12 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES ET11 12.1 Sequences ET 11.1 1. (a) A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. t can also be defined as a function whose domain is the set of positive integers. (b) The terms a, approach 8 as n becomes large. In fact, we can make dy a close 10 8 as we like by taking n sufficiently large (6) The terms an become large as m becomes large. Infact, we can make dy as large as we ike by taking n sulfciently large 2. (a) From Definition 1, a convergent sequence isa sequence for which lim ay exists, Examples: {1/n}, {1/2"} (b) A divergent sequence is a sequence for which lim ay does not exist. Examples: {n}. {sin} 3, an = 1 (0.2)", sorthe sequence is {0.8, 0.96, 0.992, 0.9984, 0.99968, ... }. nt 2345 6 a sothesequence is {2,345.8 Vf 4 wnosenmnceis (3.5 tiegae~ f= { 3(-1)" -33-3 3 7 _f. Bay = -sotheseuene is {5 eR ae = 6. aq = 2-4-6» + (2n), so the sequence is {2,2-4,2-4-6,2-4-6-8,2-4-6-8-10,...} = {2,8,48, 384, 3840,.... } 7. a1 = 3, adn41 = 2am ~ 1. Each term is defined in terms of the preceding term. a = 2a — 1 = 2(3) — 3 = 2a2 ~ 1 = 2(5) ~1=9. ag = 2a — 2(9) — 1 = 17. as = 2a4 ~ 1 = 2(17) 383. The sequence is {3, 5, 9,17,33,...}. 8 a =4,an41 = —**. Bach term is defined in terms of the preceding term. a 4 4 a _ 4/3 _ 4/3 maw 00 ET ToT HO ed Pag = Ua = Sitoe os = an, wecan see thatthe terms of the sequence will alternately equal 4 and 4/3, so the sequence is {4, 4,4,4.4,...} 8, The numerators are all 1 and the denominators are powers of 2, so an 10 The numer ala he dois ve mui of2.50 05 = 11, 2,7,12,17,...}. ach term is ager than the preceding one by 8. 50 n= 1 +d 1) =245(n—1) =5n—5 12 { alternating signs, we get ay = (—1)” =e .---}. The numerator ofthe nth term is n and its denominator is (n +1)?. Including the (n+1)? 13. {1, 4. {5,1,5,1,5,1,... }. The average of 5 and 1 is 3. so we can think of the sequence as alternately adding 2 and —2 to 3. Thus, an = 3+ (-1)"#1-2. 15. ay ~2s-+- }- Each erm is —3 times the preceding one, so an = (—3) n(n ~ 1). ay —+ 00 as n — 00. so the sequence diverges.88 9 CHAPTER 12 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES ET CHAPTER 11 n+l _1+i/n 1401 1 ay, + 249 = 2 as n 00. Converges 8g = EE = FATE 0.05 FG = gw 00, Convers 345m? (3+5n?)/n? 5 43/n? 5+0 1 ay = SHER _ BA BHM ogg, + S40 <5 asn ve nen? (n+n)/n? ~ 141m’ T9 = 588 — 00. Converges vn 1 1 18. ay = ay 1 = 1asn 00. T+ va Wyant ~ O41 18 Comerges 1(2)" 1 tim (2)" 19. an zr -3(3) 450 lim aq = 4 tim (2)" = }-0= Oby (8) with r= 3, Converges n vit 2. an = <7 The numerator approaches oo and the denominator approaches 0-+ 1 = 1 as 1+ Ja Ivati 7 00, $0 dy, > 00 aS n+ 90 and the sequence diverges. = pra (yr? 1 2. an = . S$ lan] = —— <-> TN 00, 80 On BEET = we Tn? 0S Onl = aay Sq 7 asm + 20 80.4n — Oy the Squeeze Theorem and Theorem 6. Converges. 2 ay = OD Now lanl = GE = — gE 1.5 00, but the terms of the sequence ee Tes l= ep o+1 i+ ity " 2 {ax} alternate in sign, so the sequence a;,.a3,a5,... converges to ~1 and the sequence a2, a4,a6,... converges to +1. This shows that the given sequence diverges since its terms don’t approach a single real number. 23. ay = cos( n/2). This sequence diverges since the terms don’t approach any particular real number as n —» 00. The terms take on values between —1 and 1 2. an, = cos(2/n). AS n + 00, 2/n — 0, 0 c0s(2/n) + cos 0 = 1. Converges (Qn =1)! _ (2n-1)! 1 Bom (Qn+1)! (Qn+1)2n)Qn—1! ~ Qn+1)(2n) + 0.as n+ 00, Converges swe have lim arctan 2n = $. Converges 28, 2n + 00 as n+ 0, so since lim arctan lte™ 140 + + 0 as n+ 00, Converges n. = as —+ 00, Converg: Inn __Inn 1 1 y= = nt, 1 5 1 as + 00. Converges 2 an = non ~ ind+lan ~ E241 O+1 “ m2 since tim 2% tim 2% # tim 2 <0, itfollows from Theorem 3 that lim an = Converges: 30. an = ncosnm = n(-1)". Since Jan| =n —+ 0 as n — 00, the given sequence diverges. con 1 Pn a0 <2" < X since 0 < cos? n < 1}, s0since im 75 = 0, {= } conerses 00 by the Squeeze Theorem 32. an = In(n+1)—Inn net) =m(1+ 2) — In (1) = 0.asn + 00. Converges sin(1/z) sint Since tim S2CL2) — jim 8 fwhere t= 1/2] = 1 it follows from Taine cent ae | ‘Theorem 3 that {an} converges to 1 33. ay = nsin(1/n) =SECTION 121 SEQUENCES ETSECTIONIIA O89 Hay = Yn ~ VT =) $0 dy — 90 a81n — 00. Diverges un Ban = (+ 2) = Ina, = fins 2) Asn 00,4 = oandin(1 + 2) = 0,s0 Ina, = 0 Thus, an +e? = Las n — 00, Converges oat and im —1~ =0,s0 L Teva lS ye lim ea ig mS the Squeeze Theorem. Converges => lim a, =Oby Itva poy 37. {0,1,0,0, 1,0,0,0, 1,... } diverges since the sequence takes on only two values, 0 and 1, and never stays arbitrarily close to either one (or any other value) for n sufficiently large. 1 1 dan-1 = + and aan = ll positive integers n. lim ay = jean, panda Frag forall positive integ ay = Osince bbb 2 nite’ Jim an O and lim aan = lim —1 = 0, Forn sufficiently large, ay can be made as close to nat00 | n=o0 TL n=90 nao n+2 O.as we like. Converges nl 123. (m-1) nin n = eel > J.-B tform > 11 = 2 — coasn + 00,50 {an} diverges 33 3 3.3 27 DS We wT 2g orn > B= F048 n+ 00, s0by the Squeeze ‘Theorem and Theorem 6, {(~3)" /n} converges to 0. a. 2. 2 25, ° » 25 0 20 From the graph, we see that the sequence From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to 2. +1 . {en nat} is divergent, since itoscilltes _{(—2)"} converges to O by (6, and hence {2-+ (—2)"} between 1 and —1 (approximately). converges to 2 +0 = 2. 3, From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to about 0.78, Jim = Jim 2 _= i Ine oT Tn 1,80 2n n+ im, asctan( ) = arctan = 7