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$ % &

&

&

% " '

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& #

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CENFIM 1
 ) *

#$

+ , - #

+ , - #

&$

&$

&$

CENFIM 2
 . /012345672 104245 5428980:2 45;5<= 65< :2>2?45@

.A><55145< 2 85<2BC. 45 DA2 :.<<5175 23

75<1242 E F

45170/0:2< .6;23
.<56/D142A5172061DA2 :.<<5175 23
75<1242

.A><55145< . :.A>.<72A517. 426<56067G1:026H I.I01265 :.1451624.<56

JD214. 3
0824.61DA :0<:D07. 45 :.<<5175 23
75<1242

.A><55145< 2 :.<<5:BC. 4. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02

067018D0< .660675A267<0/=60:.64.6A.1./=60:.6

1DA5<2< 26;217285164.660675A267<0/=60:.65A <53

2BC. 2 .D7<. 70>. 45

60675A26

56.3
;5< :0<:D07.645 :.<<5175 23
75<1242

5<2BC. 42 :.<<5175 23
75<1242 601D6.0423
23
.<56/D142A51720642 :.<<5175 23
75<1242
0<:D07. :.A <56067G1:02 >D<2 5A
0<:D07. :.A I.I012 >D<2 5A
52:7K1:02 014D70;2
0<:D07. :.A :.1451624.< >D<. 5A
52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2
0<:D07. 6L<05
0<:D07. 6L<05
0<:D07. 6L<05
.7G1:0265A
5<2BC. 42 :.<<5175 23
75<1242 7<0/=60:2

CENFIM 3
 516M5660A>3
565 :.A>.6726
082BC. 45 :2<8265A 567<53
2 5 5A 7<0K18D3
.
.A>5162BC. 4. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02

! "#

D<2175 . 45651;.3
;0A517. 45672 104245 5428980:2 45;5<C. 65< 5N5:D724.6
5N5<:O
:0.6 5 45A.167<2BM56H 45 /.<A2 2 JD5 65 >.662 /0:2< :.A DA2 ;06C. 7217.
JD217. >.66O
;53D10;5<6234.6516012A517.624JD0<04.6

$ % & ' (

) *+, ,-

5;5<=@

5< :.1P5:0A517.645 =3
85I<2
5< :.1P5:0A517.645 <08.1.A57<02

5;5<= 51:.17<2<@

:.A>21P2A517. 245JD24. 4D<2175 . 45:.<<5< 4.6 5N5<:O

:0.6 5
45A.167<2BM56
JD0>2A517.6>2<2 5N5:DBC. 4.65N5<:O
:0.6
.3
P2645 01/.<A2BC. 75:1.3
980:2
+D567M565 5N5<:O
:0.6

CENFIM 4
 ./ ( .0' 1 2

./ ( .0'

CENFIM 5
 3 . ( 4

567D4. 42 515<802 53
L:7<0:2 JD5 /0?5A.6 1.6 :2>O
7D3
.6 2175<0.<56 266517.D 126
:.<<517565 7516M56:.17O
1D26H 067. LH 12JD53
26JD5 1C. ;2<02A 2. 3
.18. 4. 75A>.H
JD5 A217GA . A56A. 651704. E
D1040<5::0.1206F 5 . A56A. 651704.

N0675A 1. 517217.H 1DA5<.6262>3

0:2BM565A JD5 6C. AD07. 40;5<62626;21728516
5A /D1BC. 4. 75A>.H 4267516M56H :.<<517565 .D7<268<2145?26 660A 268<2145?26
53
L:7<0:26>.45A :3
2660/0:2< 65 5A /D1BC. 4. 75A>.H :.A.@

5 - 5-

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.18. 4.
75A>.

08 .<<5175 :.1672175

CENFIM 6
 ;
$' & 4 0

:.<<5175 <5><56517242 >.66D0 ;23

.<5640/5<5175645 01672175 2 01672175 A2672AILA
. A56A. 651704.

08 .<<5175 ;2<0=;53D1040<5::0.123

;
< 0

A2 8<2145?2 40?65 >5<0940:2H JD214. 65 ;5<0/0:2 DA2 <5>570BC. 42 6D2 :.1/08D<2BC.

2. 3
.18. 4. 75A>. . 567D4. JD5 0<5A.65/5:7D2<H 6D<80< 1.6C. 40;5<626/.<A2645
.1426 >5<0940:26 5><565172A.6 4.06 70>.6 45 .1426 >5<0940:26@ .14D3
279<026 5
>D3
6279<0265 2623
75<12426>D<26

08 2F .<<5175 .14D3
279<02QIF .<<5175 D1040<5::0.1235A 45175 45 65<<2

;
= 0 .

08 2F 516C. 23
75<1242 7<0218D3
2<QIF 516C. 23
75<1242 JD24<242Q:F .<<5175
601D6.0423

CENFIM 7
 DA2 .142 23
75<1242H . :.1R
D17. 4.6 ;23
.<56 266DA04.6 5A :242 DA 4.6 651704.6
4560812 65 >.< :
- 5>57, .D , 5 660AH 75A.6 23
75<1K1:026 >.6070;26 5
23
75<1K1:026158270;26

:.1R
D17. 45 4D2623
75<1K1:026:.165:D70;264560812 65 7,7:

;23
.< 266DA04.H 5A :242 01672175H >.< DA2 :.<<5175 .D 7516C. L :P2A24. 9 :
,5 - 5->5 H JD5 65 <5><565172 >.< DA2 3
57<2 A01S6:D3
2H ,?+;

D3
82<A5175H 56756601206;C. 240:0.12< 65 2 7516M56.D :.<<51756:.17O
1D26>2<2 JD5
.653
5A517.62:70;.6<523
0?5A . .IR
5:70;. ><5751404.
660AH 2 7516C. <5><56517242 L 2 6.I<5>.60BC. 42 :.A>.15175 :.17O
1D2 E
1.75 65
JD5 2 8<2145?2 L<5><56517242 >.< DA2 3
57<2 A01S6:D3
25.O
140:5 LA20S6:D3
.F

+ @ A+

<5A.6 28.<2 7<272< 4. 567D4. 45 :.<<51756 5 7516M56 23

75<12426 601D6.04206
0A>.<7K1:02 12 3
5:7<910:2 <56D3
72 4. /2:7. 45 JD23
JD5< 60123>5<0940:. 23
75<124. 65
>.45< :.16045<2< :.A. 2 6.A2 45 601206 23
75<124.6 601D6.04206 45 /<5JDG1:026
AS3
70>3
26 .1;LAH >.06H 45/010<A.6 26 8<2145?26 JD5 :2<2:75<0?2A 0A 60123
601D6.0423

;
B . .

08& 5<2BC. 45
DA2 / 5 A
601D6.0423

CENFIM 8
 . .

. .

>.7G1:02 ><.4D?042 >.< 5/507. 45 .D35 L><.>.<:0.1232. JD24<24. 42 01751604245

45 :.<<5175H 3
.8. 0145>5145175 4. 65D651704. 45 :0<:D32BC. T/2:7. JD5 2 ><.4DBC.
45 515<802 :23 .<O
/0:2 L ;2<0=;5345 01672175 2 01672175H 21D3214. 65 A56A. 4D26
;5?562. 3 .18. 45 DA >5<O .4.Q1. 517217.H 5 45;04. = 01L<:02 7L<A0:2 4.6:.<>.6H
26;2<02BM5645 75A>5<27D<2 6C. AD07. A2064LI506

.4.6.62>2<53 P.67L<A0:.665<C. D7030?=;506H 7217. 5A :.<<5175 :.17O

1D2H :.A. 5A
:.<<5175 23 75<1242 /<5JDG1:02 72AILA 01/3 D51:02<= . /D1:0.12A517. 4.6
2>2<53P.6H >.< 5N5A>3 .H 4263KA>242645 01:21456:G1:02

5 >.< ;517D<2H 2 /<5JDG1:02 /.< 45A26024. I20N2 E01/5<0.< 2 # !?FH 2 75A>5<27D<2

4263KA>2426;2<02<= 3 5172A5175 5 65<02 1.79<02 DA2 :5<72 :01703
2BC.

2 /08D<2 ' <5><565172 65 DA2 :DI2 53 5:7<.3

O70:2 :.A 6D3
/27. 45 :.I<5H DA2 I.I012
>3
212 .<0517242 12 40<5:BC. :.A DA2 28D3 P2 A281570?242H DA2 I.I012 :.A
DA2 >5B2 45 /5<<. A2:0. 5 /0.645 ><272 56751404.65 >2<2353.6

30A517214. . :0<:D07. 2 :.<<5175 :.17O 1D2H P2;5<= 7<216>.<75 45 :.I<5 >.<

535:7<93
065 5 2:BC. 42 I.I012 6.I<5 2 28D3
P2 A281570?242H JD5 ;2<02A 45 651704.
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5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:.14D7.<5645 ><272H 2 27<2:BC. 42 I2<<2 45 /5<<. 5 2 <5>D3
6C.
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:0<:D07.

08' /507.642
:.<<5175 53
L:7<0:2

. 2>30:2< 65 :.<<5175 2375<1242H 1C. P= 7<216>.<75 45 :.I<5H 2 28D3 P2 1C. 65 456;02H

2><56517214. DA2 3 0850<2 ;0I<2BC. 12 6D2 >.60BC. .< .D7<. 324.H 723:.A. 5A
:.<<5175 :.17O1D2H .6/0.62JD5:5A 5 <5>53 5A 65H 5 2 I2<<2 45 /5<<. L27<2O42

28D3P2 A281L70:2 5A :.<<5175 23 75<1242 72AILA L 6.3 0:07242 >.< /.<B26

53
5:7<.A281L70:26 265662 6.3 0:072BC. AD42 45 651704. $$ ;5?56>.< 658D14.H >53.
JD5H 45;04. = 01L<:02H >5<A215:5 ><270:2A5175 5A <5>.D6.

T. 75A>. 5A JD5 45:.<<5 4D2623

75<1K1:026:.165:D70;26H .D65R
2H L. 75A>. 8267.
1DA :0:3
. 5><565172 65 >.< 5 5N><5662 65 5A 658D14.6

CENFIM 9
 *+D57, E

T. 1SA5<. 45 :0:3 .65/5:7D24.61DA 658D14. 5><565172 65 >.< E 5 2 6D2 D104245

L . !? E P5<7?F .75 65 JD5 2 /<5JDG1:02 5 . >5<O .4. 567C. <53
2:0.124.6 1DA2
><.>.<BC. 01;5<62 A :0:3 . 45A.<2 2 <5230?2< 65 1DA >5<O .4. Q 3 .8. E :0:3 .6
45A.<2<C. 658D14.
E@ %
6/<5JDG1:026426.142645>5145A 4266D26D703 0?2BM56 660AH 2 515<802 53 L:7<0:2
L 4067<0IDO42 2 #$ !? 82A2 426 2D40./<5JDG1:026 ;20 45 $ !? 2 $ U!? 5
:.A>.<72 . JD5 ;D3 82<A5175 65 4560812 >.< 535:7<.2:S670:2 =40.H 7535;06C.H D37<2
6.16H <242< 5 A0:<..1426 :.A>.<72A 82A26 45 /<5JDG1:026 JD5 D3 7<2>2662A .6
!?E A582 P5<7?F 5H >.< ;5?56H .6 !?E8082 P5<7?FH

08( 5<O
.4. 45 8<2145?2 601D6.0423

F !:

575<A012< . >5<O
.4. 45 DA2 .142 23
75<1242 45 $ U!?

@ %E @ 3B F 3 <
%3? @ B3 µ

!:
,-+

T . ;23
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5;24. 2701804. >53
2 8<2145?2 2AILA 65 4560812
>.< 9 : 8F,
!= 2A>3
07D456>.6070;265 158270;26
. ;23
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.<56A=N0A.6>.6070;. 5 158270;. :P2A2 65 9 :
!,7 !,7

2 /08D<2 *H 75<5A.6@

!! @ $F 8F;

CENFIM 10
 08* 5><565172BC. 42 2A>3
07D45 45 DA2 :.<<5175 601D6.0423

: ),

5<5A.62JD0 JD5 :.16045<2< 2>5126A57245 4. :0:3 . 45 DA2 :.<<5175

23
75<1242 601D6.0423
H >.06. ;23
.< AL40. 45 DA :0:3. L?5<. 5><565172 .
;23.< JD5 DA2 :.<<5175 :.17O 1D2 45;5 >.66D0< >2<2 7<216>.<72< 1.
A56A. 75A>.H 2 A56A2 JD21704245 45 53 5:7<0:04245

5A.167<2 65 JD5@ @ $ %π 8FV 3;

G<H 8F

08 $ 23
.< AL40. 45 DA2 :.<<5175 601D6.0423

5 :.16045<2<A.628.<2 7516M5623
75<12426601D6.04206H 75<5A.6@

) @ $ %π F@ 3?
G<H 8F

CENFIM 11
 : E,7 I

= <5/5<0A.6 JD5 . :23 .< 45651;.3 ;04. 12 <56067G1:02 >.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 L
0145>5145175 4. 651704. 45 :0<:D3
2BC. 42 :.<<5175

5675 A.4.H 5N0670<= DA2 :.<<5175 :.17O1D2 JD5 1. A56A. 0175<;23 . 45 75A>.
H .D 65R2H DA >5<O.4.H ><.4D?0<= 2 A56A2 JD21704245 45 :23
.< JD5 2 ><.4D?042
>532 :.<<5175 23
75<12H

5662 JD21704245 :P2A2 65 9 : E,7 I 5 <5><565172 65 >.<

275A270:2A5175H :P582 65 = :.1:3
D6C. 45 JD5 . JD24<24. 42 01751604245 5/0:2?
L08D232. ;23
.< AL40. 4. JD24<24. 45 ,H .D65R2@

8F % √$
$ $
@ 8F % $ @ @ 3?
H3H 8F

5 5A ;5?45 :.<<51756<5><565172<A.67516M56H ;0<= 45 08D23A.4.@

8F % √$
$ $
@ 8F % $ @ @ 3?
H3H 8F

.< 7217.H . 9 : E,7 I + 7 5- :

- 5 L. ;23
.< 42 01751604245
JD5 45;5<02 75< DA2 :.<<5175 :.17O
1D2 >2<2H 1DA2 <56067G1:02 ><.;.:2< . A56A.
5/507. :23
.<O
/0:.H 1. A56A. 0175<;23
. 45 75A>.

2<2 <523B2< 2 0A>.<7K1:02 4. ;23

.< 5/0:2?H <5/0<2 65 JD5 6C. ;23
.<565/0:2?56JD5
.6;.3 7O
A57<.65 2A>5<O A57<.61.60140:2A 2. A540<5A 8<2145?26601D6.04206

F !: $

6 µs

08 516C. 601D6.0423

CENFIM 12
 :-,9 5- J- 5 # ,5+ , : ! 5- 5 ,K; ? - ,5

$; 2 /<5JDG1:02 5 . >5<O
.4.
$;
$ . ;23
.< AL40. 45 DA2 23
75<1K1:02
$;
< . ;23
.< 5/0:2?
$;
= . >.17. 45 45A.<2 2 270180< . ><0A50<. >0:.

:
+"#

$; & µ6V H# V& H# N $ &

6V H µ6 / V V H N $ &
V '
U!?

$;
$ A=N V # AL4 V $H& ' N A=N V $H& ' N# V H (#

$;
< V A=N √ V # N$H'$' V H# #

$;
= V H µ6

><0A50<. >0:. .:.<<5 2 2H 2>96$H& µ 6V &$$ 16

H .D65R

F !: <

06>.A.645 DA2 <56067G1:02 45 $ UΩ 5 ( WH 575<A012<@

<; . ;23
.< 5/0:2?42 A=N0A2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 JD5 2 >.45 >5<:.<<5<Q
<;
$ 2 2A>3
07D45 42 A=N0A2 7516C. 2 JD5 >.45 65< 6DIA57042

:
+"#
<; V V ⇔ V√ V√ (N $N $ V &H #N $
V $H& # N $ V $H& # A V& #µ Q

<;
$ V V√ V√ $N $ ( V $$
A=N V √ A=N V ( H*

' 4 ( ' & .

L ( .

651. 4. K18D3
. JD5 . ;5:7.< /2?:.A . 50N. 4262I:06626L@

5α@ %

514. @ 8F ,@ 8F ; 5α

CENFIM 13
 @ , H ;0<=H >.< 6DI6707D0BC. >2<2 ;23
.< 0167217K15. 42 :.<<5175@

,@ 8F 5α

08 .αE
51. 4. K18D3 F

. ' . .

;5:7.< 456:<5;5 DA K18D3 π <24021.65A :242 ;.3

. 45 $π 72H .D65R
2H 5A :242
>5<O
.4.
5/015 65 ;53 2< :.A. 6514. . 1SA5<. ϖ 45 <24021.6 >5<:.<<04.6
.:04245 218D3
>.< 658D14. 660A@

π
$π
ϖ 75<5A.6 ϖ @ $π
π% .D ϖ @ $π
πE 5N><5662 5A <24021.6
658D14.

.45A.6H 28.<2H 8515<23

0?2< 2 /9<AD3
2 <5><56517270;2 42 :.<<5175 601D6.0423
H
4575<A01214. . ;23 . α
.< 4. K18D3 660AH . ;5:7.< 45A.<2 DA 75A>. 7 2
. α 5 DA >5<O
>5<:.<<5< . K18D3 .4. 2 >5<:.<<5< π <24021.6 .8.@

α @ $π
π ;- % .D20142 α@ω-

0<= @ ,@ 8F 5 ω-

672 /9<AD3
2 75<=H 20142H 45 75< 5A :.172 . K18D3
. JD5 . ;5:7.< /.<A2 :.A 2
.<085A 42 :.17285A 4.6 K18D3
.6H 1. 01672175 010:023 5675 K18D3
. :P2A2 65
E ;

/9<AD3
2 <5><56517270;2 45 DA2 :.<<5175 65<=@ @ 8F 1ω- ϕ2

CENFIM 14
 ;
G . ( .

A 85<24.< 53
5A5172< L :.16707DO
4. >.< DA 2153:.14D7.< :.3
.:24. 45 723/.<A2 JD5
>.662 65< A.;0A51724. 1. 650. 45 DA :2A>. A281L70:. /0N. .A. 65 ;5<0/0:2H .
:2A>. A281L70:. L:<024. >.< DA O
A21 >5<A215175 215345 /0. :.14D7.< 4560812
65 >.< !, .D,5 +I,

26 5N7<5A042456 45672 56>0<2 567C. 242>724.6 4.06 21L06H :.16707DO

4.6 20142 >.<
A275<023:.14D7.< 5 JD5 65 4560812A >.< 5), 7 :7- ; 3
082BC. 2. 5N75<0.< L
/5072 >.< A50. 45 4D26>5B26>5</5072A5175 242>7=;5062.621L06:.3
5:7.<5645 /.<A2 2
5672I53
5:5< I.A :.172:7.H . JD5 65 :P2A2A 79 1.<A23
A5175 :.167<DO
4265A
8<2/075
123
065A.6. /D1:0.12A517. 45 DA 85<24.<

08 5<24.< 53
5A5172<

. <.42< 1. 651704. 0140:24.H 2 56>0<2 ;20 :.<72< 26 3

01P26 45 /.<B2 4. :2A>.
A281L70:.H ><.4D?04.X 65 153
2 DA2 /.<B2 53
5:7<.A.7<0? 014D?042 JD5 ><.;.:2 2
:0<:D3
2BC. 45 DA2 :.<<5175 27<2;L64. :0<:D07. 5N75<0.<

. 4563
.:2< 65 42 >.60BC. >2<2 2 >.60BC. H 2 56>0<2 :.<72 DA 1SA5<. A=N0A. 45
3
01P2645 /.<B2

53
. JD5 2 / 5 A 014D?042 270185 DA ;23
.< A=N0A. 2>9665 75< 4563
.:24. *$Y .75
65 JD5 7217. 12 >2<75 I<21:2 :.A. 12 ><572H 6D<80<C. / 5 A JD5 ;C. 240:0.12< 65H >53
.
JD5 >.45 :.1:3
D0< 65 JD5 2 :.<<5175 1. :0<:D07. 5N75<0.< 65<= 7217. A206 53
5;242H
JD217. A20.< /.< . 1SA5<. 45 :.14D7.<56JD5 :.<72A . :2A>. A281L70:.
+D214. 2 56>0<2 :.1701D2 2 <.42< 27L .:D>2< 2 >.60BC. 01;5<62 Z >.60BC. 45 >2<7042H
;20 :.<7214. DA A51.< 1SA5<. 45 3
01P26 45 /.<B2 27L . 65D >3
21. 65 406>.<
>5<>5140:D3
2<A5175 Z6<5/5<04263
01P26H 450N214. 45 65< 6545 45 / 5 A 014D?042

CENFIM 15
 08 <.4DBC. 45 / 5 A 601D6.0423:.A 4563
.:2A517. 45 *$Y

08 # 5 A 601D6.0423><.4D?042 :.A 4563

.:2A517. 45 *$Y2 ($Y

>2<70< 45675 A.A517.H . 651704. 42 / 5 A 014D?042 12 56>0<2 L:.17<=<0. 2. 2175<0.<

. 517217.H 5 2 A51.64. 651704.H 7D4. 65 >2662 4. A.4. 456:<07. / 5 A 014D?042
270185 DA ;23
.< A=N0A. 2>962 <.72BC. 45 '$YH :.A5B214. 2 40A01D0< 27L65 21D3
2<
JD214. . >3
21. 42 56>0<2 65 :.3
.:2 >5<>5140:D3
2<A5175 Z63
01P2645 /.<B2 4. :2A>.
P.A.8L15.H . JD5 6D:545 2>96DA2 <.72BC. :.A>3
572H ;.3
7214. Z>.60BC.

08 & 5 A .I7042 >53

2 <.72BC. 517<5 ($Y5 &$Y

CENFIM 16
 .< :242 <.72BC. 42 56>0<2 .I75< 65 = DA2 601D69045 2A>3
07D45 42 / 5 A .I7042
65<= 7217. A20.<H JD217. A20.< /.< . 1SA5<. 45 56>0<26 JD5 :.16707D0 . 014D?04.
.80:2A5175H 2 /<5JDG1:02 45>5145<= 42 ;53
.:04245 45 <.72BC.H

456:<0BC. JD5 2:2I2A.6 45 5/5:7D2< :.14D?0<= 2.6 A56A.6 <56D3

724.6 65 28.<2
406>D65<A.6 45 DA <97.< E
>2<75 A9;53
F :.16707DO
4. >.< DA O
A21 E
535:7<.O
A21
23
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>2<75 /0N2FH :.16707DO
4. >.< I.I0126.145 ;C. 6D<80<
26 / 5 A 014D?0426H >.< A.;0A5172BC. 4. <97.< . 406>.6070;. 456:<07.H :2>2? 45
><.4D?0< :.<<5175 23
75<1242 601D6.0423
H :P2A2 65 :
- 5 ;

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4. ( ; .

5 2123 062<A.6 2 5N>5<0G1:02 45 ;5<0/0:2BC. 42 50 45 PA A26 2>3 0:214. 28.<2

8<2145?2623 75<12426H :P582<5A.6Z:.1:3 D6C. JD5 65 A217LA :.1672175 . JD.:05175
% 5675 JD.:05175 :P2A2<5A.6 , ! >57, 4. :0<:D07.H 2. JD232>3 0:2A.6 2
7516C. 2375<1242 5 JD5 65 <5><565172 >.< & 6D2 D104245 L.I;02A5175 . M
660AH 2 . , M 266DA5 2 /.<A2H JD5 L456081242 >.< 50 45 PA 8515<23
0?242

@ &;

40/5<51B2 517<5 & 5 45;5 65 2. /2:7. 45 & 45>5145< 42 /<5JDG1:02 660AH 5A

:.<<5175 23 75<1242H 2 <53
2BC. 517<5 2 7516C. 5 2 :.<<5175 45>5145H >2<2 DA2 4242
/<5JDG1:02H 42 0A>54K1:02 & 5 4. K18D3. 45 456/262A517. ϕ
.< 45/010BC. 4560812< 65 =@

:.6ϕ >.< , -D57,

651ϕ >.< 7->57, N

CENFIM 17
 08 ( <0K18D3
. 4260A>54K1:026

58D042A5175 567D42<5A.6 .6 :0<:D07.6 5A JD5 6D<85A :.<<51756 23

75<12426
601D6.04206H JD5 6C. /.<A24.6>.< <56067G1:026H I.I01265 :.1451624.<56

5<5A.6H 1. 517217.H 5A ><0A50<. 3

D82<H .6:0<:D07.6045206H .D 65R
2H .6:.16707DO
4.6
>.< <56067G1:026H >.< I.I0126>D<26E
65A <56067G1:02F 5 >.< :.1451624.<56>D<.6E
65A
<56067G1:02645 >5<426F 23:.A. 6D:545 12 <523
04245

. 517217.H 23
8DA26 456726 7<G6 8<2145?26H JD5 /.<A2A .6 53
5A517.6 <5206
E
<56067G1:02H <52:7K1:02 014D70;2 5 <52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2FH 266DA5A ;23
.<567C. I20N.6
JD5 >.45A 456><5?2< 65 /2:5 2.6<56721756

T. :26.H >.< 5N5A>3

.H 4263
KA>242645 01:21456:G1:02H JD5 >.45AH 65A 8<2145 5<<.H
65< :.16045<2426:.A. <56067G1:026>D<26

. 2>3
0:2<A.6DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242 601D6.0423Z<56067G1:02 >D<2A5175 9PA0:2H
JD2365<= 2 /.<A2 45 .142 42 :.<<5175 1. :0<:D07.[
>3
0:214. 2 50 45 PA 2.66D:5660;.60167217565 DA2 ;5?JD5 V HR
= JD5 2
<52:7K1:02 L1D3
2H /2:03
A5175 65 ;5<0/0:2 JD5@
\ A54042 JD5 2 7516C. 2DA5172H 2 :.<<5175 72AILA . /2<=H R
= JD5 65
<53
2:0.12A >53
2 50 45 PAH V Q
+D214. 2 7516C. 2>3
0:242 AD42 45 >.3
2<04245H 72AILA 2 01751604245 45
:.<<5175 AD42 45 5-, ;

CENFIM 18
 08 * 56067G1:02 >D<2 23
0A517242 5A

.8. 26:D<;26<5><56517270;2642 7516C. 5 42 :.<<5175 567C. 5A /265H .D65R

2H 2
DA A=N0A. 42 7516C. :.<<56>.145 2 DA A=N0A. 45 :.<<5175H . A56A.
6D:54514. >2<2 .6?5<.6

K 6M ,7
. 65< 3
08242 2 DA2 <545 45 :.<<5175 23
75<12 D12 <56067G1:02 E
> 5N D12 3
KA>242
45 01:21456:G1:02FH 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 JD5 :0<:D3
2 75A 2 A56A2 /.<A2
601D6.0423JD5 2 7516C. 42 <545 +D214. 2 7516C. >2662 >53
. ;23
.< ?5<.H 15675
01672175 1C. :0<:D3
2 :.<<5175 E
6D2 01751604245 L?5<.F +D214. 2 7516C. 23
:21B2
. ;23
.< A=N0A.H 2 01751604245 L08D23
A5175 A=N0A2 0?65 517C. JD5 2 7516C.
5 2 01751604245 567C. 5A /265 E
/08 *F
. :26. 45 :2<826 9PA0:26H 2 7516C. 5 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 ;2<02A
60AD3
72152A5175

08 $ 516C. 5 01751604245 5A /265

CENFIM 19
 ( (

6 I.I0126 567C. ><5651756 5A 7.4.6 2JD53

56 <5:5>7.<56 1.6 JD206 65R
2
15:566=<0. 2 ><.4DBC. 45 DA :2A>. A281L70:. .< 5N5A>3
. 1.653
5:7<.O
A2156H
:.172:7.<56H A.7.<56H <52:7K1:026 45 2<<21JD5 45 3
KA>2426 45 456:2<82
E
/3D.<56:51756H ;2>.< 45 A5<:S<0.H ;2>.< 45 6940.H 57: FH 7<216/.<A24.<56H 57:
2<2 . 567D4. 4. :.A>.<72A517. 42 I.I012 45;5A.6 75< 5A :.172 JD5 26
I.I01266C. 45 :.I<5H >.< 066. 2><565172<5A DA2 4575<A01242 <56067G1:02

7 5- 7 5-C
5+ 53
082<A.6D12 I.I012 2 D12 7516C. :.17O
1D2H :0<:D3
2<=
>.< 53
2 DA2 :.<<5175 53
L:7<0:2 JD5 65<= D10:2A5175 3
0A07242 >53
2 <56067G1:02
58D14. 2 3
50 45 PA@ @ % 24. JD5 5672 <56067G1:02 65< >5JD512H 5 65
2>3
0:2A.6D12 7516C. 53
5;242 ZI.I012H :0<:D3
2<= >53
2 A56A2 DA2 :.<<5175 :.A
DA2 01751604245 53
5;242H . JD5 .<08012<= DA2 /.<75 >.7G1:02 40660>242H JD5
>.45<= 4567<D0< 2 I.I012 45;04. 2. :23
.< 85<24.

7 5- :
- 5 53
082<A.62 A56A2 I.I012 2 D12 7516C. 23
75<12H >.45
65 :.A><.;2< 5N>5<0A51723
A5175 JD5 2 :.<<5175 JD5 :0<:D3
2 >53
2 A56A2
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.H 2>562< 42 5N067G1:02 45 D12
:5<72 :.<<5175 660A >.45<5A.6 :P582< Z :.1:3
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DA2 :5<72 .>.60BC. = >266285A 42 :.<<5175 40/5<5175 4. :26. 2175<0.< 5A JD5 2
.>.60BC. 5<2 45;042 Z<56067G1:02 .PA0:2

.4.656756/519A51.645;5A 65 2. 5/507. 45 2D7. 014DBC. 42 I.I012@

+D214. 2 I.I012 L>5<:.<<042 >.< DA2 :.<<5175 23
75<1242H 2>2<5:5 DA2 :.<<5175
;2<0=;53
H 5 >.< 7217. DA :2A>. A281L70:. 72AILA ;2<0=;53 24. JD5 263
01P26
45 /.<B2 4. /3
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2 A56A2 85<2H :.<72A 2 6D6 ><9><0.6
:.14D7.<56H 6D<85 D12 / 5 A 45 2D7. 014DBC. JD5H 658D14. 2 3
50 45 51?H 65 ;20
.>.< Z:2D62 JD5 3
P5 45D.<085A

08 / 5 A 45
2D7. 014DBC. 42
I.I012 .>M5 65 Z
:.<<5175

CENFIM 20
 +D214. 2 :.<<5175H 658D014. 26;2<02BM5642 /D1BC. 601D6.0423
H 75145 2 :<56:5<H
. :2A>. A281L70:. 72AILA :<56:5

>2<5:5 517C. DA2 / 5 A JD5 65 .>M5 2 JD5 2 :.<<5175 65 5672I53

5B2H
><.;.:214. DA 27<26. 12 :.A5175 53
L:7<0:2 5A <53
2BC. Z 7516C. E A2 I.I012
2. 65< 3
08242 2 DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242H 2 7516C. 2>2<5:5 45 0A54027. 2.665D6
75<A01206F

K ,5 +-,9

5 2 DA2 <545 45 :.<<5175 23

75<12 /.< 3
0824. DA <5:5>7.< 014D70;.H ;20 42<
.<085A 2 DA 456/262A517. 517<5 2 7516C. 5 2 01751604245 672 S3
70A2H 5A
;0<7D45 42 2D7. 014DBC.H 5672<= 27<26242 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.

675 456/262A517.H :.A. 7.4. . K18D3

.H >.45 65< A5404. 5A 8<2D6 . :26. 45
D12 :2<82 014D70;2 >D<2H 5A JD5 <56067G1:02 9PA0:2 L1D3
2H . 456/262A517. 65<=
45 *$^
. :26. 45 :2<82 014D70;2 >D<2H 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 5175 27<26242 *$^E
45 >5<O
.4.F 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.

08 028<2A2 ;5:7.<02345 5 1DA2 I.I012 >D<2

CENFIM 21
 5675 :26. 40?65 JD5 2 01751604245 567= 456/26242 5A 27<26. 5A <53
2BC. Z
7516C. 5A DA JD2<7. 45 :0:3
.

O (

.A. 2 .>.60BC. 2><56517242 >53

2 I.I012 Z:.<<5175 23
75<1242 75A 2 ;5< :.A .6
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2 . :.5/0:05175 45
2D7. 014DBC. .?5 A206<=>042665R
2A 26;2<02BM5642 :.<<5175 23
75<1242

P2A2A.6 <52:7K1:02 014D70;2 N. Z .>.60BC. 2><56517242 >53

2 I.I012 Z
:.<<5175H >53
. JD5@

X L = 2πfL
- V 52:7K1:02 014D70;2 5A .PA6EΩ F
/ V <5JDG1:02 5A P5<7?E
!?F
V .5/0:05175 45 2D7. 014DBC. 5A P51<06E
!F

P (

23:.A. 0140:=A.62. ><01:O

>0. 45675 75A2H A545 65 2 >.7G1:02 45 DA2 I.I012
>D<2H >.45 65 :.A><.;2< JD5 2 3
507D<2 27<2;L6 45 DA ]277O
A57<. 0140:2 DA2
>.7G1:02 08D232 ?5<.

. :.17<=<0. 4. JD5 .:.<<5 1DA2 <56067G1:02H 1DA2 I.I012 >D<2 1C. 65 ><.4D?
151PDA :.16DA. 45 515<802 :23
.<O
/0:2
:.<<5175 JD5 >5<:.<<5 2 I.I012 65<;5 D10:2A5175 >2<2 85<2< . :2A>.
A281L70:.
2 <523
04245 . JD5 .:.<<5 L JD5H 2. :<56:5< 2 :.<<5175 >53
2 I.I012H 72AILAH
2:.175:5 . A56A. 2. :2A>. . :2A>. A281L70:.H ><.4D?014. 65 DA :.16DA. 45
515<802 53
L:7<0:2 5675 :26. 2 515<802 /3
S0 4. 85<24.< 27L Z I.I012 5 L JD214.
40?5A.6JD5 5672 567= 2 :.16DA0< 515<802 53
5:7<.A281L70:2 A2 ;5?23
:21B242
2 :.<<5175 A=N0A2 5 . /3
DN. A=N0A.H 56756 75145A 2 40A01D0< 658D014. 2
7<2R
5:79<02 601D6.0423
H 45651<.3
214. 65 DA2 / 5 A 45 2D7. 014DBC. 45 723651704.
JD5 85<2 DA2 515<802 53
L:7<0:2 JD5H 28.<2H /3
S0 45645 2 I.I012 27L 2. 85<24.<
5675 :26.H 2 I.I012 45;.3
;5 2 515<802 2. 85<24.< 5672 A2150<2 40?5A.6JD5 2
I.I012 1C. :.16.A5 <523
A5175 2 515<802H A2660A>3
56A5175 2 7.A2 5A><567242
4D<2175 DA JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. >2<2 85<2< . 65D :2A>. 53
5:7<.A281L70:.H >2<2 2
45;.3
;5< 1. JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. 658D0175

CENFIM 22
 24. JD5 . ]277O
A57<. A545 . ;23
.< AL40. 42 >.7G1:02 5 5672 L6 >.6070;2
4D<2175 DA JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. 5 158270;2 1. 658D0 175 675 1C. 0140:2 151PDA2
>.7G1:02
660A 2 I.I012 1C. :.16.A5 515<802 6 :.16721756 :2<826 5 456:2<826 42
A56A2 .<08012A :.A JD5 5 :0<:D3
5 DA2 4575<A01242 :.<<5175 1.6:.14D7.<56H
>.< 7217.H 72AILA 2>2<5:5 DA2 >.7G1:02H 2 JD5 :P2A2<5A.6>.751:02 <52:70;2
E
+2

$
+ ,5 L @ N. 1 2 19 :
- ! 7-,9 2

, 7+,- .
A2 I.I012 <5232><565172 <56067G1:02 9PA0:2 45;04. Z6D2 :.16707D0BC.

Z = R 2 + X L2

08 .I012

660A >.45A.6 .I75< DA :0<:D07. 04G170:. 2. 42 /08D<2 5675 :26. 45;5<5A.6

:.16045<2< . ;23
.< 42 <56067G1:02 5 . 42 <52:7K1:02 014D70;2 N. 65>2<24.6

08

CENFIM 23
 . :0<:D07. 014D70;. 2 :.<<5175 27<26242 45 DA K18D3
. ϕ 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.

. :26. 4. :0<:D07. H . 456/262A517. ;2<02 517<5 $Y5 *$Y

S=U.I (VA)

P = UR . I = U . I COS ϕ (W)

QL = XL . I = U . I SEN ϕ (VAr)

08 # .7G1:0261DA2 I.I012

'

( (

6:.1451624.<561C. 6C. <5:5>7.<56JD5 65R 2A D703

0?24.6P2I07D23A5175 :.A.
26 <56067G1:026 5 26 I.I0126 . 517217. 6C. AD07. S7506H >.< 5N5A>3.H >2<2
:.17<2<02< .6 /519A51.6 158270;.6 JD5 ><.4D?5A 26 >.7G1:026 <52:70;26 426
I.I0126

7 5- 7 5-,5+ H 69 :0<:D3 2<= :.<<5175 53

L:7<0:2 >53
. :0<:D07. 4D<2175 2
:2<82 4. :.1451624.< 5672 /.<A2H >.45 65 40?5< JD5 DA :.1451624.< 1C.
>5<A075 2 >266285A 42 :.<<5175 :.17O1D2

7 5- :
- 5 H . :.1451624.< /0:2<= :2<<5824. 23
75<1242A5175
>5<A07014. 2660A :.<<5175 1. :0<:D07.

CENFIM 24
 08 & 028<2A2 ;5:7.<02345 5 1DA :.1451624.<

:2<82 :2>2:070;2 E
:.1451624.<FH JD214. 0165<04. 1DA :0<:D07. 45 :.<<5175
23
75<1242 .<08012 DA 456/262A517. 517<5 7516C. 5 01751604245 :.<<5175
2>2<5:5 5A 2;21B. 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.

. :26. 42 :2<82 :2>2:070;2 >D<2H 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 2402172 *$^E 45

>5<O
.4.F 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.

O (

A :.1451624.<H 5A H >5<A075 JD5 /3

D2 :.1672175A5175 DA2 :.<<5175
53
L:7<0:2 >53
. :0<:D07. 45;04. Z6 :.16721756H :2<826 5 456:2<826 4. A56A. T
0A>.<72175 1.72< JD5 5672 :.<<5175 5+57 - 9 , :
)7- ,7
75 5 H A2660A >53
.6:.14D7.<564. :0<:D07.

P2A2A.6 7->57, 7 ! 7,-,9 75 5 N Z .>.60BC. JD5 .

:.1451624.< 2><565172 Z:.<<5175

-: V 52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2
5A .PA6
1
XC = / V <5JDG1:02 5A P5<7?
2πfC
V 2>2:04245 4.
:.1451624.< 5A /2<246

08 ' 52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2

P (

8D232. JD5 .:.<<5 :.A 2 I.I012H 65 /.< A54042 :.A DA ]277O

A57<. 2 >.7G1:02
45 DA :.1451624.<H >.45 65 :.A><.;2< JD5 2 >.7G1:02 0140:242 L08D232 ?5<.
DA :.1451624.< 1C. 5N0675 :.16DA. 45 515<802 2:70;2 D<2175 . ><0A50<.
JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. . :.1451624.< L 7 K 7 5 K, :
)7- ,7 E

CENFIM 25
 7 K :7- -8-,7 H >53
. JD5 2 515<802 /3
S0 4. 85<24.< 45 >2<2 .
:.1451624.< . JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. 658D0175 . :.1451624.< 456:2<<582 >2<2 .
:0<:D07. 27L2. 85<24.<H 45;.3
;514. 2. A56A. 2 515<802 2:DAD3
242

2AILA 2>2<5:5 D12 >.7G1:02 <52:70;2 L7><.4D?042 >53

2 515<802 JD5 L7<.:242
517<5 . :.1451624.< 5 . 85<24.<

DA :.1451624.<@ +: V -: E F E;.3
7 2A>5<5 <52:70;.6F

08 ' 0<:D07.

5675 :26. . 456/262A517. ;2<02 517<5 $^5 *$^E

/08 'F

R = Z COS ϕ
XC = Z SEN ϕ
Z2 = R2 + X2C

UR = U COS ϕ
UC = U SEN ϕ
U 2 = U R 2 + U 2C

S = U . I (VA)
P = U .I . cos ϕ (W)
QC = U .I . ses ϕ (VAr)
S2 = P2 + Q2C

08 (

CENFIM 26
 .

5 3
082<A.6 DA2 <56067G1:02H DA2 I.I012 5 DA :.1451624.< .I75A.6 DA
7, 7+,- . ;

08 * 0<:D07.

5675 :26. 2 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. ;5A@

Z2 = R2 + X2

Z2 = R2 + (XL – XC)2

X L = 2πfL
1
XC = −
2πfC
1
X = 2πfL −
2πfC

+D214. - V $H E- V - FH P= <566.1K1:02 1. :0<:D07.

5675 :26. 2 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. L08D232
V

08 $

CENFIM 27
;
H P ( .

P (Q O

A :.<<5175 23
75<1242 2 7516C. 5 2 :.<<5175 ;2<02A 2 :242 01672175 >53
. JD5 2
>.7G1:02 40660>242 72AILA 65<= ;2<0=;53

5/015 65 >.7G1:02 0167217K152 :.A. 6514. . ><.4D7. 4.6;23

.<5645 + 5 ,H 5A
:242 01672175

0/(

5<0/0:2 65 JD5 2 >.7G1:02 0167217K152 L65A><5 >.6070;2 >.7G1:02 LA=N0A2

JD214. /.<5A A=N0A.6 2 7516C. 5 2 :.<<5175H 21D3
214. 65 JD214. D 5 0 65
21D3
2A

08

6;23
.<560167217K15.645 5 6C. 424.6>53
265JD2BM56@

@ (8F 5 R-

@ (8F 5 R-

>.7G1:02 LH >.<7217.H 65A><5 >.6070;2H JD23

JD5< JD5 65R
2 . 01672175
:.16045<24. 5 . 65D8<=/0:. 45651;.3
;5 65 65A><5 2:0A2 4. 50N. 4.675A>.6

6012365A><5 >.6070;. 42 >.7G1:02 266.:0242 2 JD23

JD5< <5:5>7.< 9PA0:. 60810
/0:2 JD5 53
5 <5:5I5 :.1701D2A5175 515<802 42 <545H 067. LH 515<802 JD5 L
:.16DA042 5 5/5:70;2A5175 7<216/.<A242 2O2 6D2 P2I07D234560812BC. 45
>.7G1:02 2:70;2
T 5672 8<2145?2 JD5 >.45A.63
5< 5A JD23
JD5< ]277O
A57<. N><0A5 65 5A ]277H

CENFIM 28
 :.A. 62I5A.6 6 :.1724.<56 45 515<802 2:70;2 42<C.H >.< :.1658D0175H 2
515<802 :.16DA042 4D<2175 DA :5<7. 75A>. 5A _WPE
_03
.]277 P.<2F

i
0
90 180 270 360

u + + - -

i + + - -

p + + + +

Quadrante 1º 2º 3º 4º

08 ;.3
DBC. :.1R
D172 426/D1BM56:.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02 1DA :0<:D07.
>D<2A5175 <560670;.

2 21=3
065 42 /08 :.1:3
DOA.620142 JD5@
• 2 >.7G1:02 75A /<5JDG1:02 4D>3
2 42 7516C. 5 42 01751604245

1 O 2

08

2 /08D<2 51:.17<2A 65 45651P242626:D<;2645 D 5 0 5 20142 42 >.7G1:02

JD5 3
P56;5A 266.:0242

CENFIM 29
 6;23
.<560167217K15.645 5 6C. 424.6>53
265JD2BM56@

@ (8F 5 R-

@ (8F 5 1R- S3T2

.A. 1. :26. 2175<0.<@

• .7G1:02 75A /<5JDG1:02 4D>3

2 42 7516C. 5 42 01751604245

. ><0A50<. 5 75<:50<. JD2<7.645 >5<O

.4. 5 7GA 601206:.17<=<0.6H >53
. JD5
156656JD24<217562 >.7G1:02 65<= 158270;2H . JD5 60810/0:2 5672< 2 65< /.<15:042
515<802 Z<545

. 658D14. 5 JD2<7. JD24<21756H 5 7GA . A56A. 601235 2 >.7G1:02 7.A2

60123>.6070;.H . JD5 60810/0:2H :.A. 62I5A.6H JD5 156756 0175<;23
.6 2 I.I012
<5:5I5 515<802 12 A56A2 JD21704245 JD5 P2;02 2175<0.<A5175 51;024. >2<2
<545
p

u i

0
90 180 270 360

u + + - -

i - + + -

p - + - +

Quadrante 1º 2º 3º 4º

08 ;.3
DBC. :.1R
D172 426/D1BM56:.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02 1DA :0<:D07.
>D<2A5175 014D70;.

5A.6H 2660AH JD5 P= DA2 .6:03

2BC. :.17O
1D2 45 515<802H .<2 42 <545 5A
40<5:BC. Z:2<82H .<2 45672 >2<2 2JD53
2

CENFIM 30
 662 515<802 1D1:2 :P582 2 65< 7<216/.<A242 5H >.<7217.H 2 >.7G1:02 AL402 JD5
3
P5 567= 266.:0242 L 1D3
2 67. L >.67. 5A 5;04G1:02 >53
2 08D23
4245 5 60A57<02
426=<526453
0A072426>53
2 /D1BC. >.7G1:02H :DR
2 6.A2 23
8LI<0:2 <53
270;2 2 DA
>5<O
.4. L 1D3
2 .45A.6517C. 2/0<A2< JD5 DA2 014D7K1:02 >D<2 1C. :.16.A5
515<802 2:70;2 .<LAH 5662 515<802 JD5 :0<:D3
2 23
75<1242A5175 517<5 2 <545 5 2
:2<82H 5AI.<2 1C. 65R
2 :.16DA042H 75A DA 4575<A0124. ;23
.< 5 L456081242 >.<
' H 456081214. 65 08D23
A5175 >.< <52:70;2 2 >.7G1:02 JD5 3
P5
;5A 266.:0242

.72 65 >53
2 3
57<2 L + +5, 5 ;;) . (
1 2 5 >.45 65< A54042 >53
.6 5 2 515<802 :.<<56>.145175 >53
.6
H A54042 5A P 662 515<802
:.<<56>.145 2. :2A>. A281L70:. :<024. 12 014D7K1:02 >53
2 >266285A 42
:.<<5175

.A. >.45A.6:.1:3
D0<H 2 I.I012 :.A5B2 >.< /.<15:5< 515<802 Z<545 .45A.6
72AILA 2/0<A2<@

A2 014D7K1:02 LDA /.<15:54.< 45 515<802 <52:70;2

+`$

1 2

08 #

2 /08D<2 # 567= <5><5651724. DA :.1451624.< 517<5 :DR

.6 75<A01206 567=
2>3
0:242 DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242 601D6.0423

.A. 62I5A.6H 2 :.<<5175 567= 5A 2;21B. 45 *$^H :.1/.<A5 1.6A.67<2A 26

5JD2BM56@

@ (8F 5 R-

CENFIM 31
 @ (8F 5 1R- A S3T2

p
u

0
90 180 360
270

u + + - -

i + - - +

p + - + -

Quadrante 1º 2º 3º 4º

08 & ;.3
DBC. 42 :.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02 1DA :0<:D07. :2>2:070;. >D<.

2 /08D<2 &H + 5 , 567C. <5><5651724268<2/0:2A5175 R

D172A5175 :.A 2 :D<;2 42
>.7G1:02
.6 Y5 YJD24<217562 >.7G1:02 L>.6070;2H 5 158270;2 1.6 Y5 YJD24<21756
607D2BC. L .>.672 Z ;5<0/0:242 2175<0.<A5175H >.06. :.1451624.< :.A5B2 >.<
:.16DA0< 515<802 42 <545 E
>.7G1:02 >.6070;2F >2<2 12 .6:03
2BC. 658D0175 ;.3
72< 2
/.<15:G 3
2 12 A56A2 JD21704245

53
2 08D23
4245 5 60A57<02 426=<526>.6070;265 158270;26453
0A072426>53
2 :D<;2
5 658D014. DA <2:0.:O
10. 04G170:. 2. R
= D703
0?24. 1.6 4.06 >.17.6 2175<0.<56H
>.45A.670<2< 26658D01756:.1:3
D6M56@
• >.7G1:02 75A /<5JDG1:02 4D>3
2 42 7516C. 5 42 01751604245

• A2 :2>2:04245 >D<2 1C. :.16.A5 515<802 2:70;2 V$

• .17<2<02A5175 Z I.I012H DA :.1451624.< :.A5B2 >.< <5:5I5< 515<802

42 <545
• A :.1451624.< LDA :.16DA04.< 45 515<802 <52:70;2 +a$

• 2AILA 2. :.1451624.< 567= 266.:0242 DA2 515<802 .6:03

2175 JD5 1C.

CENFIM 32
 L7<216/.<A242

>.7G1:02 266.:0242 4560812 65 >.< P 672 75A >.<

D104245 . E F 5 LA54042 >53
.6 O H :.A.
62I5A.6
2<2 A540< 2 515<802 <52:70;2 D703
0?2A 65 H
:DR
2 0140:2BC. L4242 5A PE ! F

' ( (

.16045<5A.628.<2 DA2 :2<82 70>. ?. :.A. 12 /08D<2 '

08 '

+D214. 2>3
0:2A.6DA2 7516C. 1.665D675<A01206H 2 :.<<5175 <56D3
72175 ;20H
127D<23
A5175H 5672< 5A 6514. 45 456/262A517. /D1BC. 4.6;23
.<5645 5
/08D<2 ( JD5 70>0:2A5175 03
D67<2 5672 607D2BC.H <5/5<5 65 5A >2<70:D3
2< Z
5;.3
DBC. 42 >.7G1:02 1DA2 I.I012 .145 7516C. 5 :.<<5175 567C. 456/26242645
DA K18D3
. 40/5<5175 45 *$YE14D7K1:02 >D<2F

u
i

0 u 360
90 180

u + -

08 ( ;.3 DBC. 7O
>0:2 42 i - + -
:.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02
1DA :0<:D07.
><54.A012175A5175 p - + - +
014D70;.

Quadrante 1º 2º 3º 4º

CENFIM 33
 2 21=3065 42 /D1BC. >.7G1:02 ;5A.6JD5 26=<526>.6070;26>.< 53
2 453
0A072426
6C. 6D>5<0.<56Z6158270;26

6D2 40/5<51B2 :.<<56>.145 Z 515<802 5/5:70;2A5175 :.16DA042 4D<2175 DA

>5<O
.4.H 067. LH Z515<802 2:70;2

2AILA P= 2 2660123
2< DA2 515<802 <52:70;2 JD5 :.<<56>.145 Z6=<526JD5 65
:.A>5162A 672 515<802 :0<:D3
2 12 <545H :.A. 62I5A.6H 65A 65< 7<216/.<A242

( P ( .

08 * .7G1:0265A :.<<5175 23
75<1242

@ . 7 ϕ U 1R --2

L P

5 /.<A2 21=3
.82 :P582<O
2A.6Z5N><566C.@

Q = U IL sen ϕ
19 :
- ! 7-,9 2

@ . 19 :
- ! 2

CENFIM 34
 3$ . 4

( 4

D703
0?2BC. 4.6 60675A26 7<0/=60:.6 5A 7.42 2 :24502 45 515<802 75A DA :2<=:75<
><270:2A5175 5N:3
D60;. .A5175 2 1O
;53 42 D703
0?2BC. ;2A.6 51:.17<2< DA
60810/0:270;. 5 ;2<024. 1SA5<. 45 2>2<53
P.6H 2660A :.A. 016723
2BM56 45 >5JD512
>.7G1:02 23
0A5172426:.A 7516M56A.1./=60:26

' ( 4

• 2<2 2 A56A2 >.7G1:02 2 /.<15:5<H DA 23

75<124.< 7<0/=60:. 75A A51.<
;.3
DA5 5 ><5B. JD5 2 :.<<56>.145175 D104245 A.1./=60:2 5 A20.<
/02I03
04245 45 65<;0B.
• 6<545645 7<216>.<75 5 45 4067<0ID0BC. <56D3
72A A20660A>3
565 5:.19A0:26
703
0?2A 7<G6:.14D7.<5645 /265 5H 5;517D23
A5175H DA JD2<7. :.14D7.< 15D7<.H
406>516214. 6506 :.14D7.<56 JD5 <5JD5< DA2 <545 A.1./=60:2 5JD0;23
5175 \
5:.1.A02 4. :.I<5 5 A51.<56 >5<426 5A 3
01P2 23
02A 65 .6 A51.<56 :D67.6 5
A20.< 60A>3
0:04245 45 :.1:5>BC. 5 0A>3
2172BC. 426 567<D7D<26 45 2>.0. 426
3
01P26
• 60A>3
0:04245 45 :.167<DBC.H A51.<56 :D67.6 5 8<2145 /02I03
04245 45
/D1:0.12A517. 4.6 7<216/.<A24.<56 7<0/=60:.6 5 20142 4.6 A.7.<56
266O
1:<.1.6 45 :2A>. 80<2175H 45 5A><58. 8515<23
0?24. 5 JD5 1C. 7GA
5JD0;23
5175 5A A.1./=60:.H R
D670/0:2A 69 >.< 60 2 5N067G1:02 45 60675A26
7<0/=60:.6

V .
400
u1 u2 u3 u1
300

200

100

-100
90 180 270 360 120º 120º
-200
120º
12 -300 1$2
u3 u2
-400

08 5><565172BC. :2<7560212 E F 5 ;5:7.<023E F 45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 45

7516M56 .72< JD5 567C. 456/262426517<5 60 45 $YH .D65R
2H 45 >5<O
.4.

CENFIM 35
 2 /08 H >.45A.6;5< 5A ! 5- "# 7 - , 5 2 5;.3
DBC. 4267516M56
45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 2 >2<70< 4.6<56>5:70;.6;23
.<560167217K15.6

.45 20142 /2?5< 65 DA2 <5><565172BC. ;5:7.<0234. A56A. 60675A2 E

/08&$ FH
65 275145<A.62 JD5 DA 456/262A517. 1. 75A>. 45 45 >5<O
.4. 5JD0;23
5 2
DA2 40/5<51B2 218D3
2< 45 $Y 517<5 .6 ;5:7.<56 <5><56517270;.6 426 7516M56
D>M5 65 7.4. . 60675A2 <.4214. 2 DA2 ;53
.:04245 218D3
2< ω 1. 651704.
0140:24.H JD5 2<I07<2A.6:.A. >.6070;.

U 1,U 2,U 3, :.16707D5AH 2660AH DA :.1R

D17. 45 7<G6 9 7- K, 5- :DR
2

8<2145?2 A545 5A 9 : E,7 I26<5/5<04267516M56

L P

2 21=3
065 42 /08 ;5A.6JD5 567= 5A 2;21B. <53
270;2A5175 2 5
/2:7.H 65 56:.3
P5<A.6H >.< 5N5A>3
.H 2 .<085A 4.6 75A>.6 :.A. <5/5<G1:02H
;5<0/0:2A.6JD5 75A R
= DA :5<7. ;23
.< >.6070;. 1DA2 /265 45:<56:5175 42 6D2
23
75<1K1:02H 51JD217. JD5 L 1D3
. 5 69 28.<2 0<= 010:02< 2 23
75<1K1:02 >.6070;2
>.< ;23
.<566D:5660;2A5175 :<56:51756

5<0/0:2A.608D23
A5175 JD5 567= 5A 27<26. <53
270;2A5175 2 67. 60810/0:2
JD5 65 24A070<A.6 7.4. . 60675A2 <.4214. 1. 651704. 0140:24. 12 /08 5
7.A2<A.6:.A. <5/5<G1:02 2 >.60BC. .:D>242 2 424. A.A517. >.< DA 456656

;5:7.<56H >.< 5N5A>3

. U 1 H JD5 5672 65<= 6D:5660;2A5175 .:D>242 >53
.6;5:7.<56

U2 5 U3

65JDG1:02 45 /2656 0140:242 L H H 5 :P2A2 65 + )

.<7217.H 2 65JDG1:02 45 /2656L 2 .<45A >53
2 JD2365 6D:545A 26
/26561DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:.

. ' ' 4

N0675A 4D26/.<A267O
>0:2645 266.:02BC.H 26:P2A2426@

• .,K "# . ;
• .,K "# O ' . + .

CENFIM 36
 08 082BC. 5A 567<53
2 45 :2<826A.1./=60:26D703
0?214. DA S10:. :.14D7.<
:.ADA :517<23E
:.14D7.< 15D7<.F 5675 :.14D7.< 1C. :0<:D3
2 :.<<5175H V
>.45<02 A56A. 6D><0A0< 65

67<G6:2<826<5><565172426:2<2:75<0?2A 65 >53
. A56A. ;23
.< 45 0A>54K1:02H
067. LH & @ &$ @ &< 6<56>5:70;265N7<5A042456567C. 3
0824262.675<A0120645
:242 DA 4.6 51<.3
2A517.6 4. 23
75<124.< 5 6C. <5/5<51:02426 >53
26 3
57<26 N?
W?U &

.6 :.14D7.<56 45 23
0A5172BC. 5672I53
5:5A 65 2660A 7<G6 :.<<51756 :.A .
A56A. ;23
.< 5/0:2?A26 E $3T

6;23
.<560167217K15.6456626:.<<5175640/5<5AH :.17D4.H 5A :242 A.A517. 5
5A :242 DA2 426/2656

.45<O
2A.6<570<2< . 4. :0<:D07. 65A 23
75<2BC. .D><5R
DO?.
426 :.140BM56 45 /D1:0.12A517. 69 1C. . /2?5A.6 >.< DA2 A54042
><5;5170;2H 623
;28D2<4214. 2660A 2 P0>97565 426 7<G6 :2<826 >.45<5A 6./<5<
JD23
JD5< 23
75<2BC.

CENFIM 37
 67263
082BM56:.1/08D<2A DA2 - :H 7217. 12 /.175 :.A. 12 :2<82 >.17.
:.ADA 4560812 65 >.<

.A. 5N5A>3
.H 65 :.16045<2<A.6.6;23
.<5645 H H E
/08 F :.<<56>.14514. 2
DA2 :.<<5175 5/0:2?45 ( >.< /265 5 <53
270;.62. A.A517. 5A JD5 ω7 V *$YH
75A.6@

ωt = 90 0

V A=N 651 ω7 V H 651*$YV H

V A=N 651E ω7 $YF V H 651E $YF V #H&&

V A=N 651 ω7 V H 651 $YV #H&&

5675H :.A. 5A JD23

JD5< .D7<. 01672175H 2 6.A2 23
8LI<0:2 426:.<<51756L?5<.@

$ V b b V H #H&& #H&& V

5A JD5 $ <5><565172 2 :.<<5175 1. 15D7<.

/08 A.67<2 5675 60675A2 45 :.<<51756 5A <5><565172BC. :2<7560212H .145H

>2<2 :242 01672175H 2 6.A2 426 .<4512426 :.<<56>.1451756 Z 0175<65:BC. 42
;5<70:23:.A 26<56>5:70;26601D690456L65A><5 08D232 ?5<.

08

CENFIM 38
 ( L .

+D214. 7.426 26 :2<826 7GA . A56A. ;23

.<H 067. LH 2 A56A2 0A>54K1:02H .
60675A2 40?65 5JD03
0I<24. 5 26:.<<517565A :242 DA2 426/26566C. 08D206

.0 . :26. 2I.<424. 1. >.17. 2175<0.<

DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 5JD03
0I<24. 2 6.A2 ;5:7.<023426:.<<51756L08D232 ?5<.

I 0 = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0

I 0 :.<<5175 1. 15D7<. 0 ;5:7.< 1D3

.

V ( . (

• ( .

.16045<5A.6DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. :.A 15D7<.H E

:DR
263
01P2645 23
0A5172BC. 6C.
:.16707DO
426>.< 7<G6:.14D7.<5645 /265 5 >53
. :.14D7.< 15D7<.H <5/5<51:024.6H
<56>5:70;2A5175H ! . 1 2? .$ 1 2? .< 1 2 ;

.16045<5A.6 20142 .6 >.17.6 ?$?< :.<<56>.1451756 2.6 75<A01206 45

3
082BC.

08 516M5660A>3
56.D7516M5645 /265

560812 65 >.< 2 7516C. 5N0675175 517<5 JD23

JD5<
:.14D7.< 45 /265 5 . :.14D7.< 15D7<.

DA , - - ,E8 ,7 7 5 +- 75A.6H >.<7217.H 7<G67516M5660A>3

56H JD5
4560812A.6 >.< ? $ < .A. 62I5A.6H 6C. 08D206 5A 8<2145?2 5
;5:7.<023
A5175 /.<A2A DA2 567<53
2 7<0/=60:2 45 7516M56E
/08& F

CENFIM 39
 U1

120º
120º

120º
08# 67<53
2 7<0/=60:2 45 7516M56 U2
U3

• (

U1
U31 U12

U3 U2
0

3 2
U23

08& 516M56:.A>.6726

5/015 65 :.A. 2 7516C. 5N0675175 517<5 4D26JD206JD5<

/26564. 60675A2 7<0/=60:.

2 /08& 2660123
2A.6 26 <5/5<0426 7516M56 :.A 60AI.3
.802 R
= 1.662 :.1P5:042H
067. L@

U 12 = U 1 − U 2

U 23 = U 2 − U 3

U 31 = U 3 − U 1

JD5 <5><565172AH <56>5:70;2A5175H 267516M56517<5 26/2656 5 H 5 H 5

6726 5N><566M56 >.660I03
072A 1.6 45651P2< .6 ;5:7.<56 <5><56517270;.6 426
7516M56 :.A>.6726 45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 2 >2<70< 426 <56>5:70;26 7516M56
60A>3
56

CENFIM 40
 . ' & V ( . (

. <56>5:70;. 4028<2A2 ;5:7.<023ID6JD5A.62 <53

2BC. 517<5 2 7516C. :.A>.672
5 2 7516C. 60A>3
56@ .67<G6;5:7.<56/.<A2A DA 7<0K18D3
. 0696:53
56H :DR
. K18D3
.

.I7D6. :.<<56>.145 2. 456/262A517. 5N0675175 517<5 U 1 5 U 2 067. LH $Y

6<567217564.06K18D3
.6;23
5A $Y:242 DA

3
V :.6 $Y:.A. :.6 $YV
2
17C. V 3

514. V V V

5 V V V

75A.6JD5 UC = 3 US

.145 ! 5- - 5 # , !: 7 - 5 # 7 ! -

+D214. 1.660675A267<0/=60:.665 0140:2 DA 4575<A0124. ;23

.< 42 7516C. 65A
JD23
JD5< 24R
5:70;2BC.H 45;5 6DI5175145< 65 JD5 53
5 65 <5/5<5 2 DA2 7516C.
:.A>.672 .< 5N5A>3
.H 65 40665<A.6JD5 DA2 4575<A01242 3
01P2 45 L45 #
_ H 45;5A.6517514G 3
2 :.A. 2 7516C. :.A>.672
D7<26;5?562>2<5:5A 1.64D267516M5656:<0726658D042A5175 2>5126:.A DA
7<2B. .I3
OJD. 2 65>2<= 3
26 .< 5N5A>3
.H DA2 <545 $ $$ ><0A50<2
4560812 517C. 2 7516C. 60A>3
565 2 658D142 2 7516C. :.A>.672

( 4 L .

0?65 JD5 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. L4565JD03

0I<24. .D45 :2<8264565JD03
0I<242665
260A>54K1:026>.< /265 1C. /.<5A 7.42608D206
5672 607D2BC.H . >2>534565A>51P24. >53
. :.14D7.< L /D142A51723
H
:.A. ;5<5A.6
<5A.6 517C. 567D42< . /D1:0.12A517. 45 DA2 :2<82 7<0/=60:2 4565JD03
0I<242
3
08242 5A 567<53
2 :.A 15D7<.H 5 658D042A5175 65A 15D7<.H 5 2;23
02< .6
<56D3
724.6

CENFIM 41
 . (

08' 575<A012BC.
;5:7.<02342 :.<<5175 1.
:.14D7.< 15D7<. 5A
60675A267<0/=60:.6
4565JD03
0I<24.6

0<:D3
2<= 2660A DA2 :.<<5175 1. 15D7<. I N :.<<56>.145175 Z <56D3
72175 42

6.A2 ;5:7.<023426:.<<517561267<G6/2656
.1:3
DOA.6JD5@

DA 60675A2 5A 567<53
2 4565JD03
0I<24. :0<:D3
2 65A><5 DA2 :.<<5175 1.
15D7<.

662 :.<<5175 L08D23Z6.A2 ;5:7.<023426:.<<51756426/2656

I N = I1 + I 2 + I 3

T0A><56:014O
;53. :.14D7.< 15D7<. >2<2 42< >266285A Z:.<<5175 45
45/507.

. (

6D><566C. 4. :.14D7.< 15D7<. 1DA 60675A2 4565JD03

0I<24. .<08012 DA
4565JD03
OI<0. 426 7516M56 60A>3
56 6DR
507214. .6 40;5<6.6 <5:5>7.<56 2 6D>.<72<
1D16:26.66.I<57516M56H 1.D7<.67516M5601/5<0.<562. <56>5:70;. ;23
.< 1.A0123
. ' ( O ' .

CENFIM 42
 08( =<026>5<6>5:70;2645 DA2 A56A2 3
082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
.

DA2 3
082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
.H 26 7<G6 :2<826 3
082A 65 65JD51:023
A5175
:.1/08D<214. DA2 A23
P2 /5:P242 7<0218D3
2< E
/08(FH 6514. :242 >.17. :.ADA
3
0824. 2 DA2 /265

.45A.6;5<0/0:2< JD5@

• C. 5N0675 :.14D7.< 15D7<. >.< 1C. P2;5< >.17. :.ADA Z67<G6/2656

• 7516C. 2>3
0:242 2 :242 DA2 426:2<826L2 7516C. :.A>.672

. /

6:.<<5175645 3
01P2 H :.A. 2 ><9><02 4560812BC. 0140:2H 6C. 26:.<<51756JD5
:0<:D3
2A 1.6:.14D7.<5645 23
0A5172BC. 5 JD5 12 /08D<2 /.<2A 1.72426>.< H 5

P2A2A 65 :.<<51756 45 /265 / Z6 :.<<51756 JD5 :0<:D3

2A 1.6 <2A.6 4.
7<0K18D3
. C. 26:.<<51756 H 5 42 /08 & .4267GA . A56A. 651704.
45 :0<:D3
2BC. c2<I07<24.d
O ' . L .

A 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 40?65 5A 7<0K18D3

. 5JD03
0I<24. JD214. 7.42626:2<8264.
7<0K18D3
. 6C. 04G170:265 >.<7217. 7GA 2 A56A2 0A>54K1:02
5672 607D2BC. 26:.<<517561263
01P266C. 7.42608D206H 067. LH V V 2660A
:.A. 26:.<<51756126/2656H .D65R
2H V V 5A JD23
JD5< :26. 456/262426
$Y517<5 60

. . /

I L= 3 I f

CENFIM 43
 672 <53
2BC. >5<A075 1.651D1:02< JD5 2 :.<<5175 12 3
01P2 L 3 ;5?56A20.< JD5
2 :.<<5175 45 /265

O ' . L .

+D214. 26:2<8261C. 6C. 7.42608D206H . 7<0K18D3

. L4565JD03
0I<24. 5 2 <53
2BC.
4. >.17. 2175<0.< 1C. L;=3
042 6:.<<5175645 3
01P2 450N2A 45 65< 08D206H 2660A
:.A. 26 :.<<51756 45 /265 217GA 65H :.17D4.H 26 7516M56 45 /265 1.6
75<A0120645 :242 DA2 426:2<826

P ( 4

( . ( (4

:=3
:D3
. 45 >.7G1:0265A : 2 7<0/=60:2H 1.A5242A5175 426! -D57, 7-,9 ?
7-,9 ! 5- H 6017570?2 5 658D5 DA2 /.<AD3
2BC. 04G170:2 Z 4.6
:.16DA.6>.< /265
.16045<214. . :26. 85<23JD5 :.175A>3
2 7.426 26 607D2BM56 45 :2<82 2 JD5
75A.6;014. 2 /2?5< <5/5<G1:02 :2<8265JD03
0I<2426.D 1C.H 3
082BC. 5A 567<53
2
.D5A 7<0K18D3
. H >.45 65< 2660A 5JD2:0.124.@

' .

) V b b
) + V + b+ b+

) V P2 + Q2

242 DA2 426 >2<:53

26 0145N2426 <5><565172 DA2 >.7G1:02 >.< /265H 5 26
<56>5:70;265JD2BM566C.@

/ V :.6ϕ F

+/ V 651 ϕ F

>.7G1:02 2:70;2H 6514. :.<<56>.145175 2 DA2 >.7G1:02 :.16DA042H L 65A><5

>.6070;2 5 2 <5/5<042 6.A2 L2<07AL70:2

CENFIM 44
 >.7G1:02 <52:70;2 7.723 L . I23
21B. 42 >.7G1:02 JD5 :0<:D3
2 517<5 .6
:.A>.151756<52:70;.65 2 <545H 6514. 158270;2 JD214. :.16DA042H 5 >.6070;2
JD214. /.<15:042 6D2 6.A2 LH >.<7217.H 23
8LI<0:2

' L .

+D214. 26 :2<826 6C. 08D206 126 7<G6 /2656H 26 5N><566M56 >2<2 26 >.7G1:026
<56D3
72A A20660A>3
56 123
065A.6H 517C.H 263
082BM565A 567<53
2 5 5A 7<0K18D3
.

. ' ( .

5672 A.17285A 5 126:.140BM5651D1:02426H 75A.6JD5@

• 6 :.<<51756 45 /265 6C. 08D206 5A 8<2145?2 5 08D206 Z6 :.<<51756 45
3
01P2
• .675<A0120645 :242 :2<82 567= 2>3
0:242 DA2 7516C. 60A>3
56

56726:.16045<2BM56I26502A 65 26454DBM56>2<2 2640/5<51756>.7G1:026@

V V V :.6ϕ

V b b V :.6ϕ

UC
.A. US =
3
UC
V :.6ϕ
3

5 >.<7217.

P= 3 UC IL cos ϕ
U 1U --2

P :

5 /.<A2 21=3
.82 :P582<O
2A.6Z5N><566C.@

CENFIM 45
 Q= 3 UC IL sen ϕ
1 :
- ! 7-,9 2

S= 3 UC IL
1 :
- ! 2

. ' ( O ' .

5672 A.17285A 5 126:.140BM5651D1:02426H 75A.6JD5@

• 6:.<<517561263
01P266C. 3 6D>5<0.<56Z6:.<<51756126/26565 7GA .
A56A. ;23
.< 5A 7.42653
26
• 7516C. 2>3
0:242 2 :242 DA 4.6 53
5A517.6 4. 7<0K18D3
. L 2 7516C.
:.A>.672

514. 2660AH 454D?2A.6265N><566M56>2<2 2640/5<51756>.7G1:026@

V V V / :.6ϕ

IL
V / :.6ϕ V :.6ϕ
3
5 >.<7217.

P= 3 UC IL cos ϕ U 1R --2

5 /.<A2 21=3
.82 :P582<O
2A.6Z5N><566C.@

Q= 3 UC IL sen ϕ
19 :
- ! 7-,9 2

S= 3 UC IL 19 :
- ! 2

CENFIM 46
 N ' . P ( ( 4
L .

.A>2<214. 265N><566M56JD5 454D?0A.61. :26. 42 3

082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
. 5 5A
567<53
2 ;5<0/0:2A.6 JD5 6C. 08D206H >53
. JD5 >.45A.6 56:<5;5< >2<2 2AI.6 .6
:26.6@

P= 3 UC I cos ϕ Q= 3 UC I sen ϕ S= 3 UC I

CENFIM 47
 3< ( P

,5- 5 , 9, ! + 7 !- ? 6 + E 7"# - ? ,
! !, 5- + 7 ! 5 5- 7-,9 ?) ! 9 ,- E X-,:

A2 4242 :.<<5175 2I6.<;042 65<= 7217. A53

P.< 2><.;507242 JD217. A20.< /.< 2 6D2
:.A>.15175 2:70;2 5 A206><9N0A. 42 D104245H >.<7217.H /.< . /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02
>2<75 :.<<56>.145175 Z 6D2 :.A>.15175 <52:70;2 :0<:D3
2 60A>3
56A5175 12 <545H 65A
65< 7<216/.<A242

2I6.<BC.H >.< >2<75 4.6<5:5>7.<56014D70;.6H 45 :.<<51756:DR

. ;23
.< L 6D>5<0.< 2.
15:566=<0. >2<2 . <56>5:70;. /D1:0.12A517. 75A 0A>.<7217560A>3
0:2BM562 7.4.6.6
1O
;5064. 0675A2 3
L:7<0:. 45 15<802H :DR
.601:.1;510517566C. 658D042A5175 2>.1
724.6

( . V Q

• 5:56604245 45 2DA5172< 2 >.7G1:02 016723 242 126 :517<206 ><.4D7.<26 6

8<D>.675<C.H 2660AH 45 65< 6.I<540A5160.124.6>2<2 /2?5<5A /2:5 2 DA2 :2<82
<52:70;2 24;5<62

• 63 01P26 75<C. 08D23 A5175 45 65< 6.I<540A5160.12426 >2<2 JD5 >.662A

;50:D32< 2 :.<<5175 >.< 5662 <2?C. 5N:54517=<02

• 20.<56JD542645 7516C. 5A 3
01P2 @& 5 A20.<5626>5<426 @ & $

• .I<540A5160.12A517. 45 7.42 2 2>2<53

P285A 45 :.<75 5 ><.75:BC.H :.A.H >.<
5N5A>3.H 65::0.124.<565 406R
D17.<56

• DA517. 42 >.7G1:02 4.6 7<216/.<A24.<56 567=70:.6 126 6DI5672BM56

7<216/.<A24.<26

( . V 0( 6:D67.66C. ><.>.<:0.1206Z>.7G1:02 D107=<02 4.6

8<D>.6
• 01P26 45 A20.< 65:BC.H 127D<23
A5175 A206 :2<26 01;5670A517. 12 6D2
:.167<DBC. 1C. 75AH 2660AH 2 :.17<2>2<7042 45 A20.< 1SA5<. 45 D703
0?24.<56H .
JD5 65 7<24D?1DA2 >5<42 42 >.751:023<5:5072 45 /2:7D<2BC.

CENFIM 48
 • .172I03
0?2BC. 426>5<426>.< 5/507. .D3
5 1263
01P26

• .42 2 2>2<53
P285A 42 <545 L45 :D67. A20653
5;24.
• 27D<23
A5175H . 28<2;2A517. 45 :D67.665<= 6D>.<724. >53
. D703
0?24.<

5 . D703
0?24.< L 45 I20N2 7516C.H 70>. 4.AL670:.H . /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 L AD07. 2><.
N0A242A5175 D107=<0. 5 . 4067<0ID04.< 2>5126/2:7D<2 2 515<802 2:70;2 :.16DA042 6
:D67.65 01:.1;5105175645<0;24.642 D703
0?2BC. 45 <5:5>7.<564. 70>. 014D70;.H :.A.
3
KA>2426/3
D.<56:517565 56>.<240:2A5175 A.7.<56H 6C. 85<23
A5175 6D>.<724.6>53
2
51704245 4067<0ID04.<2

5 . D703
0?24.< L45 I20N2 7516C. A26>.66D0 016723
2BM56:.A I20N. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02H
517C. . 4067<0ID04.< .I<08= 3
. = 2 016723
2< DA :.1724.< 45 515<802 <52:70;2H .I<08214.
. 2 6D>.<72< .6:D67.642 6D2 ><9><02 016723
2BC. 1C. :.<<08042

2<2 /2:7.<5645 >.7G1:02 :DR

. ;23
.< L08D23
.D6D>5<0.< 2 $H(H . 4067<0ID04.< 1C. .I<082
Z016723
2BC. 45 :.1724.<5645 515<802 <52:70;2

$ ( P

53
. JD5 /0:.D 407. <56623
72 2 0A>.<7K1:02 42 :.<<5:BC. 4. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02H 067. LH 2
>.660I03
04245 45 . 7.<12< . A206><9N0A. >.66O
;5342 D104245

.1658D5 65 723 :.<<5:BC. /2?514. 40A01D0< 2 :.A>.15175 <52:70;2 42 :.<<5175H

<5:.<<514. 2. 5/507. :.1R
D824. 45 :2>2:04245 1. :0<:D07.

.A. 62I5A.6H 2 :.A>.15175 <52:70;2 42 :.<<5175 567= 5A JD24<27D<2 5 27<26. 45

*$^<53
270;2A5175 Z7516C.

QC

S
Q
S’
ϕ
´ Q’
ϕ,

QC
08 2<82 014D70;2 2175642 :.<<5:BC.H
20N. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02

CENFIM 49
 :.16DA. 45 515<802 <52:70;2 567= 3
0824. 2 DA A2DE 7- ! -D57, 1 + 7 ϕ2
5 Z016723
2BC.

1.BC. 45 /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 45;5 5672< 266.:0242 2.640/5<51756<5:5>7.<56D703

0?24.6
12 014S67<02 5 1. 75<:0=<0.

5<A075 1.6 045170/0:2< .6 2>2<53

P.6 :DR
. :.16DA. 5A 515<802 <52:70;2 L A206 .D
A51.60A>.<72175

! :
M 7 ϕ -Kϕ
• .7.< 266O
1:<.1. $H ' 2 $H(# #H( 2 $H&

• KA>242601:21456:51756 $

• KA>2426/3
D.<56:51756 $H# H'

• KA>242645 456:2<82 $H 2 $H& H *2 H

• .<1.645 <56067G1:02 $
• .<1.645 014DBC. $H(# $H&

• .<1.645 2JD5:0A517. 4053

L:7<0:. $H(# $H&

• =JD012645 6.3
42< 45 <56067G1:02 $H( 2 $H* $H'# 2 $H (
• .67.6 567=70:.6 A.1./=60:.6 45 6.3
424D<2 >.<
$H# H'
2<:.
• <D>.6<.7270;.645 6.3
424D<2 >.< 2<:. $H' 2 $H* H$ 2 $H (
• <216/.<A24.<56<5:70/0:24.<56 45 6.3
424D<2 >.<
$H' 2 $H( H$ 2 $H'#
2<:.
• .<1.645 2<:. $H( $H'#

< ( '

L P . ( P Y

016723
2BC. 4DA :.1451624.< 5A JD23
JD5< <545 53
L:7<0:2 E
! .D FR
D670/0:2 65 >53
2@
• D><566C. 426>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• 0A01D0BC. 42 >.7G1:02 2>2<5175 6DI6:<072
• 0A072BC. 426>5<42645 515<802 2:70;2 E
>5<42645 R
.D3
5F 1.6:2I.6
• .660I03
04245 45 75< DA 2DA517. 42 >.7G1:02 2:70;2 E
UWF 406>.1O
;53 1.
65:D14=<0. 4. 7<216/.<A24.< !
• 53
P.<02 4. 1O
;5345 7516C. 1. /0A 42 3
01P2

75 5 ! - < 5C
9, ,E 5- 5 C 1L' 2

CENFIM 50
 ( '. .

08 .A>5162BC. 83
.I23

• 6D><0A5 26>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 5N:5660;. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• 2R
D672 2 15:56604245 <52342 016723
2BC. 5A _W Z 6DI6:<0BC. 42 >.7G1:02
2>2<5175 E
( 5A _ F
• 23
0;02 . >.67. 45 7<216/.<A2BC. E
>.7G1:02 406>.1O
;535A _WF
• >5<A075 D703
0?2< DA 406R
D17.< A2065:.19A0:.

9 "Z

• 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 E<F 567= ><565175 12 016723

2BC. 45645 . 1O
;53 27L 2.6
<5:5>7.<56
• 26>5<426>.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:2I.61C. 6C. 40A01DO
426E
_WPF

( .

08 .A>5162BC. 2<:023

CENFIM 51
 • 6D><0A5 26>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 5N:5660;. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• .>70A0?2 DA2 >2<75 42 016723
2BC.H 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 1C. L;50:D3
242 517<5 .6
1O
;506 5
• 23
0;02 . >.67. 45 7<216/.<A2BC. E
>.7G1:02 406>.1O
;535A _WF
• >5<A075 D703
0?2< DA 406R
D17.< A2065:.19A0:. 2 A.172175 4. :.1451624.<

9 "Z

• 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 < 567= ><565175 12 016723

2BC. 45645 . 1O
;53 27L 2.6
<5:5>7.<56
• 26>5<426>.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:2I.66C. 40A01DO
426E
_WPF

( . . 11.6I.<15645 :242 <5:5>7.< 4. 70>. 014D:70;.F

08 .A>5162BC. 3
.:23

• 6D><0A5 26>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 5N:5660;. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• .>70A0?2 7.42 2 <545 53
L:7<0:2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 < L/.<15:042 1. 3
.:234.
65D:.16DA.
• 23
0;02 . >.67. 45 7<216/.<A2BC. E
>.7G1:02 406>.1O
;535A _WF
• >5<A075 D703
0?2< DA 406R
D17.< A2065:.19A0:. 2 A.172175 4. :.1451624.<

9 "Z

• 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 R
= 1C. :0<:D3
2 >53
.6:2I.642 016723
2BC.
• 26>5<426>.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:2I.66C. 7.723
A5175 6D><0A0426E
_WPF

CENFIM 52
 F 7C
7, :
9,

DA2 016723
2BC. /2I<0345 $ $$ #$ !?;5<0/0:.D 65 JD5 26515<8026
2:70;2 5 <52:70;2 A540426 >53
.6 :.1724.<56 2. /0A 45 $$ P.<26 45
/D1:0.12A517. 5<2A <56>5:70;2A5175 45 #$$$ _WP 5 &$$ _ P
23
:D3
5@
2F 6>.7G1:0262:70;2 5 <52:70;2
IF /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 016723
2BC.
:F :2>2:04245 45 :242 :.1451624.<H 2 3
082< 5A 7<0K18D3
.H >2<2 53
5;2< .
/2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 016723
2BC. >2<2 $H(

2F VW 7 V #$$$ $$ V ('H# U
+ V W+ 7V &$$ $$ V ( U
IF 78 ϕ 0 V + V $H*& V` :.6ϕ 0 V $H'

:F :.6ϕ / V $H( V` 78 ϕ / V $H'#

+ V 78 ϕ / V ('H# N $H'# V &#H& U

+ 78 ϕ 0
V E 78 ϕ /F V +0 +/ V ( &#H& V (H ' U

+ V + V (H ' V &H U V& E

:242 :.1451624.<F
V+ E π. f FV& E $$ N N π . N#$F V H N $ V

CENFIM 53
 L V N
L V N

L V N

[ 23
:D3
5 . >5<O
.4. :.<<56>.145175 2 DA2 /<5JDG1:02 45 $ _!?
$[ 23
:D3
5 2 /<5JDG1:02 45 DA2 : 2 601D6.0423:DR
. >5<O
.4. L$H 6
<[ +D217.6:0:3
.6/2?1DA 658D14. DA2 :.<<5175 :DR
. >5<O
.4. L$H$$ 6[
=[ +D217. 75A>. 45A.<2 DA2 :.<<5175 2 5/5:7D2< $$ :0:3
.662I514. JD5 2 6D2
/<5JDG1:02 L45 #$$$ !?[
B[ +D23L. >5<O
.4. 45 DA2 .145 45 <=40. :DR
2 /<5JDG1:02 L#$$ _!?[
µ
G[ A2 .145 45 <242< 75A DA >5<O .4. 45 121.6658D14. 23:D3
5 2 6D2
/<5JDG1:02
H[ A ;.3
7O
A57<. 45 : 2 0140:2 1.6 $$ 23
:D3
5@
2F ;23
.< 5/0:2?42 7516C.
IF ;23
.< A=N0A. 42 7516C.
\[ A :23
.<O
/5<. 45 #$$ W :.16.A5 5A :.<<5175 :.17O
1D2 H 5 . 3
082<A.62
:.<<5175 23
75<1242 42 A56A2 7516C.H JD2365<= . ;23
.< 5/0:2? 42 :.<<5175
:.16DA042[
S[ ;23
.< 5/0:2?45 DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242 601D6.0423L45 #$$ +D2365<= . ;23
.<
2<07AL70:. AL40.[
3[+D23426/<5JDG1:026E
#$ 5 $$ !?F 45A.<2 A20675A>. 2 5/5:7D2< :0:3
.[

[ 5JD2BC. 0V 651E π / 7F <5><565172 DA2 :.<<5175 23

75<1242 601D6.0423
2F 140JD5 . ;23
.< 42 2A>3
07D45 42 :.<<5175
IF 23
:D3
5 . ;23
.< 5/0:2?
:F 140JD5 . ;23
.< 42 ;53
.:04245 218D3
2<
4F 23
:D3
5 . ;23
.< 42 /<5JDG1:02
5F 23
:D3
5 . ;23
.< 4. >5<O
.4.
/F 23
:D3
5 . ;23
.< 0167217K15. 42 :.<<5175H 1. 01672175 7 V $H$$# 6
8F 2B2 2 <5><565172BC. 75A>.<2345672 :.<<5175
$[ A2 I.I012 75A DA2 <56067G1:02 45 $ Ω 5 DA2 <52:7K1:02 45 $ Ω 23
:D3
5@
2F 0A>54K1:02 42 I.I012 Ω
IF 01751604245 JD5 >5<:.<<5 2 I.I012 JD214. 65 3
P5 2>3
0:2 $

CENFIM 54
 <[ DA I23
267<.H :DR
2 <56067G1:02 L 45 $ Ω 5 2 <52:7K1:02 $ Ω H L 2>3
0:242
DA2 7516C. 45 ($ 23
:D3
5@
2F 6D2 0A>54K1:02 Ω
IF 01751604245 JD5 . >5<:.<<5
=[ A :0<:D07. 53
L:7<0:.H :DR
2 7516C. L $ H L:.16707DO
4. >.< DA2 <56067G1:02 45
$$ Ω 5 DA2 I.I012 >D<2 45 #$$ Ω 23
:D3
5@
2F 0A>54K1:02 5 2 <52:7K1:02 42 I.I012 Ω Ω
IF 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. Ω
:F 01751604245 2I6.<;042
2 <52:7K1:02 L $$ Ω H 2I6.<;5 DA2 01751604245 45
B[ A2 I.I012 1C. >D<2H :DR
$H( JD214. 3
08242 2 $ 23
:D3
5@
2F 0A>54K1:02 42 I.I012 Ω
IF 6D2 <56067G1:02 Ω
G[ 23
:D3
5 2 <52:7K1:02 45 DA2 I.I012 JD5 2I6.<;5 $H# JD214. 6DIA57042 2
#$ 6D2 <56067G1:02 L45 $$ Ω Ω
H[ 23
:D3
5 2 0A>54K1:02 45 DA2 I.I012 :DR
. :.5/0:05175 45 2D7. 014DBC. L H# ! 5
:DR
2 <56067G1:02 L $$ Ω E/V#$ !?F Ω
\[ A2 I.I012 L >5<:.<<042 >.< H# JD214. 65 3
P5 2>3
0:2 DA2 7516C. :.17O
1D2
45 #$ . 2>3
0:2< 3
P5 #$ 5A :.<<5175 23
75<1242 2 01751604245 I20N2 >2<2 $H
23
:D3
5@
2F <56067G1:02 42 I.I012 Ω
IF <52:7K1:02 42 I.I012 Ω
:F 65D:.5/0:05175 45 2D7. 014DBC.H 65 /V#$ !?
S[ A 2JD5:54.< :DR
2 <56067G1:02 L 08D232 '$ Ω 567= 3
0824. 2 $ E
: 2F
23
:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 2I6.<;042
IF >.7G1:02 2>2<5175
:F >.7G1:02 2:70;2
4F /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02
$3[ A2 I.I012 75A DA2 <56067G1:02 45 # Ω 5 DA2 <52:7K1:02 45 #$ Ω
23
:D3
5H 2. 65< 3
P5 2>3
0:242 DA2 7516C. 45 #$ H 26658D017568<2145?26@
2F 01751604245 2I6.<;042
IF >.7G1:02 2:70;2 1. :0<:D07.
:F >.7G1:02 2>2<5175
4F >.7G1:02 <52:70;2
5F /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02

CENFIM 55
 $ [ 53
270;2A5175 2. ><.I3
5A2 2175<0.<H 6D>.1P2 JD5 2>3
0:2;2 DA2 7516C.
:.17O
1D2 45 #$ 23
:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 2I6.<;042
IF >.7G1:02 40660>242 >.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5
$$[ A :.1451624.< 45 $ µ L3
0824. Z <545 45 4067<0ID0BC. 45 $ H #$ !?

23
:D3
5@
2F 6D2 <52:7K1:02 Ω
IF 6D2 0A>54K1:02 E
65 456><5?2<A.62 <56067G1:02 ><9><02F Ω
:F 01751604245 2I6.<;042 >53
. :.1451624.<
$<[ 23
:D3
5 2 :2>2:04245 45 DA :.1451624.< >D<. E V$F JD5 2I6.<;5 JD214.
3
0824. 2 $ E
#$ !?F µ
$=[ A :.1451624.< >D<. 45 # µ 2I6.<;5 $H E
#$ !?F 23
:D3
5@

2F 6D2 <52:7K1:02 Ω
IF 7516C. JD5 3
P5 /.0 2>3
0:242
$B[ A :0<:D07. 6L<05H :.16707DO
4. >.< DA :.1451624.< >D<. 45 'H' µ 5 DA2

<56067G1:02 45 #$ Ω H L 23
0A51724. >.< DA2 /.175 45 :.<<5175 23
75<1242 45
$ H #$ !? 23
:D3
5@
2F 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. Ω
IF 01751604245 2I6.<;042
:F 7516C. 5A :242 53
5A517. Q
4F 6>.7G1:0262:70;2 5 <52:70;2
5F 2B2 . 4028<2A2 ;5:7.<0234. :0<:D07.
$G[ A :0<:D07. 6L<05 L :.16707DO
4. >.< DA2 <56067G1:02 45 $ Ω H :.5/0:05175
45 2D7. 014DBC. 08D232 $H ! 5 :2>2:04245 45 $ µ 7516C. 2>3
0:242 L45

$$ E
:2F 23
:D3
5@
2F <52:7K1:02 42 I.I012 5 4. :.1451624.< Ω Ω
IF 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. Ω
:F 01751604245 2I6.<;042
4F 7516C. 5A :242 53
5A517.
5F 6>.7G1:0262:70;2H <52:70;2 5 2>2<5175
/F 2B2 . 4028<2A2 ;5:7.<0234. :0<:D07.
$H[ <G6<56067G1:0263
0824265A 567<53
2 :.A 15D7<. 2I6.<;5A <56>5:70;2A5175 H
5& 7516C. 60A>3
56L45 $ 23
:D3
5 .6;23
.<5645@
2F H H Ω Ω Ω
IF
:F H H

CENFIM 56
 $\[ <G63
KA>242601:21456:51756H 3
0824265A 567<53
2 :.A 15D7<. 2 DA2 <545 45
$ $$ H 7GA .6;23
.<5645 Ω H H# Ω 5 ( Ω 23
:D3
5@
2F H 5
IF
:F H H
$S[ <G6 <5:5>7.<56H 3
0824.6 5A 567<53
2 :.A 15D7<.H 7GA <56>5:70;2A5175 26
>.7G1:02645 #$$ WH '#$ W 5 $$$ W <545 L45 $ $$ 23
:D3
5@
2F H 5
IF H H Ω Ω Ω
:F
<3[ <G6:2<826014D70;263
0824265A 567<53
2 :.A 15D7<. Z<545 45 $ $$ 7GA
<56>5:70;2A5175 .6658D01756;23
.<56@ V $$ Ω H - V $$ Ω H V $$ ΩH
- V $$ ΩH V $$ ΩH
- V $$ Ω
2F 23
:D3
5 2 0A>54K1:02 45 :242 :2<82 Ω Ω Ω
IF 23
:D3
5 . ;23
.< 42 01751604245 5A 07.
4F 23
:D3
5 . ;23
.< 42 01751604245 1. 15D7<.
5F 23
:D3
5 . /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 45 :242 :2<82
< [ <G6:2<826<560670;2608D206H 3
0824265A 7<0K18D3
. 2 $$ H 2I6.<;5A 42 <545
DA2 :.<<5175 E
45 3
01P2F :DR
2 01751604245 L 23
:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 5A :242 :2<82
IF <56067G1:02 45 :242 :2<82 :242 :2<82

:F 2B2 . 4028<2A2 ;5:7.<0234. :0<:D07.

4F >.7G1:02 45 :242 :2<82
<$[ DA2 <545 45 $$ L3
0824. DA A.7.< 7<0/=60:. :DR
.6 51<.3
2A517.6 6C.
3
0824.6 5A 7<0K18D3
. 01751604245 12 3
01P2 L & Q . /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 4.
A.7.< L$H( 23
:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 5A :242 51<.3
2A517. 4. A.7.<
IF 0A>54K1:02 5A :242 /265 4. A.7.< Ω
:F >.7G1:02 2:70;2 2I6.<;042 >.< /265
<<[ 67<G6<2A.645 DA2 3
082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
. 6C. :.16707DO
4.6>.< 7<G6:0<:D07.6

6L<05H <56>5:70;2A5175 :.A@ V $$ ΩH ϕ1 V$H Q V #$ ΩH

:.6ϕ 2 V H#H V $$ Ω H :.6ϕ 3 V$H& <545 L45 $ $$ 23
:D3
5@

2F <56067G1:02 45 :242 <2A. Ω Ω Ω

IF 01751604245 JD5 >5<:.<<5 :242 <2A.

CENFIM 57
 :F >.7G1:02 2:70;2 45 :242 <2A.
4F >.7G1:02 <52:70;2 45 :242 <2A.
<=[ A :0<:D07. 45 03
DA012BC. L :.16707DO
4. >.< &$ 3
KA>2426/3
D.<56:5175645 #(
W $ /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 45 :242 3
KA>242 L $H# 63
KA>2426 567C.
08D23
A5175 4067<0IDO
426 >53
26 7<G6 /2656 45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:.H :DR
2 7516C.
:.A>.672 L45 $$ #$ !? 23
:D3
5@
2F >.7G1:02 2:70;2 12 016723
2BC.
IF 01751604245 12 3
01P2 JD5 23
0A5172 . :0<:D07.
:F >.7G1:02 2>2<5175 42 016723
2BC.
4F :2>2:04245 45 :242 :.1451624.<H 2 3
082< 5A 7<0K18D3
.H >2<2 5/5:7D2< 2
:.A>5162BC. 7.7234. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 016723 :.6ϕ V F
2BC. E µ
<B[ DA2 <545 7<0/=60:2 45 $ $$ #$ !? 567= 3
0824. DA <5:5>7.< 7<0/=60:.
:.16707DO
4. >.< 7<G6 I.I0126 08D206 45 $ Ω 45 <52:7K1:02 5 $ Ω 45
<56067G1:02 3
0824265A 7<0K18D3
. 23
:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 JD5 >2662 5A :242 I.I012
IF 01751604245 12 3
01P2 JD5 23
0A5172 . <5:5>7.<
:F /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 :2<82
4F :2>2:04245 45 :242 DA 4.6:.1451624.<562 3
082< 5A 7<0K18D3
. 45 A.4. 2
:.6ϕ V F
/2?5< 2 :.A>5162BC. 7.7234. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 E µ
<G[

I65<;5 2 /08D<2 5 :23

:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 0140:242 >53
. 2A>5<O
A57<.
IF /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 :2<82
:F >.7G1:02 2:70;2
4F :2>2:04245 45 :242 DA 4.6 :.1451624.<56H 5A 7<0K18D3
.H 45 A.4. 2
:.A>5162< 7.723 :.6ϕ V F
A5175 2 :2<82 E µ

CENFIM 58
<H[ A A.7.< 7<0/=60:. 75A DA2 >.7G1:02 S70345 # H η V($eH :.6ϕ V$H(#H :V $$

23
:D3
5@
2F 01751604245 2I6.<;042 >53
. A.7.<
IF :2>2:04245 45 :242 :.1451624.<H 3
0824.6 5A 7<0K18D3
.H 45 A.4. JD5
:.6ϕ V µ
:F 01751604245 7.7232I6.<;042 45>.0645 :.A>51624. . A.7.<
<\[

7516C. 42 <545 42 /08D<2 L45 $$

.A . 0175<<D>7.< 4563
0824. .62>2<53
P.6A2<:2;2A@ # 5 ( _W
.3
082< H A2<:2<2A@ 5 ( _W 23
:D3
5@
2F /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 :2<82 014D70;2
IF >.7G1:02 <52:70;2 7<0/=60:2 42 :2<82 014D70;2 E
+ 010:023
F
:F /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 /01234. :0<:D07.
4F >.7G1:02 <52:70;2 7.7234. :0<:D07.H :.A 3
0824. E
+ /0123
F
5F :2>2:04245 45 :242 :.1451624.< µ

CENFIM 59
 ( % . '
( % . '

; (

672 D104245 >5428980:2 ><575145D /.:2< .6 26>5:7.6 A206 <53

5;21756 <53
2:0.124.6
:.A 2 :.<<5175 23
75<1242H 7514. 5A :.16045<2BC. . 8<2D 45 2><5140?285A 2 JD5 65
4567012

; . '

ELECTROTECNIA-TEÓRICA E APLICADA, (ÁLVARO BADONI - PORTO EDITORA)

ELEMENTOS DE ELECTRICIDADE, (SIMÕES MORAIS - PORTO EDITORA)
ELECTROTECNIA – PROBLEMAS E ITENS (DIDÁTICA EDITORA-JOSÉ VAGOS
MATIAS)
ELECTROTECNIA – PROBLEMAS E ITENS – 2 (DIDÁTICA EDITORA-JOSÉ VAGOS
MATIAS)
CATÁLOGO GERAL-91 (MERLIN GERIN)
ELECTROTECNIA (PARANINFO-PABLO ALCADE SAN MIGUEL)

CENFIM 60