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THE reformer or the revolutionary translates complaints into objective issues, presumably solvable by
collective action. The agitator converts complaints not into an issue for action against one or another
symbol of authority, but into a theme eliciting the destructive impulses of his public. 417
Ato de pantomina/recital não uma análise política = temas políticos muito mais oferecem
formas de começar seu discursos com suas consequências psicológicas [coloca em questão a
tênue linha entre o político e o aproveitador]
Quem é o agitador?
While the discontent he articulates takes in all spheres of social life, he never suggests that in his view
the causes of this discontent are inherent in and inseparable from the basic social set-up. He speaks of
the violation or misappropriation of the present form of society, but he does not hold it ultimately
responsible for social ills, as does the revolutionary. Indeed, the agitator is usually a defender of the
status quo.418
what is necessary is the elimination of people rather than a change in political structures 419
Deslocamento das causas estruturais para a personalização das causas = são grupos
específicos, na forma de pessoas, que passam a ser responsabilizados pela atual situação
Discussões sobre desemprego não implicam análise econômica das causas = “ The agitator lays responsibility
on an invariable set of enemies, whose evil character or sheer malice is at the bottom of social
maladjustment.” 419
A análise é substituída pela figura do “inimigo”
Reformador/revolucionário:
Define a causa específica da insatisfação [soluções diferenciadas]
“The difficulty is not that agitation fails to provide him with answers, but rather that it answers a
question he did not ask: whenever he asks "what" he is answered as if he had asked "who." 421
Catalogue of grievances:
Economic grievances: vê inimigos em todas as áreas sociais; ex.: muita ajuda a
estrangeiros/perda de empregos para estrangeiros
Political grievances: internacionalismo, comunismo, [anti-petismo], grevistas, inimigo interno
Cultural grievances: mídia nas mãos de inimigos
Moral grievances: inimigos são relaxados em termos morais
Ressaltando: tais queixas não se vinculam a qualquer condição/causa objetiva
“The answer seems unavoidable: these feelings cannot be dismissed as either accidental or imposed;
they are basic to modern society. Such feelings as distrust, dependence, exclusion, anxiety, and
disillusionment blend together to form a fundamental condition of modern life: malaise.” 425
Ponto central: agitador não se refere a sentimentos que surgem do ar, ao contrário, ele remete a
sentimentos socialmente já construídos e que, até então, permaneciam adormecidos.
The feelings to which he refers are rooted in social reality, and their existence can be ascertained in
sources other than agitational material. The modern individual's sense of isolation, his so-called
spiritual homelessness, his bewilderment in the face of die seemingly impersonal forces of which he
feels himself a helpless victim, his weakening sense of values—all these supply the basic motifs of the
greatest writers of our time. This malaise reflects the stresses imposed on the individual by the
profound transformations taking place in our economic and social structure. Correlated with this
phenomenon are such developments as the replacement of the class of small independent producers by
gigantic bureaucracies, the decay of the patriarchal family, the breakdown of primary personal ties
between individuals in an increasingly mechanized world, and the substitution of mass culture for
traditional patterns.
On the plane of immediate awareness, the malaise seems to originate in the individual's own depths
and is experienced by him as an apparently isolated and purely psychic or spiritual crisis. It enhances
his sense of antagonism to the rest of the world and seems to constitute for him a last defense position
of his individuality. Those groups in society that are at present most susceptible to agitation seem to
experience this malaise with particular acuteness—perhaps precisely because they do not confront
social coercion in its more direct forms. 425/6
Modo como as estruturas capitalistas são percebidas pelo indivíduo: sua imediata percepção
reificada implica que a relação social, ou seja, o mal estar suge no próprio indivíduo [como se
sentimento de mal estar pertencesse tão somente a ele] – a experiência é a de que os
sentimentos nascem no indivíduo e não de sua relação com as estruturas da sociedade
capitalista
Em síntese: como experiência de crise e, portanto, individual
Como consequência, adensa sua relação de oposiçaõ/repulsa ao todo
Senso de antagonismo como última defesa de sua individualidade
Those groups in society that are at present most susceptible to agitation seem to experience this
malaise with particular acuteness—perhaps precisely because they do not confront social coercion in
its more direct forms. 426[indica o nível de subjetividade na medida em que várias frações não
experimentam, de fato, as consequências objetivas da situação] [ver Voirol, 2017]
Although malaise actually reflects social reality, it also veils and distorts it. Malaise is neither an
illusion of the audience nor a mere imposition by the agitator; it is a psychological symptom of an
oppressive situation. Because the agitator does not try to diagnose this symptom with regard to the
underlying social situation, he makes it into a pseudo-explanation of his audience's discontent. 426
The agitator tends to not stablish a link between the symptom and its roots
On the contrary. He/she restrains to a pseudo-explanation, which means to the description of
the phenomenological dimension of the problem [agitator does not addresses the cause of the
situation]
On the one hand, malaise reflects social reality [psychological and social symptom of a social
situation]; on the other, it helps to veil/distorts it.
Tricks the audience to accept the situation that creates the malaise [under the guise of
denouncing some situation, the agitator binds the audience to it] [parafrasendo autor]
Seeks a permanent solution for a permanent predicament and lead only to outbursts [as long as
the main root is not reachable for the audience through rational analyses]
We may accordingly assume that if the audience is not aware of the causes of the malaise, this is due
not only to their inherent complexity, but chiefly to subconscious or unconscious inhibitions, which
probably originate in a reluctance to direct hostile feelings towards power groups. By following the
audience's spontaneous projections, the agitator appears to voice a protest against these groups while
actually playing into their hands. He sanctions immediate resentments and seemingly paves the way
for the relief of the malaise through discharge of the audience's aggressive impulses; but
simultaneously he perpetuates the malaise by blocking the way toward real understanding of its cause
and, resultantly, by further blurring reality. 429
Desconhecimento das causas provavelmente vinculado a instâncias inconscientes que evitam a
projeção de ressentimentos a figuras poderosas
Agitador segue portante as projeções “naturais” da audiência [também contribui para definir o
mal estar e, nesse sentido, em apontar os grupos causadores desse mal estar]
Legitima os ressentimentos + canaliza-os já que determinados objetos (como os
grupos/pessoas/ideias força) + execução dos mecanismos de agressão
Perpetua a situação, pois suas causas nunca são resolvidas: bloqueia a compreensão das causas
reais do dilema social
Estrtura-se, portanto, uma lógica destrutiva, arraigada nas contradições da própria estrutura do
sistema e que, não sendo resolvidas suas causas, tende a se manter operante
All such utilizations of malaise are possible only on condition that the audience does not become
aware of its roots in modern society. The malaise remains in the background of agitation, the raw
material of which is supplied by the audience's stereotyped projection of the malaise . Instead of trying
to go back to their sources, to treat them as symptoms of a bad condition, the agitator treats them as
needs that he promises to satisfy. He is therefore not burdened with the task of correcting the
audience's inadequate ideas; on the contrary, he can let himself be carried along by its "natural"
current. 429
O mal estar permanece nos fundos como o material primária que alimenta todos os
sentimentos e seus mecanismos psíquicos de projeção.