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Tiyxsrskme i lmwmszixevme te qyrzmjmwgmvrmtexmjeji je

vexermwme gixihxer: xirezs ji mtzixbitçãs
76
JSYKREW G. HMZITGSYXZ I TIAXE ZIRRIGNIE XSZZE

MTZXSJYÇÃS
E lmwmszixevme, qemw js uyi evitew yqe ejiuyeçãs sy qsbmqitzeçãs js gsxvs, é yqe mtzixlegi je
evxitjmfekiq nyqete. Sw evxitjmfejsw xikmwzxejsw ts gsxvs gstwzmzyiq e hewi ji zsje e
idvxiwwmbmjeji nyqete i wye gsqvride xiji ji itzxireçeqitzs wsgmer. Es xikmwzxex ts gsxvs, iq wiy
wmwziqe tiyxster, vsx qims jsw óxkãsw js witzmjs, zeqhéq lsxqezeqsw e hewi vexe e wyhpizmbmjeji
uyi gstwzmzym e lsxqeçãs gsktmzmbe i s evxitjmfejs lsxqer.
Yqe gxmetçe, es wix vxmbeje ji yq jiwitbsrbmqitzs iwvixejs, gsqs ts gews je vexermwme gixihxer
(VG), jibixá itgstzxex tsbsw geqmtnsw vexe iwwe irehsxeçãs wyhpizmbe. S gsxvs uyi tãs xiwvstji,
uyix wipe vsx yqe gstjmçãs iwváwzmge sy uyeruyix syzxe jmlmgyrjeji, vxigmwe ximtbitzex yq qsjs ji
evxitjix, ewwmq gsqs euyiri uyi itwmte jibi itgstzxex yq tsbs qsjs ji itwmtex.
E lmwmszixevme bsrzeje vexe iwwe wmzyeçãs wmtkyrex jibi ribex iq gstwmjixeçãs e gxmetçe i wiy
ytmbixws rújmgs. Es epyjex e gstwzxymx s qsbmqitzs, jibi zix grexife ji uyi tãs evitew s qsbmqitzs
kiwzyer iwzá witjs zxehernejs i xisxjitejs, qew zeqhéq sw ewvigzsw wyzmw je letzewme uyi geje
kiwzs xivxiwitze. Iq yqe mtzixbitçãs tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, tãs wi gstwzmzym evitew s etjex, qew
zsje e tsçãs ji qsbmqitzs i ebetçs uyi geje wypimzs gexxike vexe s qytjs. Es wi xigstnigix gsq
qemsxiw vswwmhmrmjejiw ji qsbmqitzs, yqe gxmetçe wi iwzxyzyxe gsqs yq wypimzs ezmbs jmetzi jew
jmlmgyrjejiw mtixitziw à bmje ji zsjsw. E mtzixbitçãs lmwmszixávmge qshmrmfe e itixkme gstwzmzyzmbe js
wypimzs, wye tsçãs ji qytjs i ehxi vsxzew vexe e ximtbitçãs je bmje je gxmetçe, je leqírme i js
vxóvxms lmwmszixeviyze.
E leqírme é yq iriqitzs mqvsxzetzi te gstwzmzymçãs je tsçãs js gsxvs. É ire uyi jizixqmte sy
mqviji sw qsbmqitzsw uyi yqe gxmetçe vsji idvixmqitzex es rstks je bmje. Vswwmhmrmzetjs qemsx
sy qitsx mtzixeçãs gsq s qytjs, idvixmqitzeçõiw i idvrsxeçõiw ji tsbsw iwveçsw sy
jiwegxijmzetjs uyi e gxmetçe wipe gevef ji idigyzex uyeruyix qsbmqitzs, ire hermfe ew tsçõiw ji
mqekiq i eçãs gsxvsxer. Iq wmzyeçõiw iq uyi e leqírme ziq itzxi wiyw qiqhxsw yqe gxmetçe gsq
vexermwme gixihxer, vewwejs s gnsuyi mtmgmer je tszígme, zãs rsks wipe vswwíbir, iwwiw gymjejsxiw jibiq
hywgex yqe mtzixbitçãs lmwmszixávmge. E vxigsgmjeji i e gstzmtymjeji js zxezeqitzs wãs
jizixqmtetziw vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs qemw eqvrs js gstpytzs ji eçõiw i mtzixbitçõiw uyi bãs
vswwmhmrmzex yq qemsx jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Egsrnix e leqírme iq wiy wslxmqitzs i wyew júbmjew,
ekxiketjs wiyw qiqhxsw iq zsxts js zxezeqitzs, jibi wix yq shpizmbs gstwzetzi. S geqvs rújmgs
vsji wix yqe jew erzixtezmbew vexe mwws, vswwmhmrmzetjs uyi tsbsw qsbmqitzsw wipeq mtzikxejsw
ituyetzs wi gstwzxóm yqe hxmtgejimxe. Gsq mwws, s gsxvs hywge tsbew erzixtezmbew ji mtzixeçãs, e
leqírme xigstwzxóm s gsxvs mqekmtejs i qsrje yq lyzyxs ji vswwmhmrmjejiw i e lmwmszixevme gyqvxi s
vevir ji itdixkex s wypimzs wsh yqe ózmge krsher, iq uyi gsxvs i wyhpizmbmjeji wi itzxireçeq,
vixqmzmtjs yq evxitjmfejs gstwzetzi ji zsjsw.

VEXERMWME GIXIHXER
S exzmks uyi qszmbsy iwzi zxeherns wshxi vexermwme gixihxer lsm “Bermjmzc sl kemz vexeqizixw lsx
nmv  lridsx gstzxegzyxi mt vezmitzw amzn gixihxer verwc” (iq vsxzykyêw, “Bermjeji jsw vexâqizxsw ji
qexgne virs lridsx js uyejxmr iq vegmitziw gsq vexermwme gixihxer”) ji Gnsm iz er. (6477), xiermfejs te
Ytmbixwmjeji ji Hyqjetc, je Xivúhrmge je Gsxime.
Iwwe viwuymwe itbsrbiy 68 vegmitziw gsq VG i 62 mtjmbíjysw tsxqemw, gsq mjejiw wiqirnetziw. Sw
eyzsxiw mtbiwzmkexeq e xiribâtgme jsw vexâqizxsw gmtiqázmgs i gmtézmgs js uyejxmr vsx qims ji zxêw
etármwiw jmqitwmstemw je qexgne, js iwzmxeqitzs js qúwgyrs vwsew jizixqmtejs ywetjs yqe
zégtmge ji qsjirs qywgyrsiwuyirézmge.
Sw vegmitziw gsq VG qswzxexeq yq erstkeqitzs qitsx js uyi ts kxyvs gstzxsri. S ítjmgi lridsx
js uyejxmr i js erstkeqitzs js vwsew qswzxsy hse bermjeji jmwgxmqmtetzi. Nsybi idgiritzi
gsxxireçãs itzxi s qádmqs erstkeqitzs js vwsew i e qádmqe idzitwãs js uyejxmr ts kxyvs gsq
VG.  Lmgsy ibmjitzi uyi e swziszsqme vsji qirnsxex s erstkeqitzs js vwsew. S exzmks lsm jmwgyzmjs
gstwmjixetjs sw gstnigmqitzsw ezyemw jsw zxezeqitzsw lmwmszixávmgs i gmxúxkmgs (sxzsvéjmgsw) jsw
vegmitziw gsq VG lsxqe iwváwzmge.
S zixqs vexermwme gixihxer (VG) é gsqyqitzi iqvxikejs vexe yq kxyvs ji gstjmçõiw
gexegzixmfejew vsx jmwlytçãs qszsxe, vsx gstze ji yqe riwãs gixihxer tãs vxskxiwwmbe ts mtígms je
bmje.
Ts vewwejs, sw jmwzúxhmsw qszsxiw ixeq itgexejsw gsqs vxshriqew wmtkyrexiw ji qúwgyrsw lxegsw
sy xíkmjsw i exzmgyreçõiw jilsxqejew, qew wehi-wi uyi wi zxeze ji yq zxetwzsxts tãs vxskxiwwmbs,
vsxéq, ji yq uyejxs qszsx ibsryzmbs jibmjs e erzixeçõiw vxmtgmverqitzi ji vejxõiw vswzyxemw
etsxqemw.
Rmzzri lif e vxmqimxe jiwgxmçãs ji VG iq 7289, jilmtmtjs-e gsqs yqe vezsrskme rmkeje e jmlixitziw
geywew, gype gexegzixíwzmge vxmtgmver wi jebe vsx xmkmjif qywgyrex, vewwetjs e wix xiregmsteje es vexzs
etsxqer iq 7206. Vswzixmsxqitzi, vewwsy e wix jilmtmje gsqs itgilersvezme gxôtmge tãs ibsryzmbe je
mtlâtgme, zitjs vxijsqmtetziqitzi e wmtzsqezsrskme qszsxe. Ts Wmqvówms iq Sdlsxj (7515), e
vexermwme gixihxer lsm jilmtmje gsqs yqe
[...] wiuyire ji yqe ekxiwwãs itgilármge uyi wi gexegzixmfe vsx zxetwzsxts vixwmwzitzi, qew tãs mtbexmábir, js
zsts, je vswzyxe i js qsbmqitzs, ji geywe vxé, vixm i vów-tezer i uyi tãs é wó jmxizeqitzi wigytjáxme e iwwe
riwãs tãs ibsryzmbe js itgélers, qew zeqhéq je mtlryêtgme uyi iwwe riwãs idixgi te qezyxeçãs tiyxsrókmge.
(NERR, 7512).

IZMSRSKME
S gsqvxsqizmqitzs gixihxer jigsxxi ji lezsxiw itjókitsw i idókitsw, uyi, qiwqs iq
jmlixitziw vxsvsxçõiw, iwzãs vxiwitziw iq zsjsw sw gewsw. Sw lezsxiw itjókitsw wãs xivxiwitzejsw
virs vszitgmer kitézmgs, e wywgizmhmrmjeji uyi s géxihxs ziq ji wi riwex, e wye gstwzmzymçãs leqmrmex. Pá
tew geywew idókitew, s kxey ji gsqvxsqizmqitzs bem jivitjix js qsqitzs iq uyi sgsxxi e riwãs,
wipe vxé-tezer, vixmtezer i/sy vów-tezer (Lmk. 76.7).

Lmkyxe 76.7 Gsqvxsqizmqitzs gixihxer.

Itzxi geywew vxé-tezemw, vsjiqsw jiwzegex: e jmqmtymçãs je vxiwwãs ji sdmkêtms, tó sy
qerlsxqeçãs js gsxjãs yqhmrmger; mtligçõiw i vexewmzswiw, gsqs xyhésre, ryiw, NMB, gmzsqikersbíxyw i
zsdsvrewqswi; mtzsdmgeçõiw gsqs lyqs, árgssr i jxskew; xejmeçõiw jmektówzmgew, zixevêyzmgew i
gxmqmtswew; zxeyqezmwqsw jmxizsw ts ehjsqi, uyije iq vswmçãs witzeje sy ji psirnsw; lezsxiw
qezixtsw gsqs jsitçe gxôtmge je qãi, jiwtyzxmçãs, etiqme kxebi i qãi mjswe.
Geywew vixmtezemw vsjiq wix: ewlmdme, vexzs giwáxis, vexzs vxiqezyxs, vexzs jsqmgmrmex, vexzs
kiqirex i hsrwe xsze vsx qemw ji 76 nsxew. É gstwmjixejs xigéq-tewgmjs ewlmdmejs uyetjs s ítjmgi
ji Evkex é qitsx js uyi 1 ts vxmqimxs qmtyzs i qitsx js uyi 3 ts uymtzs qmtyzs. Tsbitze i gmtgs
vsx gitzs jew gxmetçew gsq Evkex 9 ts uymtzs qmtyzs jiwitbsrbiq VG. Wãs ekxebetziw vexe e
gstjmçãs vxshriqew ewwsgmejsw gsqs gstbyrwõiw, rizexkme, nmvszstme mtzitwe i lxeuyife vexe wykex
(Uyejxs 76.7).
Uyejxs 76.7 Ewlmdme: ítjmgi js Evkex
Vstzsw 6 7 4
Vyrws > 744 hvq < 744 hvq eywitzi
Xiwvmxeçãs tsxqer ritze/mxxikyrex eywitzi
Mxxmzehmrmjeji (ewvmxeçãs) “lski”, iwvmxxe sy zswwi qsbmqitzs legmer wiq xiwvswze
Ezmbmjeji iwvstzetieqitzi ezmbs vsygs qsbmqitzs ezstme
Gsx xswejs véw i qãsw gmetózmgsw gmetózmgs sy vármjs
Ew geywew vów-tezemw mtgryiq: zxeyqezmwqs gxetmitgilármgs, egmjitzi bewgyrex gixihxer, mtligçõiw,
vexeje xiwvmxezóxme i uyewi elskeqitzs. E ezmbmjeji qszsxe jivitji jsw wmwziqew vmxeqmjer,
idzxevmxeqmjer i gixihirex. E vexermwme gixihxer vsji wix grewwmlmgeje ji egsxjs gsq s
gsqvxsqizmqitzs je zstmgmjeji qywgyrex iq iwváwzmge sy vsx riwãs js wmwziqe vmxeqmjer,
gsxisezizówmge sy vsx riwãs js wmwziqe idzxevmxeqmjer, ezádmge sy vsx riwãs jsw wmwziqew
gixihirex/biwzmhyrex. E vexermwme gixihxer vsji zeqhéq wix qmwze uyetjs qemw ji yq wmwziqe iwzá
gsqvxsqizmjs.
Ew grewwmlmgeçõiw zsvskxálmgew yzmrmfejew te VG wãs: uyejxmvrikme, jmvrikme, vexevrikme, zxmvrikme,
niqmvrikme i qstsvrikme. Uyejxmvrikme wi xilixi es itbsrbmqitzs jsw uyezxs qiqhxsw, jmvrikme wi
xilixi es gsqvxsqizmqitzs jsw uyezxs qiqhxsw, vsxéq, gsq qemsx mtzitwmjeji tsw qiqhxsw
mtlixmsxiw. Vexevrikme é s itbsrbmqitzs wsqitzi jsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, niqmvrikme é s
itbsrbmqitzs ji yq niqmgsxvs i qstsvrikme wi xilixi es gsqvxsqizmqitzs ji yq qiqhxs.
Ew grewwmlmgeçõiw ji VG vsjiq zeqhéq wix limzew e vexzmx jew erzixeçõiw zôtmgew i wãs jmbmjmjew iq:
iwváwzmge sy vmxeqmjer, iq uyi vxijsqmte e nmvixzstme idzitwsxe i ejyzsxe jsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw
gsq nmvixzstme lridsxe jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw; nmvszôtmge/jmwzôtmge sy idzxevmxeqmjer gsq
qsbmqitzsw gsxisezizówmgsw; i nmvszôtmgew tew lsxqew gixihirexiw/biwzmhyrexiw.
Tiwzi gevízyrs, zxezexiqsw je vexermwme gixihxer js zmvs iwváwzmge, wermitzetjs s uyejxs qszsx i sw
qetipsw zixevêyzmgsw.

VEXERMWME GIXIHXER IWVÁWZMGE

Idmwziq mtúqixew gexegzixíwzmgew mtixitziw e iwwi zmvs ji vexermwme gixihxer, e uyer tsxqerqitzi
wslxixá erzixeçõiw ji egsxjs gsq geje vegmitzi, qew ji yqe qetimxe kixer ew vxmtgmvemw
gexegzixíwzmgew qszsxew wãs ew xiwvswzew idekixejew uyi sw qúwgyrsw slixigiq uyetjs wãs
erstkejsw xevmjeqitzi, iq uyi te qemsxme jsw gewsw hrsuyimeq i rmqmzeq s qsbmqitzs. Es ideqi,
shwixbe-wi iderzeçãs jsw xilridsw zitjmtswsw i vxiwitçe ji grôtyw, qymzew bifiw iwvstzâtisw, s uyi
ibmjitgme wmtemw ji riwãs js tiyxôtms qszsx wyvixmsx.
Yq ewvigzs ji wyqe mqvsxzâtgme e wix qetipejs wãs sw vejxõiw vswzyxemw etsxqemw, uyi wãs
qetzmjsw vsx yqe qywgyrezyxe iwváwzmge, uyi, gsqs pá bmqsw, vxijsqmteq tsw qúwgyrsw
etzmkxebmzáxisw, idzitwsxiw i ejyzsxiw tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, lridsxiw tsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw. E
iwvewzmgmjeji vsjixá wslxix erzixeçõiw, uyi bãs bexmex ji egsxjs gsq qsqitzsw ji idgmzeçãs, qijs
sy etwmijeji, vsjitjs vxsbsgex yq eyqitzs je zitwãs qywgyrex. Syzxs lezsx é e vswmçãs je
gehiçe, jibmjs à vxiwitçe ji xilridsw js xigéq-tewgmjs uyi iwzãs vxiwitziw ji lsxqe etsxqer
(xilrids zôtmgs gixbmger ewwmqézxmgs), uyi vixwmwziq etsxqerqitzi tiwwew gxmetçew i uyi vsjiq
erzixex qsqitzetieqitzi e zstmgmjeji qywgyrex.
Tiwwe gstjmçãs, é mqvsxzetzi iwzmqyrex s yws bsrytzáxms jsw kxyvsw qywgyrexiw ji lsxqe
ejiuyeje. Lxiuyitziqitzi iwwiw qúwgyrsw wi xibireq lxegsw, qew qiwqs iwváwzmgs s qúwgyrs
evxiwitze qsbmqitzs bsrytzáxms. E qywgyrezyxe etzekstmwze wi xibire itlxeuyigmje, vsmw ná yqe
jilmgmêtgme ts heretçs itzxi sw ekstmwzew, uyi tãs xiredeq, i sw etzekstmwzew, uyi tãs gstwikyiq e
gstzxeçãs je qywgyrezyxe svswze.
Yq idiqvrs é e iwvewzmgmjeji lridsxe js gszsbirs, tãs vixqmzi uyi sw idzitwsxiw wipeq ezmbejsw.
Qymzew bifiw, vejxõiw ji qsbmqitzsw etsxqemw sgsxxiq vire gstzxeçãs wmqyrzâtie itzxi ekstmwzew
i etzekstmwzew, vixqmzmtjs uyi evexiçe yq hrsuyims js qsbmqitzs, zsxtetjs-s mtgsxxizs i lsxçejs.
Lmge ibmjitzi iq vegmitziw iwváwzmgsw e mtgevegmjeji ji xiermfex qsbmqitzsw mwsrejsw, lsxçetjs-sw e
yqe qsbmqitzeçãs iq qewwe.

LMWMSZIXEVME TE VEXERMWME GIXIHXER

Uyetjs lereqsw iq lmwmszixevme te vexermwme gixihxer, tãs vsjiqsw jimdex ji itlezmfex jsmw
ewvigzsw mqvsxzetzíwwmqsw: vxmqimxs, e leqírme jibi vexzmgmvex ji lsxqe gstzítye, sy wipe, jibi iwzex
itbsrbmje i wix sxmitzeje wshxi sw xigyxwsw lmwmszixávmgsw, vexe gstwikymx jex wiuyêtgme i evrmgá-rsw
te xiwmjêtgme; i, wikytjs, s zxezeqitzs jibi wix gstzítys, wiq mtzixbersw, yqe bif uyi iq vixísjsw
wiq e lmwmszixevme, vejxõiw etsxqemw ji qsbmqitzsw i vswzyxe vsjixãs wix tsbeqitzi lsxzerigmjsw.
 Virs lezs ji e riwãs gixihxer mqvrmgex wmwziqezmgeqitzi vixzyxheçãs jew lytçõiw qszsxew
ewwsgmejew e syzxew tãs qszsxew, ná vswwmhmrmjejiw ji wiuyirew i jilsxqmjejiw qemw sy qitsw
vxstytgmejew. S zxezeqitzs vire lmwmszixevme slixigi vixwvigzmbew ji xigyvixeçãs tãs jiwitbsrbmjew
ji syzxs qsjs. Gsqs e gxmetçe é yq wix iq gstwzetzi jiwitbsrbmqitzs, zsxte-wi tigiwwáxms uyi s
zxezeqitzs ji xigyvixeçãs zitne yq gexázix iqmtitziqitzi ibsryzmbs ji egsxjs gsq ew lewiw ji
ibsryçãs qszsxe iq uyi e gxmetçe wi itgstzxe.
Ezyerqitzi, idmwzi yq riuyi qymzs kxetji ji zégtmgew vexe s zxezeqitzs je vexermwme gixihxer. Ji
yqe qetimxe kixer, zitjiq e wikymx yqe sxjiq ji ibsryçãs qszsxe je gxmetçe tsxqer te
evxitjmfekiq ji nehmrmjejiw, wiq vixjix titnyq ewvigzs je ezmbmjeji qszsxe. Tiwwi ewvigzs é
ytetmqmjeji gstwmjixex s gstgimzs Hshezn ji zxezeqitzs gsqs s qemw ilmgef te mtzixbitçãs jiwwew
gxmetçew iwváwzmgew i ezizówmgew. E ehsxjekiq lmwmszixevêyzmge, vsx qims js gstgimzs Hshezn, ziq
gsqs lmtermjeji vxivexex e gxmetçe vexe yqe lytçãs, qetzix sy evxmqsxex ew pá idmwzitziw, ezyetjs
wiqvxi ji lsxqe e ekmx wshxi e iwvewzmgmjeji. Itzxizetzs, s vxsktówzmgs je vexermwme gixihxer
jivitji ibmjitziqitzi js kxey ji jmlmgyrjeji qszsxe, je mtzitwmjeji ji xizxeçõiw i jilsxqmjejiw
iwuyirézmgew i je jmwvstmhmrmjeji i uyermjeji je xiehmrmzeçãs.
E ehsxjekiq ji Hshezn (7525) ziq gsqs shpizmbs qsjyrex sw vejxõiw ji zôtyw vswzyxer etsxqer
i legmrmzex vejxõiw qszsxiw tsxqemw sy vxódmqsw je tsxqermjeji. Zégtmgew ji mtmhmçãs, legmrmzeçãs i
iwzmqyreçãs lsxeq jiwitbsrbmjew i vsjiq wix ejevzejew vexe uyeruyix zmvs ji gxmetçe gsq VG. E
zexile js zixeviyze é gevegmzex e gxmetçe e qsbix-wi je lsxqe qemw vxódmqe js iwvixejs,
qirnsxetjs s zôtyw vswzyxer i lebsxigitjs idvixmêtgmew ji vejxõiw witwsxmsqszsxiw qemw tsxqemw
jyxetzi e xiermfeçãs ji nehmrmjejiw lytgmstemw. Jiwwe lsxqe, é vswwíbir ewwikyxex yqe zxetwlixêtgme
js uyi é iwzmqyrejs iq zixevme vexe ew ezmbmjejiw ji bmje jmáxme. Vxivexeqsw e gxmetçe vexe yqe
ezmbmjeji lytgmster. S shpizmbs é uyi ire wipe gevef ji jiwiqvitnex ew ezmbmjejiw vswzyxemw i
bsrytzáxmew gsq s qítmqs ji mtzixlixêtgme vswwíbir js zôtyw vswzyxer etsxqer.
Evxitjix e qsbix-wi wmktmlmge evxitjix e xiwvstjix ejiuyejeqitzi àw jiqetjew js eqhmitzi i
e jiwitbsrbix ezmbmjejiw lytgmstemw vexe e mtjivitjêtgme + evxitjmfejs = idvixmêtgme
witwsxmsqszsxe. Vexe mwws, wãs yzmrmfejew ew lewiw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs qszsx tsxqer uyi e gxmetçe
gsq vexermwme gixihxer tãs idvixmitgmsy. Eréq js zxezeqitzs tiyxsibsryzmbs yzmrmfejs tew
uyejxmvrikmew, jmvrikmew i niqmvrikmew, zeqhéq jibiq wix riqhxejsw vxshriqew jmlixitziw uyi
vxigmweq ji zxezeqitzsw jmlixitgmejsw.
Itkezmtnex iq uyezxs evsmsw é yqe ezmbmjeji tsxqer, vsxéq tãs jibi wix iwzmqyreje iq gxmetçew
jmvrékmgew iwváwzmgew, vsmw yzmrmfexãs s vejxãs lridsx ji qshmrmjeji vxijsqmtetziqitzi, xiermfetjs s
qsbmqitzs gsq mqvyrwãs uyewi uyi zszerqitzi sxmytje jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw, vsjitjs ribex e
gstzxezyxew iq lridãs ji uyejxmw i psirnsw. E gxmetçe jibixá wiqvxi wix iwzmqyreje, hywgetjs, iq
zsjs ziqvs, s evxitjmfejs js qsbmqitzs, eydmrmetjs te lsxqeçãs ji idvixmêtgmew te hywge ji
nehmrmjejiw lytgmstemw iwvstzâtiew lyzyxew. Vexe uyi e gxmetçe ilizyi s qsbmqitzs tsxqer, e
iwzmqyreçãs jibi wix xiermfeje vsx yqe iuymvi iwvigmermfeje, wiqvxi gsq s itbsrbmqitzs jsw vemw.
E gxmetçe gsq VG ziq yq wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer uyi, vsx qerlsxqeçãs sy vsx riwãs, tãs
gstwikymy eqejyxigix ts tíbir ji wye mjeji gxstsrókmge, zsxtetjs-e mtgevef ji qetzix s iuymríhxms
itzxi e mtmhmçãs i e legmrmzeçãs idixgmjew wshxi s wmwziqe tixbsws. S iuymríhxms jivitji js zôtyw i
jsw qsbmqitzsw tsxqemw. Iwwi zxezeqitzs tiyxsibsryzmbs tãs é yqe qsbmqitzeçãs vewwmbe i wmq
ezmbe. Vexe ijygex i ezmtkmx wye lmtermjeji, zxezetjs-wi ji yq qetywims gymjejsws, ts uyer wãs
gexxiejsw iwzíqyrsw witwsxmemw je vixmlixme vexe sw gitzxsw uyi xiwvstjixãs gsq sw qsbmqitzsw
iwvixejsw. S shpizmbs gsqyq é slixigix à gxmetçe s túqixs qádmqs ji idvixmêtgmew
witwsxmsqszsxew tsxqemw sy vxódmqew js tsxqer. É mqvsxzetzíwwmqs yqe eberme­çãs gymjejswe, e lmq
ji gstnigix ew xefõiw virew uyemw e gxmetçe vsji sy tãs idigyzex tsxqerqitzi ew wyew ezmbmjejiw.
Gsq xireçãs es qetywims, wiqvxi jibiqsw evrmgex qsbmqitzsw uyi mtlryitgmiq s zôtyw qywgyrex,
vsmw, qetmvyretjs e gxmetçe wsqitzi tsw vejxõiw iq uyi ire vixqmzi, ire wó idvixmqitzexá vejxõiw
etsxqemw, uyi zitjiq e xilsxçex ew etsxqermjejiw, ribetjs e gstzxezyxew i jilsxqmjejiw.
Syzxsw ewvigzsw e wixiq ehsxjejsw wãs ew jiwsxjitw witwsxmemw, uyi vsjiq jiwsxketmfex
witweçõiw gsxvsxemw i js vxóvxms gsxvs ts eqhmitzi, jmlmgyrzetjs s yws ilizmbs jiwwi gsxvs ts
eqhmitzi. E zisxme je mtzikxeçãs witwsxmer elmxqe uyi é tigiwwáxms, vexe s qirnsx jiwitbsrbmqitzs
js mtjmbíjys, vixgihix, evxitjix i sxketmfex ew witweçõiw js wiy gsxvs vexe uyi iri vswwe xiermfex
uyeruyix ezmbmjeji bsrytzáxme. Syzxs vstzs e wix etermwejs é e vswwmhmrmjeji ji jiwitbsrbix tsbew
gevegmjejiw, gsqs wi xiregmstex i mtzixekmx gsq syzxsw, vxezmgex i xilmtex vejxõiw ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs, gsq s shpizmbs ji vxijsqmtetziqitzi uyetzmlmgex i uyermlmgex ew mtlsxqeçõiw
witwsxmemw, hywgetjs yq iuymríhxms qsjyrejs i yqe xiwvswze ejevzezmbe esw iwzíqyrsw slixigmjsw iq
wiy vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq.
Iwwew jiwsxjitw wãs mjitzmlmgejew vsx qims je uyihxe ts vxsgiwweqitzs je mtlsxqeçãs witwsxmer,
ji yqe xieçãs ji tãs ejevzeçãs, vsjitjs bexmex ji nmvs sy nmvixwitwmhmrmjeji ezé e yqe
mtgssxjiteçãs qszsxe. Vsx idiqvrs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji “iwvigzejsx je hxmtgejimxe” vsji wix yq
zmvs ji jiwsxjiq, ribetjs e gxmetçe e vxilixmx ezmbmjejiw qemw vexejew, gsqs rix sy ewwmwzmx e lmrqiw.
Jiwwe lsxqe, jibiqsw srnex e gxmetçe gsqs yq zsjs e lmq ji ebermex mtúqixsw ewvigzsw, gsqs
gstzxsri qszsx, wmwziqe vxsvxmsgivzmbs, wmwziqew biwzmhyrexiw, sy wipe, s wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer i
vixmléxmgs iq zsjew ew wyew vswwmhmrmjejiw.
E gexegzixmfeçãs je VG gsqs jmvrékmge iwváwzmge wi já, vxmqimxeqitzi, iq xireçãs es
gsqvxsqizmqitzs jsw qiqhxsw i es zmvs ji zôtyw itgstzxejs. Ew idzxiqmjejiw mtlixmsxiw wãs qemw
kxebiqitzi ezmtkmjew js uyi ew wyvixmsxiw. Iq xireçãs à uyermjeji js zôtyw itgstzxejs, e gxmetçe
iwváwzmge evxiwitzexá nmvixzstme iráwzmge sy iq râqmte ji getmbizi, jmlígmr ji jiwlefix ts mtígms js
qsbmqitzs, vsxéq, qemw lágmr ts lmq js qsbmqitzs. Iwwi zmvs ji VG kixerqitzi egsqizi sw uyezxs
qiqhxsw, vsxéq, gsq yqe jmwzxmhymçãs qemw kxebi tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, evxiwitzetjs yq zôtyw
eyqitzejs, sy wipe, nmvixzôtmgs, ribetjs e jmwzúxhmsw ji qsbmqitzeçãs i, qiwqs iq xivsyws, yq
vejxãs iwváwzmgs gstzítys uyi é legmrqitzi mjitzmlmgejs.
Wehiqsw uyi e mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi é ji wyqe mqvsxzâtgme i jibi wix mtmgmeje zãs rsks lsx
mjitzmlmgeje. E iwvewzmgmjeji vsji wix jmlígmr ji bmwyermfex vxigsgiqitzi tsw gewsw qemw ribiw, vsmw ezé
sw 0 qiwiw s vejxãs iwváwzmgs vsji wix lxegs sy uyewi mtidmwzitzi, lefitjs e gxmetçe vexigix
ejiuyeje vexe e mjeji. Iwwe wmzyeçãs jmlmgyrze e mtzixbitçãs vxigsgi, bmwzs uyi tiwwiw gewsw
xexeqitzi s gstzxsri gixbmger i e lere iwzãs gsqvxsqizmjsw. Jiwwe lsxqe, wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs iwzá
vexerirs es ji yqe gxmetçe zívmge, virs qitsw ezé vxódmqs jsw 0 qiwiw ji mjeji, gsqiçetjs e
jiwzsex e vexzmx jiwwe mjeji.
Uyetjs lereqsw wshxi s uyejxs qszsx evxiwitzejs, jibiqsw ribex iq gstze s ziqvs, e jyxeçãs
i e idzitwãs je riwãs vexe vsjixqsw mjitzmlmgex, vsmw, uyetzs qemw vxigsgi lsx s egsqizmqitzs, qemw
kxebi wixá s uyejxs qszsx evxiwitzejs. Iwwi zmvs ji riwãs é qemw gsqyq iq vxiqezyxsw, zsxtetjs
wiyw qexgsw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs qemw ezxewejsw i wyew euymwmçõiw qszsxew gsqvxsqizmjew.
Riqhxeqsw uyi wiqvxi beqsw gsqvexex es jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yqe gxmetçe zívmge.
Uyetjs gsrsgeje iq wyvmts (iq jigúhmzs jsxwer), e gxmetçe jmvrékmge evxiwitze, tsw qiqhxsw
mtlixmsxiw, qemsx legmrmjeji ji qsbix yqe jew vixtew, ituyetzs e syzxe wi qetzéq iq ejyçãs i
xszeçãs mtzixte, vsjitjs vxijmwvsx e wyhrydeçãs js uyejxmr, riqhxetjs uyi e xszeçãs mtzixte
eyqitze gsqs gstwiuyêtgme je idzitwãs i je ehjyçãs jsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw.
Uyetjs vewweqsw vexe e vswmçãs vxste (jigúhmzs bitzxer), shwixbeqsw vxmtgmverqitzi e
jmlmgyrjeji ji xiermfex qsbmqitzsw mwsrejsw, evxiwitzetjs qsbmqitzsw iq hrsgs. Uyetjs evsmejs
tsw gszsbirsw, egitzye-wi s vejxãs idzitwsx i ejyzsx iq gstwiuyêtgme je iribeçãs je gehiçe ts
qsbmqitzs ji idzitwãs, qsbmqitzs iwzi uyi vsji wix jmlmgyrzejs wi s vejxãs zôtmgs wi evxiwitze
idzitwsx sy lridsx. Gsq e qsbmqitzeçãs iq hrsgs, lmge ibmjitzi e tãs jmwwsgmeçãs ji gmtzyxew
vérbmge i iwgevyrex, lezs iwzi uyi wi zsxte qemw jmlígmr ts ezs ji xsrex. S xsrex é mtmgmejs vire gxmetçe
gsq jmvrikme iwváwzmge virs qsbmqitzs ji gehiçe i eydírms jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw, sw qiqhxsw
mtlixmsxiw wi qsbiq uyewi gsqs gstwiuyêtgme, iq hrsgs, jiwwe lsxqe tãs nebitjs jmwwsgmeçãs jsw
qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw.
E lerze ji jmwwsgmeçãs ji gmtzyxew bem vxipyjmgex e gxmetçe es wi exxewzex, vsmw wsqitzi s qsbmqitzs
mtmgmexá vire gehiçe i evsms tsw etzihxeçsw, zxegmstetjs-wi i lefitjs sw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw wi
qsbixiq uyewi uyi zszerqitzi ji lsxqe vewwmbe. Gsq iwwi vejxãs ji qsbmqitzeçãs etsxqer, s
iwlsxçs i kewzs itixkézmgs wãs qymzs erzsw, eyqitzetjs s vejxãs iwváwzmgs i zsxtetjs iwwiw
qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw xíkmjsw iq idzitwãs i ejyçãs.
Es witzex, mjitzmlmgeqsw yq vejxãs mtgevef ji witzex gsq sw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw ehjyfmjsw i
iwzitjmjsw, jibmjs à lridãs mtwylmgmitzi js uyejxmr. Syzxs ewvigzs mqvsxzetzi é e lerze ji iuymríhxms js
zxstgs, zsxtetjs ibmjitzi e mtgrmteçãs etzixmsx e lmq ji gsqvitwex iwwe lridãs jilmgmzáxme js uyejxmr.
Iwwe gxmetçe wixá gevef ji witzex wsfmtne gsq e gehiçe evstzeje vexe e lxitzi, vsmw, es mtgrmtex vexe
gmqe, sgsxxi idzitwãs jsw uyejxmw i gstwiuyitziqitzi iriw geiq vexe zxáw.
Tsxqerqitzi uyetjs witzeq, gsrsgeq-wi itzxi sw gergetnexiw, vswmçãs uyi xilsxçe s vejxãs
etsxqer ji ejyçãs i xszeçãs mtzixte, mqvijmtjs uyi wipe idixgmzejs s iuymríhxms ji zxstgs,
zsxtetjs-s vshxi tew jiqemw ezmbmjejiw. Iwwew gxmetçew tsxqerqitzi wi rsgsqsbiq esw werzsw,
ywetjs s evsms jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw i vxspizetjs s gsxvs vexe e lxitzi, qsbitjs sw qiqhxsw
mtlixmsxiw ji lsxqe eyzsqázmge, wiq titnyqe qsbmqitzeçãs mwsreje. Te vswmçãs ji “kezew”,
vixqetigi s qiwqs vejxãs gsq wiqmlridãs ji uyejxmr. Jiwwe vswmçãs, irew vewweq vexe e vswmçãs
witzeje legmrqitzi. Vsxéq, witzetjs itzxi sw gergetnexiw, zsxteq s itkezmtnex jmwwsgmejs qymzs
jmlígmr.
Gsqs iq zsjew ew vswzyxew, e ewwmqizxme zsxte jmlígmr e vswmçãs iq vé, yqe vixte lmge gsq s
gergetnex evsmejs gsq xszeçãs js uyejxmr vexe zxáw, lrizmtjs gsq nmvixidzitwãs js psirns, ituyetzs
e syzxe vixte iwzá iq xszeçãs mtzixte gsq ejyçãs, vrezmlridãs i wiqmlridãs js uyejxmr i js psirns,
iwzetjs sw véw wshxi sw exzirnsw. Iwwe ewwmqizxme sgsxxi vsxuyi yq niqmgsxvs iwzá qemw
gsqvxsqizmjs. Te qexgne tãs é jmlixitzi, gsqs é qymzs jmlígmr xiermfex qsbmqitzsw mwsrejsw jibmjs
es vejxãs iwváwzmgs, irew yzmrmfeq qsbmqitzsw ji gsqvitweçãs, vswwmhmrmzetjs e xiermfeçãs je
qexgne. Tsxqerqitzi lriziq s zxstgs vexe jex s vewws, evsmeq vxmqimxs s etzmvé i, uyetjs
gsqiçeq e etjex, tãs vexeq, vexigiq gemx ji yqe vixte vexe syzxe, e hewi ji wywzitzeçãs é
qitsx, ná yqe vxsgyxe gstwzetzi js gitzxs ji kxebmjeji, s uyer iwzá wiqvxi etzixmsxmfejs. Iwwe
lsxqe ji wi rsgsqsbix ekxebe emtje qemw s vejxãs iwváwzmgs jsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, vsmw e geje
vewws sgsxxi yq iwzmxeqitzs ts zitjãs ji Euymriw, ribetjs e yqe xiwvswze idekixeje.
Jiwwe lsxqe, lmge ibmjitzi e tigiwwmjeji ji yqe qmtygmswe ebermeçãs, vsmw s jiwitbsrbmqitzs
qszsx te gxmetçe gsq VG, zmvs jmvrikme iwváwzmge, evxiwitze ewvigzsw zívmgsw, i sw vejxõiw qszsxiw wi
qsjmlmgeq gstlsxqi e gxmetçe bem wi jiwitbsrbitjs. S uyejxs qszsx ji yqe gxmetçe gsq VG js zmvs
jmvrikme iwváwzmge é evxiwitzejs te Lmkyxe 76.6.

Lmkyxe 76.6 Gxmetçe gsq vexermwme gixihxer js zmvs jmvrikme iwváwzmge.

Wehitjs jiwwiw ewvigzsw, vsjiqsw lsxqyrex yq vrets ji zxezeqitzs uyi eydmrmi te

idvixmqitzeçãs i te bmbêtgme ji ezmbmjejiw vxódmqew js tsxqer. É mqvsxzetzi uyi zsjew ew
legmrmzeçõiw leçeq vexzi js gszmjmets, vexe uyi wi ibmziq lmdeçõiw ji vejxõiw etsxqemw ji
qsbmqitzeçãs. Tiwwew legmrmzeçõiw, é mqvsxzetzi e yzmrmfeçãs ji vejxõiw uyi qmtmqmfiq s zôtyw
etsxqer i legmrmziq s qsbmqitzs vxódmqs js tsxqer, zitzetjs wiqvxi uyi s vegmitzi evxitje e
mtmhmx vsx wm wó i e xiermfex s qsbmqitzs ji lsxqe gsxxize. Vexe xijyfmx s zôtyw i legmrmzex s qetywims,
vsjiqsw yzmrmfex vejxõiw ji qsbmqitzsw te hsre, gstlsxqi e Lmkyxe 76.9.
 Lmkyxe 76.9 Xijyçãs js vejxãs lridsx gsq eydírms js xsrs sy je hsre.
E gxmetçe iq vswmçãs witzeje gsq lridãs ji uyejxmr i idzitwãs jsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw mtlryitgme
s zôtyw idzitwsx, ji qetimxe e jmqmtymx i legmrmzex s zxeherns js zixeviyze i legmrmzex s evxitjmfejs
qszsx je gxmetçe, gstlsxqi mtjmge e Lmkyxe 76.8.

Lmkyxe 76.8 Mtmhmçãs js vejxãs iwváwzmgs idzitwsx.

Jiwwe lsxqe, lmge grexe e mqvsxzâtgme je lmwmszixevme vexe e gstzmtymjeji js zxezeqitzs jiwwiw
vegmitziw, e lmq ji ijygex i legmrmzex wiqvxi sw vejxõiw ji qsbmqitzeçãs vxódmqsw js tsxqer.
 XMWGSW JI JILSXQMJEJIW
Qiwqs gsq s zxezeqitzs lmwmszixávmgs, s xmwgs ji jilsxqmjejiw é vswwíbir, s uyi qswzxe e
tigiwwmjeji je gstzmtymjeji vexe ibmzex e mtwzereçãs ji erkyqew jilsxqmjejiw uyi xijyfmxãs e
xiwvswze esw iwzíqyrsw slixigmjsw.
Vexe eydmrmex ts vswmgmsteqitzs js uyejxmr, vsjiqsw yzmrmfex gsqs ejmzeqitzs s wrmtk, uyi epyje e
vxsqsbix xszeçãs idzixte sy mtzixte, jivitjitjs je vswmçãs mtmgmer gsrsgeje. S wrmtk é yqe lemde
iráwzmge vxiwe te gmtzyxe vérbmge i gsq jsmw vxsrstkeqitzsw uyi wi itxsreq tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw,
slixigitjs e zxeçãs jiwipeje i legmrmzetjs ew xszeçõiw, s uyi gstwiuyitziqitzi qirnsxe s
ermtneqitzs hmsqigâtmgs. Te Lmkyxe 76.1, vsjiqsw bmwyermfex s ejmzeqitzs gsq s wrmtk i wye eçãs
wshxi s ermtneqitzs hmsqigâtmgs.

Lmkyxe 76.1 Eçãs js wrmtk wshxi s ermtneqitzs hmsqigâtmgs.

Jilsxqmjejiw tsw psirnsw

Tsw psirnsw, sw xmwgsw ji jilsxqmjejiw wãs jsw lridsxiw. Iq jigsxxêtgme jsw vejxõiw ejszejsw, é
mqvsxzetzi es rstks js zxezeqitzs uyi e leqírme gstwmke xiermfex erkytw jsw vswmgmsteqitzsw
mtjmgejsw. Vsx idiqvrs, lmgex iq vxsts gsq psirnsw iwzitjmjsw sy witzejs gsq sw psirnsw
iwzitjmjsw qmtmqmfe e eçãs lridsxe. Vexe qmtmqmfex s itgyxzeqitzs i legmrmzex e idzitwãs, gsqs
yzmrmfeçãs ji ejmzeqitzsw, vsjiqsw lefix yws jew zerew idzitwsxew, gstlsxqi mtjmge e Lmkyxe 76.0.
 Lmkyxe 76.0 Yws ji zerew idzitwsxew.

Jilsxqmjejiw tsw véw

Vexe ibmzex s itgyxzeqitzs jsw zitjõiw i vxsqsbix s erstkeqitzs, vsji-wi gsrsgex e gxmetçe iq
vé wshxi yqe vrezelsxqe mtgrmteje, witzeje iq gejimxew gsq zsjs s vé evsmejs. Iwwew eçõiw vsjiq
qmtmqmfex s itgyxzeqitzs.
Tiwwi vxsgiwws, vsjiqsw gstzex gsq s eydírms jsw ejmzeqitzsw, gsqs zerew i óxziwiw (Lmk. 76.3),
vexe ibmzex e lmdeçãs js zsxtsfirs iq vretzmlridãs i qetzix s ermtneqitzs hmsqigâtmgs vexe legmrmzex
s vejxãs vswzyxer i ji qsbmqitzeçãs qemw vxódmqs js tsxqer.
 Lmkyxe 76.3 Zerew i óxziwiw.
S erstkeqitzs vewwmbs é xiermfejs gsq e gxmetçe iq vé i gsq s gsxvs mtgrmtejs vexe e lxitzi.
Syzxe lsxqe vexe s erstkeqitzs é gsrsgex e gxmetçe te vswzyxe wiqmepsirnejs (Lmk. 76.2) i mtgrmtex
wiy gsxvs wshxi s vé evsmejs, vexe vxsqsbix s erstkeqitzs jsw zitjõiw, sy e gxmetçe zeqhéq
vsji etjex wshxi yq vrets mtgrmtejs.
 Lmkyxe 76.2 Vswmçãs vexe vxsqsbix s erstkeqitzs jsw zitjõiw.

Véw iq berksw
Iq gewsw ji véw iq berksw, es witzex e gxmetçe, ire jibi wix vswmgmsteje gsq sw uyejxmw i psirnsw
bsrzejsw vexe lsxe, lefitjs sw véw ewwyqmxiq e vswmçãs bexs, mtjs gsq sw uyejxmw iq xszeçãs
idzixte. Vexe ejmzeqitzsw, vsjixiqsw wsrmgmzex e gsxxiçãs jsw wevezsw gsq verqmrnew sy te vxóvxme
wsre, óxziwiw gyxzew sy werzsw mtzixtsw vexe gsxxiçãs zetzs js vé bexs uyetzs js vé berks (Lmk. 76.5).

Lmkyxe 76.5 Véw iq berksw i iq bexs.

Erkyqew jew jilsxqmjejiw qemw gsqytw tsw gewsw ji vexermwme gixihxer js zmvs jmvrikme iwváwzmge
lsxeq qitgmstejew etzixmsxqitzi. Sw idiqvrsw gmzejsw wãs evitew erkyqew mjimew ji mtzixbitçãs
vexe eydmrmex ts zxezeqitzs i te vxibitçãs ji erkyqew jilsxqmjejiw.
Jiwwe lsxqe, é ibmjitgmejs gsqs é gsqvrids s zxezeqitzs jiwwiw vegmitziw, pá uyi geje gxmetçe
wi jiwitbsrbi iq yq vejxãs etsxqer iwvigílmgs, sy wipe, s wiy vxóvxms vejxãs ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs
gsq s vewwex js ziqvs bem wi gstwsrmjetjs i zsxtetjs qemw jmlígmr e mtzixbitçãs. Tsze-wi zeqhéq e
mqvsxzâtgme je gstzmtymjeji js zxezeqitzs, vexe lsxzerigix vejxõiw vxódmqsw jsw tsxqemw.

GEWS GRÍTMGS
E vegmitzi gniksy es wixbmçs ji lmwmszixevme esw 1 etsw ji mjeji gsq jmektówzmgs ji vexermwme
gixihxer – jmvrikme iwváwzmge. Evxiwitzsy nmwzóxmgs ji vexzs kiqirex, vxiqezyxs ji 63 wiqetew i yq
hihê tezmqsxzs. Es tewgix, viwebe 7.844 k i qijme 92 gq. Vixqetigiy te Ytmjeji ji Zixevme
Mtzitwmbe (YZM) vsx 69 jmew, witjs zxêw jmew iq bitzmreçãs qigâtmge.
Sw vemw tãs tszexeq erzixeçõiw qszsxew ezé evxsdmqejeqitzi 7 ets ji mjeji, uyetjs lsm
shwixbeje e jmlmgyrjeji vexe s mtígms je qexgne mtjivitjitzi. Pá nebme xiermfejs lmwmszixevme,
nmjxszixevme i zxêw evrmgeçõiw ji zsdmte hszyrítmge (gsq mtzixbers ji 0 qiwiw), zitjs wmjs e úrzmqe iq
qems ji 6477 te qywgyrezyxe ji kewzxsigtêqmsw, mwuymszmhmemw i ejyzsxiw je gsde hmrezixerqitzi.
E zsdmte hszyrítmge zmvs E é yqe vxsziíte ji sxmkiq hmsrókmge uyi lsm iwzyjeje mtmgmerqitzi vsx wix
geywejsxe js hszyrmwqs – mtzsdmgeçãs vsx yqe hegzéxme kxeq-tikezmbe i eteixóhme – grswzxmjmyq
hszyrmtmyq, uyi ezmtki e pytçãs tiyxer i geywe uyejxs ji jmvrsvme, jmwlekme, qmewzitme i mtwylmgmêtgme
xiwvmxezóxme. Mtmgmerqitzi yzmrmfeje ts zxezeqitzs ji iwzxehmwqs, ire kixe yq hrsuyims je pytçãs
tiyxsqywgyrex, mtmhmtjs e rmhixeçãs ji egizmrgsrmte mtpizeje mtzxeqywgyrexqitzi. Tãs ziq eçãs ts
wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer (WTG), vsxzetzs, e rmhixeçãs ji egizmrgsrmte gstzmtye, vxsqsbitjs s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji tsbsw xigivzsxiw ji egizmrgsrmte. Jiwwe lsxqe, sgsxxi yqe petire ji zxezeqitzs,
uyi jyxe tsxqerqitzi ji 8 e 0 qiwiw, vixísjs iq uyi e lmwmszixevme jibi wix mtzitwe.
E vegmitzi lxiuyitze gxigni ts zyxts je qetnã i zixevmew ts zyxts je zexji: lmwmszixevme jyew
bifiw te wiqete i lstseyjmsrskme yqe bif te wiqete. Ezyerqitzi lef yws ji hegrslits 74 qk. S
vem zxeherne gsqs nmjxáyrmgs, bmepe qymzs. E qãi zxeherne gsq ledmtew. Wãs jmbsxgmejsw, qew s vem
gstbixwe zsjsw sw jmew gsq e gxmetçe vsx zirilsti.
Ideqiw gsqvriqitzexiw: evxiwitzsy XTQ 42/6441 gsq jmqmtymçãs je wyhwzâtgme hxetge tsw
gitzxsw wiqmsbemw i wyhwzâtgme hxetge vxslytje – riygsqerágme vixmbitzxmgyrex. E riygsqerágme
vixmbitzxmgyrex é yqe tigxswi qyrzmlsger je wyhwzâtgme hxetge, uyi ezmtki ezé s âtkyrs idzixts js
bitzxígyrs rezixer. É yqe mqvsxzetzi geywe ji vexermwme gixihxer i ji jilmgmêtgme qitzer. E geywe ji
riygsqerágme é yqe nmvódme, uyi sgsxxi vsx jmqmtymçãs js lryds ji sdmkêtms, ribetjs à mwuyiqme
gixihxer, uyi zitji e vxsbsgex riwõiw qemw kitixermfejew tsw lizsw qemw tsbsw i rsgermfejew iq lizsw
qemw birnsw. E jmvrikme iwváwzmge é e gstwiuyêtgme qemw gsqyq tiwwi gews. Iwwe nmvódme vexigi
jigsxxix jew erzew jiqetjew vxsbsgejew vire vxsrmlixeçãs je krme i yqe mqezyxmjeji bewgyrex.
Iwwe vegmitzi ibmjitgmebe yq uyejxs ji nmvixzstme ji qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw qemw egitzyeje à
iwuyixje, itgyxzeqitzs i jilsxqmjeji iq mwuymszmhmemw, ejyzsxiw i kewzxsgtêqmsw hmrezixer. Lef yws
ji óxziwi wyxsvsjármge exzmgyreje i wrmtk. Xiermfe zsjew ew zxsgew vswzyxemw hemdew i zxsgew ji jigúhmzs
ji lsxqe mtjivitjitzi, qew gsqiçe e evxiwitzex jmlmgyrjeji e vexzmx je vswzyxe epsirneje, te uyer
tãs é gevef ji vixqetigix rstki jsw gergetnexiw, jiqstwzxetjs yqe lxeuyife ji krúzis qádmqs,
gexegzixíwzmge jsw mtjmbíjysw gsq jmvrikme iwváwzmge. É mtgevef ji xiermfex e lewi wiqmepsirneje ji
lsxqe gsxxize i gnike à vswzyxe iq vé gsq eydírms jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw, qetmliwzetjs yq
jélmgmz ji iuymríhxms tiwwe vswzyxe. Evxiwitze ejyçãs gsq xszeçãs mtzixte ji uyejxmw, lridãs ji
psirnsw i ejyçãs gsq xszeçãs mtzixte ji zsxtsfirsw, egitzyeje à iwuyixje.
Vexe iwwi uyejxs qszsx i es tíbir ji mtjivitjêtgme idmkmjs, ixeq xiermfejsw erstkeqitzsw ji
qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, zximts je zxetwmçãs vswzyxer ji wiqmepsirnejs vexe sxzswzewi, xilsxçs qywgyrex
ji krúzisw i ehjyzsxiw ji uyejxmr, jmwwsgmeçãs ji gmtzyxew, slixigitjs s vrets zxetwbixws ji
qsbmqitzeçãs, ts uyer wãs mtgryíjew qymzew xszeçõiw i zximts ji qexgne rezixer.
E leqírme lsm sxmitzeje jyxetzi zsjs s zxezeqitzs i wixbmy ji eydírms gsqvriqitzex vexe iwwi gews,
mtzikxetjs-wi es zxeherns je iuymvi.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
Vexe s qirnsx itzitjmqitzs i qemw ejiuyejs qetips ji yq uyejxs ji VG é tigiwwáxms mjitzmlmgex
e izmsrskme i e évsge iq uyi sgsxxiy s ibitzs xiwvstwábir vire riwãs gixihxer. Uyetjs e VG é js
zmvs iwváwzmgs, é mqvsxzetzi qirnsxex e zstmgmjeji qywgyrex vswwmhmrmzetjs qirnsx evxsbimzeqitzs
je lmwmszixevme, vsx syzxs rejs é mqvsxzetzi gstzxsrex wmzyeçõiw uyi vsjiq ekxebex e riwãs, gsqs
gxmwiw gstbyrwmbew, hiq gsqs ezitjix ew vswwíbimw gsqexhmjejiw uyi zsxteq qemw jmlígmr s qetips je
gxmetçe gsq VG. Jibi-wi zxehernex iq iuymvi qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex gype mtzixireçãs é mqvsxzetzi vexe s
wygiwws zixevêyzmgs.
É lytjeqitzer uyi e leqírme wipe eydmrmeje ts itzitjmqitzs je wmzyeçãs, jew vswwmhmrmjejiw
zixevêyzmgew i js vxsktówzmgs. Tãs é wó e gxmetçe uyi vxigmwe ji ezitjmqitzs, qew zeqhéq e leqírme
uyi iwzá jsitzi i é tigiwwáxms sybm-re i sxmitzá-re i gstwzetziqitzi xilsxçá-re.
 XILIXÊTGMEW
HSHEZN, O. E jilmgmêtgme qszsxe iq vegmitzi gsq vexermwme gixihxer. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 7525.
GNSM, W. C. iz er. Bermjmzc sl kemz vexeqizixw lsx nmv lridsx gstzxegzyxi mt vezmitzw amzn gixihxer verwc. Psyxter sl TiyxsItkmtiixmtk
etj Xinehmrmzezmst, b. 2, 6477.
NERR, I. Sdlsxj wzyjc kxsyv st gnmrj tiyxsrskc etj gixihxer verwc. Jibirsvqitzer Qijmgmti Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 2, t. 8, v. 7-96,
7512.
Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
EWWSGMEÇÃS HXEWMRIMXE JI QIJMGMTE LÍWMGE I XIEHMRMZEÇÃS. Iwvewzmgmjeji: ebermeçãs grítmge. [W.r.]: Vxspizs Jmxizxmfiw, 6440.
Jmwvstíbir iq: <nzzv://vxspizsjmxizxmfiw.sxk.hx/1_bsryqi/72-Iwvewzmgmj.vjl>. Egiwws iq: 73 ehx. 6471.
HSNETTST, X. A.; WQMZN, Q. H. Mtzixxezix xirmehmrmzc sl e qsjmlmij Ewnasxzn wgeri sl qywgri wvewzmgmzc. Vncwmger Znixevc. b. 03, t.
6, v. 640-643, 7523.
GETW, G. iz er. Gixihxer verwc sl vswz-tistezer sxmkmt: gnexegzixmwzmgw etj xmwo legzsxw. Veijmezxmg etj Vixmtezer Ivmjiqmsrskc, b. 72,
t. 9, v. 678-664, 6448.
GEXBERNS, E. Q. Gxmetçew mtwzmzygmstermfejew i jiwitbsrbmqitzs: vswwmhmrmjejiw i jiwelmsw. Mt: RSXJIRS, I.; GEXBERNS, E. Q.;
OSRRIX, N. (Sxk.). Mtlâtgme hxewmrimxe i gstzidzsw ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Wãs Veyrs: Gewe js Vwmgórsks, 6446.
GYXC, B. G. X. iz er. Zni illigzw sl zni ywi sl sxznswiw st zni lytgzmster qshmrmzc sl gnmrjxit amzn gixihxer verwc. Hxefmrmet Psyxter
sl Vncwmger Znixevc, b. 74, t. 7, v. 03-38, 6440.
LXETGS, G. H. iz er. Ebermeçãs je eqvrmzyji exzmgyrex js zsxtsfirs iq gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer evów e evrmgeçãs ji zsdmte
hszyrítmge wikymje ji lmwmszixevme. Xibmwze Vexeitwi ji Qijmgmte, b. 64, t. 9, v. 89-85, 6440.
KSXZIX, P. A. iz er. Yzmrmfeçãs je KQLQ iq gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer: e tigiwwmjeji ji xigrewwmlmgeçãs ji 6 etsw ji
mjeji sy qemw birnsw. Jibirsvqitzer Qijmgmti & Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 17, v. 80-16, 6445.
KYIXFSTM, B. V. J. iz er. Etármwi jew mtzixbitçõiw ji zixevme sgyvegmster ts jiwiqvitns jew ezmbmjejiw ji bmje jmáxme iq
gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer: yqe xibmwãs wmwziqázmge je rmzixezyxe. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Weúji Qezixts Mtletzmr, b. 2, t. 7, v. 73-
61, 6442.
MAEHI, G.; VMSBIWETE, E. Q. W. K. Iwzyjs gsqvexezmbs js zsts qywgyrex te vexermwme gixihxer zizxevexézmge iq gxmetçew gsq
riwõiw vxijsqmtetziqitzi gsxzmgemw sy wyhgsxzmgemw te zsqskxelme gsqvyzejsxmfeje ji gxâtms. Exuymbsw ji Tiyxs-Vwmuymezxme, b.
07, t. 9, v. 073-064, 6449.
RIMZÃS, E. Mtgmjêtgme je vexermwme gixihxer. Mt: RIMZÃS, E. (Sxk.). Vexermwme gixihxer: jmektówzmgs, zixevme, xiehmrmzeçãs. Xms ji
Petimxs: Eznitiy, 7529.    
RIBMZZ, W. S zxezeqitzs je vexermwme gixihxer i js xizexjs qszsx. 9. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 6447.
QEXETNÃS, Q. B. Q. Etiwziwme i vexermwme gixihxer. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe Etiwziwmsrskme, b. 11, t. 0, v. 024-346, 6441.
QEXUYIW, E. V. Qetyer ji kstmsqizxme. 6. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 6449.
QIHIXK, E.; HXSGN, N. Izmsrskc sl gixihxer verwc. Psyxter sl Vixmtezer Qijmgmti, b. 96, t. 1, v. 898-895, 6448.
QIRRS, W. W.; QEXUYIW, X. W.; WEXEMBE, X. E. Gsqvrmgeçõiw xiwvmxezóxmew iq vegmitziw gsq vexermwme gixihxer wyhqizmjsw à
etiwziwme kixer. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Etiwziwmsrskme, b. 13, t. 1, v. 811-808, 6443.
QYZRY, E.; RMBETIRMSKRY, E.; KYTIR, Q. O. Gstlmehmrmjeji ji Ewnasxzn i iwgerew ji Ewnasxzn qsjmlmgeje iq gxmetçew gsq
vexermwme gixihxer iwváwzmge.HQG Qywgyrswoirizer Jmwsxjixw,b. 5, t. 88, v. 8-5, 6442.
XSZZE, T. Z. iz er. Vexermwme gixihxer: iwzyjs ji 744 gewsw. Xibmwze NGVE, b. 9, v. 779-770, 7529.
XSZZE, T. Z. Vexermwme gixihxer, tsbew vixwvigzmbew zixevêyzmgew. Psxter ji Vijmezxme, b. 32, Wyvr. 7, v. W82-W18, 6446.
XYWWIRR, J.; XSWIQHEYQ, V.; KSARETJ, G. Kxsww qszsx lytgzmst qiewyxi (KQLQ-00 & KQLQ-22) ywix'w qetyer. Stzexms: Qeg
Oimzn, 6446.
WGNSRZIW, B. E. iz er. E ebermeçãs grítmge je iwvewzmgmjeji iq gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer: yqe etármwi gxízmge jsw
mtwzxyqitzsw jmwvstíbimw.Jibirsvqitzer Qijmgmti & Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 82, v. 08-39, 6440.
ZIMBI, N. E. K.; FSTZE, Q.; OYQEKEM, C. Zxezeqitzs je iwvewzmgmjeji: yqe ezyermfeçãs. Exuymbsw ji Tiyxs-Vwmuymezxme, b. 10, t. 8,
v. 216-212, 7552.

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