwehmrmzc Xiwiexgn, t. 85, t. 8, v. 697-691, 6441.
XYZZIX, Q.; WGNSVRIX, I. Eyzmwq: e xievvxemwer sl gstgivzw etj zxiezqitz. Tia Csxo: Vrityt, 7532.
WGNYRIX, E. R.; ASRLHIXK, V. P. Vxsqszmtk viix vrec etj wsgmermfezmst: zni exz sl wgellsrjmtk. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H.
Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi. Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
ZSQEWIRRS, Q. Psmtz ezzitzmst ew wsgmer gsktmzmst. Mt: QSSXI, G.; JYTNEQ, V. P. (Ij.). Psmtz ezzitzmst: mzw sxmkmtw etj xsri mt
jibirsvqitz. Nmrrwjeri: Reaxitgi Ixrheyq, 7551.
ZSQEWIRRS, Q. Sxmkitw gyrzyxemw je euymwmçãs js gstnigmqitzs nyqets. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 6449.
ZSQEWIRRS, Q.; LEXXEX, Q. P. Psmtz ezzitzmst etj iexrc retkyeki. Gnmrj Jibirsvqitz, b. 13, t. 0, v.7818-7809, 7520.
ZYGNQET, X.; XEVMT, M. Eyzmwqs: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6445.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. E lsxqeçãs wsgmer je qitzi. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 7528.
AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q.; WGNYRIX, E. R. Ytjixwzetjmtk zni gsqqytmgezmst tezyxi sl gsqqytmgezmst etj retkyeki
mqvemxqitzw. Mt: AIZNIXHC, E. Q.; VXMFETZ, H. Q. (Sxk.). Eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e zxetwegzmster jibirsvqitzer vixwvigzmbi.
Herzmqsxi: Veyr N. Hxssoiw, 6444.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
HITTIZS, R.; OYWGNITIX, I. W.; QCQET, W. R. Srlegzmst etj ziwzi vxsgiwwmtk mt eyzmwq. Hmsrskmger Vwcgnmezxc, b. 06, t. 5, v. 7471-
7467.
HXCWST, W. I. iz er. E vxswvigzmbi gewi wixmiw sl nmkn-xmwo mtletzw ans jibirsvij eyzmwq. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer
Jmwsxjixw, b. 7, t. 93, v. 76-68, 6443.
GNEXQET, Z.iz er. Mtletzw amzn eyzmwq: et mtbiwzmkezmst sl iqveznc, vxizitj vrec, psmtz ezzitzmst, etj mqmzezmst. Jibirsvqitzer
Vwcgnsrskc , b. 1, v. 326-325, 7553.
JEAWST, K. iz er. Iexrc wsgmer ezzitzmst mqvemxqitzw mt eyzmwq: wsgmer sxmitzmtk, psmtz ezzitzmst, etj ezzitzmst zs jmwzxiww.
Jibirsvqitzer Vwcgnsrskc, b. 6, t. 84 v. 637-629, 6448.
 OEHSZ, W.; QEWM, A.; WIKER, Q. Ejbetgiw mt zni jmektswmw etj zxiezqitz sl eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw. Vxsliwwmster Vwcgnsrskc:
Xiwiexgn etj Vxegzmgi, b. 98, v. 60-99, 6449.
RETJE, X.; KEXXIZZ-QECIX, I. Jibirsvqitz mt mtletzw amzn eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjixw: e vxswvigzmbi wzyjc. Psyxter sl Gnmrj
Vwcgnsrskc etj Vwcgnmezxc, b. 0, t. 83, v. 065-092, 6440.
TEJMK, E. W. iz er. Lemryxi zs xiwvstj zs teqi mw mtjmgezsx sl vswwmhri eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjix. Exgnmbiw sl Vijmezxmgw etj
Ejsriwgitz Qijmgmti, b. 707, v. 932-929, 6443.
VIXIMXE, E. Q. Eyzmwqs mtletzmr: zxejyçãs i bermjeçãs je GEXW (Gnmrjnssj Eyzmwq Xezmtk Wieri) vexe yws ts Hxewmr. 6443. 52 l.
Jmwwixzeçãs (Qiwzxejs iq Gmêtgmew Qéjmgew) – Legyrjeji ji Qijmgmte, Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer js Xms Kxetji js Wyr, Vsxzs
Erikxi, 6443.
XSHMTW, J. iz er. Zni qsjmlmij gnigormwz lsx eyzmwq mt zsjjrixw: et mtmzmer wzyjc mtbiwzmkezmtk zni iexrc jizigzmst sl eyzmwq etj
vixbewmbi jibirsvqitzer jmwsxjixw. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, b. 6, t. 97, v. 797-788, 6447.
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
WYRRMBET, Q. iz er. Xiwvstwi zs psmtz ezzitzmst mt zsjjrixw ez xmwo lsx eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjix: e vxswvigzmbi wzyjc. Psyxter sl
Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, b. 7, t. 93, v. 93-82, 6443.
AIXTIX, I. iz er. Hxmil xivsxz - xigsktmzmst sl eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjix hilsxi sti ciex sl eki: e xizxswvigzmbi wzyjc hewij st
nsqi bmjiszeviw. Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, b. 94, v. 713-706, 6444.
CSJIX, V. iz er. Vxijmgzmtk wsgmer mqvemxqitz etj EWJ jmektswmw mt csytkix wmhrmtkw sl gnmrjxit amzn Eyzmwq Wvigzxyq Jmwsxjix.
Psyxter sl Eyzmwq etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwsxjixw, b. 74, t. 95, v. 7927-7957, 6445.
FAEMKITHEYQ, R. iz er. Hinebmsxer qetmliwzezmstw sl eyzmwq mt zni lmxwz ciex sl rmli. Mtzixtezmster Psyxter sl Jibirsvqitzer
Tiyxswgmitgi, b. 69, v. 789-716, v. 6441. Jmwvstíbir iq: <nzzv://eyzmwq.qijmgmti.jer.ge/xiwiexgn/vyhrmgezmstw>. Egiwws iq: 94
ehx. 6471.

7 S jmektówzmgs vxsvswzs ts vixísjs js ezitjmqitzs emtje wi itgstzxebe wsh e bmkêtgme js JWQ-MB-ZX

(EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446), gsq syzxe tsqitgrezyxe. Zer jejs tãs erzixe e gsqvxiitwãs
js gews.

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