Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Referêncial.
3
REFERENCIAL
Origem (descrição).
z
Orientação (regra da mão direita).
Unidades (escala).
y
Cartesiano, ...
x
4
REFERENCIAL
Origem (descrição).
Unidades (escala).
y
Cartesiano, cilindrico, ... r
θ
x (r; θ; z)
5
REFERENCIAL
Origem (descrição).
z
θ
Orientação (regra da mão direita).
Unidades (escala). r
y
Cartesiano, cilindrico, esférico ... φ
x (r; φ; θ)
6
EXEMPLO: GEOGRAFIA
7
MOVIMENTO E ENERGIA
MOVIMENTO
Posição e tempo.
"t "t
Conversão
! para km/h:
! 1 m/s = 3,6 km/h
9
MOVIMENTO
Sem resistência do ar, os corpos caem com a mesma
aceleração: 10 m/s2. Em cada s, a velocidade aumenta
10 m/s (36 km/h).
10
ENERGIA
1 2
Ec = m v
2
2x massa = 2x energia;
2x velocidade
! = 4x energia.
11
TIPOS DE ENERGIA
1 2
Cinética: Ec = m v
2
Potencial: gravítica, elástica, química ...
Exemplos...
12
UNIDADES DE ENERGIA
1 2
[E] = kg . (m/s)2. Complicado ... Ec = m v
2
Unidade de energia Definição e equivalência
13
Joule) because it makes their equations look simpler. There are about 4000 joules
in a Calorie, 3600 in a Wh, 3.6 million in a kWh.
ALGUNS VALORES
The energy table below shows the approximate energies in various substances.
I think you’ll find that this table is one of the most interesting ones in this entire
DE ENERGIA
textbook. It is full of surprises. The most interesting column is the last one.
14
Stop reading now, and ponder the table of energies. Concentrate on the last
gives the most Calories per dollar? It isn’t obvious, since the different fuels are
measured in different units, and they provide different amounts of energy. But if
ALGUNS PREÇOS
you put all the numbers together, you get the following table. The table also shows
the cost of the energy if it is converted to electricity. For fossil fuels, that increases
DE ENERGIA
the cost by a factor of 3, since motors convert only about 1/3 of the heat energy to
electricity.
Porque
The wide não usamos
disparity of thesemais
prices carvão (há países
is quite remarkable. que usam)?
Concentrate on the
third column, the cost per kWh. Note that it is 25 times more expensive to heat
your home with electricity than with coal! Gasoline costs 3 times as much as
Porque usamos pilhas e baterias?
natural gas. That has led some mechanics to modify their autos to enable them to
use compressed natural gas instead of gasoline.
Note that for heating your home, natural gas is 3 times cheaper than
15
electricity. Back in the 1950s, many people thought that the “all electric home”