Index

1. Abstract
2. What is electricity?
3. Electric circuit and electric current
4. Circuit diagrams
5. Components of circuit diagram
6. Ohm’s law
7. Georg Simon Ohm
8. Heating effect of electric current
9. Practical applications of heating effect of electric
current
10. Bibliography
 Abstract

In this project report, a detailed and

comprehensive study of Electricity is been done
and presented. This report also contains technical
information on components, with real-life practical
formulas. This project report also contains pictorial
data to connect theoretical knowledge with practical
and real components and devices. At last, all the
sources information has been given by the help of
which this project report has been successfully
completed.
What is electricity?

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena

associated with the presence and motion of matter that
has a property of electric charge. It is related to
magnetism, both being part of electromagnetism. In
simple terms, electricity is a type of energy that we use
to generate heat, light and to supply power to the
machines. It is controllable and convenient form of
energy.
Electric circuit and electric current
A continuous and closed path of an electric current
is called Electric circuit. Electric current is expressed by
the amount of charge flowing through a particular area in
unit time or we can say it is the rate of flow of electric
charge.

Electric charge: electric charge is a physical

property of matter that causes charged matter to
experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic
field. Charges can be both positive and negative. One of
the most law related to charge is, “Like charges repel
each other and unlike charges attract each other.” It is
also known as Coulomb’s Law. Electric charge is
denoted by “Q”.
𝑸
I=
𝒕
Circuit Diagram
Components of Circuit diagram-

Electric Cell- it is a device which converts chemical energy into

electrical energy.

Battery- it is a combination of two or more cells with external

connections for powering electrical devices.
Key- Open key means electric circuit is not complete and the current
will not flow through the circuit.
Closed key means the electric current will flow through the
circuit.

Figure 1 represents closed circuit and the figure 2 represents open

circuit.
Wire joint- it refers to electrical wire connectors or methods that are
used to join two or more wire together.

Wire crossing without joints-

The wires that do not touch each other are drawn without nodes.
Electric Bulb- it is a small and simple light source
that uses a wire filament to glow when electricity is
supplied.

Tungsten filament is used in electric bulb because of

following reason:
• It has high melting point
• It does not oxidize
Argon gas is used as inert gas inside the bulb. It
extends the life of the bulb by preventing the tungsten
filament from deteriorating too quickly.
Resistor-

The first three bands indicate significant digits, the fourth

band is the multiplication factor and the fifth band represent the
tolerance.
Variable resistance-
It is a type of resistor whose value can be change according to the
need.

It normally works by sliding the wiper over a resistive element.

When a variable resistor is used as a potential driver by using a 3
terminals it is called Potential meter. When only two terminal are used
it is called Rheostat. Electronically controlled variable resistor also
exist, which can be controlled electronically instead by mechanical
force.
Ammeter- it is an instrument for measuring direct (DC) or alternating
(AC) electric current in amperes.

Voltmeter- it is an instrument for measuring the voltage in

electric circuit.
Ohm’s Law
It states that the current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the voltage
across the two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance.
𝑽
I=
𝑹
Where I is the current through the conductor, V is the
voltage measured across the conductor and R is the
resistance of the conductor. More specifically, Ohm’s
law states that the R in this relation is constant,
independent of the current.
In circuit analysis, three equivalent expressions of
Ohm’s law are used interchangeably:
𝑽
I= or
𝑹
V = IR or
𝑽
R=
𝑰
Georg Simon Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist and

mathematician, was born Mar. 16, 1789. Ohm was attracted
to the mathematical physics of Joseph Fourier, who had recently
produced a complete mathematical theory of heat, but Ohm was
also interested in the brand-new discoveries by Ampere and
Oersted that electricity and magnetism are related. In 1825 and
1826, Ohm did an elegant set of experiments in which he tried
to determine how the thickness and length of a wire, and the
metal from which it is made, affect its ability to conduct
electricity.
Using a compass needle placed near a wire as a measure of
electrical current (ammeters had not yet been invented), Ohm
discovered that, for a given wire, the current through the wire is
proportional to the strength of the battery (we would say the
voltage), but that for other wires, the current might be different
for the same voltage. He formulated this as a law: the voltage
divided by the current is equal to a quantity that we now call
“resistance”. This law, which is universally recognized
as Ohm's Law, can be written more simply as V = IR, where I
represents the current.
Heating effect of electric current-
Battery and cells are a source of electric energy. The chemical reaction
between the cell generates the potential difference between its two terminals
that sets the electron in motion to flow the current through a resistor or a
system of resistors connected to the battery.to maintain the current, the
source has to keep expanding its energy. A source of the energy is used in
useful work, and the rest of the energy is expended in heat which raises the
temperature.
There are many applications of this heating effect of electric current
like electric cookers, electric heaters, etc.
Consider a current I flowing through a resistor of resistance R. let the
potential difference across it be V. Let the time t during which a charge Q
flows across. The work done in moving the charge Q through a potential
difference V is VQ. Therefore, the source must supply energy to VQ in time
t. hence the power input to the circuit by the source is
𝑸
P = V = VI
𝒕

Or the energy supplied to the circuit by the source in time t is P*t, that
is, Vit. This energy gets dissipated in the resistor as heat. Thus for a steady
current I, the amount of heat H produced in time t is
H = VIt
Appling Ohm’s law, the equation becomes,
H = 𝑰𝟐 Rt
This is known as Joule’s law of heating. The law implies that heat
produced in a resistor is
• Directly proportional to the square of current for a given
resistance
• Directly proportional to the resistance for a given current
• Directly proportional to the time for which the current
flows through the resistor.
Practical application of the heating effect of
electric current-

The generation of heat in a conductor is an inevitable

consequence of electric current. In many cases, it is undesirable
as it converts useful electrical energy into heat. In electrical
circuits, unavoidable heating can increase the temperature of
the components and alter their properties.

However, the heating effect of electric current has many

useful applications. The electric laundry iron, electric toaster,
electric oven, electric kettle, etc.

Electric heating is also used to produce light, as in an

electric bulb. Here, the filament must retain as much of the heat
generated as is possible, so that it gets very hot and emits light.
It must not melt at such high temperature. A strong metal with
high melting point such as tungsten is used. It has 3380 degree
Celsius melting point, which is quite high.
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