Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Dunkleosteus
Dunkleosteus
Titanichthys
PLACODERMI
Morfologia da
região cardíaca em
Arthrodira: (A)
atrío; (B) átrio
colorido; (C)
ventrículo; (D),
ventrículo colorido.
(E) nódulo
carbonático
mostrando a
relação entre
coração e placas
dérmicas; (F e G)
região pericardial:
(F) com placas
dérmicas e (G)
coração e vasos
cardíacos. Coração e
detalhes do cone
arterial, atrio e and
ventriculo em vistas
(H) dorsal; (I)
ventral; e posterior
(K). Escala gráfica de
1 cm.
PLACODERMI
Vísceras abdominais
preservadas em Arthodira:
(A) posição dos órgãos
abdominais em relação as
placas dérmicas; (B) fígado e
estômago tridimensionais;
(C) fígado em vista dorsal;
(D) tomografias da porção
anterior e (E) posterior do
fígado e estômago; (F)
parede ventral do fígado e
estômago; (G) vista
transversal das valvas
espirais do intestine; (H) Em
vista dorsal, 1 a 4 camadas
externas a mais internas das
valvas espirais do intestino;
morfologias modeladas do
fígado e intestino em (I)
vista dorsal (J), vista lateral;
(K), vista anterior; (L) vista
ventrolateral . Escala gráfica
de 1 cm.
Vista lateral
Vista ventral
Minjinia turgenensis
PLACODERMI
dorsal
anterior
mandíbula e ceratoial
levantado
Escamas
Tubarões
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Tubarão martelo
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Megalodonte
Tubarão Branco Extinto
Tubarão Branco Atual
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Eoceno
CONDRYCHTHYES
ELASMOBRANCHII
Dracopristis hoffmanorum
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Dracopristis hoffmanorum
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Dracopristis hoffmanorum
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Ptychodus whipplei
Cretáceo
Hybodus
USE OF NURSERY AREAS BY THE EXTINCT MEGATOOTH SHARK Otodus megalodon
(CHONDRICHTHYES: LAMNIFORMES)
Cite this article: Herraiz JL, Ribé J, Botella H, Martínez-Pérez C, Ferrón HG. 2020 Use ofnursery areas by
the extinct megatooth shark Otodus megalodon (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes). Biology Letters 16:
20200746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0746
As áreas de berçário são fundamentais para o sucesso de muitas espécies marinhas, particularmente para táxons de grande tamanho
e crescimento lento com baixa fecundidade e alta idade de maturidade. O exame da estrutura das classes de tamanho da população
do extinto tubarão gigante Otodus megalodon em uma localidade do Mioceno médio da região nordeste da Espanha, bem como em
oito formações conhecidas anteriormente (Temblor, Calvert, Pisco, Gatún, Chucunaque, Bahía Inglesa, Yorktown e Bone Valley). Em
todas elas, os comprimentos corporais de todos os indivíduos foram inferidos a partir de parâmetros dentais e a estrutura da classe de
tamanho foi estimada a partir de funções de densidade de probabilidade de Kernel e modelos de mistura gaussiana. As análises
apontaram para a presença de cinco berçarios potenciais entre o Langhiano (Mioceno médio) ao Zancleano (Plioceno), com
densidades mais altas de indivíduos com comprimentos corporais estimados dentro da faixa típica de neonatos e juvenis. Esses
resultados revelaram, pela primeira vez, que as áreas de berçário eram comumente utilizadas por O. megalodon em grandes escalas
temporais e espaciais, reduzindo a mortalidade precoce e desempenhando um papel fundamental na manutenção de populações
adultas viáveis. Em última análise, a suposta confiança de O. megalodon na presença de viveiros adequados também pode ter sido
determinante na morte deste icônico tubarão predador de topo de cadeia alimentar.
Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov., A NEW HYBODONTIFORM SHARK-LIKE CHONDRICHTHYAN FROM
THE UPPER JURASSIC KIMMERIDGE CLAY FORMATION OF ENGLAND
How to cite this article Stumpf S, Etches S, Underwood CJ, Kriwet J. 2021. Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov., a new
hybodontiform shark-like chondrichthyan from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation of England. PeerJ 9:e11362 DOI
10.7717/peerj.11362
A partial skeleton of a hybodontiform shark-like chondrichthyan from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation of Dorset, England, is
described and designated as a new genus and species, Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype and only known specimen,
which is represented by disarticulated splanchnocranial elements with associated teeth, a single dorsal fin spine, the pelvic girdle, as well as
unidentifiable cartilage fragments, plus countless dermal denticles, exhibits a puzzling combination of dental and skeletal features,
providing important new insights into the morphological and ecological diversity of hybodontiforms. Durnonovariaodus gen. nov. displays a
unique set of dental characters, showing close morphological resemblance to Secarodus from the Middle Jurassic of England, which was
erected for distinctive, strongly labio-lingually compressed multicuspid cutting teeth originally described as Hybodus polyprion. Skeletally,
Durnonovariaodus gen. nov. resembles Hybodus and Egertonodus in having a palatoquadrate with a palatobasal process and an ethmoidal
articular surface, combined with the possession of dorsal fin spines ornamented with costae. Therefore, and given the absence of any
conclusive phylogenetic framework, Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov. is here tentatively referred to Hybodontidae until more
complete material becomes available in order to enable a more reliable suprageneric identification. The holotype of Durnonovariaodus
maiseyi gen. et sp. nov. contains two separate pelvic half-girdles, a feature previously considered as evolutionarily primitive among
hybodontiforms. However, unfused pelvic half-girdles also occur in the supposedly closely related species Hybodus hauffianus and may in
fact have been more widely distributed among hybodontiforms than previously thought, thus rendering the phylogenetic utility of
separated pelvic half-girdles for inferring hybodontiform interrelationships difficult and unresolved.
Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov., MJML K1624, holotype, from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay
Formation (early Tithonian) near Freshwater Steps, Encombe, Dorset, England. (A) Splanchnocranium; (B)
Interpretative line drawing. Anatomical abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; artcot, articular cotylus; br, branchial
element; brr, branchial rays; ch, ceratohyal; dgr, dental groove; eart, ethmoidal articulation; hym,
hyomandibular; l, left (in parentheses); Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; mqj, medial quadratomandibular joint; pbpr,
palatobasal process; pq, palatoquadrate; qf, quadrate flange; r, right (in parentheses).
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Coprólitos Tubarões
CONDRYCHTHYES
ELASMOBRANCHII
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
CONDRYCHTHYES ELASMOBRANCHII
Cyclobatis oligodactylus
Ks Libano
CONDRYCHTHYES HOLOCEPHALII
CONDRYCHTHYES HOLOCEPHALII
Tubarão charuto
(forma da mordida)
Tubarão cobra
CONDRYCHTHYES HOLOCEPHALII (= tubarão enguia)
Distribuição das especies de Petalodus nos depósitos marinhos do hemisfério norte no intervalo Carbonífero
Superior- Permiano Inferior. Esta ampla distribuição sugere que se tratavam de nadadores ativos, ao invés de
habitarem próximo a superfície dos fundos oceânicos.
Reconstrução mandibular
Baiacu
Pirarucu
OSTEICHTHYES
Anchovas atuais
Lepisosteus
peixe ósseo primitivo
OSTEICHTHYES
Vinctifer
Cretáceo
(Pirambóias)
OSTEICHTHYES DIPNOI
Enguia X Garça
(Pirambóias)
OSTEICHTHYES DIPNOI Atractosteus spatula
Peixe jacaré
(Pirambóias)
Peixe jacaré
Peixe jacaré
Peixe-futebol OSTEICHTHYES
Tamboril 1000m prof
Barbatana dorsal longa carnuda, chamada de ilício, se estende na
frente da boca e tem um bulbo fosforescente na extremidade que
pode emitir luz para atrair presas
OSTEICHTHYES
Masturus lanceolatus
Actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes) are the most diverse group of living fishes, but have a sparse Devonian fossil record restricted
to low palaeolatitudes. Here we report a new actinopterygian Austelliscus ferox, from the Paraná Basin of Brazil, which occupied
a circumpolar position in the Palaeozoic. Available geological evidence supports a Middle Devonian or older age for this taxon,
which shares features of the mandibular symphysis with the latest Devonian Tegeolepis. A phylogenetic analysis resolves these
two as sister taxa. This new record expands the palaeogeographic distribution of Devonian ray-fins and suggests that gaps in their
fossil record might be filled by exploring poorly sampled high-latitude localities within the Malvinokaffric Realm.
Contexto
morfológico dos
actinopterigeos do
Devoniano (a)
dentes inferiores;
(b) comparação
entre as regiões
sinfiseais da
mandíbula.
Contexto evolutivo: (c) Análise cladística. Para Austelliscus, a linha tracejada indica a idade da Formação
Ponta Grossa, a linha sólida indica a idade do espécimen;
Mapa do Devoniano Médio e contexto paleobiogeográfico dos actinopterigeos do Devoniano.
OSTEICHTHYES
Mawsonia
(J-K Uruguai)
OSTEICHTHYES
Celacanto
Celacanto
Animal marinho que vive nas profundezas dos oceanos (até 800 m), têm algumas
características que são comuns em animais que vivem nesse tipo de habitat, como um
metabolismo lento e baixa fecundidade. Além disso, eles demoram para envelhecer e também
para se reproduzir, que é algo já conhecido sobre essas criaturas, que vivem em um dos locais
mais silenciosos do fundo dos oceanos. Esses peixes atingem a maturidade por volta dos 55
anos, cada gestação dura em torno de cinco anos e podem viver por até 100 anos. As fêmeas
são um pouco maiores, atingindo até 2 m e pesando 110 quilos.
NEW SCALE ANALYSES REVEAL CENTENARIAN AFRICAN COELACANTHS
Mahé et al., Current Biology 31, 3621–3628, August 2021
The extant coelacanth was discovered in 1938;1 its biology and ecology remain poorly known due to the low number of
specimens collected. Only two previous studies1,2 have attempted to determine its age and growth. They suggested a maximum
lifespan of 20 years, placing the coelacanth among the fastest growing marine fish. These findings are at odds with the
coelacanth’s other known biological features including low oxygen-extraction capacity, slow metabolism, ovoviviparity, and low
fecundity, typical of fish with slow life histories and slow growth. In this study, we use polarized light microscopy to study growth
on scales based on a large sample of 27 specimens. Our results demonstrate for the first time nearly imperceptible annual
calcified structures (circuli) on the scales and show that maximal age of the coelacanth was underestimated by a factor of 5. Our
validation method suggests that circuli are indeed annual, thus supporting that the coelacanth is among the longest-living fish
species, its lifespan being probably around 100 years. Like deep-sea sharks with a reduced metabolism, the coelacanth has
among the slowest growth for its size. Further reappraisals of age at first sexual maturity (in the range 40 to 69 years old) and
gestation duration (of around 5 years) show that the living coelacanth has one of the slowest life histories of all marine fish and
possibly the longest gestation. As long-lived species with slow life histories are extremely vulnerable to natural and
anthropogenic perturbations, our results suggest that coelacanths may be more threatened than previously considered.
OSTEICHTHYES
Xiphactinus
Ks Patagônia
OSTEICHTHYES
Lepidotes
OSTEICHTHYES
OSTEICHTHYES Citation: Mizumoto N, Miyata S, Pratt SC. 2019 Inferring collective behaviour from a fossilized fish shoal.
Proc. R. Soc. B 286: 20190891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0891
Natação em grupo, posições e orientações sugerem que seguem as
mesmas regras de “atração” e “repulsão” que regem os cardumes atuais:
os peixes são repelidos de seus vizinhos mais próximos para evitar
colisões, mas ficam com o grupo rastreando com peixes mais distantes.
Erismatopterus levatus
Formação Green River, Eoceno, EUA
Coluna estratigráfica das bacias
sedimentares paleozoicas brasileiras,
e distribuição cronoestratigráfica dos
peixes do Devoniano brasileiro. As
barras cinzas são intervalos sem
registros geológicos, e as barras em
cor preta correspondem a intervalos
sem registro de peixes fósseis
(Rezende et al., 2021)
Regiões biogeográficas do Devoniano Médio e Superior com base na bioregionalização de
Boucot et al. (1969), Janvier & Maisey (2010), Lebedev & Zakharenko (2010), Dowding & Ebach
(2018, 2019). Bigger symbols representing more taxa occurrences, smaller symbols representing
fewer taxa occurrences (Rezende et al., 2021)
Devoniano
A- nadadeira lobada;
B- membro tetrápode
Transição Água Terra
A água (H2O) é a substância mais importante para a vida como nós a conhecemos. Servindo como um ótimo solvente
para as moléculas orgânicas que formam o corpo dos organismos, a água permite que inúmeras reações químicas
diferentes ocorram e, consequentemente, a existência da enorme diversidade de seres vivos que habitam ou já
habitaram nosso planeta. Dessa maneira, não é estranho imaginar que a vida tenha se originado na água, o local que
apresenta as condições ótimas para o seu início e para sua sobrevivência.
No entanto, é de conhecimento comum que não há vida apenas na água; apesar das condições serem bem menos
confortáveis em comparação ao meio aquático, os ambientes terrestres também são habitados por uma gigantesca
variedade de organismos, dentre eles os vertebrados terrestres como nós, os Tetrapoda. Isso nos leva então a
pergunta: quando ocorreu e quais as características que permitiram a saída desses vertebrados para a terra?
Hoje sabemos que os Tetrapoda são um grupo pertencente aos Sarcopteygii, os peixes de nadadeiras lobadas como os
celacantos e as piramboias de hoje em dia, que mesmo em suas formas aquáticas apresentam características que
foram úteis para a transição entre os ambientes. Dentre elas estão pulmões usados para a respiração e regulação da
flutuabilidade e nadadeiras musculosas capazes de cavar o substrato subaquático. Essas estruturas foram se
modicando nos primeiros tetrápodes, evoluindo para os pulmões totalmente apropriados para a respiração aérea e os
membros com dígitos que permitem que possamos nos locomover no meio terrestre.
Além dessas duas características, muitas outras modificações foram necessárias para que a sobrevivência na terra
fosse possível, como a impermeabilização gradual da pele, para diminuir a perda
de água para o ambiente. A formação de um pescoço, que separa a cabeça dos ombros e diminui o impacto das
caminhadas sobre o cérebro, e o surgimento de articulações resistentes entre as vértebras foram tão fundamentais
quanto os membros para a origem do processo de andar e para a sustentação do corpo em um meio onde a gravidade
afeta mais ativamente a vida.
Os estudos mais recentes indicam que a irradiação dos primeiros tetrápodes terrestres ocorreu durante o período
Devoniano, cerca de 360 milhões de anos atrás, logo após uma extinção em massa conhecida como o Evento de
Kellwasser. Esse evento provocou um resfriamento e diminuição do oxigênio disponível nas águas, o que levou à
formação de hipóteses que propõem uma possível influência sobre essa transição. Talvez esses primeiros tetrápodes
tenham se aproveitado dos nichos terrestres abertos por essa extinção ou simplesmente tenham se mostrado mais
resistentes às mudanças que vinham ocorrendo no planeta por ocuparem uma posição limiar entre o modo de vida
terrestre e o aquático.
Transição Água Terra
Transição Água Terra
Glyptolepis, Sauripterus e Tiktaalik- - peixes com nadadeira lobadas, musculosas
Eusthenopteron e Panderichthys- peixes fósseis com ossos homólogos a ulna e rádio
Ichthyostega- tetrápode mais primitivo, animal com ossos robustos com anatomia das
mãos pouco conhecida.
Acanthostega- primeiro tetrápode representado por dois fragmentos de crânio.
Tulerpeton- pequeno tetrápode com patas dianteiras com seis dedos
Respiradouros cloacais na filogenia dos tetrápodes
AMPHIBIA
Acanthostega
AMPHIBIA
AMPHIBIA LABIRINTHODONTIA RACHITOMI
AMPHIBIA LABIRINTHODONTIA RACHITOMI
Koolasuchus
Ki Austrália
AMPHIBIA LABIRINTHODONTIA LEPOSPONDYLIA
AMPHIBIA
LABIRINTHODONTIA
ESTEREOSPONDYLIA
AMPHIBIA LISSAMPHIBIA URODELA
(= CAUDATA)
Andrias sligoi
(até 2 m de comprimento)
Região sul da China
AMPHIBIA LISSAMPHIBIA URODELA
(= CAUDATA)
AMPHIBIA LISSAMPHIBIA URODELA
(= CAUDATA)
Cenomaniano Myanmar
Albanerpetontídeos foram
predadores provavelmente
usando sua língua portrátil
para captura de insetos.
AMPHIBIA LISSAMPHIBIA APODA (=GYMNOPHIONA)
Kukurubatrachus gondwanicus
K Brasil
REPTILIA
REPTILIA CHELONIA
As tartarugas são um dos grupos mais característicos de répteis viventes, principalmente devido ao seu casco. Essa estrutura é
caracterizada por uma série de placas ósseas que envolvem a maior parte do corpo, formando uma carapaça dorsal e um
plastrão ventral. Mas como será que surgiu essa adaptação única?
A origem do plastrão é relativamente clara. Evidências apontam que as placas da parte frontal do plastrão derivam de ossos da
cintura escapular, enquanto os ossos mais posteriores parecem ter sido formados pela fusão e expansão de ossos chamados
gastrálias (ossos dérmicos que existem na barriga de alguns répteis). A origem da carapaça é mais controversa, e existem duas
hipóteses principais para explicá-la. A hipótese de novo sugere que a carapaça foi formada pelo surgimento de ossificações
novas, derivadas das vértebras e costelas. Já a hipótese composta propõe que a carapaça se originou pela fusão das vértebras e
costelas com osteodermos (estruturas ósseas exteriorizadas) pré-existentes.
Adeptos da hipótese composta costumam defender que as tartarugas são aparentadas com os pareiassauros, um grupo de
répteis extintos dotados de couraças de osteodermos. Enquanto isso os apoiadores da hipótese de novo acham mais provável
que as tartarugas pertençam ao clado Diapsida, que inclui todos os outros répteis viventes. Por muito tempo as tartarugas mais
antigas conhecidas eram formas de casco completo, e não ofereciam evidências que apoiassem uma hipótese em detrimento da
outra. Portanto, a discussão recorria a outras linhas de investigação, principalmente as análises filogenéticas, que se
multiplicaram a partir da década de 80.
Em 2008 foi anunciada uma nova espécie de tartaruga ancestral que intensificou o debate: 𝘖𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴 𝘴𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘢, cujo
nome pode ser traduzido como “tartaruga com dentes parcialmente coberta por casco”. Além de possuir uma série de dentes,
característica perdida por tartarugas recentes, esse animal apresentava um plastrão plenamente desenvolvido, mas não possuía
uma carapaça. Suas costelas eram alargadas e suas vértebras estavam associadas a pequenas placas ósseas, mas uma
carapaça verdadeira, como vista nas demais tartarugas, não estava presente.
Desde sua publicação essa espécie já causou furor. Os autores da descrição original a enxergavam como evidência para o
modelo de novo, defendendo que as costelas expandidas e vértebras com placas ósseas associadas representavam os estágios
iniciais do desenvolvimento da carapaça. Contudo, outro trabalho incluído na mesma edição da revista que a descrição original
defendia outra interpretação. Segundo esses autores, a 𝘖𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴 havia perdido sua carapaça secundariamente, e não devia
ser usada como modelo da origem do casco.
De 2008 para cá inúmeros trabalhos sobre a origem do casco já foram publicados, e um consenso ainda não foi alcançado.
Embora muitos hoje concordem com a hipótese de novo, que ganhou muita força com a descrição da 𝘖𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴 e outras
pesquisas recentes, ainda existem apoiadores da hipótese composta, que defendem a origem da carapaça pela fusão de
osteodermos e a associação das tartarugas com os pareiassauros. E assim o debate se arrasta como as próprias tartarugas: devagar
e sempre...
Representação artística de
𝘖𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴 𝘴𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘢,
tartaruga ancestral nadando
numa antiga baía .
Casco de uma tartaruga moderna, exemplificado por 𝘊𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘥𝘰𝘪, uma tartaruga
do Cretáceo do Brasil. Retirado de Gaffney et al. (2001
REPTILIA CHELONIA
Esquema exemplificando a
hipótese de novo para o
surgimento da carapaça.
Perceba como as formas mais
basais (𝘗𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴,
𝘌𝘰𝘳𝘩𝘺𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴,
𝘖𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴) possuem
costelas alargadas, que
eventualmente expandem-se
em uma carapaça plenamente
formada (𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘺𝘴).
Esquema retirado de Schoch &
Sues (2020).
REPTILIA CHELONIA
Albino
REPTILIA CHELONIA
Coprólitos Quelônios
Hummelichelys guttata
REPTILIA CHELONIA Eoceno
REPTILIA CHELONIA
Archelon ischyros
Cretáceo
A NEW PELOMEDUSOID TURTLE, SAHONACHELYS MAILAKAVAVA, FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF
MADAGASCAR PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR CONVERGENTE EVOLUTION OF SPECIALIZED SUCTION FEEDING
AMONG PLEURODIRES
Citation: Joyce WG, Rollot Y, Evers SW, Lyson TR, Rahantarisoa LJ, Krause DW. 2021 A new pelomedusoid turtle, Sahonachelys
mailakavava, from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar provides evidence for convergent evolution of specialized suction feeding among
pleurodires. R. Soc. Open Sci. 8: 210098. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210098
The Maevarano Formation in northwestern Madagascar has yielded a series of exceptional fossils over the course of
the last three decades that provide important insights into the evolution of insular ecosystems during the latest
Cretaceous (Maastrichtian). We here describe a new genus and species of pelomedusoid turtle from this formation,
Sahonachelys mailakavava, based on a nearly complete skeleton. A phylogenetic analysis suggests close affinities of
Sahonachelys mailakavava with the coeval Madagascan Sokatra antitra. These two taxa are the only known
representatives of the newly recognized clade Sahonachelyidae, which is sister to the speciose clade formed by
Bothremydidae and Podocnemidoidae. A close relationship with coeval Indian turtles of the clade Kurmademydini is
notably
absent. A functional assessment suggests that Sahonachelys mailakavava was a specialized suction feeder that
preyed upon small-bodied invertebrates and vertebrates. This is a unique feeding strategy among crown
pelomedusoids that is convergent upon that documented in numerous other clades of turtles and that highlights the
distinct evolutionary pathways taken by Madagascan vertebrates.
Skull with hyoid in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral and (c) left lateral views. (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views.
REPTILIA CHELONIA
Sahonachelys mailakavava
Cretáceo Superior Odontochelys
Madagascar Tr China
(Amphychelida)
Waluchelys cavitesta
Triássico Argentina
O conhecimento sobre a origem e evolução dos arcosauromorfos (crocodilos, aves e dinossauros não avianos), lepidosauromorfos
(squamatas- cobras, lagartos) e esfenodontídeos (tuataras) é muito desigual devido a qualidade do registro fossil e ocorrência dominante no
continente europeu. Este trabalho relatou a descoberta de um crânio tridimensionalmente preservado, Taytalura alcoberi gen. et sp. nov.,
do Triássico Superior da Argentina, cujas feições morfológicas permitiram definí-lo como um lepidosauromorfo primitivo. Tomografia
computadorizada do crânio mostrou um crânio diápsido primitivo,com feições antes atribuídas a esfenodontídeos, já foram reconhecidas
em lepidosauromorfos. A arquitetura do crânio de Taytalura sugere uma condição plesiomórfica para todos os lepidosauros, ampliando sua
distribuição geográfica e que já viviam durante o Triássico.
Taytalura alcoberi
REPTILIA SQUAMATA
REPTILIA SQUAMATA
Messelopython freyi
REPTILIA SQUAMATA
Lanceirosphenodon
ferigoloi
(Triássico RS)
Shringasaurus (Tr)
Sharovipteryx
Ninhos profundos: proteção contra predadores,
fogo e condições climáticas extremas
The burrow deconstructed into its behavioral parts. NC? is a trace of the
possible nest chamber, CZ (1-6) shows the compaction zones, where the
mother iguana packed sand behind her on her way out, and the arrow shows
her overall direction of movement while exiting
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
Jacaré (E)
Crocodilo (D)
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
Eotitanosuchus
Permiano
Postosuchus
REPTILIA CROCODILIA Deinosuchus
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
Erythrosuchus africanus
Tr Africa do Sul
Smilosuchus
Sarcosuchus Gondwanasuchus
K Brasil
TRACKWAY EVIDENCE FOR LARGE BIPEDAL CROCODYLOMORPHS FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF KOREA
Kim, K.S., Lockley, M.G., Lim, J.D. et al. Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of
Korea. Sci Rep 10, 8680 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7
Batrachopus grandis
Borealosuchus wilsoni
Eoceno
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
Purusaurus (Amazônia) Mioceno
Rhamphosuchus (Malásia)
REPTILIA CROCODILIA Purusaurus
Mioceno
REPTILIA CROCODILIA Pegadas de crocodilianos
(icnitos de locomoção)
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
REPTILIA CROCODILIA
Os Metriorhynchidae
foram um grupo de
crocodilomorfos que se
adaptou muito bem ao
ambiente marinho,
possuindo várias
adaptações para viver
no oceano. Algumas
delas seriam a ausência
de uma pesada
armadura de ossos
dérmicos, as quatro
patas modificadas em
nadadeiras e glândulas
especializadas em
expelir sal em seus
crânios.
REPTILIA
CROCODILIA
Permiano do Brasil
REPTILIA
REPTILIA MOSASAURIA
REPTILIA MOSASAURIA
REPTILIA MOSASAURIA
REPTILIA MOSASAURIA
REPTILIA MOSASAURIA
PLURIDENS SERPENTIS, A NEW MOSASAURID (MOSASAURIDAE: HALISAURINAE) FROM THE MAASTRICHTIAN
OF MOROCCO AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MOSASAUR DIVERSITY
Citation: Longrich, N.R., Bardet, N., Khaldoune, F., Yazami, O.K., Jalil, N.-E., Pluridens serpentis, a new mosasaurid (Mosasauridae:
Halisaurinae) from the Maastrichtian of Morocco and implications for mosasaur diversity, Cretaceous Research,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104882.
Os Mosasauridae foram lagartos marinhos que tiveram maior pico de diversidade no Maastrichtiano do Marrocos.
Desta fauna descreveu-se a nova espécie Pluridens serpentis com base em dois crânios e dentição completos. A espécie
possui mandíbulas robustas e alongadas com dentes pequenos, que sugerem estratégia alimentar distinta., predando
indivíduos de pequeno porte..
REPTILIA MOSASAURIA
REPTILIA
MOSASAURIA
Tanystropheus
Tanystropheus
REPTILIA SAUROPTERYGIA
Nothosaurus
REPTILIA SAUROPTERYGIA Pliosauridae
Rhomaleosaurus
REPTILIA SAUROPTERYGIA
Plesiosaurus
REPTILIA SAUROPTERYGIA
REPTILIA SAUROPTERYGIA
REPTILIA SAUROPTERYGIA
Elasmosaurus
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA
ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA
ICTIOSAURIA
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
Triássico
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
Triássico
REPTILIA ICTIOSAURIA
Jurássico
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Músculos cranianos
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
ECOLOGIA DOS DINOSAURIA
REPTILIA THECODONTIA
REPTILIA THECODONTIA
Thecodontosaurus
antiquus
REPTILIA STEGOSAURIA
REPTILIA STEGOSAURIA
REPTILIA STEGOSAURIA
três impressões curtas, largas e arredondadas
(30 cm)
REPTILIA STEGOSAURIA
REPTILIA ANKYLOSAURIA
Jakapil kaniukura
Ank bipede
América do Sul
REPTILIA ANKYLOSAURIA
DIETARY PALAEOECOLOGY OF AN EARLY CRETACEOUS
ARMOURED DINOSAUR (ORNITHISCHIA; NODOSAURIDAE)
BASED ON FLORAL ANALYSIS OF STOMACH CONTENTS
RESUMO
O holótipo excepcionalmente bem preservado do dinossauro encouraçado
Borealopelta markmitchelli (Ornithischia; Nodosauridae), procedente da Formação
Clearwater (Cretaceo Inferior) preservou uma robusta massa na cavidade abdominal.
Distintos critérios de investigação, incluindo co-aloctonia, posição anatômica e
gastrólitos, sugeriram que esta massa corresponde a conteúdo estomacal- colólito,
onde a grande variedade de palinomorfos refletem ampla variedade vegetal do
ambiente. As análises revelaram 88% de tecidos foliares, incluindo esporângios intactos
e cutículas; além de lenhos e carvão. A fração foliar apresenta 85% de samambaias
leptosporangiadas (subclasse Polypodiidae), 3% de cicadáceas e traços de folhagens de
coníferas. Estes dados evidenciaram dieta herbívora para este dinossauro, sugerindo
ingestão preferencial de samambaias e acidental de cicadáceas e coníferas. O registro
de 6% de carvão pode representar o uso alimentar de florestas de coníferas
recentemente queimadas, evidências iniciais de ecologia sucessiva de fogo, como
acontece atualmente.
Brown CM, Greenwood DR, Kalyniuk JE, Braman DR, Henderson DM, Greenwood CL, Basinger JF.
2020 Dietary palaeoecology of an Early Cretaceous armoured dinosaur (Ornithischia;
Nodosauridae) based on floral analysis of stomach contents. Royal Society Open Science 7:
200305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200305
Figura 1. Localização da
massa abdominal,
incluindo conteúdo
estomacal (colólitos) de
Borealopelta markmitchelli
(nodossauro). (a) e (b)
vista dorsal. (c) vista
dorsal esquemática
destacando contorno
corporal e a posição e
extensão da massa
abdominal. (d) detalhe em
vista dorsal da margem
posterior da massa
abdominal. (e) extensão
da massa abdominal. (f)
representação
esquemática de
Kunbarrasaurus
ieversi destacando o
tamanho e posição relative
do colólito. Escala gráfica
em (a,b,c,f) de 1 m, e de
10 cm em (d,e).
Figura 2. (a), (b) e (c) Imagens e
desenho esquemático da massa
abdominal bem preservada. (d)
e (e) Imagem e desenho
esquemático da,massa
abdominal em vista lateral
(posição estratigráfica) (f)
massa abdominal em vista
dorsolateral (posição
anatômica). Orientações: A,
anterior; L, lateral; V, ventral.
Escala gráfica correspondente a
10 cm.
Figura 3. Plantas fósseis do
Membro Grand Cache
(Formação Gates) Escala
gráfica 1 cm.
Figura 4. Elementos paleobotânicos
observados em cortes histológicos do
colólito. (a-d) esporângios, (e) fragmento
vegetal, (f) haste, (g, i, j, l) cutícula, (h)
folha, (k) esclerênquima, (m) galho.
Escala gráfica= (c, d, j,k) 40 µm;
(a,b,e,g,h,i,l) 100 µm; (m,f) 400 µm.
Figura 5. Material de origem vegetal
encontrado em lâminas histológicas
dos colólitos (a) esporângios, (b)
cutícula, (c) gastrolitos, (d) matéria
lenhosa, (e) seções de folhas e (f)
esclerênquima. Escala gráfica= 200
µm.
Figura 6. Composição do colólito of the cololite determinado por microscopia de seções
delgadas.
REPTILIA ORNITHOPODA
REPTILIA ORNITHOPODA
Portellsaurus sosbaynati
REPTILIA ORNITHOPODA
THE FIRST DUCKBILL DINOSAUR (HADROSAURIDAE: LAMBEOSAURINAE) FROM
AFRICA AND THE ROLE OF OCEANIC DISPERSAL IN DINOSAUR BIOGEOGRAPHY
RESUMO
The Late Cretaceous saw distinctly endemic dinosaur faunas evolve in the northern and southern
hemispheres. The Laurasian continents of North America and Asia were dominated by
hadrosaurid and ceratopsian ornithischians, with tyrannosaurs as apex predators. In Gondwanan
communities, including Africa, South America, India and Madagascar, titanosaurian sauropods
dominated as herbivores and abelisaurids as predators. These patterns are thought to be driven
by the breakup of Pangaea and formation of seaways limiting dispersal. Here, we report a new
lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, Ajnabia odysseus gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Maastrichtian of
Morocco, North Africa, the first Gondwanan representative of a clade formerly thought to be
restricted to Laurasia. The new animal shows features unique to Hadrosauridae and specifically
Lambeosaurinae. Phylogenetic analysis recovers it within Arenysaurini, a clade of lambeosaurines
previously known only in Europe. Biogeographic modelling shows that lambeosaurines dispersed
from Asia to Europe, then to Africa. Given the existence of large, persistent seaways isolating
Africa and Europe from other continents, and the absence of the extensive, bidirectional
interchange characterizing land bridges, these patterns suggest dispersals across marine barriers,
similar to those seen in Cenozoic mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Dispersal across marine
barriers also occurs in other hadrosaurid lineages and titanosaurian sauropods, suggesting
oceanic dispersal played a key role in structuring Mesozoic terrestrial dinosaur faunas.
Nicholas R. Longrich, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, R. Alexander Pyron & Nour-Eddine Jalil Cretaceous
Research 120 (2021) 104678
Ajnabia deveria ter o tamanho aproximado
de um pônei.
Os dinossauros bico de
pato surgiram na
América do Norte,
espalhando-se em
seguida para a América
do Sul, Ásia, Europa e
finalmente África.
Hadrosauridae no Cretaceo Superior da Europa e África. (1) França e Espanha; (2) Holanda e Bélgica; (3) Alemanha;
(4) Eslovenia; (5) Crimea; (6) Marrocos.
Dispersão dos dinossauros em torno das barreiras marinhas durante o Cretáceo Superior. (1),
Titanosauria, América do Sul à Laramidia. (2), Hadrosaurinae (Hadrosaurus), Laramidia aos
Apalaches. (3), Hadrosaurinae, (Lophorhothon) Laramidia aos Apalaches. (4), Kritosaurini, Laramidia
à América do Sul. (5), Hadrosauridae, América do Sul à Antarctica. (6), Lambeosaurinae, Europa à
Africa. (7), Lambeosaurinae, Asia à Europa. (8), Titanosauria, Africa à Europa(?). (9), “telmatosaurs”,
Asia à Europa. (10), Titanosauria, Europa à Asia.
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
Menefeeceratops
Ojoceratops
REPTILIA CERATOPSIA
Diabloceratops
Einiosaurus
Styracosaurus
Einiosaurus e Daspletosaurus
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
Australotitan cooperensis
25 a 30 m
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
Titanosauridae
25 m
K Patagônia
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
REPTILIA SAUROPODA
Crânio 3D Embrião
Crânio 3D Embrião
EVIDENCE OF INTEGUMENTARY SCALE DIVERSITY IN THE LATE
JURASSIC SAUROPOD DIPLODOCUS SP. FROM THE MOTHER’S
DAY QUARRY, MONTANA
Tyrannosaurus
e Styracosaurus
REPTILIA THEROPODA Tyrannosaurus
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA Tyrannosaurus (Ontogenia)
Representação dos estágios ontogenéticos de um 𝘛𝘺𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘢𝘶𝘳𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘹, indo desde um pequeno juvenil a até um sub-adulto. Esse animal
passava por várias mudanças ontogenéticas durante sua vida, indo de um caçador ágil com dentes de lâmina para um predador robusto
e destruidor de ossos. Essas mudanças são apenas reflexo da diferenciação de nicho que ocorria com esses animais, ou seja, a efetiva
diferença de hábitos entre um adulto e um juvenil. Essa separação é vista nos crocodilianos atuais e se mostra bem vantajosa, dado que
dessa maneira não há competição direta por alimento entre os membros da mesma espécie. Enquanto os adultos eram predadores de
grande porte com presas igualmente grandes, os juvenis eram caçadores de pequeno para médio porte, não sendo capazes das mesmas
proezas. A diferenciação de nicho entre as fases da vida dos Theropoda (os dinos “carnívoros”) é um fenômeno já observado também
em outras espécies.
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA Tyrannosaurus (Ontogenia)
REPTILIA THEROPODA Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaurs chomped through bone by keeping a joint in their lower jaw steady like an
alligator, rather than flexible like a snake, according to a study being presented at the American
Association for Anatomy annual meeting during the Experimental Biology (EB) 2021 meeting, held
virtually April 27-30.
The research sheds new light on a conundrum that has perplexed paleontologists. Dinosaurs had a joint
in the middle of their lower jaws, called the intramandibular joint, which is also present in modern-day
reptiles. Previous research has suggested this joint was flexible, like it is in snakes and monitor lizards,
helping carnivorous dinosaurs to keep struggling prey in their jaws. However, it has been unclear
whether the jaws were flexible at all, or how they could be strong enough to bite through and ingest
bone, which Tyrannosaurus did regularly, according to fossil evidence.
“We discovered that these joints likely were not flexible at all, as dinosaurs like T. rex possess specialized
bones that cross the joint to stiffen the lower jaw,” said John Fortner, a doctoral student in anatomy at
the University of Missouri, first author of the study.
Reference: “(R3068) The Role of the Intramandibular Joint, Symphyseal Tissues, and Wrapping
Muscles on Theropod Dinosaur Mandibular Function” by John Fortner, 26 April 2021, Experimental
Biology 2021.
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Fortner and colleagues used CT scans of dinosaur fossils and modern reptiles to build a detailed 3D
model of the T. rex jaw. Unlike previous models, their simulations include bone, tendons and
specialized muscles that wrap around the back of the jaw, or mandible.
“We are modeling dinosaur jaws in a way that simply has not been done before,” said Fortner. “We are
the first to generate a 3D model of a dinosaur mandible which incorporates not only an
intramandibular joint, but also simulates the soft tissues within and around the jaw.”
To determine whether the intramandibular joint could maintain flexibility under the forces required to
crunch through bone, the team ran a series of simulations to calculate the strains that would occur at
various points depending on where the jaw hinged. The results suggest bone running along the inside
of the jaw, called the prearticular, acted as a strain sink to counteract bending at the intramandibular
joint, keeping the lower jaw stiff.
The team plans to apply their modeling approach to other dinosaur species in order to further
elucidate biting mechanics among dinosaurs — and perhaps, help researchers better understand
today’s creatures, as well.
“Because dinosaur mandibles are actually built so much like living reptiles, we can use the anatomy of
living reptiles to inform how we construct our mandible models,” said Fortner. “In turn, the discoveries
we make about T. rex’s mandible can provide more clarity on the diversity of feeding function in
today’s reptiles like crocodilians and birds.”
REPTILIA THEROPODA Tyrannosaurus
Ypupiara lopai
Formação Marília
Maastrichtiano
Brasil
A COMPREHENSIVE ANATOMICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC
EVALUATION OF DILOPHOSAURUS WETHERILLI
(DINOSAURIA, THEROPODA) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW
SPECIMENS FROM THE KAYENTA FORMATION OF NORTHERN
ARIZONA
Formação Santana
Brasil
REPTILIA SPINOSAURIA
EVALUATING THE ECOLOGY OF SPINOSAURUS: SHORELINE GENERALIST OR
AQUATIC PURSUIT SPECIALIST?
RESUMO
The giant theropod Spinosaurus was an unusual animal and highly derived in many ways,
and interpretations of its ecology remain controversial. Recent papers have added
considerable knowledge of the anatomy of the genus with the discovery of a new and much
more complete specimen, but this has also brought new and dramatic interpretations of its
ecology as a highly specialised semi-aquatic animal that actively pursued aquatic prey. Here
we assess the arguments about the functional morphology of this animal and the available
data on its ecology and possible habits in the light of these new finds. We conclude that
based on the available data, the degree of adaptations for aquatic life are questionable,
other interpretations for the tail fin and other features are supported (e.g., socio-sexual
signalling), and the pursuit predation hypothesis for Spinosaurus as a “highly specialized
aquatic predator” is not supported. In contrast, a ‘wading’ model for an animal that
predominantly fished from shorelines or within shallow waters is not contradicted by any
line of evidence and is well supported. Spinosaurus almost certainly fed primarily from the
water and may have swum, but there is no evidence that it was a specialised aquatic pursuit
predator.
Hone, David W.E. and Holtz, Thomas R., Jr. 2021. Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist
or aquatic pursuit specialist? Palaeontologia Electronica, 24(1):a03. https://doi.org/10.26879/1110 palaeo-
electronica.org/content/2021/3219-the-ecology-of-spinosaurus
Esqueleto/Postura
Forma do Crânio
Curvatura dos Dedos e Garras
Pescoço e Cauda
Membros posteriors
Velas dorsal e caudal
Skeleton in a standing posture as if dip fishing in water following the wading model, and in a swimming posture (based on
Ibrahim et al., 2020a) following the pursuit predator model. A non-exhaustive set of lines of evidence as described in the
text are indicated by arrows that either directly support either model (white arrow), are ambiguous or do not contradict
the model (grey arrow), or actively contradict the model (black arrow). Key traits are as follows: A) laterally compressed
skull, B) nares position, C) mechanical jaw performance, D) orbit position, E) neck stiffness and posture, F) non-
hydrodynamic shape, G) instability in water, H) sub-anguilliform locomotion, I) thin caudal neural spines, J) tail propulsion,
K) distal tail flexibility, L) low swimming efficiency, M) somewhat reduced hindlimbs, N) enlarged 1st toe, O) pachyostosis,
P) pneumatic elements, Q) forelimbs not reduced, R) neck ventriflexion, S) quadrate shape, T) head posture (as
determined for Irritator), U) isotopic data from teeth, V) tooth enamel ridges, W) rostral sensory system. Skeleton
modified from the original and scaled to the size of the neotype. Scale bar is 1 m.
A) Skull of a stork (Leptoptilos - scale bar is 100 mm) with a posteriorly retracted naris allowing them to
forage while keeping the nares free of the water as in B) showing Ephipporhynchus senegalensis feeding.
Although proportionally much further back here than in Spinosaurus, the absolute distance of the naris
from the anterior tip of the jaw is less in the stork. C) Skull of crocodylian (Crocodylus - scale bar is 100
mm) with dorsally positioned naris allowing them to rest with minimal exposure of the head as in D)
Crocodylus niloticus resting at the surface.
Comparison of skull shape of Spinosaurus and Baryonyx scaled to the same size. The
two are very similar, which although this may be expected from their shared
evolutionary history would suggest that they fundamentally forage in similar ways
for similar prey, which contradicts the idea that one is an aquatic specialist.
Spinosaurus is therefore best interpreted as shoreline generalist based on the available information. Capable of capturing both aquatic
and terrestrial prey, and perhaps an opportunistic scavenger, adult Spinosaurus likely took aquatic prey by standing in shallow water or
at the margins of water bodies. The nostril and eye positions, coupled with the skull shape and neck mechanics, would allow them to
strike with a vertical slashing motion with the snout starting partially submerged. Standing in deeper water or even partially submerged
(benefitting from reduced pneumaticity and pachyostotic bone) would allow them to forage for benthic prey or potentially lunge after
faster animals. Individuals could forage in multiple different environments like this, reducing competition from both terrestrial and
aquatic predators with an ability to use both and by being able to move between resource patches by walking or perhaps even
swimming. Limited to swimming in shallow waters or to the surface of deeper water, they may have punted with limbs or used a
combination of the tail and limbs together. In terms of competition, they would be able to walk between resource patches better than
the crocodylians and then exploit aquatic prey better than theropods when they get there.
The ecology of a generalist Spinosaurus would have been more nuanced than the broad discussions here. Different populations would
have foraged in different environments with differing faunal compositions and opportunities for predation and scavenging. In particular,
juvenile animals (which would have likely lacked or had a proportionally greatly reduced dorsal sail if this was sociosexually selected) if
foraging in and around water would have experienced very different levels of drag if swimming in any capacity (especially wave drag,
but also simply by being smaller), would have differing skull mechanics, and would have had different thermal characteristics to adults.
Important questions for future study remain and there is much more to be determined and for all aspects of these hypotheses to be
evaluated further. While this paper focuses on Spinosaurus, many of the points raised here would also apply to other spinosaurids. It is
clearly an unusual theropod, but it maintains a large amount in common anatomically and likely ecologically with other spinosaurines
and baryonychines and should be considered in this context. Future biomechanical examination of the performance of these taxa (in
the skull, neck, forelimbs, hind limbs, and tail, and terrestrially and aquatically) will be key to understanding them.
Hypotheses for their ecology and behavior should be based on a holistic and nuanced approach to the evidence (Hone and Faulkes,
2014), and that takes into account all of the available data and deals with conflicts and possible contradictions. This, of course, may
change with further evidence and study continuing to advocate hypotheses without strong support or consideration of all of the data
or alternate hypotheses should not continue. The pursuit predator model is strongly contradicted by numerous lines of evidence but by
contrast the wading model is entirely consistent with the available data.
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA Velociraptor
Eoraptor
Triássico
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA Velociraptor
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA Velociraptor
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA Sinornithomimus
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Raptores
Velociraptor vs Protoceratops
Australovenator predando Muttaburrasaurus
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Raptores
Sinosauropteryx prima
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA THEROPODA
𝘓𝘪𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘢𝘶𝘳𝘶𝘴 era um estranho dinossauro terópode que viveu na China durante o Jurássico Final (161 a 157
milhões de anos atrás). Esse animal começava a sua vida com dentes e tendo uma dieta onívora. Na fase
adulta, o 𝘓𝘪𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘢𝘶𝘳𝘶𝘴 perdia seus dentes ficava apenas com um bico, que o auxiliava na alimentação herbívora.
Essa mudança que ocorre durante a ontogenia do animal é bem estudada e surpreendeu bastante os
paleontólogos. Esquema do processo da perda de dentes retirado de Wang et al. (2017).
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA THEROPODA
Diferenciação em garras
Contenção de presas
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA THEROPODA
Variação Morfológica dos Dentes
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Registro (a) geológico e (b) paleontológico da extinção KT com os dois episódios de vulcanismo marcados pelas
setas e desenhos de vulcões, relacionados com o aquecimento induzido no planalto de Decão (Deccan) na Índia.
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
REPTILIA PELYCOSAURIA
REPTILIA PELYCOSAURIA
REPTILIA PELYCOSAURIA
REPTILIA THERAPSIDA
Agudotherium gassenae
Triássico do Brasil
Magallanodon baikashkenke
Maastrichtiano Gondwana (Chile)
Thriaxodon (terápsido primitivo) e
Broomistega (anfíbio termospôndilo)
Tr África do Sul
REPTILIA PTEROSAURIA
Kongonaphon kely
(Triássico de
Madagascar)
Ancestral comum
insetívoro de dinossauros
e pterossauros. Do
tamanho de um
camundongo era ágil e
Lagerpetídeos tinha pelos.
Ixalerpeton polesinensis (Triássico RS/Brasil) [Última etapa evolutiva anterior à origem dos pterossauros]
REPTILIA PTEROSAURIA
Rhamphorhynchus
foi presa do peixe
Aspidorhynchus
REPTILIA PTEROSAURIA
Sinomacrops bondei
(sapo, morcego e dragão)
REPTILIA PTEROSAURIA
REPTILIA PTEROSAURIA
A NEW DARWINOPTERAN PTEROSAUR REVEALS ARBOREALISM
AND AN OPPOSED THUMB
Zhou et al., A new darwinopteran pterosaur reveals arborealism and an opposed thumb, Current Biology (2021),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.030
Pterosaurs, which lived during the Mesozoic, were the first known vertebrates to evolve powered flight.1,2. Arboreal locomotion has
been proposed for some taxa,3,4 and even considered to have played a role in the origin of pterosaur flight.5,6 Even so, there is still
need for comprehensive quantitative ecomorphological analyses.3,4 Furthermore, skeletal adaptations correlated to specialized
lifestyles are often difficult to recognize and interpret in fossils. Here we report on a new darwinopteran pterosaur that inhabited a
unique forest ecosystem from the Jurassic of China. The new species exhibits the oldest record of palmar (or true) opposition of the
pollex, which is unprecedented for pterosaurs and represents a sophisticated adaptation related to arboreal locomotion. Principal-
coordinate analyses suggest an arboreal lifestyle for the new species but not for other closely related species from the same locality,
implying a possible case of ecological niche partitioning.
The discovery adds to the known array of pterosaur adaptations and the history of arborealism in vertebrates. It also adds to the
impressive early bloom of arboreal communities in the Jurassic of China, shedding light on the history of forest environments.
Kunpengopterus antipollicatus
Kunpengopterus
antipollicatus
e sua posição
filogenética
Morphometric analysis of arboreal adaptations in tetrapods: Binary plot of principal coordinates 1 and 2 from a morphometric
analysis of 17 skeletal characters (Supplemental information). Anh., Anhanguera piscator; Anu.,Anurognathus; Ard.,
Ardeadactylus; Camp., Campylognathoides; Car., Carniadactylus; D. ling., D. linglongtaensis holotype; D. rob., D. robustodens
holotype;Den., Dendrorhynchoides mutoudengensis; Dim., Dimorphodon; Dory., Dorygnathus; Jid., Jidapterus; K. ant. 1, K.
antipollicatus holotype; K. ant. 2, K. antipollicatus paratype; K. sin. 1, K. sinensis holotype; K. sin. 2, K. sinensis referred
specimen; Meg., Megalancosaurus; Micror., Microraptor; Nemi., Nemicolopterus; Nyc., Nyctosaurus; Preo., Preondactylus;
Ptd., Pteranodon; Ptero., Pterodactylus antiquus; Rha., Rhamphorhynchus; Sca., Scaphognathus; Sin., Sinopterus dongi;
Sum., Suminia; Tu., Tupuxuara; Vall., Vallesaurus; Vesp., Vesperopterylus; Zhj., Zhejiangopterus; Zhn., Zhenyuanopterus.
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
(Dinossauros Avianos)
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
(Dinossauros Avianos)
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
(Dinossauros Avianos)
Stenonychosaurus
Microraptor
Natovenator polydontus
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Dromeosauridae
Utahraptor ostromaysi
Ambopteryx longibrachi
Trierarchuncus prairiensis
K EUA (Insetívoro)
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Aratasaurus museunacionali
A MANED THEROPOD DINOSAUR FROM GONDWANA WITH ELABORATE INTEGUMENTARY STRUCTURES
R.S.H. Smyth, D.M. Martill, E. Frey et al., A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary
structures, Cretaceous Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686
Discoveries of dinosaurs with integumentary structures over the last few decades have revolutionized our understanding of the
phylogenetic relationships between birds and dinosaurs as well as the origin and evolution of feathers. A remarkable number of
dinosaurs have been discovered with a diverse range of preserved integumentary structures. Several of these dinosaurs are
adorned with elaborate integumentary structures that have been linked to behaviours including thermoregulation, egg incubation,
and sexual display. Among Theropoda, such elaborate structures have only been previously recorded within Maniraptoriformes.
However, elaborate monofilamentous structures are also present in some small ornithischians. The majority of theropods
preserving integumental structures come from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of China or the Upper Jurassic of
southern Germany, and all are of Laurasian origin. Herein, we describe a new genus and species of compsognathid theropod from
the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of Northeast Brazil, representing the first Gondwanan non-avian theropod with
preserved filamentous integumentary structures. It is also the first non-maniraptoran possessing elaborate integumentary
structures that were most likely used for display. These include slender monofilaments associated with the base of the neck,
increasing in length along the dorsal thoracic region where they form an impressive mane, as well as a pair of elongate, ribbon-like
structures likely emerging from the shoulder. Such elaborate integumentary structures are hitherto unknown in any other dinosaur,
although superficially similar elongate display feathers emerge from the carpal region of the male standardwing bird-of-paradise
(Semioptera wallacii).
Ubirajara jubatus
Os oviraptorossauros eram dinossauros terópodes super bem-sucedidos
do período Cretáceo. Eles variavam muito em tamanho, com alguns
chegando a pesar mais de 1.100 kg. As características mais comuns
incluíam penas, pescoço longo, asas e bicos. Essas espécies não-
aviárias tinham uma aparência muito semelhante a de um pássaro,
lembrando os avestruzes modernos. Em seus ninho, esses animais
organizavam seus ovos em um círculo quase perfeito, colocando-os em
camadas extraordinariamente ordenadas.
O fóssil recém-descrito foi retirado da Formação Nanxiong, perto da ferrovia
Ganzhou, na província de Jiangxi, no sul da China. Ele data do final do período
Cretáceo, aproximadamente 70 milhões de anos atrás, e preserva os restos
mortais de um oviraptorossauro adulto, com seu crânio e outras características
do esqueleto ausentes. O animal parece ter morrido enquanto estava em uma
posição de aninhamento.
Esses ossos fossilizados foram encontrados ao lado de uma “ninhada
imperturbada” de pelo menos 24 ovos, “alguns dos quais estão quebrados,
expondo ossos embrionários”, escreveram os autores do estudo. Os
pesquisadores atribuíram os ovos à espécie fóssil Macroolithus yaotunensis.
Para eles, ninhos de oviraptorossauro contendo tantos ovos ao mesmo tempo
não são incomuns e provavelmente é uma adaptação à caça furtiva extrema por
verdadeiros “ladrões de ovos”
AN OVIRAPTORID PRESERVED ATOP AN EMBRYO-BEARING EGG CLUTCH SHEDS LIGHT ON
THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF NON-AVIALAN THEROPOD DINOSAURS
Shundong Bi, Romain Amiot, Claire Peyre de Fabrègues, Michael Pittman, Matthew C. Lamanna, Yilun Yu, Congyu Yu, Tzuruei
Yang, Shukang Zhang, Qi Zhao & Xing Xu. Science Bulletin 66 (2021) 947–954
Recent studies demonstrate that many avialan features evolved incrementally prior to the origin of the group, but the presence of some
of these features, such as bird-like brooding behaviours, remains contentious in non-avialan dinosaurs. Here we report the first non-
avialan dinosaur fossil known to preserve an adult skeleton atop an egg clutch that contains embryonic remains. The preserved positional
relationship of the adult to the clutch, coupled with the advanced growth stages of the embryos and their high estimated incubation
temperatures, provides strong support for the brooding hypothesis. Furthermore, embryos in the clutch are at different developmental
stages, suggesting the presence of asynchronous hatching—a derived feature even among crown-group birds—in non-avialan theropods.
These findings demonstrate that the evolution of reproductive biology along bird-line archosaurs was a complex rather than a linear and
incremental process, and suggest that some aspects of non-avialan theropod reproduction were unique to these dinosaurs.
Macroolithus yaotunensis
Fotografias e desenhos
esquemáticos de
esqueletos embrionários.
(a), C2 (b), C3 (c), e C5 (d).
Abreviaturas: cav, vértebra
caudal; dv, vértebra
dorsal; fe, femur; h,
úmero; il, ílio; pb, pubis;
ph, falanges; ra, rádio; ti,
tíbia; ul, ulna.
Oviraptorossauro
Macroolithus yaotunensis
Esquerda: Esquema
mostrando um fóssil de um
oviraptorídeo chocando
seus ovos em um ninho.
Direita: Um titanossauro
vendo seus recém
chocados filhotes. Os ovos
de terópodes como os
oviraptorídeos
apresentavam uma forma
mais longilínea e elipsóide,
enquanto os ovos de
saurópodes como os
titanossauros
apresentavam um formato
mais arredondado.
Macroolithus yaotunensis
Massospondylus (Dinossauro herbívoro,
África do Sul)
REPTILIA DINOSAURIA
Halszkaraptor escuilliei
RESUMO
Corujas e outras aves noturnas são caçadores noturnos que combinam adaptações visuais e
auditivas que lhes favorecem a capacidade de caçar na completa escuridão. Estas
inovações sensoriais eram desconhecidas até agora entre os dinossauros terópodes não
avianos, e pouco definidos nas linhagens pré-avianas. Foram investigados proxies
morfofuncionais (olhos- anel scleral e ossos ao redor da pupila, ouvidos internos- lagenas)
de visão e audição em aves atuais e terópodes extintos atestaram profundas divergências
em variações sensoriais. Predação noturna na linhagem não aviana Alvarezsauroidea,
sinalizada pela capacidade de enxergar em baixas condições de luminosidade e grande
sensitibilidade auditiva. O alvarezsauroide Shuvuuia deserti encontrado em camadas do
Cretáceo Superior da Mongólia tinha tamanho e penas similares a de uma galinha, crânio
frágil, braços musculosos, pernas alongadas, possuía acuidade auditiva, similar às atuais
corujas das torres. O reconhecimento destas adaptações sensoriais em dinossauros que
viveram antes da radiação das aves modernas representa um notável exemplo de
convergência entre dinossauros e mamíferos.
Steven Goderis1*, Honami Sato2,3, Ludovic Ferrière4, Birger Schmitz5, David Burney6, Pim Kaskes1,7,
Johan Vellekoop1,8, Axel Wittmann9, Toni Schulz10,11, Stepan M. Chernonozhkin12, Philippe Claeys1,
Sietze J. de Graaff1,7, Thomas Déhais1,7, Niels J. de Winter1,13, Mikael Elfman5, Jean-Guillaume
Feignon10, Akira Ishikawa14,3, Christian Koeberl10, Per Kristiansson5, Clive R. Neal6, Jeremy D.
Owens15, Martin Schmieder16,17, Matthias Sinnesael1,18, Frank Vanhaecke12, Stijn J. M. Van
Malderen12, Timothy J. Bralower19, Sean P. S. Gulick20,21,22, David A. Kring17, Christopher M.
Lowery20, Joanna V. Morgan23, Jan Smit24, Michael T. Whalen25, IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists†
The transformation of the bird skull from an ancestral akinetic, heavy, and toothed
dinosaurian morphology to a highly derived, lightweight, edentulous, and kinetic skull is
an innovation as significant as powered flight and feathers. Our understanding of
evolutionary assembly of the modern form and function of avian cranium has been
impeded by the rarity of early bird fossils with well-preserved skulls. Here, we describe a
new enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China that preserves a nearly
complete skull including the palatal elements, exposing the components of cranial kinesis.
Our three-dimensional reconstruction of the entire enantiornithine skull demonstrates
that this bird has an akinetic skull indicated by the unexpected retention of the
plesiomorphic dinosaurian palate and diapsid temporal configurations, capped with a
derived avialan rostrum and cranial roof, highlighting the highly modular and mosaic
evolution of the avialan skull.
Yosef Kiat, Peter Pyle, Amir Balaban & Jingmai K. O’Connor In: T.G. Kaye et al. Communications Biology
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01467-2 (2020)
Yuanchuavis kompsosoura
AVE DO CRETÁCEO
(Madagascar)
Falcatakely forsterai
tucano
calau
RESUMO
Our understanding of the earliest stages of crown bird evolution is hindered by an exceedingly sparse
avian fossil record from the Mesozoic era. The most ancient phylogenetic divergences among crown birds
are known to have occurred in the Cretaceous period, but stem-lineage representatives of the deepest
subclades of crown birds—Palaeognathae (ostriches and kin), Galloanserae (landfowl and waterfowl) and
Neoaves (all other extant birds)—are unknown from the Mesozoic era. As a result, key questions related
to the ecology, biogeography and divergence times of ancestral crown birds remain unanswered. Here we
report a new Mesozoic fossil that occupies a position close to the last common ancestor of Galloanserae
and fills a key phylogenetic gap in the early evolutionary history of crown birds. Asteriornis
maastrichtensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Maastrichtian age of Belgium (66.8–66.7 million years ago), is
represented by a nearly complete, three-dimensionally preserved skull and associated postcranial
elements. The fossil represents one of the only well-supported crown birds from the Mesozoic era, and is
the first Mesozoic crown bird with well-represented cranial remains. Asteriornis maastrichtensis exhibits a
previously undocumented combination of galliform (landfowl)-like and anseriform (waterfowl)-like
features, and its presence alongside a previously reported Ichthyornis-like taxon from the same locality
provides direct evidence of the co-occurrence of crown birds and avialan stem birds. Its occurrence in the
Northern Hemisphere challenges biogeographical hypotheses of a Gondwanan origin of crown birds, and
its relatively small size and possible littoral ecology may corroborate proposed ecological filters that
influenced the persistence of crown birds through the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
Daniel J. Field, Juan Benito, Albert Chen, John W. M. Jagt & Daniel T. Ksepka Nature | Vol 579 | 19 March
2020https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0
Quadrato comparativo e morfologia craniana
do grupo Galloanserae.
GERALD MAYR, VANESA L. DE PIETRI, LEIGH LOVE, AL MANNERING and RICHARD PAUL SCOFIELD Papers in
Palaeontology, 2019, pp. 1–17
AVES
Crosnoornus nargizia
Oligoceno Polônia
AVES
Crosnoornus nargizia
Oligoceno Polônia
EVIDENCE FOR A GIANT PARROT FROM THE EARLY MIOCENE OF NEW ZEALAND
Worthy TH, Hand SJ, Archer M, Scofield RP, De Pietri VL. 2019 Evidence for a giant parrot from the Early Miocene of New
Zealand. Biol. Lett. 15: 20190467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0467
RESUMO
Insular avifaunas have repeatedly spawned evolutionary novelties in the form of unusually large, often flightless
species. We report fossils from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand that attests to the former
existence of a giant psittaciform, which is described as a new genus and species. The fossils are two incomplete
tibiotarsi from a bird with an estimated mass of 7 kg, double that of the heaviest known parrot, the
kakapo Strigops habroptila. These psittaciform fossils show that parrots join the growing group of avian taxa
prone to giantism in insular species, currently restricted to palaeognaths, anatids, sylviornithids, columbids,
aptornithids, ciconiids, tytonids, falconids and accipitrids.
Heracles inexpectatus
Mioceno, Nova Zelândia
Papagaio gigante 1 m
No entanto, durante o Grande Intercâmbio Americano (3 milhões de anos), que começou depois do
soerguimento do Istmo do Panamá, há cerca de 10 a 15 Milhões de anos, esta supremacia foi abalada pela
entrada na América do Sul de grandes mamíferos carnívoros vindos da América do Norte, como os tigres-
dentes-de-sabre e os ancestrais dos lobos, causando a extinção destas aves, menos competitivas. Mesmo
assim, ainda foram os únicos grandes predadores sul-americanos a migrarem para o norte.
(Alvarenga et al., 2010)
ENDOCRANIAL ANATOMY OF THE GIANT EXTINCT AUSTRALIAN MIHIRUNG BIRDS (AVES,
DROMORNITHIDAE)
Handley,W.D.;Worthy, T.H. Endocranial Anatomy of the Giant Extinct Australian Mihirung Birds (Aves, Dromornithidae).
Diversity 2021, 13, 124. https:// doi.org/10.3390/d13030124
RESUMO
Dromornitídeos are an extinct group of large flightless birds from the Cenozoic of Australia. Their record extends from the
Eocene to the late Pleistocene. Four genera and eight species are currently recognised, with diversity highest in the Miocene.
Dromornithids were once considered ratites, but since the discovery of cranial elements, phylogenetic analyses have placed
them near the base of the anseriforms or, most recently, resolved them as stem galliforms. In this study, we use morphometric
methods to comprehensively describe dromornithid endocranial morphology for the first time, comparing Ilbandornis
woodburnei and three species of Dromornis to one another and to four species of extant basal galloanseres. We reveal that
major endocranial reconfiguration was associated with cranial foreshortening in a temporal series along the Dromornis lineage.
Five key differences are evident between the brain morphology of Ilbandornis and Dromornis, relating to the medial wulst, the
ventral eminence of the caudoventral telencephalon, and morphology of the metencephalon (cerebellum + pons). Additionally,
dromornithid brains display distinctive dorsal (rostral position of the wulst), and ventral morphology (form of the
maxillomandibular [V2+V3], glossopharyngeal [IX], and vagus [X] cranial nerves), supporting hypotheses that dromornithids are
more closely related to basal galliforms than anseriforms. Functional interpretations suggest that dromornithids were
specialised herbivores that likely possessed well-developed stereoscopic depth perception, were diurnal and targeted a soft
browse trophic niche.
Dromornis stirtoni
Ave atual (Shoebill)
Pelicano da Morte, Ave do Terror
NE Zâmbia
AVES
AVES
AVES
A GIANT OLIGOCENE FOSSIL PENGUIN FROM THE NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND AVES
ABSTRACT
Penguins (Sphenisciformes) have arguably the most complete and continuous fossil record of any avian clade,
offering an ever-improving understanding of penguin phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of wing-
propelled diving. Yet, our knowledge of the precise body proportions of stem-group penguins remains poor due
to a dearth of articulated specimens. Here, we describe Kairuku waewaeroa sp. nov., a new giant penguin
species from the Glen Massey Formation (Whaingaroan stage, 34.6–27.3 Ma). The holotype skeleton,
discovered in Kawhia Harbour, North Island, New Zealand, is one of the most complete skeletons of a giant
penguin yet uncovered. Our phylogenetic analysis recovers a clade uniting the New Zealand endemics Kairuku
waewaeroa, Kairuku waitaki, and Kairuku grebneffi, which is supported by synapomorphies including a stout
femoral shaft and tibiotarsi with a distinctly convex medial condyle. Kairuku waewaeroa is unique among stem
penguins in having elongate tibiotarsi, revealing a new long-legged stem penguin body plan. The discovery of
Kairuku waewaeroa contributes yet another penguin species to an Oligocene avifauna for Zealandia that is
replete with giant birds.
Ave mais
antiga do
Brasil
The percentage of extinct (red) bird species among all birds (left: n = 11,384), among island
endemic species (middle: n = 2,995) and among flightless species (right: n = 170)
Quaternário
Birds have recently undergone a
major extinction event which
apparently is ongoing. According
to some estimates, humans have
caused the extinction of up to
20% of the entire avian species
diversity since the latter part of
the Pleistocene. Few attempts,
however, were made to
determine how many
extinctions are actually known,
rather than projected to have
occurred. We aimed to quantify
the known avian extinctions and
assess the relevance of factors
thought to have promoted their
extinctions, that is, large size,
flightlessness and insularity.
Fromm & Meiri (2021) Big, flightless, insular and dead: characterising the extinct birds of the Quaternary. Journal of
Biogeography.: 1–10 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.14206
MAMMALIA
MAMMALIA
MAMMALIA
METATHERIA
EUTHERIA
PROTOTHERIA
MAMMALIA
MAMMALIA MESOZÓICO
MAMMALIA MESOZÓICO
Diphyodont tooth replacement of Brasilodon—A Late Triassic eucynodont that
challenges the time of origin of mammals
Cabreira et al. 2022. Journal of Anatomy https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13756
Microdocodon
Mammalia Multituberculata
Filikomys primaevus
MAMMALIA MESOZÓICO
(Cretáceo Chile)
Mamífero gondwanatheriano do
Maastrichtiano de Madagascar
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2234-8
MAMMALIA MESOZÓICO
Vilevolodon
Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae,
Phloeomyini)
RESUMO
Os 18 elementos extintos da tribo Phloeomyini, os”ratos
das nuvens,” representam uma radiação endêmica dos
herbívoros arborescentes das Filipinas, que possuem entre
18 g e 2.7 kg, viventes em árvores com até 1200 m de
altura. Os estudos indicaram que os Phloeomyini
diversificaram há cerca de 10 a 11 m.a. sem registro de
espécies fósseis extintas. Os estudos aqui realizados
atestaram a existência de Phloeomyini entre 67,000 anos e
4 a 2 mil anos (Holoceno Superior), onde foram
individualizadas três espécies extintas inseridas nos
gêneros Batomys, Carpomys, and Crateromys, diferentes
dos seus congêneros principalmente pelo tamanho do
corpo e dentição, que foram contemporâneas com Homo
luzonensis e outros mamíferos exóticos.
Crateromys ballik
Carpomys dakal
Batomys cagayanensis
Brocklehurst et al., Mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of Cenozoic mammals, Current Biology
(2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.044
RESUMO
Adaptive radiations are hypothesized as a generating mechanism
for much of the morphological diversity of extant species. The
Cenozoic radiation of placental mammals, the foundational
example of this concept, gave rise to much of the morphological
disparity of extant mammals, and is generally attributed to
relaxed evolutionary constraints following the extinction of non-
avian dinosaurs. However, study of this and other radiations has
focused on variation in evolutionary rates, leaving the extent to
which relaxation of constraints enabled the origin of novel
phenotypes less well characterized. We evaluate constraints on
morphological evolution among mammaliaforms (mammals and
their closest relatives) using a new method that quantifies the
capacity of evolutionary change to generate phenotypic novelty.
We find that Mesozoic crown-group therians, which include the Linhagens basais de mamíferos, como o grande
ancestors of placental mammals, were significantly more Gobiconodon da Mongolia, vencidos? os ancestrais dos
constrained than other mammaliaforms. Relaxation of these mamíferos modernos no tempo dos dinossauros.
constraints occurred in the mid-Paleocene, post-dating the
extinction of non-avian dinosaurs at the K/Pg boundary, instead
coinciding with important environmental shifts and with declining
ecomorphological diversity in non-theriimorph mammaliaforms.
This relaxation occurred even in small-bodied Cenozoic mammals
weighing
MAMMALIA
DERMOPTERA
Cynocephalus (verde)
Galeopterus (vermelho)
Colugos são mamíferos planadores arborícolas, com 35 a 40 cm de comprimento e entre 1 e 2 kg de
peso, com apurada visão binocular, hábitos noturnos, nativos do sudeste da Ásia. Existem duas
espécies viventes, Geleopterus variegatus (lêmure voador de Sunda) e Cynocephalus volans (lêmure
voador das Filipinas). Sua caracterísitica principal é uma membrana, chamada patágio, que conecta
rosto, cauda e dedos das mãos e pés e cauda. Este grupo já foi considerado aparentado dos morcegos,
mas estudos genéticos recentes o situam entre os primatas.
MAMMALIA MONOTREMATA Ornitorrrinco
MAMMALIA MONOTREMATA Ornitorrrinco
MAMMALIA MONOTREMATA Equidna
MAMMALIA METATHERIA
MAMMALIA METATHERIA
MAMMALIA METATHERIA
O 𝘋𝘪𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘯 foi o maior marsupial já achado até o momento, alcançando incríveis três
toneladas! Esses animais são parentes do vombate, um marsupial pequeno para médio
com hábitos escavadores
MAMMALIA METATHERIA
Pteropus giganteus
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CHIROPTERA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CHIROPTERA
Icaronycteris
Eoceno
MAMÍFEROS AQUÁTICOS
MAMMALIA
EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF MARINE HABITAT USE BY MAMMALS
RESUMO
Evidence for the earliest invasion of the marine realm by mammals was previously restricted to Eocene
(48.6–37.8 Ma) skeletal remains. We report incontrovertible ichnofossil evidence for brackish-water
habitat use by at least two mammalian species in southern Wyoming during the late Paleocene (58 Ma).
These are the first Paleocene mammal trackways recorded in the United States and only the fourth
documented in the world. Multiple tracks preserved in restricted marine deposits represent animals
repeatedly walking across submerged to partially emergent tidal flats. Hundreds of tracks are preserved
in planform and cross-sectional exposure within five horizons along a 1032 m tracksite. Four prints
exhibit five clear toe imprints, while two others distinctly display four toes. Some tracks penetrate beds
populated by dwelling traces of marine bivalves and polychaetes in the upper layers and sea anemones
at the base. Candidates for the five-toed tracemakers are pantodonts such as Titanoides, Barylambda,
and Coryphodon, which have been recovered from late Paleocene strata throughout western North
America. The four-toed tracks provide the earliest evidence of previously-undescribed large artiodactyls
and/or tapiroids, mutually supporting recent molecular phylogenetic studies that place the origin of
Cetartiodactyla near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (~ 67.7 Ma). Collectively, these trackways
irrefutably demonstrate the utility of ichnological data in reconstructing the evolutionary history and
adaptive behaviors of extinct taxa beyond the evidence provided by body fossils alone.
A NEW PROTOCETID WHALE 0FFERS CLUES TO BIOGEOGRAPHY AND FEEDING ECOLOGY IN EARLY
CETACEAN EVOLUTION
RESUMO
Over about 10 million years, the ancestors of whales transformed from herbivorous, deer-like,
terrestrial mammals into carnivorous and fully aquatic cetaceans. Protocetids are Eocene whales
that represent a unique semiaquatic stage in that dramatic evolutionary transformation. Here, we
report on a new medium-sized protocetid, Phiomicetus anubis gen. et sp. nov., consisting of a
partial skeleton from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of the Fayum Depression in Egypt. The new
species differs from other protocetids in having large, elongated temporal fossae, anteriorly placed
pterygoids, elongated parietals, an unfused mandibular symphysis that terminates at the level of
P3, and a relatively enlarged I3. Unique features of the skull and mandible suggest a capacity for
more efficient oral mechanical processing than the typical protocetid condition, thereby allowing
for a strong raptorial feeding style. Phylogenetic analysis nests Phiomicetus within the paraphyletic
Protocetidae, as the most basal protocetid known from Africa. Recovery of Phiomicetus from the
same bed that yielded the remingtonocetid Rayanistes afer provides the first clear evidence for the
co-occurrence of the basal cetacean families Remingtonocetidae and Protocetidae in Africa. The
discovery of Phiomicetus further augments our understanding of the biogeography and feeding
ecology of early whales.
Gohar et al., 2021. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 288 (1957).
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1368
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CETACEA
Phiomicetus anubis
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CETACEA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CETACEA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CETACEA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CETACEA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA CETACEA
NEUROVASCULAR EVIDENCE FOR A CO-OCCURRENCE OF TEETH AND BALEEN IN AN
OLIGOCENE MYSTICETE AND THE TRANSITION TO FILTER-FEEDING IN BALEEN WHALES
Extant baleen whales (Mysticeti) have a deciduous foetal dentition, but are edentulous at birth. Fossils
reveal that the earliest mysticetes possessed an adult dentition. Aetiocetids, a diverse clade of
Oligocene toothed mysticetes, have a series of small palatal foramina and associated sulci medial to
the postcanine dentition. The openings have been homologized with lateral palatal foramina that
transmit neurovascular structures to baleen in extant mysticetes, thereby implying a co-occurrence of
teeth and baleen in aetiocetids. However, homology of the foramina and sulci have been questioned.
Using CT-imaging, we report that the lateral palatal foramina of Aetiocetus weltoni are connected
. which transmits neurovascular structures to baleen in extant
internally to the superior alveolar canal,
mysticetes and to teeth in extant odontocetes. Furthermore, the lateral palatal foramina of Aetiocetus
are separate from the more medially positioned canals for the greater palatine arterial system. These
results provide critical evidence to support the hypothesis that the superior alveolar neurovasculature
was co-opted in aetiocetids and later diverging mysticetes to serve a new function associated with
baleen. We evaluate competing hypotheses for the transition from teeth to baleen, and explore the
transition from raptorial feeding in early mysticetes to filter-feeding in extant species.
Aetiocetus weltoni
Madelaine R. Atteberry and Jaelyn J. Eberle. New earliest Paleocene (Puercan) periptychid ‘condylarths’ from
the Great Divide Basin, Wyoming, USA, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1924301
MAMMALIA Rhinos
Savana
Rhinoceros unicornis (Índia) Diceros bicornis
Chilotherium
Oligoceno da China
7 m de altura, 21 toneladas
Deng et al., 2021. An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | (2021) 4:639 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6
www.nature.com/commsbio
Paraceratherium linxiaense
Relações
filogenéticas
dos Rhinos
gigantes
Distribuição e dispersão de Paraceratherium. As localidades do Oligoceno Inferior estão marcadas
em amarelo e as do Oligoceno Superior, em vermelho. Dispersões de Paraceratherium entre o sul
da e outras localidades tem que passer à região Tibetana, pois grande parte da Ásia Central, estava
recoberta pelo Mar de Tethys durante o Oligoceno.
MAMMALIA
Rhynus
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA Rhinos
Hemicyon (predadores)
Smilodon
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA Smilodon
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA Smilodon
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
Ontogenia
de um leão
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA GLYPTODONTIDAE
GLYPTODONTIDAE
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA GLYPTODONTIDAE
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA GLYPTODONTIDAE
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA GLYPTODONTIDAE
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA
Elephas
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA PROBOSCIDEA
Mamuthus
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA PROBOSCIDEA
Mamuthus
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA EQUIDAE
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA EQUIDAE
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA EQUIDAE
EQUIDAE
The Bering Land Bridge (BLB) last connected Eurasia and North America during the Late Pleistocene.
Although the BLB would have enabled transfers of terrestrial biota in both directions, it also acted as an
ecological filter whose permeability varied considerably over time. Here we explore the possible impacts
of this ecological corridor on genetic diversity within, and connectivity among, populations of a once
wide-ranging group, the caballine horses (Equus spp.). Using a panel of 187 mitochondrial and eight
nuclear genomes recovered from present-day and extinct caballine horses sampled across the Holarctic,
we found that Eurasian horse populations initially diverged from those in North America, their ancestral
continent, around 1.0-0.8 million years ago. Subsequent to this split our mitochondrial DNA analysis
identified two bi-directional long-range dispersals across the BLB ~875-625 and ~200-50 thousand years
ago, during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Whole genome analysis indicated low levels of gene flow
between North American and Eurasian horse populations, which likely occurred as a result of these
inferred dispersals. Nonetheless, mitochondrial and nuclear diversity of caballine horse populations
retained strong phylogeographic structuring. Our results suggest that barriers to gene flow, currently
unidentified but possibly related to habitat distribution across Beringia or ongoing evolutionary
divergence, played an important role in shaping the early genetic history of caballine horses, including
the ancestors of living horses within Equus ferus.
RESUMO
Evolution of the genus Equus has been a matter of long debate with a multitude of hypotheses. Currently,
there is no consensus on either the taxonomic content nor phylogeny of Equus. Some hypotheses
segregate Equus species into three genera, Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus. Also, the evolutionary role of
European Pleistocene Equus stenonis in the origin of the zebra-ass clade has been debated. Studies based
on skull, mandible and dental morphology suggest an evolutionary relationship between North American
Pliocene E. simplicidens and European and African Pleistocene Equus. In this contribution, we assess the
validity of the genera Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus by cladistic analysis combined with morphological
and morphometrical comparison of cranial anatomy. Our cladistic analysis, based on cranial and
postcranial elements (30 taxa, 129 characters), supports the monophyly of Equus, denies the recognition
of Plesippus and Allohippus and supports the derivation of Equus grevyi and members of the zebra-ass
clade from European stenonine horses. We define the following evolutionary steps directly relevant to
the phylogeny of extant zebras and asses: E. simplicidens–E. stenonis–E. koobiforensis–E. grevyi -zebra-ass
clade. The North American Pliocene species Equus simplicidens represents the ancestral stock of Old
World Pleistocene Equus and the zebra-ass clade. Our phylogenetic results uphold the most recent
genomic outputs which indicate an age of 4.0–4.5 Ma for the origin and monophyly of Equus.
Omar Cirilli1, Luca Pandolfi, Lorenzo Rook & Raymond L. BernorScientific Reports | (2021) 11:10156 |
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89440-9
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA EQUIDAE
Geographic and
age distribution
of major events
in the Old World
Equus
evolution.
MAMMALIA EUTHERIA EQUIDAE
Evolutionary framework of the extant zebras Equus grevyi since the oldest common ancestor Equus
simplicidens, and through the European Equus stenonis and the African Equus koobiforensis. The present
figure aims to represent the dispersal of the genus Equus in the Old World by E. simplicidens at the
beginning of the Pleistocene, and the origin of the extant zebras E. grevyi through the E. stenonis and E.
koobiforensis lineage.
Pleistoceno
MEGAFAUNA DO
QUATERNÁRIO
SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELING REVEALS THE ECOLOGICAL NICHE OF EXTINCT
MEGAFAUNA FROM SOUTH AMERICA
RESUMO
Climatic and environmental changes, as well as human action, have been cited as potential
causes for the extinction of megafauna in South America at the end of the Pleistocene.
Among megamammals lineages with Holarctic origin, only horses and proboscideans went
extinct in South America during this period. This study aims to understand how the spatial
extent of habitats suitable for Equus neogeus and Notiomastodon platensis changed
between the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the middle Holocene in order to determine the
impact that climatic and environmental changes had on these taxa. We used species
distribution modeling to estimate their potential extent onthe continent and found that both
species occupied arid and semiarid open lands during the LGM, mainly in the Pampean
region of Argentina, southern and northeastern Brazil, and parts of the Andes. However,
when climate conditions changed from dry and cold during the LGM to humid and warm
during the middle Holocene, the areas suitable for these taxa were reduced dramatically.
These results support the hypothesis that climatic changes were a driving cause of extinction
of these megamammals in South America, although we cannot rule out the impact of human
actions or other potential causes for their extinction.
Cite this article: Araújo T, Machado H, Mothé D, dos Santos Avilla L (2021). Species distribution
modeling reveals the ecological niche of extinct megafauna from South America. Quaternary Research
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2021.24
Geographic distribution of Equus
neogeus (blue triangle) and
Notiomastodon platensis (red circle)
during the last glacial maximum (25–15
ka) in South America. Note almost
complete superimposition of the
geographic distribution areas of both
species and their absence in the
northern central region of the
continent. Abbreviations: VE =
Venezuela; CO = Colombia; EC =
Ecuador; PE = Peru; BR = Brazil; BO =
Bolivia; PY = Paraguay; CL = Chile; UY =
Uruguay; AR = Argentina. (For
interpretation of the references to color
in this figure legend, the reader is
referred to the web version of this
article.). The approximate height for a
human is 1.8 meters.
Representação da paleofauna do Quaternário da região sudoeste do Estado de Mato
Grosso do Sul: 1. Eremotherium laurillardi, 2. Nothrotherium maquinense, 3. Smilodon
populator, 4. Macrauchenia sp, 5. Toxodon platensis, 6. Notiomastodon platensis, 7.
Glyptodon clavipes e 8. Melanosuchus sp.
Megafauna da Austrália
Aproximadamente três milhões de anos atrás, queixadas e outros mamíferos norte-
americanos (mostrados à esquerda nesta ilustração) migraram para o sul através do
istmo do Panamá para a terra das preguiças terrestres e tatus, enquanto esses e
outros animais foram para o norte.
Berinigia
Ponte América do Norte Sibéria
ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY LEGACY OF MEGAFAUNA EXTINCTIONS
For hundreds of millions of years, large vertebrates (megafauna) have inhabited most of the ecosystems
on our planet. During the late Quaternary, notably during the Late Pleistocene and the early Holocene,
Earth experienced a rapid extinction of large, terrestrial vertebrates. While much attention has been
paid to understanding the causes of this massive megafauna extinction, less attention has been given to
understanding the impacts of loss of megafauna on other organisms with whom they interacted. In this
review, we discuss how the loss of megafauna disrupted and reshaped ecological interactions, and
explore the ecological consequences of the ongoing decline of large vertebrates. Numerous late
Quaternary extinct species of predators, parasites, commensals and mutualistic partners were
associated with megafauna and were probably lost due to their strict dependence upon them (co-
extinctions). Moreover, many extant species have megafauna-adapted traits that provided evolutionary
benefits under past megafauna-rich conditions, but are now of no or limited use (anachronisms).
Morphological evolution and behavioural changes allowed some of these species partially to overcome
the absence of megafauna. Although the extinction of megafauna led to a number of co-extinction
events, several species that likely co-evolved with megafauna established new interactions with humans
and their domestic animals. Species that were highly specialized in interactions with megafauna, such as
large predators, specialized parasites, and large commensalists (e.g. scavengers, dung beetles), and
could not adapt to new hosts or prey were more likely to die out. Partners that were less megafauna
dependent persisted because of behavioural plasticity or by shifting their dependency to humans via
domestication, facilitation or pathogen spill-over, or through interactions with domestic megafauna. We
argue that the ongoing extinction of the extant megafauna in the Anthropocene will catalyse another
wave of co-extinctions due to the enormous diversity of key ecological interactions and functional roles
provided by the megafauna.
𝘕𝘢𝘯𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘶𝘵𝘶𝘤𝘢
PRIMATAS
Purgatorius mckeeveri
Mamífero primata basal
Paleoceno Inferior EUA
Os movimentos de longa distancia foram
favorecidos pela eficiência na energia com
o bipedalismo.
Linha de tempo do bipedalismo
Homem e Gorila
Filogenia de 55 táxons fósseis do gênero Homo.
HOMINIDAE
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) HOMINIDAE
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus ramidus
(A) Vista anterior; (B) Vista lateral, lado
esquerdo. Escala gráfica 50 mm.