25/02/2019 Biblioteca A Viewer

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q vxsgiwws wirizmbs evxiwitzsy esw getjmjezsw e wikymtzi uyiwzãs: “Lehms, Jebmj i Vijxs iwzebeq erikxiqitzi
gstbixwetjs witzejsw es xijsx ji yqe qiwe xijstje. Jebmj tãs iwzebe à jmximze ji Vijxs. Uyiq iwzebe à jmximze ji
Lehms? Erzixtezmbew: e) Jebmj, h) Vijxs i g) Tãs já vexe wehix”. Zxeze-wi ji yqe vixkytze wmqvriw, qew 94% jsw getjmjezsw
ixxexeq e xiwvswze. Vixkytzew wmqmrexiw e iwwe wãs xszmtimxeqitzi evxiwitzejew iq vxsgiwwsw wirizmbsw ji xigyxwsw nyqetsw
xiermfejsw iq gstzidzsw sxketmfegmstemw, grítmgsw sy ijygezmbsw. Itzxizetzs, uyer wixme e yzmrmjeji jiwwi zmvs ji vixkytze?
Nspi iq jme wehiqsw gsq erzs kxey ji vxigmwãs uyi sw vxsgiwwsw qitzemw uyi wyhpefiq es êdmzs je xiwvswze e vixkytzew uyi
xiuyixiq xegmsgítms wãs sw qiwqsw uyi wyhpefiq à wsryçãs ji vxshriqew gszmjmetsw. Bipe-wi, vsx idiqvrs, s xiwyrzejs js iwzyjs
ji rizxeqitzs gmitzílmgs xiermfejs ts Veíw virsw mtwzmzyzsw Ehxeqytjs i Veyrs Qstzitikxs i vire STK Eçãs Ijygezmbe (Ksqiw, 6471).
Ts tíbir 8 ji rizxeqitzs gmitzílmgs (iq kixer viwwsew gsq itwmts wyvixmsx uyi vsjixmeq ebermex vxsvswzew uyi idmkiq s jsqítms ji
gstgimzsw i irehsxex exkyqitzsw wshxi e gstlmehmrmjeji sy e bixegmjeji ji nmvóziwiw lsxqyrejew), itgstzxsy-wi uyi 2% zmbixeq
jmlmgyrjeji ji mtzixvxizex yqe gstze ji ryf, 63% zixmeq jmlmgyrjeji ji evekex yq mtgêtjms wikymtjs ew mtwzxyçõiw ji iuymveqitzsw
gstzxelsks i 91% zixmeq jmlmgyrjeji ji mtzixvxizex sw xiwyrzejsw ji yq ideqi ji wetkyi e vexzmx jsw bersxiw ji xilixêtgme
lsxtigmjsw virs rehsxezóxms. Jmlmgyrjejiw iwwew tãs idvrmgejew virs tíbir ji mtwzxyçãs.
E xireçãs itzxi s jiwiqvitns iq vxsbew ji xegmsgítms i s jiwiqvitns gszmjmets lsm bmwryqhxeje te Gnmte ná qymzs ziqvs, gixge
ji 644 sy 714 etsw e.G., ts lmter je jmtewzme Umt i mtígms je jmtewzme Net. Wikytjs yqe hywge vstzyer ji mtlsxqeçãs gstjyfmje vsx
Hsaqet (7525) xirezmbe es wmwziqe ji ebermeçãs gnmtêw jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw, s mqvixejsx gnmtêw ixe uyiq ebermebe sw
getjmjezsw es wixbmçs vúhrmgs vsx qims ji vxsbew iwgxmzew.
Evów yq vixísjs ji yws i jiwyws ji jmbixwew lsxqew ji vxsbew, wixme te jmtewzme Qmtk (7902-7088 j.G.) uyi s vxsgiwws ji
xigxyzeqitzs i wiriçãs wi zsxtexme hewzetzi iwvigmermfejs i mtwzmzygmstermfejs iq zsjs s zixxmzóxms gnmtêw. Iwwi wmwziqe zitzebe ibmzex
vxmbmrékmsw exmwzsgxázmgsw i vxsqsbix e qixmzsgxegme es gstlixmx esw getjmjezsw idmzswsw gixzsw “zízyrsw” etársksw esw zízyrsw
egejêqmgsw ji nspi iq jme. Idmkme-wi vxmtgmverqitzi mtzirmkêtgme bixher, mwzs é, gevegmjeji ji gstwzxymx exkyqitzsw ehwzxezsw i
iriketziw. Iq kixer, tiwwiw ideqiw, evitew 6% jsw getjmjezsw ixeq evxsbejsw. Esw hiq-wygijmjsw tew idmkitziw vxsbew (v. id.,
qiqsxmfex 844 qmr gexegzixiw ji yq zidzs ji Gstlúgms), ixe gstlixmje yqe qirnsx gstjmçãs ji bmje. Tãs ixe ji wi iwzxetnex uyi sw
vxsgiwwsw wirizmbsw vexe s wixbmçs vúhrmgs gnmtêw lswwiq zãs gstgsxxmjsw. Jiwwe lsxqe, e wiriçãs vixqmzme es mqvixejsx gstzex gsq
yq kxyvs ji lytgmstáxmsw zeritzswsw vexe s idixgígms vúhrmgs iq zsjew ew wyew vxsbítgmew, gmjejiw sy iwzejsw. E vxázmge jiwwi
wmwziqe ji wiriçãs wi qetzibi ezé 7541, évsge iq uyi lsm ehsrmjs.
Ezyerqitzi, s wmwziqe ji wiriçãs xizsxtsy gsq lsxçe wsh s tsqi ji kesoes vexe sw iwzyjetziw gnmtiwiw uyi iwzãs lmtermfetjs s
itwmts qéjms. I, gsqs te évsge js mqvéxms gnmtêw, leqírmew i gsqytmjejiw mtzimxew wikyiq ezitzeqitzi s xiwyrzejs js xmksxsws
kesoes, vsmw s getjmjezs idmzsws vsjixá mtkxiwwex iq erkyqe jew ytmbixwmjejiw gnmtiwew, qirnsxetjs wmktmlmgezmbeqitzi wiy wzezyw
wsgmsigstôqmgs.
Te gyrzyxe sgmjitzer, jmlixitziqitzi je gnmtiwe, e vxisgyveçãs ixe mjitzmlmgex evitew ew viwwsew gsq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer uyi
jibixmeq wix vxszikmjew virsw ximtejsw iyxsviyw. Iq yq gstzidzs iq uyi wsqitzi s grixs i e exmwzsgxegme vsjmeq zix egiwws e yqe
qirnsx uyermjeji ji bmje, ew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw tsw xigyxwsw gsktmzmbsw je vsvyreçãs vsygs mqvsxzebeq. S mtzixiwwi virs qéxmzs
mtjmbmjyer, i gsq iri s jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gyxmswmjeji gmitzílmge iq ebermex e mtzirmkêtgme, wsqitzi bmxme evów yqe wéxmi ji lezsw
nmwzóxmgsw uyi vixqmzmxeq yqe gyrzyxe ji evxigmeçãs je mtjmbmjyermjeji. Ji egsxjs gsq s vxsliwwsx Jsykrew Jizzixqet, ijmzsx je
xibmwze gmitzílmge Mtzirrmkitgi7, iwwiw lezsw nmwzóxmgsw iyxsviyw wi xilixiq es mtbitzs je mqvxiwwsxe ji zmvs qóbir, iq 7885, virs
eriqãs Psnettiw Kyzithixk (é mqvsxzetzi tszex uyi, te Gnmte, e qáuymte ji mqvxiwwãs pá nebme wmjs mjiermfeje vsx bsrze ji 7484),
uyihttps://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582714881/chapter1.xhtml#sigil_toc_id_2
vixqmzmy e xávmje mqvxiwwãs ji rmbxsw i, gsqs gstwiuyêtgme, yqe ákmr jmlywãs je mtlsxqeçãs. Syzxs lezsx wixme s wyxkmqitzs
1/11 js
Vxsziwzetzmwqs, uyi zxetwqmzmy tsbsw bersxiw ji zxeherns i vxskxiwws mtjmbmjyer. Ewwmq, e tigiwwmjeji ji rix e híhrme (geje bif qemw
jmwvstíbir
25/02/2019 iq viuyitew gsqytmjejiw) ribsy e yq qemsx rizxeqitzs jeAwsgmijeji
Biblioteca Viewer iyxsvime i, gsq mwws, lebsxigiy e ezmbmjeji
mtzirigzyer i e shwixbeçãs jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw.
Jivsmw je Mjeji Qéjme (vixísjs gsqvxiitjmjs itzxi 830 i 7819 j.G.), e Mjeji Qsjixte (ji 7819 ezé 7325) bmy lrsxiwgixiq ew
jmwgywwõiw, ji sxjiq lmrswólmge, wshxi ew jsitçew qitzemw, ewwmq gsqs ew vxmqimxew zitzezmbew gmitzílmgew, ji sxjiq qéjmge, ji
itzitjê-rew (Qmrrst, 6448). Wixme, itzxizetzs, te Mjeji Gstziqvsxâtie, iwvigmlmgeqitzi jyxetzi e Ixe Bmzsxmete te Mtkrezixxe (vixísjs
uyi bem ji 7292 ezé s mtígms js wégyrs vewwejs), uyi wyxkmxme yq egejêqmgs ji qúrzmvrsw zeritzsw, s mtkrêw Lxetgmw Kerzst, uyi
iwzehirigiy s iwzyjs gmitzílmgs jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw6.
Kerzst, uyi lsm, itzxi syzxsw slígmsw, qeziqázmgs, kiókxels, qizisxsrskmwze, mtbitzsx, iwzezíwzmgs i vwmgórsks jmlixitgmermwze,
vixgihiy uyi s vxspizs ji “líwmge wsgmer”, uyi itzitjme s “nsqiq qéjms” e vexzmx je jmwzxmhymçãs tsxqer jsw bersxiw qéjmsw ji
gexegzixíwzmgew qitwyxábimw, vxsvswzs virs lxetgêw Ejsrvni Uyiziriz, vsjixme, ji lezs, evrmgex-wi àw nehmrmjejiw nyqetew. Kerzst
vyhrmgsy wiy leqsws rmbxs Nixijmzexc Kitmyw, iq 7205, ts uyer elmxqsy: “qswzxexim tiwzi rmbxs uyi ew nehmrmjejiw tezyxemw js nsqiq
wãs gstwiuyêtgme je nixjehmrmjeji, wsh idezeqitzi ew qiwqew rmqmzeçõiw uyi egsqiziq s qytjs sxkâtmgs ts uyi jmf xiwvimzs à
wye lsxqe i gexegzixíwzmgew líwmgew” (Kerzst, 7205; v. 7). Kerzst gsqvxiitjme e nehmrmjeji qitzer gsqs yqe uyermjeji i yqe jmwvs-
wmçãs js mtzirigzs uyi jmxigmstebeq yqe viwwse à wye xivyzeçãs. I, vsx xivyzeçãs, iri uyixme jmfix “e svmtmãs ji gstziqvsxâtisw
xibmweje vire vswzixmjeji vsx báxmsw hmókxelsw. (...) tãs wi zxeze ji erze vswmçãs wsgmer sy slmgmer (...) qew etziw e xivyzeçãs ji yq ríjix
ji svmtmãs, ji yq mtsbejsx, ji yq nsqiq e uyiq s qytjs xigstnigi uyi iwzá iq jéhmzs” (v. 93). Vexe Kerzst, e xivyzeçãs wixme e
qetmliwzeçãs ji yqe gevegmjeji mteze i ji yqe kxetji uyetzmjeji ji zxeherns áxjys (yqe gexegzixíwzmge qymzs bersxmfeje te Ixe
Bmzsxmete).
Kerzst etermwsy ew hmskxelmew ji nsqitw je gmêtgme, je rmzixezyxe i je exzi, i e shwixbeçãs ji gixze xigsxxêtgme leqmrmex ts ergetgi
je xivyzeçãs ribsy-s e gstpigzyxex e sgsxxêtgme je zxetwqmwwãs kitézmge jew nehmrmjejiw gsktmzmbew ji vemw vexe lmrnsw, iqhsxe
xigstnigiwwi jiwgstnigix sw qigetmwqsw virsw uyemw iwwe zxetwqmwwãs sgsxxme. Kerzst xiermfsy jmbixwsw iwzyjsw ji shwixbeçãs iq
kêqisw i leqírmew gsq jmbixwsw vexitziwgsw, xikmwzxetjs wmqmrexmjeji gsqvsxzeqitzer i etgiwzxermjeji. Iq zsjsw sw wiyw iwzyjsw,
evrmgsy i/sy jiwitbsrbiy vxmtgívmsw iwzezíwzmgsw. Ewwmq, wye lmxqi gstbmgçãs je nixjehmrmjeji je erze gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe lmgsy
ibmjitgmeje uyetjs, vsx idiqvrs, iq xireçãs à iqmtêtgme exzíwzmge i rmzixáxme, iri elmxqsy:
7- Sw nsqitw wyvixjszejsw qiwqs ji grewwi I legmrqitzi wyvixeq sw shwzágyrsw geywejsw vire mtlixmsxmjeji js xetomtk wsgmer;
6- veíwiw stji ná qitsw shwzágyrsw wsgmemw js uyi te Mtkrezixxe [jeuyire évsge] vxsjyfiq yqe qemsx vxsvsxçãs ji viwwsew ji hse
gyrzyxe, qew tãs tigiwwexmeqitzi euymrs uyi iy gneqs ji nsqitw iqmtitziw; 9- nsqitw uyi iwzãs rexkeqitzi evsmejsw iq
betzekitw wsgmemw wãs mtgevefiw ji ergetçex e iqmtêtgme, e qitsw uyi iriw iwzipeq jszejsw ji erzew nehmrmjejiw. (Kerzst, 7205, v.
89).
Kerzst zeqhéq lsm s vxmqimxs e jilmtmx sw gstgimzsw ji gsxxireçãs (vswzixmsxqitzi jiwitbsrbmjs virs qeziqázmgs i vwmgórsks Oexr
Viexwst), ewwmq gsqs vixgitzmr i xikxiwwãs, gstgimzsw iwwiw uyi s jilmtmxeq gsqs s vem je vwmgsqizxme. Gstzyjs, e mjime ji uyi ew
nehmrmjejiw qitzemw ixeq vxijsqmtetziqitzi “tezyxemw” (sy nixjábimw) vixqmzmy e iri vswzyrex yqe syzxe mjime, uyi nmwzsxmgeqitzi
wi zsxtsy ewwsgmeje e vxázmgew etzmézmgew: e vswwmhmrmjeji ji evixlimçsex e tezyxife nyqete (idgrymtjs jsitçew) vsx qims js
egewereqitzs ji viwwsew gsq gexegzixíwzmgew jiwipábimw. Iwwe vxsvswze, gstnigmje gsqs “iykitme”, lsm yweje iq erkyqew wsgmijejiw
gsqs pywzmlmgezmbe vexe ehixxetziw idvixmqitzsw wsgmemw, s uyi vxsbsgsy, vsx rstkew jégejew, yqe xipimçãs je vwmgsrskme à vxsjyçãs
egejêqmge ji Lxetgmw Kerzst. E rimzyxe iq wiuyêtgme ziqvsxer jsw iwgxmzsw vxsjyfmjsw vsx iri vixqmzi shwixbex uyi e mjime ji
evixlimçseqitzs nyqets bims jivsmw ji wyew bmekitw à Álxmge, gstzmtitzi iq uyi shwixbsy (i xikmwzxsy) gsq zxmwzife i iwvetzs ew
vxigáxmew i jiwyqetew gstjmçõiw ji bmje jsw nehmzetziw. Yqe bmwãs uyi jibi zix gnsgejs idzxiqeqitzi wye gyrzyxe bmzsxmete.
E rimzyxe pywze je vxsjyçãs ji Lxetgmw Kerzst vixqmzi bmwyermfex uyi s egejêqmgs mtkrêw, ji lezs, ehxmy à vwmgsrskme e vswwmhmrmjeji
ji itzitjix uyi ew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw gsktmzmbew idmwzmeq, uyi e nixjehmrmjeji zixme yq vevir gstwmjixábir tiwwew jmlixitçew, uyi
irew vsjixmeq wix qitwyxábimw i uyi shijigixmeq e yq gixzs vejxãs (nspi gstnigmjs gsqs “jmwzxmhymçãs tsxqer”). Iq iwwêtgme,
titnyqe jiwwew vxsvswzew lsm gmitzmlmgeqitzi tikeje ezé s qsqitzs.
Ts itzetzs, wixme syzxs mtkrêw, s vwmgórsks Gnexriw Wviexqet (7209-7581), mtlryitgmejs vsx Kerzst, uyi mteykyxexme s iwzyjs
gmitzílmgs jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw iq mtzirmkêtgme nyqete. S vxmtgívms ji gsxxireçãs pá iwzebe jiwitbsrbmjs vsx Oexr Viexwst, i
Wviexqet s ywsy iq wiyw iwzyjsw wshxi nehmrmjejiw qitzemw. Wviexqet jiwitbsrbiy, itzãs, s uyi gstnigiqsw ezyerqitzi gsqs
“etármwi lezsxmer”, sy xijyçãs ji jejsw e lezsxiw jejs s kxey ji wmqmrexmjeji itzxi ew bexmábimw. Wikytjs wye iwzxezékme ji etármwi, e
gsxxireçãs itzxi jsmw sy qemw lezsxiw wi jibi e yq gsqvstitzi gsqyq (sy lezsx k), pá s xiwíjys (e vexzi uyi tãs wi gsxxiregmste)
gsxxiwvstjixme e lezsxiw iwvigílmgsw (sy lezsxiw w) je zexile (Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe & Tewgmqitzs, 6447). Iwwe vswmçãs hmlezsxmer wixme
xivrmgeje sy gstziwzeje vsx mtúqixsw iwzyjsw uyi wi wikymxeq es ji Wviexqet i uyi vixqmzmxeq xilmtex ew zégtmgew vwmgsqézxmgew.
Itzxi ew gstziwzeçõiw nmwzóxmgew es lezsx k ji Wviexqet wi itgstzxe e ji Ijaexj Znsxtjmoi, lezsxmermwze js mtígms js wégyrs DD,
wikytjs s uyer k wixme yq exzmlígms iwzezíwzmgs wiq xiribâtgme vwmgsrókmge, vsmw nebixme jmlixitziw zmvsw ji mtzirmkêtgme, gsqs e wsgmer i
e qigâtmge, e wixiq gstwmjixejsw. Teuyire évsge, zeqhéq s vwmgórsks i itkitnimxs tsxzi-eqixmgets Rsymw Rist Znyxwzsti gxmzmgsy
s qsjirs ji mtzirmkêtgme gsqs lezsx útmgs i vxsvôw e mtjivitjêtgme jew nehmrmjejiw vsx qims js wiy ziwzi Vxmqexc Qitzer Ehmrmzmiw,
ziwzi mtwvmxejsx vexe e gxmeçãs ji syzxew leqswew hezixmew, mtgrywmbi ts Hxewmr, gsqs e Jmllixitzmer Evzmzyji Ziwzw, qemw gstnigmje
gsqs JEZ. Ji lsxqe wiqirnetzi e Znsxtjmoi i Znyxwzsti, báxmsw syzxsw lezsxmermwzew vxsvywixeq qsjirsw tãs nmixáxuymgsw iq uyi e
mtzirmkêtgme ixe bmwze gsqs yq wmwziqe ji jmqitwõiw jmlixitgmejew i wiq kitixermjeji. Zerbif s qemw leqsws lswwi s ji Xecqstj
Gezzirr i Psnt Nsxt, vsx jiwzegex s uyi gneqexeq ji “mtzirmkêtgme lrymje” (nehmrmjeji ji xegmsgmtex i xiwsrbix vxshriqew
mtjivitjitziqitzi ji gstnigmqitzs etzixmsx) i “mtzirmkêtgme gxmwzermfeje” (gevegmjeji ji yzmrmfex s gstnigmqitzs i e idvixmêtgme
vewwejsw), vxsvswze hewzetzi yweje ezé sw jmew ezyemw (Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe & Tewgmqitzs, 6447).
E nmwzóxme je mtzirmkêtgme i wye qijmçãs, zetzs iq tíbir mtzixtegmster (Nytz, 6477; Timwwix, 7552) uyetzs tegmster (Je Wmrbe, 6449;
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, 6440; Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe & Tewgmqitzs, 6447; Vewuyerm, 7553), é hewzetzi eqvre i xmge ji mtlsxqeçãs. Iq kixer, s uyi
wi shwixbe jiwji e vxsvswze vmstimxe ji Wviexqet é e jmwgywwãs itzxi qsjirsw nmixáxuymgsw i qsjirsw tãs nmixáxuymgsw. Yqe
jmwgywwãs uyi, gstlsxqi bixiqsw e wikymx, geqmtne vexe yq xirezmbs gstwitws.
E shxe ji 274 vákmtew mtzmzyreje Nyqet Gsktmzmbi Ehmrmzmiw: E wyxbic sl legzsx-eterczmg wzyjmiw, iwgxmze virs vwmgórsks ji rmtkyekiq i
vwmgsqizxmwze tsxzi-eqixmgets Psnt Gexxsrr (7559), gstwzmzym s mtígms js lmq je jmwgóxjme wshxi e iwzxyzyxe lezsxmer je mtzirmkêtgme. Wye
etármwi vwmgsqézxmge ji 804 qezxmfiw ji jejsw vxsjyfmjsw tew jégejew ji 7514 i 7504 kixsy yq qsjirs nmixáxuymgs gneqejs ji
zisxme jsw zxêw iwzxezsw. S iwzxezs MMM xivxiwitzexme s tíbir qemw iribejs je nmixexuyme jew nehmrmjejiw gsktmzmbew i, tiri, iwzexme e
nehmrmjeji mtzirigzyer kixer (sy s iuymberitzi es leqsws k). Ts iwzxezs MM, iwzexmeq ew nehmrmjejiw eqvrew (smzs es zsjs), mtgrymtjs e
mtzirmkêtgme lrymje i e gxmwzermfeje, e qiqóxme i e evxitjmfekiq, e vixgivçãs i e birsgmjeji. Ts iwzxezs M, iwzexmeq es xijsx ji 04
lezsxiw iwvigílmgsw.
Te jégeje ji 7554, wyxkmy e mjime ji mtzikxex e vxsvswze ji Gexxsrr gsq e ji Xecqstj Gezzirr i Psnt Nsxt, ji lsxqe e vxsvsx yqe
zedstsqme gsktmzmbe úzmr vexe viwuymwe, grewwmlmgeçãs i jmektówzmgs grítmgs. Wixmeq sw vwmgórsksw ijygegmstemw tsxzi-eqixmgetsw Oibmt
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QgKxia i Jeat V. Lreteket sw uyi jiwitbsrbixmeq iwwe mjime, evxiwitzetjs s qsjirs ji Gezzirr, Nsxt i Gexxsrr (GNG). Ts mtígms, e
vxsvswze vxibme 76 nehmrmjejiw eqvrew i 34 nehmrmjejiw iwvigílmgew (Lreteket & QgKxia, 7553). Vswzixmsxqitzi, s qsjirs wi
iwzitjiy e 70 nehmrmjejiw eqvrew i 24 nehmrmjejiw iwvigílmgew (QgKxia,
25/02/2019 Biblioteca 6445; Wgntimjix & QgKxia, 6476). S qsjirs GNG é yq
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qsjirs nmixáxuymgs, i s lezsx k é gstwmjixejs s lezsx xivxiwitzezmbs je mtzirmkêtgme kixer.
Eviwex ji sw eyzsxiw js qsjirs GNG ejbskexiq vsx yq gstwitws egejêqmgs wshxi wye bermjeji, vixzmtêtgme i yzmrmjeji, syzxs
qsjirs nmixáxuymgs wyxkmy gsqs qsjirs idvrmgezmbs je iwzxyzyxe je mtzirmkêtgme. Zxeze-wi js qsjirs ji uyezxs iwzxezsw, gneqejs k-
BVX (bixher-vixgivzyer-mqeki xszezmst), vxsvswzs vsx Psntwst i Hsygnexj (6441). Ts vxmqimxs iwzxezs iwzexmeq sw lezsxiw vxmqáxmsw, ts
wikytjs iwzxezs iwzexmeq sw lezsxiw eqvrsw, ts zixgimxs iwzxezs iwzexmeq sw lezsxiw bixher, vixgivzyer i ji xszeçãs, i, ts uyexzs i
úrzmqs iwzxezs, iwzexme s lezsx k.
Yqe gsqvexeçãs itzxi sw qsjirsw nmixáxuymgsw (GNG i k-BVX) i yq tãs nmixáxuymgs (Gezzirr-Nsxt) lsm gstjyfmje vsx Qepsx,
Psntwst i Jiexc (6476). Vexe zetzs, sw eyzsxiw etermwexeq sw jejsw js vxspizs ZERITZ, yq iwzyjs tsxzi-eqixmgets xiermfejs iq
7504 iq yqe eqswzxe xivxiwitzezmbe ji iwzyjetziw jsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw (T = 930.679). Tiwwi vxspizs, jirmtiejs virs vxóvxms
Lreteket (gseyzsx js qsjirs GNG), lsxeq ejqmtmwzxejsw 15 ziwziw (93 uyi ebermebeq ew nehmrmjejiw eqvrew i 66 uyi ebermebeq ew
nehmrmjejiw iwvigílmgew). Ew etármwiw gstlmxqezóxmew qswzxexeq s qsjirs k-BVX gsqs s ji qemsx epywzi esw jejsw shwixbejsw.
Vsxzetzs, s qsjirs nmixáxuymgs (Lmk. 7.7) wi evxiwitze gsqs e qirnsx xivxiwitzeçãs je mtzirmkêtgme, iqhsxe s lezsx k wipe emtje
qixigijsx ji etármwiw uyi jiwelmeq e wye gsqvxiitwãs gsqs itzi ytmzáxms. Vsx idiqvrs, iq xigitzi vyhrmgeçãs, Osbegw i Gstaec
(6470) vxsvywixeq yq qsjirs uyi mtzikxe zisxme ji xiwvswze es mziq, iwzyjsw je tiyxsgmêtgme i vwmgsrskme gsktmzmbe. Wikytjs sw
eyzsxiw, s lezsx k xivxiwitzexme yqe wshxivswmçãs ji vxsgiwwsw kixemw (v. id., vxsgiwwsw idigyzmbsw svixegmstermfejsw iq zexilew ji
asxomtk qiqsxc) uyi itgshxmxmeq vxsgiwwsw iwvigílmgsw. Iwwe wshxivswmçãs wixme gevzyxeje vsx qimsw vwmgsqézxmgsw (lezsx k). Tiwwi
witzmjs, s wmktmlmgejs vwmgsrókmgs ji k tãs vixvewwexme vire ytmgmjeji sy kitixermjeji je gevegmjeji, qew, wmq, vire wshxivswmçãs ji
jmbixwsw vxsgiwwsw kixemw.

Lmkyxe 7.7 Qsjirs nmixáxuymgs je mtzirmkêtgme. Ts vxmqimxs iwzxezs (uyejxejsw) iwzexmeq nehmrmjejiw qymzs iwvigílmgew (v. id., rmwzex verebxew uyi
mtmgmeq gsq e rizxe “z” i jmwgxmqmtex jmlixitçew ji lmkyxew). Ts wikytjs iwzxezs (gíxgyrsw qitsxiw) iwzexmeq nehmrmjejiw eqvrew (v. id., xegmsgítms bixher
i xegmsgítms lmkyxezmbs). Ts zixgimxs iwzxezs iwzexme s lezsx k.
S qsjirs xigihiy gsqitzáxmsw ji xitsqejsw viwuymwejsxiw ji mtzirmkêtgme uyi ribexeq wyew gxízmgew virs zixxits ji wyew
iwvigmermjejiw. Itzxizetzs, ts tswws vexigix, ew qirnsxiw gxízmgew lsxeq e ji Kszzlxijwst (6470) i e ji Gsrsq, Gnyjixwom i
Wetzextiggnm (6470). E vxmqimxe wywzitzsy uyi k é yqe vxsvxmijeji js géxihxs i tãs yqe gevegmjeji iq wm qiwqe. Ewwmq, jmetzi
ji yq jiwelms gsktmzmbs (v. id., gergyrex e ksxpize js kexçsq), s géxihxs xiwvstjixme ji lsxqe ytmzáxme. Iwwi zmvs ji xiwvswze gixihxer
idvrmgexme ew gsxxireçõiw vswmzmbew itzxi ziwziw gsktmzmbsw. Sw syzxsw viwuymwejsxiw evstzexeq vexe ew lxegew gsxxireçõiw itzxi
lytçõiw idigyzmbew i mtzirmkêtgme uyetjs wi gstzxsre e qiqóxme ji gyxzs vxefs. Vsxzetzs, e wshxivswmçãs ji vxsgiwwsw idigyzmbsw,
ts lmq jew gstzew, zixme vsyge mqvsxzâtgme vxázmge, te qijmje iq uyi, nebitjs lxege ewwsgmeçãs gsq mtzirmkêtgme, wye bermjeji
vxijmzmbe wixme iwgewwe. Ts itzetzs, ejmetzi je shwixbeçãs ji Osbegw i Gstaec (6470) ji uyi sw vxsgiwwsw idigyzmbsw wi xiregmsteq
hiq gsq e ezmbmjeji js rshs lxstzer, ituyetzs tãs wi shwixbeq ibmjêtgmew tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew js lezsx k, Gsrsq i gsrehsxejsxiw
(6470) xiwvstjixeq, à wiqirnetçe ji Kszzlxijwst (6470), uyi é vswwíbir tãs nebix yq rykex iwvigmer vexe e mtzirmkêtgme kixer ts
géxihxs vsxuyi iwzi wixme s vxóvxms rykex.

JILMTMÇÃS JI MTZIRMKÊTGME
Gstwmjixetjs sw jmbixwsw qsjirsw ji mtzirmkêtgme, tãs é wyxvxiitjitzi uyi nepe jmlmgyrjeji iq gstgimzyá-re. I, gsqs elmxqe s
vxsliwwsx Jsykrew Jizzixqet iq wye shxe e wix vyhrmgeje iq hxibi, ná ji wi zix gstwgmêtgme ji uyi uyeruyix jilmtmçãs uyi wi
zitne wshxi mtzirmkêtgme vsjixá wmktmlmgex jmbixwew gsmwew vexe jmlixitziw viwwsew.
Iq zixqsw egejêqmgsw, zxêw kxetjiw ribetzeqitzsw wshxi e jilmtmçãs ji mtzirmkêtgme gstwzmzyiq xilixêtgmew gráwwmgew iq zxezejsw
wshxi jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw iq mtzirmkêtgme. Wãs iriw s ji 7567, vyhrmgejs ts Zni Psyxter sl Ijygezmster Vwcgnsrskc; yq wikytjs,
vyhrmgejs te lsxqe ji rmbxs vsx Wzixthixk i Jizzixqet (7520); i yq zixgimxs, gstjyfmjs vsx Wtcjixqet i Xsznqet (7523). Iq zsjsw
sw jiheziw, yq vssr ji iwvigmermwzew lsm gstbmjejs e zxezex js ewwytzs. Shwixbsy-wi uyi e jilmtmçãs ji mtzirmkêtgme bexmsy gstlsxqi e
iwvigmermjeji js viwuymwejsx, iqhsxe ts ribetzeqitzs ji Wzixthixk i Jizzixqet nsybiwwi qemsx gstbixkêtgme ts uyi wi xilixi e
vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw, i ts ribetzeqitzs ji Wtcjixqet i Xsznqet zitne wi shwixbejs qemsx xigstnigmqitzs ji xegmsgítms ehwzxezs,
https://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582714881/chapter1.xhtml#sigil_toc_id_2
xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew i gevegmjeji ji euymwmçãs ji gstnigmqitzs gsqs iriqitzsw iwwitgmemw je mtzirmkêtgme. 3/11
 Xigitziqitzi, Xmtjixqett, Higoix i Gscri (6470) vyhrmgexeq yq ribetzeqitzs ji svmtmãs uyi xivrmgsy s jiwmkt js iwzyjs ji
Wtcjixqet
25/02/2019i Xsznqet (7523). Gsq qitsx wygiwws ji xizsxts jsw iwvigmermwzew
Biblioteca gstzezejsw (72%), s iwzyjs ji Xmtjixqett, Lrsxiw-
A Viewer
Qitjsfe i Assjric, gstjyfmjs iq 6476, evxiwitzsy erkytw xiwyrzejsw mtzixiwwetziw. Itzxi iriw, s ji uyi idmwziq zêtyiw jmlixitçew
ji gstgimzyeçãs itzxi sw zixqsw “gsqvizêtgme gsktmzmbe”, “nehmrmjeji gsktmzmbe” i “mtzirmkêtgme”. Vsx idiqvrs, 18% je eqswzxe ji
iwvigmermwzew uyi jmwwi nebix jmlixitçew gstgimzyemw itzxi iwwiw zixqsw evstzsy sw qiwqsw gsqvstitziw je mtzirmkêtgme (v. id.,
xegmsgítms, vitweqitzs ehwzxezs, xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew, evrmgeçãs ji rókmge, gsqvxiitwãs i gevegmjeji ji ejuymxmx gstnigmqitzs)
gsqs witjs zeqhéq gsqvstitziw je nehmrmjeji gsktmzmbe. Qiqóxme i egymjeji witwsxmer lsxeq sw útmgsw gsqvstitziw evstzejsw
qemw gsqs gexegzixíwzmgew ji nehmrmjeji gsktmzmbe js uyi gsqs mtzirmkêtgme.
Jmetzi jiwwi gitáxms ji jmbixwmjeji i gstbixkêtgme gstgimzyer, zerbif e jigrexeçãs ewwmteje vsx 16 xitsqejsw viwuymwejsxiw i
vyhrmgeje te xibmwze Mtzirrmkitgi, iq 7553, wshxi s uyi wixme e mtzirmkêtgme wipe e qemw egimze i yzmrmfeje iq tyqixswsw exzmksw i rmbxsw.
Wikytjs iwwe jigrexeçãs, e mtzirmkêtgme:
(...) é yqe gevegmjeji qitzer qymzs kixer uyi, itzxi syzxew gsmwew, mqvrmge e nehmrmjeji vexe xegmsgmtex, vretipex, xiwsrbix
vxshriqew, vitwex ji qetimxe ehwzxeze i evxitjix je idvixmêtgme. Tãs wi vsji gstwmjixex yq qixs gstnigmqitzs itgmgrsvéjmgs,
yqe nehmrmjeji egejêqmge vexzmgyrex sy yqe jiwzxife vexe xiwsrbix yq ziwzi. Itzxizetzs, xilrizi yqe gevegmjeji qemw eqvre i
vxslytje vexe gsqvxiitjix s eqhmitzi – vixgihix, jex witzmjs àw gsmwew sy mqekmtex s uyi jibi wix limzs (Kszzlxijwst, 7553, v. 79).
E mtzirmkêtgme bmwze jiwwe qetimxe é gsqvxiitjmje gsqs yqe jmqitwãs qemsx js uyi euyire shwixbeje te xiwsryçãs ji yq
jizixqmtejs ziwzi vwmgsrókmgs. Zxeze-wi ji yqe uyermjeji vwmgsrókmge uyi vixqmzi es wix nyqets wye wshxibmbêtgme, wye ejevzeçãs i
e wyvixeçãs jsw jiwelmsw js wiy qims eqhmitzi. Yqe uyermjeji uyi svixe te jmwgxmqmteçãs je mtlsxqeçãs xiribetzi je mxxiribetzi,
te evrmgeçãs i kitixermfeçãs ji eçõiw idmzswew i te mjitzmlmgeçãs ji svsxzytmjejiw xirezmbew es hiq-iwzex vwmgswwsgmer. Tiwwi
witzmjs, s kxey ji uyermjeji ji bmje gstwzxyíjs (tãs wmqvriwqitzi ejuymxmjs) vsx yqe viwwse ejyrze wixme e bixjejimxe vxsbe ji wye
gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe, jiwji uyi iwwe gstwzxyçãs zitne sgsxxmjs iq yqe wsgmijeji qixmzsgxázmge, mwzs é, iq yqe wsgmijeji uyi
slixigi mkyerjeji ji svsxzytmjejiw e wiyw gmjejãsw.
Itzxizetzs, gstlsxqi bixiqsw e wikymx, iqhsxe wipe gsxxizs elmxqex uyi sw ziwziw ji mtzirmkêtgme tãs gevzyxeq e mtzirmkêtgme iq
wye vritmzyji, iriw, wmq, gevzyxeq yqe vexzi iwwitgmer jire i slixigiq esw vwmgórsksw mtlsxqeçãs bermswe wshxi s vszitgmer (i ew
rmqmzeçõiw) je gevegmjeji ji xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew jew viwwsew uyi ezitjiq.

S WMKTMLMGEJS VWMGSRÓKMGS JE JMWZXMHYMÇÃS TSXQER JE MTZIRMKÊTGME

E gsqvxsbeçãs ji uyi sw iwgsxiw ji ziwziw ji mtzirmkêtgme evxiwitzeq yqe jmwzxmhymçãs gstzítye iq lsxqe ji wmts, sy jmwzxmhymçãs
keywwmete, jibi wix ji iwvigmer ezitçãs vxslmwwmster virew gstwiuyêtgmew shwixbejew tsw vxóvxmsw mtjmbíjysw, tew leqírmew i te
wsgmijeji iq kixer. Shwixbi e Lmkyxe 7.6. E vxmqimxe lsm jiwitbsrbmje gsq hewi tsw jejsw ji 6.474 gxmetçew iwgsrexiw ji Hirs
Nsxmfstzi gsq mjejiw itzxi 5 i 77 etsw, àw uyemw wi evrmgsy s ziwzi jew Qezxmfiw Vxskxiwwmbew ji Xebit – Iwgere Kixer (gstnigmjs
zeqhéq vire wmkre iq mtkrêw WVQ), ts ets ji 6445. E wikytje lsm jiwitbsrbmje gsq hewi tsw jejsw ji 194 iwzyjetziw ytmbixwmzáxmsw
ji zxêw iwzejsw hxewmrimxsw (QK, HE i WV), esw uyemw wi evrmgsy s ziwzi jew Qezxmfiw Vxskxiwwmbew ji Xebit – Iwgere Ebetçeje
(gstnigmjs zeqhéq vire wmkre iq mtkrêw EVQ), itzxi 6445 i 6477. Iq eqhew ew lmkyxew wi shwixbe yq kxyvs ji iwgsxiw hemdsw
(idzxiqmjeji iwuyixje) i ji iwgsxiw erzsw (idzxiqmjeji jmximze) je gyxbe, iqhsxe te eqswzxe ji gxmetçew shwixbi-wi yqe zitjêtgme
ji gstgitzxeçãs jsw iwgsxiw te qizeji jmximze je gyxbe, yq litôqits gsqitzejs e wikymx.

Lmkyxe 7.6 (e) Jmwzxmhymçãs jsw iwgsxiw ts WVQ ji gxmetçew itzxi 5 i 77 etsw; (h) jmwzxmhymçãs jsw iwgsxiw ts EVQ ji ytmbixwmzáxmsw.
Uyi wmktmlmgejs vwmgsrókmgs gsqvsxzeqitzer zixme yqe jmwzxmhymçãs jsw iwgsxiw iq ziwziw ji mtzirmkêtgme, iwvigmerqitzi euyiriw
jew idzxiqmjejiw? E wsgmórske Rmtje Kszzlxijwst slixigi jmbixwsw idiqvrsw js uyi wmktmlmge yqe bexmeçãs ji iwgsxiw ji mtzirmkêtgme
(sy lezsx k, gsqs ire vxilixi tsqiex) te vxázmge gszmjmete. Wikytjs Kszzlxijwst (6440), wi gstwmjixexqsw yqe iwgere ji UM gsq
qéjme mkyer e 744, viwwsew gsq UM itzxi 24 i 54 tigiwwmzexmeq ji yq egsqvetneqitzs zyzsxmer ts itwmts sy ji yq zximteqitzs
hewiejs qemw te idvixmêtgme js uyi iq rmbxsw, ituyetzs viwwsew gsq UM itzxi 54 i 774 evxitjixmeq xszmtew i iwuyiqew
xevmjeqitzi i wiy zximts vsjixme iwzex hewiejs iq qezixmer iwgxmzs. Pá viwwsew gsq UM itzxi 774 i 794 qswzxexmeq evxitjmfekiq
mtjivitjitzi, mtlixmxmeq mtlsxqeçõiw ehwzxezew xevmjeqitzi, ribetzexmeq nmvóziwiw i gstgrywõiw hewiejew iq xegmsgítms egyxejs,
ewwmq gsqs tigiwwmzexmeq vsygs ziqvs ji zximteqitzs (sy zerbif titnyq) iq wmzyeçõiw tsbew.
Bipeqsw gsq jejsw tegmstemw wi zemw vxiwwyvswzsw ji Kszzlxijwst vsjiq wix shwixbejsw. Itzxi sw etsw ji 6443 i 6442,
evrmgeqsw yqe bixwãs gyxze je vxsbe VMWE (Vxskxeqqi lsx Mtzixtezmster Wzyjitz Ewwiwwqitz) – yqe vxsbe ji jiwiqvitns iwgsrex
ejqmtmwzxeje e geje zxêw etsw e iwzyjetziw ji veíwiw-qiqhxsw i gstbmjejsw je Sxketmfeçãs vexe Gssvixeçãs i Jiwitbsrbmqitzs
Igstôqmgs (SGJI) – i s WVQ e yqe eqswzxe ji 194 iwzyjetziw hxewmrimxsw gsq mjeji itzxi 78 i 71 etsw ji smzs iwgsrew vúhrmgew i
zxêw iwgsrew vexzmgyrexiw je gmjeji ji Hirs Nsxmfstzi. E vxsbe VMWE evxiwitze mzitw uyi wsrmgmzeq, eréq ji gstnigmqitzs, s yws ji
xegmsgítms te xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew gszmjmetsw.
Te Lmkyxe 7.9, ná jsmw mzitw jiwwe vxsbe. S vxmqimxs mziq xiuyix evitew jmwgxmqmteçãs vixgivzyer, ituyetzs s wikytjs xiuyix
xegmsgítms ehwzxezs. Rsks, wivexeqsw e eqswzxe itzxi euyiriw ji hemds iwgsxi (ehemds ji 7 jiwbms vejxãs iq xireçãs à qéjme 4) i
https://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582714881/chapter1.xhtml#sigil_toc_id_2 4/11
euyiriw ji erzs iwgsxi (egmqe ji 7 jiwbms vejxãs iq xireçãs à qéjme 4) ts ziwzi ji mtzirmkêtgme WVQ. Te Lmkyxe 7.9, iwzá e vxsvsxçãs
ji egixzsw ji eqhsw sw kxyvsw (ehemds -7 JV i egmqe +7 JV) vexe geje mziq (lágmr i jmlígmr). S mziq lágmr, uyi idmkme evitew mjitzmlmgex e
gsryte uyi xivxiwitzebe s ets ji 7552 i s bersx je vsxgitzekiq Biblioteca
25/02/2019 ji idvsxzeçãs,
A Viewer lsm xiwsrbmjs vsx uyewi zsjsw sw iwzyjetziw (50%)
js kxyvs gsq iwgsxi egmqe je qéjme ts ziwzi ji mtzirmkêtgme WVQ, ituyetzs wsqitzi e qizeji js kxyvs gsq iwgsxi ehemds je
qéjme xiwsrbiy s mziq. Pá s mziq jmlígmr, uyi idmkme xegmsgítms, lsm xiwsrbmjs vire qemsxme (06%) jsw iwzyjetziw ji erzs jiwiqvitns ts
ziwzi ji mtzirmkêtgme, ituyetzs evitew 71% jsw iwzyjetziw ji hemds jiwiqvitns ts ziwzi ji mtzirmkêtgme xiwsrbixeq s mziq. Gehi
jiwzegex uyi s mziq jmlígmr tãs idmkme tigiwwexmeqitzi gstnigmqitzs iwvigílmgs, gsqs gárgyrs ji vxshehmrmjeji. S mziq vsjme wix
wsrygmstejs evitew wsqetjs ew gsqhmteçõiw ji geje iriqitzs (wehsx je vmffe). Wi gstwmjixexqsw yqe iwgere ji gstbixwãs
qézxmge ji UM, ehemds ji yq jiwbms vejxãs iq xireçãs à qéjme gsxxiwvstjixme e yq UM mkyer sy mtlixmsx e 21 i egmqe ji yq jiwbms
vejxãs iq xireçãs à qéjme gsxxiwvstjixme e yq UM mkyer sy wyvixmsx e 771.

Lmkyxe 7.9 Vsxgitzekiq ji iwzyjetziw uyi egixzexeq jsmw mzitw (lágmr i jmlígmr) js ziwzi VMWE ji egsxjs gsq s kxyvs ji jiwiqvitns ts ziwzi ji
mtzirmkêtgme WVQ.
Tswws idiqvrs wi xilixi es jiwiqvitns ji ejsriwgitziw itzxi 78 i 71 etsw. Gstwmjixetjs-wi sw iwzyjsw wshxi
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i zximteqitzs gsktmzmbs (Lsxsyknm, Qstlsxz, Vegfctwom, QgOtmknz, & Kxiitassj, 6470; Znsqvwst iz er., 6479), é
vsygs vxsbábir uyi nepe qyjetçew wyhwzetgmemw tew jmlixitçew jiwwiw kxyvsw te mjeji ejyrze. Zisxmgeqitzi, iwwew jmlixitçew zixmeq
yq wéxms mqvegzs ts mtkxiwws ts qixgejs ji zxeherns. Iqhsxe syzxsw lezsxiw wipeq mqvsxzetziw vexe s zxeherns (v. id.,
gstwgmitgmswmjeji i ézmge), é qymzs jmlígmr iwvixex uyi ew bekew wipeq sgyvejew vsx viwwsew gsq qitsw xigyxwsw gsktmzmbsw wi
nsybix syzxew gsq qemsxiw xigyxwsw gsktmzmbsw, emtje qemw wi s qixgejs ji zxeherns iwzmbix mtwixmjs iq yqe wsgmijeji
qixmzsgxázmge, ji lsxzi gsqvizmçãs i hewieje te mtlsxqeçãs.
S iwzyjs ji Xmtjixqett i gsrehsxejsxiw (6470) qswzxsy uyi sw iwvigmermwzew gstgsxjexeq (egmqe ji 24%) uyi viwwsew
erzeqitzi gsqvizitziw mtlryitgmeq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs gmitzílmgs i zigtsrókmgs ji yq veíw qemw js uyi viwwsew ji tíbir gsktmzmbs
qéjms. Gyxmsweqitzi, shwixbsy-wi yqe wmzyeçãs mtbixwe iq xireçãs es jiwitbsrbmqitzs vsrízmgs i jiqsgxázmgs ji yq veíw: e svmtmãs
jsqmtetzi itzxi sw iwvigmermwzew lsm e ji uyi viwwsew gsq tíbir qéjms ji mtzirmkêtgme vexigiq mtlryitgmex qemw e vsrízmge js veíw js
uyi viwwsew erzeqitzi mtzirmkitziw. Ji uyeruyix lsxqe, tswws idiqvrs qswzxe uyi ew vstjixeçõiw ji Kszzlxijwst wshxi ew
mqvrmgeçõiw vxázmgew je mtzirmkêtgme wãs, ts qítmqs, iqvmxmgeqitzi wywzitzábimw.
E wikymx, beqsw idvsx gstwmjixeçõiw qemw jizernejew wshxi s vxsgiwweqitzs gsktmzmbs iq eqhew ew idzxiqmjejiw je jmwzxmhymçãs
tsxqer je mtzirmkêtgme.

JILMGMÊTGME MTZIRIGZYER I JMLMGYRJEJI JI EVXITJMFEKIQ

Wikytjs s wmzi je xiwvimzeje Eqixmget Ewwsgmezmst st Mtzirrigzyer etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwehmrmzmiw (g6473), e jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer wi
gexegzixmfe vsx wéxmew rmqmzeçõiw ts lytgmsteqitzs gsktmzmbs i gsqvsxzeqitzer etziw jsw 72 etsw. E xigsqitjeçãs vejxãs vexe e
wye mjitzmlmgeçãs, ts uyi wi xilixi à jmlmgyrjeji ji vxsgiwweqitzs ji mtlsxqeçãs, wãs sw ziwziw ji mtzirmkêtgme tsxqezmfejsw. Vsx
syzxs rejs, s wmzi js zeqhéq xiwvimzejs Tezmster Psmtz Gsqqmzzii st Riextmtk Jmwehmrmzmiw (TPGRJ, 6470) iwzmvyre uyi ew jmlmgyrjejiw
ji evxitjmfekiq gstwzmzyiq yq zixqs kixer vexe jiwgxibix yq kxyvs nizixskêtis ji zxetwzsxtsw ji evxitjmfekiq gsqs, vsx
idiqvrs, jmlmgyrjejiw te lere, ts xegmsgítms, te rimzyxe, te iwgxmze sy iq qeziqázmge. S TPGRJ gstwmjixe uyi iwwiw zxetwzsxtsw, ji
mtzitwmjeji i lxiuyêtgme bexmeje, wãs jibmjsw e yqe jmwlytçãs js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer i vsjiq sgsxxix es rstks je bmje. E5/11
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wikymx
wixãs evxiwitzejsw jsmw iwzyjsw wshxi iwwew rmqmzeçõiw gsktmzmbew.
 S vxmqimxs jiriw jmf xiwvimzs à gsqvexeçãs ji 68 psbitw gsq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer ribi (erlehizmfejsw) gsq 98 psbitw wiq
jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer iq zexilew gsktmzmbew háwmgew, mwzs é, iq Biblioteca
25/02/2019 zexilew uyi tãs idmkmeq vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw wyvixmsxiw gsqs
A Viewer
xegmsgítms ehwzxezs (Gsrsq & Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, 6447; Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, 7555; Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, 6449). Yqe jew 76 zexilew
mtlsxqezmfejew ejqmtmwzxejew jiqetjebe shwixbex yqe rmtne ji gmtgs lmkyxew (qezxmfiw 9 d 9, gsq géryrew hxetgew i vxizew). Jivsmw
ji yq ziqvs lmds, ew gmtgs lmkyxew jiwevexigmeq. Rsks, yqe jew lmkyxew, wirigmsteje itzxi ew gmtgs vxibmeqitzi evxiwitzejew,
evexigme. S vexzmgmvetzi jibixme evstzex iq uyer vswmçãs je wiuyêtgme e lmkyxe iwzebe vswmgmsteje.
Iq yqe syzxe bixwãs je qiwqe zexile, s ziqvs ji shwixbeçãs ji geje yqe jew gmtgs lmkyxew ixe gstzxsrejs virs vexzmgmvetzi
(ziqvs bexmábir). Zetzs te bixwãs ji ziqvs lmds uyetzs te ji ziqvs bexmábir, e sxjiq jew lmkyxew ji itwems vexe itwems ixe eriezóxme,
mwzs é, geje itwems evxiwitzebe lmkyxew jmlixitziw iq sxjiq jmlixitzi. Tãs ixe, vsxzetzs, yqe zexile ji evxitjmfekiq, i, wmq, ji
qiqóxme ji gyxzs vxefs i jmwgxmqmteçãs vixgivzyer. Te Lmkyxe 7.8 sw xiwyrzejsw wãs evxiwitzejsw.
Zxêw mqvsxzetziw mtlsxqeçõiw vsjiq wix mtlixmjew e vexzmx je Lmkyxe 7.8. E vxmqimxe jirew é ji uyi sw vexzmgmvetziw gsq jilmgmêtgme
mtzirigzyer evxiwitzexeq qemsx ziqvs ji xieçãs js uyi sw vexzmgmvetziw wiq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer (Lmk. 7.8e). E wikytje shwixbeçãs
é ji uyi iwwi qemsx ziqvs ji xieçãs wi bmtgyre es kxey ji idmkêtgme je zexile. Ew úrzmqew vswmçõiw wãs riqhxejew gsq qemsx
legmrmjeji vsxuyi xiuyixiq qitsx ziqvs ji exqefiteqitzs te qiqóxme js uyi ew vxmqimxew vswmçõiw i é vsx mwws uyi ew
jmlixitçew ts ziqvs ji xieçãs itzxi sw kxyvsw ji vexzmgmvetziw wi xijyfiq jxewzmgeqitzi. E zixgimxe shwixbeçãs, gsq mqvegzs iq
vxskxeqew ijygegmstemw, é ji uyi ew jmlixitçew itzxi vexzmgmvetziw gsq i wiq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer jmqmtyiq (qew tãs wi
idzmtkyiq) uyetjs s ziqvs ji xiwsryçãs je zexile é kixitgmejs virs vxóvxms mtjmbíjys. Vxsbebirqitzi iwwe mtlixêtgme wixme gsxxize
wsqitzi iq gewsw ji zexilew uyi idmkiq gsktmçãs háwmge. Iq zexilew ji qemsx gsqvridmjeji, s ziqvs ji idvswmçãs à mtlsxqeçãs
zixme vsygs mqvegzs tew jmlixitçew itzxi sw kxyvsw gsq i wiq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer.

Lmkyxe 7.8 (e) Ziqvs ji xieçãs (iq qmrmwwikytjsw) te ibsgeçãs je lmkyxe iq geje vswmçãs; (h) jmlixitçew tew vsxgitzekitw ji xiwvswzew gsxxizew
itzxi viwwsew gsq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer (JM) i wiq jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer te zexile ji xigsxjeçãs gsq ziqvs lmds i gsq ziqvs bexmábir.
Yq wikytjs iwzyjs (Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe & Gsrsq, 6444; Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, Gsrsq, Kexgme, & Gewzmrns, 6447) xilixi-wi es
vxsgiwweqitzs gsktmzmbs ji 94 erytsw gsq vxshriqew ji evxitjmfekiq i 94 wiq vxshriqew ji evxitjmfekiq iq qeziqázmge i
vsxzykyêw, gsq mjejiw itzxi 78 i 70 etsw i qezxmgyrejsw itzxi e 3ª i e 2ª wéxmi ji jyew iwgsrew vúhrmgew. Sw kxyvsw gsq i wiq
jmlmgyrjeji ji evxitjmfekiq evxiwitzebeq yqe qéjme ji 99 i 81 vstzsw, xiwvigzmbeqitzi, ts ziwzi WVQ. E eqhsw sw kxyvsw lsxeq
ejqmtmwzxejew jyew zexilew mtlsxqezmfejew, yqe tyqéxmge i syzxe bixher, uyi xiuyixmeq qiqsxmfeçãs ezmbe (sy gneqeje zeqhéq ji
“qiqóxme ji zxeherns”). E zexile tyqéxmge wsrmgmzebe es vexzmgmvetzi uyi qetzmbiwwi te qiqóxme s bersx ji geje rizxe ji geje vexzi
ji yqe iuyeçãs ji lsxqe uyi, ts lmter, vsx qims ji svixeçõiw qeziqázmgew wmqvriw, xiwsrbiwwi iuyeçõiw gsq jyew (v. id., E = H +
6, H = 9. Uyer é s bersx ji E?) sy zxêw rizxew (v. id., E = 6 + H, H = 9 + G i G = 8. Uyer é s bersx ji E i H?). Te zexile bixher, ixeq
evxiwitzejew wéxmiw ji verebxew (ji 8 sy 1 rizxew) i ixe wsrmgmzejs es vexzmgmvetzi uyi xigsxjewwi ew vxmqimxew rizxew ji geje verebxe
(v. id., mrne, hsre, kirs i gewe) i ew iwgxibiwwi iq sxjiq erlehézmge (H, G, K i M). Sw xiwyrzejsw qswzxexeq jmlixitçew iwzezmwzmgeqitzi
wmktmlmgezmbew iq zsjsw sw vexâqizxsw ebermejsw virew zexilew. Sw ziqvsw ji xieçãs jsw kxyvsw ji vexzmgmvetziw iq eqhew ew zexilew
wãs evxiwitzejsw te Lmkyxe 7.1.

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Lmkyxe 7.1 Ziqvs ji xieçãs (iq qmrmwwikytjsw) ji erytsw gsq jmlmgyrjeji ji evxitjmfekiq (JE) i wiq jmlmgyrjeji (WJE) iq (e) zexile bixher i iq
(h) zexile tyqéxmge.
Sw jsmw iwzyjsw evxiwitzejsw, s je jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer i s jsw erytsw gsq jmlmgyrjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq, qswzxexeq uyi s
jélmgmz ji vxsgiwweqitzs ji mtlsxqeçãs iq eqhew ew vsvyreçõiw vixvewwe vsx jélmgmzw te birsgmjeji i te qiqóxme ji gyxzs vxefs.
Shwixbi uyi, ts iwzyjs je jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer, e zexile tãs xiuyixme vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw ji sxjiq wyvixmsx (v. id., xegmsgítms). Ts
gews js iwzyjs ji erytsw gsq vxshriqew ji evxitjmfekiq, e zexile tyqéxmge xilixme-wi e svixeçõiw qeziqázmgew wmqvriw (ejmçãs,
wyhzxeçãs, qyrzmvrmgeçãs i jmbmwãs) pá jsqmtejew virsw vexzmgmvetziw uyi gyxwebeq e 3ª sy e 2ª wéxmi. Iq eqhsw sw gewsw, e qiqóxme
gsrevwsy, i e birsgmjeji ji vxsgiwweqitzs lmgsy gsqvxsqizmje.

WYVIXJSZEÇÃS
Esw rimzsxiw gsq gyxmswmjeji wshxi s ewwytzs je wyvixjszeçãs, wykixi-wi xibmwex sw iwgxmzsw ji Lxetgmw Kerzst ts wmzi qitgmstejs
etzixmsxqitzi i zeqhéq ideqmtex yq zxeherns gstwmjixejs idzxesxjmtáxms vire kxetjmswmjeji js iwlsxçs i sxmkmtermjeji vexe e
évsge, uyer wipe s iwzyjs js vwmgórsks tsxzi-eqixmgets Riamw Zixqet, s ejevzejsx js ziwzi Hmtiz vexe sw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw. Tiwwiw
iwgxmzsw iwzãs ew hewiw (vsygs xilsxqyrejew ezé s qsqitzs) js gstnigmqitzs wshxi s erzs xitjmqitzs gsktmzmbs. Sw iwzyjsw ji
Zixqet i wye iuymvi ji gsrehsxejsxiw xilixiq-wi à ebermeçãs i es egsqvetneqitzs ji 7.162 gxmetçew ji erzs jiwiqvitns
gsktmzmbs ts ziwzi Hmtiz (i syzxew qijmjew gsqvriqitzexiw), mtmgmejsw ts ets ji 7567 ts iwzejs je Germlóxtme. Sw iwgxmzsw ji Zixqet
gstwzmzyiq gmtgs bsryqiw je wéxmi mtzmzyreje Kitizmg Wzyjmiw sl Kitmyw, vyhrmgeje vire Ytmbixwmjeji ji Wzetlsxj. Sw xiwyrzejsw jiwwiw
iwzyjsw lsxeq wygmtzeqitzi jiwgxmzsw vsx Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe i Amjeqet (6471). Tiriw wi evxigme s erzs xizsxts wsgmer uyi ew viwwsew
ji erzs xitjmqitzs mtzirigzyer vsjiq slixigix à gsqytmjeji i mtlixi-wi e tigiwwmjeji ji bersxmfá-rew, mjitzmlmgá-rew vxigsgiqitzi i
iwzmqyrá-rew.
S uyi itzitjiqsw vsx wyvixjszeçãs? Iq zixqsw vxázmgsw, e wyvixjszeçãs vsji wix itzitjmje gsqs s jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs
wyvixmsx à qemsxme je vsvyreçãs. E qirnsx lsxqe ji mjitzmlmgeçãs, ezé s vxiwitzi, é e shwixbeçãs js jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs iq
ziwziw vwmgsqézxmgsw uyi jiqetjiq gsktmçãs, iwvigmerqitzi iq ziwziw ji qemsx viws ts lezsx k. Ts Rehsxezóxms ji Ebermeçãs jew
Jmlixitçew Mtjmbmjyemw, js Jivexzeqitzs ji Vwmgsrskme je Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer ji Qmtew Kixemw (YLQK), mtmgmeqsw yq iwzyjs e iwwi
xiwvimzs.
E wikymx wixãs evxiwitzejsw jsmw gewsw ji wywvimze ji wyvixjszeçãs itgeqmtnejsw virsw vemw vexe ebermeçãs gsktmzmbe iq 6470.
S vxmqimxs jiriw xilixi-wi e yqe gxmetçe ji 77 etsw, js wids qewgyrmts, uyi gneqexiqsw ji Veyrs. Wikytjs e qãi, jiwji s mtígms
je bmje iwgsrex, Veyrs evxiwitzebe qymze legmrmjeji vexe itzitjix s gstziújs i evxitjme ji lsxqe xávmje. Mtkxiwwsy te iwgsre gsq 6
etsw i lsm itgeqmtnejs vexe yq ets egmqe jeuyiri mtjmgejs vexe e wye mjeji. Sw ezyemw vxsliwwsxiw gswzyqebeq xilixmx-wi e iri
gsqs mtzirmkitzi, gxmezmbs i gyxmsws. Uyetjs zmtne 3 etsw, e qãi lsm erixzeje vsx yqe vxsliwwsxe wshxi e vswwmhmrmjeji ji
wyvixjszeçãs jeje e wye legmrmjeji gsq rimzyxe i iwgxmze ewwmq gsqs idzxiqe legmrmjeji iq qeziqázmge. Lxiuyitziqitzi iwwe
legmrmjeji ribebe Veyrs e zixqmtex ew zexilew iwgsrexiw hiq etziw uyi wiyw gsrikew ji zyxqe. E zízyrs ji gyxmswmjeji, e qãi gstzsy
uyi gixze bif yqe vxsliwwsxe ji qeziqázmge egywsy Veyrs ji zix gsrejs te vxsbe, vsmw nebme zixqmtejs s ideqi iq 64 qmtyzsw
(gsq 54% ji egixzsw) witjs uyi s ziqvs slixigmjs vexe iwwe vxsbe ixe ji 7 nsxe i 84 qmtyzsw. E qãi iwvixebe uyi e ebermeçãs e
eydmrmewwi te gsqvxiitwãs jew tigiwwmjejiw iwvigmemw js lmrns.
S wikytjs gews wi xilixi e yq vxé-ejsriwgitzi ji idezsw 79 etsw, js wids qewgyrmts, uyi gneqexiqsw ji Bmzsx. Wikytjs s vem,
uyetjs Bmzsx zmtne 3 etsw, wye vxsliwwsxe xirezsy uyi e gxmetçe evxiwitzebe legmrmjeji tew zexilew iwgsrexiw i uyi, vsxzetzs, wixme
qirnsx uyi zxsgewwi ji iwgsre ji lsxqe e ejiuyex-wi qirnsx es vszitgmer je gxmetçe. Iq wye tsbe iwgsre, Bmzsx ketnsy vxêqmsw ji
qirnsx eryts je were, qew, wikytjs s vem, e iwgsre tytge s mtlsxqsy wshxi wyvswzew erzew nehmrmjejiw. S vem jmwwi wi mqvxiwwmstex
gsq e uyetzmjeji ji kmhmw uyi Bmzsx rme, gsq e idzitwãs js wiy bsgehyráxms i gsq e wye lere lsxqer vexe e mjeji jiri. Iqhsxe s vem
egxijmzewwi uyi s lmrns vyjiwwi wix wyvixjszejs, iwwe vixgivçãs tãs zixme wmjs ytâtmqi itzxi euyiriw qemw vxódmqsw js vxé-
ejsriwgitzi, jeí e xefãs iq wsrmgmzex yqe ebermeçãs gsktmzmbe.
E ebermeçãs uyi xiermfeqsw iq eqhsw sw gewsw itbsrbiy yqe itzxibmwze wiqmjmxmkmje gsq sw xiwvstwábimw rikemw jew gxmetçew,
itzxibmwzew gsq ew vxóvxmew gxmetçew, shwixbeçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer i ejqmtmwzxeçãs ji ziwziw vwmgsrókmgsw.
E wikymx, wãs evxiwitzejsw sw xiwyrzejsw ji eqhew ew gxmetçew. Ts gews js ziwzi WVQ, Veyrs shzibi yqe vstzyeçãs hxyze (11)
qemsx js uyi e ji Bmzsx (82), s uyi s vswmgmstsy ts vixgitzmr 55 i Bmzsx ts vixgitzmr 54-51. Wi yzmrmfexqsw yqe iwgere qézxmge ji
gstbixwãs, vsjixme wix shwixbejs uyi s vixgitzmr 55 gsxxiwvstji e yq UM ji 799 i s vixgitzmr 54 e 51 xivxiwitze yq UM itzxi 775 i
768. Es ebermex ew gxmetçew gsq s yws je Iwgere Aignwrix ji Mtzirmkêtgme vexe Gxmetçew (AMWG-MB), iwwew iwzmqezmbew ji UM vexe eqhsw
sw gewsw wi gstlmxqexeq. Vsx syzxs rejs, ts gews ji Bmzsx, svzsy-wi vsx yzmrmfex zeqhéq sw ziwziw ji xegmsgítms bixher i ehwzxezs je
Hezixme ji Vxsbew ji Xegmsgítms (Erqimje & Vxmqm, 6444). S xiwyrzejs iq UM wi qetzibi s qiwqs vexe xegmsgítms ehwzxezs i yq vsygs
qitsx vexe xegmsgítms bixher. Ts gews ji Veyrs, svzsy-wi vire evrmgeçãs ji yqe bixwãs gyxze js ziwzi VMWE (ji gstziújs qeziqázmgs)
gsqhttps://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582714881/chapter1.xhtml#sigil_toc_id_2 7/11 iq
s mtzymzs ji bixmlmgex e wyvswze legmrmjeji qeziqázmge erikeje vire qãi. É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex uyi e vxsbe VMWE é evrmgeje
iwzyjetziw ji 71 etsw. S jiwiqvitns lsm ji tsbi egixzsw iq 70. Iwwi jiwiqvitns gsxxiwvstji es vixgitzmr 31 vexe ejsriwgitziw
itzxi 78 i 71 etsw, gstlsxqi iwzyjs gstjyfmjs iq tswws rehsxezóxms.
25/02/2019 MwwsAwmktmlmge
Biblioteca Viewer uyi, wi nsybiwwi tsxqew vexe gxmetçew je mjeji
ji Veyrs (77 etsw), qymzs vxsbebirqitzi s vixgitzmr wixme hiq wyvixmsx e 31. Qemw emtje, gstwmjixetjs-wi uyi, ts vixísjs ji
ebermeçãs ji Veyrs, s qitmts wi itgstzxebe gsq lsxzi xiwlxmejs qswzxetjs evezme te idigyçãs ji erkyqew zexilew, svzsy-wi vsx
ziwzá-rs ji tsbs tsw wyhziwziw js AMWG-MB, uyi wyvswzeqitzi zixmeq wmjs elizejsw. E lmq ji ibmzex ilimzs ji evxitjmfekiq i ziwzex
wye vszêtgme gsktmzmbe, iqvxikexeq-wi sw wyhziwziw je Iwgere Aignwrix ji Mtzirmkêtgme vexe Ejyrzsw (AEMW-MMM). Es yzmrmfex ew tsxqew
slixigmjew virs qetyer je AEMW-MMM vexe e qitsx mjeji, ts gews ji 70 etsw, lsxeq shwixbejew vstzyeçõiw vstjixejew egmqe je
fste qéjme ji jiwiqvitns tsw uyezxs wyhziwziw, gsxxshsxetjs, vsxzetzs, e legmrmjeji gsktmzmbe ji Veyrs.
• Veyrs
• WVQ (yzmrmfetjs-wi tsxqew REJM)9 – Vstzyeçãs hxyze 11; Vixgitzmr 55; UM 799
• AMWG-MB – Vixgitzmr 55; UM 796
• VMWE – Vstzyeçãs hxyze: 5/70
• Wyhziwziw AEMW (yzmrmfetjs-wi ew tsxqew vexe 70 etsw)
• Gójmksw: VV 78
• Gyhsw: VV 72
• Xegmsgítms Qezxmgmer: VV 78
• Vxsgyxex Wíqhsrsw: VV 78
• Bmzsx
• WVQ (yzmrmfetjs-wi tsxqew REJM) – Vstzyeçãs hxyze 82; Vixgitzmr 54-51; UM 775-768
• AMWG-MB – Vixgitzmr 58; UM 769
• HVX-XB – Vixgitzmr 31; UM 774
• HVX-XE – Vixgitzmr 51; UM 768
Te Lmkyxe 7.0, wãs evxiwitzejsw sw jiwiqvitnsw, iq vstzyeçõiw vstjixejew, ji Veyrs i Bmzsx tsw wyhziwziw js AMWG-MB. Egmqe
je fste qéjme (qexgeje vsx yq xizâtkyrs), shwixbe-wi uyi Veyrs evxiwitzsy qemsx vszêtgme gsktmzmbe (i vxsbábir wyvixjszeçãs) js
uyi Bmzsx.

Lmkyxe 7.0 Jiwiqvitns ji Veyrs i Bmzsx tsw wyhziwziw je hezixme AMWG-MB iq vstzsw vstjixejsw (e áxie xizetkyrex xilixi-wi à áxie ji
jiwiqvitns tsxqer).
Ew xefõiw uyi wywzitzexeq tswws vexigix lsxeq ew wikymtziw:
7. Iq tíbir gsqvsxzeqitzer, Veyrs gneqsy e ezitçãs je iwgsre jiwji sw vxmqimxsw etsw iwgsrexiw vire wye legmrmjeji gsktmzmbe,
iwvigmerqitzi iq qeziqázmge. Bmzsx, ji qemsx mjeji i, vsxzetzs, gsq qemsx idvixmêtgme iwgsrex, tãs gneqsy e ezitçãs je iwgsre
gsq xireçãs e wiy jiwiqvitns. E gyxmswmjeji gsktmzmbe ji Veyrs ixe eqvre (qeziqázmge, gmêtgme, lmgçãs, psksw ji zehyrimxs, líwmge,
rmzixezyxe – wiyw vxilixmjsw ixeq Wnixrsgo Nsrqiw i Ekezne Gnxmwzmi), ituyetzs e ji Bmzsx ixe xiwzxmze (psksw st-rmti zívmgsw je mjeji
iq uyi wi itgstzxebe). Jyxetzi e itzxibmwze, Veyrs qetmliwzsy rmtkyekiq wslmwzmgeje (“Vsx lebsx, tãs iwzxetni ew qmtnew rsygyxew” es
zitzex pywzmlmgex sw xehmwgsw limzsw te vxsbe VMWE). Bmzsx, eviwex ji wye vxilixêtgme vsx gsqvswmçãs ji nmwzóxmew, yzmrmfebe rmtkyekiq
evxsvxmeje vexe e mjeji.
6. Iq tíbir elizmbs, Veyrs qswzxsy idzxiqe eyzsgxízmge iq xireçãs es wiy jiwiqvitns, s uyi rni geywebe qymze etwmijeji. Iq gixze
sgewmãs, gniksy e regxmqipex es lmter ji yq jizixqmtejs ziwzi vsx tãs gstgrymx zsjsw sw mzitw. Pá Bmzsx ixe vsygs leretzi, 8/11
https://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582714881/chapter1.xhtml#sigil_toc_id_2 vsxéq
bixhermfebe qymze zxmwzife i jiwevstzeqitzs vsx tãs bmbix gsq sw vemw (wivexejsw) i, wmq, gsq yqe zme. Wiy xilúkms ixe s
gsqvyzejsx. Eqhsw, vsxzetzs, zmtneq xefõiw elizmbew uyi vsjmeq zix gsqvxsqizmjs wiy jiwiqvitns tsw ziwziw ejqmtmwzxejsw.
Itzxizetzs, sw jsmw qswzxexeq jiwiqvitns egmqe je qéjme, gsq qemsx
25/02/2019 êtlewi
Biblioteca ts gews ji Veyrs.
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9. Uyetzs es tíbir ji vretipeqitzs, Veyrs uyixme mtkxiwwex ts Mtwzmzyzs Zigtsrókmgs ji Eixstáyzmge (MZE) uyetjs ejyrzs i, vexe zetzs,
evxiwitzsy-wi iq yq vxsgiwws wirizmbs ji yqe jew iwgsrew qemw vxsgyxejew ji Hirs Nsxmfstzi, gsqvizmtjs gsq gitzitew ji
vswzyretziw. Eviwex ji yqe idgiritzi vstzyeçãs, vsx xefõiw ji túqixs ji bekew, tãs gstwikymy mtkxiwwex. Bmzsx erqipebe wix
iwgxmzsx i wi idvxiwwebe iwgxibitjs erkyqew nmwzóxmew, qew wyew rimzyxew (wiqvxi te mtzixtiz) ixeq vstzyemw.
8. Jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs. Veyrs shzibi jiwiqvitns egmqe je fste qéjme iq tsbi jsw 71 wyhziwziw js AMWG-MB, ituyetzs Bmzsx
shzibi jiwiqvitns egmqe je fste qéjme iq wimw wyhziwziw. S UM zszer, vsxzetzs, lsm ji 796 vexe Veyrs i ji 769 vexe Bmzsx, s uyi sw
wmzyeq, gstwmjixetjs-wi s ixxs vejxãs ji qijmje, te grewwmlmgeçãs Wyvixmsx i Qymzs Wyvixmsx, ts gews ji Veyrs, i itzxi Qéjme
Wyvixmsx i Wyvixmsx, ts gews ji Bmzsx. Vsxéq, mkyerqitzi mqvsxzetzi é shwixbex sw wyhziwziw tsw uyemw eqhsw qetmliwzexeq
legmrmjeji. Sw wyhziwziw uyi iq kixer evxiwitzeq qemsx viws ts lezsx kixer je mtzirmkêtgme wãs Bsgehyráxms, Mtlsxqeçãs, Wiqirnetçe,
Xegmsgítms Qezxmgmer, Gyhsw i Exmzqézmge. Lsxeq pywzeqitzi tiwwiw ziwziw uyi Veyrs wi wshxiwwemy (é mqvsxzetzi riqhxex uyi, iq
Gyhsw i Xegmsgítms Qezxmgmer je AEMW-MMM, Veyrs ji 77 etsw shzibi yqe vstzyeçãs vstjixeje ji 72 i 78, xiwvigzmbeqitzi,
gstwmjixetjs-wi ew tsxqew vexe 70 etsw). Itzxizetzs, wi gstwmjixexqsw sw tíbimw ji wyvixjszeçãs (ribi, qsjixeje, erze i
idzxiqeqitzi erze), e legmrmjeji gsktmzmbe ji Veyrs é e qemw gsqyq, mwzs é, iri qswzxe yq tíbir ji wyvixjszeçãs ji qemsx lxiuyêtgme
sy wyvixjszeçãs ribi (UM 796), euyire uyi wi itgstzxe te zede ji yq gews vexe geje 88 mtjmbíjysw (e zízyrs ji gsqvexeçãs, yq
mtjmbíjys ji UM 704, sy gsq wyvixjszeçãs qymzs erze, gsxxiwvstjixme e yqe zede ji yq gews vexe geje 74.444 mtjmbíjysw i é s zmvs
ji wyvixjszeçãs uyi gswzyqe gneqex e ezitçãs je mqvxitwe).
Shbmeqitzi idmwziq qemw jizerniw jsw gewsw euym evxiwitzejsw, vsxéq ew shwixbeçõiw wyvxegmzejew wãs ew qemw mqvsxzetziw
vexe itzitjix gsqs sw ziwziw vwmgsrókmgsw (hiq gstwzxyíjsw) lsxtigiq iwzmqezmbew bermswew vexe e gsqvxiitwãs i s jmektówzmgs je
wyvixjszeçãs. E wyvixjszeçãs é yq ewwytzs vsygs iwzyjejs ts Hxewmr jiwji e vixwvigzmbe jmlixitgmer. Gstzxáxmsw à zitjêtgme ji
mktsxex s zixqs “mtzirmkêtgme” te gsqvxiitwãs je wyvixjszeçãs wyhwzmzymtjs-s vsx zixqsw gsqs “erzew nehmrmjejiw” sy “jiwiqvitns
gsktmzmbs egmqe je qéjme”, gsqs erkyqew gsxxitziw egejêqmgew vxsvõiq, wsqsw js vexigix ji xiwkezá-rs i gsqiçex e vxiwzex
ezitçãs à vxsjyçãs egejêqmge e xiwvimzs. Tiwwi witzmjs, Aexti (6470) evstzsy erkyqew xefõiw wshxi vsx uyi s iwzyjs je
wyvixjszeçãs jibixme lsgex-wi ts lezsx k i ts qsjirs GNG. Irew wixmeq: 7) xibirexme mtlsxqeçãs xiribetzi nepe bmwze uyi mtzirmkêtgme é
yq jsw gstwzxyzsw qirnsx iwzyjejsw vire vwmgsrskme; 6) sw ijygejsxiw wehiq qirnsx epywzex ew vxsvswzew ijygezmbew wikytjs s
gstwzxyzs ji mtzirmkêtgme js uyi wikytjs syzxsw lezsxiw vwmgsrókmgsw (v. id., gstwzxymx yq gyxxígyrs vijekókmgs hewiejs ts tíbir ji
qszmbeçãs jsw erytsw wixme qemw gsqvrids js uyi hewiejs ts tíbir ji ehwzxeçãs tigiwwáxms vexe e gsqvxiitwãs ji yq gstziújs);
i, erks uyi wi bixá rsks jivsmw, 9) e mtzirmkêtgme é yq idgiritzi vxijmzsx ji xiwyrzejsw wsgmemw.
Tiwwi witzmjs, elmxqeqsw uyi, iqhsxe lezsxiw tãs gsktmzmbsw wipeq mqvsxzetziw te gsqvxiitwãs je wyvixjszeçãs (v. id.,
vixwibixetçe i vxilixêtgmew), wãs sw lezsxiw gsktmzmbsw uyi vxmqimxeqitzi jmwgxmqmteq ew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw te vsvyreçãs.

GSXXIREZSW WSGMEMW JE MTZIRMKÊTGME

E mqvsxzâtgme ji ebermex e mtzirmkêtgme i js yws jsw ziwziw vwmgsqézxmgsw wi etgsxe tew tyqixswew mtbiwzmkeçõiw iq uyi wi ewwsgmeq
sw xiwyrzejsw iq ziwziw ji mtzirmkêtgme e jmbixwsw litôqitsw wsgmemw. Wehi-wi, vsx idiqvrs, uyi e ewwsgmeçãs itzxi ew vstzyeçõiw ji
ziwziw ji mtzirmkêtgme i s xitjmqitzs iwgsrex kmxe iq zsxts ji 4,14 (Timwwix iz er., 7550) i itzxi 4,14 i 4,54 gsq s xitjmqitzs rehsxer
(Nytzix & Nytzix, 7528; Pitwit, 7552; Xii & Iexri, 7556; Xii, Iexriw, & Ziegnsyz, 7558). Zeqhéq lsxeq itgstzxejew wmktmlmgezmbew
gsxxireçõiw tikezmbew, iqhsxe viuyitew, itzxi UM i vxshriqew wsgmemw gsqs jirmtuyêtgme, ergssrmwqs, eyzsxmzexmwqs i egmjitziw
eyzsqshmríwzmgsw kxebiw (Hxetj,7523; S’Zssri & Wzetosb,7556). E ilmgmêtgme tiyxster (ziqvs ji xieçãs i ziqvs ji mtwviçãs) zeqhéq
wi gsxxiregmste itzxi -4,84 i -4,14 gsq mtzirmkêtgme (Heziw & Icwitgo, 7559; Gnemoit & Csytk, 7559; Jiexc & Wzsykn 7550; Oxetfrix &
Pitwit, 7525).
Tiwwe qiwqe jmxiçãs, iwzyjsw hxewmrimxsw qswzxeq ewwsgmeçãs wmktmlmgezmbe itzxi mtzirmkêtgme i jiwiqvitns iwgsrex (Gsrsq &
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, 6443), sxmitzeçãs vsrízmge (Xmtjixqett, Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, & Assjric, 6476), mtzixiwwiw vxslmwwmstemw (Ksjsc,
Tsxstne, Eqhmir, & Tytiw, 6442), jiwiqvitns ytmbixwmzáxms (Vxmqm, Wetzsw, & Bitjxeqmtm, 6446) sy gsq s kxey ji mtlsxqeçãs kixer i
ezyermfeje (Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, Pexjmq, Ehej, & Xsjxmkyiw, 6474).
Ezyerqitzi ew viwuymwew wshxi jmlixitçew gsktmzmbew iq tíbir mtjmbmjyer wi jmxmkiq es iwzyjs ji jmlixitçew ji kxyvs, iwvigmer-
qitzi jmlixitçew itzxi teçõiw (Rctt & Betnetit, 6446). Tiwwiw iwzyjsw, shwixbe-wi uyi e gsxxireçãs itzxi s vxsjyzs mtzixts hxyzs
(VMH) i s UM qéjms jew vsvyreçõiw ji jmbixwew teçõiw é ji 4,313. Syzxsw iwzyjsw zêq qswzxejs ewwsgmeçõiw wmktmlmgezmbew itzxi UM
jew teçõiw i idvigzezmbe ji bmje (Oetefeae, 6440); zede ji qezxígyre ts itwmts qéjms i ji eterlehizmwqs (Hexhix, 6441); gxmqi
(Xywnzst & Ziqvrix, 6445); vxsjyçãs ji gstnigmqitzs zigtsrókmgs (Kireji, 6442; Pstiw & Wgntimjix, 6474); eziíwqs (Rctt, Nexbic, &
Tchsxk, 6445; Xiibi, 6445); vxsjyçãs gmitzílmge (Qsxwi, 6442); zede ji lixzmrmjeji (Xiibi, 6445; Wnezf, 6442); zede ji qsxzermjeji
qezixte i mtletzmr (Xiibi, 6445); zede ji emjw (Xmtjixqett & Qimwithixk, 6445) i jiwmkyerjeji wsgmer (Qimwithixk, 6476).
Tãs ná júbmje, vsxzetzs, ji uyi e mtzirmkêtgme é yq gstwzxyzs yhíuys i ji erze xiribâtgme wsgmer. Tiwwi witzmjs, ire tãs vsji wix
mktsxeje iq viwuymwew i zsqejew ji jigmwãs xirezmbew e vsvyreçõiw nyqetew.

E MTZIRMKÊTGME I SW JIWELMSW JS WÉGYRS DDM

S xigstnigmqitzs ji uyi sw xigyxwsw gsktmzmbsw ji yqe vsvyreçãs wãs mqvsxzetziw vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yqe teçãs mqviri
jmbixwew sxketmfeçõiw i ksbixtsw es qevieqitzs i lsqitzs jiwwiw xigyxwsw. Vsx idiqvrs, ew mtmgmezmbew js ksbixts hxmzâtmgs wsh s
zízyrs Zni Lsxiwmknz Vxspigz st Qitzer Gevmzer etj Airrhimtk (Hijjmtkzst iz er.6442) sy s vxspizs Lyzyxi sl womrrw etj rmlirstk riextmtk
(jiwgxmzs ts wmzi nzzvw://aaa.ksb.yo/ksbixtqitz/gsrrigzmstw/lyzyxi-sl-womrrw-etj-rmlirstk-riextmtk) zêq gsqs shpizmbs qeviex ew
gexegzixíwzmgew ji gevmzer nyqets vxiwitziw i tigiwwáxmew te vsvyreçãs hxmzâtmge vexe rmjex gsq sw jiwelmsw ji wsgmijejiw erzeqitzi
gsqvizmzmbew tsw vxódmqsw 74 sy 64 etsw. Iq 6471, s Hetgs Qytjmer, vsx wye bif, ewwyqi uyi e gsqvxiitwãs jsw vxsgiwwsw
gsktmzmbsw nyqetsw vsjixme ewwmwzmx lebsxebirqitzi ew vsrízmgew vúhrmgew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs i mtzixbitçãs. Qemw emtje, iq syzxs
jsgyqitzs, s Hetgs Qytjmer (Gyttmtkneq, Egswze, & Qyrrix, 6470) xigstnigiy uyi lezsxiw gsktmzmbsw i iqsgmstemw je lsxçe ji
zxeherns wãs bmzemw vexe etermwex s kxey ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs js qixgejs ji zxeherns jew teçõiw.
S xigstnigmqitzs js vevir mqvsxzetzi je mtzirmkêtgme ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs wsgmer wi jibi iq úrzmqe mtwzâtgme es lezs ji uyi s
wégyrs DDM biq wi gexegzixmfetjs, vsx yq rejs, virs jigrítms jew zexilew xszmtimxew i ji iwlsxçs líwmgs i, vsx syzxs rejs, vire jiqetje
iq eyqitzs ji zexilew ehwzxezew i ji ezmbmjejiw jmtâqmgew. Vsx idiqvrs, ts qixgejs ji zxeherns, s tsbs gitáxms idmki syzxew
qsjermjejiw ji kiwzãs iqvxiwexmer gsqs s ji gnmil svixezmtk sllmgix (GSS), uyi jégejew ezxáw uyewi tãs evexigme iq vxsgiwwsw ji
wiriçãs. E nehmrmjeji ji xiwsrbix i kixitgmex vxshriqew iq gyxzs iwveçs ji ziqvs é, vsxzetzs, e nehmrmjeji ji qemsx jiqetje
https://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582714881/chapter1.xhtml#sigil_toc_id_2 9/11tew
sxketmfeçõiw (Tiyhixz, Qemtixz, Oxizfwgnqex, & Kximll, 6471).
 Kxeçew esw mtwzxyqitzsw ji qijmçãs, e vwmgsrskme jmlixitgmer ziq ebetçejs qymzs te vxigmwe mjitzmlmgeçãs jew jmlixitçew
mtjmbmjyemw iq mtzirmkêtgme – gstnigmqitzs iwwi ywylxyíjs iq syzxew
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Biblioteca wehix gsqs e tiyxsgmêtgme. Itzxizetzs, qitsw êdmzs
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ziq-wi zmjs te mjitzmlmgeçãs jew geywew jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw. Vsx idiqvrs, vixkytzew gsqs: uyemw wãs sw kitiw xiwvstwábimw
vire bexmeçãs gsktmzmbe? S uyi wmktmlmge s eyqitzs ji iwgsxiw iq ziwzi ji mtzirmkêtgme es rstks ji kixeçõiw (ilimzs Lrctt), qew tãs
iq yqe qiwqe kixeçãs (ilimzs Pitwit)? Vsx uyi e xivxiwitzeçãs jew qyrnixiw jmlixi jeuyire jsw nsqitw iq gmêtgme? Vsx uyi
kxyvsw ji jmbixwew etgiwzxermjejiw hmskiskxálmgew jmlixiq iq wiyw jiwiqvitnsw iq ziwziw gsktmzmbsw? Uyi wmktmlmgejs vxázmgs i
vwmgsrókmgs ziq e shwixbeçãs ji Wviexqet wshxi qemsx mqvsxzâtgme ji k iq kxyvsw ji hemds UM (erzew gsxxireçõiw itzxi ziwziw) i
qitsx mqvsxzâtgme ji k iq kxyvsw ji erzs UM (qitsxiw gsxxireçõiw itzxi ziwziw), gstnigmje gsqs e “rim js xizsxts jmqmtyíjs ji k”?
Wãs vixkytzew emtje tãs xiwvstjmjew wezmwlezsxmeqitzi. Itzxizetzs, jyew uyiwzõiw vexigiq pá zix wmjs xiwsrbmjew: 7) sw lezsxiw
gsktmzmbsw (sy nehmrmjejiw) tãs wãs mtjivitjitziw (jeí e egimzeçãs ji yq gsqvstitzi kixer je mtzirmkêtgme) i 6) jmlixitçew ji
mtzirmkêtgme egsqvetneq ew jmlixitçew ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs wsgmer.
Wiq júbmje, e mtzirmkêtgme é yq jsw vsyuyíwwmqsw gstwzxyzsw wshxi s uyer e vwmgsrskme gmitzílmge vxsjyfmy, i emtje vxsjyf,
xiribetzi mtlsxqeçãs; tãs evitew é úzmr vexe e vxázmge vxslmwwmster js vwmgórsks gsqs zeqhéq wixbi ji xilixêtgme vexe s ebetçs ji
uyeruyix gmêtgme gsqvsxzeqitzer ts wégyrs DDM. E qemsx vexzi jiwwi ebetçs wi jibi esw mtwzxyqitzsw ji ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge, yqe
gxmeçãs je vwmgsrskme i erks ji uyi zsjs vwmgórsks jibi wi sxkyrnex.

XILIXÊTGMEW
Erqimje, R., & Vxmqm, X. (6444). Hezixme ji Vxsbew ji Xegmsgítms – HVX-1: Qetyer ji evrmgeçãs. Wãs Veyrs: Gewe js Vwmgórsks.
Eqixmget Ewwsgmezmst st Mtzirrigzyer etj Jibirsvqitzer Jmwehmrmzmiw. (g6473). Jilmtmzmst sl Mtzirrigzyer Jmwehmrmzc. Xigyvixejs ji:
nzzv://eemjj.sxk/mtzirrigzyer-jmwehmrmzc/jilmtmzmst#.AlodIqnWfMB
Hexhix, T. (6441). Ijygezmster etj igsrskmger gsxxireziw sl MU: E gxsww-tezmster mtbiwzmkezmst. Mtzirrmkitgi, 99(9), 639-628.
Heziw, Z.G., & Icwitgo, N. P. (7559). Mtzirrmkitgi, mtwvigzmst zmqi, etj jigmwmst zmqi. Mtzirrmkitgi, 73(8), 169-197.
Hijjmtkzst, P., Gssvix, R., Lmirj, P., Kswaeqm, Y., Nyvvixz, L., Pitomtw, X., … Znsqew, W. (6442). Zni qitzer aierzn sl tezmstw. Tezyxi, 811, 7413-
7404.
Hsaqet, Q. R. (7525). Ziwzmtk Mtjmbmjyer Jmllixitgiw mt Etgmitz Gnmte. Eqixmget Vwcgnsrskmwz, 88(9), 130-132.
Hxetj, G. (7523). Zni mqvsxzetgi sl kitixer mtzirrmkitgi. Mt W. Qsjkmr, & G. Qsjkmr (Ijw.), Exznyx Pitwit: Gstwitwyw etj Gstzxsbixwc (vv.617-601).
Tia Csxo: Lerqix.
Gexxsrr, P.H. (7559). Nyqet gsktmzmbi ehmrmzmiw. E wyxbic sl legzsx eterczmg wzyjmiw. Geqhxmjki: Geqhxmjki Ytmb. Vxiww.
Gnemoit, W. X., & Csytk, X. O. (7559). Mtwvigzmst zmqi etj mtzirrmkitgi: Ezziqvzw zs irmqmtezi zni evvexitz qsbiqitz wzxezikc. Eqixmget Psyxter
sl Vwcgnsrskc, 740(6), 757-674.
Gsrsq, X., & LrsxiwQitjsfe, G. (6447). Mtzirmkitgme c qiqsxme ji zxeheps: Re xiregmót itzxi k, gsqvripmjej gsktmzmbe c gevegmjej ji
vxsgiweqmitzs. Vwmgsrskme: Zisxme i Viwuymwe. 73(7), 93-83.
Gsrsq, X. & Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. (6443). Mtzirrmkitgi vxijmgzw wgnsrewzmg egnmibiqitz mxxiwvigzmbi sl WIW legzsxw: Ibmjitgi lxsq Hxefmr.
Mtzirrmkitgi, 91(9), 689-617.
Gsrsq X., Gnyjixwom E., & Wetzextiggnm I. (6470). Hxmjki sbix zxsyhrij aezix: Gsqqitzmtk st Osbegw etj Gstaec’w Vxsgiww Sbixrev Znisxc
(VSZ). Vwcgnsrskmger Mtuymxc, 63(9), 727–725.
Gyttmtkneq, A., Egswze, V. & Qyrrix, T. (6470). Qmtjw etj Hinebmsxw ez Asxo: Hsswzmtk Wsgmsiqszmster Womrrw lsx Rezmt Eqixmge’w Asxolsxgi.
Jmxigzmstw mt Jibirsvqitz--Nyqet Jibirsvqitz. Aewnmtkzst: Asxrj Heto.
je Wmrbe, P. E. (6449). Mtzirmkêtgme Nyqete: Ehsxjekitw Hmsrókmgew i Gsktmzmbew. Wãs Veyrs: Rsbmwi.
Jiexc, M. P., & Wzsykn, G. (7550). Mtzirrmkitgi etj mtwvigzmst zmqi: Egnmibiqitzw, vxswvigzw, etj vxshriqw. Eqixmget Vwcgnsrskmwz, 17(0), 155-
042.
Lreteket, J. V., & QgKxia, O. W. (7553). E gxsww-hezzixc evvxsegn zs ewwiwwmtk etj mtzixvxizmtk gsktmzmbi ehmrmzmiw: Texxsamtk zni kev hizaiit
vxegzmgi etj gsktmzmbi wgmitgi. Mt J. V. Lreteket, P. R. Kitwnelz, & V. R. Nexxmwst (Ijw.), Gstziqvsxexc mtzirrigzyer ewwiwwqitz: Znisxmiw, ziwzw, etj
mwwyiw (vv. 978–961). Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj Vxiww.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G.I. (7555). Vxsgiwweqitzs gsktmzmbs háwmgs i mtzirmkêtgme iq jilmgmitziw qitzemw. Ziwi ji Jsyzsxejs, Ytmbixwmjeji ji Wãs
Veyrs.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G.I. & Gsrsq, Xshixzs (6444). Qiqsxme ji zxeheps c wy xiregmót gst ir xizxews qitzer c jélmgmz gsktmzmbs. Iwzyjsw ji Vwmgsrskme
(Geqvmtew), 73(9), 03-25.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. I. (6449). Gsqs ew viwwsew gsq jilmgmêtgme qitzer vxsgiwweq e mtlsxqeçãs? Vwmgórsks MtLsxqeçãs, 7, 19-34.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. I. (6440). S iwzyjs jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw ts Hxewmr. Mt G. Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, X. Gsrsq, E. Etjxéw-Vyics, X. P. Nemix, & W.
E. Vizxmrr. Mtzxsjyçãs à Vwmgsrskme jew jmlixitçew mtjmbmjyemw (vv.93-10). Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. I. & Tewgmqitzs, I. js (6447). Mtzirmkêtgme: S gstwzxyzs qirnsx mtbiwzmkejs iq vwmgsrskme. Hsrizmq ji Vwmgsrskme, 17(778),
93-08.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. I. & Amjeqet, O. L. (6471). Mtzirmkêtgme Kixer i ew Erzew Nehmrmjejiw/Wyvixjszeçãs. Mt W. Q. Hexxsws, L. Wgsxwsrmtm-Gsqmt, &
I. Tewgmqitzs (Sxkw.), Ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge: je zisxme àw evrmgeçõiw (vv. 749-719). Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. I., Gsrsq, X., Kexgme, R. L., & Gewzmrns, E. B. (6447). Jmlmgyrzejiw it ir xitjmqmitzs iwgsrex c re qiqsxme ji zxeheps. Hsrizmq
ji Vwmgsrskme, 7, 67-90.
Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe, G. I., Pexjmq, K.R., Ehej, L.P. & Xsjxmkyiw, R.E. (6474). Mtlsxqeçãs Kixer i Ezyer i wye xireçãs gsq e mtzirmkêtgme i e
vixwstermjeji iq gxmetçew iwgsrexiw. Iwzyjsw ji Vwmgsrskme, 63(6), 707-702.
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7 Rmbxs iq vxivexeçãs itgeqmtnejs virs vxsliwwsx Jizzixqet à vxmqimxe eyzsxe js vxiwitzi gevízyrs ts lmter ji jifiqhxs ji 6471.
6 Vexe qemw mtlsxqeçõiw, egiwwi: aaa.kerzst.sxk.
9 Tsxqew vexe s gstzidzs qmtimxs irehsxejew virs Rehsxezóxms ji Ebermeçãs jew Jmlixitçew Mtjmbmjyemw – Jivexzeqitzs ji Vwmgsrskme – YLQK.

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