Você está na página 1de 42

9 F L J G H G D G ?

A9  FG  : J9 KAD 
$ 9DL=JA< 9< =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D AR 9 < 9 %

GYjafY A* (N( J]ajYfg

?  @B? 3<6= 2

Hgj e malg l]e hg YYfljghgdg_aY ^ga \]^afa\Yh]dg ]pglake g


\g k]m gZb]lg \] ]klm\g ] h]dY \aklyf[aY& [gf[[dga\Y [ge g [mdlm
jYd ] _]g _jw^a[Y& im] k]hYjYnY g h]kimakY\gj \g k]m _jmhg  \]
h]kimakY( = kkY kalmY{zg e m\gm( E ]ke g fgk []fljgk kg[aYde ]fl]
d]_lae gk \] hjg\m{zgYfljghgd_a[Y' hYjYe malgk&gf\]k] ^YrY
Yfljghgdg_aY afl]jfY[ag f Yd + `gb] g a\]Yd \g ]f[gfljg jY\a[Yd
[ge  Y Ydl]ja\Y\]f zg | e Yak Y \ae ]fkzg[gfka\]jY\Y ]kk]f[aYd \Y
Yfljghgdg_aY( F ]kk]k []fljgk& `gmn] me Y e m\Yf{Y _jY\mYd ]e
im]YYdl]ja\Y\]^gak]lgjfYf\ge Yakhjpae Y\gk ljgZjaYf\]k]k
Ygk9 rYf\]&\]kl]k Ygk CoYcamlAhYkkYf\gh]dgk :gjgjg&\ YhYjY
gk hYk]k e ]\al]jjyf]gk& Yl| im] fgk \aYk YlmYak& Z]e  \a^]j]fl]
\] ` w nafl] Yfgk Yljwk& me Y Yfljghgdg_aY im] k] ^Yr h]jlg \]
[YkY& Yl`ge]& | fzg k Y[]alwn]d imYflg \]k]bwn]d( Fg [Ykg ]mjg'

+( N ]j ? ]j` gde  "  @ Yff]jr $+32,%& h YjY im]e  Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY af l]jfY[agfYd
]imanYd] Yg  kge Yljag  \Y \ak[ahdaf Y fgk = klY\gkM f a\g k& Af _dYl]jjY ] >jYf{Y(
,,0 E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K ( H = A J 9 F G

h ]m &]kk]lahg\]afn]kla_Y{zgh]je Yf][] k]f\g [gfka\]jY\YYf


ljghgdg_aY 5 hYjY gmljgk& gk fgjl]'Ye ]ja[Yfgk ]kh][aYde ]fl]& Y
afn]kla_Y{zg Yl `gjf] \]apY \] k]j Yfljghgdg_aY ] hYkkY Y ^Yr]j
hYjl] \gk [mdlmjYdklm\a]k $gmb]e afaklklm\a]k& k[a]f[]klm\a]k ]l[(%,(
Km _ajg  i m]& e ]ke g k] Y \ae ]fkzg  \Y Ydl]ja\ Y\ ] e m \gm & g
h jaf [h ag  fzg \ ]kYh Yj][]m ( 9 a\ |aY \] im] Y Ydl]ja\ Y\ ] | me 
Ykh ][lg  ^mf\Yfl] \Y Yf ljgh gdg _aY& k]e  Y imYd Y \ak[ah daf Y fzg
j][g f ` ][] Y ka h j h jaY& | me  \gk Yj_m e ]f lg k []f ljYak \]kk]
]fkYag( G : jYkad | g [Ykg ]lfg _jw^a[g  hjanad]_aY\g ( ; `Ye g  Y
Yl]f {zg  h YjYg ^Ylg \] im]& fg [gfl]plg Z jYkad]ajg&Yk ]pa_~f[aYk
j]dYlanYk xYdl]ja\ Y\ ] Y\imajajYe  \]k\] []\g [g f lg jf g k ]kh ] [^a
[gk( M e Y Ydl]ja\ Y\ ] jY\a[Yd fg [Ykg& Y af \ _]f Y na_]f l] Yl|
gk Yf g k /*& f Yk \ |[Y\ Yk k]_ m af l] k h Ykkg m  Y [g f n an ]j [ge 
Ydl]ja\ Y\ ]kYe ]f arY\ Yk ]e  im]Yf ljg h dg _g k ^YraYe h ]kim akY
kgZj] g [g f lYlg  [ge  Yk hghmdY{]k af \ _]f Yk& [ge  [Ye h g f ]
k]k& [` ]_Yf \g  Ygk [gf l]plgk mjZYfgk Yl|i m]& e Yak j][]f l]e ]f
l]& fgk Yfgk 2*& h YkkYjYe  Y \aja_aj kmY j]^d]p zg  h YjY Y hj hjaY
h jg \ m{zg  kg [ag d _a[Y& lg jfYf \g'k] ]kl] me  [Ykg \] Ydl]ja\Y\]
e fae Y( F g [g f l]plg  \ Y Yf ljghgdg_aY fg : jYkad& fgk dlae gk
ljaf lY Yfgk Y Ydl]ja\ Y\ ] \]kdargm& l]jjalg jaYd ] a\]gdg_a[Ye ]fl]&
]e me hjg[]kkg\ge afY\gh]dYaf[gjhgjY{zg \]fgnYk l]e wla[Yk
] Ye h daY{zg  \g mfan]jkg h]kimakY\g(
G ]p]e hdg ZjYkad]ajg j]n]dY& Ykkae & im] Y \a^]j]f{Y [mdlmjYd
h g \ ] Ykkme aj&hYjYgkhjhjagkYfljghdg_gk& me Y hdmjYja\Y\] \] fg
{]k4 k]]e l]je gk [Yffa[gk]dYk]jaY lzg jY\a[Ydim] a\]Yde ]fl]
]klYjaY Yd|e 'e Yj& Yg k] Y[mdlmjYj ]e gmljYk dYlalm\]k& YYdl]ja\Y\]
k] ljY\mram ]e \a^]j]f{Yk j]dYlanYk ] fzg f][]kkYjaYe ]fl] ]p la
[Yk( Bm f lYk gm k]hYjY\Yk& ]kkYk \a^]j]f{Yk hg\]e  k]j [mdlmjYak&
kg[aYak& ][gfe a[Yk& hgdla[Yk& j]da_agkYk ] Yl| l]jjalgjaYak( 9 kkae 
k]f\g& g hjg[]kkg im] fgk []fljgk e ]ljghgdalYfgk d]ngm me k|

,( N ]j H ]ajYf g  $+33 2%& h YjY m e Y YnYdaY{zg  \ Y [` Ye Y\Y Y f ljg h g dg _ aYh k'e g '
\ ]jf Y  [g e g  Yfl`jghgdg_qYl`ge*]$U
9 F L J G H G D G ? A9  FG  : J 9 K AD  $ 9 D L = J A< 9 < =  ; G F L M P L M 9 D AR 9 < 9 %  ,,1

[mdg hYjY k]\]k]fngdn]j& aklg |& ljYr]j $\] Yd|e 'e Yj% Y \ak[ahdafY
h YjY [YkY& fg : jYkad fzg \]e gjgm e Yak im] lj~k \|[Y\Yk( E ]ke g
im]]flj]fk`gb]]paklYe hjagja\Y\]kafl]d][lmYak])gm]e hja[Yk&
Ykkae  [ge g e g\ake gk $l]ja[gk gm \] gZb]lgk)kmb]algk%& fzg `w
h jg h jaYe ]f l] j]klja{ ]k [e  j]dY{zg Y ]kkY e m dlah da[a\ Y\ ] \]
Ydl]ja\Y\]k (F Ydlae Y\|[Y\Y&af[dmkan]&Y hj]k]f {Y\]me e fa
eg \] ]kh][aYda\Y\]k& ]flj] ]dYk l]e wla[Yk af\_]fYk& [Ye hgf]
kYk& mjZYfYk& Y^jg 'Z jYkad]ajYk ] gmljYk& n]e  k]f\g [gfka\]jY\Y
me Y ]pa_~f [aY hYjY Y \]^afa{zg \] me \]h YjlYe ]flg \] ]p[]d~f
[aY( $F gk = klY\gk M fa\gk gk [jal|jagk kzg \a^]j]fl]k ] me  Zge
\]hYjlYe ]flg \] Yfljghgdg_aY k] \]^af] h]dYk ]kh][aYda\Y\]k ]e
wj]Yk [gf[]Za\Yk [ge g_]g _jw^a[g '[mdlmjYakim]YZjYf_]e  gkn w
jagk[gflaf]fl]k(%
G ^g[g[]fljYd \]kl]]fkYag j][Ya fYklj~k dlae Yk \|[Y\Yk \g
\]k]fngdnae ]flg\Y Yfljghgdg_aYfg:jYkad& eYk fzgk[j]kljaf_]Y
]kk]h]jg\g(9\glg&fYn]j\Y\]&me Y]kljYl|_aY\][gfljYkl]k&im]j
`aklja[gk& im]j ]lfg_jw^a[gk ] af[dmg& [ge  ]kk] hjghkalg& [Ykgk
[ge hYjYlangk Yg dgf_g \g l]plg& [ge g gk \Yf \ aY] \gk =klY\gk
M fa\gk-( L]f`g [ge g gZb]lang Yhj]k]flYj me Y [gf^a_mjY{zg lha'
[g'a\]Yd hYjY Y Yfljghgdg_aY \]k]fngdna\Y fg :jYkad( Hjg[mjg af\a
[Yj& Yg ^g[YdarYjY hjg\m{zg \Y[ge mfa\Y\] ZjYkad]ajY\] Yfljgh
dg_gk& ]e  im] e ]\a\Y  Yh]kYj \] k]j [gfka\]jY\Y hgj emalgk
[ge gh]ja^|ja[Y' ]dYg^]j][]me Yghgjlmfa\Y\]hYjYk[\]l][lYj
]d]e ]flgk ^mf\Yfl]kfgkhjhjagk[]fljgke ]ljghgdalYfgk&Yd|e \]
]na\]f[aYj ]e  im] k]fla\g Y \ak[ahdafY Yima lYflg Y[ge hYf`Y Yk
]ph]ja~f[aYk \]k]fngdna\Yk ]e gmljgk [gfl]plgk imYflg lYeZ|e
\a^]j] \]dYk( = kk] |& hgjlYflg& eYak me yf_mdg \] nakzg \g ila] k]
hg\][`Ye Yj me YYfljghgdg_aYfghdmjYd(

-( < ]klY[g  i m ]& Yg  e ]f [ag f Yj g e ge ]f lg  kg [ ag _ ]f |la[ g  \Yk [a~f [aYk kg[aYak
f g  : jYkad& aklg  |& Yk \|[Y\ Yk \] . * '0*& []f ljg  e af `Yk Yl]f { ]k ]e  Kzg
H Ym dg  ] fg J ag  \ ] BY f ] ajg  h g j [jal|jag k \] j]d]n yf [aY kg [ag d _a[Y(
,,2 E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

? B :6 > D 2 ^ h ?  86B2<

F ]kl] ]fkYag& d]ng ]e [g f ka\ ]jY{zg  im] me Y \ ak[ah daf Y


hg \] l]jg e ]ke g fge ] ]e \an]jkgk e ge ]flgk k]e  im] l]f`Y
f ][]kkYjaYe ]f l] g e ]ke g [gfl]\g gm g e ]ke g gZb]lang( 9 k
kae & \ ]f g e af Yj me  lahg \] [gf ` ][ae ]f lg \] Yf ljg h g dg _aY
]e  e ge ]flgk ] [gf l]plg k \an]jkgk fzg ka_f a^a[Y im] k] ]klw
\ ]ka_f Yf \ g  g e ]ke g ^]fe ]fg( K]_mf\g& h Yjlg  \g kmhgklg \]
im ] fzg  | hgkkn]d ^YdYj kgZj] Y ` akl jaY \] me Y \ ak[ah daf Y k]e
d]n Yj ]e  [gflY g \]k]f ng dnae ]f lg  \] \ ak[ah daf Yk n araf ` Yk ' 
i m]j ]klYk k]bYe  e g\]dgk gm janYak \Y h jae ]ajY( 9 kkae & hgj
]p]e hdg& af n ]kla_Yj g\]k]f ng dnae ]f lg  \YYf ljg h g dg _aY fg : jY
kad \]hg ak \gk Yfgk /* ]pa_] im] k] ]pYe af]e  Yk \]e Yak [a~f
[aYk kg[aYak& aklg |& h]dg e ]fgk Y kg [ag dg _aY ] Y [a~f[aY hgdla[Y5
h YjY me Y YnYdaY{zg Yfl]k \gk Yfgk /*& | hj][akg d]nYj [e [g f ka
\ ]jY{zg  Y dal] jY lm jY .( L ]j[]ajg& e ]ke g imYf\g k] \ ]^af ] me
]f ^g i m ] \ g e af Yf l] h YjY me Y \ ak[ah daf Y& ]kl] f]e  k]e h j] |
\]k]fng dna\g  k hgj ]kh ][aYdaklYk \Y wj]Y( Akkg ka_f a^a[Y im]&
[g f k[a]f l]e ]f l] gm fzg& f zg 'Yf ljg h dg _g k hg\]e  ^Yr]j Yf ljg
h gdg_aY( > af Yde ]fl]& me Y\ ak[ah daf YY[Y\ ~e a[Y j]n]dY kmY h g kk
n]d [g f ^a_m jY{zg  fg \awdg _g  [ge  Yk a\]aYk ]nYdgj]k \ge afYfl]k
\] me Y kg[a]\Y\]( F g [Ykg ZjYkad]ajg& Yk [a~f [aYk kg[aYak ^gjYe 
j][gf `][a\ Yk kg [aYde ]f l] imYf\g g hYk hYkkgm Y k] [gf ka\]jYj
d]_alae Ye ]f l] h Yjl] \g e mf\g e g\]jfg& Y\]jaf \g  Yg hj][]alg
adm e af aklY \] ]klYj [g e h jge ]la\Yk [ge  Y n a\ Y f Y[ag f Yd fg k]m
[gf bmf lg  $=(: ][c]j& +31+5D ]h]fa]k& +3115; yf\a\g& +30.&+3215
< m e g fl& +33.5 H ]ajYfg& +33,%(
= kkYgja]flY{zg fgk j]e ]l]\]ae ]\aYlg Y me Yim]klzg []f
ljYd4 ]pl]jfYe ]fl]& l]e ka\g[ge  Y kg[agdg_aYim]Y Yfljghgdg_aY
[ge g \ak[ahdafY n]e  \aYdg_Yf\g \]k\] Y afklalm[agfYdarY{zg \Yk

.( N ]j H ]ajYf g  $+33/% h YjY m e  \ awdg _g  \Y Y f ljg h g dg _ aY [ge  Yk \ ]e Yak [a~ f
[aYk kg[aYak(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,,3

[a~f [aYk kg[aYak f Y \[[Y\Y \] -*5 bw afl]jfYe ]fl]& ]kk] \awdg_g |
j]ZYla\g [ge g me Y \a[glge aY ]flj] Y ]lfgdg _aY af\_]fY ^]alYfg
<jYkad ] Yk afn]kla_Y{]k Yfljghgd_a[Yk kgZj] g<jYkad* F Y \|[Y\Y
\] /*& l]f\g Y kg[agdg_aY k] lgjfY\g `]_]e fa[Y ]f lj] Yk [a~f
[aYk kg[aYak'  ] [gf[]Za\Y [ge g me Y YZgj\Y_]e  im] [ge ZafYnY
]p[]d~f[aY l]ja[Y [ge ]f_YbYe ]flg hgdla[g ' &  x Yfljghgdg_aY
j]klgm Y gh{zg \] k] e Yf l]j fgk hYjye ]ljgk \gk ]klm\gk \]
kg[a]\Y\]k af\_]fYk& [ge g Yl| ]flzg& gm afl]_jYj'k] fg hjgb]lg
kg[agd_a[g \ge afYfl]( I mYf\g > dgj]klYf >]jfYf\]k ljYfk^]jam
kmYk hj]g[mhY{]k \gk L mhafYe Zw hYjY Yk j]dY{]k jY[aYak& ]kk]
e gnae ]flg j]hj]k]flgm e Yak im] me Y _maf Y\Y f Y \aj]{zg \Y
= k[gdY \] ; `a[Y_g& [ lYe Z|e  e Yak im] me Y Y\e akkzg \] im] gk
L mhafYe Zw k k]jnajYe  hYjY Y ^gje Y{zg \] k]m Ymlgj( F Yim]d]
e ge ]flg& Y ]p[]d~f[aYY[Y\~e a[Y\]^afam'k] [ge g hYjye ]ljg ]Y
l]e wla[Y fY[agfYd k] ]klYZ]d][]m [ge g hjgb]lg5 l]gjaY ] h g dla[Y
hYkkYnYe  Y ^Yr]jhYjl] \Y Y_]f\Y \Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak fg h Yk/( =
imYf\g& ]flzg& g jlmdg Yfljgh gdg_aYk] ]phYf\] ]e h]dg e]fgk
\mYk \aj]{]k4 ]d] k]jn] hYjY \]ka_fYj Y afn]kla_Y{zg ]lfgd_a[Y
[Yffa[Y ]e  Zmk[Y \Y Ydl]ja\Y\] jY\a[Yd& eYk hYkkY lYe Z|e  Y
af\a[Yj me Y kmZdaf`Y_]e  im]& \]^afaf\g'k] lYe Z|e [ge g Yfljg
hgdg_aY& \aYdg_Y[ge  Y kg[agdg_aY `]_]e fa[Y(L ]f`g ]e e ]fl]&
fg k]_mf\g [Ykg& gk ]klm\gk kgZj] ^ja[{zg afl]j|lfa[Y0& im]
naYe  g [gflYlg [ge _jmhgk af\_]fYk [ge g me af\a[Y\gjkg[ag
d_a[g hYjYk]]klm\YjYkg[a]\Y\]fY[agfYd' aklg |& k]m hjg[]kkg
]phYfkag faklY ] kmY dmlY h]dg \]k]fngdnae ]flg1( = kkY Ye hdaY{zg
\gk dae al]k \Y \ak[ahdafY h]jkakl] `gb]& fme  imY\jg gf\] [gfna'

/( N ]j> ]jf Yf \]k $+30-& +31*& +31,& + 3 1 / &+ 3 1 1 %5K [` o Yjlre Yf $+33 +%5H ]ajYf g 
$+33,%(
0( N ]j ; Yj\g kg  \ ] G dan]ajY $+30 -& +312%(
1( 9  ` ]_]e g f aY\ Y kg[agdg_aY f]kl] e ge ]flg Ylaf _]Yk \]e Yak [a~f [aYk kg[aYak&
[g e g  Y [a~f [aY h gdla[Y& e Yk lYe Z |e  Y ^adgkg^aY& Y ` akljaY ]& Yl| e ]ke g& g
^gd[dgj]( = kl] dlae g \]kYh Yj][] \] []f Yfg ]e Z Yl] [ge  Ykg[ag dg _aY& n]f[a
\g fg k]m hjgh kalg  \] k] lg jf Yjm e  kYZ]j [a]f l^a[g  $N ad` ]f Y& +331%(
,-* E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

n]e &fg e ]ke g e ]ag Y[Y\~e a[g&me Y Yfljghgdg_aY^]alYfg<jYkad


] meY Yfljghgdg_aY \g < jYkad4* H YjY Yd|e  \Y h ]kimakY af\ _]f Y
h jghjaYe ]fl] \alY& me Y Yfljghgdg_aY ^]alY fg)\g : jYkad | me Y
YkhajY{zg [ge me (

=P G L AKE G  = LAHG  A<=9D

F ]kl] ]fkYag& [gfka\]jg g ]pglake g Y \a^]j]f{Y dae al] \Y


Yhj]]fkzg Yfljghgd_a[Y( < Y h]jkh][lanY \g l]e Y [dwkka[g \gk
lYZmk& g ]pglake g | Y Ydl]ja\Y\] e Yak \aklYfl]& j]e glY ]& Yaf\Y
Ykkae & hYkkn]d \] Yhj]]fkzg ]e \]l]je afY\g mfan]jkg( =  []jlg
im] fg{]k e Yak gm e ]fgk ]phd[alYk \] \aklyf [aY $l]jjalgjaYd&
[mdlmjYd& kg[aYd% ]klzg k]e hj] hj]k]fl]k& e Yk Y Ydl]ja\Y\] [ge g
\a^]j]f{Y gm [ge g ]pglakeg \an]j_]e 4 k] lg\g ]pglake g | me  lahg
\] \a^]j]f {Y& f]e  lg\Y \a^]j]f{Y | ]pla[Y( < ] gmljg dY\g& Y
~f^Yk] fY \a^]j]f{Y l]e [ge g \ae ]fkzg afljfk][Y Y [ge hYjY
{zg5 bwY ~f^Yk] fg ]pglake g \akh]fkY [gfljYkl]k3(
; gflm\g& g ]pglake g fY Yfljghgdg_aY fzg | me Y j]Yda\Y\]
`aklja[YhmjY& ]e malg e ]fgk me Yj]Yda\Y\]Yml~fla[Y& fgk]f
la\g o ]Z]jaYfg( L jYlY'k]& kae & \] me ]d]e ]flg j]d]nYfl] hYjY Y
[gfkljm{zg \] me  lahg a\]Yd& [e j]dY{zg Yg imYd k]hg\]e  e ]\aj
]p]e hdgk ]e hja[gk Y ^ae \] ]k[dYj][]j Yd_mfk \] k]mk ljY{gk
]kk]f[aYak( J ]^gj{g ]kkYh jghgklYgZk]jnYf\gim] `gb]me_jmh g 
\]Yfljghdg_gkn]e im]klagfYf\g [ge g af\]k]bwn]d ]pYlYe ]fl]
Y\ae ]fkzg]pla[Y\YYfljghgdg_aY$hgj]p]e hdg&L `ge Yk&+33+%(
E Yk& f Y e ]\a\Y ]e  im] ]kkYk [jla[Yk fzg d]nYe  ]e [gflY g
ka_fa^a[Y\g [gfl]plmYa \g ]pglake g ]& hgjlYflg& Y ]d] fzg k] g ^]
j][]e  Ydl]jfYlanYk k]fzg kmY ]jjY\a[Y{zg&^a[Y ]f^YlarY\g& xk Yn]k

2( = Z ]e n ]j\ Y\ ]i m ]&]e Yd_m f k_ jm h g k])g mh jg _jYe Yk&gl]je g  ]lf dg _ g 
| j]k]jnY\ g  h YjY h ]ki m akY\ g j]k \] _jm h g k af \_]fYk(
3( E Yk& [g e g  k]e h j]& \ ]^af a{ ] k fzg kzg YZkg dm lYk( N ]jY\aYf l](
9 F L J G H G D G ? A9  FG : J 9 K A D  $9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D AR 9 < 9 % ,-+

kYk& k]m h Yh]d ^mf\Yfl]] Y ]na\~f[aY \] im]& k]e meY fg{zg \]
\a^]j]f{Y& Y Yfljghgdg_aY \ ]kYh Yj][]+*(
u hj][akg fglYj& hgj|e & im]& [e l]je gk ]e hja[gk&YYf ljg
h gdg_aY f mf[Y k] \]^afam kae hd]ke ]fl] h]dg ]pglake g& ]e ZgjY
Yl| g e ]ag \g k|[mdg Y Yfljghgdg_aYk] nakk] [ge g Yim]d] jYeg
\gk ]klm\gk kg[agd_a[gk im] k] \]nglY hjae gj\aYde ]fl] xk kg
[a]\Y\]k h jae alanYk$= nYfk'H jal[`Yj\& +3/+%( D g_gYk]_maj&[gf
lm\g& D |na'KljYmkk $+30+% d]e Zjgm im] g [Yjwl]j ]kh][^a[g \Y
Yfljghgdg_aY fzg ]klYnY fg k]m gZb]lg ]e hja[g [gf[j]lg eYk&
kae & fYim]dY \ae ]fkzg \] \a^]j]f{Y im] k]e hj] `YnaY ]klY\g hj]
k]fl]fg]klm\g\gk hgngkhjae alangk' k]Yl|]flzg]kk]k\]knagk
\a^]j]f[aYak k hg\aYe  k]j Yhj]]f\a\gk [ge hYjYf\g [anadarY{]k
\aklaflYk ] dgf_fimYk& Y_g jY ]d]k hg\]jaYe  k]j fglY\gk \]fljg
\ghjhjage mf\gg [a\]flYd& fg e ge ]flg ]eim]gG [a\]fl]k]
lgjfYnY me Y _jYf\] Yd\]aY [jagmdY ( $F g ]flYflg& imYf\g D|na'
KljYmkk n]ag Yg : jYkad fgk Yfgk -*& k]m `gjargfl] \]h]kimakY]jY
g ]pglake g( ; Ykljg > YjaYe ]f[agfYim] Y\]ka_fY{zg\] ]ph]\a
{zg ]jY [g]j]fl] [ge  Y hj]g[mhY{zg \] D|na'KljYmkk ]e ^glg
_jY^Yj]\g[me ]f lYjgim]]f[gfljYnYhYjY&hgkl]jagje ]fl]&e gk
ljYj g e Yl]jaYd ]e H Yjak 5 H]apglg $+332% af\a[Y g hYh]d ^mf\Y
e ]flYd \]kkY ]phgka{zg f Y[Yjj]ajY \g Ymlgj(%
=kk] ]kle mdg fmf[Y ^ga \ge afYfl] fg : jYkad+,( G ^Ylg \] Yk
h]kimakYk af\_]fYk k]j]e  j]YdarY\Yk ]e l]jjaljag fY[agfYd af\a[Y

+*( HYjY e malg k \ ]kk]k ]klm \ ag kg k& ]kh ][aYde ]f l] gk f g jl]'Ye ]ja[Yf g k&Y Y f ljg
h g dg _ aY  [g e g  \ ak[ ah daf Y  Y [Y \ ~ e a[Y ^ga m e  ^]f e ]f g  \ g  k|[m dg  P P  ' 
]e Z g jY]d]k h j h jag kYaf \ Yk]\ ]f g e af ]e Y f ljg h dg _g k $[^( H]ajYfg& +332%(
++( ; ^( \ ]h g ae ]f lg  \ ] D mar \] ; Ykljg  > YjaY f Y j]mf azg  \ Y 9 : 9 & +332& N al jaY&
=K(
+,( E Yk ]d] |  g Z k]jn wn ]d ]e  Yf ljg h dg _ g k ]kljYf _ ]ajg k i m Yf \ g  [` ]_Ye  Yg
: jYkad( 9 g \ ][a\ aj'k] h ]dYh ]ki m akY fg : jYkad []f ljYd& h g j ]p]e hdg& 9 f l` g f q
K ]] _ ]j j]dYlY im ] laf ` Y& Yd|e  \ ] me Y jYrzg  l] ja[Y& g mljY h]kkg Yd4 g  : jYkad
]jY  m e  dm _ Y j ^Yk[af Yf l] \ ]k\ ] kmYk Ym dYk \ ] _ ] g _ jY ^aY  fg [m jkg  hjae wjag4
G k Yf ae Yak ]kljYf ` g k& g  f e ]jg  Y Z m f \ Yf l] \] af k]lg k ] Y k h ]i m ]f Yk
kg [a]\ Y\ ]k e ] ^Yk[afYnYe  $+32*4,0%( E Yk& n]j > jq $+333%& h YjY me Y nakzg
[jla[Y \ Y \ a^]j] f { Y  fgk d]_Y\ g k [g dg f aYak ]e  R ae Z wZ m ] ] E g {Ye Zaim](
,-, E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

e ]fgk hjgZd]e Yk \] j][mjkgk ^afYf[]ajgk '  me  Yj_me ]flg lYe
Z|e Yk][gfka\]jYj]eYakY]k[gd`Y\]megZb]lg\]]klm\gim]
k] Yhj]k]flYgm k] e aklmjY [ge me Yhj]g[mhY{zg [ge \a^]j]f{Yk
im] kzg [mdlmjYak])gmkg[aYak& jYla^a[Yf\g Ya\|aY\] im]& fg:jYkad&
Y af^dm~f[aY \mjc`]ae aYfY k]kgZj]hk x_]je yfa[Y( Hg\]'k] fYlm
jYde ]fl] Yj_me ]flYj im] gk _jmhgk af\_]fYk j]hj]k]flYjYe  g
]pglake g hgkkn]d fg :jYkad& eYk& Y Ydl]ja\Y\] fzg k]f\g \ge a
fYfl]e ]fl] jY\a[Yd& hj]nYd][]mY]pa_~f[aY\]ja_gj l]ja[g [ge Za
fY\g x ^gj{Y egjYd im]\]^af]Y[a~f[aY kg[aYd [ge g [ge hjge ]la
\Y] ljYfk^gje Y\gjY( $< mjc`]ae ]phda[alYe ]fl] f]_YnYg afl]j]kk]
h]dg e]jg]pla[g[Y^aje YnYim]Ykg[agdg_aY fzgZmk[Y[gf`][]j
^gje Yk ]plaflYk\][anadarY{zg[ge ggZb]lang fa[g\][gf`][~'dYk
] j][gfklalm'dYk& [ge g lYe Z|e  fzg hjg[mjY ]klm\Yj Y j]da_azg
e Yak kae hd]k h]dg kae hd]k hjYr]j \] [gflYj kmYk ]pljYnY_yf[aYk [
kaf_mdYja\Y\]k ( HYjY< mjc`]ae &Ykg[agdg_aYl]ehgjgZb]lg]phda
[Yj me Y j]Yda\Y\] YlmYd ] hjpae Y& [YhYrhgjlYflg \] Y^]lYj fgk
kYk a\|aYk ] fgkkgk Ylgk s+3304n'na5 ~f^Yk] eaf`YU(%
J ]lgjfYf\g Yg hgflg [jla[g \gk Yfgk /*& [ge hj]]f\]'k]
]flzg im]& fge ge ]flg ]e im] ]jYnalgjagkg fY kmYh jghgklY\]
^gjbYj me Y kg[agdg_aY ^]alYfg: jYkad& > dgj]klYf >]jfYf\]k $+30+%
l]f`Y [jala[Y\g \mjYe ]fl] g ]e hajake g \Y Yfljghgdg_aY ] k]m
\]k[Ykg [ge  im]kl]k \] ^mf\g l]ja[g( < ] gmljg dY\g& ^a[Y lYe
Z|e  ]k[dYj][a\ghgj im]k j][]fl]e ]fl]YYfljghgdg_aY fg : jY
kad j]lge gm gk L mhafYe Zw[ge g e g \ ]dg+-5h g jim] hgm[g ]pakl]
fYYfljghgdg_aY[gfl]e hgjyf]Yim]]na\]f[a]me Y[gf]pzg\ aj]
lY [ge  Y daf`Y \] h]kimakYk af\_]fYk im] k] \]k]fngdn]m fY
\|[Y\Y \] /* fY M Kzg HYmdg '  [ge g me Y Ykkg[aY{zg ae ]\aYlY
]flj]Yfljg h g dg _aY]]pglake ghg\]jaYkmh g j+.5 hgjim]Yk \]k[]f

+-( N an ] ajg k \] ; Ykljg  $+320% kaf YdarY Y j] lg e Y \ Y \ g k ]klm \ g k kakl]e wla[g k
kg Z j]  gk L m h af Y e Z w & lj~k \ | [ Y \ Y k \ ] h g ak  \ Y k h ] k i m ak Y k  \ ] > dg j]klYf 
> ]jfYf \]k(
+.( H ]apg lg  $+322% ]d]f [Y g k l]e Yk im ] k] lg jf YjYe  \ g e af Yf l]k fY Yf ljg h g dg
_ aY  h Ym daklY4 e a_ jY{ zg & Y  [a\Y\] \] K zg  HYmdg& j]dY{ ]k jY[aYak( H g j kmY n]r&
9 F L J G H G D G ? A9  FG  : J 9 K A D  $9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D BR 9 < 9 %  ,--

\~f[aYk afl]d][lmYak \gk ]lfdg_gk Yd]e z]k \g k|[mdgP AP fzg k]
lge YjYe  j]_jY _]jYd $[ge g ]e K[`Y\]f& +3/.Z& +33/Y5 :Yd\mk
+3/.& h g j ]p]e h dg%+/5 ]& ^afYde ]fl]& h g j im] Y \akhmlY `aklja[Y
]flj] me Y n]jl]fl] Yfljgh gd_a[Y [Yffa[Y ] gmljY kg[agd_a[Y
]f[gfljgm kmY j]kgdm{zg fY fg{zg \Y Yfljghgdg_aY [geg [a~f[aY
kg[aYd +0( ; ge g [a~f[aY kg[aYd& ]dY k] afk]j] ]e me  imY\jg _]jYd
]e im][gf`][ae ]flg ] [ge hjge ]lae ]flg hgdla[g ]klzg mfa\gk
fmeY [gf^a_mjY{zg fa[Y& kalmY{zg \aklaflY \Y im] k] hg\] ]f
[gfljYj& hgj ]p]e hdg& fYk `me Yfa\Y\]k ] fgk ^g m j^a]d\k  fgjl]'
Ye ]ja[Yfgk gf\] Y Yfljg h g dg _aYkg[aYd gm [mdlmjYd \aYdg_Y [ge
YYjim]gdg_aY& Y daf_kla[Y]YYfljghgdg_aY ^ka[Y)Zagd_a[Y' &  gm
Yaf\Y fY\aklaf{zg ]lfgdg_aY)kg[agdg_aY\]gmljYkn]jl]fl]k ]mjg'

Bg z g  : Y laklY : g j_ ] k H ]j]ajY [g f l]klY Y a\ | aY  \ ] jm h lm jY fY Y f ljg h g dg _aY


]k[ dYj][ ]f \ g  i m ]&[g e g  ] klm \ Yf l]\ Y  M f an]jka\ Y\ ] \ ] K zg  HYmdg& h j]h Yjg m
me  h jg b]lg  \ ]  h ]ki m akY kg Z j] g f ]_jg & im ] > dg j]klYf  > ]jf Yf \]k j]b]alg m &
e Yk = _ g f  K [` Y\ ]f  Y[]alg m  g ja]f lYj $[g e m f a[Y{zg  h ]kkg Yd%(
+/( = _ g f  K [` Y\ ]f  ^ga g j]kh g f kwn ]d h ]dY [Y\ ]ajY \] 9 f ljg h g dg _ aY h g j im Yk]
\ m Yk \ |[ Y\ Yk& \ ]  +3.3 Y +301 $H]apglg& +332%( H jg h g klYk h YjY a\ ] f la^a[ Y j
daf ` Y_ ]f kaf l]d][lm Yak \YY f ljg h g dg _aYfgh Yk im Yk] fmf [Y[alYe g k? mYjYf a
gm gk L Yh ajYh | [g e g  af kh ajY\ g j]k& e Yk af \ a[Ye  [g e g  h j][m jkg j]k& h g j
]p]e h dg & g k ] k lm \ g k  \ ] [g e m f a\ Y\ ]\ Y = k[g dY D an j]\ ] Kg[ag dg _aY ]  H g dla
[Y $; Ykljg  > YjaY& +33-% gm& Yaf \ Y& Y af ^dm ~f [aY kg [ ag d _ a[g 'e Yjp aklY h j]k]f
l] f Y f g {zg  \ ] ^ja[{zg  af l]j| lf a[ Y& ]i m an Yd]f l] [g f []alm Ya \ Y dm lY \] [dYkk]k
$H ]ajYfg& +32+%( N]j& [g f lm \ g & E ] dYlla $+32.%& [mbg  h jg h kalg  | g \ ] g ^]j]
[] j m e Y n akzg  h Yf g jye a[Y \ Y h jg \ m {zg  Yf ljg h g d _a[Y f g  : jYkad(
+0( 9 a\ |aY \] [a~f [aY kg [aYd ]klw n af [ m dY\ Y  x f g {zg  \ ] e akkzg  \g [a]f laklY
]e  [g f ljaZ m aj h YjY Y na\ Y af l]d][lm Yd \g hYk( N ]j ; yf \ a\ g  $+30.% h YjY  Y
a\ | aY \] me Y dal] jYlm jY ]e h ]f ` Y\ Y( N]j& lYe Z |e & K ]n []f c g  $+32-%( 9
f g {zg  \] m e Y  e akkzg  \gk af l]d] [lm Y ak fg : jYkad ^ga j] Y^aje Y\ Y fg Yjla_g 
af Ym _ m jYd \ Y [g dm f Y \] 9 jaYfg  K mYkkmf Y ]e  ; @gd`Y\]M* JYmdg( *+(*,(33&
[m bg  llmdg  |  ]p Y lY e ]f l] ; e akkz g * G ] k lm \ g  \ ]  N aB`]fY $+33 1% YZ g j\ Y
\ aj]lYe ]f l] Y f g {zg  \ ] e akkzg  h YjY g  [Ykg  \g ^g d[dg j]( $F Ylm jYde ]f l] im]
]klY f g {zg  l]n ] [g f g lY{ ]k \ an ]jkYk h YjY g k h jg ^]kkg j]k ^jYf []k]k im ]
na]jYe  Yg : jYkad fY \ |[Y\ Y \ ] - * & Ykkae  [g e g  h YjY gk Y[g j\ g k ; Yh]k)
; g ^][m Z  YlmYak(%
,-. E 9 J AR 9  8 % X% H = A J 9 F G

h |aYk+1( K] Yk \ak[ahdafYk naraf`Yk \a^]j]e & kzg lYe Z|e  \aklaflYk
Yk h]j_mflYk im] Yk \ak[ahdafYk k] ^Yr]e(

? 42C?  5? 3 B 2 C :<

K] Y fg{zg \] \ a^]j]f {Y | \]^afa\ gjY \Y Yfljg h g dg _aY& Y
im]klzg|kYZ]jgf\]]dY k]Yfaf`gm fg[YkgZjYkad]ajg( Hjghgf`g
im] fgk dlae gk ljaflYYfgk YYdl]ja\Y\] \]kda_gm \]me hdg gf\]
]dY| $gm hj]l]f\] k]j% jY\a[Yd ]gmljg gf\]fk e ]ke gk& [a]flak
lYk kg[aYak& kge gk g G mljg( < ]kkY h]jkh][lanY& hg\]e gk a\]f la^a
[Yj imYljg lahgk a\]Yak4 $Y% Y Ydl]ja\Y\] jY\a[Yd5 $ Z% g [gflYlg [ge
Y Ydl]ja\Y\]5 $6j% Y Ydl]ja\Y\] hjpae Y5 s\V Y Ydl]ja\Y\] e fae Y(
= kk]k lahgkfzgkzg ]p[dm\]fl]k ]&Ygdgf_g\][Yjj]ajYk Y[Y\~e a
[Yk&Yfljghdg_gk ljYfkalYe ]enwjagk \]d]k( =e  l]je gk [jgf g d
_a[gk& fglY'k] m e Y []jlY k]i~f[aY4 g hjgb]lg \] k] h]kimakYj Y
Ydl]ja\Y\] jY\a[Yd Yfl][ahY g ]klm\g \g [gflYlg5 Y ]d] k] k]_m] Y
Yfljgh gdg_aY]e  [YkY& Yl| im] k] Ylaf_] Y afn]kla_Y{zg \Y hjhjaY
hjg\m{zgkg[agd_a[Y fghYk( = kk]|ge ge ]flg ]e im] ^jgfl]a
jYk fY[agfYak kzg mdljYhYkkY\Yk ] j]lgjfY'k] x Ydl]ja\Y\] jY\a[Yd&
Y_g jY e g\a^a[Y\Y( $= k[dYj]{g im]& fg im] k] k]_m]& fzg ^Y{g
[alY{ ]k ]pYmklanYk \gk [Ykgk af\a[Y\gk& e Yk Yh]fYk e ]f[agfg
Yd_mfk ljYZYd`gk hYjY kafYdarYj \a^]j]f{Yk l]e wla[Yk ] \] YZg j\Y
_]e ( 9 gk Ymlgj]k [mbgk ljYZYd`gk kzg [alY\gk& \]k[mdhg'e ] h]dY
kae hda^a[Y{zg af]nalwn]d(%

2  H QYL WOK H K L  WHKOJHQ

9  h jg[mjY [Yffa[Y h]dY Ydl]ja\Y\] hg\] k]j admkljY\Y fg


: jYkad&]e l]je gk\]\ aklyf[aY $_]g_jw^a[Ygma\]gd_a[Y%&\]\mYk

+1( E ]ke g  fg [g f l]p lg  \g E m k]m  F Y[ag f Yd) M > K zg  HYmdg& g f\] Y Yf ljg h g dg
_ aY  kg [aYd [g f nan ] [g e  Y  Yji m ]g dg _aY ] Y h Yd]g f lg dg _aY& Yk wj]Yk f zg  kzg 
]p Y lYe ]f l] [g e h d]e ]f lYj]k(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K B D  $ 9 D L = J A< 9 < > ( ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 %  ,-/

e Yf]ajYk4 hjae ]ajg& fg ]k[m\g \]h g h m c { ]k af\_]fYk5 k]_mf\g&


fg gZb]lang e Yak j][]fl] \] k] mdljYhYkkYj gk dae al]k l]jjalgjaYak
\ghYk(= e Ye Zgkgk[Ykgk&]el]je gk[ge hYjYlangk&YYdl]ja\Y\]
fzg |]plj]e Y(
N ]bYe gkg hjae ]ajg [Ykg( @ gb]&afa[aYfl]k fg [Ye hghg\]e 
\ ak [ ] jf aj Y d_ m e Y k Y f laf g e aY k4 L m h a gm B ~ 5 h Y j] f l] k[ g  gm
[g ke gdg _aY5 9 e Yr f aY ] <jYkad []f ljY d g m  R af_m7  `akljaY gm 
]lfg _jY^aY5 ][gfge aY h g dla[Y gm [gke gdg_aY \]k[jalanY $n]j N a
n]ajgk \] ; Ykljg +33/Z%( ;ge g ]e imYdim]j Yflafge aY& Yk gh
{]k ]e hja[Yk ]klzg e malg Yd|e (E Yk& f]kl][gfl]plg&Yh]kimakY
Lmha&l]f\ghjYla[Ye ]fl]\]kYhYj][a\g\Y[]fY]lfgd_a[Yfg:jYkad
\mjYfl] gk Yf g k 0* ] af[ag \gk 1* $[gflm\g& [^( DYjYaY& +30.&
+320%& ^]r kmY j]]fljY\Y fYk \mYk dlae Yk \|[Y\Yk $N an]ajgk \]
;Ykljg& +320& +33,5Dae Y& +33/5>Ymklg& +3315n]jlYe Z|e E mdd]j&
+33*5 E Y_Yd`z]k& +33.%( Hgj kmY n]r& ]kkYk h]kimakYk af\mrajYe 
me  afl]j]kk] kakl]e wla[g h]dg hYj]fl]k[gim]&]e Z gjYk]bYYwj]Y
[dwkka[Y \Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY& fgk hY\j]k dg[Yak [gf^a_mjgm'k] [ge g
fgna\Y\] $N an]ajgk \] = Ykljg & +33/Y& Z5 N an]ajgk \] = Ykljg M[
>Ymklg& +33-5N addY{Y&+33,5? gf{Ydn]k& +33-5L]ap]ajYHaflg&+33-&
+331%5 hYjY me  \]Z Yl] j][]fl] [ge  ]lfdg_gk ^jYf[]k]k& n]j N a
n]ajgk\]; Ykljg $+33.%]; gh]l'J gm_a]j" @ |jala]j'9 m_|$+33-%+2(
9 fl]k \Y \|[Y\Y\]2*&gkB ~ `YnaYe  ka\g g_jmh g  e YakZ]e 
]klm\Y\g\g: jYkad4\]hgak\gk [dwkka[gkljYZYd`gk\]F ae m]f\Ybm
$hgj ]p]e hdg& +3.0%& gk B~ YljYjYe  Y Yl]f{zg \] D |na'KljYmkk
$+3/,& +3/0& +30*% ]& k]_maf\g'k]& g H jgb]lg  @ YjnYj\'; ]f ljYd
:jYrad $E YqZmjq'D ]o ak& +301& +313%d3( =e  hgm[g l]e hg& gk j]

+2( N ]j N an]ajg k \ ]  ; Ykljg  $+333%& f ]kl] ngdme ](


+3( < Yna\  E Y q Z m jq 'D ] o ak  j]d]e Z jY4 : q  +30* A ` Y\  \ ]^]f \ ]\  e q <( H ` ad(
l` ]kak gf l` ]  P Yn Yf l] Yl G p ^g j\  Yf\ j]Y\ D 'K  h Yh ]jk $+3/ , Yf \  +3/0%(
L ` ]k] Z g l`  ^Y k[ af Y l] \  Yf\ h m rrd]\ e ]( > Yk[af Yl]\ & Z ][Ym k] g ^ l` ] km Z ld]lq
g ^ l` ]Y j_ m e ] f lk &Yf \  h m rrd]\  Z ][Ym k]g ^ l`] ] l` f g _ jYh ` a[Yf\ l` ]g j]la[Yd
g Z b] ]\ g f k l ` Y l  A ^]dl + [g md\  jYak] lg D 'K  l`]k]k( K g  + h m Z dak` ]\  Y  [jalai m ]
,-0 E 9 J A R 9  ? ( K( H ; A J 9 F G

kmdlY\gk \]kk] Ye Za[agkg hjg_jYe Y \] h ]kimakY lgjfYjYe 'k] Y


hjaf[ahYd ^gfl] \] Yhgag xk l]k]k ]kljmlmjYdaklYk( HYjY me Y _ ]jY
{zg \]Yfljghdg_gk im] \]k]fngdn]m kmY[Yjj]ajYfg: jYkad& ]kkY
]ph]ja~f [aY \] [Ye hg ^ga ^mf\Yfl] $n]j& hgj ]p]e hdg& < YE YllY&
+31*& +3105 E ]dYlla& +31*Y& +312%( F Yk \|[Y\Yk k]_mafl]k& h ]k
imakYkkgZj]gkB ~ lan]jYe [gflafma\Y\]& ]e ZgjYfzgk][gdg[Ykk]
e Yak Y im]klzg \ Y `]_]e gfaY4 n]j& hgj ]p]e hdg& N a\Yd $+311%&
; Yjf]ajg \] ; mf`Y $+312%& K]]_]j $+32*& +32+%& D gh]k \Y KadnY
$+320%& ]flj] gmljgk( $HYjY ]lfgdg_aY P af_m [ me Y Yfljghgdg_aY
\Y e ka[Y Y hYjlaj \g P af_m& n]j E ]f]r]k : Yklgk& $+33-& +33/%(%
= kl] jwha\g YhYf`Y\g af\a[Y im] Yk h]kimakYk kzg k]e hj]
j]YdarY\Yk ]e  l]jjaljag ZjYkad]ajg,*( = e ZgjYhYjY gk ]kh][aYdaklYk
k]bY ^gjlmalg g ^Ylg \] gk _jmhgk af\_]fYk ]klYj]e  kalmY\gk  fg
: jYkad& g ^Ylg [ im] ]pakl]e  ae hda[Y{]k hgdla[Yk ] a\]gd_a[Yk
f]kkY dg[YdarY{zg( H YjY g gZb]lang \]kl] ]fkYag& me Y \]dYk af\a[Y
fzg k]j g ]pglake g Y hjaf[ahYd e glanY{zg hYjY h]kimakY& e Yk Y
\a^]j]f{Y $kg[aYd& [mdlmjYd& [gke gd_a[Y% ]flj] ]d]k ] fk* E Yk& ljY'
lYf\g'k] \Y daf`Y \] h ]kimakY im] [gjj]khgf\] xk hj]g[mhY{]k
e Yak ljY\a[agfYak \YYfljghgdg_aY& | ]kkYY wj]Ygf\]\]ZYl]k [ge
Y [ge mfa\Y\] afl]jfY[agfYd kzg e Yak ^j]i]fl]k( > a[Y Y h]j
_mflY4 fgkkY \a^]j]f{Y k]jw g ]pglake g Yd` ]ag 8,+

g ^  l` ]e af  l`]: ab\ jY _ ] f af a3 0 * &o ` a[` o Yk k]f llg D 'K o ` g j] h da]\  afl` ]
kYe ] akkm ] g ^  l` ] bg m jf Y d af +30* SE YqZ mjq'D ]o ak& A3 0 * U( Kg& Zq l` ] lae ]
l`] @ Yjn Yj\ '; ]f ljYd : jYrad H jg b][l o Yk dYm f [` ]\  al o Yk Z Yk]\ gf Y \ ]kaj]
lg  ^g ddg o  mh  Yf\ [dYja^q F ae m ]f \ Ybm  Yf \  Yf g f _ g af _  Yj_m e ]f l o al`  D 'K 
$E YqZ m jq'D ]o ak& [g e m f a[Y{zg  h ]kkg Yd%(
,*( = e Z g jY ` YbYn wjag k danjg k kg Z j] gk f \ ag k \g : jYkad $E ]dYlla& +31*Z5 D YjYaY&
+33-%& E ] dYlla $+333% n]e  h jg \ m raf \ g  me  d]nYf lYe ]f lg  YZ jYf _]f l] kg Z j]
Yk wj]Yk ]lf g _jw^a[Yk \Y 9 e |ja[Y \g Kmd(
,+( ; g e g  wj]Y [dwkka[Y \Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY& ]p akl] x \ akh g ka{ zg  \gk ]kh ][aYdaklYk
m e Y dal] jYlm jY ] kh ][ aY darY \ Y ] j][g f ` ][a\ Y kg Z j] Y ]lf g dg _aY km d'Ye ]ja[Yf Y(
= dY j]e g f lY xk ]p h ]\ a{ ]k _ ] je yf a[ Yk \g k|[m dg  +3 im] h jg [mjYjYe  fg
: jYkad j]kh g klYk h YjY Yk im ]kl ]k ]m jg h|aYk kgZ j] g ]klY\g  \] f Ylm j]rY \gk
h jae alang k $: Yd\m k& +3/.5 K [` Y\ ]f & +3/.Z% ] [` ]_ Y Y h ]ki m akYk \[_] jY{ ]k
e Y ak j][]f l]k& [g e g  gk ljYZ Yd` g k \ ] F ae m ]f \ Ybm  kg Z j] Y g j_Yf arY{zg  kg'
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 %  ,-1

@ w g k]_mf\g [Ykg& fg imYd Y Ydl]ja\Y\] jY\a[Yd | Zmk[Y\Y


^gjY \g hYk( = kkYk h]kimakYk kzg j][]fl]k ] af\a[Ye  im] Yf ljg
hdg_gk ZjYkad]ajgkfzg ^a[Ye  j]kljalgkYg l]jjaljag fY[agfYd( E Yk
Yima lYe Z|e  k]e Yfl|e  Yd_me nf[mdg a\]gd_a[gYg: jYkad& k]f
\g hgkkn]d a\]fla^a[Yj \mYk \aj]{]k( M e Y fgk d]nY Ygk = klY\gk
M fa\gk&im]k]lgjfYjYe me Y]kh|[a]\]Ydl]ja\Y\]hYjY\a_e wla[Y
h YjY]klm\gk[ge hYjYlangk,,(= kkYhjwla[Yj]e gflYYg]klm\g [dwk
ka[g kgZj] h j][gf[]alg jY[aYd \] G jY[q F g _m]ajY $+320%& eYk
Ylaf _] Yk Yfwdak]k kgZj] `a]jYjimaY ] af\ana\mYdake g \] JgZ]jlg
< YE YllY $+31-Y& +32*& +32+%( < ]k]fngdnae ]flgk hgkl]jagj]k kzg&
h gj ]p]e hdg& D( ; Yj\gkg \] G dan]ajY $+323& +330% ] C Yfl \]
D ae Y$+32/& +33+& +33/%( F ]kk][gfl]plg&me lha[g ]e ]j_]fl] |
g ]klm\g \] ae a_jYf l]k ZjYkad]ajgk ] hgjlm_m]k]k $n]j ?( J aZ]ajg&
+3305 : aYf[g& +33,& +33-%( M e Y k]_mf\Y \aj]{zg fgk d]nY xk ]p'
[gdfaYk h gjlm_m]kYk ] g afl]j]kk] ]lfg_jw^a[g im] ]dYk \]kh]j
lYe $n]j >jq& +33+& +332& im] [ge hYjY ] ljaYf_mdY ]ph]ja~f[aYk
[ g dg f aY ak [g e  Z Yk]  f g k [ Y kg k \g : jY k ad& = klY\ g k M f a\ g k&
E g{Ye Zaim] ] R ae ZwZm]5 LjYbYfg& +33-Y& +33-Z& +332& h YjY g
]pYe ] \gk hjgb]lgk fY[agfYak \] me Y kg[a]\Y\] [jagmdY & l]f\g
[ g e g j ] ^]j ~ f [aY A maf|)< akkYm( KzgN g e |[ J jf [ah]&*;Yfljg h g
dg_aY ^]alY ]e  H gjlm_Yd lYe Z|e  afkla_gm me  afl]j]kk] Yfl]k af]
pakl]fl]& [ g e g af \ a[Y e [ g f _ j ] k k g k ] [g f ^] j ~ f [aY k f g k\ g akhY k]k
$n]j 9 de ]a\Y& +3305 : Yklgk& +3305 ; YZjYd& +330%& Yl]klYf\g e Yak
me Y n]r gk nf[mdgk `aklja[gk& daf_kla[gk ] a\]gd_a[gk(

[aYa \gk _ jm h g kb ~  g m Y af n ]kla_ Y{zg  \gk Yfgk -* kg Z j] _ jm h g k L m h a $hg j
]p]e h dg & : Yd\ m k& +31*5 O Y_d]q #[ ? Ydnzg & +3.35 O Y_d]q& +311%& Yd|e  \gk
ljYZ Yd` g k \ ] < Yj[q "  : ] jlY  J aZ ]ajg  kgZ j] g k M jm Z m 'C YYh g j $J aZ ]ajg  "
J aZ ]ajg & +3 /1%5 \ ] > dg j]klYf  > ]jfYf \]k& n]j Y j][g f kljm {zg  \Y g j_Yf arY{zg 
kg [aYd ] Y ^m f {zg  kg [aYd \Y _ m ] jjY  L m h af Ye Z w $> ]jf Yf \ ]k& +30-& +31*%5
kg Z j] Y [m dlm jY ? m YjYf a& [^( K [` Y\ ]f  $+3/.Y%(
, , ( N ]j ?( N ]d`g $+33/% h YjY me  d]n Yf lYe ]f lg  i m ] af [dm a ]klm\ g k \ ]k\ ] Y
\ |[ Y\ Y\ ] /*( = p []{ ]k x j]_jY kgZ j] g n f [m dg  ae ]\aYlg  Yg : jYkad kzg& hgj
]p]e h dg & ?( J aZ ]ajg  $+33+% fY 9 j_ ]f laf Y5 >( ++( J aZ ]ajg  $+33.% fY ^ja[Y \g
K m d5 > g fk][Y $+320% ] = [ c ] jl $+33+% f Y >jYf{Y(
,-2 E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K ( H = A J 9 FG

4 T S YH Y T  JT R  H H QYL WOK H K L

K] Y Ydl]ja\Y\] jY\a[Yd [gfkaklam ]e ]klm\gk \]_jmhgk af\_]


fYk& Yk Yfwdak]k im] ^g[YdarYe Y j]dY{zg \Y kg[a]\Y\] fY[agfYd [ge
_jmhgkaf\_]fYk[gfklalm]eg k]_mf\glahg&im]\]fgeafg\][gf
lYlg [ge Y Ydl]ja\Y\]( @gb]& meY dal]jYlmjY [gfka\]jwn]d|`]j\]ajY
\aj]lY \Yk hj]g[mhY{]k af\a_]faklYk im]& hgj e malg l]ehg& ]jYe
_]jYde ]fl] ]phda[alY\Yk kge ]fl] ]e Yjla_gk hmZda[Y\gk x hYjl] \Y
gZjYhjaf[ahYd \gk ]lfdg_gk $hgj ]p]ehdg& :Yd\mk& +3-35 K[`Y\]f&
+3//Z%,-( 9  ljYfk^gjeY{zg \]kkY hj]g[mhY{zg ]e lha[g d]_alae Y
e ]fl] Y[Y\~e a[g k] \]m fYk \|[Y\Yk \] /* ] 0*4 < Yj[q JaZ]ajg
$+3/1& +30,% []fljgm g l]e Y fY \aj]{zg \g af\a_[fakeg& im]& eYak
lYj\]& j][]Z]m g hgdae]flg l]ja[g \] JgZ]jlg;Yj\gkg \]Gdan]ajY
[ge Yfg{zg\]^ja[{zgafl]j|lfa[Y $;Yj\gkg\]Gdan]ajY& +30-%(
; gfka\]jY\Yh g je malgkme YafgnY{zgl]ja[Y\YYfljghgdg
_aY ^]alY fg : jYkad& ]kkY fg{zg YhYj][]m [ge g Zja[gdY_]e  \]
hj]g[mhY{]k af\a_]faklYk ] afkhajY{zg l]ja[Y kg[agd_a[Y& j]n]
dYf\g me Y kalmY{zg fY imYd \gak _jmhgk kzg \aYd]la[Ye ]fl] mfa
\gk YljYn|k \]k]mkafl]j]kk]kghgklgk $+30-4.-%( = kkYfg {zg ^ga
h jghgklY ]e  me  [gfl]plg fg imYd Yk l]gjaYk \] [gflYlg& lYflg
Zjalyfa[Yk$E Ydafgokca%imYflgfgjl]'Ye ]ja[YfYk $J]\^a]d\&Daflgf
]@ ]jkcgnalr%& `YnaYe  k] hjgnY\gafY\]imY\Yk( JgZ]jlg ; Yj\gkg
kmZ klalm am 'Yk h]dg kge Yljag kaf_mdYj im] ^]r \Y hj]g[mhY{zg
af\a_]faklY\]< Yj[qJ aZ]ajg&\Ykg[agdg_aY\]>dgj]klYf>]jfYf\]k
] \gk ljYZYd`gk \] : YdYf\a]jlgjfYf\g'k] me  \gk [Ykgk lha[gk
\] \]k[]f\~f[aY afl]d][lmYd Y [ge ZafYj afkhajY{zg dg[Yd [ge
]e hj|klae gk]pl]jfg k,.( =e  l]je gk \]j]hjg\m{zgY[Y\~e a[Y&

,-( N ]j H ]ajYf g & +32+& [Yh( .( 9 jjm la $+3304+-% [` Ye Y Y Yl]f {zg  h YjY g  ^Ylg  \]
i m ]&\ ] h g ak \ ] H g e Z Yd&g f \ ag \ ]ap Y \] k]jh m jY  Ydl]ja\ Y\ ] f Y [g d f aY] k]
af k] j]  f Y h g h m dY{zg  \ ]  k \ alg k im ] \w [ g f l] \ g  x a\ |aY \] [anadarY{zg(
< ]ap Y& h g jlYf lg & \] k]j g Zb]lg  \ ] \ ]kljm a{zg  e Yk& fzg k]f \ g  Yml f g e g &
lg jf Y'k] g Z b]lg  \ ] af l]jn ] f { zg  ljYf k^g je Y\ g jY(
,.( H YjY < Y j[ q  J aZ ]ajg & g hjgZd]eYaf\_]fY  fzg h g \ ] jaY  k] j [g e h j]]f \ a\ g  ^gjY
\g im Y\ jg  \] j] ^]j~ f [ aY  \ Y kg [a]\ Y\ ] Z jYkad]ajY& h g ak ]d] k ]p akl] g f \ ] ]
i m Yf \ g  f \ ag k ] f zg 'f \ ag k ]f ljYe  ]e  [g f lYlg  $+30,4+-0%(
9 FLJGHGDG?A9  FG :J9KAD $9DL=JA<9<=  ;GFL=PLM9DAR9<9 % ,-3

]kk]k ]klm\gk lan]jYe  dgf_Y\mjY{zg ] ^gjYe []fljYak fY [gfkgda


\Y{zg \] nwjagk hjg_jYe Yk \] e ]kljY\g ] \gmlgjY\g,/( $N]j& ]f
lj] e malgk gmljgk& fgk Yfgk 1 * & 9 e gjae & + 3 1 * 5 9 imafg& + 3 1 1 5
: Yjjgk& + 3 1 1 5 G dan]ajY >ad`g& + 3 1 1 (%
F g ] f lY f lg & d]e Z jg  i m ]& i m Yf \ g  Y f g {zg  \] ^ja[ { z g 
afl]j|lfa[Y ^ga hjghgklY& me Y []fY h][mdaYj k] \]k]fngdnaY4 \ana
\af\g g e ]ke g ]khY{gafklalm[agfYd]& e Yakae hgjlYfl]& ^j]i]f
l]e ]fl]]fngdn]f\ggke ]ke gkh]kimakY\gj]k$DYjYaY" < YE YllY&
+ 3 0 1 5 < YE YllY& + 3 1 0 & + 3 2 , 5 E ]dYlla& + 3 0 1 % & e malgk ]klm\gk ^g
jYe  j]YdarY\gk fgk imYak&\]me  dY\g&k] ]pYe afYnYe  gk kakl]e Yk
kg[aYak af \ _]f Yk $[^( g H jgb]lg @ YjnYj\'; ]fljYd : jYrad& bw e ]f
[agfY\g% ]& \] gmljg& k] YfYdakYnYg [gflYlg afl]j|lf a[g,0(
HYjY j]^]j~f[aYk YlmYdarY\Yk \]kkY daf`Y \] ]klm\gk kgZj] g
[gflYlg& n]j G dan]ajY >ad`g $ + 3 2 1 & + 3 2 2 & + 3 3 2 %& hYjY Y a\|aY \]
l]jjalgjaYdarY{zg& g hjg[]kkg \] e zg \mhdY \]dY \][gjj]fl]& ] g
]pYe ]\gk f\agk e aklmjY\gk\gF gj\]kl]5KgmrYDae Y $ + 3 3 / % &
hYjY afn]kla_Y{zg kgZj] g af\a_]fake g [ge g [gfbmflg \] a\]Yak
j]dYlangkxafk]j{zg \] hgngkaf\_]fYk]e kg[a]\Y\]k h ]jl]f[]f
l]k Y = klY\gk fY[agfYak5 : Yaf]k $ + 3 3 + % & h YjY Y j]dY{zg ]flj] _ jm
hgk af\_]fYk $fg [Ykg& O Yae ajak'9 ljgYjak% ] Y > mfYa5 : Yjj]llg
$ + 3 3 1 % & hYjY Y j][gfn]jkzg \Y h]jkh][lanY kgZj] g ]klm\g \Yk
l]jjYk af\_]fYk xk mfa\Y\]k\] [gfk]jnY{zg( H YjY d]_akdY{zg af\
_]f Y ][gf\a{]k \gk f\agk kmd'Ye ]ja[Yfgk&n]j ; Yjf]ajg \Y ;m
f`Y $ + 3 3 , & + 3 3 - % ] KYflgk $ + 3 2 , & + 3 2 3 %(

,/( = kl] ^Ylg | ]kh ][ aYde ]f l]f glwn]d fgk h jg _ jYe Yk \ ] e ]kljY\ g  ] \g mlgjY\ g 
\g E m k]m  F Y[ag f Yd) M > J B ] M f :  '  g f\ ]& Ydawk& J g Z ]jlg  ; Yj\g kg  \ ] G da
n]ajY \ ]k] e h ]f ` g m  h Yh ]d af klalm [ag f Yd []f ljYd( $=  [m jag kg  f g lYj im ] Y f g
{zg \ ] ^ja[{zg af l]j|lf a[Y f mf [Y ^ga ]p h g jlY\ Y Yd|e '^jg f l]ajY& [g e g  km Y
Yh Yj]f lY\ Y l] g jaY \Y \ ]h ]f \ ~ f [ aY (%
,0( H YjY ]klY h jae ]ajY_]jY {zg  \] Yf ljg h dg _g k ^g je Y\ g k fg E mk]m F Y[ag f Yd&
g ]klm \ g  \g [g f lYlg  af l]j|lf a[g  f zg  ^ga& h g jlYf lg & ]p [dm kanaklY( H YkkY\gk
ljaf lY Yfgk& | af l]j] kkYf l] g Z k]jn Yj [g e g  g k ]e h j|klae g k ^g jYe  e lmg k(
$N ]j E YqZ m jq 'D ]o ak& +3315 n]j lYe Z|e  L m jf ]j& +33+(%
,.* 1
E 9 JA (9 ? ( K( H ] a j Y f g

< ]hgak \] me Y ljYb]ljaY fg l]jj]fg \Y ]lfgdg_aY [dwkka[Y


$JYe gk& +31,& +312& +313%& fYk dlae Yk \|[Y\Yk 9 d[a\Y J Ye gk
n]e  k] \]\a[Yf\g Yg l]e Y \g af\a_]fake g( =e JYe gk $+332%&
9 d[a\Y hYjl] \Y a\|aY \] im] g af\a_]fake g ]klw hYjY g : jYkad
[ge g g gja]flYdake g ]klwhYjYg G [a\]fl] ] ^g[YdarYY ]kh ][a^a[a
\Y\] \g[YkgZjYkad]ajg& ]e  im] ]klzg_jYnY\Yk Yk ^Y[]k e dlahdYk
\g f\ag& ]e n]jk]k lYflg hghmdYj]k imYflg ]jm\alYk( N ]j lYe
Z|e  J Ye g k $+33*& +33/%& h YjY m e Y YnYdaY{zg  \ Y ]lf g _ jY^aY
Q Yfge Ye a]e me [gfl]plg\][jak]( $F Ywj]Y\g[gflYlg&? jm Z ]j
$+331% \]k]fngdn] g ljYZYd`g hagf]ajg \] g^]j][]j Ygk f\agk
L acm fY [gf\a{]k e g\]jfYk hYjY Y [jaY{zg ]kl|la[Y(%
9 ima& ^Y{g me Y hYmkYhYjY e ]f[agfYj& k]e fg ]flYflg ]dY
ZgjYj& g ]klm\g Yfljghgd_a[g \g [Ye h]kafYlg  lzg j]d]nYfl]&
im] e ]j][]jaY ljYZYd`g x  hYjl]( Af\a[g Yh]fYk im]& \ mjYf l] gk
Yfgk1*&Yhj]g[mhY{zg [ge  g [gflYlg YnYf{gmkgZj]g l]e Y \Yk
^jgfl]ajYk \] ]phYfkzg& lgjfYf\g lha[gk Yfljghgd_a[gk d]_ la
egk Yim]d]k j]dY[agfY\gk Yg [gdgfaYdake g afl]jfg& [Ye hgf]k]k ]
\]k]fngdnae ]flg \g [YhalYdake g $G(N]d`g& +31,& +310%( 9 g e ]k
e g l]e hg& ]klm \ g k kg Z j] [Ye hg f]k]k Y\ i m ajajYe  me klYlmk
l]e wla[g af\]h]f\]fl]& fY e ]\a\Y ]e im] lYflg Yfljghdg_gk
imYflg kg[adg_gk k] \]\a[YjYe  Y ]d] $]flj] gk hjae ]ajgk& n]j
H Yde ]ajY& +3115 Ka_Ym\& +32*5 E gmjY& +3125 K]q^]jl` & +32/5 C(
O ggjle Yff& +33*5 =dd]f O ggjle Yff& +33/5 K[gll& +33,%( FY
e ]\a\Y ]e  im] Y Ydl]ja\Y\] \]kdargm ]e l]je gk \] dg[YdarY{zg&
]dY ^][`gm g [j[mdg ] Yd[Yf{gm& \] ngdlY& Yk h]ja^]jaYk \Yk _ jY f
\]k [a\Y\]k $D]al] Dgh]k& +310%(

2  H QYL WOK H K L  UWe\OR H

< ]k\] gk Yfgk 1*& Yfljghdg_gk fg : jYkad ^Yr]e h]kimakY
fYk _jYf\]k [a\Y\]k( ;geg Y kg[aYdarY{zg Y[Y\~e a[Y g[gjj] fgk
[mjkgk \] [a~f[aYk kg[aYak&Yg dgf_g \Yk dlae Yk \|[Y\Yk YYZgj\Y
_]e  Yfljghgd_a[Ylgjfgm'k] [gfljYhgflg xkg[agdg_aY(F g \]k]f
jgdYj \g YmlgjalYjake g hgdla[g \gk Yfgk 0*& Y Yfljghgdg_aY ]jY
9 F L J G H G D G ? A9  FG : J 9 K AD  $9 D L = J A< 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,.+

naklY hgj e malgk [ge g me Y Ydl]jfYlanY Ygk \]kY^agk $e YjpaklYk%


naf\gk\Y kg[agdg_aY& ]e me \awdg_g kad]f[agkg im]h]jkakl]\]k\]
]flzg( 9 YljY{zg h]dY Yfljghgdg_aY gjY k] \w hgj k]mk Ykh][lgk
imYdalYlangk& gjY h]dg \]kY^ag \] [ge hj]]f\]j Ykh][lgk \g ]l`gk
fY[agfYd( J]_aklj]'k]&hgjlYflg& Y\a^]j]f{Y e Yj[Yfl]\YYfljghgdg
_aYim] k] ^Yr fgk =klY\gk Mfa\gk( ; mjagkYe ]fl]dw& \] gf\]n~e 
Y e YagjaY \Yk af^dm~f[aYk YlmYak& k fY \|[Y\Y \] 3* lgjfgm'k]
YhjghjaY\g ]klm\Yj ^]fe ]fgk hjpae gk Ygk h]kimakY\gj]k,1(
F g ]klm\g \ Y Ydl]ja\Y\] hjpae Y& Y gh{zg l]ja[Y l]e ka\g
naY h j]\ad]lY hYjY k] Yd[Yf{Yj g gZb]lg \] ]klm\g( 9 kkae & ^ga Y
= k[gdY \] kg[agdg_aY \] ; `a[Y_g me Y \Yk ^gfl]k hjaf[ahYak \]
afl]jdg[m{zg \] ? adZ]jlg N]d`g $hgj ]p]e hdg& +31,& +31/& +32*&
+32+& +320& +33.%( Hgj ]kk] [Ye af`g YZjam'k] Y hgkkaZada\Y\] \]
h]kimakYj l]e Yk mjZYfgk k]fkn]ak& im] nzg \] ]kladgk \] na\Y \Y
[dYkk] e |\aY Y `wZalgk [mdlmjYak \g hkaimake g& [gfkme g \] \jg
_Yk ] nagd~f[aY,2( F ]kk] [gfl]plg \]m'k] Y hjae ]ajY h ]kimakY \]
[Ye hg fg hYk [gfka\]jY\Y hd]fYe ]fl] mjZYfY fgk l]je gk \Y
Yfljgh gdg_aYYlmYd& ] l]n] [ge g ]p]e hdgg ]klm\g \] me ]\a^[ag
fg Z Yajjg \] ; ghY[YZYfY& g ]flzg [gf`][a\g : YjYlY JaZ]ajg
,**( = kkY daf ` Y ]phYf\am'k] hYjY e Yak lYj\] af[dmaj k]lgj]k hg
hmdYj]k& n]d`a[]& _~f]jg& hjgklalma{zg& hYj]fl]k[g ] ^Ye daY& e ka
[Y& hgdla[Y( M e  gZb]lang \ge afYfl] \g hjgb]lg [ge g me  lg\g

,1( E Yk& e ]ke g  fgk = klY \ g k M f a\ g k& me Y ]p[]kkanY ^Ye adaYja\ Y\ ] Yaf \ Y kg ^j]
j]klja{ ]k( N ]j H ]ajYf g& +333( ; g e h Yj]'k]& \Y h ]jkh ][lan Y \Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY
i m ]k] ^Yrf g : jY kad&Y YZ ]jlm jY\ ]Yjla_g ]e  f e ]jg j] []f l]\ Y;fl`jghgdg_q
H ]okd]ll]j* L ` ]  ` Yj\ ] kl l` af _  lg k]]& Y [ [ g j\ af _  lg ? ] g j_ ]  G jo ] dd& ak
kg e ]l` af _ ja_ ` l af ^jg f lg ^  qg mj f gk]( 9 f l` jg h g dg _aklk ` Yn] Ydo Yqk ` Y\ Yf
]Yka] jlae ]^g [m kkaf _ gfl` ]\ aklYf lYf\ ]pgla[( O]`Yn]Z]]f  d]kk km [[]kk^m d
^af \ af _ l`] ]p g la[ [dg k] lg ` g e ]& ]kh ][aYddq af l` g k] e m f \ Yf ] Yf\ n m d_ Y j
kqe Z g dk g ^  l`] e a\ \ d] [dYkk l` Yl km jjg m f \  Yf\ ^jYe ] ]n ]jq\ Yq da^]& o ` a[` 
e addag f k lYc] ^gj _ jY f l] \  $O adc& +333%(
,2( 9 fl]k& ^ga lYe Z |e  f Y= k[g dY \ ]; ` a[Y_g  im ] > dg j]klYf  > ]jf Yf \ ]k k]af kh a
jgm h YjYk]m h jg b] lg  \] [ g f ^jg f lY jY kg [ a] \ Y\ ] &\ ]h g ak \] \ Yj h g j ]f []j
jY\ YY  h ]ki m akY L m h af Ye Z w $[^( H ]ajYf g& +33,%(
,., E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

l]e  ka\g \]kn]f\Yj gk nYdgj]k mjZYfgk fg [Ykg ZjYkad]ajg5 f]kk]
k]fla\g&Yk h]kimakYk fzg Yh]fYk kalmYe  gk ^]fe ]fgk fY[a\Y\]&
eYk hjg[mjYe  YfYdakYj& fY ljad`Y \]apY\Y hgj Kae e ]d& Yk [gf\a
{]k \] kg[aYZada\Y\] fYk e ]ljhgd]k( 9 hjg\m{zg \]kkY daf`Y
l]e wla[Y | fme ]jgkY ] \] _jYf\] Ye hdalm\] $n]j < m Yjl]& +3205
? YkhYj& +32/5 D afk \] : Yjjgk& +3235 N aYf f Y& +33/5 C mk[`faj&
+3325 [^( lYe Z|e KYd]e & +32/& hYjYme Y[jla[Yx dal]jYlmjYkgZj]
^Ye daYk \] [dYkk] e |\aY%( HYjY nagd~f[aY f Y [a\Y\]& n]j Y hjg\m
{zg \] 9 dZY R YdmYj $hgj ]p]e hdg& +32/& +33-& +33.%(
JgZ]jlg < YE YllY $+32*& +321& +33-% lYe Z|e  ]f[gfljgm Y
naY d]_lae Y hYjY \Yj af[ag x kmY h]kimakY kgZj] g ; YjfYnYd fg
]kljmlmjYdake g5 Y `gjargflYda\Y\] [gf^]ja\Y Y[Y\Y kg[a]\Y\] hgj
]kkY YZgj\Y_]e  l]ja[Y h ]je alam ^Yr]j&k]e  ljYme Yk& Y hgfl] ]f
lj]g]klm\g \]kg[a]\Y\]k af\_]fYk ] Y kg[a]\Y\]fY[agfYd( E Yak
lYj\]& Y h]kimakY k] Ye hdagm hYjY me  ]pYe ] YZjYf_]fl] \g ]lZgk
fY[agfYd'  l]f\g fYlmjYde ]fl] [ge g hj]\][]kkgjg ljYZYd`g e g
fme ]flYd \] ? adZ]jlg >j]qj]( < ]k\] gk Yfgk 2*& g Ymlgj hjanad]
_aY l]e Yk fY[agfYak& \]hgak \] `Yn]j hYjla[ahY\g \gk \gak _jYf
\]k hjgb]lgk af\ _]f Yk im] e Yj[YjYe  Y \|[Y\Y \] 0*  lYflg g
@ YjnYj\'; ]fljYd : jYrad imYflg gk naf[mdY\gk Yg ]klm\g \ Y ^ja[
{zg afl]j|lfa[Y( < YE YllY $+31-Y% | g hgflg \] ljYfka{zg& j]mfaf
\g me Y Yfwdak] [Yffa[Y \] me e alg 9 hafYq|& me [gflg \] = \
_Yj 9 ddYf  Hg] ] g hjae ]ajg ]pYe ] kgZj] g [Yjwl]j \] [geemfalYk
\g ; YjfYnYd' & im]&e Yak lYj\]&k]jaY]phYf\a\gfgkdanjgk [gf`]
[a\gk\ Y\|[Y\Y\] 2* $< YE YllY& +32+& +32.& +32/%( =e< YE YllY
$+32*%&gYmlgjj]\aj][agfYk]m\awdg_gafl]d][lmYd&\]N a[lgjLmjf]j
hYjYDgmak < me gfl&afljg\mraf\g Yfg{zg\] `a]jYjimaY ] \]k]f
ngdn]f\g me Y Yfwdak] [ge hYjYlanY ]flj] g ; YjfYnYd fg : jYkad ]
fgk = klY\gkM fa\gk( < YE YllYhjgh]im]&]e  l]je gk\]nYdgj]k&
g : jYkad k] kalmY ]flj] ]kk] dlae g ] Y f \ aY ,3(

,3( H g jlYflg& < YE YllY |& ]f lj] g k Y f ljg h dg _g k Yima e ]f [ag f Y\ g k&g  \ ] e Yag j
Ye h dalm \ ] l]e wla[Y fg \ ]kdarYe ]f lg  \] Y dl]ja\ Y\ ]k h jg h g klg  f ]kl] ]f'
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 %  ,.-

F glg i m]& fgk [Ykgk Y[ae Y& Y hjg h ja]\Y\] ] j]d]nyf [aY \]
k] \]k]f ng dn]j me Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY fg e ]ag mjZYfg f mf[Y ^ga
k]jaYe ]f l] iDa]klagfY\Y( < ]hgak \] me Y jwha\Y \ak[mkkzg kgZj]
Yf Ylm j]rY \Y h ]ki makY \] [Ye hg ]e  _ ]jYd& im]af [dm am  Y \akh g
ka{zg \g ]lf dg _g  h YjY kg ^j]j \] Yfl`jg h g dg _a[Yd Z dm ]k ] g
l]e Y \Y ^Y e adaY ja\ Y \ ] & lYf lg  h ]jlg  imYf lg  \ aklYf l] \] [YkY
$< YE YllY& +31-Z& +32+5 ?( N ]d`g& +312%& Y im]klzg ^ga j]kg dn a
\Y Yfl]k \gk Yfgk 2*-$d(
F g h]jg\g im] l]e af[ag fgk Yfgk /*& gmljgk lha[gk
`YnaYe  ]e ]j_a\g& hjae ]ajg j]dY[agfY\gk x afl]_jY{zg kg[aYd \]
h ghmdY{]k ]& e Yak lYj\]& Y \aj]algk \] e afgjaYk( E malYk n]r]k&
]kk]k lha[gk [ge ZafYnYe  kg[agdg_aY ] Yfljghgdg_aY& j]Y^aje Yf
\g ] \Yf\g nYda\Y\] `aklja[Y Y Ymlgj]k [ge g ; yf\a\g $+3/2&
+310& +33/%& im] fmf[Y Y[]alYjYe  \aklaf_maj \] ^gje Y jY\a[Yd Yk
[a~f[aYk kg[aYak me Yk \Yk gmljYk( >]klYk mjZYfYk ] jmjYak ^gjYe
l]e Y\] h]kimakY \]k\] g af[ag \Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak fg :jYkad $[^(
g [dwkka[g ; yf\a\g& +30.%& eYk n~e  Y\imajaf\g e Yak nalYda\Y\]
j][]fl]e ]fl]& lYdn]r fY ljad`Y \gk ]klm\gk kgZj] ; YjfYnYd( HYjY
e ]f[agfYj Yh]fYk Yd_mfk ]klm\gk& hYjY ae a_jYfl]k& n]j 9 r]n]\g
$+33.%&; Yj\gkg $+33/%& K]q^]jl` $+33*%5hYjYj]dY{]k jY[aYak& n]j
: gj_]kH]j]ajY$+301%&>jq$+33+%&; YjnYd`g$+33,Y%&K]_Ylg $+320%5
kgZj]_~f]jg&n]j? jgkka" H]\jg$+332%&: jmk[`afa" Kgjb $+33.%&
? j] _ g ja $+ 3 3 - %& K m w j] r  "  : Y f \ ] ajY  $+ 3 3 3 %5 kg Z j] j] da_ azg &
e ]kkaYfake g][mdlgkY^jg'ZjYkad]ajgk&n]jJ(JaZ]ajg$+312%&E Y__a]
$+31/& +33,%& E gfl]jg $+32/%& I m]ajgr $+33/%& G( N ]d`g $+33/%&
KYf[`ak $+32-%& ; YjnYd`g $+33,Z%&: aje Yf  $+33/%-+5 kgZj] ^]klana'

kYag(E Yk&bw\ aj][ag f Y\ g Yg ]klm\g \ Ykg [a]\ Y\ ]Z jYkad]ajY&< YE YllY$+31041%
e g kljY k]m \ ] k[ g f ^g jlg  Yg  Y h j]k]f lY j fg h Z da[g  Z jYkad]ajg  Y ]lf g _jY^aY
9 h af Yq|( H g j g mljg  dY\g& < YE YllY $+310%& im ] ljYlY \ Y i m ]klzg  \] im Yf lg 
[m klY k]j f \ ag  fg : jYkad & bw Yf l][ah Y l]e Yk \Y km Y ljYb] l jaY  h gkl]jag j(
-*( = kl] \ ]Z Yl] ^ga [g f l] e h g jyf ]g  x  \ ak[ m kkzg  \gk Yf ljg h dg _ g k af \ aYf g k
kg Z j] g ]klm \ g  g ^  g f ] k g o f  kg [ a] lq ( = kl] l]e Y k]jw j]lg jfY\g  Y\aYfl](
-+( H YjY ]klY l]e wla[Y& n]j E g f l]jg  $+333%& f ]kl] ngdme ](
,.. E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = AJ 9 F G

\Y\]k h g hmdYj]k& E Y_f Yf a $+32.%& R Ylr $+320%& ; `Yn]k $+33-%&


; YnYd[Yfla $+33.%& E ]ddg ] KgmrY $+33.%5 h YjY ~f^Yk] fg : jYkad
[ge g = klY\g 'fY{zg&n ]j G dan]f& +33,( < aj]lYe ]f l] ^g [YdarY\g k
fY h g dla[Y [ge g me  \ge fag kg[aYd kzg gk ]klm\gk j]mf a\gk
]e H Yde ]ajY $+33/% ] H Yde ]ajY " ? gd\e Yf $+330%5 n]j lYe Z|e 
L ]ap ]ajY $+3 32%& : Y jj] ajY  $+332%& : ]r]jjY $+333%& ; ge ]j^gj\ 
$+333%(

2  H QYL WOK H K L  R dS OR H

; ge g im] [g f ^aje Yf \ g  im] Yk [a~f [aYk kg[aYak fg : jYkad


l~e  me  hjg ^mf \g  \ |Z alg  [ge  < mjc`]ae  '  im] h jghk im]
gmljYk ^gje Yk \] [anadarY{zg  \]n]jaYe  k]j Zmk[Y\Yk hYjY ]ph da
[Yj g im] ]klw h j pae g  Y fk ' \]k\] gk Yfgk 2* Yf ljg h dg _g k
\ ]kdYf[` YjYe  me Y k|ja] \] ]klm\gk kgZj] Yk [a~f [aYk kg[aYak fg
hYk&_jYf \ ] hYjl][ge  g h jg h kalg e YakYe hdg \] [g e h j]]f\]j
Y[a~f [aY [ge g e Yf a^]klY{zg \] e g\]jfa\Y\]( L h a[g k \] ]klm
\g n YjaYe  \ ]k\ ] Z ag _jY^aYk \] [a]f laklYk kg[aYak Z jYkad]ajg k Y
[dwkka[g k \Y l]g jaY kg [ag d _a[Y5 e malgk \ ]kk]k ljYZ Yd`gk k] \]
k]fngdn]e  l]f\g  Ym lg j]k ^jYf[]k]k [ge g af l]jdg [m lg j]k h jan ad]
_aY\gk( N]j& hgj ]p]e hdg& ; Ykljg > YjaY $+33-%& hYjY me Y j] ^d]
pzg  kgZj] Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY ^]alY fg : jYkad& fgk e m k]mk ] fYk
mf an ]jka\ Y\ ]k5 ; g jj~Y $+32,& +321%& hYjY me Y ` aklg jag _ jY^aY \Y
\ ak[ah daf Y fg hYk5 E a[]da $+323& +33/%& hYjY me  hjgb]lg Ye hdg
] [g e h YjYlang  ]f lj] Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak5 ? gd\e Yf $+33.%& hYjY
]klm\gkgZj]D |n q': jm ` d5? jqfkhYf $+33.%&hYjYme Y]lf g _jY^aY
af l]d][lm Yd \] E g k[Y ] H Yj]lg5 F ]aZ m j_ $+331%& kgZj] Y j]dY{zg
]f lj] f Y[ag f Yda\ Y\ ] ] Yf ljg h g dg _aYfY 9 j_]flafY( KgZ j]Yk [a~f
[aYk kg[aYak ]e Kzg HYmdg& n]j H ]apglg $+332%& hYjY Y[ Yjj] ajY \]
D |n a'K ljYm kk5 Hgfl]k $+332%& h YjY ]klm\g kg Z j] g _jmh g  ; dae Y(
E ]dYlla $+32.% | me Y ]p[]{zg ]e  l]je g k \] af ^dm ~f [aY ] \]
g ja]f lY{zg 5 k]e  me  gZb]lang af l]jh j]lYlang  ]phd[alg& ]kk] ] klm
\g h ]je Yf ][] [ge g g j]dYlg Z aZ dag _jw^a[g  e Yak [g e hd]lg  \Y
Yf ljg h g dg _ aY [gf l]e h g jyf ]Y fg :jYkad(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,./

M e  h jg b]lg  Ye hdg [ge  g h jg h kalg  \] ]klm \Yj \ a^]j]f l]k


]kladgk \] Yf ljg h g dg _aY ^ga afYm _mjY\ g  ]e  ; Yj\gkg \] G dan]ajY
"  J mZ]f $+33/%& [ge  Y h jg h g klY \] ^g [YdarYj ]ph ]ja~f [aYk f Y
[agf Yak \an]jkYk( ; g f []Z a\ g  [ge g me  ]pYe ] \] Yfljgh gdg_aYk
h ]ja^|ja[Yk & g jlmdg | j]ka\mYd ] \]klafY\g Y \ak[ah daf Yk im]
fzg k]bYe  []f ljYak gm e ]ljghgdalYfYk( E Yf l|e 'k]& f]kk] [gf
l]plg& Y [gf \a{zg  \] Y \ak[ah daf Y `Yn]j ka\g Z ]e 'km []\ a\ Y ]e
\ ]l]je af Y\ g  hYk& aklg |& l]j'k] Y\Yh lY\g  k]e  h ]j\ ]j kmY [a]fla'
^a[a\Y\]( N ]j& h g j ]p]e hdg& : Yaf ]k $+33/% kgZj] Y 9 m kljwdaY5
> a_g da $+33/% kgZj] Y 9 j_]f laf Y5 J mZ]f $+33/% kgZj] g ; YfY\w5
n]j lYe Z|e  J( ; Yj\gkg \] G dan]ajY $+33/%& kgZj] Y ; YlYdmf `Y&
] J( ; Yj\gkg \] G dan]ajY $+332& [Yh( 0%& h YjY \ ak[m kkzg  \Yk
Z Yk]k \Y h ]kimakY(
F g af[ag \gk Yfgk 2*& afa[a]a me hjgb]lg im] laf`Y [geg
gZb]lang ]pYe afYj Y \ak[ah daf Y\] me Y h]jkh][lanY Yfljghgd_a[Y(
9 h Yjlaj\YhjghgklY\]< me gfl $+312%&\]im]Y Yfljghgdg_aYk]
\]^af] hgj me Y `a]jYjimaY \] nYdgj]k fY imYd g mfan]jkYdake g
]f_dgZY g `gdake g& im]klagf]a g lahg \] Yfljghgdg_aY im] k] ^Yr
fg : jYkad l]f\g [ge g [Ykgk \] [gfljgd] Y >jYf{Y ] Y 9 d]e Yf`Y
$H]ajYfg& +32+%( = kk] ]klm\g l]n] hjgkk]_mae ]flg [ge  g ]pYe ]
\g [Ykg af\aYfg  Y kg[a]\Y\] `a]jwjima[Y hgj ]p[]d~f[aY ]
j]kmdlgm fY hjghgklY \] me Y Yfljghgdg_aY fg hdm jYd $H]ajYfg&
+33,%( 9 ljaYf_mdY{zg : jYkad& f \ aY ] = klY\gk M fa\gk l]n] [gf la
fma\Y\] ]e H]ajYfg $+33+& +332%( J ]kmdlY\gk \]kkY h]kimakY k]
[]f ljYjYe  f Y \ak[mkkzg kgZj] Y j]dY{zg ]f lj] [a~f [aY kg[aYd ]
a\]gdg_aY [T] fYlagf)Zmad\af_ $gf\] im]j im] Y Yfljghgdg_aY k] \]
k]fngdnY% ]& e Yak j][]fl]e ]fl]& fYk ]kljYl|_aYk l]ja[Yk _]jY\Yk
]e  [gfl]plgk \an]jkgk $H]ajYfg& +331& +333%(
G ]pYe ]\Yj]dY{zg ]flj] [a~f[aYkg[aYd]a\]g dg _aY fY[agfYd
^ga j]^afY\Y ]e N d`]fY $+331%& im]& [ge hYjYf\g ^gd[dgjaklYk ]
kg[adg_gk nak)w)nak Y a\]gdg_aY \ge afYfl] fgk Yfgk \] +3.1'+30.
fg : jYkad& \]kn]f \Y g dm_Yj \gk afl]d][lmYak da_Y\g k Y nYdgj]k
j]_agfYak]Y\akh mlY\gk ^gd[dgjaklYkhYjYkgZj]nan]j]e me e]ag
,.0 E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

fg imYd Y kg [agdg_aY k] lgjfYnY `]_]e fa[Y( J ]YdarY\g fg [g f


l]plg \g Afklalmlg F Y[agfYd \g >gd[dgj]& kge Y'k] Y]kk] ljYZYd`g
L jYnYkkgk $+331%&im] [ge hYjY e ka[gk]afl]d][lmYak fg : jYkad ]
f Y @ m f_jaY fg af[ag \g k|[mdg& ^g[YdarYf\g gk \ad]e Yk \Y e g
\]jfarY{zg hYjY E wjag \] 9 f\jY\] ] : ]dY : Yjlc( 9 af\Y kgZj]
[a]f laklYk ] Y im]klzg jY[aYd fg : jYkad& n]j K[`o Yj[r $+330%( 9
h ka[Yf wdak] l]e 'k] e gkljY\g me  [Ye hg \] kYZ]j ^|jlad hYjY Y
Yfljgh gdg_aYfg: jYkad( M e Y[ge hYjY{zg])gmYhjghjaY{zg\]kk]
[Ye hg n]e  k]f\g \]k]fngdna\Y hgj me Y daf ` Y \] h ]kimakY kda
\Y5 n ]j < mYjl] $+323& +33*& +330& +331%( > afYde ]fl]& me Y k|ja]
\]j]^d]p ]k kgZj]g ]fkafg\YYfljghgdg_aY fg :jYkad kzg]f [g f
ljY\Yk ]e : ge ]fq ]lY d*  +33+& ] H]kkYf`Y #[ N addYk :gYk& +33/5
n]j lYe Z|e  N an]ajgk \] ;Ykljg& +33/[5 < mYjl]& +33/5 E gfl]jg&
+33/5 >jq& +33/Z5 ; gjj~Y& +33/5 KYf[`ak& +33/5 >gfk][Y& +3315
F a]e ]q]j& +3315 C( O ggjle Yff& +331(
F gk ]klm\gk ]e im] Y Ydl]ja\Y\] | e fae Y& aklg  |& ]klw
dg[YdarY\Y fg hjhjag ljYZYd`g afl]d][lmYd \gk [a]flaklYk kg[aYak&
f glY'k] me ljY{g e Yj[Yfl]4 Y e YagjaY \]kk]k ]klm\gk ]pYe afY
l]e Yk YZjYf_]fl]k j]dY[agfY\gk Y ljY\a{]k afl]d][lmYak g[a\]f
lYak& eYk& hmZda[Y\gk ]e  hgjlm_m~k& l~e me Y Ym\a~f[aY dae alY\Y(
Kmj_]& ]flzg& Y im]klzg [jm[aYd kgZj] g hZda[g \]kk]k ljYZYd`gk(
LjYZYd`gk YZjYf_]fl]k ] ]pYmklangk ^Yr]e  k]fla\g& k] fzg `w Ym
\ a~f [aY ae ]\ aYlY8 G m& hg j im] k] \ aYdg _ Y [ge  Yk ^gf l]k \]
k[`gdYjk`ah( k] gk \]ZYl]k ]pl]jfgk ]klzg Y^YklY\gk h]dY hjh jaY
df _m Y \] ]fmf [aY{zg 8 J ]lgjfYe gk& Ykkae & Ygk L mhafYe Zw \]
>dgj]klYf > ]jfYf\]k& imYf\g g ja_gj l]ja[g k]jnam e Yak h YjY
d]_alae Yj g Ymlgj [ge g [a]flaklY kg[aYd \g im] hYjY ^Yngj][]jme 
]^]lang \awdg_g [ge  ]kh][aYdaklYk \Ywj]Y $H]ajYfg& +33,%(9 im a& Y
n]d` Y im]klzg h]je Yf][]4 g nf[mdg [ge  g e mf\g afl]d][lmYd
e Yak Ye hdg k] \w Yh]fYk hgj ]^]alg adg[m[agfwjag ] Y Ydl]ja\Y\]
e fae Y ]k[gf\]m e YhjghgklY&fzg j]YdarY\Y&\] Ydl]ja\Y\] e w
pae Y& hgjim] l]ja[Y(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A9  FG : J 9 K A D  $9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D AR 9 < 9 % ,.1

A E2>5?  gk :> D6B <? 4 E D? B 6C Ch ?  = n < D : @ < ? C 0 g 4 2 C ?  52 > 5 :2

K]g ]p]e hdg ZjYkad]ajg j]^gj{YYa\ |aY\]im] [Yl]_gjaYk[a]


Ydl]ja\Y\] kzg [gfl]plmYak e ]ke g hYjY gk Yfljghdg_gk& [YZ]
j]lgjfYj&naY[ge hYjY{zg&xk n]jl]fl]k [gfkY_jY\Yk \YYfljg h g dg
_ aYhYjYaf\ a[Yjim] ]dYk lYe Z|e  fmf[Y ^gjYe  afl]ajYe ]fl]jY\ a
[Yak4 Y ^ja[Y ]jY $j]dYlanYe]fl]% `gff  hYjY gk af_d]k]k imYf\g
]kl]kljYfk^]jajYe Yfg{zg\]lglYda\Y\]hYjYgkLYdd]fka&gk9 rYf\]
] gk F \]e Zm& YZ\a[Yf\g \] me Y kg[agdg_aY ]e  ^Yngj \Y Yf ljg
hgdg_aY hjkh]jY $9 f\]jkgf& +302%( 9 l| ]flzg Y \ak[ah daf Y ]jY
hjanad|_ag\Yk e ]ljhgd]k( G j][gf`][ae ]flg kg[aYd \g ]kljmlmjY'
dake g fY \|[Y\Y \] 0*& [gflm\g& ljgmp] ]kl] kmZhjg\mlg af]kh ]
jY\g4 k] Yk hjwla[Yk `me YfYk kzg `gjargflYak& ]jY hgkkn]d ae Y_a
f Yj lYflg Yfljghgdg_aYk af\_]fYk $>Y`ae & +32,% imYflg j][g
f `][]j im] kge gk lg\gk fYlangk $? ]]jlr& +32-%(
G [gfk]flae ]flg ] Y YhjgnY{zg \gk []fljgk& [gflm\g& fzg
ae hda[gm me Y h jwla[Y e Yak kmZklYflanY& Y \]kh]alg \gk afe ]jgk
[g f_j]kkgk j]YdarY\gk \ ]k\ ] ]flzg $hgj ]p]e hdg& 9 kY\& +31-5
< aYe gf\& +32*5 >Y`ae & +32,%-,( G l]e Y | [gfljgn]jkg Y hgflg
\] j][]fl]e ]fl] C mh]j $+33.% [jala[Yje Yfa^]klY{]k f YlanaklYk
\ Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY Y h Yjlaj \] \mYk hgklmjYk im] ]d] [gf\]fY fg
[Ykg\Y? j|[aY4hjae ]ajg&Ya\|aY\]im]kfYlangk\]l~e Y[ge hj]
]fkzg kg [ag d _a[Y5 k]_mf\g& im] kzg gk fYlangk gk bmar]k \Yk
]lfg_jY^aYk ]& k] f][]kkwjag& k]mk[]fkgj]k--( C mh]jhjgh][ge g
Ydl]jfYlanY me Y Yfljghgdg_aY [gke ghgdalY& \]^afa\Y h]dg \awdg
_g]flj]hYj]k]]p[dmaf\g]kljYf_]ajgk[mjagkgk&Yje[`YajnYqejaU
] e ]ke g Y [ge mfa\Y\] fYlanY \] ]kh][aYdaklYk $[a]flaklYk kg[aYak&
hdYf]bY\gj]k& afl]d][lmYak ]e  _]jYd%( HYjY ]d]& Y Yfljghgdg_aY |
-,( ; g f n a\ Y\ g  h YjY h Yjla[ah Yj \ Y [g f ^]j~f [aY g j_Yf arY\ Y h g j >Y`ae  $+32,%&
D m ar  E g ll ]p h j]kkg m  kmY km jh j]kY bw i m ] fg : jYkad g  l]je g  af \ _ ] f Y  |
m ladarY\ g  h YjY \ ]f g lY j Ye ]jf \ag k( E g ll lYe Z |e  Y[` g m  [m jag kg  g : jYkad
] klYj af [dm \ g  ]f lj] g k h Yk]k f zg 'g [ a\ ] f lYak $E gll& +32,%(
--( 9 f ljg h g dg _ aYk fYlanaklYk  k]jaYe  af kh ajY\ Yk ]e  Ymlg j]k [g e g  = \ o Yj\  K Ya\  ]
fgk \ ak[m jkg k j]^d]p an g k h k'e g \ ]jf g k $C mh ]j& +33.%(
,.2 E 9 J AR 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

mjfY [a~f[aY kg[aYd YdaY\Y x kg[agdg_aY ] x `akljaY& im] fzg \]n]


]klYj naf[mdY\Y Y hjg_jYe Yk hgdla[gk(
K] g lge  h Yj][] ]pl]e hgjyf]g fg : jYkad& | im] C mh]jfzg
Yf l][ah Y [g ke g h g dalake g k ^gjY \gk []fljgk '  lgjfYf\g'k]& ]d]
hjhjag& me  ]p]e hdg \] hYjgimaYdake g e ]ljghgdalYfg( = d] ]k
im][]& hgj ]p]e hdg& g hjgb]lg e mdla[]fljY\g im] gk Yf ljg h dg
_g k af\aYfgk n~e  hjghgf\g\]k\]Y\|[Y\Y \] 0* $M Z]jga& +302&
+32-5 E Y\Yf& +33.5 < Yk& +33/% ] Yk dgf_Yk \ak[mkk]k kgZj] g
]klm\gg ^g f ]kgo fkg[a]lq$KjafanYk&+3//&+300&+3135M Z]jga&
+3025 : |l]add[ "  E Y\Yf& +31/5 E Y\Yf& +32,Y& Z5 < Yk& +33/%(
:]jf Yfl]k \Yk \ak[mkk]k kgZj] Y ]lfg_jY^aY hk'e g\]jfY& Y Af
\aY ^ga lYe Z|e  ]p]e hdYj [ge g []fY \g j]fYk[ae ]flg fa[g \Y
j]naklY =gfljaZmlagfklg Cf\aYf Mg[agdg_q & \]hgak im] Dgmak < me gfl
] < Yna\ Hg[g[c& k]mk ^mf\Y\gj]k& \][a\ajYe  []kkYj Y hmZda[Y{zg
\Y j]naklY ]e k]m \|[ae g Yfg $n]j E Y\Yf& +33.%( Gk \]ZYl]k
\]k]fngdna\gk ]e  >gj Y kg[agdg_q g ^ Af\aY & llmdg \g hjae ]ajg
Yjla_g  \gk ]\algj]k $< me gfl "  Hg[g[c& +3/1% ]& e Yak lYj\]& k]
{zg j]_mdYj \Y j]naklY bw k]\aY\Y fY f \ aY& j]n]dgm im] ]kk] ]jY
me  ]khY{g hYjY \ak[mkk]k l]ja[Yk& Y[Y\~e a[Yk& hgdla[Yk ]& af
[dmkan]& h]\Y__a[Yk& ]fngdn]f\g ]kh][aYdaklYk \]nwjaYk gja_]fk ]
gja]flY{]k( K] Y [a~f [aY | e Yak Z]e h]j[]Za\Y fg \]ZYl]& ]flzg
]kk] ^jme  \] .* Yfgk l]e me Y `akljaY \Yk e Yak afl]j]kkYfl]k
h YjY [gflYj-.(
L Ydn]rhgjim]]kl]bYe  [a[fl]k \] e dlahdYk Ym\a~f[aYk& Yd|e 
\] [Ykgk \] afk]fkaZada\Y\]& Yfljghdg_gk af\aYfgk '  hYjl] \]
me Y kg[a]\Y\] im] ^ga gZb]lg \] ]lfg_jY^aYk [dwkka[Yk& eYk im]
fzg YZ\a[Y \] ngr hjhjaY & ]phda[alYe  `w l]e hg k]m dm_Yj \]
]fmf[aY{zg4 hgj]p]e hdg&E Y\Yf $+32,4,00% e ]f[agfY\gak lahgk
\] [gf]p]k ljaYf_mdYj]k4 %\& Y j]dY{zg ]flj] gk h]kimakY\gj]k
afka\]jk& gk naf\gk \] ^gjY ] g _jmh g  ]klm\Y\g& ] sZ& Y j]dY{zg

-.( N ]j H ]ajYf g& +33,& h YjY  ]kl] \ ]Z Yl]5 D Ylgmj& +323& l]e  ]p []d]f l] \ ak[m kkzg 
kg Z j] \ ]Z Yl]k fY [a~f [aY(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,.3

]f lj] g h]kimakY\gj&g Y_]fl] ^afYf[aY\gj] g_jm h g  ]klm\Y\g( G


hjae ]ajg \ar j]kh]alg Yim]kl]k |la[Yk kgZj] Y\akhgfaZada\Y\] \Y
hghmdY{zg ]klm\Y\Y5 g k]_mf\g& kgZj] Y k]jna\zg a\]gd_a[Y \g
h ]ki m akY\ g j-/( E Yak j][]fl]e ]fl]& < Yk $+33/% Yhgflgm hYjY lj~k
lahgk \]\ awdg _g k4 [ge  sY& Yk ljY\a{]k g[a\]flYak \] k[`gdYjk`ahfY
\ak[ahdafY5 $)8% [ge  g [a]flaklY kg[aYd af\aYfg5 ] F! [ge  g fYlang&
[mbYngr ]klwhj]k]fl]lYflg [ge gaf^gje Y{zg gZ la\YfYh]kimakY
imYflg fgk l]plgk ]k[jalgk \Y ljY\a{zg( F ]kk] k]fla\g& Y Yfljghg
dg_aY fYf \ aY YnYdaY]j]^af Y&Yg e ]ke g l]ehg& g \ak[mjkgYfljg
hgd_a[g ] g [gf`][ae ]flg kgZj]Y kg[a]\Y\] \g h]kimakY\gj-0(
$=e[gfljYkl][ge g[Ykgaf\aYfg&]nalYe gkim]klagfYjimYak
k]jaYe  fgkkgk afl]jdg[mlgj]k hgkkn]ak ] \]k]bwn]ak& ^apYf\g'fgk
]e  \awdg_gk& fY e Yagj hYjl] \Yk n]r]k& najlmYak(%

2 <D 6 B :5 2 5 6  6 =  4?>D6GD?

9 afklalm[agfYdarY{zg\Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak [ge g hYjl]\g hjg


[]kkg\]fYlagf)Zmad\af_|me^]fe ]fg[gf`][a\g$=(:][c]j&+31+&
hYjY>jYf{Y]= klY\gkM fa\gk5H]ajYfg& +32+5 G( N]d`g& +32,&hYjY
:jYkad5 KYZ]joYd& +32,& hYjY f \ aY%& lYflg imYflg g hYjY\gpg \Y
]pakl~f[aY\]me Y[a~f[aYkg[aYd [jla[YkgZj]nan]f\gYgkafl]j]kk]k
\Yk ]dal]k im] Y [jaYjYe ( F ]kk]k e ge ]flgk& Y fgnY [a~f[aY kg[aYd

-/( E Y\Yf [`Ye Y Y Yl]f{zg hYjY g [Yjwl]j eYj_afYd \g Yfljghdg_g afka\]j  [
kmY Ye ZanYd~f[aY ]flj] gk \]kY^agk \] [gfkljm{zg l]ja[Y ] Y lYj]^Y \]
[jla[Y kg[aYd5 fg [Ykg \g Yfljghdg_g gmlka\]j( km_]j] im] kmYk hj]g[mhY
{]k hg\]e hYj][]j afmkalY\Yk& \]kf][]kkwjaYk ] Yl| h]jfa[agkYk Ygk alaka\]jk*
-0( J]d]e Zjg im] Yfljghdg_gk gmlka\]jk  im] h]kimakYjYe  Y f \ aY lYeZ|e k]
]f_YbYjYe  ]e \]ZYl]k [ge ]kh][aYdaklYk afka\]jk( Yd_mfk \]d]k l]f\g af^dm
]f[aY\g Ye Zgk gk dY\gk( :gfk ]p]e hdgk kzg g \]ZYl] ]flj] < me gfl ]
KjafanYk& Yk j]Y{]k \] < me gfl Yg ^adkg^g af\aYfg KYjYf $[^( KjafanYk&
+3//& +3005 < me gfl& +31*& +32*5 KYjYf& +30,%& Ykkae  [geg g \]kY[gj\g
\gk `aklgjaY\gj]k\YKmZYdl]jf K[`ggd $?m`Y"KhanYc& +322% [ge<megfl
] Y j][]h{zg \]kk]k `aklgjaY\gj]k fY =mjghY ] Yd`mj]k(
,/* E 9 J A R 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

fzg | ]kh][aYdarY\Y hgjim] g hjgb]lg \] [gfkljm{zg fY[agfYd |


a\]gdg_a[Ye ]fl] e Yak YZjYf_]fl] im] Yk \ak[ahdafYk Y[Y\~ea[Yk(
= e  gmljYk hYdYnjYk& Y Ydl]ja\Y\]jYjYe ]fl] | \]k[ge hjge akkY\Y ]
gk Ykh][lgk afl]j]kkY\gk & fg k]fla\g o ]Z]jaYfg& kzg e malYk n]
r]k ]phd[algk( 9  Yfljghgdg_aY ] Y kg[agdg_aY k]hYjYe 'k]& ]e  me
hjg[]kkgYge ]ke gl]e hghgdla[g&afklalm[agfYd][gf[]almYa&gf\]
]imYf\gk]^Yngj][]e ]kh][aYdarY{]kgim]_]jYde ]fl]Y[gfl]
[] imYf\g g hjg[]kkg \] [gfkljm{zg fY[agfYd YnYf{Y `aklgja[Y
e ]fl]( u  ]kk] imY\jg im] YZja_Y g \awdg_g ljaYf_mdYj af\a[Y\g
Yfl]jagje ]fl]h]dgk kg[adg_gkaf\aYfgk4\]me dY\g&[gegk[gd]
_Yk Yfljghdg_gk ]kg[adg_gk\Ye ]ke Y[ge mfa\Y\]fY[agfYd5\]
gmljg&[geYkljY\a{]k e]ljghgdalYfYk\][gf`][ae ]flg $hYkkY\Yk
] hj]k]fl]k% ]& Yaf\Y& [ge gk kmb]algk \Yh]kimakY(
Fg:jYkad\gkYfgk-*&Y[a~f[aYkg[aYd ^ga Y\glY\YhYjYhjgn]j
me YYZgj\Y_]e [a]fl^a[YYg hjgb]lg \] me Y fgnY fY{zg( 9[j]\alY'
nY'k] ]flzg im]& fg \]na\g l]ehg& Y [a~f[aY kg[aYd ajaY kmZklalmaj g
]fkYag kg[agdal]jwjag im] `YnaY g[mhY\g Yima& eYak im] Y ^adgkg^aY
gm Yk [a~f[aYk `meYfYk& g ^]fe ]fg []fljYd \Y na\Y \g ]khjalg
$;yf\a\g& +3104+/0%( 9kkae & \gk Yfgk -* Ygk /*& hgj kg[agdg_aY k]
]fl]f\aY g d]im] \Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak im] `gb] [gf[]Z]e gk [geg
af\]h]f\]fl]k& e Yk _]klYnY'k] me Y kg[agdg_aY^]alY)fg)<jYkad im]
fY n]j\Y\] k] lgjfgm `]_]e fa[Y \mjYfl] Yk \|[Y\Yk k]_mafl]k(
= fimYflg akkg& gk ]klm\gk ]lfgd_a[gk \]_jmhgk af\_]fYk j]hj]
k]flYnYe  g e g\]dg [Yffa[g hYjY Y Yfljghgdg_aY& eYk dg_g ]klY
hYkkY Y k] YhjghjaYj \] l]eYk [gfka\]jY\gk kg[agd_a[gkk im]
Y_gjY kgZ g gd`Yj \Y \a^]j]f{Y& kg[aYd ])gm [mdlmjYd( <] imYdim]j
^gje Y& kg[agd_a[gk gm Yfljghgd_a[gk& gk l]eYk ]e hja[gk ]jYe
]f[gfljY\gk \]fljg \Yk ^jgfl]ajYk fY[agfYak5 k] Y \ae]fkzg hgdla[Y
\Y[a~f[aY kg[aYd]klYnYhj]k]fl]& lYeZ|e]jYafim]klagfwn]dg\]kY
^ag \]j]^afYe]flg l]ja[g $n]j>]jfYf\]k& +3/2%-1(

-1( < ] ^gje Y \an]jkY Y Cmh]j& im] hjgh] g Yd`]Ye ]flg \Yk im]kl]k hgdla
[Yk& >ak[`]j $+322% km_]j] im] gk Yfljghdg_gk fgjl]'Ye ]ja[Yfgk fzg \]
k]e h]f`Ye  g e ]ke g hYh]d im] gk Yfljghdg_gk ZjYkad]ajgk [ge g afl]d]]'
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 %  ,/+

9 [a~f[aYkg[aYd^]alYfg: jYkadfmf[Y^]rhYjl]afl]_jYfl]\g
[aj[malg \gk []fljgk j][gf`][a\gk \] hjg\m{zg afl]d][lmYd& ] gk
kg[adg_gk af\aYfgk fgk af\a[Ye  im]Ydf _mYhgjlm_m]kYfzg |g
f a[g  e g lang  \] ] p [ dm kz g -2( F ]kk] [g f l] p lg & [m jag kYe ]f l] &
[gfka\]jYe g'fgk afl]jdg [mlg j]k d]_lae gk \] Ymlgj]k j][gf`][a
\gk \Y ljY\a{zg g [a\]flYd& ]e me  hjg[]kkg fg imYdg akgdYe ]flg
\g hgjlm_m~k l]e Y^afa\Y\] [ge  g hYh]d j]k]jnY\g Yg [a]flaklY
kg[aYdfghYk&\aj][agfY\gxkim]kl]khgdla[YkfY[agfYak( =klYe gk
k]e hj]& e Yak gm e ]fgk [gf^gjlYn]de ]fl]& ]e  [YkY( 9 kkae  k]
bmkla^a[Ye & \] me  dY\g& gk dae al]k ]kljYl|_a[gk im]& [ge g nae gk&
af^gje Ye  Y ]k[gd`Y \Y Ydl]ja\Y\]5 \] gmljg& g ^Ylg hYjY\gpYd \]
im]& imYf\g hjg[mjYe gk \a^]j]f{Yk& e malYk n]r]k Y[YZYe gk hgj
]f [gf ljYjme YkmhgklY kaf_mdYja\Y\] $im]| ZjYkad]ajY% -3( = h j]
[akg j][gf`][]j& fg ]flYflg& g Ykh][lg kg[agd_a[g hgkalang4 ]kk]
hjg[]kkg [ge hd]pg\]d]Yd\Y\]kafl]d][lmYak ] hgdla[Yk& g dYZ ajaf
lg \] [Ye af`gk \]fljg \g mfan]jkg hgkkn]d& Ykkae  [ge g g imY
\jg nYjaY\g \] afl]jdg[mlgj]k $hj]k]fl]k ] Ymk]fl]k% Yg dgf_g \g
l]e hg [gf ljaZmjYe  hYjY Y [g fkgda\Y{zg \] meY [ge mfa\Y\]
Y[Y\~e a[Y ]^]lanY( ;ge  ]klY fglY hgkalanY& ]f[]jjg hjg[mjYf\g
j]kme ajYd_mfk hgflgk4
?e l]jegk \] ]pglakeg* 9  \a^]j]f{Y& im]j kg[aYd gm [mdlmjYd&
e Yakim] g ]pglake g& [`Ye YY Yl]f{zg\gk Yfljghdg_gk imYf\g
]kl]k hjg[mjYe  Y Ydl]ja\Y\] fg : jYkad( = kkY [YjY[l]jkla[Y lYdn]r
]phdaim]h g jim]&]e  [jak]]e dm_Yj]k gf\]g]pglake g e Yj[gmY
Yfljghgdg_aY& Yima gk hjYla[Yfl]k \Y \ak[ahdafY h Yjlad` Ye  me  `g
jargfl] glae aklY(

lmYak hZda[gk fzg hgj ^YdlY \] ]f_YbYe ]flg& e Yk \]na\g x h]j\Y \] me Y
Za^g[Yda\Y\]& YZd] lg Z] ljYaf]\ kae mdlYf]gmkdq Yl Zge]  Yf\ YZjgY\  gf
9e ]ja[Yf [mdlmj] Yk al ljYfk^gje k $Yf\ ak ljYfk^gje ]\% Zq _dgZYd kg[a]lq
$+3224+-%(
-2( N]j g ]p[]d]fl] \]hgae ]flg \] K[`oYjlre Yf $+32/% kgZj] Y na\Y afl]d][
lmYd fY h]ja^]jaY(
-3( N]j< YE YllY& +32.5 >jq& +33/Y& hYjY \a^]j]fl]k ]fmf[aY{]k(
,/, E 9 J A R 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

?e l]jegkhgdla[gk* H j]k]fl] k]e hj] im] me Y [a~f[aY kg[aYd


k] \]k]fngdn]& Y \ae ]fkzg hgdla[Y | Yima \aj][agfY\Y hYjY me
lahg ]kh][^a[g \] a\]wjag \] [gfkljm{zg fY[agfYd& fg imYd \ a^]
j] f { Yk \]n]e  k]j j] kh ]alY\ Yk ] me Y kaf _ m dY ja\ Y \ ]  f Y[ag f Yd
]k[dYj][a\ Y $n]j ; yf\a\g& +3/25 H]ajYfg& +32+5 : g e ]f q ]l Yd (&
+33+5 K[`o Yjlre Yf& +33+5 @( :][c]j& +33,5 J]ak& +330& +332%(
?el]jegkl]ja[gk*H Yjl] \g G [a\]fl]& e Yk fzg ^YdYf \ g me Y
df _m Y af l]jf Y[ag f Yd& Y \ae ]fkzg l]ja[Y Ykkme ] me  h Yh]d [ jla
[g [ge g g [Ye af `g  f g Z j]h YjY Y e g \]jfa\Y\]( E Yk& fg : jYkad&
Y \ ae ]f kzg h g dla[Y \Y l]gjaY | me  Ykh ][lg ^Ye adaYj ]& f]kk]
[g f l]plg & [ge  ^j]i ~f [aY gZb]lgk \] ]klm\g \][g jj]e  \] ]k[g
d`Yk im] kzg&f Yn]j\ Y\ ]& l]ja[g )hg dla[Yk( 9 kkae & YZ j]'k] ]kh Y
{g h YjY gh{ ]k nYjaY\Yk( H jae ]ajg& hYjY g hmjg e ae ]lake g 4 ljY
lY'k]& Yi m a& \] me  Yjj]e ]\ g  \] h Yjla[ah Y{zg  ]e  me  e mf\g
` g e g_~f]g  im] fzg ]p akl]]& fzg jYjg& \Y YZ kg j{zg  \] e g\]dgk
]kljYf _]ajg k ae ]\aYlg k [ge gg [Ye af`g e Yak [mjlghYjYg e m f
\g e g \ ]jf g .*( K]_mf\g& | hgkkn]d n akdm e Z jYj me Y nYjaY{zg  \Y
gh {zg  Yf l]jagj4 ljYlY'k] \] me Y hjwla[Y fY imYd gk \Y\g k kzg
f gkkgk ] Y l]gjaY | k]e h j] ae hg jlY\Y( $I m]e  fzg Ykkaklam x
Yh j]k]f lY{zg  \] ljYZ Yd`g  ]e  im] g hY\jzg  k]_m] Y k]i~f [aY
jalm Yd fY imYd g l]e Y k] adm e af Y \] ^gje Y ]kh g f lyf ]Y h]dY kae
h d]k afng[Y{zg  \g Ymlg j ]e  ng _Y& im] lYe Z|e  jYla^a[Y Y af l]j
h j]lY{zg8% =e g mljYk hYdYnjYk& YZ j]'k] e zg \Y afl]jdg [m{zg ]f
lj]\Y\gk ]l]g jaY] ^Yr'k] \gkh jae ]ajgk& gk \Y\gk& e ]jYadm kljY
{zg  \Y k]_mf\ Y  Y l]gjaY( @ w me Y l]j[]ajY gh{zg& e Yak j]f lw
n]d4 ]dY km j_] imYf\g hjg[mjYe gk ]ph Yf \ aj& j]\ aj][ag f Yj ] Ye
h daYj im ]kl ]k Yf l]jag j]k& [jaYf \g  Ykkae  fgngk \Y\gk& fgnYk j]
Yda\ Y\ ]k ] hjghgf\g fgngk hjgZd]e Yk( F ]kk] [Ykg& Y [a~f [aY
kg [aYd $] Y Yf ljg h g dg _aY [ge g hYjl] \]dY% h YkkY Y k] \ ]^af aj

.*( N]j g ]fkYag kgZj] dal]jYlmjY ] kmZ\]k]fngdnae ]flg ]e ;yf\a\g $+321%(
HYjY;gklY Haflg& ljYlY'k] \Yim]d]lahg \]\]kdme ZjYe ]flg YdnYj\aYfl] \]
^je mdYk ] [gf[]algk ae hgjlY\gk& im]hYj][S]e U [gjj]lgk h]dY fa[Y [gf\a
{zg \] k]j]e ]kljYf_]ajgk $+3//4,.%(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A< 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 %  ,/-

[ge g ]l]jf Y [g f kljm {zg  ] kmh]jY{zg  \] ka e ]ke Y& g fgng k]
[g f kljm af \ g  kgZj] gk ge Zjgk \] Yfl][]kkgj]k(
E Yk lYd hjgb]lg fzg | kae hd]k( = d] \]h]f\] lYflg \g \ge
fag k]_mjg \Yk l]gjaYk [dwkka[Yk ] [gfl]e hgjyf]Yk imYflg \Y
]lfg _jY^aY Y[mjY\Y ] ae h][wn]d( K] | [gjj]lg h]fkYj im] me Y
[mdlmjY e mf\aYd \gk l]e hgk h j][akY \ ] [gfklYfl]k ]e hj|kla
egk& lYflg f Y\aj]{zg \Yk e ]ljhgd]k hYjYYk h]ja^]jaYk a\]gd_a
[Yk imYflg fg k]fla\g ghgklg& Y hjge ]kkY Yima ae hd[alY | Y \]
me  \awdg_g l]ja[g ] ]e hja[gim]mdljYhYkk] Z Yjj]ajYk fY[agfYak
 ljYlY'k] \] \]k]fngdn]j mfan]jkYdake gk hdm jYak im] kalm]e &
af[dmkan]& gk mfan]jkYdake gk e ]ljghgdalYfgk ]& Yg e ]ke g l]ehg&
j]^dalYe  Y [gflaf_~f[aY \] nan]je gk fg :jYkad(
?k+] ]fkYag|\]\a[Y\gYD+a+ag =Y{YjG]+Y+++
im]hjae]ajg e]]fkafgmYgjlg\gpaY*

B L ML Wc S J OH X  3 OI QOT N W_ MOJ H X

9DE =A<9& Ea_m]dNYd]( +330(E YjaYdnakeg4YegjYd\ak[gmjk]af\a]Hgjlm_m]k]


ljYfkalagf lg eg\]jfalq( :jYkdaY4 Mf:& M|ja];fljghgdg_aY  +2.(
9E G JAE & HYmdg E ( +31*)+31+( f \ ag k [Ye hgf]k]k4 gk Hgla_mYjY \Y ZYY \Y
LjYa{zg( L]naklY\gGmk]mJYmdaklY  +34 1'30(
9F < =JKG F & H]jjq( +302( L ` ] [ge hgf]flk g ^ Y fYlagfYd [mdlmj]( H ]o Cbabl
L]na]o  /*4 -'/1(
9I MAF G & L]jja NYd]( +311( EYpafYov6 \] k]jaf_m]ajg [YZg[dg Y h]zg Y[j]Yfg*
:jYkdaY4 Mf:& \akk]jlY{zg \] e]kljY\g(
9JJM LA&Bg k| EYmj[ag( +330( Ij]]f[YflYe]flg\gemf\g* NjYeY`aklja[Y]YjjYf
bg k l]jjalgjaYakJYfcYjYjm*Jag\]BYf]ajg4E F )M>JB&\akk]jlY{zg\]e]kljY\g(
9 K9< & LYdYa& $gj_(%( +31-( ;fl`jghgdg_q# l`][gdgfaYd]f[gmfl]j* Dgf\j]k4 Al`Y[Y(
9R@N=<G&LYd]k( +33.( IkalYdaYfgkfg LagAjYf\]\gMmd* ;YpaYk\g Kmd4 = \alg
jY \Y Mfan( ;YpaYk \g Kmd(
:9 AF =K& Kl]h`]f( +33+( ? Y@mfYaim]kYZ]* :]d|e4 E mk]m =edag ?g]d\a(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( Ae hj]kk]kkgZj] Y ]lfgdg_aYaf\_]fY fY 9mkljwdaY( Af4 ;9J
< G KG  < = G DAN=AJ9& J( "  JM:=F& ?( $gj_k(%& hh( 0/'+,*(
:9 D< M K& @ ]jZ]jl( +3-3( 9 f][]kka\Y\]\g ljYZYd`g af\aYfaklYfg:jYkad( L]nak
lY\g;jimangG mfa[ahYd/$/1%4 +-3'+/*(
,/. E 9 J A R 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

WWWWWWWWW ( +3/.( <aZdag_jY^aY[ge]flY\Y\Y]lfgdg_aYZjYkad]ajY* Kzg HYmdg4 KgmrY(


WWWWWWWWW ( +31*( NYhajYh|6 ljaZg lmha fg <jYkad =]fljYd  Kzg HYmdg4 ;aY( = \algjY
F Y[agfYd(
:9 JJ= AJ9 & Ajdqk( +332( =`mnY\]hYh|ak* Lalgk]keZgdgk\][YehYf`Yk]d]algjYakfg
ZjYkad  Jag \[ BYf]ajg4 J]dme] <meYjw(
:9 JJ=LLG  >AD@G& @]fqg( +331( <Y fY{zg Yg hdYf]lY YljYn|k \Y fYlmj]rY(
:jYkdaY4 Mf:& M|ja];fljghgdg_aY  ,,,(
: 9 JJG K& = \aj H( +311( EmjY <YcYaja+EmjY EYjYaanY6 \gak emf\gk [e [gf^jgflg*
:jYkdaY4 Mf:& \akk]jlY{zg \[ e]kljY\g(
:9 KL G K& ; jaklaYfY( +330( 9 fljghgdg_aY \Y \]kgj\]e  _dgZYd4 fglYk \] me Y
\ak[ahdafY ]e j][gf^a_mjY{zg( ;fmvjag; fljghgd_a[g ) 51U +/+'+0*(
: = ; C = J & =jf]kl( +31+( N`]NgklM[a]f[]g ^ GYf* F gnYQgjc4 ? ]gj_] :jYradd]j(
: = ; C = J & @ goYj\( +33,( Kg[aYd l`]gjq af :jYrad( Mg[agdg_a[YdN`]gjq +*4 +'/(
:uL=ADD=& 9 " E9<9F&L( F( $gj_k(%( +31/( ?f[gmfl]jYf\]ph]ja]f[]6h]jkgfYd
Y[[gmflkg ^ @a]d\ogjc* < ]d`a4 NacYk(
:@ R=JJ9& E Yj[gk Glwnag( +333( ?efge]\YkZYk]k* Jgdla[Y(^Y n g j]\]h]f\~f[aY
h]kkgYd* Jag \]BYf ]ajg '( J]dme ] <meYjw(
:A9 F ;G & :]dY >]d\eYf( +33,( KYm\Y\]& ae a_jY{zg ] Y [gfkljm{zg \] me Y
fY{zg \]kl]jjagjaYdarY\Y( L]n* <jYk( \]?klm\gk\] JghmdY{zg 3$+%4 -/'.3
WWWWWWWWW ( +33-( E dlahdYk [Ye Y\Yk \] l]ehg ] ]khY{g4 ]flj] ae a_jYfl]k hgj
lm_m]k]k( L]n* =jla[Y\] =a~f[aYkMg[aYak -24 +3-',,.(
:AJE 9F &HYlj[aY( +33/(@Y"]j]kladg[jaYf\g_ ~f]jgk*Jag\]B Yf]ajg4J]dme]<meYjw(
:G E =F Q& @ ]d]fY5 :AJE 9 F & H( " H9APG& 9( D( $gj_k(%( +33+( ; k Ykkae
[`YeY\Yk[a~f[aYkkg[aYak* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 J]dme] <meYjw(
:G J? =K H=J=AJ9&Bg zg  :YlaklY( +301( =gj( hjg^akkzg ] egZada\Y\]6 g f]_jg [ g
jv\ag\]MzgJYmdg* Kzg HYmdg4 Hagf]ajY(
:JM K; @ AF A& E( " KGJB& :( $gj_k(%( +33.( Hgngk gd`Yj]k6 emd`]j]k ] j]dY{]k \]
_~f]jgfg<jYkad* Kzg HYmdg4 >mf\Y{zg ;Yjdgk ; `Y_Yk)E Yj[g R]jg(
; 9 :J9 D&Bgzg HafY( +330( 9\a^mkzg \gdae aYj4 e Yj_]fk&`]_]e gfaYk][gfljY
\a{]k fY Yfljghgdg_aY( GYfY  ,$+%4 ,/'/2(
; F < A< G  SE = D D G  =  K G M R 9 U& 9 f lg f ag ( +3/2( Af ^g je Y{ zg  kg Z j] kg
[ ag dg _ aY  ]e  K zg  HYmdg( Af 4 ? fkYagk hYmdaklYk)* /+ * '/ , + ( Kzg H Ymdg 4
9 f ` Ye Z a(
WWWWWWWWW ( +30.( IkhYj[]ajgk\g J)g <gfalg* Jag \]BYf]ajg4Bg k| Gdqehag(
WWWWWWWWW ( +310( Fal]jYlmjY]kg[a]\Y\]* Kzg HYmdg4 ;aY( =\algjY FY[agfYd(
WWWWWWWWW ( +321( D al]jYlmjY ] kmZ\]k]fngdnae]flg( Af4; ]\m[Y{zgh]dYfgal]* Kzg
HYmdg4 la[Y& hh( +.*'+0,(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,//

WWWWWWWWW( +33/( If dal]jYlmj]Yf\kg[a]lq* Hjaf[]lgf4 Hjaf[]lgf Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(


;9J< G KG & Jml`( +33/( ?kljmlmjY^ Ye adaYj[egZada\Y\]kg[aYd6]klm\g\gkbYhgf]k]kfg
?klY\g\]Mzg JYmdY* Kzg HYmdg4Hjaemk&
;9J< G KG  < = G DAN = AJ9 & Dmk J( +323( @Yajf]kk Yf\[geemfa[Ylagf af keYdd
[dYaek[gmjlk* @ YjnYj\ Mfan]jkalq& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW ( +330( = flj]gbmklg]g kgda\wjag4 gk \ad]e Yk \gk \aj]algk \] [a\Y\Y
faY fg :jYkad ] fgk =M9( L]n* <jYk( \]=a~f[aYkMg[aYak -+4 01'2+(
; 9 J< G KG < =GDAN=AJ9&JgZ]jlg( -30-(9[mdlmjY{zg]^ja[{zgafl]j[lfa[Y(
;e|ja[Y FGl afY  04 --'./(
WWWWWWWWW ( +312(9  kg[agdg_aY\g<jYkadaf\_]fY* Kzg HYmdg4 L]e hg:jYkad]ajg(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( A\]fla\Y\] [YlYdz ] a\]gdg_aY |lfa[Y( GYfY  +$+%4 3'.1(
WWWWWWWWW( +332( *  ljYZYd`g\gYfljghdg_g* :jYkdaY4 JYjYd]dg +/(
; 9 J< G KG  < =  G DAN =AJ9 & J( M[ JM:=F& ? madd]je g($gj_k(%( +33/( ?kladgk\]
;fljghgdg_aY* ; Ye hafYk4 Mfa[Yeh(
;9JF = AJG  <9 ;MF @ 9& E Yfm]dY( +312( Gk egjlgk ] gk gmljgk* ;fvdak] \g
kakl]eY^mf]jvjag ]\Yfg{zg \]h]kkgY]flj]gkEjY`* Kzg HYmdg4 @m[al][(
WWWWW  +33-( , ^ mlmjg\Yim]klzgaf\_]fY* Kzg HYmdg4Mfan]jka\Y\] \]KzgHYmdg(
;9JF = AJG  <9 ;MF @ 9& E( $gj_(%( +33,( BakljaY \gk f\agk fg <jYkad  Kzg
HYmdg4 ;ge hYf`aY& \Yk D]ljYk(
;9JN9D@G&Bg k|Bg j_]( +33,Y( M`Yf_g[mdlaf L][a^]( < jY kad  ; YjY[Yk4 >mf\]^(
WWWWW # +33,Z( = kl|la[Y \Y ghY[a\Y\] ] \Y ljYfkhYj~f[aY( Ealg& e ka[Y ]
jalmYd fg [mdlg \] PYf_ ] fY ljY\a{zg ]jm\alYg[a\]flYd( ;fmvjag;fljghg
d_a[g+456 2-'++0(
;9KLJG  >9 JA9 & Dmar( +33-( ;fljghgdg_aY( ]kh]lv[mdg]]p[]d~f[aY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4
M>JB)L]e hg :jYkad]ajg(
;9N9D;9FLA& E YjaY DYmjY( +33.( =YjfYnYd[Yjag[Y6\gk ZYkla\gj]kYg\]k^ad]* Jag
\]DY f ]ajg 6  =\algjY \Y M>JB)E af;)>mfYjl](
;@9N=K& ;`jaklaf] 9 ( +33-( <mjalak6^]klYk(hgdla[Y]eg\]jfa\Y\]fgk]jlzg* :jYkdaY4
Mf:& \akk]jlY{zg \] e]kljY\g(
;G E = J>G J< &Bg ` f( +333( @Yr]f\gY dmlY6kg[aYZada\Y\](^YdYk]jalmYakfY[gfkljm
{zg\]gj_YfarY{]k[Yehgf]kYk* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 J[dme] < me Yjw $fg hj]dg%(
;G H=L'JG M ? A= J& =( M[ @ uJALA=J'9M? u & >( +33-( ;ge e ]flYaj}k kmj
[ge e ]flYaj]( J|hgfk] x =( Nan]ajgk \] ;Ykljg( F Bgee] --4 +-3'+.2(
; G JJ= 9& E YjarY( +32,( ; k admk]k [dY daZ]j\Y\]* ; ]k[gdY\] HafY Lg\ja_m]k* Kzg
HYmdg4 MKH& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/(< Ye Yk" [YnYd`]ajgk\] ^afY]klYe hY&\jY_]k "\afgkkYmjgk&
`]jak " nad]k( Af4 *  ]fkafg \YYfljghgdg_aYfg<jYkad* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 9:9(
, /0 E 9 J +1(9  ? ( K ( H dadJ 9 F G

;GJJ=9& E( $gj_(%( +321( BakljaY \YYfljghgdg_aY fg ZjYkad* N]kl]emf`gk6 ?eadag
Qadd]ek] >gfYd\Ja]jkgf* ;YehafYk4 =\algjY \Y Mfa[Yeh(
;GKL9 HAF LG & Fer 9( " ;9JF =AJG & =( +3// ; k [a~f[aYkkg[aYak fg < jYkad
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 ;Yh]k(
<9E9LL9& JgZ]jlg( +31*( ; hafYb|kg[aYdkljm[lmj]* @ YjnYj\ Mfan]jkalq& l]k] \]
\gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW( U5-/f*?fkYagk\]Yfljghgdg_aY]kljmlmjYd H]ljhgdak4 Ngr]k(
WWWWWWWWW( +31-Z( G g^[ag \] ]lfdg_g gm [ge g l]j Yfl`jghgdg_a[YdZdm]k(
=gemfa[Y{]k\g JJA;M  +( Jag \]BYf]ajg4 EF)M>JB(
WWWWWWWWW( +310( ImYflg [mklY k]j f\ag fg :jYkad8 >Y\gk +-4 --'/.(
WWWWWWWWW( +310( Oeemf\g\ana\a\g6Y]kljmlmjYkg[aYd\gkf\agk; hafYb|* H]ljhgdak4
Ngr]k(
WWWWWWWWW( +32*( =YjfYnYak( eYdYf\jgk]`]jak* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWW ( +32+( J]dYlanahYf\g6 meYafljg\m{zgwYfljghgdg_aYMg[aYd* H]ljhgdak4 Ngr]k(
WWWWWWWWW( +32. $% im]^Y h g <jYkad( <jYkad: Jag \]BYf]ajg4 ?mYfYZYjY(
WWWWWWWWW( +32/( ; [YkY]YeY*  Kzg HYmdg4 :jYkada]fk](
WWWWWWWWW( +33-( =gflY \] e]flajgkg6 k]l] ]fkYagk \] Yfljghgdg_aY ZjYkad]ajY* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 Jg[[g(
<9K& N]]fY( +33/( =jala[Yd]n]flk6YfYfl`jghgdg_a[Ydh ]jkh][lan]gf[gfl]ehgjYjqf\aY*
< ]d`a4 G p^gj\ Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(
< A9E G F<& K(& $gj_(%( +32*( ;fl`jghgdg_q6Yf[]klgjkYf\`]ajk* HYjak4 E gmlgf(
<M9JL=& Dmar = <aYk( +320( >Y na\Y f]jngkY %fYk[dYkk]k ljYZYd`Y\gjYkmjZYfYk&*
Jag \]BYf]ajg4Bg j_] RY`Yj);FHl%(
WWWWWWWWW( +323( >j]m\ ] Y aeY_afY{zg kg[agd_a[Y eg\]jfY( Af4 :AJE 9F& B(
$gj_(%( @j]m\'  1,Yfgk\]hgak* Jag \[BYf]ajg4 J]dme] <meYjw(
WWWWWWWWW( +33* 9 j]hj]k]flY{zg \g f]jngkg fY [mdlmjY dal]jwjaY ]kg[agd_a[Y\g
k|[mdg PAP ] [ge ]{g \g k|[mdg PP( ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+436 3-'++0(
WWWWWWWWW(( +33/( >gje Y{zg ] ]fkafg fY Yfljghgdg_aY kg[aYd4 gk \ad]e Yk \Y
mfan]jkYdarY{zgjge yfla[Y(Af'& G ]fkafg\YYfljghgdg_aY*Jag\]BYf]ajg4 9:9(
WWWWWWWWW( +330( <aklYf[aYe ]flg& j]^d]pana\Y\] ] afl]jagjarY{zg \Y h]kkgY fg
G[a\]fl]( GYfY  ,$,%4 +0-'+310(
WWWWW ( +331( >gakj]_ae]k`aklja[gk\Ykj]dY{]k\YYfljghgdg_aY[geYhka[Yfvdak]fg
<jYkad  9hj]k]flY\g fg K]e afwjag ;a~f[aYk Kg[aYak& =klY\g ] Kg[a]\Y\](
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 EF)M>JB(
< M E G F L& Dgmak( +31*( L]da_agf(hgdala[kYf\`aklgjqaf Cf\aY* HYjak4 Egmlgf(
WWWWWWW W (  +312( DY [ge e mfYml|Yfl`jghgdg_aim] ]l Ha\|gdg_a]( C($Bgee]  +24
2-'++*(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,/1

WWWWWWWWW( +32*( Bgeg `a]jYj[`a[mk6 l`] [Ykl] kqkl]e Yf\ alk aehda[Ylagfk* ;`a[Y_g4
M fan]jkalq g ^ ;`a[Y_g Hj]kk(
WWWWWWWWW( +33.( A]jeYf a\]gdg_q* @jge @jYf[] lg A]jeYfq Yf\ ZY[c( hh( -'+0(
;`a[Y_g4 M fan]jkalq g ^ ;`a[Y_g Hj]kk(
< M E G F L&Dgmak"HG ;G ;C &<( +3/1( LgjYkg[agdg_qg ^ Af\aY( =gfljaZmlagfk
lgCf\aYfMg[agdg_q  +4 1',,(
< M JC @ =AE & =( +330( ; k^ gje Yk]d]e]flYj]k\Yna\Yj]da_agkY* Kzg HYmdg4 E Yjlafk
>gfl]k(
= ; C = J L & ; g jf ] daY( +33+( Of] nadd] Ym lj]^ga e afa}j]6 dY_jYf\)[ge Z]* ? lm\]
\Yfl`jghgdg_a]kg[aYd]* HYjak N& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
=N9FK'HJ+L;@9J<&=( =( +3/+( Mg[aYd; fl`jghgdg_q*Dgf\j]k4 ;g`]f "O]kl(
>9@AE& @( $gj_%( +32,( Cf\a_]fgmkYfl`jghgdg_qaf fgf)o]kl]jf [gmflja]k* < mj`Ye &
F;4 ;YjgdafY 9[Y\]e a[ Hj]kk(
>9MKLG& ;Yjdgk( +331(; \aYd|la[Y\Yhj]\Y{zg]^ YeadaYjarY{zg]flj]gkJYjYcYfz\Y
;eYrfaY gja]flYd* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 E F )M>JB& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
>=JF 9F < =K& >dgj]klYf( +3/2( G hY\jzg \] ljYZYd`g [a]fla^a[g \gk kg[adg
_gk ZjYkad]ajgk( ?klm\gkMg[aYak] Jgdla[gk  -( :]dg @ gjargfl]4 M>E?
WWWWWWWWW ( +30+( 9 mfa\Y\] \Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak ] Y Yfljghgdg_aY( ;fZ]lfZa
..$+-,%4 ./-'.1*(
WWWWWWWWW ( +30-( ; gj_YfarY{zg kg[aYd\gk NmhafYeZv* Kzg HYmdg4 < a^mkzg =mjg
h|aY \g Danjg(
WWWWWWWWW ( +31*( ; ^mf{zg kg[aYd \Y_m]jjY fY kg[a]\Y\] NmhafYeZv* Kzg HYmdg4
Hagf]ajY(
WWWWWWWWW( +31,( If]_jg fg emf\g \gkZjYf[gk* Kzg HYmdg4 < a^mkzg =mjgh|aY \g
Danjg(
WWWWWWWWW ( +31/( ; afn]kla_Y{zg ]lfgd_a[Y fg < jYkad ] gmljgk ]fkYagk* H]ljhgdak4
Ngr]k(
WWWWWWWWW( +311( ; kg[agdg_aYfg< jYkad  H]ljhgdak4 Ngr]k(
>A? G DA& D]gfYj\g( +33/( 9 Yfljghgdg_aY fY 9 j_]flafY ] Y [gfkljm{zg \Y
fY{zg( N]j ;9J< G KG  < = G DAN =AJ9 & J( " JM:=F & ?( $gj_k(%& hh(
-+'0.(
>AK;@ =J& E a[`Y]d E( B( +322( K[a]fla^a[ l`]g jq Yf\ [jala[Yd `]je ]f]mla[k(
=mdlmjYd;fl`jghgdg_q  -$+%4 -'+/(
>G F K= ;9& ;dYm\aY( +320( ;dg[`Yj\k ]l \Ye ]k \] [`Yjal|4 mf] |lm\] \] [Yk
hYjaka]f( ?l`fgdg_a]@jYf{Yak] +0$.%4 -3+'.**(
WWWWWWWWW ( +331( Lgl]fk ] pYe zk fY hk'_jY\mY{zg( ;fmvjag ;fljghgd_a[g )526
--'.2(
,/2 E 9 J A R 9  ?( K ( H = A J 9 F G

>jq& H]l]j( +33+( Hgdala[Ye ]fl] [gjj]lg ]e me  dm_Yj&af[gjj]lg ]e gmljg( ?klm
\gk;^jg)Ykavla[gk  ,+4 +01'+11(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/Y( O `q ak :jYrad \a^^]j]fl8 Nae]kFal]jYjqMmhhd]e]fl& <][( 2& f(
.(2-04 0'1(
WWWWWWWWW & +33/Z( >gje Y{zg gm]\m[Y{zg4 gk \ad]e Yk \gk Yfljghdg_gk h]jYf
l] Y _jY\] [mjja[mdYj( Af4 G ]fkafg \YYfljghgdg_aY fg< jYkad  Jag \]BYf]ajg4
9:9(
WWWWWWWWW ( +332( =mdlmj]kg ^ \a^^]j]f[]6[gdgfaYdd]_Y[a]kafTaeZYZo]Yf\GgrYeZaim]*
HYd]kljYk hjg^]ja\Yk fY Mfan]jka\Y\] \] ; Ye Zja\_] ]e -*)++ ] .)+,(
?9KH9J& E YjaY <md[]( +32/( AYjglYk \]hjg_jYeY6hjgklalma{zg ]e =ghY[YZYfY ]
a\]fla\Y\]kg[aYd  Jag \]BYf]ajg4Bg j_] RY`Yj =\algj(
? =JJLR&;da^^gj\( +32-( F g[Ydcfgod]\_]6^ m jl`]j]kkYqkafafl]jhj]lYlan]Yfl`jghgdg_q*
FgnY Qgjc4 :Yka[ :ggck(
? =J@ G DE &L( "@ 9 F F =JR&M( +32,( Afljg\m[lagf4 l`]k`Yhaf_g ^ fYlagfYd
Yfl`jghgdg_a]k( ?l`fgk  .,4 /'-/(
? G D< E 9F & EYj[ag( +33.( LYrzg]\a^]j]f{Y6Y^]lana\Y\]( jY[agfYda\Y\] ]j]dYlanakf+g
fgh]fkYe]flg;]Daq)Z jf ` d*  Jag \]BYf]ajg4 ?jqh`g(
? G F t9 DN =K&E Yj[g9flgfag( +33-( Ika_fa^a[Y\g\gfge]6[gkegdg_aY]fgeafY{zg
]flj]gkJajY`Y* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 K]ll] D]ljYk(
? J=? G JA& E( >( +33-( =]fYk]im]apYk6emd`]j]k( j]dY{]knagd]flYk]h jvla[Y^ ]e af ak
lY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 HYr ] L]jjY)9fhg[k(
? J G KKA& EajaYe "  H=<JG & B( E( $gj_k(%( +3**( GYk[mdafg( ^]eafafg( hdmjYd6
_~f]jgfYafl]j\ak[ahOfYja\Y\]* >dgjaYfhgdak4 =\( Emd`]j]k(
? JM := J&b( $gj_(%( +331( G danjg \Ykvjngj]k*  :]fbYe af ;gfklYfl4 G j_YfarY{zg
?]jYd \gk Hjg^]kkgj]k La[mfY :adf_]k(
?JQFKH9F& EYjag( +33.( ; k ]dal]k \Y l]gjaY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 E F )M>JB& l]k]
\] \gmlgjY\g(
? M @ 9 & AA(" KHAN9C&?( $gj_k(%( +322( M]d][l]\kmZYdl]jfklm\a]k* G p^gj\4G p^gj\
M fan]jkalq Hj]kk(
C 9 F L < =  DAE 9& JgZ]jlg( +32/( ; Yfljghgdg_aY \Y Y[Y\]eaY6 imYf\g gk f\agk
kgegkfk* H]ljhgdak)F al]ja4 Ngr]k)M>>(
WWWWWWWWW( +33+( G j\]e  hZda[Y ] hZda[Y \]kgj\]e 4 eg\]dgk hjg[]kkmYak \]
[gfljgd] kg[aYd ]e me Y h]jkh][lanY [ge hYjY\Y( ;fmvjag; fljghgd_a[g+446
,+'..(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( ;hgd[aY \Y[a\Y\]\gLag\]DYf]ajg* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 >gj]fk](
C M H= J & 9\Ye ( +33.( ; mdlmj]& a\]flalq Yf\ l`] hjgb][l g ^ Y [gke ghgdalYf
Yfl`jghgdg_q( G Yf  $FK% ,34 /-1'//.(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,/3

CM K;@ F AJ& C YjafY( +332( Jgdla[Y]kg[aYZada\Y\]* Oe]klm\g\]Yfljghgdg_aYkg[aYd*


J ag \ ]BYf]ajg4 E F )M >J B&l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
D9J9A9&Jgim] \]:Yjjgk( +30.( J]k]f`Y\]; gj_YfarY{zgkg[aYd\gkNmhafYeZv &
\] >dgj]klYf >]jfYf\]k( ;e|ja[YFYlafY  1$-%4 +,.'+,/(
WWWWWWWWW( +320( Nmha6f\agk\g<jYkadYlmYa  Kzg HYmdg4 >>D;@ )MKJ
WWWWWWWWW( +33-( Fgkaf\agk\[<jYkad* E Y\ja4 EYh^j](
D9J9A9& J( " < 9E 9LL9& J( +301( f\agk] [YklYf`]ajgk* Kzg HYmdg4 <a^mkzg
= mjgh|aY \g Danjg(
D9LG M J& :jmfg( +323( HYkl]mj ]l Hgm[`]l4 `|l|jg_]f}k] \] d`aklgaj] \]k
k[a]f[]k( Af4 ud|e]flk\$`aklgaj]\]kk[a]f[]k & K=JJ=K& E( $gj_(%& hh( .,-'../(
HYjak4 :gj\Yk(
D=AL= DG H=K& Bgk|K|j_ag( +310( , nYhgj\g\aYZg* Jag\]BYf]ajg4 HYr] L]jjY(
D = H = F A= K& O gd^( +311( H jg Z d]e k g ^ Y ` aklg ja[Yd klm\ q g ^ k[a]f []( Af4
E =F < =DKG @ F & =( O =AF ?9JL& H( " O @ALD=Q $gj_k(%( N`] kg[aYd
hjg\m[lagf g ^ k[a]fla^a[cfgod]\_]  +4//'01(
DuNA'KLJ9MKK& ;dYm\]( +3/,( D]k kljm[lmj]k kg[aYd]k \Yfk d] :j|kad []fljYd ]l
gja]flYd(Af4L9 P & K( $gj_(%( Cf\aYfljaZ]kg ^ ; Zgja_afYd; e]ja[Y* ;`a[Y_g&hh(
-*,'-+*(
WWWWWW( +3/0( D]k gj_YfakYlagfk \mYdakl]k& ]pakl]fl']dd]k8 <ab\jY_]f Ngl \[
NYYd)( dmaf\)[f Pgdc]fcmf\] ++,4+33'+,2(
WWWWWWWWW ( +30*( Gf e YfahmdYl]\ kg[agdg_a[Yd eg\]k( <ab\jY_]f Ngl \] NYYd)(
FYm\) ]f Pgdc]fcmf\] ++04./'/.(
WWWWWWWWW ( +30+( DY [jak] e g\]jf] \] dYfl`jghgdg_a]( d*]  =gmjja]j & Mf]k[g&
P AN $+ +%4 +,'+1 $ljY\mra\g] hmZda[Y\g]e hgjlm_m~k fY L]naklY\[; fljghg
dg_aY +*$+',%4 +3',0%(
DAE 9& LYfaY K( +33/( ;hYjd]\g [Ymae* ?lfg_jY^aYDmjmfY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 EF)
M >JB& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
DAF K < = :9 JJG K& E ajaYe ( +323( ;mlgja\Y\]]Y^]lg6Ynk&^ad` gk]f]lgkfY^ Ye daY
ZjYkad]ajY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4Bg j_] RY`Yj =\algj(
DG H=K <9 KADN9&9jY[q( +320( Hge]k]Yea_gk6\Yhjvla[YR YnYfd]YmeYj]^d]pzg
kgZj]gkD[*  Kzg HYmdg4 >>D;@)MKH(
E 9<9F& L(F( +32,( Af\a_]fgmk Yfl`jghgdg_q af fgf'o]kl]jf [gmflja]k4 Yf
gn]jna]o( Af4 >9@AE& +32,& hh( ,0-',02(
WWWWWWWWW( +33.( JYl`oYqk6YhhjgY[`]klgl`]klm\qg ^ kg[a]lqafCf\aY* < ]d`a4 Gp^gj\
M fan]jkalq Hj]kk(
E 9?9D@ =K& 9( ;( +33.( IkJYjYcYfz6]khY{gk\]kg[aYdarY{zg ]kmYkYjla[mdY{]k
kaeZda[Yk* Kzg HYmdg4 MKH& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
,0* E 9 J A R 9  ?( K( H = A J 9 F G

E 9? ? A=& Qngff]( +31/( Am]jjY \] gjapv6 me ]klm\g \] jalmYd] [gf^dalg* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33,( G ]\g \g^]ala{g6 j]dY{]k ]flj] eY_aY ] hg\]j fg <jYkad* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 9jimang F Y[agfYd(
E 9?F 9F A&B(?( +32.( @]klYfgh]\Y{g6[mdlmjYhghmdYj]lYh]jfY[a\Y\]* Kzg HYmdg4
:jYrada]fk](
E 9 Q:MJQ'D=O AK& < Yna\( +30*( L ` ] YfYdqkak g ^  \mYd gj_YfakYlagf4 Y
e]l`g\gdg_a[Yd[jalaim]( <ab\jY_]fNgl\]NYYd(FYf\)]f Pg+c]fcmf\]++04+1'..(
WWWWWWWWW( +301( ; `n])M`YnYfl]kg[a]lq* Gp^gj\4 G p^gj\ Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(
WWWWWWWWW( +331( Cf\a_]fgmkh]ghd]k( ]l`fa[_jgmhk( Yf\l`] MlYl]* :gklgf4 9ddqf "
:Y[gf(
E 9Q:MJQ'D=O AK& <( $gj_(%( +313( >aYd][la[Ydkg[a]la]k6 l`] A ~ Yf\ <gjgjg g ^ 
=]fljYd<jYhad* ; Ye Zja\_]& E94 @ YjnYj\ M fan]jkalq Hj]kk(
E =D9LLA&Bmdag ;]rYj( +301( f\agk] [jaY\gj]k6kalmY{zg \gk EjY`fYvj]YhYklgjad
\g Ng[Yflafk* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 Afkl( ;a~f[aYk Kg[aYak(
WWWWWWWWW ( +31*Y( I kakl]eYkg[aYdEjY`* Kzg HYmdg4 MKH& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW( +31*Z( f\agk\g<jYkad( :jYkdaY4 ;ggj\]fY\Y)AF D(
WWWWWWWWW ( +312( Lalgk\]meYljaZg NaeZajY* Kzg HYmdg4 la[Y(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32.( 9 Yfljghgdg_aY fg :jYkad4 me jgl]ajg( <gd]lae Cf^gjeYlang ]
<aZdag_jv^a[g\]=a~f[aYkMg[aYak)<-< +14-'/,(
WWWWWWWWW ( +333( f\agk\Y;e|ja[Y\gMmd6vj]Yk]lfg_jv^a[Yk* Ek(
E =DDG  =  KG M R9& E YjafY( +33.( JYjYla6 Y [a\Y\] ] Yk^]klYk*  Jag \]BYf]ajg4
M>JB)L]ehg :jYkad]ajg(
E =F =R=K :9 KLG K& JY^Y]d( +33-( =kZg{g \] me Y l]gjaY \Y eka[Y( ;fmvjag
; fljghgd_a[g5/6  3'1-(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( Af\Y_Y{zg kgZj] gk C Ye Yqmjw& g YdlgP af_m ]gmljgk fge ]k]
[gakYk4 me Y ]lfgdg_aY \Y kg[a]\Y\] paf_mYfY( ;fmvjag ;fljghgd_a[g )506
,,1',03(
E A; = DA& K]j_ag& $gj_(%( +323( BakljaY \Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak fg <jYkad $ngd( +%( Kzg
HYmdg4 N|jla[](
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( BakljaY\Yk[a~f[aYkkg[aYakfg< jYkad $ngd( ,%( Kzg HYmdg4 KmeYj|(
E G F L=JG & HYmdY( +32/( >Y \g]f{Y w \]kgj\]e* ; eY_aY fY meZYf\Y* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 ?jYYd(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( L]f\~f[aYk \Y h]kimakY Yfljghgd_a[Y fg :jYkad( Af4 I ]fkafg
\YYfljghgdg_aY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 9:9(
E G LL&Dmar( +32,(Af\a_]fgmkYfl`jghgdg_qYf\':jYradaYfAf\aYfk(N]j>9@AE&
+32,& hh( ++,'++1(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K A D  $ 9 D L = J A < 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,0+

E G M J9& E Yj_Yja\Y E( +312( *(j `]j\]ajgk\Y l]jjY* Kzg HYmdg4 @m[al][(
E M DD= J&J]_afY( +33*( Ik; kkmjafa\gRaf_m6`akljaY]Yjl]* ; Ye hafYk4Mfa[Yeh(
F=A:MJ? & >]\]ja[g( +331( Ik afl]d][lmYak ] Y afn]f{zg \gh]jgfakeg* Kzg HYmdg4
=\mkh(
F A= E = Q = J& 9 fYE YjaY( +331( Kg[a]\Y\]k ljaZYak&mjZYfYk ] [Ye hgf]kYk&me Y
hjgpae a\Y\] \]k]bwn]d( ; fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+526 .3'00(
F AE M = F < 9 BM & ; mjl( +3.0( N`] ]Ykl]jf NaeZajY* : ]jc]d]q4 M f an]jkalq g ^
;Yda^gjfaY Hj]kk(
F G ? M = AJ9& GjY[q( +320( NYflghj]lg imYflg ZjYf[g* ?fkYagk \] j]dY{]k jY[aYak*
Kzg HYmdg4 L( 9( Im]ajgr(
G DAN=AJ9 >AD@ G & Bgzg HY[`][g( +311( ; k^Y[{]k ] Y gj\]ehgdla[Y [e meY
j]k]jnY NmcmfY* :jYkdaY4 Mf:& \akk]jlY{zg \] e]kljY\g(
WWWWWWWWW ( +322( I fgkkg_gn]jfg6 Ik Na[mfY ] g j]_ae]lml]dYj* Kzg HYmdg4 E;L)
;F Hi)E Yj[g R]jg(
WWWWWWWWW ( +332( M e Y ]lfgdg_aY \gk f\agk e aklmjY\gk8 KalmY{zg [gdgfaYd&
l]jjalgjaYdarY{zg ] ^dmpgk [mdlmjYak( G YfY  .$+%4 .1'12(
G DAN =AJ9 >AD@ G B( H( $gj_(%( +321( Mg[a]\Y\]kaf\_]fYk ] af\a_]fakegfg<jYkad*
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 E Yj[g R]jg)M>JB(
WWWWWWWWW ( +323( *(jhg\]j]k ]Ykl]jjYk\gkf\agk* ;ge mfa[Y{]k \g HH?9K +.(
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 E mk]m FY[agfYd)M>JB(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33*( Jjgb]lg =Yd`YH gjl]6 eadalYj]k( f\agk]^jgfl]ajYk* Jag \] BYf]ajg4
= \algjY \Y M>JB(
GD AN =F & JmZ]f( +33,( ; hYjl] ] g lg\g6 Y \an]jka\Y\] [mdlmjYd fg <jYkad)fY{zg*
H]ljhgdak4 Ngr]k(
H9 DE = AJ 9 & E gY[aj ?( K( +311( = e hj]_g ] e m\Yf{Y k[ag'][gfe a[Y fg
F gj\]kl]( ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+32U ,*+',-2(
H9DE =AJ9& E( $gj_(%( +33/( Jgdla[Y]j]dY{]kh]kkgYak* =gemfa[Y{]k\gJJA;M  /(
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 E mk]m FY[agfYd)M>JB(
H9DE =AJ9& E( "  ?GD< E 9F & E( $gj_k(%( +330( ;fljghgdg_aY( Pglg] j]hj]k]f
lY{zg* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 ;gfljY[YhY(
H=AJ9F G & E YjarY ?( K( +32+( ; fYfl`jghgdg_qg ^ Yfl`jghgdg_q* N`]<jYradaYf[Yk]*
@ YjnYj\ Mfan]jkalq& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33+( >gj Y kg[agdg_q g ^  Af\aY4 kge ] [ge e ]flk ^jge  :jYrad(
=gfljaZmlagfklgCf\aYfMg[agdg_q  ,/$,%4 -,+'-,1(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33,( OeY Yfljghgdg_aYfghdmjYd* Nj~k]ph]ja~f[aYk[gfl]ehgjxf]Yk* :jYk
daY4 = \algjY \Y Mf:(
WWWWWWWWW( +33/( ;^Y n g j\Y]lfg_jY^aY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 J]dme] < me Yjw(
,0, E 9 J A R 9  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

WWWWWWWWW ( +331( G f\] ]klw Y Yfljghgdg_aY8 G YfY -$,%4 01'+*,(


WWWWWWWWW ( +332( O `]f Yfl`jghgdg_q ak Yl `ge]( L ` ] \a^^]j]fl [gfl]plk g ^ Y
kaf_d] \ak[ahdaf]( ; ffmYdL]na]og ^ ;fl`jghgdg_q  ,14 +*/'+,2(
WWWWWWWWW ( +333( L`] hmjkmal g ^ Yfl`jghgdg_q( Cf\aYfMg[aYdM[a]f[] L]na]o  +$+%(
H=AP G L G & >]jfYf\Y( +332( D|na'KljYmkk fg :jYkad'& Y ^gje Y{zg \g ]lfdg_g(
G YfY .$+%4 13'+*1(
HG F L=K& @]dgkY( +332( >]klafgkeaklgk* Ik[jla[gk [ag_jmhg =daeY]eMzg JYmdg(
-50,)24* Kzg HYmdg4 ;ge hYf`aY \Yk D]ljYk(
H = KK9 F @ 9& =( " NADD9K :G9K& ?( $gj_k(%( +33/( =a~f[aYk kg[aYak* ?fkafg ]
h]kimakYfY_jY\mY{zg* Jag \]BYf]ajg4B;  =\algjY(
I M =AJG R& J]fYlg( +33/( I [Yeaf`g \ghYjYkg6 g kmjlg e]kkaxfa[g)ead]fYjaklY \g
=Ylmd|* Kzg HYmdg4 >>D;@ )MKH);=J(
J9E G K& 9d[a\Y JalY( +31,( N`] kg[aYdkqkl]e g ^  l`] MYfmev g ^  Hgjl`]jf <jYrad
M fan]jkalq g ^ O ak[gfkaf& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW ( +312(L][fgfe aY ] [gf[]almYdarY{zg kg[aYd ]flj]gk f\agk KYfmew(
; fmvjag; fljghgd_a[g+CC6 +.2'+01(
WWWWWWWWW ( +313( Jme gj4 l`] a\]gdg_q g ^ Yf afl]j'ljaZYd kalmYlagf( ;fljghg+g_a[Y
/+4-',/(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33*( G]ejaYMYfmev* ?khY{g]l]ehg]emeYkg[a]\Y\]SYfgeYea* Kzg
HYmdg4 E Yj[g R ]jg)=\algjY \Y Mf:(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/(MYfmeve]egja]k6SYfgeYea]l`fg_jYh`qaflae]kg ^ [jakak* EY\akgf4
M fan]jkalq g ^ O ak[gfkaf Hj]kk(
WWWWWWWWW ( +332( Cf\a_]fake6 ]l`fa[hgdala[k af <jYrad*  E Y\akgf4 M f an]jkalq g ^
O ak[gfkaf Hj]kk(
J = AK& =dakY H( +330( E Ycaf_ k]fk] g ^ `aklgjq4 hgdala[Yd kg[agdg_q af :jYrad(
=mjj]flMg[agdg_q ..4 2+'+*/(
WWWWWWWWW ( +332( Jjg[]kkgk ] ]k[gd`Yk* ?klm\gk \]kg[agdg_aYhgdla[Y* Jag \]BYf]ajg4
;gfljY[YhY(
JA:=AJG & <Yj[q( +3/1( ;mdlmjYk ]df_mYkaf\_]fYk \g :jYkad( ?\m[Y{zg]=a~f
[aYkMg[aYak.6 /'+**(
WWWWWWWWW( +30,( ; Jgdla[Yaf\a_]faklYZjYkad]ajY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 Eaf( \Y 9_ja[mdlmjY(
JA:=AJG& <( " JA:=AJG& :( +3/1( ; jl]hdmevjaY \gk f\agk EYYhgj* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 K]ac]d(
J A:=AJG & >]jfYf\g JgkY( +33.( 9 [gfkljm{zg \YfY{zg fY ^ja[Y\g Kmd( M|ja]
?klm\gk=a~f[aYkMg[aYak  -( F [d]g \Y ;gj)A>;K(
JA:= AJ G & ?mklYng Dafk( +33+( ?ehj]kYkljYfkfY[agfYak6me_jYf\]hjgb]lgh g j \]f
ljg* Kzg HYmdg4 E Yj[g R]jg)9fhg[k(
9 f l j g h g dg _ aY  FG  : j Y k ad $ Y dl ] j a\ Y \ ]  [ g f l ] p l m Y dar Y \ Y %  ,0-

WWWWWWWWW ( +330( <jYradaYfkYj]`gl(;e]ja[YfkYj][gd\*; fgf)kljm[lmjYdaklYhhjgY[`


lg MYf @jYf[ak[g$k [YjfanYd JYh]j Yhj]k]flY\g fg =f[gfljg \Y 9e ]ja[Yf
9fl`jghgdg_a[Yd 9 kkg[aYlagf& KYf >jYf[ak[g(
JA:= AJ G & J]f|( +312( =mdlgk Y^jg)ZjYkad]ajgk \g L][a^]* J][a^]4 E =;)Afklalmlg
BgYimae  FYZm[g(
JM:=F & ? madd]je g J( +33/( G lag e Yl]jfg ] Y Yfljghgdg_aY im]Z]im]fk](
N]j ;9J< G KG  < =  G DAN=AJ9 " JM:=F& ?( $gj_k(%& hh( +,+'+-2(
K9:=JO 9D& KYlak`( +32,( M f[]jlYaf ljYfkhdYflk4 Yfl`jghgdg_q Yf\ kg[agdg_q
af Af\aY( ?l`fgk  .,$+',%4 -0'.3(
K9D=E & LYfaY( +32/( >YedaY ]e  [Ye Y\Yk e|\aYk4 me Y j]nakzg \Y dal]jYlmjY(
QgC* \gGmk]mH Y[agfYd$FK% /.(
K9F ;@ AK& Ha]jj]( +32-( ;jjYaYd(^]klY \]mehgng6YkjgeYjaYkhgjlm_m]kYk( d(akZgY4
HmZda[Y{]k < ge  Imapgl](
WWW ( +33/( MeY d]almjY kgZj] G ]fkafg \Y Yfljghgdg_aY [e im]klzg(
Af4 I]fkafg\YYfljghgdg_aY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 9:9(
K9FLGK&Kadnag ;( +32,( *  f\agh]jYfl]g\aj]alg* >dgjaYfhgdak4 =\algjY\YM>K;(
WWWWWWWWW ( +323( Ik hgngk af\_]fYk ] Y [gfklalmafl]* >dgjaYfhgdak4 =\algjY \Y
M>K;(
K9J9F & 9 (C ( +30,( L]na]og ^  =gfljaZmlagfk lgCf\aYfMg[agdg_q  f( AN( N`]?Ykl]jf
;fl`jghgdg_akl  +/4 /-'02(
K;@ 9< =F & =_gf( +3/.Y( ;kh][lgk^mf\Ye]flYak \Y [mdlmjY AmYjYfa* Kzg HYmdg4
< a^mkzg =mjgh|aY \g Danjg(
WWWWWWWWW ( +3/.Z( G ]klm\g \g f\ag ZjYkad]ajg gfl]e  ] `gb]( ;e|ja[Y Cf\_]fY
+.$-%4 ,--',/,(
WWWWWWWWW ( +3//Y( C Yjd ngf \]f Kl]af]f ] Y ]lfgdg_aY ZjYkad]ajY( Af4 ; fYak \g
/-=gf_j]kkgCfl]jfY[agfYd\];e]ja[YfaklYk(  hh( ++/-'+0-(
WWWWWWWWW ( +3//Z( 9k [mdlmjYk af\_]fYk ] Y[anadarY{zg( Af4; fYak\g -$=gf_j]kkg
<jYkad]ajg\]Mg[agdg_aY & hh( +23',**(
K;@ O 9J;R& DadaY( +330( G ]kh]lv[mdg\YkjY{Yk6[a]flaklYk( afklalma{]k]im]klzgjY[aYd
fg< jYkad  Kzg HYmdg4 ;ge hYf`aY \Yk D]ljYk(
K;@O 9JLRE 9F& Kaegf( +33+( ; khY[]^g j k[a]f[]6 l`]\]n]dghe]flg ^  l`]k[a]fla^a[
[geemfalqaf<jYrad* Mfan]jkalqHYjc&H94H]ffkqdnYfaYKlYl]Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32/( Afl]dd][lmYd da^] af l`] h]jah`]jq4 Yh]jkgfYd lYd]( 9hj]k]flY\g
fg =gf_j]kkgG mf\aYd\]Mg[agdg_aY( FgnY< ]d`a(
K;G LL& Jmkk]d HYjjq( +33,( G \aY \g hY_Ye ]flg ] g ^ae \] k]e YfY4 g kYdwjag
] Y ljYfk^gje Y{zg \gk jalmYak YfmYak \] [gf^dalg fY hdYflYlagf* ;fmvjag
;f l jghgd_a[g+456 ++1'+-*(
,0. E 9 J A R 9  ?( K( H = BJ 9 F G

K= = ? = J&9fl`gfq( +32*( *&jf\agk]fk* ?klm\gkkgZj]kg[a]\Y\]kljaZYakZjYkad]ajYk*


Jag \]BYf]ajg4 ;Yehmk(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32+( HYlmj] Yf\kg[a]lq af =]fljYdZjYrad* ;Ye Zja\_]& E94 @ YjnYj\
M fan]jkalq Hj]kk(
K=? 9LG & J alY( +320( Afn]flYf\g Y fYlmj]rY4 ^Ye daY& k]pg ] _~f]jg fg pYf_
\g J][a^]( ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+416 ++'/.(
K= N;=F C G & F a[gdYm( +32-( ; dal]jYlmjY [geg eakkzg* N]fk]k kg[aYak ] [jaY{zg
[mdlmjYdfY Jjae]ajYL]hZda[Y* Kzg HYmdg4 :jYkada]fk](
K=Q >=JL@ & ?ajYd\Y( +32/( @]jYf{Y ] ]kljmlmjY ^Ye adaYj [Yehgf]kY( < ga \g
Gmk]mH Y[agfYd/,(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33*( Cea_jY{zg][mdlmjYfg <jYkad* :jYkdaY4 =\algjY \Y Mf:(
KA? 9M< & Dq_aY( +32*( 9 fY{zg \gk `ge]fk( ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+346 +-'++.(
KG MR9 DAE 9&9 flgfag ;Yjdgk( +33/( Oe_jYf\][]j[g\]hY"* H]ljhgdak4Ngr]k(
KJ AF O K&E(F( +3/,( L]da_agfYf\kg[a]lqYegf_d`]=ggj_kg ^Mgml`f\aY*G p^gj\4
;dYj]f\gf(
WWWWWWWWW ( +3//(N addY_]klm\a]k Yf\l`]ajka_fa^a[Yf[]( N`]?Ykl]jf;fl`jghgdg_akl
24 ,+/',/2(
WWWWWWWWW ( +300( Kge] l`gm_`lk gf l`] klm\q g ^ gf]k gof kg[a]lq( Af4 Mg[aYd
=`Yf_]afG g\]jfCf\aY( hh( +.1'+0-( F]o < ]d`a4 9dda]\(
KJAF AN9K& E( F( $gj_(%( +313( N`]^a]d\ogjc]jYf\ l`]^a]d\*  G p^gj\4 Gp^gj\
Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(
KM J= R & E aj]qY" :9 F < = AJ 9 & D( $gj_k&%( +333( Pagd~f[aY & _~f]jg ] [jae] fg
>akljalg@]\]jYd :jYkdaY4 = \algjY \Y Mf:)HYjYd]dg +/(
L = AP = AJ 9 &; YjdY;gklY( +332( ; ZgfjY\Yhgdla[Y* >][gjghYjdYe]flYj][YkkY{zg\]
eYf\Ylgfg =gf_j]kkgH Y[agfYd-505)-550* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 dd]dme ] <meYjw(
L=AP=AJ9 HAFLG& EYjfag( +33-( J]dY{]k \] kmZklyf[aY ] [dYkka^a[Y{zg kg[aYd4
Yd_mfk Ykh][lgk\Y gj_YfarY{zg kg[aYd YjYjY(;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+5,6 +03',*.(
WWWWWWWWW ( +331( d]ahYja6 kY[ja^[ag ] na\Y kg[aYd]flj] gk f\agk ;jYjY %=YjaZ]&* Kzg
HYmdg4 @m[al][)9fhg[k(
L@ G E 9 K& Fa[`gdYk( +33+( 9 _Yafkl ]l`fg_jYh`%#( =mdlmjYd; fl`jghgdg_q  0$-%4
-*0'-,+(
LJ9 B9 F G  >AD@ G &O adkgf( +33-Y( G Ymlg \g[YjfYnYd ]e KzgLge|] Hjaf[a
h]( ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+5- 4 +23',,*(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33-Z( 9 l]fkzg ]flj] Y ]k[jalY ] Y gjYda\Y\] fY ? maf|':akkYm(
Mgjgf\Y  $ L]naklY\]?klm\gkAmaf]]fk]k& +04 1-'+*,(
WWWWWWWWW(+332(Jgdqegjh`a[[j]g+]\ge6l`] [j]gd]kg[a]lqg ^ Amaf]Y)<akkYm*Mfan]jkalq
g ^ H]ffkqdnYfaY& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
9 F L J G H G D G ? A 9  F G  : J 9 K @ & $ 9 L L = J A< 9 < =  ; G F L = P L M 9 D A R 9 < 9 % ,0/

LJ9N9KKGK& = darYZ]l`( +331( Gb'eYf\YjafkeadY_jgkgk*; jl][]lfg_jY^aY]eGvjag


\[; f\jY\]] <|+Y<Yjlc* Jag \]BYf]ajg4Bg _ ]  RY`Yj =\algj(
LM JF = J &L( +33+( J]hj]k]flaf_&j]kaklaf_&j]l`afcaf_4`aklgja[YdljYfk^gje Ylagf
g ^ C YqYh [mdlmj]( Af4 KLG ;C AF ?  BJ (& ?( $gj_(%( =gdgfaYd MalmYlagfk*
E Y\akgf4 L`] M fan]jkalq g ^ O ak[gfkaf Hj]kk(
M := JG A& B( H( K( +302( K[a]f[] Yf\ koYjYb( =gfljaZmlagfk lg Cf\aYf Mg[agdg_q  ,4
++3'+,2(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32-( N`] gl`]j eaf\ g ^  ?mjgh]6 Ag]l`] Yk k[a]flakl* < ]d`a4 G p^gj\
M fan]jkalq Hj]kk(
N = D@ G & ? adZ]jlg( +31,( ; mlghaYmjZYfY6me ]klm\g\]Yfljghgdg_aYkg[aYd* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 Bgj_] RY`Yj =\algj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +31/( H gZj]k]Yfbgk6me]klm\g\]lpa[gk]`a]jYjimaY* Kzg HYmdg4 MKH&
l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW ( +312( G Zk]jnYf\g g ^YeadaYj( Af4 FMF=K& =  $gj_(%( ; Yn]flmjY
kg[agd_a[Y & hh( -0'.0( Jag \[BYf]ajg4 RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32+( Cf\ana\mYdakeg ]=mdlmjY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +320( MmZb]lana\Y\]]kg[a]\Y\]6meY]ph]ja~f[aY\[_]jY{zg* Jag \]BYf]ajg4
Bg j_] RY`Yj =\algj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33.( Jjgb]lg]e]lYegj^gk]*;fljghgdg_aY\Ykkg[a]\Y\]k[gehd]pYk* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4Bg j_ ]  RY`Yj =\algj(
N=D@ G & ?( $g j_%( +32*( I\]kY^ag\Y[a\Y\]* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 ;Yehmk(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( K mYljg naY_]fk6Yfljghdg_gkZjYkad]ajgke  ]pl]jagj* =gemfa[Y{]k\g
JJA;M 2* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 E mk]m F Y[agfYd)M>JB(
N = D@ G & Glwnag( +31,( @j]fl]k \] ]phYfkzg ] ]kljmlmjY Y_jvjaY* Jag \] BYf]ajg4
RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +310( =YhalYdakegYmlgjalvjag] [Yeh]kafYlg* Kzg HYmdg4 <a^]d(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32,( L `jgm_` 9 dl`mkk]jaYf kh][lY[d]k4 j][]fl kg[aYd Yfl`jghgdg_q
af :jYrad( ?l`fgk  .1$+',%4 +--'+.3(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/( <]klY^ ]jY* L][jaY{zg\gemf\g* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 J]dme] <meYjw(
NA9F F 9& @ ]je Yfg( +33/( I eakl|jag \g kYeZY* Jag \] BYf]ajg4 Bg j_ ]  RY`Yj
= \algj)= \algjY \Y M>JB(
NA< 9 D& Dmp( +311( G gjl] ] na\Y \] meY kg[a]\Y\] af\_]fY ZjYkad]ajY6 gk EYbYhg)
Racjaf\g Lag=Yl]l]* Kzg HYmdg4 @m[al][(
N AD@ = F 9 & Dmk Jg\gd^g \Y HYapzg( +331( Jjgb]lg ]eakkzg6 gegnae]flg^gd[dja[g
ZjYkad]ajg %-503)-520&* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 >mfYjl])>mf\Y{zg ?]ldag NYj_Yk(
NAD(D9t9&9( +33,( =ge]f\g[geg_]fl]6^gje Yk\g[YfaZYdakeg QYja* Jag \]BYf ]a
jg4 9fhg[k)M>JB(
,00 E Y j a r Y  ? ( K( H = A J 9 F G

NAN=AJG K < =  ;9KLJG & =\mYj\g( +320( ; jYe l~6 gk \]mk]k [YfaZYak* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 RY`Yj)9fhg[k(
WWWWWWWWW( +33,( @jgel`]]f]eq$kh gaflg ^ na]o* BmeYfalqYf\\anafalqafYf; eYrgfaYf
kg[a]lq* ;`a[Y_g4 M fan]jkalq ;`a[Y_g Hj]kk(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33-( Kljm[lmj]k& j|_ae ]k& kljYl|_a]k( F Bgee]  +--4 ++1'+-1(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33.( Mf] e YmnYak] im]j]dd]( F Bgee] -.4 +2+'+3+(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/Z( H]fkYf\g g hYj]fl]k[g Ye]jf\ag( N]j ;9KLJG& +33/Y& hh(
1',.(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33/[( KgZj] Y Yfljghgdg_aY `gb]4 l]$a%e Yk hYjY \ak[mkkzg( Af4 *
]fkafg\YYfljghgdg_aY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 9:9(
WWWWWWWWW ( +333( = lfgdg_aY ZjYkad]ajY4 jglY{zg \] h]jkh][lanY( Ek(
NAN=AJG K < = ;9KLJG& =(& $gj_%( +33/Y( ;fljghgdg_aY \ghYj]fl]k[g6 ]klm\gk
Ye]jf\agk* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 =\algjY \Y M>JB(
NAN=AJG K < = ;9KLJG& =( " >9MKLG& ;( +33-( HmakkYf[] ]l HY[l]4 dY
hYj]fl] \Yfk d]k ZYkk]k l]jj]k \ 9 e ]jaim] \m Km\( F Bgee] -- $,'.%4
+.+'+1*(
O 9?D =Q& ;`Yjd]k( +311( Q]d[ge]g ^ l]Yjk6 l`]NYhajYh]Cf\aYfkg ^ =]fljYd<jYrad*
FgnY Qgjc4 G p^gj\ Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(
O 9?D=Q& ;( " ?9DNG& =( +3.3( N`]N]f]l]ZYjYCf\aYfkg ^  <jYrad6; [mdlmj]
af ljYfkalagf* FgnY Qgjc4 ;gdme ZaY Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk(
O ADC & AA( +333( ;gfkme af_ 9 e ]ja[Y( ;fl`jghgdg_q H]okd]ll]j .*$,%4 +&.(
O G G JLE 9 F F & =dd]f( +33/( B]j\]ajgk(hYj]fl]k][gehY\j]k* Kzg HYmdg):jYkdaY4
@ m[al][)=\algjY \Y Mf:(
O G G JLE 9 F F & CdYYk( +33*( ;ge hYj]fl] fzg k] f]_m[]aY4 g [Ye h]kafYlg
[ge g gj\]e egjYd( ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g+436 ++'10(
WWWWWWWWW ( +331( KgZj] Y ^gje Y{zg \] Yfljghdg_gk( ;fmvjag; fljghgd_a[g ) 526
3'-+(
R9DM9J& 9dZY( +32/( ;evimafY]Y j]ngdlY*; kgj_YfarY{]kh ghmdYj]k]gka_fa^a[Y\g
\YhgjZj]hY*Kzg HYmdg4:jYrada]fk](
WWWWWWWWW ( +33-( J ]dYlanake g [mdlmjYd fY [a\Y\]8 ;fmvjag;fljghgd_a[g-5,6 +-1'
+/0(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33.( =a\Y\zgkfzgnzgYghYjYkg* Kzg HYmdg4 =k[mlY(
R9LR& Af~k( +320( =Ylaj]ajgk ] [Yf\Yf_gk6 Y [gfkljm{zg \] a\]fla\Y\] ]e PdYfYdlafY(
>@* :jYkdaY4 Mf:& \akk]jlY{zg \] e]kljY\g(

Você também pode gostar