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Iriqitzsw vexe e gsqvxiitwãs je gstwzxyçãs je

rmtkyekiq iq wypimzsw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
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eyzmwze: tiyxsrskme, vwmgsrskme i vwmgsvijekskme
GÉWEX EYKYWZS HXMJM LMRNS I QEXMWE XSWE KYMQEXÃIW

MTZXSJYÇÃS
Báxmew viwuymwew itbsrbitjs sw ewvigzsw sxkâtmgsw je tiyxsrskme i sw iriqitzsw wyhpizmbsw je
vwmgsrskme i je ijygeçãs lefiq vexzi js tswws kxyvs ji iwzyjsw. Tiwzi gevízyrs, e vswwmhmrmjeji ji
gsqvxiitjix sw iriqitzsw evstzejsw tiyxsrskmgeqitzi gsqs mtlixêtgme je gstwzxyçãs je
rmtkyekiq vswwmhmrmze-tsw eqvrmex sw uyiwzmsteqitzsw wshxi e euymwmçãs je rmtkyekiq, qemw
iwvigmlmgeqitzi iq gxmetçew gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze ji erzs lytgmsteqitzs (ZIE).
Wikymtjs yqe bme jmjázmge, s gevízyrs, es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi uyiwzmste s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je
rmtkyekiq ts geqvs tiyxsrókmgs, evstze jmbixwsw xilixitgmemw zióxmgsw uyi jiwgxibiq i zisxmfeq
wshxi iwwe idvixmêtgme nyqete.
Lxci i Hieygneqv (6445), eyzsxiw js exzmks Xigivzmbi Retkyeki Sxketmfezmst mt Nmkn-Lytgzmstmtk
Eyzmwq (iq vsxzykyêw, Sxketmfeçãs je rmtkyekiq xigivzmbe iq vegmitziw gsq eyzmwqs ji erzs
lytgmsteqitzs), mtmgmeq e jmwgywwãs evstzetjs yqe nmvixidgmzehmrmjeji gsxzmger i yqe erzixeçãs je
qezyxmjeji gsxzmger tiwwiw vegmitziw, itzxizetzs, sw egnejsw evstzeq vexe e gstlmxqeçãs js uyi
gneqeqsw ji vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer.
É gstwitws uyi e rmtkyekiq é yqe lixxeqitze mqvsxzetzi je gsqytmgeçãs i uyi iwzá qymzs eréq
je iqmwwãs ji verebxew. E rmtkyekiq é s geqvs wyhpizmbs uyi vsx idgirêtgme mtzikxe s gójmks wsgmer i
ew xireçõiw itzxi sw nyqetsw. E lsxqeçãs wyhpizmbe jiwwi geqvs é jeje vsx báxmsw iriqitzsw
idvixmitgmejsw vsx geje yq ji tów, uyi zsxte tswwe idvxiwwãs ji lere, ji mtzitçãs i kiwzyer yq
iriqitzs wmtkyrex i xigstnigíbir gsqs vxóvxms e geje wypimzs. S qsjs gsqs iwwiw iriqitzsw wãs
lsxqejsw é e zôtmge jew jmwgywwõiw vswzixmsxiw. Jiwgxibix gsqvstitziw uyi gstwzmzyiq e
rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe, ewwmq gsqs ew wmtermfeçõiw je gstwiuyêtgme je eywêtgme jiwwiw
gsqvstitziw, lsxqe yq uyejxs ts uyer é vswwíbir mjitzmlmgex e vxsgiwwyermjeji tigiwwáxme vexe uyi
mwws wi lmxqi gsqs yqe lixxeqitze mtzixezmbe.
Ji lsxqe mrywzxezmbe, xirezeqsw jsmw gewsw grítmgsw uyi qswzxeq e itzxeje i e ibsryçãs ts geqvs
je rmtkyekiq e vexzmx ji mtzixbitçõiw ji jsmw vxslmwwmstemw. Wiq jmjezmwqsw, sw gewsw evitew
xivxiwitzeq e zitzezmbe jiwwiw zixeviyzew ji mtwixmxiq-wi iq ytmbixwsw jmwzmtzsw, te zitzezmbe ji
xiwzehirigix yqe tsbe vswwmhmrmjeji idvxiwwmbe.
Iq zsjs iwwi vixgyxws, s uyi vexigi gstigzex sw qemw jmbixwsw iriqitzsw i áxiew é e
vxisgyveçãs gsq s wypimzs, gsq s wiy jiwips i e gstwzxyçãs ji tsbsw geqmtnsw idvxiwwmbsw. Iq
uyeruyix áxie sy eçãs mtbiwzmkezmbe sy zixevêyzmge euym evxiwitzeje, e vxisgyveçãs xigem wshxi e
gstzxmhymçãs ji geje yq vexe yqe mtwixçãs js wypimzs ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq, gstlsxqi wiy
vxóvxms jiwips.

SXKETMFEÇÃS JE RMTKYEKIQ XIGIVZMBE IQ MTJMBÍJYSW GSQ ZIE JI ERZS

LYTGMSTEQITZS: EVXIWITZEÇÃS JS EXZMKS
 S exzmks uyi jiy sxmkiq e iwze jmwgywwãs lsm evxiwitzejs iq 6445 i é mtzmzyrejs Xigivzmbi Retkyeki
Sxketmfezmst mt Nmkn-Lytgzmstmtk Eyzmwq (LXCI; HIEYGNEQV, 6445).
S exzmks ziq gsqs vxsvswze yq ebetçs tew jmwgywwõiw wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq iq
mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE i wshxi sw iriqitzsw itbsrbmjsw tiwwi qigetmwqs uyi vsjiq vxipyjmgex s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs iwvixejs ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq iq vegmitziw eyzmwzew. S iwzyjs lsm jiwitbsrbmjs
e vexzmx ji yqe qizsjsrskme ji iwzyjs ji gews gsq jsmw vegmitziw ji mjejiw ji 70 i 2 etsw, js wids
qewgyrmts, gstwmjixejsw gsqs eyzmwzew ji erzs lytgmsteqitzs.
S iwzyjs yzmrmfsy ideqiw ji tiyxsmqekiq gsqs iriqitzs jizixqmtetzi vexe ew etármwiw gsxzmgemw.
Iwwiw ideqiw hywgexeq lsxtigix yq jmwgixtmqitzs te sxketmfeçãs je xiji gsktmzmbe jiwwiw
vegmitziw. Syzxs iriqitzs vswwíbir ji jizigçãs vsx qims je tiyxsmqekiq xilixi uyi s géxihxs tãs
vsji vxsgiwwex e rmtkyekiq je qiwqe qetimxe iq mtjmbíjysw gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer i
mtjmbíjysw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze. Tiwwi iwzyjs, jyxetzi ew ezmbmjejiw je rmtkyekiq, e
xiwwstâtgme qektézmge vsx mqekiq xilrizmy egxéwgmqsw sy jigxéwgmqsw iq áxiew zívmgew je
rmtkyekiq i yq eyqitzs iq áxiew gsxzmgemw ezívmgew tew áxiew iq mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE, uyetjs
gsqvexejew gsq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs ji mtjmbíjysw tsxqemw.
Yq jsw vxmtgmvemw jejsw evstzejsw virs iwzyjs lsm ji uyi, tiwwiw gewsw, ew mqekitw mtjmgeq e
vxiwitçe ji jsmw iriqitzsw gstwmjixejsw ji kxetji mqvsxzâtgme vexe sw eyzsxiw: e vxiwitçe ji
geqmtnsw ezívmgsw ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq i yqe nmvixidgmzehmrmjeji tiyxster.
Te vxmqimxe wmzyeçãs, ji vxiwitçe ji geqmtnsw ezívmgsw ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq, sw eyzsxiw
evxsdmqeq wiyw egnejsw ji syzxsw iwzyjsw wshxi s geqmtns ezívmgs je rmtkyekiq itgstzxejs iq
vegmitziw gsq jmwridme. Wikytjs sw eyzsxiw, iq yq jsw gewsw jsw eyzmwzew ji erzs lytgmsteqitzs, s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq evxiwitze “[...] yqe wiuyêtgme xibixwe uyetjs ezmbejs s niqmwléxms
iwuyixjs gsq kmxs lxstzer mtlixmsx iwuyixjs uyi ezmbe etziw js ziqvsxsvexmizer [...]” (LXCI;
HIEYGNEQV, 6445, v. 691), wmqmrex es gews ji vegmitziw gsq jmwridme. Ts gews js vegmitzi jiwwi
iwzyjs ji gews, iri evxiwitzsy “[...] yqe xibixwãs te wiuyêtgme zívmge (tsxqer) js kmxs ziqvsxer i e
ezmbeçãs js kmxs lxstzer mtlixmsx” (LXCI; HIEYGNEQV, 6445, v. 691). S iwzyjs evstze vexe mtjígmsw ji
uyi iwwew jyew vezsrskmew vswweq gsqvexzmrnex yq vejxãs gsqyq te sxketmfeçãs gsxzmger.
Syzxs jejs xiribetzi wshxi e sxketmfeçãs gsxzmger evstzeje virs iwzyjs é ji uyi e rsgermfeçãs
gsxzmger etsxqer je rmtkyekiq ziq mqvrmgeçõiw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs je mtzikxeçãs qyrzmwwitwsxmer i
ts jmwgyxws (vxswójme) – áxiew tew uyemw sw mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE evxiwitzeq jmlmgyrjejiw.
Jitsqmteqsw euym ji vxswójme s iwzyjs js xmzqs, je itzsteçãs i ji ezxmhyzsw gsxxirezsw te lere
(LEXXIRR, 6442). Wi iwwew áxiew gsqvitweq ew áxiew iq jmwlytçãs je rmtkyekiq ts niqmwléxms
iwuyixjs, sw mtjmbíjysw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze vsjiq wix mtgevefiw ji vxsgiwwex e lere
wmqyrzetieqitzi rmjixetjs s jmwgyxws uyi é qsjyrejs vshxiqitzi iq bsryqi, mtlridõiw i
wmzyeçõiw iqsgmstemw.
Ts uyi wi xilixi esw egnejsw wshxi e idgmzehmrmjeji gsxzmger, jmbixwew ibmjêtgmew evsmeq e mjime ji
yqe nmvixidgmzehmrmjeji gsxzmger ts eyzmwze, mtgrymtjs yqe etsxqer iribeçãs ts túqixs ji géryrew
vmxeqmjemw idgmzezóxmew i yqe hemde gstigzmbmjeji iq rstke jmwzâtgme tsw geqmtnsw vswzixmsx-lxstzer.
Iwwiw iriqitzsw, zeqhéq ji lsxqe etárske, wi ewwiqirneq esw vegmitziw gsq wítjxsqi ji Xizz.
Wikytjs sw eyzsxiw, iwwe wítjxsqi evxiwitze yq gsqvsxzeqitzs eyzmwze i yqe nmvixidgmzehmrmjeji
gsxzmger.
Yq jejs evstzejs virsw eyzsxiw é ji uyi e eyjmçãs, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi e stje ibsgeje js
geqvs eyjmzmbs, é grexeqitzi etsxqer iq wye qsxlsrskme, zitjs gyrqmtejs egitzyejeqitzi zexji
sw qúrzmvrsw gsqvstitziw js niqmwléxms jmximzs.
Eréq jmwws,
[...] te ezmbeçãs gsxzmger rezixer vexe s niqmwléxms jmximzs gsq s evexigmqitzs js iwzíqyrs e rezêtgme eyqitze.
Ná yqe xigsxxitzi ezmbeçãs js góxzid ziqvsxer jmximzs stji sgsxxiq, virs qitsw, báxmew bifiw, gsqs
jiqstwzxejs vire mtbyrkex erze eqvrmzyji jew stjew zexjmew. (LEXXIRR, 6442, v. 698).
E ezmbeçãs js góxzid lxstzer mtlixmsx jmximzs zeqhéq sgsxxi qemw zexji js uyi s iwvixejs. Wshxi e
rsgermfeçãs xilixiq:
[...] ná kxetji eqvrmzyji T7q, qew sgsxxi yqe ezmbeçãs mtmgmer, wygijitjs ts rshs lxstzer i tãs s rshs
ziqvsxer. Ezmbeçãs js góxzid ziqvsxer wyvixmsx, te vxsdmqmjeji js góxzid eyjmzmbs sgsxxi, qew evów e ezmbeçãs
lxstzer. (LEXXIRR, 6442, v. 691).
Gsqs vixwvigzmbew, s iwzyjs ziq sw wikymtziw jejsw evstzejsw:
e) Iwzyjsw ji tiyxsmqekiq qswzxeq uyi s geqvs eyjmzmbs ibsgejs wikyi yq vejxãs svswzs à
qezyxeçãs js niqmwléxms jsqmtetzi iq mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE, uyetjs gsqvexejsw gsq s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji mtjmbíjysw tsxqemw.
h)Mtjmbíjysw tsxqemw i mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE jiqstwzxexeq yqe xijyfmje rezixermfeçãs vexe iwzíqyrsw
wmráhmgsw. Vsxéq, gsq e mjeji, eyqitzsy e ezmbeçãs gsxzmger i s rejs iwuyixjs zsxtsy-wi rezixermfejs
 vexe sw mtjmbíjysw tsxqemw, i s rejs jmximzs, vexe sw mtjmbíjysw gsq ZIE.
g) Mwws wykixi uyi s mtjmbíjys gsq ZIE ywe s rejs jmximzs vexe vxsgiwwex e rmtkyekiq, qew e rmtkyekiq
jsqmtetzi tãs jiwitbsrbi ezé e ejsriwgêtgme. Xiwyrzejsw wmqmrexiw lsxeq itgstzxejsw iq gxmetçew
qemw birnew gsq zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix.

Ji kxetji mqvsxzâtgme, tãs evitew vsxuyi evstze jmwgywwõiw wshxi ew hewiw tiyxsrókmgew vexe e
rmtkyekiq, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi, tsw vegmitziw eyzmwzew, qew vsxuyi evstze wmqmrexmjejiw iq
vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxtsw ji rmtkyekiq iq syzxew wítjxsqiw tiyxsrókmgew.
Iwwiw egnejsw vsjiq wixbmx gsqs yqe vxsbsgeçãs vexe e hywge jiwwe gstwzxyçãs je rmtkyekiq i
jew wyew vswwmhmrmjejiw zixevêyzmgew iq báxmsw geqvsw js gstnigmqitzs. Ew jmbixwew vxázmgew
zixevêyzmgew uyi wi sgyveq js wypimzs gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze – gsq sy wiq erzs
lytgmsteqitzs – xigstnigiq e rmtkyekiq gsqs yq geqvs vexe eréq je lere, uyi ezye te
idvxiwwmbmjeji, te mtzixeçãs i tew xireçõiw js wypimzs gsq wye vxóvxme gstwzmzymçãs wyhpizmbe.
E mjime ji yqe vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer i ji yqe vxázmge zixevêyzmge tãs evitew gsqs yqe xivexeçãs
ji yq jélmgmz, qew zeqhéq gsqs yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji yqe eqvrmzyji tew lytçõiw gsktmzmbew i
mtzixezmbew, tsw lif evxslytjex ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq i jew wyew xeqmlmgeçõiw.

JIWGXMÇÕIW GRÍTMGEW WSHXI S ZIE

Te grewwmlmgeçãs ezé s JWQ-MB-ZX (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446), s eyzmwqs emtje ixe
yqe jew vezsrskmew itgstzxejew ts gevízyrs jsw zxetwzsxtsw kixerqitzi jmektswzmgejsw vire
vxmqimxe bif te mtlâtgme sy ejsriwgêtgme – zxetwzsxtsw krshemw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, witjs uyi iwwe
geziksxme emtje xigihme ew wyhjmbmwõiw: zxetwzsxts eyzmwze, zxetwzsxts ji Xizz, zxetwzsxts
jiwmtzikxezmbs je mtlâtgme, zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix i zxetwzsxts krsher js jiwitbsrbmqitzs wiq syzxe
iwvigmlmgeçãs.
E grewwmlmgeçãs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw i ji gsqvsxzeqitzs je Grewwmlmgeçãs Iwzezíwzmge
Mtzixtegmster ji Jsitçew i Vxshriqew Xiregmstejsw gsq e Weúji (ASXRJ NIERZN SXKETMFEZMST,
7559), ts gevízyrs wshxi sw zxetwzsxtsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs, evxiwitze yq kxyvs ji
zxetwzsxtsw gsq etsqermew te mtzixeçãs wsgmer xigívxsge i iq vejxõiw ji gsqytmgeçãs, eréq ji yq
xivixzóxms ji mtzixiwwiw rmqmzejsw, xivizmzmbsw i xiwzxmzsw. Itzxi iriw, e wítjxsqi ji Ewvixkix ziq s
jmektówzmgs
[...] hewiejs te gsqhmteçãs ji yqe lerze ji uyeruyix ezxews krsher grmtmgeqitzi wmktmlmgezmbs ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq sy gsktmzmbs, gsqs s eyzmwqs [...]. (ASXRJ NIERZN SXKETMFEZMST, 7559, v.
616).
Tãs ná xiwwerbew iq titnyq jiriw wshxi e vswwmhmrmjeji ji iwwi mtjmbíjys evxiwitzex iriqitzsw
uyi gexegzixmfiq e mtzirmkêtgme egmqe je qéjme iwvixeje vexe e wye lemde ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
Tiwwiw qetyemw, s eyzmwqs é yqe geziksxme gsq iriqitzsw jilmtmjsw vexe wiy jmektówzmgs,
itbsrbitjs áxiew js gsqvxsqizmqitzs uyermzezmbs je mtzixeçãs wsgmer, gsqvxsqizmqitzs uyermzezmbs
te gsqytmgeçãs i vejxõiw xivizmzmbsw i xiwzxmzsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs, mtzixiwwi i ezmbmjejiw, gsq
wyhmzitw vexe geje geziksxme i gsq mtígms etziw jsw 9 etsw ji mjeji. Ts zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix, e
jmlixitçe é e ji uyi e gxmetçe tãs evxiwitze yq gsqvxsqizmqitzs grmtmgeqitzi mqvsxzetzi te
rmtkyekiq. Ná yq ewvigzs jiwgxmzs tew gexegzixíwzmgew jmektówzmgew uyi evstzeq, itzxizetzs, mzitw e
wixiq shwixbejsw. Iwwe xiwwerbe biq je gstwzezeçãs ji uyi jmlmgyrjejiw je rmtkyekiq vsjiq ejbmx
je jmlmgyrjeji je mtzixeçãs wsgmer sy je mtgevegmjeji ji ywex i xigstnigix iriqitzsw je
iwzxyzyxeçãs je rmtkyekiq, vxmtgmverqitzi te gstbixweçãs sy tsw iriqitzsw tãs bixhemw je
gsqytmgeçãs (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6446).
E tsbe grewwmlmgeçãs uyi gstwze ts JWQ-1 (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478) xisxketmfe
iwwiw gxmzéxmsw, idgrymtjs s gevízyrs jsw “Zxetwzsxtsw kixerqitzi jmektswzmgejsw vire vxmqimxe bif te
mtlâtgme sy ejsriwgêtgme”, xiekxyvetjs wiyw báxmsw zxetwzsxtsw ts gevízyrs “Zxetwzsxtsw js
tiyxsjiwitbsrbmqitzs”. Tiwwi gevízyrs, lsxeq ekxyvejsw wsh s tsqi ji zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs
eyzmwze (ZIE) ew geziksxmew ji zxetwzsxts eyzmwze, zxetwzsxts ji Xizz, zxetwzsxts jiwmtzikxezmbs je
mtlâtgme, zxetwzsxts ji Ewvixkix i zxetwzsxts krsher js jiwitbsrbmqitzs wiq syzxe iwvigmlmgeçãs.
Tiwwe tsbe grewwmlmgeçãs, bmwetjs e yq jmektówzmgs qemw vxigmws, zsjsw sw gewsw mtwixmjsw tsw
uyejxsw jiwgxmzsw etzixmsxqitzi vewweq e wixiq jiwmktejsw gsqs zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze.
Wikytjs Exeúps i Rszyls Tizs (6478), iwwi tsbs ekxyveqitzs xilrizmy e bmwãs gmitzílmge ji uyi
iwwiw zxetwzsxtsw wãs yqe qiwqe gstjmçãs gsq kxejyeçõiw iq jsmw kxyvsw ji wmtzsqew: e) jélmgmz
ji gsqytmgeçãs i mtzixeçãs wsgmer i h) vejxãs xiwzxmzs i xivizmzmbs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs i mtzixiwwiw sy
ezmbmjejiw.
Tiwwe tsbe sxketmfeçãs, sw vxipyífsw te gsqytmgeçãs i te mtzixeçãs wsgmer wãs vixbewmbsw i
wywzitzejsw. É xigstnigmjs uyi, qiwqs uyetjs nehmrmjejiw rmtkyíwzmgew lsxqemw (v. id., bsgehyráxms i
kxeqázmge) iwzãs mtzegzew, e rmtkyekiq vexe gsqytmgeçãs i mtzixeçãs wsgmer ji xigmvxsgmjeji iwzá
vxipyjmgeje. E gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher, gsqs kiwzsw, idvxiwwãs legmer i itzsteçãs je lere, é yzmrmfeje
ji lsxqe xijyfmje sy ezívmge sy iwzá eywitzi (EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST, 6478).
Tiwwe tsbe sxketmfeçãs tswsrókmge, s tíbir ji kxebmjeji etermwejs iq gsqytmgeçãs wsgmer i
gsqvsxzeqitzsw xiwzxmzsw i xivizmzmbsw é jmbmjmjs iq zxêw tíbimw: Tíbir 9 – Idmkmtjs evsms qymzs
wyhwzetgmer; Tíbir 6 – Idmkmtjs evsms wyhwzetgmer sy Tíbir 7 – Idmkmtjs evsms. Iq geje wmzyeçãs, yqe
jiwgxmçãs grítmge vsji eydmrmex ts xilmteqitzs i xigstnigmqitzs jew gexegzixíwzmgew ji geje yq jsw
tíbimw.
Iq uyeruyix yqe jew wmzyeçõiw jmektówzmgew, ew tyetgiw vxiwitziw xibireq s vszitgmer tew áxiew
evxiwitzejew. Gsqs xiwwerze Jerkerexxstjs (6444), ná iriqitzsw vexzmgyrexiw, mtjmbmjyemw i je
nmwzóxme jeuyiri wypimzs i ewvigzsw ytmbixwemw, sy wipe, ew gexegzixíwzmgew jmektówzmgew. Eviwex ji
vxivstjixetziqitzi wix hewiejs iq jejsw grítmgsw i shwixbeçõiw ts gews js zxetwzsxts js
iwvigzxs eyzmwze, s qsjs ji shwixbex i mtzixekmx wixá jizixqmtetzi te hywge jsw xigyxwsw wyhpizmbsw
vexe e zixevêyzmge je vezsrskme. S witws gxízmgs jibi tsxziex s jmektówzmgs, wsh vite ji qewwmlmgex i
mqvswwmhmrmzex e vixgivçãs je gstwzxyçãs mtjmbmjyer js wypimzs jmetzi je wye gstjmçãs.
Wikytjs Exeúps, Tewgmqitzs i Ewwyqvçãs Px. (6477), es gsqvexexiq wiyw iwzyjsw gsq syzxsw
gsqs Jebmiw iz er. (7558) i Hskjewnmte (6449), xilixitjeq uyi sw mtjmbíjysw gsq zxetwzsxts js
iwvigzxs eyzmwze vswwyiq e mtzirmkêtgme vxiwixbeje, gsq tíbimw tsxqemw sy egmqe je tsxqermjeji,
ewwsgmejsw e vejxõiw ji rmtkyekiq zeqhéq tsxqemw, iqhsxe “[...] qswzxiq jélmgmzw wiqâtzmgsw i,
vexerireqitzi, shwixbeq-wi tiriw gsqvxsqizmqitzsw jmbixwsw, jizigzejsw ezxebéw ji vxsbew
iwvigílmgew [...]” (EXEÚPS; TEWGMQITZS; EWWYQVÇÃS PX., v. 892).
Qymzsw eyzsxiw evxiwitzeq yqe jmwgywwãs wshxi iq uyer geqvs je rmtkyekiq jsw eyzmwzew
xigeiq wyew jmlmgyrjejiw. Iq wye kxetji qemsxme, eyzsxiw gsqs Rist iz er. (6443), Lexxirr (6442),
Wmiker i Ryge (6442) evstzeq e yzmrmfeçãs ji qizálsxew. E jmlmgyrjeji tãs iwzá iq gsqvxiitjix ew
qizálsxew, qew wikytjs Rist iz er. (6443, v. 605) “[...] te wye mtgevegmjeji ji mtgrymx ts gstzidzs
i/sy e mtzitçãs js syzxs te mtzixvxizeçãs ji yq itytgmejs ji witzmjs lmkyxejs [...]”. Gsqvriqitzeq
emtje ew eyzsxew uyi iwwe gsqvxiitwãs ji qizálsxew idmki vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw gsqvridsw uyi
itbsrbiq e etármwi js gstzidzs ji itytgmeçãs i e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji idvxiwwõiw uyi ts gstzidzs
rmtkyíwzmgs vsjiq wix gstwmjixejsw jmlixitziw. Wikytjs Wmiker i Ryge (6442), gxmetçew gsq zxetwzsxts
js iwvigzxs eyzmwze itgstzxeq jmlmgyrjejiw iq xisxketmfex verebxew uyi tãs evxiwitzeq ew
gexegzixíwzmgew je sxjiq i je xikxe ji gsqytmgeçãs sxmkmter js wypimzs. Irew wãs gevefiw ji
xigstnigix ew verebxew, qew evxiwitzeq yqe jmlmgyrjeji iq ximtzixvxizá-rew sy yzmrmfá-rew ji lsxqe
jmlixitzi es qsjs gsqs ew evxitjixeq sxmkmterqitzi. Yq idiqvrs evstzejs virsw eyzsxiw é e
mtgevegmjeji ji xigstnigix yqe idvxiwwãs ji mxstme, te uyer s mtzixrsgyzsx evxiwitze yq
itytgmejs gsq itzsteçãs jmlixitzi sy iriqitzsw ji vxswójme uyi jiwzseq js gstzidzs sxmkmter je
idvxiwwãs.
Yqe verebxe es wix evxitjmje vsx uyeruyix wypimzs vxigmwe wix xigstnigmje ts geqvs js
wmktmlmgejs. S wmktmlmgejs iwzá ezxirejs e yqe xiji ji gstnigmqitzsw ji gstgimzsw, witjs uyi iwwiw
gstgimzsw vsjiq iwzex ezxirejsw e báxmew ytmjejiw je rmtkyekiq (gsqs e verebxe qsxxix: “qsxxix”,
“hezix ew hszew”, “vexzmx jiwze vexe qirnsx”) sy ekxyvejsw iq geziksxmew wsh s qiwqs xózyrs, qew
gsq mjimew jmlixitziw (kxyvs ji mjimew bmtgyrejew e qsxxix: “qsxxix ji lsqi”, “qsxxix ji eqsx”,
“qsxzi tezyxer”) gstlsxqi evstzeq sw iwzyjsw (LEXXIRR, 6442). Iwwew gstwzxyçõiw tsqmtejew
qizálsxew, uyi wãs lmkyxew ji rmtkyekiq, gsq idvxiwwõiw tãs rmzixemw, ji yws iwzmríwzmgs gsq ilimzs
jmlixitgmejs vexe ejsxtex e lere (RIST iz er., 6443), wãs ji jmlígmr vxsgiwweqitzs qitzer i yws vexe
sw eyzmwzew. Xilixmjs virew eyzsxew i iq gstwstâtgme gsq s exzmks ji sxmkiq jiwzi zidzs, ew
qizálsxew wãs gstwiuyêtgmew tezyxemw i mtibmzábimw itzxi tswws evexezs líwmgs i gsktmzmbs i e tswwe
gstzítye idvixmêtgme ts qytjs.
Iwwe xireçãs tsw lef vitwex wshxi e iwzximze xireçãs idmwzitzi itzxi s ytmbixws vwíuymgs i wye
wywzitzeçãs virs gsxvs hmsrókmgs, iq yqe vixqetitzi mtzixeçãs itzxi eqhsw. E mjime ji
vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer tsw vixqmzi itzitjix uyi yq gsxvs wslxixá yqe xieçãs jmxize js qims, je
qiwqe lsxqe uyi s vxóvxms gsxvs iq erkyq jizixqmtejs tíbir wixá gevef ji ekmx wshxi s eqhmitzi.
E vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer, zmje gsqs yq jsw jiwelmsw je tiyxsrskme qsjixte, xilixi-wi à gevegmjeji ji
xisxketmfeçãs je iwzxyzyxe tiyxster js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer (WTG). Tew verebxew ji Xszze,
Snraimrix i Xmiwks (6440, v. 819),
[...] zsjew ew lytçõiw gsxzmgemw wyvixmsxiw itbsrbmjew te gsktmçãs, gsqs ktswmew, vxedmew i rmtkyekiq, wãs
idvxiwwõiw ji vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer, gstwmjixetjs ew qsjmlmgeçõiw iq zsjsw sw tíbimw, js qsrigyrex es
gsktmzmbs.
Ezyerqitzi wi itzitji uyi ná vswwmhmrmjejiw qúrzmvrew ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxster, uyix iq
wypimzsw uyi evxiwitziq jélmgmzw sy wmzyeçõiw riwmstemw, uyix iq wypimzsw uyi evxiwitziq
jiwitbsrbmqitzs jitzxs je tsxqermjeji. Vexe uyi nepe yqe qsjmlmgeçãs gsqvxiitwíbir vire
vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer, é tigiwwáxms xiwwerzex s vevir je idvixmêtgme bmbitgmeje virs wypimzs. Te
elmxqeçãs jsw eyzsxiw,
[...] sw qsqitzsw gxízmgsw vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yqe lytçãs wãs lytjeqitzemw vexe e iwzmqyreçãs
witwmzmbs-witwsxmer i ji evxitjmfekiq; ts itzetzs, nspi wi wehi uyi qiwqs s WTG ejyrzs é gevef ji
xiwvstjix, iq erkyq kxey, à iwzmqyreçãs. (XSZZE; SNRAIMRIX; XMIWKS, 6440, v. 803).
S gstgimzs ji vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer wixbi ji hewi vexe zsjsw sw zxehernsw zixevêyzmgsw, tiwwi gews
qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi vexe wypimzsw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze i s geqvs je rmtkyekiq. E
mjime ji mtzixeçãs gsq s eqhmitzi i e wye xigstwzxyçãs ts geqvs wmqhórmgs wó é vswwíbir uyetjs
ewwsgmeqsw uyi iwwe erzixeçãs vixgivzmbe, lxyzs ji gstwzxyçõiw wyhpizmbew, zeqhéq qetmliwzi wye
qsjmlmgeçãs ts geqvs tiyxster. Ewwmq gsqs es rstks js jiwitbsrbmqitzs, uyeruyix wypimzs é
jiwelmejs virs wiy qims e idixgix ezmbmjejiw geje bif qemw gsqvridew, idmkmtjs uyi wye iwzxyzyxe
tiyxsvwíuymge wi epywzi àw tsbew tigiwwmjejiw; tsw gewsw wmtkyrexiw, iwwi vxsgiwws zeqhéq sgsxxi.
Vsjiqsw vitwex uyi, gsqs evxiwitzejs ts exzmks ji Lxci i Hieygneqv (6445), e sxketmfeçãs
gixihxer jmwlytgmster itgstzxeje iq eyzmwzew vsji wix lxyzs ji yqe zitzezmbe ji sxketmfeçãs js
wmwziqe tixbsws ji gsqvitwex áxiew jilmgmzáxmew yzmrmfetjs-wi ji yqe sxketmfeçãs gixihxer jmbixwe
je kxetji qemsxme jew gxmetçew. E mjime jiwwe xisxketmfeçãs tsw mtjmge yq iriqitzs ji vixqetitzi
qyjetçe tsw iwveçsw tiyxstemw, gsqs lsxqe ji shzix yqe qemsx ejevzeçãs js mtjmbíjys es wiy
qims. Jiwwe lsxqe, ziqsw zxehernejs vexe uyi s qims zeqhéq vswwe epyjex te xisxketmfeçãs i
eqvrmeçãs jiwwew sxketmfeçõiw tiyxstemw.

GEWSW GRÍTMGSW: JIWGSHIXZEW MTMGMEMW

Sw gewsw grítmgsw uyi beqsw evxiwitzex wãs mrywzxezmbsw jsw ewvigzsw je rmtkyekiq iq yq iwvigzxs
eyzmwze. Wãs xivxiwitzezmbsw ji jyew lewiw jmwzmtzew js jiwitbsrbmqitzs i ji jyew ehsxjekitw iq
évsgew jmlixitziw. S mtzymzs ji evxiwitzá-rsw é yqe zitzezmbe ji mrywzxex iwwi eqvrs iwvigzxs i gsqs
vsjiq wi evxiwitzex iq lewiw jmlixitziw.
Sw gewsw lsxeq ezitjmjsw vsx vxslmwwmstemw ji áxiew jmlixitziw, iq gmjejiw jmlixitziw i gsq
ehsxjekitw jmwzmtzew. Tãs é yqe gsqvexeçãs sy yqe gstzmtymjeji, qew yqe mrywzxeçãs je
iwzxyzyxeçãs gsktmzmbe uyi s gevízyrs ehsxje. Xiwixbeqs-tsw s jmximzs ji erzixex jejsw uyi vswweq
gsqvxsqizix sy mjitzmlmgex uyeruyix yq jsw wypimzsw itbsrbmjsw, wiq gsqvxsqizmqitzs js ewvigzs
grítmgs e wix evxiwitzejs.
Gews 7: Qitmts, 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw – gexegzixíwzmgew mtmgmemw
Yq qitmts ji 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw lsm itgeqmtnejs vire vijmezxe vsx evxiwitzex ezxews te
rmtkyekiq, jmlmgyrjeji ji wsgmermfeçãs, gxmwiw ji gnsxs i jiwsxketmfeçãs jmetzi js tsbs. Wikytjs sw
xirezsw jsw xiwvstwábimw, e gxmetçe tãs gstwikyi lmgex iq yqe liwze ji etmbixwáxms te nsxe js
“Vexehétw”, tãs vixqmzi uyi gsrsuyiq s zixqôqizxs, tãs egimze uyi rni viçeq vexe lerex, xiekmtjs
gsq kxmzsw i gnsxs. Gsrsge ew qãsw tsw sybmjsw i wi jiwsxketmfe gsxvsxerqitzi, hezi, gnyze i
wevezime, witjs jmlígmr egerqá-rs.
E rmtkyekiq rmqmze-wi e vsygew verebxew gsqs “gsgô” i “veve”. Hxmtge ji mqmzex s wsq jew bskemw i
gswzyqe evstzex vexe s uyi jiwipe iqmzmtjs e bsker /e/. Wikytjs xirezs jsw gymjejsxiw, pá zibi
syzxew vxsjyçõiw sxemw uyi nspi tãs evxiwitze qemw. Uyetjs uyix erks, evstze sy ribe s syzxs vire
qãs. Zeqhéq vxsgyxe vsx wm wó shzix s uyi uyix. Qswzxe gsq e gehiçe s wmq i s tãs. S qitmts ziq
hse gsqvxiitwãs, gyqvxmtjs e qemsx vexzi jew sxjitw uyi rni wãs jejew, itzxizetzs, qymzew bifiw
vexigi tãs sybmx s uyi rni é vijmjs. Sw vemw xilixiq uyi, uyetjs mtwmwziq vexe uyi leri, iri lmge
qymzs tixbsws, kxmze gsq ew qãsw tsw sybmjsw, hezi, wevezime i gnyze. Mtzixiwwe-wi vsx hxmtuyijsw
gsq hszõiw, ryf i uyi kmxiq gsqs xsjew i jmxiçãs ji gexxs ji hxmtuyijs. Kswze ji vyrex i ewwmwzmx à
ziribmwãs. Qymzew bifiw syzxsw shpizsw je gewe gneqeq qemw ezitçãs js uyi sw hxmtuyijsw, gsqs s
iwvirns, s rmuymjmlmgejsx, s bitzmrejsx sy s ewvmxejsx ji vó.
Iq wmzyeçãs rújmge hxmtge gsq yq jizixqmtejs hxmtuyijs vsx hewzetzi ziqvs wiq wi mtzixiwwex
gsq s uyi sgsxxi te wye bsrze, tãs ezitjitjs es gsqetjs ji bsf, vexigi “iwzex iq syzxs qytjs”. É
jmlígmr qetzix s srnex, qew srne vexe sw shpizsw i sw wsrmgmze. Sw vemw xirezeq uyi iri jmlmgmrqitzi lski
ji xszmte, jiwsxketmfetjs-wi uyetjs egstzigi.
Te gstwyrze tiyxsrókmge evxiwitzsy iwzixiszmvmew, gsqs iqherex-wi, lefix lrevvmtk (qsbmqitzsw
xivizmzmbsw gsq ew qãsw es rejs js gsxvs) i gsrsgex ew qãsw tsw sybmjsw. Lsm jmektswzmgejs gsq
zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze i itgeqmtnejs vexe ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs i lstseyjmsrókmgs.
Gews 6: Qitmts, 77 etsw i 2 qiwiw – gexegzixíwzmgew mtmgmemw
Yq qitmts ji 77 etsw i 2 qiwiw lsm itgeqmtnejs vsx yqe iwgsre vexzmgyrex vsx evxiwitzex
jmlmgyrjejiw te wsgmermfeçãs. Te vxmqimxe itzxibmwze, xiermfeje gsq sw vemw vexe gsrize ji mtlsxqeçõiw,
tãs nsybi uyeruyix xilixêtgme e ideqiw sy jmektówzmgs etzixmsx uyi xilixitjewwi s iwvigzxs
eyzmwze. Gsq s xirezs ji yq “gsqvsxzeqitzs ekxiwwmbs” i “jmlmgyrjejiw ji wi ejevzex à xszmte je
iwgsre”, sw vemw jiwgxibixeq yq qitmts gsq mtzirmkêtgme wyvixmsx, erkyqew “qetmew” i jmlmgyrjejiw
ji mtzixeçãs gsq gsrikew, uyix te were ji eyre, uyix tsw mtzixbersw sy iq ezmbmjejiw gsrizmbew.
S qitmts gsqvexigiy à wikytje gstwyrze egsqvetnejs jsw vemw. Uyetjs uyiwzmstejs,
xiwvstjme gsq xiwvswzew regôtmgew, qew gsxxizew sy vsygs jiwgxmzmbew wshxi wm sy e wmzyeçãs iwgsrex.
Evxiwitzebe vsyge eqvrmzyji ji rmtkyekiq sy ji qizelsxmfeçãs. Sw vemw zmtneq ji epyjex e
lsxqyrex erkyqew xiwvswzew. Tãs wi svôw iq lmgex te were wsfmtns i ewwmq vixqetigiy ezé s lmter je
gstwyrze.
Evxiwitzebe iwzixiszmvmew te lere, gsqs lxewiw xivizmjew i jiwgstzidzyermfejew (vixkytzebe s viws
i e erzyxe js zixeviyze e geje 1 qmtyzsw). Wikytjs xirezsw, zmtne s qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs iq were
ji eyre, s uyi mxxmzebe sw gsrikew i kixebe ekxiwwãs líwmge vsx vexzi jiriw. Evxiwitzsy yqe lmdeçãs
vsx erkytw ewwytzsw sy ziqew ji lsxqe mtzitwe iq erkytw vixísjsw je bmje
(jmtswweyxsw/gexxsw/zmqiw ji lyzihsr).
Tãs evxiwitzebe vxshriqew vexe ewwmqmrex gstziújsw, qew evxiwitzebe vxshriqew te
mtzixvxizeçãs ji zidzsw, mjimew i ezmzyjiw. Ixe gevef ji ywex gsxxizeqitzi xiwvswzew wmqvriw iq
syzxsw mjmsqew (mtkrêw i eriqãs) uyi nebme evxitjmjs iq were ji eyre, qew tãs gsqvxiitjme
hxmtgejimxew ji jyvrs witzmjs. Evxiwitzebe yqe jmlmgyrjeji te lridãs je bsf i yqe iwzixiszmvme ts
zmqhxi i te vxstútgme, mtjivitjitziqitzi je wmzyeçãs.
Es lmter je ebermeçãs mtmgmer, sw vemw evxiwitzexeq eziwzejsw, vexigixiw i ziwziw uyi mtjmgebeq e
vxiwitçe ji yq uyejxs ji ZIE. Erikexeq uyi vxilixmeq uyi s zixeviyze tãs lswwi “gstzeqmtejs”
vsx ebermeçõiw etzixmsxiw. Gstgsxjexeq gsq s egsqvetneqitzs zixevêyzmgs i wi qswzxexeq
wsrígmzsw i jmwvstíbimw gsq ew xisxketmfeçõiw ts zxezs gsq s lmrns jyxetzi s zxezeqitzs.

S ZIE I E VWMGETÁRMWI: EWVIGZSW ZIÓXMGSW

E vwmgetármwi, gsq wiy bewzs geqvs zióxmgs, ziq vitwejs e gstjmçãs jsw wypimzsw vexe eréq jsw
geqvsw vezsrókmgsw. E mtlâtgme gsqs rykex ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs i ji gstwzetzi qyzeçãs wixbi gsqs
hewi vexe vitwexqsw ew vswwíbimw mtzixlixêtgmew js uyi gneqeqsw zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze.
Iq qymzsw iwzyjsw, s uyi biqsw tãs é yqe vxisgyveçãs gsq s ZIE gsqs vezsrskme, qew wmq gsq e
gxmetçe uyi hywge wi jiwitbsrbix e vexzmx jiwwe mtzixvswmçãs.
S mtzixiwwi vsx gxmetçew gsq yqe iwzxyzyxeçãs wmtkyrex ziq wiy gsqiçs te shxe js mtígms js
wégyrs DBMMM, uyi lytje s geqvs je ijygeçãs iwvigmer, E ijygeçãs ji yq wirbekiq, ji Piet Mzexj
(HETOW-RIMZI; KERBÃS, 6444). S qéjmgs Mzexj xigihi Bmgzsx, yqe gxmetçe uyi wshxibmbiy es
ehetjsts tsw hswuyiw je Lxetçe, i mtmgme s “zxezeqitzs qsxer” te hywge ji yqe vswwíbir qirnsxe te
wye gstjmçãs. S “zxezeqitzs qsxer”, jiwgxmzs ts rmbxs, lytje e hywge ji yqe gsqvxiitwãs wshxi s
ewvigzs wyhpizmbs, e nmvszizmfeçãs wshxi e “mjmszme”, wshxi ew “legyrjejiw qitzemw”. Emtje qymzs
vxódmqs js geqvs je ijygeçãs, Mzexj zitze gsqvxiitjix gsqs ebetçe s evxitjmfejs jiwwi wypimzs
uyi tãs lsm “gmbmrmfejs” i uyi tãs zibi e svsxzytmjeji wsgmer gsqs ew jiqemw gxmetçew.
Mtjivitjitziqitzi jsw xiwyrzejsw js zxezeqitzs evstzejsw ts rmbxs, Mzexj gstwzxóm yq srnex wshxi
s wypimzs, vexe eréq jew gstjmçõiw ji ejsigmqitzs, mtgrymtjs s vexâqizxs js elewzeqitzs wsgmer
gsqs iriqitzs xiribetzi. Tiwwi vixísjs nmwzóxmgs, ew gxmetçew emtje tãs zmtneq bmwmhmrmjeji wsgmer,
gsqs wixiw gsq gexegzixíwzmgew vxóvxmew i gsq yqe izeve js jiwitbsrbmqitzs. “Tãs idmwzmeq
gxmetçew gexegzixmfejew vsx yqe idvxiwwãs vexzmgyrex, i wmq nsqitw ji zeqetns xijyfmjs.” (EXMÈW,
7527, v. 17). Srnex i egxijmzex te vswwmhmrmjeji ji yqe gxmetçe gsqs yq wypimzs ji qyjetçew lytje
i wywzitze qymzew gstgivçõiw ezyemw.
Es rstks je nmwzóxme je vwmgetármwi, gewsw ji gxmetçew gsq iwzxyzyxeçõiw tãs tiyxózmgew lsxqexeq
yq gstzsxts uyi tsw vswwmhmrmze itdixkex ezyerqitzi iwwew gstwzxyçõiw wyhpizmbew. Gewsw gsqs s ji
Jmgo, ji Qiretmi Orimt, Vmkkri, ji Amttmgszz, Psic i ji Hizzirnimq wixbmxeq tãs evitew vexe gxmex
gstgimzsw zióxmgsw i evxslytjex gstgivçõiw zióxmgew, qew zeqhéq vexe gstwzxymx yq srnex wshxi e
mtlâtgme i wyew hsxjew gstwzmzyzmbew. Qiwqs uyetjs tãs wi lefmeq jmlixitgmeçõiw itzxi s eyzmwqs i e
vwmgswi – emtje nspi erkytw eyzsxiw tãs s lefiq –, iwwew zisxmfeçõiw gstwzxyíxeq yqe xiji ji
júbmjew i evswzew uyi tsw sxmitzeq e vitwex tsw jmew ezyemw.
Es elmxqex uyi ná yqe jmlixitgmeçãs itzxi s eyzmwqs i e vwmgswi, ehxi-wi yq geqvs ji jmwgywwãs
zióxmge, tiq wiqvxi vxigmws iq wyew gstgimzyermfeçõiw, qew tigiwwáxms te wye hywge. S eyzmwqs,
uyi pá lsm jilmtmjs gsqs yqe vwmgswi te mtlâtgme, ketne yqe bmwmhmrmjeji i yqe jirmqmzeçãs,
vxmtgmverqitzi gsq Oettix, iq 7589. Ywetjs e idvxiwwãs “eyzmwqs mtletzmr vxigsgi”, Oettix jirmtime
yqe wítjxsqi gsq gexegzixíwzmgew jmlixitziw ts geqvs je vwmgswi ezé itzãs iwzehirigmje. Pá
evstzebe wyew mtgevegmjejiw ji iwzehirigix xireçõiw, xieçõiw e xyíjsw, zitjêtgme à xivizmçãs i
vixgihiy uyi qymzsw bmtneq ji leqírmew qymzs mtzirmkitziw, vsxéq, gsq qãiw lxmew i jmwzetziw, s uyi
vsjixme zix mtzixlixmjs ts xiregmsteqitzs gsq ew gxmetçew (OYVLIX, 6444). Wi, vsx yq rejs, Oettix
zsxtsy bmwíbimw ew vigyrmexmjejiw js eyzmwqs, vsx syzxs, gxmsy ts witws gsqyq yqe gyrvehmrmfeçãs
jew qãiw, ezxmhymtjs idgrywmbeqitzi e irew iwwe xiwvstwehmrmjeji. Sw etsw wyhwiuyitziw i sw
iwzyjsw evstzeq uyi ew qãiw zêq lytçãs jizixqmtetzi te lsxqeçãs jew gxmetçew, gsq eyzmwqs sy
tãs, i uyi te wmzyeçãs iwvigílmge js eyzmwqs, ná yqe gstlmkyxeçãs vxóvxme. Mwws tãs wmktmlmge jmfix
uyi é xiwvstwehmrmjeji idgrywmbe je qãi.
Ts ebetçs jiwwew jmwgywwõiw é mqvsxzetzi xigstnigix s vevir je qãi i gsqvxiitjix uyi ire é
uyiq lsxtigi s qezixmer wyhpizmbs uyi gstzsxtexá i lytjexá zsjs s ewvigzs vwíuymgs js hihê. Ew
xireçõiw qezixtemw, gstwzxyíjew te wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme ji bmje i tew idvigzezmbew ji wiyw xivewwiw
vexe e gxmetçe, wãs s exgehsyçs jew wywzitzeçõiw uyi xilriziq tãs evitew euyire jíeji, qew zsjs
yq srnex i idvigzezmbe wsgmer. E qãi é s xivxiwitzetzi ji yqe mqekiq ji gxmetçe uyi yqe
wsgmijeji mtzimxe iwvixe, uyix wipe iq wiyw ewvigzsw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs líwmgs, uyix iq ewvigzsw
wyhpizmbsw uyi tyzxiq i eqvrmeq iwwi jiwitbsrbmqitzs bmwíbir. Geje wsgmijeji, iq wye évsge, gxme
yq qsrji vxébms e wix vxiitgnmjs vire gxmetçe, lsxtigmjs virsw wiyw gymjejsxiw jmxizsw: e qãi i s
vem. Mwws xilrizi e gsqvridmjeji je xireçãs uyi wi iwzehirigi ts tewgmqitzs ji yq hihê, uyetjs
zsje e idvigzezmbe wsgmer, evxiwitzeje virsw vemw, jibi itgstzxex-wi gsq s jmwvswmzmbs hmsrókmgs vexe,
itzãs, lsxqex s uyi gneqeqsw ji wix nyqets.
E qezixtekiq vxiwwyvõi e vswwmhmrmjeji jiwwe zxetwlsxqeçãs, jiwwe gxmeçãs i mtgrywãs jiwwi
hihê iq yq iwveçs wyhpizmbs gsqvexzmrnejs virs wsgmer. Yzmrmfe-wi ji zsjew ew wyew vswwmhmrmjejiw
vexe xigshxmx e gexti gsq iriqitzsw wyhpizmbsw, wyhbixzitjs iwwi hihê vexe s geqvs je
sxketmfeçãs nyqete. Iq yq jiwwiw ewvigzsw iwzá mtgryíje e rmtkyekiq.
Es tsw xilixmxqsw à rmtkyekiq, vsjiqsw iwzitjix iwwe verebxe zetzs es geqvs je lere, gsqs
zeqhéq es geqvs wyhpizmbs. Ts ewvigzs wyhpizmbs, e rmtkyekiq xiqizi à mtwixçãs ji yq mtjmbíjys
iq wiy kxyvs wsgmer, ji lsxqe mtbmwíbir. Ew zimew uyi eqexxeq yqe wsgmijeji wãs zxetwlixmjew es wiy
tsbs mtzikxetzi virs geqvs wmqhórmgs uyi s itbsrbi. Euymrs uyi gneqeqsw ji ijygeçãs é yq grexs
idiqvrs jmwws. E geje évsge i wsgmijeji, ew gxmetçew wãs lsxqezejew e gyqvxmxiq jizixqmtejew
ezmzyjiw pá iwzehirigmjew etzixmsxqitzi. Ew xikxew i ezmzyjiw vsjiq wi qsjmlmgex es rstks js ziqvs,
qew tytge jimdeq ji idmwzmx. E geje tsbs vixísjs, e gxmetçe i wiy gsxvs vewweq e wix qsrjejsw e
vexzmx jew idvigzezmbew wsgmemw, xivxiwitzejew virsw wiyw gymjejsxiw. E mwws gneqeqsw ji rmtkyekiq,
ts witzmjs qizelóxmgs, vsxuyi ire xivxiwitze euymrs uyi jibi wix ehwsxbmjs i mtzixtermfejs, ji lsxqe
e gstwzxymx yqe qiwqe lsxqe wsgmer, sy qirnsx, yqe qiwqe rmtkyekiq. É wehmjs uyi iwwe
rmtkyekiq ketne gstzsxtsw vxóvxmsw e geje gxmetçe uyi tewgi i jivitji je mtzixeçãs jiwwe jíeji
ji gymjejsxiw, ewwmq gsqs wehiqsw uyi ire tãs é lsxqeje idgrywmbeqitzi vsx iriqitzsw sy xikxew
idvrígmzew, qew zeqhéq vsx idvigzezmbew i jiwipsw mqvrígmzsw.
E lere é yqe jew idvigzezmbew wsgmemw ji kxetji mqvsxzâtgme, vsmw xilrizi e gevegmjeji ji mtzixekmx,
ehwsxbix i xivewwex iwwiw iriqitzsw ji rmkeçãs wsgmer. É yq jsw iriqitzsw ji mqvsxzâtgme wsgmer uyi
gsqvxiitji tãs evitew e idvxiwwãs sxer, qew e idvxiwwãs kiwzyer (qíqmge) i s ewvigzs elizmbs
wyhpegitzi uyi vixqime i wywzitze zsje e wye idvxiwwãs (JERKEREXXSTJS, 6444).
Jmbmjmje itzxi iwwiw ewvigzsw, lere i rmtkyekiq, e qãi, xivxiwitzetzi js geqvs wyhpizmbs, itgstzxe
te gxmetçe yq iriqitzs e wix itbsrbmjs i wyhpizmbejs. S jiwips qezixts é s vstzs ji vexzmje vexe
iwwi mtbiwzmqitzs, é s xivxiwitzetzi ji zsjew ew wyew idvigzezmbew wshxi e gxmetçe. Tiwwi itgstzxs
itzxi s hmsrókmgs i s wmqhórmgs, qymzew bifiw e lywãs iwvixeje tãs sgsxxi. E rmtkyekiq evxiwitzeje
vire qãi à gxmetçe tãs gsqvsxze iq wm yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji ehwsxçãs uyi iqvyxxi iwwi wix vexe
yq geqvs eqvrs, gsqs s wsgmer. É gsqs wi e gxmetçe vyjiwwi wyhqixkmx iq verebxew, qew tãs
gstwikymwwi itzxeje ts lryds wsgmer.
E vwmgetármwi, vxmtgmverqitzi sw iwzyjsw evsmejsw te zisxme vxsvswze vsx Reget, ziq wi sgyvejs
jiwwe wmzyeçãs. Mtwixmx e gxmetçe ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq vsx qims je vewwekiq js qezixts vexe s
wsgmer, gsqs elmxqe Pixywermtoc (6442), vsx iri jiwmkteje gsqs hewieje iq jyew qezxmfiw: e
rmtkyíwzmge i e ijmvmete.
E vxmqimxe vixqmzi gevzyxex e rítkye i, vsxzetzs, s lezs ji bmx lerá-re ezé gixzs vstzs, qew é e mqvxiwwãs je
wikytje wshxi e vxmqimxe uyi ehxi e vswwmhmrmjeji ji s rsgyzsx jiwmktex-wi gsqs “iy”, sy wipe, ji gstuymwzex
yq rykex ji itytgmeçãs tyqe nmwzóxme, yq rykex vexe jmwgsxxix. (PIXYWERMTWOC, 6442, v. 77).
Jiwji wiy tewgmqitzs, e gxmetçe é itbsrbmje vsx iwwe rmtkyekiq evxiwitzeje vire qãi. Yq tsqi,
yq wsxxmws, yqe gstbixwe, yqe getçãs, zsjsw sw iriqitzsw vxiwitziw te qezixtekiq slixigiq
qimsw vexe e gxmetçe gstwzmzymx-wi wyhpizmbeqitzi. Es slixigix, e qãi iwvixe uyi e gxmetçe jibsrbe
iwwe mtzixeçãs, uyix gsq s qsbmqitzs js gsxvs, uyix vswzixmsxqitzi gsq viuyitsw herhygmsw,
verebxew i lmterqitzi yqe rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe. Uyetjs iwwe mtzixezmbmjeji gsqiçe e lernex i vixji
e wye gstwzetzi xigmvxsgmjeji, “[...] biqsw wyxkmx, rsks vsx bsrze jsw wimw qiwiw ji mjeji, sw vxmqimxsw
zxeçsw eyzmwzew” (OYVLIX, 6444, v. 85). E vxóvxme eyzsxe xiwwerze uyi iwwe mtzixvxizeçãs jiwwiw lezsw
vire vwmgetármwi tãs gyrvehmrmfe ew qãiw, qew tsw lef xilrizmx wshxi e gstjmçãs je iwzxyzyxe vwíuymge i
hmsrókmge uyi s vxóvxms hihê evxiwitze. Ire elmxqe uyi “[...] lernsy e lytçãs qezixte tãs vsxuyi e
qãi tãs zmbiwwi gstjmçõiw ji idixgê-re, qew vsxuyi wiy hihê tãs zmtne gstjmçõiw ji ehwsxbê-re”
(OYVLIX, 6444, v. 14). Ew idvigzezmbew uyi ew qãiw zêq wshxi wiyw lmrnsw tewgiq ji wiyw jiwipsw
wshxi iriw, wiyw jiwipsw wshxi s lyzyxs jiriw i wiyw jiwipsw ji qyjetçe sy gstgxizmfeçãs ji wiyw
wstnsw i ji bmje ezé euyiri qsqitzs. E eywêtgme ji rmtkyekiq mqviji qymzew bifiw uyi irew wi
xigstniçeq tiriw sy itgstzxiq teuyire gxmetçe yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji xiermfeçãs jew wyew
iwvixetçew. Iwwi vxsgiwws jsrsxsws i mtzitws vsji egehex vsx lxekmrmfex, ji lsxqe wyzmr, iwwe xireçãs
iwvixeje, jimdetjs e gxmetçe vixjmje iq yq qytjs ji rmtkyekiq wiq xiwvswzew, wiq mtzixeçãs.
E rmtkyekiq, gsqs pá bmqsw, vsji wix idvxiwwe te lere sy ts gsxvs, qew wiqvxi é wyhrmtneje vsx
yq ewvigzs wyhpizmbs, yq jiwips ji idvxiwwãs vixqetitzi, vxiwitzi iq zsjs s nyqets. Iq yqe
gxmetçe gsq iwwe erzixeçãs ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq, qymzew bifiw s gsxvs vsji wix ywejs gsqs
idvxiwwãs je rmtkyekiq sy, qirnsx, ji yq jiwips uyi tiq wiqvxi wi evxiwitze iq idvxiwwãs
jmxize.
E rmtkyekiq gsxvsxer é ehwsxbmje tiwwe mtzixeçãs, mtmgmerqitzi vsx iriqitzsw lxekqitzejsw ji
mqmzeçãs i, jivsmw ji mtzixtermfejsw, jibsrbmje tew idvxiwwõiw gsxvsxemw i legmemw js wypimzs. Iwwe
xireçãs vxmqáxme qswzxe e gsqvxiitwãs jew wyzmrifew je rmtkyekiq i js eqvrs ewvigzs ji
vswwmhmrmjejiw js wypimzs ji qsbix-wi ts qytjs. Vsjiqsw mtlixmx uyi iwwi jsqítms je rmtkyekiq
gsqvrize ew xireçõiw je lere i, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi, jiwwi geqvs wyzmr je rmtkyekiq gsqs yq zsjs,
gsqs yqe lsxqe ji wix ts qytjs.
E igsrerme sy sw qsbmqitzsw iwzixiszmvejsw i xivizmzmbsw wãs lxyzs jew jmlmgyrjejiw jiwwe xireçãs
itzxi e lere i s gsxvs i e wye wyhpizmbeçãs. Iwwiw jsmw iriqitzsw, itgstzxejsw gsq qymze lxiuyêtgme
iq vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze, wãs iriqitzsw mqvsxzetziw e wixiq jigsjmlmgejsw.
Gsqs yq iriqitzs mtgsqvrizs, iriw evstzeq ewvigzsw wyhpizmbsw uyi tãs gstwikymxeq idvxiwwex
ji lsxqe gsqvrize sy ejiuyeje, tsw vexâqizxsw iwvixejsw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs.
E igsrerme é e xivxsjyçãs ji wstw sy verebxew, ji lsxqe mtbsrytzáxme, gevzejsw js jmwgyxws ji syzxe
viwwse, iq kixer, jmxmkmjs es wypimzs igsrármgs (JERKEREXXSTJS, 6444; VMXIW, 6443). E igsrerme vsji
wix jiwgxmze iq jsmw zmvsw: e zexjme i e mqijmeze. Te vxmqimxe, shwixbeq-wi xivxsjyçõiw ji
lxekqitzsw sy lerew sybmjew etzixmsxqitzi, gsqs iq vxskxeqew ji ziribmwãs, xájms sy qúwmgew. E
gexegzixíwzmge qemw qexgetzi é e ji uyi, tiwwe xivxsjyçãs, ná yqe mqmzeçãs vxigmwe jew zstermjejiw
i qmtúgmew iwvigílmgew ji stji lsxeq xivxsjyfmjew. Te wikytje, e xivxsjyçãs é ji yqe lere wsh e
lsxqe ji igs, iq kixer, xivizmtjs e lxewi sy e verebxe lmter vxslixmje virs mtzixrsgyzsx (VMXIW, 6443).
Es vitwexqsw uyi e rmtkyekiq é yqe idvxiwwãs uyi qiwgre ewvigzsw rmtkyíwzmgsw (e sxjiq je lere
vxstytgmeje) gsq ewvigzsw wyhpizmbsw (s jiwips js leretzi iq idvxiwwex erks wiy), e igsrerme tsw
xiqizi e yqe jiwgstidãs itzxi iwwiw jsmw vsrsw. Es xivizmx, s wypimzs vxslixi yqe lere
jiwgstzidzyermfeje, ts ziqvs i ts jmxigmsteqitzs. Gstzyjs, vsjiqsw mtlixmx uyi e iwgsrne je
verebxe sy idvxiwwãs tãs é eriezóxme, yqe bif uyi jitzxi zsjs s ytmbixws ji idvxiwwãs e irimçãs
jiwwi lxekqitzs vsji zix erkyq wmktmlmgejs vexe s wypimzs. E igsrerme zxef iq wm yq vxsgiwws vxmqáxms
ji mqmzeçãs, ts uyer euyiri wypimzs wi evxsvxme ji yq jizixqmtejs shpizs (e verebxe) vexe idvxiwwex
erks ji wiy witzmqitzs, qiwqs uyi e xireçãs itzxi verebxe i gsrizmbmjeji tãs evxiwitziq yqe
gsxxireçãs. Wikytjs Vmxiw (6443, v. 31),
[...] e vswwmhmrmjeji ji mqmzex ziq mqvrígmze e gxitçe iq yqe xibixwmhmrmjeji itzxi wypimzs i shpizs i yqe
mjitzmlmgeçãs itzxi jsmw wypimzsw uyi mtzixgeqhmeq rykexiw. É, iq wyqe, yqe lsxqe ji iwzex pytzs gsq erkyéq,
gsqvexzmrnex gsxvsw, qsbmqitzsw i wstw.
Tiwwi xegmsgítms, e verebxe igsrármge wixbi gsqs yqe zitzezmbe ji gsqytmgeçãs, uyi, uyetjs gnike
es mtzixrsgyzsx, vsji vexigix jiwgstigzeje, eziqvsxer i wiq witzmjs, qew uyi, vexe s iqmzitzi, é
yqe tsbe zitzezmbe ji evxsdmqeçãs i ji jmxigmsteqitzs es qytjs idzixmsx.
Vsjiqsw vitwex erks wmqmrex ts uyi wi xilixi es gsxvs i wyew qetmliwzeçõiw xivizmzmbew. Es wi
lsxqex hmsrskmgeqitzi, s gsxvs líwmgs é yq iqexetnejs ji zigmjsw mtzixrmkejsw, gsq witwsxmermjeji
ji erze vxigmwãs, qew uyi emtje gexigi ji qexgew líwmgew vexe jizixqmtex wye qetmliwzeçãs ts
qytjs. Iwwi ewvigzs é gstwzxyíjs vsx qims je idvixmêtgme wyhpizmbe gsq syzxs wix nyqets. E qãi
qevime s gsxvs je gxmetçe, jetjs e ire yq witzmjs, yq jmxigmsteqitzs i, gstwiuyitziqitzi, yqe
xivxiwitzeçãs qitzer wyhpizmbe ji wm qiwqe tiwwe xireçãs. S gsxvs, nmvszizmgeqitzi, vsjixme wix s
qiwqs vexe zsjsw, vsxéq, wiqvxi nebixme yqe qexge viwwser te wye idmwzêtgme, te wye
idvxiwwmbmjeji. Iwwi é s vevir je gstwzxyçãs wyhpizmbe, jimdex qexgew vxslytjew vexe s
xigstnigmqitzs, virs vxóvxms wypimzs, js wiy gsxvs i je wye xireçãs gsq s ytmbixws uyi s lytjsy. S
zsuyi, s wsxxmws, e itzsteçãs, e lsxçe je vxiwwãs js gstzezs, zsjsw sw iriqitzsw lsxqeq iwwi gsxvs
wyhpizmbs, iwwi gsxvs mtbmwíbir, qew wiqvxi vxiwitzi. Wikytjs Tewms (6445, v. 2), “[...] zsje witweçãs
xier é tigiwwexmeqitzi jyvrmgeje vsx yqe bmxzyermjeji [...] s gsxvs tãs idmwzi ts iwveçs, idmwzi te
gehiçe jeuyiri uyi s gexxike”. S gsxvs wó wi qsbmqitze ts iwveçs uyetjs i vsxuyi ná e vxiwitçe
jiwwe qexge ji syzxs, jiwwe xireçãs mtmgmer. E geje xiwvmxeçãs, geje kiwzs, geje mtzixeçãs gsq wiy
itzsxts, s gsxvs bem witjs qexgejs i xikmwzxejs tiwwi iwveçs bmxzyer, ji mqekitw mtzixmsxmfejew.
Wikytjs s qiwqs eyzsx,
[...] s mtbiwzmqitzs rmhmjmter tãs hewze vexe uyi yq egstzigmqitzs witwsxmer wipe xivxiwitzejs i bmbmjs, é
vxigmws zeqhéq uyi iri iwzipe rmkejs à vxiwitçe mtzixmsxmfeje js syzxs. (TEWMS, 6443, v. 5).
 S uyi s eyzsx gneqe ji mtbiwzmqitzs rmhmjmter vsji wix gsqvxiitjmjs gsqs e itixkme vwíuymge
iqvxikeje iq yqe wmzyeçãs, uyix virs vxóvxms wypimzs, uyix vsx syzxs nyqets wshxi s vxóvxms
wypimzs.
S gsxvs, iwveçs stji ná e erlehizmfeçãs vxmqimxe je tswwe idmwzêtgme, wixbi gsqs hewi ji zsjew ew
tswwew idvxiwwõiw. E xireçãs itzxi jiwips i qetmliwzeçãs je lere shijigi e iwwi qiwqs lsxqezs.
Uyetjs iq zitxe mjeji s jsqítms je lere emtje tãs wi iwzehirigiy, s hihê ywe wiy vxóvxms gsxvs
vexe qswzxex wyew tigiwwmjejiw. Pske s gsxvs vexe e lxitzi uyetjs uyix erks, hezi vixtew sy wi
wegsji vexe ergetçex shpizsw, wegsji-wi zsjs vexe xivxsjyfmx s wsq js gnsgerns, iwzmge sw hxeçsw
vexe wix qsbmjs. S gsxvs bem kxejyerqitzi ketnetjs wmktmlmgâtgme i gstwzxymtjs yqe zime ji
idvxiwwõiw líwmgew, pá evsmejew iq qetmliwzeçõiw js wiy geqvs wyhpizmbs. S ezs bem kxejyerqitzi
witjs zxetwlsxqejs iq rmtkyekiq, eqvrmetjs e xiji ji gstidõiw vswwíbimw ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq.
Es tsw jivexexqsw gsq yqe iwzixiszmvme, uyi Jerkerexxstjs (6444, v. 772) jilmti gsqs
[...] xivizmçõiw eyzsqázmgew i ytmlsxqiw ji jizixqmtejs ezs qszsx gsqvrids, kixerqitzi mtjmgetjs qexgetzi
vixje js gstzxsri bsrytzáxms wshxi e iwlixe qszsxe.
Vsjiqsw vitwex uyi iwwe qetmliwzeçãs gsxvóxie evexitziqitzi wiq witzmjs zeqhéq gexxike iq
wm, ewwmq gsqs te igsrerme, yqe jiwgstidãs js líwmgs gsq s wmqhórmgs. Tew verebxew ji Gebergetzm
(evyj VMXIW, 6443, v. 27),
[...] s ezs je verebxe, uyetjs xijyfmjs es gsxvs sy, es gstzxáxms, vixjmjs ts etstmqezs js gójmks, vixji e
gstjmçãs mtzixqijmáxme uyi rni já jmqitwãs wmqhórmge.
S gsxvs, uyi evexitziqitzi tew wyew iwzixiszmvmew, qetimxmwqsw i zmuyiw xivxiwitzeq evitew
yqe jiwgexke zitwmster, tiwze gstgivçãs zióxmge, ziq tsw qsbmqitzsw yqe xivxiwitzeçãs wmqhórmge
jmxmkmje es wiy itzsxts, qiwqs uyi iwwi tãs gstwmke jigsjmlmgá-re.
Gehi xiwwerzex uyi, es tãs gstwikymx mtwixmx wiy geqvs wyhpizmbs (wiy jiwips, wye bstzeji, wye
idvxiwwmbmjeji) ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq sy, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi, je rítkye, s gsxvs vsji wixbmx ji
biígyrs vexe mwws. Qymzsw jsw ezsw ji ekxiwwãs uyi vxiwitgmeqsw iq zsjsw sw nyqetsw xilixiq-wi à
mqvswwmhmrmjeji ji idvxiwwãs ts geqvs wyzmr je rmtkyekiq, jiwwiw iriqitzsw mtzixtsw. Yq ezs ji
ekxiwwãs é wiqvxi yq ezs tãs wmqhsrmfejs i tãs gstzxsrejs, qew gsq e tigiwwmjeji ji
qetmliwzeçãs virs wypimzs.
Uyetjs vitweqsw tsw gewsw xirezejsw, e wmqmrexmjeji iwzá te vxiwitçe jiwwiw iriqitzsw
wyhpizmbsw uyi gstzsxteq s gsxvs je gxmetçe. Ew idvxiwwõiw wãs qetmliwzew tew iwzixiszmvmew js
gsxvs i ts iqvshxigmqitzs je rmtkyekiq, uyix vsx xivizmçãs, uyix vsx eywêtgme ji rmtkyekiq.
Ts gews je gxmetçe ji 6 etsw, s uyi wi bê é yqe jmlmgyrjeji ji evxsvxmeçãs jiwwi geqvs je
rmtkyekiq, gsq jmlmgyrjeji ts itzitjmqitzs je rítkye gsqs yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji mtzixeçãs gsq sw
wiyw vexiw. E rmtkyekiq uyewi lixi, lefitjs-s zevex sw sybmjsw, jimdex ji ywex verebxew,
qetmliwzetjs-wi evitew vsx rizxew sy viuyitsw bsgáhyrsw. Uyetjs e verebxe lerze, s gsxvs itzxe iq
eçãs, uyix vsx gnyziw, uyix vire vxiwitzi etwmijeji jizigzeje virsw vemw.
E gstwzxyçãs wmqhórmge uyi wywzitze s hxmtgex wikyi e qiwqe iwzimxe js geqvs je rmtkyekiq. S
ytmbixws mtzixts i letzewmsws uyi bem wi qetmliwzetjs tew viuyitew qetmvyreçõiw, tew mtzixeçõiw
gsq uyeruyix hxmtuyijs, te gstwzxyçãs je gite letzewmswe js hxmtgex é s qiwqs uyi wi evxiwitze
te idvxiwwãs rmtkyíwzmge js wypimzs. S hxmtgex vexe e gxmetçe é s qemsx xivxiwitzetzi js wiy qytjs
mtzixts. S vxsgiwws js hxmtgex é xiribetzi i gstwzmzymtzi ji zsje e lsxqeçãs jiwwi tsbs wix. Es wi
evxsvxmex js wiy itzsxts, xier sy letzewmsws, iwwe evxsvxmeçãs xignime wiy geqvs wmqhórmgs es
mtzixtermfex yqe xivxiwitzeçãs vwíuymge jiwwi iriqitzs, es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi vxiitgni ew
lerzew sy eywêtgmew uyi bmbitgme te idvixmêtgme. E gstjmçãs mqekmtezmbe vswwmhmrmze idvixmqitzex yqe
xiermjeji gsq sw qiwqsw vsjixiw jew bmbêtgmew xiemw, yqe bif uyi é ts geqvs wyhpizmbs uyi wãs
evxiitjmjew ew qsjmlmgeçõiw i mtzixeçõiw gsq s qytjs uyi s gixge. Iwwi é s vxmtgívms je
evxitjmfekiq uyi, vexzmtjs ji erkyq iriqitzs gstgxizs, s wypimzs mtzixtermfe wiyw iriqitzsw i
wyhpizmbeqitzi sw xisxjite ji lsxqe mrmqmzeje, vsjitjs vewwex e mtlixêtgmew wiq qemw e vxiwitçe
js shpizs.
S qitmts qemsx tsw qswzxe iwwe jmlmgyrjeji js geqvs je rmtkyekiq. Qymzew bifiw, s ezs ji lerex
sy xivxiwitzex gyqvxi e lytçãs ji hxmtgex, xibiwzmtjs e jyxife je xiermjeji gsq tsbew gstszeçõiw,
gsqs e mxstme sy s psks ji verebxew. E igsrerme i ew xivizmçõiw gstwzetziw ji lxewiw i mtjekeçõiw
xilriziq e jiwgstidãs itzxi s geqvs wmqhórmgs i e qetmliwzeçãs rmtkyíwzmge. Shwixbeje te
vixwvigzmbe ji Vmxiw (6443), iwwe igsrerme zexjme xilrizme e tigiwwmjeji ji idvxiwwãs, ji mtzixezmbmjeji,
qew gsq yqe jiwgstzidzyermfeçãs wiqvxi vxiwitzi. Es mtjekex viws i erzyxe sy lmgex xivizmtjs
lxewi ji ewwytzsw js wiy mtzixiwwi vexzmgyrex, ji lsxqe jiwbmtgyreje es gstzidzs js jmársks, tsw lef
vitwex wshxi e gevegmjeji ji xigstnigmqitzs je mtzixezmbmjeji wsgmer, vsxéq gsq jmlmgyrjejiw te
qsjyreçãs i te vxóvxme wiqâtzmge je rmtkyekiq. É gsqs wi, tiwwi ezs, s qitmts zitzewwi xivxsjyfmx
tsbeqitzi e mtzixeçãs iwzehirigmje es itytgmex iwwi uyiwzmsteqitzs. Es xivizmx mtgiwwetziqitzi e
vixkytze, e eywêtgme ji witzmjs wi mtzixvõi es mtzixrsgyzsx, vsx tãs xigstnigix titnyqe rókmge iq
xivizmx yqe elmxqeçãs pá limze i ewwmqmreje. Itzxizetzs, es iqmzitzi, e hywge xivizmzmbe je itytgmeçãs
je qiwqe vixkytze é yqe zitzezmbe ji xivxsjyçãs ji yq wzezyw mtmgmer ji wygiwws te mtzixrsgyçãs.
Qiwqs wiq e sxmkmtermjeji tigiwwáxme vexe e mtzixrsgyçãs i evxiitwãs je ezitçãs js mtzixrsgyzsx, s
qitmts hywge, vire xivizmçãs, lsxqex yq bítgyrs wyhpizmbs, yq bítgyrs gsqytmgezmbs, iq yqe
zitzezmbe ji wi zsxtex yq wix wsgmer, gsqs sw jiqemw js wiy itzsxts.
Vixgihi-wi uyi e mtzirmkêtgme qswzxebe-wi vxiwixbeje, gsq gevegmjeji ji ehwsxçãs ji bsgáhyrs,
mtgrywmbi iq syzxs mjmsqe, vsxéq, s yws i e idvxiwwmbmjeji qswzxebeq-wi gsqvxsqizmjsw. S exzmks
ji sxmkiq jiwwi zidzs tsw xilixitje e idmwzêtgme ji yqe lsxqeçãs gsxzmger etsxqer je rmtkyekiq, s
uyi egexxizexme mqvrmgeçõiw ts geqvs qyrzmwwitwsxmer i te vxswójme. Iwzyjsw gsqs s ji Wmiker i Ryge
(6442) xibireq uyi é mqvsxzetzi ebermex s yws je vxswójme te gsqvxiitwãs je rmtkyekiq. Xilixiq
sw eyzsxiw uyi qymzsw mtjmbíjysw gsq zxetwzsxts js iwvigzxs eyzmwze ji erzs lytgmsteqitzs
evxiwitzeq jmlmgyrjeji tew tyetgiw je rítkye i, gstwiuyitziqitzi, te gsqvxiitwãs i
mtzixvxizeçãs ji iriqitzsw gstzxejmzóxmsw sy eqhíkysw vxiwitziw te mtzixrsgyçãs. Qymzsw vxigmweq
ji epyje ji syzxs mtzixrsgyzsx vexe mtzixekmx tiwwew gmxgytwzâtgmew. Mwws tiq wiqvxi wmktmlmge e
ehwsxçãs jiwwi qsjs idvxiwwmbs. Ts gews evxiwitzejs, sw vemw wixbmeq gsqs qijmejsxiw i
eydmrmebeq tiwwew wmzyeçõiw. E lridãs ji bsf i e eywêtgme ji qsjyreçãs xilriziq ew jmlmgyrjejiw ts
geqvs je vxekqázmge. E vxekqázmge, wikytjs Qexzmt evyj Lexxirr (6442), wãs “[...] ew nehmrmjejiw uyi
yzmrmfeqsw vexe mtzixekmx ilizmbeqitzi, gsqvexzmrnex s wmktmlmgejs i tsw gsqytmgex gsq sw syzxsw”. Iri
xivxiwitze e ilizmbeçãs je rmtkyekiq ts geqvs wsgmer, ji egsxjs gsq ew tsxqew gyrzyxemw js wypimzs.
S qitmts evxiwitzebe e qiwqe jmlmgyrjeji ji ewwmqmrex i yzmrmfex iwwiw iriqitzsw uyi eqvrmeq i
jmxigmsteq e mtzixeçãs wsgmer, ji mtzixvxizex s gójmks wyhpegitzi js vxsgiwws ji gsqytmgeçãs uyi
wi iwzehirigi vexe eréq js wmqvriw vxstytgmeqitzs ji verebxew te mtzixvxizeçãs jsw zidzsw. É
vswwíbir vitwex uyi e nehmrmjeji ji rix verebxew i lxewiw tãs zsxte yq wypimzs gevef ji idzxemx yqe
mtzixvxizeçãs vswwíbir ji yq zidzs. S vxsgiwws mtzixvxizezmbs é eqvrs i itbsrbi tãs evitew s uyi
iwzá idvrígmzs, qew zeqhéq ew tyetgiw i sw tãs jmzsw, tãs idvrígmzsw ji yq zidzs. Es xilixmx-wi wshxi
s wmktmlmgejs ts geqvs je rmtkyekiq, Lexxirr (6442, v. 14) xilixitje uyi “[...] s wmktmlmgejs é qymzs
qemw js uyi s yws ji yq ridiqe. [...] S leretzi ziq ji vswwymx yq gixzs gstnigmqitzs ji gstgimzsw”.
Iwwi gstgimzs xilixmjs zxef iq wm yqe eqvrmzyji ts geqvs idvxiwwmbs uyi tãs itgstzxeqsw tsw
gewsw evxiwitzejsw i iq qymzsw syzxsw xirezejsw vire rmzixezyxe.
S jiwelms zixevêyzmgs é s ji vswwmhmrmzex s qádmqs ji idvixmêtgmew es wypimzs, gsqs lsxqe ji
eqvrmex iwwe gstjmçãs ji mtzixeçãs gsq e rmtkyekiq. Yq vxsgiwws ji vixqetitzi xigstwzxyçãs, ji
zxsgew wyhpizmbew i ji ximtbiwzmqitzs rmhmjmter wshxi s wypimzs.

GEWSW GRÍTMGSW: XIREZSW JI LXEKQITZSW JS ZXEZEQITZS

Gews 7: Qitmts, 6 etsw i 0 qiwiw – mtzixbitçãs

S zxeherns vwmgsvijekókmgs hewisy-wi te iwzmqyreçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs e vexzmx js xilixitgmer
hmhrmskxálmgs jew eyzsxew Iyfe Qexme ji Xifitji Hsteqmks, Bixe Qexme je Xsgne Gxmwzóbãs, Nirsíwe
Oeilix i Hixitmgi Aerlxmj Ribc, zitjs Kiwirr gsqs xilixêtgme js jiwitbsrbmqitzs krsher.
Yq jsw vstzsw mtmgmemw js zxeherns lsm e xisxketmfeçãs js geqvs je rmtkyekiq, zetzs te eqvrmeçãs
js geqvs wmqhórmgs gsqs te gstwzxyçãs ji iriqitzsw vexe e wye idvxiwwãs. Vexe mwws, e
gsrehsxeçãs jsw vemw lsm ji idzxiqe mqvsxzâtgme, vsmw iriw lsxeq mtwixmjsw ts vxsgiwws jiwji s
mtígms js egsqvetneqitzs.
Vexe yq qemsx jiwitbsrbmqitzs je rmtkyekiq idvxiwwmbe, lsm wykixmjs esw vemw uyi lerewwiq ew
verebxew i eçõiw ew uyemw s qitmts wsrmgmzebe, ywetjs-sw gsqs mtzixqijmáxmsw je rmtkyekiq. Yq
idiqvrs jiwwe eçãs wi iwzehirigme uyetjs nebme erkyqe tigiwwmjeji háwmge, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs,
hihix ákye. Tiwwe wmzyeçãs iwvigílmge, sw vemw lsxeq sxmitzejsw e viká-rs vire qãs i ribá-rs es
shpizs (ákye/gsvs), itzãs, evstzebeq vexe s shpizs i jmfmeq s tsqi js shpizs i e eçãs: “Uyixiw
ákye? Bsy vikex s gsvs”.
Sw vemw lsxeq zeqhéq sxmitzejsw e eydmrmá-rs e jmqmtymx ew eçõiw ji iwzixiszmvmew gsq sw
hxmtuyijsw sy shpizsw qixeqitzi xivizmzmbsw, ribetjs-s vexe idvrsxex syzxew wmzyeçõiw gsqs ákye,
exime, hxmtuyijsw es ex rmbxi, ji qetimxe e eqvrmex s wiy xivixzóxms rújmgs i te zitzezmbe ji mtzixekmx
ji egsxjs gsq wye lemde izáxme. Wikytjs xirezsw, te gewe ji leqmrmexiw (ebów i zmsw), ewwmq gsqs iq
wye vxóvxme gewe ixe gsqyq jimdá-rs gsq s bitzmrejsx i s ewvmxejsx. Iwwiw hxmtuyijsw
iwzixiszmvejsw sy xivizmzmbsw kixebeq vxefix es qitmts. Sw vemw lsxeq sxmitzejsw e eqvrmexiq ew
vswwmhmrmjejiw rújmgew je gxmetçe, evxiwitzejs tsbew idvixmêtgmew ji mtzixeçãs gsq s qims i gsq
syzxsw qezixmemw. Ewwmq, sw psksw lsxeq kxejyerqitzi qsjmlmgejsw vexe vmtzyxe iq qyxs, eydírms
vexe qidix gsq vretzew, ákye, gsxjew i zyjs uyi vyjiwwi gxmex iwzíqyrs i gstnigmqitzs eqhmitzer.
Tsw vxmqimxsw itgstzxsw, s qitmts vxigmwsy lefix yq xilixitgmer elizmbs i rújmgs, uyetjs lsm
slixigmjs zsjs yq xivixzóxms ji ezmbmjejiw vxefixswew i legmrmzejsxew vexe e iwzmqyreçãs, sy wipe,
lsxeq vxsvmgmejsw s vxefix i e jiwgshixze, e evxitjmfekiq i s gxmezmbs, s lefix i e mtzitçãs, s srnex i
e wyxvxiwe. Ew ezmbmjejiw ji qstzex i jiwqstzex, ekxyvex i grewwmlmgex, iqvmrnex i itgemdex, mjitzmlmgex
i tsqiex, eqewwex, vmtzex, pskex, xehmwgex i bmhxex gsq wyew gxmeçõiw lsxeq mtzikxetjs e eçãs gsq s
vitweqitzs. Lxyzs jiwwe mtzixeçãs, e rmtkyekiq wyxkmy gsqs xiwyrzejs jiwwe evxsvxmeçãs js wypimzs.
Uyetjs wypebe e qãs gsq e zmtze i gsrsgebe ts vevir, jmfme: “qãs” i xme gsq wye shxe. Vijme iwwe
tsbe ezmbmjeji gsq yqe tsbe lere, uyetjs pytzsy vmtzex gsq zmtze, wyxkmtjs “uyéms zmtzá”. Lsm
jiwitbsrbitjs e ezmbmjeji sxketmfeje i gstwzxymtjs e rmtkyekiq. S jiwiqvitns iq zsjew ew áxiew
lsm wyxvxiitjitziqitzi ibsrymtjs, yqe bif uyi etziw ji vijmx vexe vmtzex lefme s qsbmqitzs gsq s
jijs vexe vijmx vmtzyxe. Srnebe vexe ew gsmwew i vexe ew viwwsew ji qetimxe uyi s srnex lsm s
iriqitzs qemw wmktmlmgezmbs iq wiy vxskxiwws i wye ibsryçãs. Pá gstwikyme jizigzex wsq es rstki i
xilixme s uyi sybme: uyetjs vewwsy yq ebmãs s qitmts jmwwi: “ebmãs vewwsy rstki”. Xilixme-wi e wm
qiwqs virs tsqi, tsqiebe vexziw js gsxvs, tsqiebe shpizsw te lmkyxe, xivizme lxewiw ji gmtgs
verebxew. Wehme jizigzex iriqitzsw js eqhmitzi gsqs lxms, getwejs, lsqi. Evów erkyq ziqvs, gsq e
eqvrmeçãs je idvxiwwmbmjeji lsm gevef ji gstwzxymx wyhpizmbeqitzi e gevegmjeji ji idvxiwwex eçõiw
iq rmbxsw: “titê tetetjs”, “qitmts psketjs”. Lefme xirezs ji idvixmêtgmew, etzigmvebe i ewwsgmebe sw
lezsw. E gstwzxyçãs wmqhórmge vixqmzme idvxiwwex-wi iq yqe hxmtgejimxe sxmitzeje: gsrsgebe s
qitmts (hstigs) vexe jsxqmx, lefme vmffe ts lsxts gsq qewwmtne ji qsjirex, vytne s gexxs te
kexekiq. Es lmter, tsqiebe wyew vxsjyçõiw gsq exkmre.
Vswzixmsxqitzi, te iwgsre, esw 8 etsw i qims, evxiwitzebe jiwitbsrbmqitzs ejiuyejs vexe e
mjeji, xiwvswzew wiqirnetziw esw mkyemw, mtzixeçãs gsq sw gsrikew jitzxs js iwvixejs i rmtkyekiq
jiwitbsrbmje. Elizysws, jiqstwzxebe gstwzetziqitzi wiy gexmtns, eréq ji wiqvxi lefix yws ji
idvxiwwõiw gsxjmemw gsqs: “vsx lebsx”, “shxmkejs” i “gsq rmgitçe”. Uyetjs ixe wsrmgmzejs vexe
idigyçãs ji erkyqe zexile, jiqstwzxebe kxetji mtzixiwwi, zxefitjs lezsw ji wye bmbêtgme.
Gstgitzxebe-wi iq zyjs s uyi lefme, wiqvxi qszmbejs vexe lefix vmtzyxe e jijs i gsq vmtgir,
gsrekiq i sw zxehernsw vxsvswzsw. Evxigmebe ezmbmjejiw uyi itbsrbiwwiq qúwmge, jetçe i
jxeqezmfeçãs.
Gews 6: Qitmts, 77 etsw i 2 qiwiw – mtzixbitçãs
S egsqvetneqitzs mtmgmejs rsks evów s vixísjs ji ebermeçãs hywgebe s qádmqs ji
idvxiwwmbmjeji js qitmts. Xigstnigix ew gexegzixíwzmgew wmtkyrexiw es wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs, hiq
gsqs ew lsxqew ji idvxiwwmbmjeji vswwíbimw jeuyiri wypimzs lsxeq s vstzs ji vexzmje.
E leqírme, s vem, e qãi i e mxqã, es rstks jsw etsw, pá nebme jiwitbsrbmjs yq qetips vexzmgyrex es
jiwitbsrbmqitzs js qitmts. E mxqã tiwwi vixísjs qsxebe iq syzxe gmjeji, lmgetjs s qitmts gsq s
qetips uyewi idgrywmbs jsw vemw. Yq jsw vstzsw xiwwerzejsw vire leqírme ixe e jmlmgyrjeji iq eydmrmex
s qitmts iq iwzehirigix xireçõiw gsq vexgimxsw je qiwqe mjeji. Sw ejyrzsw uyi lxiuyitzebeq e
gewe je leqírme iq kixer wi qswzxebeq qemw vegmitgmswsw gsq s qitmts, qew s qiwqs tãs
egstzigme gsq gxmetçew te qiwqe lemde izáxme.
Ts mtígms js zxezeqitzs, nsybi yqe qyjetçe ji iwgsre, qszmbeje vire hywge ji yqe iwgsre gsq
idvixmêtgmew etzixmsxiw iq mtgrywãs iwgsrex, gevef ji wyvsxzex ew gexegzixíwzmgew vxóvxmew js qitmts.
S vxsgiwws lsm egsqvetnejs zixeviyzmgeqitzi i qswzxsy xiwyrzejsw qymzs lebsxábimw. E mtwixçãs js
qitmts te iwgsre, vsx yqe sxmitzeçãs je vxóvxme iwgsre, lsm kxejyer. Tew vxmqimxew wiqetew,
shwixbetjs e iribeçãs je etwmijeji js qitmts te were ji eyre, sw vemw lsxeq sxmitzejsw e zxefê-rs
iq nsxáxmsw i ezmbmjejiw gsq kxyvsw qitsxiw i gsqvriqitzex ew ezmbmjejiw iq gewe, vexe e
mtwixçãs vxskxiwwmbe ts kxyvs ji gsrikew. S vxsgiwws, uyi jyxsy jsmw qiwiw, qswzxsy-wi ilmgef,
zetzs vexe s qitmts, gsqs vexe sw gsrikew. E jmlmgyrjeji ji mtzixeçãs i ji qsjyreçãs te xireçãs
gsq sw gsrikew lsm witjs xigstwzxyíje ts geqvs iwgsrex. E idvxiwwãs ji elizs i ji ekxejs, uyi
mtmgmerqitzi ixe mtzitwe i wiq ejiuyeçãs, lsm witjs sxmitzeje i xisxjiteje, mtgrywmbi virsw vxóvxmsw
gsrikew.
Ts gstwyrzóxms, e rmtkyekiq mtmgmer gstwzmzyíje vsx lxewiw xivizmzmbew lsm kxejyerqitzi eqvrmetjs s
xivixzóxms ji verebxew, mtzixiwwiw i gsqvxiitwãs. E ideywzmbe vixkytze wshxi viws i qijmje lsm
mtmgmerqitzi xijmxigmsteje es qitmts, jivsmw lsm iwzitjmje esw jiqemw i jivsmw, kxejyerqitzi,
xilixitjeje ts geqvs wsgmer. Vixkytzew xilridmbew vewwebeq e lefix vexzi js psks: “Wixá uyi zsjsw
kswzeq ji jmfix wiy viws?”, “Uyi syzxe vixkytze vsjixíeqsw lefix?”.
E jmlmgyrjeji iq gstwzxymx e eqhmkymjeji ji witzmjsw vexe ew idvxiwwõiw lsm zxeherneje vsx qims
jsw mtzixiwwiw js qitmts. Sxmitzejs zixeviyzmgeqitzi, s qitmts lsm mtwixmjs iq yqe eyre ji
tezeçãs, mtmgmerqitzi gsq s vem, jivsmw gsq yqe vxsliwwsxe. Gsqs iri wehme uyi s zixeviyze
zeqhéq tejebe ts qiwqs rykex, qew iq nsxáxmsw jmlixitziw, e vixkytze ji xivizmçãs ixe: “Uyetzsw
qizxsw zy tejew?”. Zsjew ew svsxzytmjejiw ixeq evxsbimzejew vexe uyi tsbsw iriqitzsw rújmgsw
vyjiwwiq wix egxiwgitzejsw. Evxsbimzetjs s mtzixiwwi jiri wshxi e tezeçãs i hywgetjs mtwixmx yqe
xiwvswze uyi vyjiwwi mtgrymx yqe hxmtgejimxe eqhíkye, letzewmsweqitzi s zixeviyze xiwvstjme uyi,
gsqs ixe qemw birns, wó tejebe ezé e qizeji je vmwgmte i, uyetjs getwebe, vexebe ts qims je
vmwgmte, vijme es werbe-bmjew vexe zxefix yq wetjyígni vexe wó jivsmw gstzmtyex e tejex. Mtmgmerqitzi
iri xme, mqekmtetjs e gite idezeqitzi gsqs jiwgxmze. Lefme erkyqew vixkytzew, xilixitjetjs mwws
gsqs yq lezs xier. Gstzebe iq gewe s qsjs gsqs s zixeviyze tejebe. Jyxetzi yq vixísjs qymzs
rstks iwwe hxmtgejimxe wi xivizmy, i e geje bif s zixeviyze letzewmebe erks yq vsygs jmlixitzi, yq
tsbs ermqitzs, syzxe viwwse eydmrmetjs sy erks wmqmrex. Vsx bifiw iriqitzsw je nmwzóxme ixeq
jiwitnejsw, iwgxmzsw sy itgitejsw. Geje bif e nmwzóxme vexigme qemw itkxeçeje e iri, uyi mqekmtebe
gstgxizeqitzi e wmzyeçãs. Yq jme, evów zix tejejs gsq s vem i xigstzejs vire itéwmqe bif wshxi e
nmwzóxme js zixeviyze, s vem uyiwzmstsy wi iri egnebe uyi s werbe-bmjew mxme xierqitzi itzxex te
vmwgmte gsq yq wetjyígni. E vixkytze js qitmts te wiwwãs wikymtzi lsm: “Iri (s werbe-bmjew) itzxe
qiwqs?”. Xiwwerzim e mqvsxzâtgme je júbmje jiri. Lsm s mtígms ji yqe kxetji qyjetçe. E vxiwitçe je
júbmje vewwsy e wi qetmliwzex geje bif qemw, eqvrmetjs i wyhpizmbetjs e rmtkyekiq. Gsq s eydírms
je leqírme, sw iriqitzsw wyhpizmbsw lsxeq evxiwitzejsw, zetzs ts gsqvsxzeqitzs, gsqs te
rmtkyekiq. Es lmter ji jsmw etsw, s qitmts pá vexzmgmvebe je bmje wsgmer gsq gsrikew je iwgsre (jitzxs
i lsxe jire), jiqstwzxebe yqe gsqvxiitwãs qemsx jew idvxiwwõiw wsgmemw i yqe qemsx qsjyreçãs i
ejiuyeçãs te xireçãs gsq sw jiqemw.
E úrzmqe bif uyi lsm es gstwyrzóxms lsm ts jme iq uyi iri jmwwi uyi tãs uyixme qemw vekex ew
gstwyrzew, vsxuyi uyixme uyi sw vemw kyexjewwiq s jmtnimxs vexe gsqvxex yq tsbs gsqvyzejsx
vexe iri. S ziqvs gsqvexzmrnejs pá nebme wmjs wylmgmitzi vexe qyjetçew, qiwqs uyi e rmtkyekiq i e
idvxiwwãs rmtkyíwzmge emtje evxiwitzewwiq iriqitzsw wmtkyrexiw. Idvxiwwex wye bstzeji ixe yq
kxetji ebetçs i mwws jibixme wix xiwvimzejs, elmter, é vexe uyi iri vyjiwwi idvxmqmx wiy vxóvxms
jiwips, zsxtex-wi wypimzs gsq bstzejiw vxóvxmew, uyi s egsqvetneqitzs wi gstwzmzymy.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
Es vitwexqsw iwwiw jsmw gewsw, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi s jmxigmsteqitzs jew mtzixbitçõiw, s uyi
lmge vxiwitzi é s gymjejs iq jex e geje yq jmximzs ji idvxiwwãs. Xigstnigix geje yq jiriw gsqs
yq wypimzs idvxiwwmbs, qiwqs uyi vsx getemw shwgyxsw esw jiqemw, é s mtígms js vxsgiwws.
S vxsgiwws uyi wi iwzehirigiy, tsw jsmw gewsw, iwzá qymzs vxódmqs js uyi Oyvlix (6444) gneqe ji
“ijygeçãs zixevêyzmge”. Tiwwi vxsgiwws, iq uyi vxigimzsw vwmgeterízmgsw wixbiq ji hewi, e
evxitjmfekiq, ts witzmjs eqvrs je verebxe, iwzá bsrzeje vexe s wypimzs i wye ezyeçãs ts qytjs.
Tiwwi gstzidzs, tãs wi zxeze ji ijygex sy idixgmzex e rmtkyekiq sy e idvxiwwãs je rítkye evitew,
qew ji xiwkezex s wypimzs ts wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs, gsqvxiitjitjs uyi s uyi wi qetmliwze tãs é
mqvxóvxms sy ernims es vxsgiwws ji mtwixçãs wsgmer. Wikytjs Oyvlix (6444, v. 771), “[...] tãs hywge
zxsgex s xier virs wmqhórmgs, i wmq mtwzmzymx s wmqhórmgs iq zsxts js xier”. S mtbiwzmqitzs iwzá te
gstzmtymjeji je qetmliwzeçãs jeuyiri uyi, js qsjs uyi gstwikyi, hywge mtzixekmx i wi qetmliwzex
jmetzi js wsgmer. Vixkytzew mtgiwwetziw, kxmzsw sy bsgermfeçõiw ji wstw, qemw js uyi mqvijmqitzsw,
wãs zitzezmbew ji idvxiwwãs ji witzmqitzsw, wãs sw iriqitzsw ji rmtkyekiq qetmliwzsw, jitzxs jew
vswwmhmrmjejiw jeuyiri wix. Mqekmtábeqsw, qiwqs iq wmzyeçõiw jmlixitziw i gsq ehsxjekitw
jmlixitziw, uyi e qixe xivizmçãs sy s zximteqitzs gstzítys ji idvxiwwõiw ji rmtkyekiq, qiwqs
uyi lswwiq ilmgmitziw gsqs vstzi itzxi viwwsew, tãs ezmtkmxmeq iriqitzsw gstwzmzyzmbsw jiwwe
iwzxyzyxeçãs. Iq tswwe gstgivçãs, e rmtkyekiq é yqe idvxiwwãs ji jiwips, yqe tigiwwmjeji ji
qetmliwzeçãs i ji xireçõiw wsgmemw wsrmgmzejew vsx uyiq wi idvxiwwe. Qiwqs uyetjs iwwe vstzi wi
uyihxe sy tãs wi qetmliwze gsqs iwvixejs vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs, emtje erm iwzá yq wypimzs
leretzi. Wywzitze tswwe mjime ji mtzixbitçãs jitzxs je ijygeçãs zixevêyzmge e elmxqeçãs ji Oyvlix
(6444, v. 770)
[...] vxigmwe berix-wi je jmxiçãs uyi yq ijygejsx mqvxmqi e uyeruyix ezs ijygezmbs – vxigmwe mtwzmzymx xikxew i
wi xiwvstwehmrmfex vsx wye wywzitzeçãs, wiq, gstzyjs, gsrex-wi ts rykex ji wehix.
S rykex js wehix euym xilixitjejs vsji wix gsqvxiitjmjs gsqs yqe vswmçãs ji itwmtekiq, te
uyer s vxsgiwws vexzi ji iriqitzsw mtzixtsw uyi wãs mqvswzsw es wypimzs, gsqs wi s uyi wi
evxiwitze gsqs rmtkyekiq i idvxiwwãs lswwiq evitew xilrids js ejsigmqitzs i tãs lxyzs jew
zitzezmbew ji mtzixeçãs, jitzxs jew vswwmhmrmjejiw e uyi e gxmetçe xigstnigi gsqs vswwíbimw. Wshxi
itwmtex i xigstwzxymx ew wyzmrifew te xireçãs itzxi s zixeviyze i e gxmetçe, idvetwíbir esw jiqemw,
idvxiwwe e eyzsxe,
[...] es qiwqs ziqvs, jibi iwgyzex s vsygs ji wypimzs uyi vsx bifiw erm iqixki sy qiwqs etzigmvá-rs vexe
vixqmzmx wiy ejbitzs. Vxigmwe wix gevef ji syzxs rejs, ji lefix giwwex e mtzixbitçãs ijygezmbe, ezébix wyxkmx e
sgewmãs ji xizsqá-re. (OYVLIX, 6444, v. 770).
S psks ji ijygex, evsmejs te vxázmge zixevêyzmge, xigstwzxóm e xireçãs mtmgmer jiwwe gxmetçe gsq s
qytjs, sxe witjs witzmjs gsqs mtbewmbs i jsrsxsws, sxe witjs ehwsxbmjs gsqs yq iriqitzs
gstlmábir. S iwveçs zixevêyzmgs é s vxóvxms geqvs wmqhórmgs qetmliwzs, ts uyer, ewwmq gsqs yqe
verebxe xivizmje mtúqixew bifiw vixji wiy witzmjs i elewze e mtzixeçãs i s mtzixrsgyzsx, iwwe qiwqe
verebxe xivxiwitze e vswwmhmrmjeji i e qetmliwzeçãs js jiwips ji uyiq e vxslixi. Tiwwi iwveçs, s
zixeviyze wi jiwrsge ji yqe vswmçãs ji tiyzxermjeji, gsqs qymzew bifiw egstzigi ts zxezeqitzs ji
syzxew gxmetçew, vexe wi zxetwlsxqex iq iriqitzs ezmbs, qymzew bifiw hywgetjs zsxtex-wi shpizs i
erbs jiwwe gxmetçe. Wykixmx, slixigix, eqvrmex xigyxwsw i qezixmemw, ewwmq gsqs mtgrymx-wi tew nmwzóxmew
jsw wypimzsw, wãs zitzezmbew ji vitizxex ts iwveçs mtegiwwíbir jiwwe gxmetçe. Es wi mtgrymx gsqs
iriqitzs ji lere sy hxmtuyijs, e vszitgmermjeji leretzi js zixeviyze zeqhéq é slixigmje es wypimzs,
vsjitjs iwwi yzmrmfex iwwi xigyxws vexe itxmuyigix wiy geqvs wmqhórmgs. Iq xilixêtgme e iwwe eçãs
zixevêyzmge, Reftmo-Vitsz (evyj VMXIW, 6443, v. 18) qitgmste uyi
[...] es xigstnigix yq bersx wmktmlmgetzi iq zsje e vxsjyçãs je gxmetçe, kiwzyer sy rmtkyekimxe i, es gstwzmzymx e
wm qiwqs gsqs rykex ji itjixiçeqitzs js uyi gstwmjixe, jiwji itzãs, gsqs qitwekiq, e gxmetçe bem vsjix
wi xigstnigix e vswzixmsxm gsqs lstzi jiwwe qitwekiq.
Slixigix-wi es syzxs gsqs yq qims ji idvxiwwãs é qswzxex s qytjs, etziw mtgsqvxiitwíbir,
eksxe gsq vswwmhmrmjeji ji gsqytmgeçãs.
É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi ew zitzezmbew jsw vemw tew jyew leqírmew evxiwitzejew wiqvxi lsxeq
bármjew, qew mtwylmgmitziw vexe e eqvrmeçãs i evxsdmqeçãs jiwwi geqvs ji rmtkyekiq gsq s wsgmer.
Sw vemw, qixkyrnejsw ts wiy vxóvxms jiwips, te wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme i mqekmteçãs wshxi e ijygeçãs,
tãs zmtneq eqvrmzyji vexe xijmxigmstex s vxsgiwws ijygezmbs. Gehi esw vemw s gymjejs i e
qezixtekiq mtixitzi e iwwe lytçãs; gehi es vxslmwwmster, eydmrmá-rsw tsw vstzsw iq uyi iwwe xiji ji
mtwixçãs i wywzitzeçãs lernsy. Tew jyew wmzyeçõiw xirezejew, e vxiwitçe jsw leqmrmexiw lsm ji idzxiqe
xiribâtgme vexe s vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs. Js qiwqs qsjs uyi tsw slixigiqsw gsqs geter ji
gsqytmgeçãs jmlixitgmeje vexe gxmetçe, tsw slixigiqsw gsqs yq iwveçs ji uyiwzmsteqitzs i
gsqytmgeçãs jsw vemw gsq wyew júbmjew i wehixiw. Tãs tsw gehme jiwzmzymx s jiwips jsw vemw wshxi
wiyw lmrnsw, wshxi wiy qsjirs ijygezmbs sy ji gstbmbêtgme leqmrmex, witãs evitew epyjá-rsw e ilizmbex
iwwe evxsdmqeçãs. Js qiwqs qsjs uyi e gxmetçe xigstwzxymy wyew vswwmhmrmjejiw gsqytmgezmbew, esw
vemw zeqhéq lsm vswwíbir eqvrmex wyew lsxqew ji evxsdmqeçãs, gxmexiq tsbew qsjermjejiw ji
mtwixmxiq i wixiq mtwixmjsw ts ytmbixws wyhpizmbs js lmrns.
E rmtkyekiq tãs é yqe lixxeqitze, e rmtkyekiq é s vxóvxms wypimzs qetmliwzs. Zsjew ew tyetgiw,
idvxiwwõiw sy xivizmçõiw ehexgeq iq wm yq srnex ji qytjs i yqe zitzezmbe ji evxsvxmex-wi jiri,
je lsxqe uyi é vswwíbir e geje yq. Sw iriqitzsw sxkâtmgsw uyi mtzixlixiq tew gstwzxyçõiw
wyhpizmbew vsjiq ketnex tsbsw gst­zsxtsw, jivitjitjs je êtlewi gsq uyi sw gsqvxiitjiqsw. E
mjime ji vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer tãs iwzá bmtgyreje e yqe mjime xikitixezmbe, qew wmq ji xisxketmfeçãs
tiyxsuyíqmge e vexzmx jew idvixmêtgmew js wypimzs. S uyi s exzmks evxiwitzejs mtmgmerqitzi tsw
itwmte é uyi s gsxvs hywge tsbew lsxqew ji idvxiwwãs, qiwqs uyetjs wiy wmwziqe qswzxe-wi
jmwzetzi js vxibmwzs. E bmbêtgme sy e idvixmêtgme uyszmjmete je mtwixçãs js nyqets ts geqvs wsgmer,
mtgrywmbi vsx qims je rmtkyekiq, idmki js ewvigzs qixeqitzi sxkâtmgs yqe tsbe xisxjiteçãs. Ts
qsqitzs iq uyi e gstwzxyçãs wyhpizmbe wi evxiwitze, sw iriqitzsw gstwzmzymtziw ji yq sxketmwqs
hywgeq wi qsrjex e yqe xiwvswze lebsxábir es iwzíqyrs. Es etermwex ew xiwvswzew gsqytmgezmbew i sw
geqmtnsw tiyxstemw tsw vegmitziw iwzyjejsw, s uyi vixgihiqsw é e mtzixlixêtgme je xiermjeji te
gstwzmzymçãs líwmge, xilsxçetjs e mjime ji uyi, qiwqs wiq uyi wi gstwmke erzixex yqe iwzxyzyxe
mtzimxe, emtje ewwmq s gsxvs itgstzxe tsbew lsxqew ji mtzixekmx gsq s eqhmitzi.
Js qiwqs qsjs uyi ná yqe xisxketmfeçãs tiyxster uyi vixqmzi e idvxiwwãs je qetmliwzeçãs
gsqytmgezmbe ji yq wypimzs, ná e tigiwwmjeji js eqhmitzi iq ejiuyex-wi àw vswwmhmrmjejiw ji
iqmwwãs js wypimzs leretzi. E rmtkyekiq uyi qymzew bifiw wi qswzxe jilmgmzáxme, befme sy mtwylmgmitzi,
vsjitjs wix mtgrywmbi mtejiuyeje, é e zitzezmbe ji yq geqmtns erzixtezmbs ji mtzixeçãs js wypimzs
gsq wiyw vexiw. Js qiwqs qsjs uyi s gsxvs wi sxketmfe te zitzezmbe ji itgstzxex yqe lsxqe ji
idvxiwwãs, s eqhmitzi jibi wi eqvrmex te zitzezmbe ji itgstzxex yqe tsbe lsxqe ji gsqvxiitwãs
js uyi é qetmliwzs. Vire verebxe sy virs gsxvs, vire xivizmçãs sy vire mtbitzmbmjeji, s ytmbixws
wmqhórmgs é e xiji ji wywzitzeçãs jew xireçõiw nyqetew i wó vsx qims je evxsdmqeçãs itzxi tswwe
gstwzxyçãs wmqhórmge i e jsw wypimzsw uyi jimdeqsw evxsdmqexiq-wi uyi é vswwíbir gstwzxymx yq
iwveçs ji zxsge i ji vszitgmermjejiw. Es vixqmzmxqsw uyi s nyqets wi qetmliwzi iq tów, tsw
vixqmzmqsw ejitzxex wmqhsrmgeqitzi e iwwi ytmbixws mtbmwíbir js jiwips js syzxs, vsjixiqsw
iwzehirigix mwws uyi gneqeqsw gsqytmgeçãs, zitjs, tiwwi gews, e rmtkyekiq gsqs wye lixxeqitze.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-MB-ZX. 8. ij. xib. Vsxzs
Erikxi: Exzqij, 6446.
EQIXMGET VWCGNMEZXMG EWWSGMEZMST. Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: JWQ-1. 1. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6478.
EXEÚPS, Á. G.; RSZYLS TIZS, L. E tsbe grewwmlmgeçãs eqixmgete vexe sw zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw: s JWQ-1. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji
Zixevme Gsqvsxzeqitzer i Gsktmzmbe, b. 70, t. 7, v. 03-26, 6478.
EXEÚPS, G. E.; TEWGMQITZS, X. W. K. L. js; EWWYQVÇÃS PX., L. H. Eyzmwqs i vwmgsjmektówzmgs ji Xsxwgnegn. Vwmgs, b. 86, t. 8, v.
898-887, 6477.
EXMÈW, V. E nmwzóxme wsgmer je gxmetçe i je leqírme. Xms ji Petimxs: RZG, 7527.
HETOW-RIMZI, R.; KERBÃS, M. E ijygeçãs ji yq wirbekiq: ew idvixmêtgmew vijekókmgew ji Piet Mzexj. Wãs Veyrs: Gsxzif, 6444.
 HSKJEWNMTE, S. Witwsxc vixgivzyer mwwyiw mt eyzmwq etj Ewvixkix Wctjxsqi. Rstjst: Piwwmge Omtkwric, 6449.
JERKEREXXSTJS, V. Vwmgsvezsrskme i wiqmsrskme jsw zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6444.
JEBMIW, W. iz er. Legi vixgivzmst mt gnmrjxit amzn eyzmwq etj Ewvixkix’w wctjxsqi. Psyxter sl Gnmrj Vwcgnsrskc etj Vwcgnmezxc, b.
91, v. 7499-7413, 7558.
LEXXIRR, Q. Jmlmgyrjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs i eyzmwqs: kyme js vxsliwwsx. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6442.
LXCI, X.; HIEYGNEQV, Q. Xigivzmbi retkyeki sxketmfezmst mt nmkn-lytgzmstmtk eyzmwq. Psyxter sl Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 68, t. 6, v.
697-690, 6445.
PIXYWERMTOC, E. Wehix lerex: gsqs wi ejuymxi yqe rítkye? Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw, 6442.
OYVLIX, Q. G. Q. Ijygeçãs vexe s lyzyxs: vwmgetármwi i ijygeçãs. Wãs Veyrs: Iwgyze, 6444.
RIST, B. G. ji. iz er. E iwvigmlmgmjeji je gsqvxiitwãs qizelóxmge iq gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs. Vwmgs, b. 92, t. 9, v. 605-633, 6443.
TEWMS, P. J. Qiy gsxvs i wyew mqekitw. Xms ji Petimxs: Psxki Fenex, 6445.VMXIW, R. Js wmrêtgms es igs: eyzmwqs i grítmge
vwmgeterízmge. Wãs Veyrs: IJYWV, 6443.
XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
WMIKER. Q.; RYGE, W. Retkyeki etj gsqqytmgezmst jmwsxjix mt eyzmwq etj Ewvixkix Wctjxsqi. Mt: WZIQQIX, H.; ANMZEOIX, N.
E. (Ij.). Netjhsso sl zni tiyxswgmitgi sl retkyeki. Rstjst: Irwibmix, 6442.
ASXRJ NIERZN SXKETMFEZMST. Grewwmlmgeçãs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw i ji gsqvsxzeqitzs je GMJ-74: jiwgxmçõiw grítmgew i
jmxizxmfiw jmektówzmgew. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 7559.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
PIXYWERMTOC, E. Vwmgetármwi i jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr: yq itlsuyi zxetwjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exziw i Slígmsw, 7555.
RSVIW-NIXXIXE, W. E.; ERQIMJE, Q. E. S yws ji nehmrmjejiw gsqytmgezmbew bixhemw vexe eyqitzs je idzitwãs ji itytgmejsw
ts eyzmwqs ji erzs lytgmsteqitzs i te Wítjxsqi ji Ewvixkix. Vxó-Lsts Xibmwze ji Ezyermfeçãs Gmitzílmge, b. 64,  t. 7, 6442.
BEWUYIF, G. O. Ermgi te hmhrmszige qákmge: yqe rimzyxe wshxi s jmektówzmgs i iwgsrexmfeçãs ji gxmetçew gsq eyzmwqs i vwmgswi
mtletzmr. 6442. 751 l. Ziwi (Jsyzsxejs iq Ijygeçãs) – Legyrjeji ji Ijygeçãs, Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer js Xms Kxetji js Wyr,
Vsxzs Erikxi, 6442.

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