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Vsx itzxi láhyrew, xãw i kxmrsw: wshxi ew vswwmhmrmjejiw

gxmezmbew js iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs
74
LEHMETI XSQETS JI WSYFE HXMJM I GÉWEX EYKYWZS HXMJM LMRNS

VEXE MTMGMEXQSW YQE NMWZÓXME...

E iwgxmze jiwwi gews ewwyqi e mqvswwmhmrmjeji ji wi jmfix zyjs. E mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge
xiermfeje iq yq qexgs ziqvsxer ji uyezxs etsw tãs é vswwíbir ji iwzex vxiwitzi te ítzikxe ts
jigsxxix jew vákmtew uyi wikyiq. Jiwwe lsxqe, zxexiqsw iriqitzsw/lxekqitzsw jiwwe xireçãs uyi,
tiwwi qsqitzs, vxszekstmfeq e nmwzóxme uyi gstzexiqsw. Sxketmfejsw jiwwi qsjs, vxsjyfiq yq
zidzs uyi ketne bmje e vexzmx je vxóvxme eçãs ji uyiq rê.
Kswzexme ji wehix, jmwwi vexe wm qiwqs, s uyi wi vewwe jitzxs ji yq rmbxs uyetjs iri iwzá lignejs. É grexs
uyi rá jitzxs wó ná rizxew mqvxiwwew iq vevir, qew, eviwex jmwws, jibi egstzigix erkyqe gsmwe, vsxuyi
uyetjs s ehxs idmwzi erm yqe nmwzóxme gsqvrize. (ITJI, 6474, v. 78-71).
Gstzexiqsw yqe nmwzóxme... E gstzeçãs ji nmwzóxme tiwzi zidzs/gstzidzs wi evxiwitze ji jyew
lsxqew: xilixi e vxóvxme nmwzóxme uyi sxe gstzeqsw i gsqs xigyxws je mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge
xiermfeje.
E iwgxmze jiwwe nmwzóxme ziq wiy mtígms es tsw jihxyçexqsw wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs js wmwziqe ji
grewwmlmgeçãs je lytçãs qszsxe kxswwe vexe e vexermwme gixihxer.7 S gstnigmqitzs wshxi iwwi wmwziqe
ji grewwmlmgeçãs jibixme bmx egsqvetnejs ji yq gews, qijmetzi s uyer vyjéwwiqsw bmwyermfex i
gsqvxiitjix e vxsvswmçãs grewwmlmgezóxme xilixitzi à lytçãs qszsxe i idvetjmxqsw ew ebitzyxew
vexe sw zixxmzóxmsw vwmgsvijekókmgsw. É s uyi zitzexiqsw lefix ts âqhmzs jiwze iwgxmze...

YQE HXIBI MTZXSJYÇÃS WSHXI LYTÇÃS QSZSXE I VEXERMWME GIXIHXER

S exzmks “Jiwitbsrbmqitzs js wmwziqe ji grewwmlmgeçãs je lytçãs qszsxe kxswwe (KQLGW) vexe
vexermwme gixihxer” (XSWITHEYQ iz er., 6442) gstwzmzymy-wi gsqs shpizs mtmgmer ji tswws iwzyjs.
Wikytjs Srmbimxe, Ksrmt i Gytne (6474), ná yq túqixs xijyfmjs ji qézsjsw ji ebermeçãs
vejxstmfejsw evrmgábimw e gxmetçew gsq vexermwme gixihxer, i s Wmwziqe ji Grewwmlmgeçãs je Lytçãs
Qszsxe Kxswwe (KQLGW) gstwzmzym-wi gsqs yq jsw qemw yzmrmfejsw qytjmerqitzi, te grítmge i te
viwuymwe.
E vxsvswmçãs grewwmlmgezóxme jiwwi wmwziqe lsm hewieje iq yqe wmqvriw tsçãs ji uyi jibixme wix
vswwíbir jmbmjmx e lytçãs qszsxe kxswwe iq “vsygew” geziksxmew, tew uyemw gxmetçew i leqmrmexiw
xigstnigixmeq jmlixitçew wmktmlmgezmbew ts wiy lytgmsteqitzs jmáxms.
Jiwwe lsxqe, s Wmwziqe ji Grewwmlmgeçãs je Lytçãs Qszsxe Kxswwe (KQLGW) gsqvxiitji yqe
grewwmlmgeçãs vxsvswze e vexzmx jew gevegmjejiw lytgmstemw i jew rmqmzeçõiw jsw mtjmbíjysw. S xilixmjs
wmwziqe wywzitze uyi yqe grewwmlmgeçãs hewieje ts jiwiqvitns je lytçãs qszsxe te bmje gszmjmete
vsjixme eyqitzex e gsqytmgeçãs itzxi ew leqírmew i sw vxslmwwmstemw i, gstwiuyitziqitzi, e
lmjijmktmjeji jsw jejsw iwzezíwzmgsw xiregmstejsw àw gxmetçew viwuymwejew.
S shpizmbs js KQLGW gstwmwzi iq jmwgixtmx iriqitzsw vexzmgyrexiw je lytçãs qszsxe uyi
jmlixitgmebeq gxmetçew iq mjeji wiqirnetzi iq jmlixitziw geziksxmew lytgmstemw.
 Jiwwe lsxqe, iwzá sxketmfejs iq gmtgs tíbimw e vexzmx js qsbmqitzs mtmgmejs bsrytzexmeqitzi, gsq
vxmtgmver êtlewi ts witzex i ts etjex. Ew jmlixitgmeçõiw itzxi sw tíbimw gstwmjixeq ew rmqmzeçõiw
lytgmstemw, s yws ji zigtsrskme ewwmwzmbe i eydírmsw vexe e rsgsqsçãs (etjejsxiw, qyrizew, hitkerew i
gejimxe ji xsjew) i e uyermjeji js qsbmqitzs.
Shpizmbe-wi jilmtmx uyer tíbir qirnsx xivxiwitze ew nehmrmjejiw ezyemw je gxmetçe (iq gewe, te iwgsre
i te gsqytmjeji) i wyew rmqmzeçõiw te lytçãs qszsxe. Sw gmtgs tíbimw wãs evxiwitzejsw iq geje
yqe jew gmtgs izevew gstwmjixetjs e mjeji gxstsrókmge: ji 4 e 6 etsw, 6 e 8, 8 e 0, 0 e 76 i ji 76 e
72 etsw. Lef-wi mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi iwzyjsw rstkmzyjmtemw jiqstwzxexeq yqe qetyzitçãs js
tíbir ji grewwmlmgeçãs.
S KQLGW é evrmgejs ji egsxjs gsq e mjeji je gxmetçe i sw iwzyjsw wywzitzeq s gstgimzs ji uyi iwwe
grewwmlmgeçãs vswwym hsq kxey ji iwzehmrmjeji es rstks jsw etsw, sy wipe, yqe gxmetçe kixerqitzi vixqetigi
ts qiwqs tíbir. (SRMBIMXE; KSRMT; GYTNE, 6474, v. 667).
Tiwwi witzmjs, yqe bif uyi e gxmetçe zitne wmjs grewwmlmgeje ts tíbir MM, idmwzi e zitjêtgme ji uyi
ire vixqetiçe tiwwi qiwqs tíbir es rstks js wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs.

YQE VSWWÍBIR XIREÇÃS ITZXI S KQLGW I ETZÔTMS

Etzôtms6 tewgiy ji yqe kxebmjif kiqirex, vretipeje i mtjyfmje vsx qims ji qijmgeçãs vexe
iwzmqyreçãs sbexmete. Ts qsqitzs je kxebmjif, e qãi zmtne 97 etsw. Lsm vxiqezyxs ji 62 wiqetew,
zibi Evkex 74, tewgiy gsq 7.404 k i tigiwwmzsy vixqetigix te Ytmjeji ji Zxezeqitzs Mtzitwmbs
(YZM) Tistezer vsx 04 jmew.
Ts uyi zetki àw vswwíbimw xireçõiw itzxi vxiqezyxmjeji, rstke vixqetêtgme tew ytmjejiw ji
zxezeqitzs mtzitwmbs i vexermwme gixihxer, gehi jiwzegex uyi:
Iq lytçãs jsw gymjejsw zégtmgsw iq ytmjejiw ji zixevme mtzitwmbe, sw xigéq-tewgmjsw ji hemds viws i sw ji
qymzs hemds viws zêq zmjs qemsx wshxibmbêtgme, vsxéq, gsq idvxiwwmbe vswwmhmrmjeji ji evxi­witzex vexermwme
gixihxer uyetjs gsqvexejsw e xigéq-tewgmjsw e zixqs. (GMEWGE; QSYXE-XMHIMXS; ZEHEUYMQ, 6440, v. 874).
Ts jme iq uyi tewgiy, zibi yq uyejxs ji vtiyqszóxed i nsybi tigiwwmjeji ji mtwixmx yq jxits
ts vyrqãs jmximzs. Sw qéjmgsw i e leqírme zxeherneq gsq e nmvóziwi ji uyi teuyiri qsqitzs
vsjixme zix lerzejs sdmkiteçãs gixihxer, s uyi, gstwiuyitziqitzi, zixme sgewmstejs s uyejxs ji
vexermwme gixihxer qetmliwzeje vire gxmetçe. Evów s vxshriqe vyrqstex zix wmjs wsrygmstejs, Etzôtms
vixqetigiy te YZM vexe ketnex viws i qirnsxex e xiwvmxeçãs. Lmgsy itzyhejs kxetji vexzi js
ziqvs iq uyi vixqetigiy mtzixtejs.
Wikytjs s xirezs jsw vemw, jiwji s tewgmqitzs s qitmts zibi egsqvetneqitzs qéjmgs
wmwziqázmgs. Sw vemw jiwgstlmebeq uyi nsybiwwi erks “iwzxetns” gsq s hihê gstwmjixetjs e xmkmjif
qszsxe uyi evxiwitzebe. Esw 1 qiwiw, lsm mtmgmeje e lmwmszixevme jibmjs es ezxews qszsx qetmliwzejs
gsqs ilimzs je vxiqezyxmjeji. Esw 2 qiwiw, vsx mtjmgeçãs je tiyxsvijmezxe, mtmgmsy s
egsqvetneqitzs lstseyjmsrókmgs.
E riwãs wó lsm jiwgshixze esw 77 qiwiw. Ezé wi gnikex e iwwi jejs, Etzôtms xiermfsy gstwyrzew
qéjmgew vixmójmgew i ebermeçõiw wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs tiyxsvwmgsqszsx. Ew ebermeçõiw
jiqstwzxexeq yq ezxews ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Eviwex je gsxxiçãs je mjeji jibmjs à vxi-
qezyxmjeji, s hihê tãs gsxxiwvstjme àw evxitjmfekitw i nehmrmjejiw iwvixejew. Evów e xiermfeçãs
ji ideqiw grítmgsw (irizxsitgilerskxeqe), e tiyxsvijmezxe vire vxmqimxe bif xilixmy s jmektówzmgs ji
vexermwme gixihxer.
E itgilersvezme gxôtmge tãs vxskxiwwmbe, qemw gstnigmje gsqs vexermwme gixihxer, é gstwiuyêtgme ji
yqe riwãs uyi elize s wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer iq vixísjs ji qezyxeçãs iwzxyzyxer i lytgmster
(SRMBIMXE; KSRMT; GYTNE, 6474).
Ji egsxjs gsq Gmewge, Qsyxe-Xmhimxs i Zeheuymq (6440), s iqvxiks js zixqs “vexermwe gixihxer”
xilixi yq kxyvs nizixskêtis ji erzixeçõiw grítmgew, gexegzixmfejs vsx jmwzúxhmsw qszsxiw i
erzixeçõiw vswzyxemw vixqetitziw uyi sgsxxi ts géxihxs mqezyxs, vsjitjs, sy tãs, iwzex ewwsgmejs
e erzixeçõiw gsktmzmbew. Tiwwi witzmjs, gstwzmzym-wi te geywe qemw gsqyq ji mtgevegmjeji líwmge
ibmjitgmeje virs gsqvxsqizmqitzs tiyxsqszsx.
Iwwi uyejxs vsji zix wye sxmkiq tsw vixísjsw vxé, vixm i vów-tezer, nebitjs yq gstwitws te áxie
ji uyi wiy evexigmqitzs, jigsxxitzi jew jmwzmtzew izmsrskmew, sgsxxi ezé s lmter js wikytjs ets ji
bmje.
E leqírme erike e lsxqe jmlígmr gsqs lsm jeje e tszígme i s vxsktówzmgs xiwzxmzs jmetzi jew
mtlsxqeçõiw jmwvstmhmrmfejew vire tiyxsvijmezxe uyi ts qsqitzs egsqvetnebe s gews. Iwwiw
lezsxiw sw lmfixeq vxsgyxex e svmtmãs qéjmge ji syzxe vxslmwwmster, uyi gstlmxqsy s jmektówzmgs
rmhixejs etzixmsxqitzi, qew iwvigmlmgsy s zmvs ji vexermwme evxiwitzeje, hiq gsqs xiwwmktmlmgsy ew
vswwmhmrmjejiw vxsktówzmgew js gews. Etzôtms evxiwitze yq uyejxs ji vexermwme gixihxer ji zxezs
vmxeqmjer ji kxey ribi.
 E vexermwme gixihxer é grewwmlmgeje ji egsxjs gsq wiy zmvs grítmgs – iwváwzmge, ezizówmge, ezedme i
lsxqew qmwzew – i gexegzixíwzmgew tiyxsrókmgew.
Etzôtms evxiwitze yq uyejxs ji vexermwme gixihxer iwváwzmge. Zer gstjmçãs elize s wmwziqe
vmxeqmjer i gexegzixmfe-wi vire vxiwitçe ji nmvixzstme js zmvs iráwzmge. E iwvewzmgmjeji gexegzixmfe-wi
vsx yq jiwiuymríhxms te gstzxeçãs qywgyrex gsqvxsqizitjs e xiermfeçãs jew eçõiw qszsxew i
zexilew je bmje jmáxme. Tiwwi witzmjs,
[...] sw wmtzsqew i wmtemw jibiq idvxiwwex e áxie riweje hiq gsqs wye idzitwãs, xilrizmtjs tiyxsrskmgeqitzi,
sw vejxõiw etsxqemw ji vswzyxe i qsbmqitzs; vsji wix gstwzezejs emtje qemsx sy qitsx itbsrbmqitzs ji
rmtkyekiq, vixgivçãs bmwyer, eyjmzmbe, qiqóxme, gsqvsxzeqitzs i elizs iq qemsx i qitsx kxey ji kxebmjeji,
xivixgyzmtjs te evxitjmfekiq. (GMEWGE; QSYXE-XMHIMXS; ZEHEUYMQ, 6440, v. 874).
Etzôtms lef lmwmszixevme jyew bifiw te wiqete, nmjxszixevme yqe bif te wiqete, ziq
egsqvetneqitzs gsq s sxzsvijmwze i lef evrmgeçõiw vixmójmgew ji zsdmte hszyrítmge.
Lef yws ji hszimxe, geqmtne gsq s eydírms js etjejsx sy ji yq ejyrzs uyi wikyxi wye qãs.
Eviwex jew rmqmzeçõiw te qexgne evxiwitze qshmrmjeji, vsmw wi jiwrsge ts iwveçs vsx qims js
itkezmtnex. Es itkezmtnex, lmxqe ew qãsw i vyde ew vixtew es qiwqs ziqvs wiq lefix e erzixtâtgme
itzxi irew. Vxilixi witzex wshxi ew vixtew, te vswmçãs uyi lsxqe yq “A”. Gstwikyi lefix iwwe
vswmçãs uyetjs tãs iwzá ywetjs ew hszimxew. Es witzex iq syzxew vswmçõiw, gsq lxiuyêtgme vixji s
gstzxsri ji zxstgs i jiwiuymrmhxe-wi tigiwwmzetjs ji evsms vexe vixqetigix te vswmçãs.
Gstlsxqi s KQLGW i wiyw jmlixitziw tíbimw vexe gxmetçew ji 6 e 8 etsw,9 é vswwíbir itgstzxex
vxsdmqmjeji itzxi ew gexegzixíwzmgew vxiwitzi ts gsqvsxzeqitzs ji Etzôtms i ew jiwgxmzew ts Tíbir
MMM je grewwmlmgeçãs.
Tíbir MMM Ew gxmetçew qetzêq-wi witzejew ts gnãs lxiuyitziqitzi te vswmçãs ji A (witzex itzxi sw uyejxmw i
sw psirnsw iq lridãs i xszeçãs mtzixte) i vsjiq tigiwwmzex ji ewwmwzêtgme js ejyrzs vexe ewwyqmx e vswmçãs
witzeje. Ew gxmetçew xewzipeq iq vxsts sy itkezmtneq (wshxi ew qãsw i psirnsw), lxiuyitziqitzi wiq
qsbmqitzsw erzixtejsw ji vixte, gsqs wiyw qézsjsw vxmtgmvemw ji rsgsqsçãs. Ew gxmetçew vsjiq vydex-wi
vexe ribetzex iq yqe wyvixlígmi iwzábir i etjex ji rejs wikyxetjs-wi tsw qóbimw vsx jmwzâtgmew gyxzew. Ew
gxmetçew vsjiq etjex gyxzew jmwzâtgmew tsw iwveçsw mtzixtsw ywetjs evexirnsw eydmrmexiw ji rsgsqsçãs,
tigiwwmzetjs ji ewwmwzêtgme js ejyrzs vexe jmxigmstá-re i bmxá-re. (VERMWETS iz er., 7553, v. 675).
Es gnikex es ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs, Etzôtms qetmliwzebe zsjsw iwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
qszsxiw. S jiwelms uyi wi gsrsgebe à vwmgsvijekskme ixe ji exzmgyrex ew gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgsqszsxew
qetmliwzejew jmetzi js uyejxs ji vexermwme gixihxer gsq ew jmqitwõiw je evxitjmfekiq i js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs.

YQ ITGSTZXS: E GNIKEJE JI ETZÔTMS ES IWVEÇS VWMGSVIJEKÓKMGS

Ehxs e vsxze i rá iwzá Etzôtms witzejs ts gsrs ji wye qãi.
Srnexiw wi gxyfeq, wsxxmwsw wi qetmliwzeq, vswwmhmrmjejiw wi mtmgmeq...

Etzôtms gnike es ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs gsq 6 etsw i 77 qiwiw tew béwvixew ji gsqvrizex
9 etsw. Biq itgeqmtnejs vire tiyxsvijmezxe uyi s egsqvetne. S itgeqmtneqitzs, te gstgivçãs
je tiyxsvijmezxe, ziq yq shpizmbs vxibitzmbs gstwmjixetjs sw qymzsw gewsw ji vexermwme gixihxer
uyi evxiwitzeq zeqhéq erzixeçõiw gsktmzmbew. Wikytjs Gmewge, Qsyxe-Xmhimxs i Zeheuymq (6440), e
vexermwme gixihxer vsji bmx ewwsgmeje e syzxsw lezsxiw, jitzxi sw qemw itgstzxejsw ziqsw e jilmgmêtgme
qitzer (94 e 84% jsw gewsw). Tiwwi witzmjs, e tiyxsvijmezxe wsrmgmze yqe ebermeçãs i s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yq zxeherns vwmgsvijekókmgs uyi vswwe egsqvetnex iwwew xireçõiw.
Ts qsqitzs iq uyi gnike es ezitjmqitzs, sw vemw tãs evxiwitzeq uyimdew wmktmlmgezmbew iq
zixqsw ji evxitjmfekiq. Wikytjs e leqírme, e qemsx jmlmgyrjeji xilixi-wi à idigyçãs jew ezmbmjejiw
qszsxew i tsw ilimzsw jiwwew mqvswwmhmrmjejiw vexe ew evxitjmfekitw iwgsrexiw.
Ts uyi zetki àw xireçõiw itzxi riwãs gixihxer i ezs qszsx, Lstwige (6445, v. 89) elmxqe:
[...] uyetjs yqe áxie iwzá jmwlytgmster sy riweje, e sxketmfeçãs je vxedme itgstzxe-wi gsqvxsqizmje,
vsjitjs kixex sxe yqe jmwvxedme sxe yqe evxedme, jivitjitjs js ilimzs i js lsgs je riwãs gstwmjixeje.
Iq lytçãs je riwãs, Etzôtms, vsx idiqvrs, tãs geqmtnebe ji lsxqe mtjivitjitzi, tãs zmtne e
evxitjmfekiq, e mtzixtermfeçãs i e gevegmjeji qszsxe vexe xiermfex zer eçãs. Syzxsw qsbmqitzsw
evxiwitzebeq-wi jmwlytgmstemw (sy jmwvxádmgsw). Tiwwi witzmjs, xiermfebe e eçãs qszsxe, qew gsq
jmlmgyrjejiw te idigyçãs. Jiwzegeq-wi tiwwi gstpytzs sw ezsw qszsxiw uyi itbsrbmeq e jmwwsgmeçãs
ji qsbmqitzsw i nehmrmjejiw qszsxew lmtew (sy qemw xilmtejew), zemw gsqs vikex, lsrniex i vmtçex.
E xireçãs itzxi vexermwme gixihxer i jilmgmêtgme qitzer zerbif itgstzxi wyew xeífiw tew iwzximzew
gstidõiw itzxi ezmbmjeji qszsxe i ezmbmjeji qitzer. Ts geqvs je vwmgsrskme, Vmekiz (6449), Aerrst
(7525) i Bckszwoc (7553) sgyvexeq-wi jiwwe uyiwzãs i wãs gstwitwyemw es elmxqexiq uyi e
mtzirmkêtgme, vxmqimxeqitzi, é yqe mtzirmkêtgme vxázmge/qszsxe i uyi iwze gstwzmzym e hewi/sxmkiq jsw
vxsgiwwsw wmqhórmgsw, je mtzirmkêtgme rókmge i js vitweqitzs ehwzxezs, sy wipe, sw vxsgiwwsw qemw
gsqvridsw je qitzi nyqete mtmgmerqitzi iwzãs hewiejsw iq eçõiw qszsxew zsxtetjs-wi,
vswzixmsxqitzi, eçõiw qitzemw. Iwwe gstidãs zeqhéq é itjswweje virs geqvs je tiyxsrskme.
Sw iwzyjsw jew vxedmew te gxmetçe qswzxeq uyi ná yq vexerirmwqs itzxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs vxádmgs i s
mtzirigzyer, ji zer qetimxe uyi s qsbmqitzs ejuymxi yq vszitgmer gsktmzmbs. [...] Vsjiqsw jmfix uyi s
qsbmqitzs iwzá te hewi je ezmbmjeji wmqhórmge i wi itgstzxe ts mtígms je gsxzmgermfeçãs. (XSZZE, 6440e, v.
677).
Ts gews js Etzôtms, s xigstnigmqitzs jew mtlryêtgmew xigívxsgew itzxi riwãs gixihxer, ezs qszsx i
s gsqvxsqizmqitzs je sxketmfeçãs vxádmge, evxiwitzebe-wi gsqs yq mqvsxzetzi iriqitzs e wix
gstwmjixejs vexe wi gstwikymx mjitzmlmgex i bmehmrmfex lezsxiw gsqvitwezóxmsw, ts witzmjs bckszwocets
js zixqs.
Zsjs jilimzs gxme sw iwzíqyrsw vexe irehsxex yqe gsqvitweçãs [...]. S lezs lytjeqitzer uyi itgstzxeqsw ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ekxebejs virs jilimzs é s jyvrs vevir uyi jiwiqvitne e mtwylmgmêtgme sxkâtmge ts vxsgiwws
ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs je lsxqeçãs je vixwstermjeji je gxmetçe. Vsx yq rejs jilimzs é qitsw, e rmqmzeçãs, e
jihmrmjeji, e jmqmtymçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs; vsx syzxs, vxigmweqitzi vsxuyi gxme jmlmgyrjejiw, iwzmqyre yq
ebetçs iribejs i mtzitwmlmgejs. (BCKSZWOC, 7553, v. 78).
Vsxéq, vexe s eyzsx, sw lezsxiw gsqvitwezóxmsw tãs wi vxsgiwweq ji lsxqe tezyxer tiq wiqvxi
zixãs êdmzs. Tiwwi witzmjs, e jmqitwãs wsgmer i sw vxsgiwwsw ji qijmeçãs sgyveq rykex gitzxer i
jigmwmbs te vswwmhmrmjeji ji vxsbix iriqitzsw gsqvitwezóxmsw i mtgmjmx te evxitjmfekiq i ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs mtletzmr, vszitgmermfetjs-sw.
Te wmzyeçãs ji Etzôtms, ew rmqmzeçõiw qszsxew, iq erkyqew sgewmõiw, mqvijmeq e xiermfeçãs jew
ezmbmjejiw, iq syzxew, idmkmeq e tigiwwmjeji ji ejevzeçõiw ve-xe wixiq ilizmbejew. Tiwwi witzmjs,
ixe mqvsxzetzi kexetzmx gstjmçõiw ji vexzmgmveçãs i xiermfeçãs jew ezmbmjejiw vsx qims ji iriqitzsw
gsqvitwezóxmsw, hiq gsqs kexetzmx s iwzehirigmqitzs jew mtzixeçõiw wsgmemw, gstwmjixetjs wix, vsx
qims jiwwew mtzixeçõiw, uyi evxitjmfekitw wãs qijmejew i mqvyrwmsteq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs
nyqets.
Vexe sw zióxmgsw bmtgyrejsw à vwmgsrskme nmwzóxmgs-gyrzyxer, gsqs Bmkszwomm, Ryxme i Ristzmib (7522),
xiwmji e elmxqeçãs ji uyi sw iriqitzsw nmwzóxmgsw i gyrzyxemw mtgmjiq wshxi e evxitjmfekiq i s
gsqvsxzeqitzs nyqets jilmtmtjs tsbsw gstzsxtsw i jizixqmtetjs s vxóvxms lytgmsteqitzs
gixihxer. Vexe Ryxme (7557, v. 70),
[...] qijmjew nmwzsxmgeqitzi kixejew vexe e sxketmfeçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs nyqets jizixqmteq tsbsw
bítgyrsw te ezmbmjeji js géxihxs nyqets.
Iq zer elmxqeçãs, xigstnigiq ew mtlryêtgmew js eqhmitzi te ezmbmjeji gixihxer i tew erzixeçõiw
bmbitgmejew vsx iwwi wmwziqe e vexzmx js yws ji lixxeqitzew i mtwzxyqitzsw nmwzsxmgeqitzi
gstwzxyíjsw, hiq gsqs ji tsbew tigiwwmjejiw idzixtew, jiqetjew i idmkêtgmew wsgmemw. Jiwwe
lsxqe, sw lezsxiw nmwzóxmgsw i gyrzyxemw gexegzixmfeq zetzs e stzskêtiwi gsqs e lmrskêtiwi je iwvégmi
nyqete.
E mqvsxzâtgme jsw iriqitzsw nmwzóxmgsw i gyrzyxemw zeqhéq vxszekstmfe e gite es vitwexqsw ts
lytgmsteqitzs ji yq sxketmwqs uyermzezmbeqitzi jmlixitzi i tew vswwmhmrmjejiw ji mtzixbitçãs
pytzs e iwwi sxketmwqs.
[...] eviwex js tiyxsjiwitbsrbmqitzs zix wiy gyxws kymejs vire qezyxeçãs, e vxiwitçe ji yq ibitzs
jmwxyvzmbs (riwãs gixihxer) sy ji yq gsqvstitzi gstkêtmzs uyi erzixe iwzi vxsgiwws vxsqsbi e igrswãs ji
yq tsbs wmwziqe uyermzezmbeqitzi jmlixitzi js gstwmjixejs tsxqer. Itzxizetzs, Ryxme (7557) exkyqitze uyi
iwzi wmwziqe jiwbmetzi é mkyerqitzi vráwzmgs i uyi e gyrzyxe vsji slixzex lixxeqitzew uyi wixãs mtgsxvsxejew
e iwzi, vszitgmermfetjs s wiy lytgmsteqitzs i qmtmqmfetjs ew rmqmzeçõiw mqvswzew vire riwãs i/sy jmwlytçãs
js wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer. (NEFMT iz er., 6474, v. 741-740).
E vrewzmgmjeji jiwwi wmwziqe i wye gevegmjeji ji evxitjmfekiq wãs xilixmjew gsqs “[...] yq
vxsgiwws gsqvrids, jmtâqmgs iwzxyzyxejs e vexzmx ji yq ezs qszsx i vixgivzmbs, uyi, irehsxejs
gsxzmgerqitzi, já sxmkiq e gsktmçãs.” (KYEXJMSRRE; LIXXIMXE; XSZZE, 7552). Gstlsxqi evstzejs, s
vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq é yqe gstlryêtgme ji lezsxiw sxkâtmgsw (wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer, WTG) i
lezsxiw idzixtsw (eqhmitzi), witjs e evxitjmfekiq s xiwyrzejs js itgstzxs jiwwiw jsmw wmwziqew.
[...] qyjetçew eqhmitzemw mtzixlixiq te vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer i, gstwiuyitziqitzi, te evxitjmfekiq.
Jilmtmje e evxitjmfekiq gsqs qsjmlmgeçãs ts WTG, qemw sy qitsw vixqetitziw, uyetjs s mtjmbíjys é
wyhqizmjs e iwzíqyrsw i/sy idvixmêtgmew ji bmje, uyi bãs wi zxejyfmx iq qsjmlmgeçõiw gixihxemw. Jiwwe lsxqe,
lmge hiq grexs uyi ew erzixeçõiw vráwzmgew wãs ew lsxqew virew uyemw wi evxitji. (XSZZE, 6440h, v. 819).
 Jiwwe lsxqe, zer uyer s jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer, s WTG ibsryzmbeqitzi bem witjs jiwelmejs virs
eqhmitzi i eqvrmetjs wyew vszitgmermjejiw ji eçãs wshxi iri.
Viwuymwew i zisxmew evstzejew vsx Xszze (6440h), gsqs ew xilixêtgmew ji Xeqst c Geper i Ekyecs, pá
te jégeje ji 7524, qswzxeq e vswwmhmrmjeji xikitixezmbe js WTG, wyhrmtnetjs e gevegmjeji
tiyxster ji wi ejevzex àw tsbew xiermjejiw. Iq wmzyeçõiw ji tigiwwmjeji xikitixezmbe, s sxketmwqs
jibi wix shwixbejs vsx jsmw ewvigzsw; e kxebmjeji je riwãs i e vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer. Ewwmq,
[...] s eqhmitzi stji iwzá mtwixmjs s mtjmbíjys vsji lebsxigix sy vxipyjmgex e lsxqeçãs ji gstidõiw gixihxemw,
qirnsxetjs sy vmsxetjs s wiy jiwiqvitns lmter. (XSZZE, 6440h, v. 805).
É e vexzmx jiwwe elmxqeçãs uyi vsjiqsw mtlixmx uyi e xireçãs iwzehirigmje virs geqvs wyhpizmbs
(evxitjmfekiq) gsq s sxkâtmgs (wmwziqe tixbsws) itgstzxe igs iq eyzsxiw gsqs Ryxme i Bckszwoc, pá
xilixitjejsw.
Es iwzehirigixqsw yqe wmzyeçãs ji evxitjmfekiq, ts witzmjs eqvrs jiwwi gstgimzs,
iwzehirigiqsw jmetzi ji yq iriqitzs sxkâtmgs yqe tsbe idvixmêtgme ejevzezmbe, uyix ire sgsxxe
iq yqe xiermjeji líwmge, uyix wipe evitew wsh s ewvigzs mqekmtáxms-wmqhórmgs.
S geqvs wmqhórmgs é s iwveçs ts uyer ew bmbêtgmew wãs ewwmqmrejew i mtzixtermfejew, vewwetjs e
lefix vexzi js ytmbixws elizmbs i gsktmzmbs ji zsjsw sw wypimzsw. É te mtwgxmçãs jiwwe nmwzóxme mtzixte,
wiqvxi bmbitgmeje ji lsxqe wmtkyrex, uyi geje wypimzs qsrje wiy srnex wshxi s qytjs, wyew
tigiwwmjejiw líwmgew i vwíuymgew, s jmxigmsteqitzs js wiy jiwips.
E gstlryêtgme gsxvs-vwmuymwqs é e jíeji uyi qsbmqitze s nyqets iq geje qsqitzs je wye bmje,
vswwmhmrmzetjs uyi itgstzxi tsbew lsxqew ji wi idvxiwwex sy xizsqi etzmkew lsxqew vexe itlxitzex
tsbew wmzyeçõiw. Gstlmxqetjs iwwe rmtne ji xegmsgítms, Lstwige (6445) evxsdmqe ew xilixêtgmew je
gsktmçãs gsq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs sxkâtmgs.
S géxihxs, gsqs óxkãs je gmbmrmfeçãs (BCKSZWOC, 7520, 7535e, 7535h) i gsqs óxkãs je evxitjmfekiq (RYXME,
7554, 7524h) zxetwlsxqe vxigsgiqitzi e eçãs iq vitweqitzs i, vswzixmsxqitzi, s vitweqitzs iq eçãs; zer
gmxgyrexmjeji i etir lytgmster vixqmzmy e iwvégmi nyqete yq vxsgiwws ibsryzmbs i qezyxezmbs wiq vexerirs te
tezyxife, gstwyhwzetgmetjs e lytçãs vxmtgmver jsw rshsw lxstzemw te vxsjyçãs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs sy
gstjyzew wyvixmsxiw. (LSTWIGE, 6445, v. 13).
Ji egsxjs gsq sw vemw, Etzôtms wi ermqitze i jsxqi hiq. Jsxqi wsfmtns iq wiy uyexzs. Ziq
gixze mtjivitjêtgme te xiermfeçãs jew ezmbmjejiw jmáxmew. Zsqe wye qeqejimxe, iwgsbe wiyw jitziw,
bem jimzex iq wiy hixçs i jsxqi wiq tigiwwmzex uyi yq ejyrzs vixqetiçe pytzs ezé uyi s wsts
bitne.
Jiwrsge-wi vsx zsje e gewe itkezmtnetjs. Gstwikyi wi gsqytmgex, wsrmgmzex s uyi jiwipe i jmfix s
uyi rni mtgsqsje. Ziq hse qiqóxme, gstwikyi riqhxex i xigstzex wmzyeçõiw bmbitgmejew, zemw gsqs
yq vewwims sy yqe nmwzóxme uyi zitne iwgyzejs. Ejsxe uyi rimeq nmwzóxmew vexe iri!
Ejsxe ákye, kswze ji wi qsrnex i iwzex te vmwgmte. Ziq qijs ji ziqvsxer i ji gegnsxxs! É qymzs
gnsxãs! E qãi s gstwmjixe qetnsws! Xireze uyi sw ebów s wyvixvxszikiq.
Mtkxiwwsy te iwgsre gsq 6 etsw. Jiqsxsy qymzs vexe wi ejevzex à iwgsre. Gnsxebe, tãs jiwipebe
lmgex. Evów iwwi vixísjs ji ejevzeçãs, vewwsy e mx hiq, wiq xiwmwzêtgme i lirmf. Kswze ji mx à iwgsre ji
ijygeçãs mtletzmr uyi lxiuyitze.
Gstwmjixetjs s itgeqmtneqitzs je tiyxsvijmezxe, s xirezs jsw vemw i e ebermeçãs
vwmgsvijekókmge mtmgmer, e mtzixbitçãs pytzs e Etzôtms zibi zxêw kxetjiw mtzitgmstermjejiw. E vxmqimxe
jirew ixe gstnigix sw ilimzsw je jmlmgyrjeji qszsxe uyetzs esw ewvigzsw je evxitjmfekiq i js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs, gsq iwvigmer ezitçãs esw iriqitzsw iwgsrexiw. Mtzixiwwebe wehix gsqs ew
ejiuyeçõiw ixeq xiermfejew te vxsvswmçãs jew ezmbmjejiw vijekókmgew ts gstzidzs ji were ji eyre i
ts eqhmitzi iwgsrex. I emtje wi iwzebeq witjs kexetzmjew e Etzôtms ew gstjmçõiw ji xiermfeçãs jew
ezmbmjejiw sy wi iri iwzebe jimdetjs ji vexzmgmvex i mtzixekmx iq lytçãs jsw mqvijmqitzsw qszsxiw.
Etzôtms lxiuyitzebe yqe iwgsre vexzmgyrex ji ijygeçãs mtletzmr ji viuyits vsxzi. Ew zyxqew wi
gexegzixmfebeq vsx wixiq viuyitew, ixeq gsqvswzew, iq qéjme, vsx smzs erytsw.
S wikytjs shpizmbs ixe gstnigix ew gstjmçõiw evxiwitzejew vsx Etzôtms ji xiermfeçãs jew
ezmbmjejiw. Srnex vexe sw ewvigzsw mtjmbmjyemw, gsqs sw iriqitzsw vwmgsqszsxiw, gsktmzmbsw,
rmtkyíwzmgsw i elizmbsw, mjitzmlmgetjs ew legmrmjejiw/vszitgmermjejiw i ew jmlmgyrjejiw iq geje yqe
jiwwew jmqitwõiw. E etármwi jew gstjmçõiw mtjmbmjyemw xiregmstejew àw gstjmçõiw js gstzidzs iwgsrex
jexme wyhwíjmsw vexe vsjix mtzixbmx vszitgmermfetjs sw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq.
I e zixgimxe mtzitçãs wmzysy-wi iq yqe eçãs vxibitzmbe ts witzmjs ji ibmzex uyi vxipyífsw ji
sxjiq gsktmzmbe wi iwzehirigiwwiq i vxipyjmgewwiq sw vxsgiwwsw ji evxitjmfekiq,
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i iwgsrexmfeçãs ji Etzôtms.

“E VSÇÃS QÁKMGE” JE MTZIXBITÇÃS VWMGSVIJEKÓKMGE

Iy uyixs rix yq rmbxs!
 Beqsw rix yq rmbxs?
Rê yqe nmwzóxme vexe qmq?
Etzôtms

S kswzs vsx nmwzóxmew pá ixe yq iriqitzs etytgmejs virsw vemw ts qsqitzs je itzxibmwze mtmgmer. Sw
vemw, es wixiq uyiwzmstejsw wshxi ew vxilixêtgmew ji Etzôtms, elmxqebeq: Ejsxe uyi rimeq nmwzóxmew
vexe iri!
E qetmliwzeçãs js jiwips ji Etzôtms vsx qims ji yq gstbmzi: Beqsw rix yq rmbxs? ixe erks
xigsxxitzi iq tswwsw itgstzxsw. Lsm vxigmws gstwmjixex iwwi vijmjs! Gstwmjixex gsqs lsxqe ji
srnex vexe Etzôtms, gsqs qims ji kexetzmx e vxiwitçe i e gmxgyreçãs, ts iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs, ji
iriqitzsw gsq erzs zisx elizmbs. Teuyiri qsqitzs ixe mqvsxzetzi uyi Etzôtms gsqiçewwi e
gstwzxymx yq vxsgiwws ji eyzsxme te mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge. Iritgex iriqitzsw i eçõiw uyi
jiwipewwi xiermfex ixe s geqmtns vexe s iwzehirigmqitzs ji yq bítgyrs elizmbs i gsktmzmbs gsq e
ezmbmjeji vxsvxmeqitzi jmze (iwgsrnmje), gsq e vwmgsvijekske i gsq s iwveçs vwmgsvijekókmgs. Eréq
jmwws, e xireçãs bmtgyrex eqvrmexme ew gnetgiw ji qemsx itbsrbmqitzs i vixqetêtgme te ezmbmjeji, ji
jiwitbsrbix tíbimw ji vixgivçãs, ezitçãs, qiqóxme, rmtkyekiq i vitweqitzs qemw iribejsw.
Gsq lxiuyêtgme, Etzôtms vixqetigme kxetji vexzi js ziqvs je wiwwãs te xiermfeçãs ji yqe
qiwqe ezmbmjeji. Mwws wmtermfebe wiy itbsrbmqitzs! Eréq jmwws, iwvixebe-wi uyi wmzyeçõiw bmbitgmejew
i evxitjmjew ts gstzidzs vwmgsvijekókmgs vyjiwwiq wix ywejew iq syzxs gstzidzs. Tiwwi witzmjs,
iwvixebe-wi, vsx idiqvrs, uyi e gevegmjeji ezitgmster ji vixqetigix vsx yq rstks ziqvs (94/84
qmtyzsw) iq yqe qiwqe ezmbmjeji lswwi zxetwvswze vexe syzxsw iwveçsw je wye bmje i iq syzxew
wmzyeçõiw ji evxitjmfekiq, gsq iwvigmer vxmsxmjeji àw evxitjmfekitw iwgsrexiw.
S vxsgiwws bmtgyrex gstwzmzym-wi gsqs vxmtgívms je mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge: bítgyrs itzxi
vwmgsvijekske i vegmitzi; itzxi s wypimzs i sw iriqitzsw gyrzyxemw vxiwitziw te gite
vwmgsvijekókmge; itzxi s wypimzs i s gstnigmqitzs nmwzsxmgeqitzi gstwzxyíjs i uyi vswwmhmrmzeq s
(xi)gstzex ji yqe nmwzóxme xiregmsteje à gstjmçãs nyqete i es qytjs gstwzxyíjs i nehmzejs virs
nsqiq.
Etzôtms wmtermfebe e tigiwwmjeji ji uyi rni gstzewwiq yqe nmwzóxme, zerbif e wye nmwzóxme, sy
evstzebe e tigiwwmjeji ji iwgyzex i gstnigix syzxew nmwzóxmew vexe, zerbif, gsqvxiitjix e wye
vxóvxme nmwzóxme.
E gstzeçãs ji nmwzóxme é erks gstwzmzyzmbs je nyqetmjeji. Yqe eçãs iqmtitziqitzi nyqete i
gyrzyxer uyi nehmze s mqekmtáxms wsgmer. Gsqs xilixitje Gsxws i Gsxws (6440, v. 621),
[...] e lmgçãs, mtletzmr sy ejyrze, wyvxi sw mtjmbíjysw ji erks uyi tãs wi itgstzxe legmrqitzi iq syzxsw rykexiw:
zsjsw vxigmweqsw ji letzewme, tãs é vswwíbir bmbix wiq iwgevi.
E letzewme wixbi gsqs xignims i é vxsvyrwsxe vexe tsbew idvixmêtgmew, etidetjs es iwveçs
wyhpizmbs e nehmrmjeji ji rmjex gsq wmzyeçõiw mqekmtáxmew sy lyzyxew, yzmrmfetjs-wi je idvixmêtgme
gsktmzmbe i hermfeje virs gstzsxts elizmbs je wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme ji bmje.
Kyzlximtj (6474) jmwzmtkyi gstzsw zxejmgmstemw jew gxmeçõiw qsjixtew. Gmzetjs Rsmwiey (7556),
gstwmjixe-wi gsqs zxejmgmster euyiri gstzs uyi ejuymxmy, “ts lytjs i te lsxqe, gixze qezyxmjeji”, sy
wipe, zxeze-wi ji yq gstzs etzmks uyi evexigi wsh jmlixitziw lsxqew e jivitjix jew iwvigmlmgmjejiw
xikmstemw i gyrzyxemw. Es gstzxáxms, ew gxmeçõiw qsjixtew tãs vswwyiq e vixvizyeçãs ziqvsxer, tãs wi
gstlmkyxeq gsqs zxejmgmstemw, eviwex ji wixiq xigstnigmjew gsqs mqvsxzetziw ts vxsgiwws ji
gstzeçãs ji nmwzóxmew.
Uyetzs à mqvsxzâtgme gyrzyxer, gehi jiwzegex uyi sw gstzsw zxejmgmstemw sgyveq ji rstke jeze yq
rykex mqvsxzetzi tew wsgmijejiw. “Ritjs-sw gstbitgm-qi ji uyi s gstzs vsvyrex ji zxetwqmwwãs sxer
vsji, ji gixze lsxqe, zix egsqvetnejs wiqvxi e nyqetmjeji.” (KYZLXIMTJ, 6474, v. 63).
Te gsqvxiitwãs ji uyi e mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge gstwzmzym-wi te mtwixçãs js wypimzs te
gyrzyxe, zxehernex e vexzmx ji gstzsw i láhyrew evxiwitzebe-wi vriteqitzi pywzmlmgábir i erzeqitzi
vszitzi. Eréq jmwws, viwuymwew gsqs e ji Kyzlximtj (6474) elmxqeq sw mqvegzsw gstwzmzyzmbsw iq
zixqsw ji iwzxyzyxeçãs vwíuymge i gsktmzmbe jsw viuyitsw uyetjs yweqsw e gstzeçãs ji nmwzóxme.
Sw ilimzsw jsw gstzsw i jew láhyrew te gstwzmzymçãs vwíuymge mtletzmr zeqhéq wi gstwzmzyíxeq gsqs
shpizsw ji etármwi ji syzxsw eyzsxiw gsqs Hizzirnimq (7524) i Gsxws i Gsxws (6440). Gstwzmzyíqs-
tsw virs srnex i vire eçãs js syzxs, tigiwwmzeqsw uyi s syzxs tsw gstzi i ziçe yqe nmwzóxme vexe
uyi vswweqsw gstzex e tswwe vxóvxme nmwzóxme. Wikytjs Kyzlximtj (6474), vixzs ji yqe nmwzóxme
wiqvxi ná erkyéq uyi e gstzi, i iwwe gsqhmteçãs é gstwmjixeje yqe jew hsew lstziw je weúji
qitzer. Mwws vsxuyi jmetzi je nmwzóxme uyi s syzxs tsw gstze wsqsw gevefiw ji gstwzxymx yq iwveçs
mtzixts, wmqhórmgs i ji evxitjmfekiq uyi tsw vswwmhmrmzi rmjex gsq sw ewvigzsw je xiermjeji, tiq
wiqvxi vxefixswsw i qymzew bifiw wslxmjsw.
E wsrmgmzeçãs ji Etzôtms vexe uyi rni gstzewwiq yqe nmwzóxme bmtne egsqvetneje js gstbmzi vexe
uyi Etzôtms iwgsrniwwi e nmwzóxme e wix gstzeje. Tiwwi vixísjs iq uyi iwzmbiqsw pytzsw, erkyqew
nmwzóxmew lsxeq gstzejew. Yq jsw rmbxsw wirigmstejsw ixe yq kxetji rmbxs (Lmk. 74.7) gsqvswzs vsx
tsbi láhyrew ezxezmbeqitzi mrywzxejew (Lmk. 74.6).8

Lmkyxe 74.7 Geve js rmbxs iwgsrnmjs vsx Etzôtms.

Lstzi: Iwsvs i Re Lstzemti (6441e).
 Lmkyxe 74.6 Wyqáxms js rmbxs gsq ew tsbi láhyrew.
Lstzi: Iwsvs i Re Lstzemti (6441e).
Ew láhyrew wãs gstzsw zxejmgmstemw uyi idmwziq ná qymzsw wégyrsw. Sxmkmtáxme js rezmq lehyre, e
verebxe wmktmlmge nmwzóxme, gstzs, texxezmbe. Ew láhyrew gexegzixmfeq-wi vsx evxiwitzexiq vixwstekitw
etmqemw gsq ezxmhyzsw nyqetsw, gsqs e lere i sw gswzyqiw. Eréq jmwws, geje láhyre zxef iq wiy
itxijs yq itwmteqitzs qsxer, e lmq ji uyi sw vixwstekitw etmqemw vswweq wixbmx ji idiqvrs esw
nsqitw i es wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs qsxer. Jitzxi ew jmlixitziw láhyrew, Etzôtms iwgsrniy “E vsçãs
qákmge je xã” vexe zxehernexqsw.

E VSÇÃS QÁKMGE JE XÃ
Yq jme, e xã zibi yqe kxetji mjime. Uyix jmfix, virs qitsw ire egnebe uyi ixe yqe kxetji mjime.
Wemy gijmtns vexe vxsgyxex vsziw ji bmjxs. Jivsmw rebsy-sw hiq i itgniy-sw ji ákye je rekse.
- Vxstzmtns! Eqetnã gijs iy bsy vexe e gmjeji bitjix iwwe ákye gsqs wi lswwi vsçãs qákmge. Zsjs qytjs bem
egxijmzex iq qmq!
I gstlsxqi zmtne vretipejs, wemy rsks gijs js hxips iq jmxiçãs à gmjeji.
Qymzs iwvixze, ire vexsy ts rykex qemw qsbmqitzejs i qstzsy wye hexxeuymtne.
- Bitneq, bitneq! Gniksy e nsxe ji xiwsrbix zsjsw sw wiyw vxshriqew. Iwwe vsçãs qákmge exxyqe teqsxejs,
qetje e zxmwzife iqhsxe, zmxe iwvmtnew, qetgnew je viri, é hsq vexe jsx ji hexxmke....
I ew viwwsew lsxeq gniketjs vexe sybmx e xã.
- Iy vswws bmxex yq iriletzi hiq kxetjãs gsq iwwe vsçãs? – vixkytzsy s xezs.
 - Iy vswws vixjix ytw uymrmtnsw? – jybmjsy s vsxgs.
- I iy vswws itgstzxex yqe teqsxeje? – uyiwzmstsy s pegexé.
Ixe “iy vswws”uyi tãs egehebe qemw. I vsjme zyjs.
E xã gsqiçsy e bitjix yq qstzi ji vsçõiw.
Uyetjs e xãfmtne wi jiy gstze, pá iwzebe uyewi zixqmtetjs wiyw bmjxsw ji “vsçãs qákmge”. Ire iwzebe zsje lirmf,
lefitjs vretsw vexe bsrzex ts jme wikymtzi...
Ezé uyi e xevswe, qymzs jiwgstlmeje, jmwwi:
- Itzãs uyix jmfix uyi iwwe vsçãs gyxe zyjs?!? Wim, wim... Itzãs leçe yqe jiqstwzxeçãs: uyi zer zmxex iwwew
qetgnew ji wye viri?
E xã lsm lmgetjs wiq kxeçe, wi itgsrnitjs zsje... I lsm eí uyi zsjs qytjs vixgihiy uyi ire zmtne qitzmjs i
gsqiçsy e vikex s jmtnimxs ji bsrze.
E vshxi gsmzeje zibi ji wemx bsetjs, uyix jmfix, vyretjs je gmjeji!
QSXER JE NMWZÓXME: E QITZMXE ZIQ VIXTEW GYXZEW

Lstzi: Iwsvs i Re Lstzemti (6441h).

Vsx qims je láhyre, lsm vxsvswzs s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji yqe mtzixbitçãs gsq hewi tsw Gmgrsw ji
Zxetwlsxqeçãs i Mtzikxeçãs Wmqhórmge (GMZMW), gxmejs vsx Ristnexjz (6440). Ixe mqvsxzetzi gstwzxymx
gsq Etzôtms lsxqew ji xivxiwitzeçãs je nmwzóxme gsq s shpizmbs ji mtzixtermfá-re i gsqvxiitjê-re,
ji gstwzxymx yqe idvixmêtgme bmbmje i xivxiwitzezmbe (kxálmge/gstgxize) je láhyre.
Sw GMZMW itbsrbiq yq gstpytzs ji eçõiw iq zsxts ji yq ziqe iwgsrnmjs virs vxóvxms vegmitzi
uyi wi vxsvõi e xizsqex “[...] sw vewwsw gexegzixíwzmgsw je iwgere ibsryzmbe [...]” (RISTNEXJZ, 6440, v.
689) i iwzãs sxketmfejsw iq smzs vewwsw uyi itbsrbiq iriqitzsw gsqs witzmx, vitwex, ekmx,
xivxiwitzex. Te gstjmçãs ji yqe iwzxezékme vwmgsvijekókmge evxiwitze-wi gsqs yqe vszêtgme ts
witzmjs ji gstwikymx mtzikxex jmlixitziw jmqitwõiw js wix nyqets. Eréq jmwws, wye iwzxyzyxe é
witwíbir te qijmje iq uyi vixqmzi wix lridmhmrmfeje vexe gstziqvrex ew iwvigmlmgmjejiw js wypimzs i
js gstzidzs ts uyer wi jiwitbsrbi e iwzxezékme vwmgsvijekókmge.
Ts gews ji Etzôtms, e iwgsrne ziqázmge jsw GMZMW itbsrbiy s zxeherns gsq yq ziqe qemw
iwzxyzyxejs, tiwwi gews, e láhyre. Iwwe svçãs jiy-wi iq lytçãs ji wye vsyge mjeji. Jmlixitziqitzi
zixme wmjs wi iri zmbiwwi iritgejs yq ziqe mtzikxejsx i gstwzxyíjs/jiwitbsrbmjs/iwgxmzs e wye vxóvxme
nmwzóxme.1
Tiwwi qsqitzs, e gstwzxyçãs ji wmzyeçõiw ji wmktmlmgejs lsm vxsjyfmje vire vxóvxme iwgsrne je
gxmetçe iq zxehernex e xilixmje láhyre. E wmktmlmgeçãs é pywzeqitzi s wywzitzágyrs vexe s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je eçãs, uyi gsqvxiitji jmlixitziw jmqitwõiw js ekmx. Wshxi e xiermfeçãs jsw
GMZMW,
S mqvsxzetzi ts wiy vxsgiwwex é qemw js uyi “xiermfex” yqe eçãs: é jiwitbsrbix iq wiy vxóvxms qytjs “e
eçãs gstwgmitzi i wmqhórmge”, e gstwzxyçãs js vitwex gxmezmbs. Lsxqermfejs vsx qims ji wmktsw gyrzyxerqitzi
xigstnigmjsw i irehsxejsw, sw qezixmemw bmehmrmfeq e vewwekiq js qytjs ehwzxezs vexe s gstgxizs vire
qiwqe bme – eksxe iq witzmjs mtbixws, te uyer yq jme s qytjs gstgxizs bmehmrmfsy e ehwzxeçãs. (RISTNEXJZ,
6440, v. 689).
S zxetwmzex vsx iwwiw jsmw qytjsw: gstgxizs i ehwzxezs gsq s Etzôtms lsm gstwzmzyíjs ji wimw
qsqitzsw. S vxmqimxs jiriw gstwzmzyíjs vire iwgsrne je láhyre. S wikytjs vire rimzyxe i e iwgyze je
láhyre. Gstbixwew wshxi s uyi nebme wmjs rmjs i iwgyzejs, hiq gsqs xireçõiw gsq s uyi wi gstnigme
gstwzmzyíxeq s zixgimxs qsqitzs. Ts gews jiwwe láhyre, e qsxer je nmwzóxme xilixme-wi àw
gstwiuyêtgmew vexe uyiq ywe e qitzmxe. Yqe ewwsgmeçãs jmxize lsm limze gsq e nmwzóxme js Vmtóuyms i
wiyw vexgimxsw ji ebitzyxe, s Kivizs i s Kxmrs leretzi, vsx qims je riqhxetçe ji uyi uyiq qitzi
“gxiwgi s texmf”. S uyexzs qsqitzs itbsrbiy e xivxiwitzeçãs je nmwzóxme gsq e gstwzxyçãs je
gite/rsger stji egstzigi, s jiwrsgeqitzs ts iwveçs xivxiwitzetjs sw vixwstekitw, s yws ji
xigyxwsw gstgxizsw, gsqs letzsgniw i qmtmezyxew. S uymtzs qsqitzs, yzmrmfetjs qezixmemw ji
“hxmgsrekiq”, itbsrbiy e gstwzxyçãs ji yqe qeuyizi vexe xivxiwitzex e nmwzóxme. Lsxeq yzmrmfejsw sw
wikymtziw qezixmemw: mwsvsx, zmtze, vijxmtnew gsrsxmjew, qewwmtne ji qsjirex, gsre gsrsxmje, vermzmtnsw,
erksjãs, izg. S widzs qsqitzs gsqvxiitjiy s mtígms ji yqe xivxiwitzeçãs iwgxmze jsw iriqitzsw
vxiwitziw te qeuyizi, gsqs sw jmlixitziw etmqemw, e vsçãs qákmge, e ákye, e rekse, itzxi syzxsw
iriqitzsw. Gstwmjixetjs e jmlmgyrjeji qszsxe vexe e xiermfeçãs je iwgxmze kxálmge, yzmrmfeqsw rizxew
qóbimw ejevzejew0 (Lmk. 74.9) vexe lefix iwwe mjitzmlmgeçãs/ewwsgmeçãs itzxi iriqitzsw gstgxizsw i
wye rizxe mtmgmer.
Mqvsxzetzi gstwmjixex uyi ew rizxew qóbimw ejevzejew zmbixeq kxetji mqvsxzâtgme ts gstzidzs je
mtzixbitçãs ts witzmjs ji vszitgmermfex sw vxsgiwwsw ji iwgxmze. E mjime ixe ji uyi e yzmrmfeçãs js
xigyxws ejevzejs wixbmwwi vexe epyjex ts vxsgiwws ji evxsvxmeçãs js wmwziqe erlehézmgs, hiq gsqs
tew qymzew gsqhmteçõiw vswwíbimw ji wixiq xiermfejew es iwgxibixqsw. Ts gews iq uyiwzãs ixe
qemw lágmr i vszitzi e gsqhmteçãs ji jmlixitziw rizxew js uyi e iwgxmze jirew. E yzmrmfeçãs idgrywmbe js
xigyxws kxálmgs vsjixme zix rmqmzejs s vxsgiwws ji gstwzxyçãs je iwgxmze gstwmjixetjs e jmlmgyrjeji
qszsxe. Vsxéq, e yzmrmfeçãs idgrywmbe js xigyxws ejevzejs zixme zmxejs ji Etzôtms e vswwmhmrmjeji ji
wi idvixmqitzex virs qytjs kxálmgs. Jiwwe lsxqe, eçõiw ji iwgxmze kxálmge sgyvexeq e gite
vijekókmge i wi lmfixeq vxiwitzi. Tiwwi witzmjs, lsm tigiwwáxme yqe tiksgmeçãs itzxi ew jyew
vswwmhmrmjejiw ji vxsjyçãs iwgxmze (Lmk. 74.8).

Lmkyxe 74.9 Idiqvrs ji rizxew qóbimw ejevzejew.

Lmkyxe 74.8 Vxsjyçãs iwgxmze js Etzôtms. Xilixi-wi àw rizxew mtmgmemw js wiy tsqi i ji viwwsew je wye leqírme,
hiq gsqs je vwmgsvijekske.
E láhyre zxeherneje etzixmsxqitzi jiy e zôtmge je hxmtgejimxe (psks) uyi wikyi te wiuyêtgme. E
vxiwitçe ts gstwyrzóxms ji yq “kxmrs leretzi” sy ji yq “kxmrs uyi vyre” (Lmk. 74.1) lsm s qszmbs vexe s
iwzehirigmqitzs ji yq psks wmqhórmgs, vixqiejs vsx xikxew i vire gstwzxyçãs js gstgimzs
tyqéxmgs.
E hxmtgejimxe shpizmbebe lefix s kxmrs vyrex. Vexe mwws, vxiwwmstábeqsw s kxmrs gstzxe s gnãs vexe
lmdex wye bitzswe ts vmws. Wikytjsw jivsmw, s kxmrs vyrebe. S wiy vyrs, uyi iq yq vxmqimxs qsqitzs
kixsy wywzs, egehsy vsx vxsjyfmx xmwejew ts jigsxxix je hxmtgejimxe. Es vyrex, s kxmrs geíe, wye uyije
lsm grewwmlmgeje vsx Etzôtms ji jyew lsxqew: ji hexxmke vexe hemds (Lmk. 74.0) sy ji hexxmke vexe gmqe
(Lmk. 74.3).
Iwvstzetieqitzi, Etzôtms gsqiçe e gstzex uyetzew bifiw s kxmrs geíe ji hexxmke vexe gmqe i
uyetzew bifiw iri geíe ji hexxmke vexe hemds. Gsqs e hxmtgejimxe wi iwzitjiy lefitjs s kxmrs vyrex
qymzew bifiw, wykixm e Etzôtms uyi lmféwwiqsw s xikmwzxs jsw vyrsw js kxmrs ts uyejxs hxetgs (Lmk.
74.2). E lsxqe ji xikmwzxs itbsrbiy s jiwitns, e iwgxmze, e xivxiwitzeçãs je uyetzmjeji i js
túqixs. S xikmwzxs kxálmgs lsm limzs vire vwmgsvijekske, qew Etzôtms ixe uyiq wmtermfebe iq uyer
iwveçs e qexgeçãs jibixme wix limze. E hxmtgejimxe jyxsy zsje e wiwwãs vwmgsvijekókmge, i lsm
riqhxeje i xizsqeje vsx Etzôtms iq syzxsw qsqitzsw.

Lmkyxe 74.1 Kxmrs.

Lmkyxe 74.0 Kxmrs ji hexxmke vexe hemds.

Lmkyxe 74.3 Kxmrs ji hexxmke vexe gmqe.

Lmkyxe 74.2 Xikmwzxs jsw vyrsw js kxmrs.

 E LÁHYRE JE XÃ QITZMXSWE, YQ KXMRS UYI LERE ITUYETZS VYRE I S QITMTS UYI
IWGXIBI: E NMWZÓXME UYI E VWMGSVIJEKSKME IWGXIBIY IQ YQ GSXVS JMLIXITZI – SY
EUYMRS UYI JIBIXMEQ WIX EW GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW…
Vsjiqsw mqekmtex uyi iwwiw viuyitsw vijeçsw ji nmwzóxme i bmje uyi wi itgemdeq qswzxeq s
vxsgiwws ji yq qitmts iq gstwzxyçãs je wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme. Iq vexzi, zerbif. Iwwi xirezs é yqe
láhyre, tãs vsxuyi tãs egstzigiy, qew vsxuyi mtwzmzym yqe letzewme uyi wi gstigze gsq e nmwzóxme ji
geje rimzsx, es vixgihixqsw iwwi qsqitzs qákmgs, uyi, vsx wye ryjmgmjeji, zxetwlsxqe yq jiwzmts
sxketmfejs iq yqe riwãs, gevef ji xisxjitex idvigzezmbew i lyzyxsw.
Vsx wix yqe láhyre, jeqs-tsw s jmximzs ji mqekmtex gsqs zsjsw iwwiw iriqitzsw wi ekxikeq i uyi
xyqsw zsqeq uyetjs s qsqitzs lmter gnike.
Es wix jizigzejs yq lezsx riwmster sy uyeruyix syzxs uyi vswwe erzixex s gyqvxmqitzs jew
idvigzezmbew ji yq tsbs wix, qymzsw wstnsw wi jiwlefiq. E letzewme vxibmwze es tewgmqitzs, wsqeje
àw idvigzezmbew wshxi iwwi tsbs wix wi jiwbetigiq ts ex. E mqekiq ji hihê gsqvrizs, gsqs s
iwvixejs, wi iwbem. Sw vxslmwwmstemw uyi zxeherneq gsq gxmetçe hiq wehiq uyi uyeruyix gxmetçe
zxefmje vsx yq ejyrzs xivxiwitze yq witzmqitzs ji mtgevegmjeji sy mtgsqvrizyji teuyiri uyi e
vsxze. E itzxeje ji yq zixgimxs iriqitzs – s zixeviyze – bmwe e xiwkezex yq xiwuyígms js wstns
sxmkmter i jex à gxmetçe yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji vxstytgmeqitzs js wiy vxóvxms jiwips i lsxqe ji
gstwzxymx s qytjs. Tew verebxew ji Qettstm (7521, v. 97), mwws
[...] bem epyjex s mtjmbíjys e gstwzxymx e wye jiqetje, e gstwzmzymx-wi te wye lere iq xireçãs e vxóvxme nmwzóxme,
vexe idzxemx, lmterqitzi, yqe qitwekiq stji vsjixá wix bimgyrejs yq witzmjs.
E mtzixbitçãs tãs iwzá gitzxeje iq gexegzixíwzmgew líwmgew sy xigyvixeçõiw ji riwãs, qew etziw iq
iwzehirigix yq gstzezs gsq s wypimzs uyi e vsxze. Ewwmq gsqs te Nmwzóxme wiq lmq, iwgxmze vsx Itji
(6474), s uyi é gevef ji lefix e letzewme xizsxtex i teje qemw wi vixjix é evitew yq kxãs ji exime
sy tibi, uyi zxef iq wm e mqekiq je wye vxóvxme nmwzóxme. Te wyvixlígmi mtixzi ji uyeruyix gsxvs
riwmstejs, xivsywe e vswwmhmrmjeji js kxãs wmqhórmgs js xitewgmqitzs, jiwji uyi gstjyfmje virs
vxóvxms wypimzs. S eyzsx xilixitje e hywge js vixwstekiq virew “ákyew je bmje” uyi s xigstjyfmxmeq
à wye leqírme
[...] i tãs nebme teje qemw eréq je wyvixlígmi vrete i hxetge uyi wi iwzitjme e vixjix ji bmwze vexe zsjsw sw
rejsw, qew witzme uyi e mqekiq, uyi iri wikyxebe gymjejsweqitzi tew wyew qãsw, s mqvirme tyqe jmxiçãs
jizixqmteje. (ITJI, 6474, v. 932).
Ixe gsq wyew qãsw uyi Etzôtms wi rsgsqsbme, tãs je lsxqe iwvixeje, tiq qiwqs gsrsgetjs yqe
vixte iq lxitzi à syzxe, qew vydetjs s vxóvxms gsxvs mtixzi iq jmxiçãs es lyzyxs. Wi epyjejs vsx
qigetmwqsw sy qãsw ejyrzew, qirnsx, witãs s lefme vsx wye gstze i xmwgs. Qsbme-wi iq viuyitsw
werzsw, vexetjs gsq vixtew ehixzew, gsqs yqe viuyite xã. Yqe xã mtzirmkitzi uyi rsks itgetzsy
gsq wye ráhme i wiy qsjs ji bitjix wiyw wstnsw. E xã uyi bitjme wstnsw ernimsw lif wyxkmx iq geje
yq uyi s gixgebe e hywge vsx yq vszi qákmgs ji wsryçõiw: yqe tiyxsrskmwze uyi uyixme evregex e
eçãs ji yq lyzyxs emtje mtgixzs, vemw uyi ziqmeq qemw erkyq tsbs lxegewws te bmje, yqe
vwmgsvijekske uyi jiwipebe kexetzmx ew evxitjmfekitw bmbitgmemw i iwgsrexiw. Bitjitjs e ákye jew
vswwmhmrmjejiw xiermfábimw, Etzôtms lsm wi evxsvxmetjs js wiy vxóvxms ytmbixws mtzixts, xigstwzxymtjs
eçõiw iq uyi etziw wó nebme mtéxgme. E xã, iq gstzezs gsq e ewzygmswe xevswe, bmbitgme e júbmje ts
wiy vxóvxms jmwgyxws. E qiwgre ji letzewme i xiermjeji tigiwwáxme vexe e gstbmbêtgme nyqete itzãs
wi iwzehirigi.
E letzewme é tigiwwáxme vexe e wshxibmbêtgme nyqete, gsqs elmxqeq Gsxws i Gsxws (6440), qew,
uyetjs iq jiqewme, ermite s wypimzs jew xireçõiw gsq sw jiqemw i gsq e vswwmhmrmjeji ji erzixmjeji
uyi tsw gstwzmzym vixqetitziqitzi. Amttmgszz (6444, v. 667), es xilixitjex wshxi e gevegmjeji ji
jmwzmtkymx e jmlixitgmeçãs itzxi s qytjs mtzixts i s idzixts, emtje iq zitxe mtlâtgme, elmxqe uyi “[...]
s hihê pá é gevef ji qswzxex ezxebéw js wiy hxmtgex, uyi iri gsqvxiitji uyi ziq yq mtzixmsx, i uyi
ew gsmwew bêq js idzixmsx”. Iwwi é s psks ji jitzxs-lsxe bmbitgmejs ts qytjs jew láhyrew, iq uyi é
vswwíbir gstwzxymx yqe mjitzmlmgeçãs, wslxix, gnsxex i erikxex-wi gsqs yq vixwstekiq, bmbix i
evxitjix e wye rmçãs i idvixmêtgme i gsq mwws eqvrmex wye mqekmteçãs i wye wmqhsrmfeçãs jiwwiw
limzsw. S uyi yq gstzs ji lejew vixqmzi é e gstwzxyçãs ji yq eqvrs geqvs wmqhórmgs, ts uyer
idvixmêtgmew letzewmswew wãs bmbmjew gsqs wi lswwiq xiermjejiw, qew wiq s wslxmqitzs uyi e qiwqe
xiermjeji mtlrmkmxme es wypimzs.
[...] e gxmetçe idzxemxá wmktmlmgejsw jmlixitziw js qiwqs gstzs ji lejew, jivitjitjs ji wiyw mtzixiwwiw i
tigiwwmjejiw js qsqitzs. Zitjs svsxzytmjeji, bsrzexá es qiwqs gstzs uyetjs iwzmbix vxstze e eqvrmex sw
birnsw wmktmlmgejsw sy wyhwzmzyí-rsw vsx tsbsw. (HIZZIRNIMQ, 7524, v. 2).
 Tãs tsw gehi mtzixvxizex uyemw qszmbsw sy vsxuyi iwwe láhyre lsm iwgsrnmje teuyiri qsqitzs, qew
wmq vixqmzmx uyi nepe yqe iwgsrne i uyi e gxmetçe jilmte uyer wye tigiwwmjeji teuyiri qsqitzs. Es
ehxmx e vsxzmtnsre js wiy vitwex, gsq e gnebi js wiy vxóvxms jiwips, s vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs ketne s
gstzsxts qákmgs tigiwwáxms vexe e wye eçãs. Imw itzãs uyi wyxki s kxmrs leretzi…
...Sy wixme yq kxmrs vyretzi? Yq kxmrs vyretzi uyi lere gsq wiy gsxvs, uyi uyetjs vxiwwmstejs
gstzxe s gnãs ketne ew erzyxew i lef xmx. Yq gsxvs vyretzi uyi ewwywze ts mtígms, qew uyi egne wiy
iwveçs ts ytmbixws rújmgs je hxmtgejimxe i uyi gsq mwws egsrni e zsjsw. É yqe idvixmêtgme gstzábir
i mtgstzábir es qiwqs ziqvs, uyix wipe gstzeje vire wye xivxiwitzeçãs qeziqázmge, uyix tytge
vswwe wix gstzeje e syzxsw vsx wi zxezex je idvixmêtgme js wstns ji yq gsxvs uyi tiq wiqvxi
shijigi es uyi wi mqekmte sy jiwipe. S kxmrs vyre, s Etzôtms vyre gsq iri, i s kxmrs i s Etzôtms iwzãs
ts ex, lryzyetjs, vsjitjs wix s uyi uyix uyi wstniq sy jiwipeq.
S gsxvs uyi gniksy gexxikejs eksxe lryzye iq yq qex ji wstnsw. Tãs wãs qemw tigiwwáxmew
vixtew vexe wikymx ejmetzi (wi hiq uyi irew vsjixmeq epyjex hewzetzi). Eksxe e xã leretzi bitji
wstnsw, sw wiyw vxóvxmsw, i s kxmrs jitzxs jiri s ribe ejmetzi e werzsw rexksw.
Werzsw rexksw uyi ezyerqitzi s lef geqmtnex (eksxe gsq qyrizew) i wi ebitzyxex gsq jiwzxife virs
qytjs itgetzejs jsw túqixsw i jew rizxew. Jmlixitziqitzi je qitzmxe, Etzôtms tãs ziq ew vixtew
gyxzew. Iwzá werzmzetjs vsx eí, gexxiketjs ts hsrws yq vszi gnims ji ákyew je bmje.

XILIXÊTGMEW
HIZZIRNIMQ, H. E vwmgetármwi jsw gstzsw ji lejew. Xms ji Petimxs: Vef i Zixxe, 7524.
GMEWGE, W. Q.; QSYXE-XMHIMXS, Q. B. R. ji; ZEHEUYMQ, Q. ji R. Evxitjmfekiq i vexermwme gixihxer. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.;
SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6440.
GSXWS, J. R.; GSXWS, Q. Lejew ts jmbã: vwmgetármwi tew nmwzóxmew mtletzmw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440.
ITJI, Q. E nmwzóxme wiq lmq. 5. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Qexzmtw Lstziw, 6474.
IWSVS; RE LSTZEMTI. Nmwzóxmew lehyrswew. Wãs Veyrs: JGR, 6441e.
IWSVS; RE LSTZEMTI. E vsçãs qákmge je xã. Mt: IWSVS; RE LSTZEMTI. Nmwzóxmew lehyrswew. Wãs Veyrs: JGR, 6441h.
LSTWIGE, B. je. Gsktmçãs, tiyxsvwmgsrskme i evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxsvwmgsrókmge i vwmgsvijekókmge. 9. ij. Vizxóvsrmw:
Bsfiw, 6445.
KYEXJMSRE, E.; LIXXIMXE, R. Z. G.; XSZZE, T. Z. Ewwsgmeçãs itzxi jiwiqvitns jew lytçõiw gsxzmgemw i erlehizmfeçãs iq yqe
eqswzxe ji iwgsrexiw ji vxmqimxe wéxmi ji Vsxzs Erikxi. Exuymbsw ji Tiyxs-Vwmuymezxme, b. 10, t. 6, v. 627-622, 7552.
KYZLXIMTJ, G. S zixeviyze i s rshs: e yzmrmfeçãs js gstzs je vwmgszixevme je gxmetçe. Xms ji Petimxs: Exziw i Slígmsw, 6474.
NEFMT, M. iz er. Gstzxmhymçõiw je tiyxsvwgmgsrskme ji Eridwetjx Xsqetsbmgn Ryxme vexe s jihezi gstziqvsxâtis wshxi ew
xireçõiw qitzi-géxihxs. Qtiqswmti, b. 0, t. 7, v. 22-774, 6474.
RISTNEXJZ, J. X. Ebermeçãs i grítmge jew vxedmew i jmwvxedmew te evxitjmfekiq: qevieqitzs je jsx kxálmge. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.;
SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Exzqij, 6440.
RSMWIEY, V. Gnmrjnssj ehwitgi ivmrivwc. Mt: XS-KIX, P. iz er. (Ij.). Ivmrivzmg wctjxsqiw mt mtletgc, gnmrjnssj etj ejsriwgitgi.
Rstjst: Psnt Rmhhic & Gsqvetc, 7556.
RYXME, E. Gyxws ji vwmgsrskme kixer. Xms ji petimxs: Gmbmrmfeçãs Hxewmrimxe, 7557.
QETTSTM, Q. E vxmqimxe itzxibmwze iq vwmgetármwi. 8. ij. Xms ji Petimxs: Geqvyw, 7521.
SRMBIMXE, E. M. E. ji; KSRMT, Q. S.; GYTNE, Q. G. H. Evrmgehmrmjeji js Wmwziqe ji Grewwmlmgeçãs je Lytçãs Qszsxe Kxswwe
(KQLGW) te vexermwme gixihxer: xibmwãs je rmzixezyxe. Exuymbsw Hxewmrimxsw iq Gmêtgmew je Weúji, b. 91, t. 9, v. 664-668, 6474.
VERMWETS, X. iz er. Wmwziqe ji grewwmlmgeçãs je lytçãs qszsxe kxswwe vexe e vexermwme gixihxer (KQLGW). Jibirsvqitzer Qijmgmti
& Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 95, v. 678-669, 7553.
VMEKIZ, P. Wimw iwzyjsw ji vwmgsrskme. 68. ij. Xms ji Petimxs: Lsxitwi Ytmbixwmzáxme, 6449.
XSWITHEYQ, V. R. iz er. Jibirsvqitz sl zni Kxsww Qszsx Lytgzmst Grewwmlmgezmst Wcwziq lsx gixihxer verwc. Jibirsvqitzer
Qijmgmti & Gnmrj Tiyxsrskc, b. 14, t. 8, v. 685-619, 6442.
XSZZE, T. Z. Jmwvxedmew. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq
tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440e.
XSZZE, T. Z. Vrewzmgmjeji gixihxer i evxitjmfekiq. Mt: XSZZE, T. Z.; SNRAIMRIX, R.; XMIWKS, X. jsw W. Zxetwzsxtsw je
evxitjmfekiq: ehsxjekiq tiyxshmsrókmge i qyrzmjmwgmvrmtex. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij, 6440h.
BMKSZWOMM, R.; RYXME, E.; RISTZMIB, E. Rmtkyekiq, jiwitbsrbmqitzs i evxitjmfekiq. Wãs Veyrs: Ígsti, 7522.
BCKSZWOC, R. W. Shxew iwgskmjew B: lytjeqitzsw ji jiligzsrskme. Qejxmj: Bmwsx, 7553.
AERRST, N. Ew sxmkitw js vitweqitzs te gxmetçe. Wãs Veyrs: Qetsri, 7525.
AMTTMGSZZ, J. A. Je vijmezxme à vwmgetármwi: shxew iwgsrnmjew. Xms ji Petimxs: Mqeks, 6444.

7 S iwzyjs wshxi iwwe ziqázmge sgsxxiy ts âqhmzs jsw Wiqmtáxmsw Ebetçejsw wshxi Tiyxsrskme i
Evxitjmfekiq, gssxjitejsw vire Jxe. Tiaxe Xszze.
6 S tsqi yzmrmfejs é lmgzígms gsq s shpizmbs ji vxiwixbex e mjitzmjeji je gxmetçe i ji wye leqírme.
9 Mjeji ji Etzôtms uyetjs gniksy es ezitjmqitzs vwmgsvijekókmgs.
8 Ts qsqitzs js zxeherns iwvigílmgs gsq iwwew láhyrew, Etzôtms pá iwzebe gsq 1 etsw.
1 Vswwmhmrmjeji qymzs yweje gsq gxmetçew gsq qemw mjeji, ejsriwgitziw i ejyrzsw.
 0 Ew rizxew qóbimw lsxeq ejevzejew gsq e yzmrmfeçãs ji zeqvmtnew vráwzmgew ji ákye qmtixer i/sy xilxmkixetzi.
Geje rizxe lsm gsreje gsq gsre uyitzi iq yqe zeqvmtne. Beri jiwzegex uyi iwwi lsm yq xigyxws qymzs
yzmrmfejs ts jigsxxix je mtzixbitçãs vwmgsvijekókmge. Jiwwe lsxqe, zítneqsw yq gstpytzs ji rizxew qóbimw
ejevzejew ts gstwyrzóxms, i syzxs gstpytzs lsm gstliggmstejs i jejs e Etzôtms vexe uyi vyjiwwi yzmrmfá-rs
iq gewe i te iwgsre.

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