TURBINES

What is a Turbine?
“Turbine” is a general term for any device that extracts mechanical energy from a
fluid – generally converting it to rotating energy of a turbine wheel.
 For liquids, we usually call them “hydraulic turbines” or “hydro-turbines”.
 For gases, we usually call them “wind turbines”, “gas turbines”, or “steam
turbines”, depending on the type of gas being used.
Just as with pumps, there are two basic types of turbine:
1. Positive displacement turbines – fluid is forced into a closed volume, and then
the fluid is pushed out.
2. Dynamic turbines – no closed volume is involved; instead, rotating blades called
runner blades or buckets extract energy from the fluid.
In general, positive-displacement turbines are used for flow measurement, rather
than for production of power, whereas dynamic turbines are used for both power
generation and flow measurement.

Dynamic Turbines:
Dynamic turbines do not have closed volumes. Instead, spinning blades called
runners or buckets transfer kinetic energy and extract momentum from the fluid.
There are two main types of dynamic turbines: impulse turbines and reaction
turbines.
 Impulse turbines: Fluid is sent through a nozzle that then impinges on the
rotating blades, called buckets. Compared to reaction turbines, impulse
turbines require higher head, and work with a lower volume flow rate. The
most common example is the Pelton wheel turbine.
 Reaction turbines: Instead of using water jets, reaction turbines fill a volute
with swirling water that rotates the runner blades. Compared to impulse
turbines, reaction turbines require a lower head, and work with a higher
volume flow rate. They are used primarily for electricity production
(hydroelectric dams).
 DESIGN OF A TURBINE
What do you mean by design of a turbine?
The design of a turbine involves the process of creating a turbine that can convert
the energy of a fluid, such as water or steam, into useful mechanical or electrical
energy. The design process typically involves selecting the appropriate type of
turbine for a given application, optimizing the turbine's geometry and operating
parameters, and analyzing its performance using simulation and testing methods.
The goal of the design process is to create a turbine that is efficient, reliable, and
cost-effective for the intended application.

How can we know that which type of turbine to be used?

By calculating the Specific speed (Ns) of a turbine we can come to know that which
type of turbine we have to design.

Specific Speed of turbine: The specific speed of a turbine is a dimensionless

parameter that describes the shape and size of the turbine and is used to
characterize the turbine's performance. It is defined as the speed (in revolutions per
minute or RPM) at which a geometrically similar turbine would operate to produce
one unit of power (1 horsepower or 1 watt) under a unit head (1 meter or 1 foot).

As we have the Output Power (P) 100MW and the Net Head (H) 2855.70m and the
RPM of the shaft (N) 250. So, the specific speed we get will be 120 RPM.
Depending upon the Specific speed N of turbine we have following
classification:

Type Of Turbine RPM

Impulse Turbine 1-20
Francis Turbine 10-90
Upto11
Deriaz Turbine 0
Kaplan Turbine 70-260
Things Required for the design of a
Turbine
Input Data:
 Power = 100MW
 RPM of shaft N = 250
 Gross Head H gross = 3006 m
 Net Head H net = 2855.70 m

Assumptions:
 Cv = 0.98
 u/v = 0.46
  = 85%
 Nj = 1

Required:
 Dia of runner (D)
 Dia of jet (d)
 No. of jets (Nj)
 No. of Buckets (Nb)
 Width of Bucket (Wb)
 Depth of Bucket (Db)

1) Dia of Runner: In a turbine, the runner is the component that converts the
energy of a fluid into rotational mechanical energy. It is typically a disc-shaped
rotor that is attached to a central shaft, which is connected to a generator or
other mechanical device that converts the rotational energy into useful work.
Dia of runner can be calculated by following formula:

For the calculation of U we need V by following relation:

V = 0.98sqrt(2*9.81*2855.70)
V= 231.97 m/s
U= 0.46*V
U = 106.71
D = 60*106.71/*250
D = 8.15 m

2) Dia of Jet (d): It is basically the flow of water that strikes to the buckets
embedded on the runner.

For calculating Q we need some other formulas as well:

Q = 100000000/9810*0.85*2855.70
Q = 4.20 m3 /sec
d = 0.15 m
dia of jet has to come in between D/18 - D/9. If d<D/9then we use one no. of jet.

3) No. of Jets (Nj):

d<D/9 so we use Nj = 1

4) No. of Buckets (Nb):

Nb = 8.15/2*0.15 +15
Nb = 42

5) Width of Bucket (Wb):

Wb = 5*0.15
Wb = 0.75m

6) Depth of Bucket (Db):

Db = 1.2*0.15
Db = 0.18m

Calculation Of Frictional Lose in Penstock:

Penstocks are made to resist maximum water pressure, especially water
hammer. The penstock is laid on the surface or embedded in the concrete or buried
in the ground as per site-specific conditions. Flow in the penstocks is pipe flow and
the losses are calculated using the Darcy Weisbach equation:
Headloss = fLV^2 / (2gD)
where f is friction coefficient of the inner surface of penstock and depends upon the
material, L is the length of penstock (m), V is the velocity in the penstock (m/s), g is
gravitational coefficient (m/s2) and D is diameter (m).

What is a Friction Factor?

The friction factor or Moody chart is the plot of the relative roughness (e/D) of a pipe
against the Reynold's number. For a pipe we generally take f in between 0.01-0.04.

Given:
 L= 100 m
 D = 150 mm = 0.15m
 g = 9.8 m/s^2
 f = 0.03
 V = sqrt(2gH) = V = 76.8 m/s

Required:
  Head Loss = HL
HL = (fLV^2)/2*g*D
HL = 6018 m

SUMMARY OF RESULTS:
Dia of Runner D 8.15 m

Dia of Jet d 0.15 m

No of Jets Nj 1

No of Buckets Nb 42

Width of Bucket Wb 0.75 m

Depth of Bucket Db 0.18 m

Head loss 6018 m

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