✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶ ✖ ★✶

✐ ✐

Feynman

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✷ ✖ ★✷

✐ ✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✸ ✖ ★✸

✐ ✐

Feynman
❇❛ss❛❧♦ ✫ ❈❛r✉s♦

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✹ ✖ ★✹

✐ ✐

Copyright  2013 Editora Livraria da Física

2ª Edição - 2014
Direção Editorial: José Roberto Marinho
Projeto gráfico e diagramação: Francisco Caruso
Capa: Antonio Manuel Alves Morais

Texto em conformidade com as novas regras ortográficas do

Acordo da Língua Portuguesa.
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)
(Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil)
Bassalo, José Maria Filardo
Feynman / Bassalo & Caruso . -- São Paulo :
Editora Livraria da Física, 2013.
Bibliografia
ISBN 978-85-7861-234-4
1. Ciências - História 2. Feynman, Richard Phillips, 1918-1998 3.
Físicos – Biografia I. Caruso, Francisco. II. Título.

13-11782 CDD-530.092
Índices para catálogo sistemático:
1. Físicos : Vida e obra 530.092
ISBN: 978-85-7861-234-4

Todos os direitos reservados. Nenhuma parte desta obra

poderá ser reproduzida sejam quais forem os meios
empregados sem a permissão da Editora. Aos infratores
aplicam-se as sanções previstas nos artigos 102, 104, 106
e 107 da Lei n. 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998.

Impresso no Brasil
Printed in Brazil
Editora Livraria da Física
Tel./Fax: +55 11 3459-4327 / 3936-3413
www.livrariadafísica.com.br

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✺ ✖ ★✺

✐ ✐

P♦ss♦ ❞✐③❡r s❡❣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥✐♥✲

❣✉é♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✳

❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✻ ✖ ★✻

✐ ✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✈✐✐ ✖ ★✼

✐ ✐

Pr❡❢á❝✐♦
❋ís✐❝♦s ❞♦ ♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❙✐❞♥❡✐ ❉r❡❧❧✱ ❏❛♠❡s ❉✳
❇❥♦r❦❡♥✱ ❋r❡❡♠❛♥ ❉②s♦♥✱ ▼❛r❦ ❑❛❝ ❡ ❍❛♥s ❇❡t❤❡
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r❛♠ ♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ P❤✐❧❧✐♣s
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♥ã♦
✉♠ ❣ê♥✐♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❡ ❊✐♥st❡✐♥✱ ✉♠
♠❛❣♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❛ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦✐s❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡
✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛✐s ♥✐♥❣✉é♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛✳
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❚❡ó✲
r✐❝❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❝♦♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s q✉❡ ❛❜❛r❝❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛té✲
r✐❛ ❈♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s s✉♣❡r✢✉✐❞♦s ❡ s✉♣❡r❝♦♥✲
❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛té ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❊❧❡tr♦❢r❛❝❛ ❡ ❋♦rt❡✳
❈♦♠♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡
❜✐♦❣r❛✜❛s ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❡s❝r✐t❛
♣❡❧♦s Pr♦❢s✳ ❏♦sé ▼❛r✐❛ ❋✐❧❛r❞♦ ❇❛ss❛❧♦ ❡ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦
❈❛r✉s♦ ◆❡t♦✱ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❡
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ❡✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦

✈✐✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✈✐✐✐ ✖ ★✽

✐ ✐

♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉❛♠✐ã♦ ❙♦❛r❡s✱ ♥♦ ♣r❡❢á❝✐♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡

s♦❜r❡ ❊✐♥st❡✐♥✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r✐q✉❡③❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦
s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡
❜♦❧s♦✳
❖ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥❡ ▲✳ ❚❡❧❡❣❞✐ ♥♦s
❧❡♠❜r❛ q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ t❡ór✐❝♦
❞♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✳ ❙✉❛ ❝♦♥✲
✈✐❝çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❡ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s t❡♠
✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr♦✜❛❞♦✱ ❧❡✈♦✉✲♦ ❛ t❡♥t❛r
❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛
s✉❣❡r✐r ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❡
t✐♥❤❛♠ ❡s❝❛♣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✳
❙✉❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛♦s ❡①♣❡✲
r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❆❧t❛s ❊♥❡r❣✐❛s ❢♦✐ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s q✉❡
♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ◆❡❧❛s✱ é ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡
❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s
♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s sã♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥♦✉ ❡ss❡s
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈♦s✱ ❡ ❛♣♦♥t♦✉ ✈ár✐❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s
❝✉❥❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ r❡✈❡❧❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡♥tr❡
❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦✐ ❛
❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛
❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t✉♠ ❞❛s
♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❛♣✐❞❡③✱ ❡r❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳

✈✐✐✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✐① ✖ ★✾

✐ ✐

❊ss❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s

❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♣♦r ♣rót♦♥s✱ ♥♦ ❈❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r ▲✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ ❙t❛♥❢♦r❞ ✭❙▲❆❈✮✱ ❞❡r❛♠
♦r✐❣❡♠ à s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❝❛❧✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❇❥♦r❦❡♥ ❡ ❞♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛ ♣árt♦♥s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ r❡✈❡❧♦✉ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛
❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ♣♦♥t✉❛✐s ❞♦ ♣rót♦♥✱ ♦s
q✉❛r❦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦
❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s♦❜r❡ Párt♦♥s✳
❯♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ❇❛ss❛❧♦ ❡ ❈❛r✉s♦
é ♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❢❛♠♦s❛s ❡①♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♦r❛✐s ❞♦s
❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✉r❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s s❡✉s
❧✐✈r♦s✳ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✻✵✱
✶✾✼✵ ❡ ✶✾✽✵ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❚❤❡
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ▲❡❝t✉r❡s ♦♥ P❤②s✐❝s ❄
P❛r❛ ❉❛✈✐❞ ●♦♦❞st❡✐♥✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞❛ ❡ ❡① ✈✐❝❡✲♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦✲
❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❈❛❧✐❢ór♥✐❛ ✭❈❛❧t❡❝❤✮✱ ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ t❛❧✈❡③ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ s✉❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♦✉
❛✐♥❞❛✱ s❡✉ ❞♦♠ ❡r❛ s❡r ✉♠ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r
❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳
❉❡♥tr❡ t❛♥t❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠♦✉
❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ ◆❛s
♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ P❛✉❧ ❉❛✈✐❡s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❆❞❡❧❛✐❞❡✿

✐①

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ① ✖ ★✶✵

✐ ✐

✏❆ ♠❛❣✐str❛❧ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❞❛

❢❛♠♦s❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢❡♥❞❛s✱ q✉❡
tr❛③ à t♦♥❛ ❛ ❝❤♦❝❛♥t❡ ❞✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✲
♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐✈❛✱
t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦
❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳✑

❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❧t♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❇❛ss❛❧♦ ❡ ❈❛r✉s♦ é

❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ❡♠
✈ár✐♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ❉✐r❛❝✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r
❞❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛ r❡s✉❧t❛✈❛ ❞♦ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛
❙✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥♦✉ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❧✐✈r❡s
❞♦ ❡❧étr♦♥ ❡ ❞♦ ♣ós✐tr♦♥ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠
❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s à ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐r❛❝✱
♦s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦r❡s ❧✐✈r❡s ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s
♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦r❡s ❧✐✈r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧étr♦♥s✱ ♣ós✐tr♦♥s ❡ ❢ót♦♥s✱
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t♦✉
♥❛ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❊❧❡tr♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛ ✭◗❊❉✮✱
❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠♦✉ ♥❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ s❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s
❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❆❧t❛s ❊♥❡r❣✐❛s✳
▼❛s ♦ ❧❡❣❛❞♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠♦✉ ❡♠
❣r❛♥❞❡ í❝♦♥❡ ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✲t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦r r❡♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t❛✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♥❞♦ ♦s
❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ♦s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r s✉❛s
tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r ♥♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s
❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✳

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ①✐ ✖ ★✶✶

✐ ✐

Pr♦♣❛❣❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s

♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❋r❛❝❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s
❋♦rt❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛
♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❈r♦♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✳ ❖s
❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❡ ❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s
♦ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛s ❢❛♠♦s❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s
❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛
❝❛♥ô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s
❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ●r❛✈✐t❛çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ❇❛ss❛❧♦ ❡ ❈❛r✉s♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛
t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❢❛❝❡t❛s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱
❞❡s❞❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢â♥❝✐❛ ❛té ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ q✉❡
♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ ♣r❡♠❛t✉r❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦✐ ✉♠❛
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉❛❞❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✈✐✈♦✱ ❡
é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❢ís✐❝♦ t❡ór✐❝♦
❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❏♦s✐❛❤ ❲✐❧❧❛r❞ ●✐❜❜s✳ ❉❡ ❝❡rt♦
♠♦❞♦✱ ❡ss❡ ❧✐✈r♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❢ís✐❝♦
s✐♥❣✉❧❛r r❛t✐✜❝❛ ❡ss❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❡✱ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣ós s✉❛
❧❡✐t✉r❛✱ ♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
t❡rá ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧❡❣❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
àq✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛❧♠❡❥❛♠ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛✳

❱✐t♦r ❖❣✉r✐
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ❡ ❆❧t❛s ❊♥❡r❣✐❛s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❆r♠❛♥❞♦ ❉✐❛s ❚❛✈❛r❡s
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦

①✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ①✐✐ ✖ ★✶✷

✐ ✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶ ✖ ★✶✸

✐ ✐

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❘✐❝❤❛r❞ P❤✐❧❧✐♣s ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♥❛s❝❡✉ ❡♠ ❋❛r ❘♦❝❦❛✇❛②✱

◗✉❡❡♥s✱ ❛rr❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ✭❯❙❆✮✱ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✶ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✶✽✱
✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❡❧✈✐❧❧❡ ❆rt❤✉r ❡ ▲✉❝✐❧❧❡ P❤✐❧❧✐♣s ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱
♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❆s❤❦❡♥❛③✐ ❏❡✇✐s❤✳ ❬➱
✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ▲✉❝✐❧❧❡ ❡st❛✈❛
❣rá✈✐❞❛✱ ▼❡❧✈✐❧❧❡ ❧❤❡ ❢❛❧♦✉✿ ✕ ❙❡ ❢♦r ♠❡♥✐♥♦✱ s❡rá
✉♠ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛✦ ❈♦♠♦ ♥❛s❝❡✉ ♠❡♥✐♥♦✱ ♦ ♣❛✐ ♦
❣✉✐♦✉ ♥❡ss❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢â♥❝✐❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥♦s
❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐❛♥♦✲♥♦rt❡✲
❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❏❛❣❞✐s❤ ▼❡❤r❛ ✭✶✾✸✶✲✷✵✵✽✮✱ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦✿ ❚❤❡
❇❡❛t ♦❢ ❛ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❉r✉♠✿ ❚❤❡ ▲✐❢❡ ❛♥❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢
❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✭❈❧❛r❡♥❞♦♥ Pr❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✵✮❪✳ ❆ss✐♠✱
❞❡ s❡✉ ♣❛✐ ✭❣❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❝✉❥♦s ♣❛✐s ✈✐❡r❛♠ ❞❛
❘úss✐❛✮✱ ❤❡r❞♦✉ ♦ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ q✉❡

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✷ ✖ ★✶✹

✐ ✐

❡st❛✈❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦rt♦❞♦①♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦

s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s❀ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠ã❡ ✭❞♦♠ést✐❝❛ ❡ ✜❧❤❛ ❞❡
♣♦❧♦♥❡s❡s✮✱ ❣❛♥❤♦✉ s❡✉ ❧❡♥❞ár✐♦ s❡♥s♦ ❞❡ ❤✉♠♦r ❡ ❞❡
✏❥♦❦❡r✑ ✭❜r✐♥❝❛❧❤ã♦✮✳
❉❡s❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✭✏❘✐❝❤②✑ ♦✉ ✏❘✐tt②✑✮
♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦✉ s❡✉ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦
✉♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❝❛s❛✱ ♥♦
q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥s❡rt❛✈❛ rá❞✐♦s ❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♠♦t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ r❡❝❡❜✐❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr♦❝❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦✐ t❛♠❜é♠
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ q✉❡ t❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦
♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥ér❝✐❛✱ ❛♦ ❜r✐♥❝❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rr✐♥❤♦
q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❧❛ ❞❡♥tr♦✳ ■♥q✉✐r✐❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❡r❛✱
♣❡r❣✉♥t♦✉ ❛♦ ♣❛✐ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡
♣❛r❛✈❛ ♦ ❝❛rr♦✱ ❛ ❜♦❧❛ ✈✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦
❞❛✈❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❛♦ ❝❛rr✐♥❤♦ ❛ ❜♦❧❛ ✐❛ ♣❛r❛ trás✳ ❖
♣❛✐✱ ✉♠ ❧❡✐t♦r ❛ssí❞✉♦ ❞❛ ❊♥❝✐❝❧♦♣é❞✐❛ ❇r✐tâ♥✐❝❛
✭❊❇✮✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝♦✉✲❧❤❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜♦❧❛ ❡r❛
❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥ér❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦
♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❡♠ r❡♣♦✉s♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡t✐❧í♥❡♦
✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ♥ã♦ s❡r q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛
❡①t❡r♥❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛rr✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛✈❛ ✭♣♦r
❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛ r❡t❛r❞❛❞♦r❛✮✱ ❛ ❜♦❧❛ t❡♥❞✐❛ ❛
♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✐❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦
❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦❀ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛rr♦ ❛rr❛♥❝❛✈❛ ✭s♦❜ ❛
❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❛✮✱ ❛ ❜♦❧❛ t❡♥❞✐❛ ❛
♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛❞❛ ✭❡♠ r❡♣♦✉s♦✮ ❡✱ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ s❡
❞❡s❧♦❝❛✈❛ ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❛♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✸ ✖ ★✶✺

✐ ✐

➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ r❡❣✐str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛✐ ❧✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡

❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❡r❜❡t❡s ❞❛ ❊❇ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✜❧❤♦✱ ❡✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s
❧❡✐t✉r❛s✱ ❡st❛✈❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐♥♦ss❛✉r♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠
❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✽ ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ t❡r ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❝♦♠ ✷
♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✳ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ s❡♠♣r❡✱
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢❛❧♦✉ ❛♦ ♣❛✐ q✉❡ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ✉♠ ❞✐♥♦ss❛✉r♦
♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ s✉❛
❝❛s❛✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❝❤♦ ✭q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡①t✐♥t♦
❤á ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✻✺ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥♦s✮✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❡♥tr❛r
♥❛ ❝❛s❛✳

➱ ♦♣♦rt✉♥♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❊❇ ❢♦✐ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡

♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐r♠ã ❏♦❛♥
✭♥✳ ✶✾✷✼✮ ✭❛str♦❢ís✐❝❛✮ ❝❛s♦✉✱ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❞❡❧❡ ✉♠❛
❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❇ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬❘♦❣ér✐♦
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✫ ●❡❧❧✲▼❛♥♥✿ ▲✉③✱ ◗✉❛r❦s ❡
❘♦s❡♥❢❡❧❞✱
❆çã♦ ✭❖❞②ss❡✉s✱ ✷✵✵✸✮❪✳
P♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✷✾✱ ❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✭✏❘✐tt②✑✮
♠✉❞♦✉✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❡❞❛r❤✉rst✳ ▲á✱ ❡❧❡
❡st✉❞♦✉ ♥❛ ❈❡❞❛r❤✉rst ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❙❝❤♦♦❧✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s
q✉❡ s✉❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ✈♦❧t♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❋❛r ❘♦❝❦❛✇❛②✱ ❡❧❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✱
♥♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✸✶✱ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ♥♦ ❋❛r
❘♦❝❦❛✇❛② ❍✐❣❤ ❙❝❤♦♦❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡
❋ís✐❝❛ ♦s ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ❊❞✇✐♥ ❇❛r♥❡s ❡ ❆❜r❛♠
❇❛❞❡r✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛ s❡✉
♠❡❧❤♦r ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❈❡rt♦ ❞✐❛✱ ❇❛❞❡r ❞✐ss❡ ❛ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
q✉❡ ✜❝❛ss❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❛✉❧❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❛ sós✱ ❞✐ss❡✲❧❤❡✿ ✕ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ✈♦❝ê
✸

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✹ ✖ ★✶✻

✐ ✐

❢❛❧❛ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡ ❢❛③ ❜❛r✉❧❤♦ ❞❡♠❛✐s✳ ❊✉ s❡✐ ♣♦r

q✉ê✳ ❱♦❝ê ❡stá ❡♥t❡❞✐❛❞♦✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ ❡st♦✉✲❧❤❡ ❞❛♥❞♦
✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ ❬❋r❡❞❡r✐❝❦ ❙✳ ❲♦♦❞s✱ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s
✭●✐♥♥ ✫ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ❇♦st♦♥✱ ✶✾✸✷✮❪✳ ❊st✉❞❡✲♦✱ ❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ s♦✉❜❡r t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♥❡❧❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛r ❡
❝♦♥✈❡rs❛r✳ ❘❡❣✐str❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❥á t✐♥❤❛ ✉♠
❜♦♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡✉ ♣❛✐
❝♦♠♣r❛r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✱ ❡♠ ◆♦✈❛ ❨♦r❦✱ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ❙✐❧✈❛♥✉s
P✳ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥✱ ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s ▼❛❞❡ ❊❛s② ✭❙t✳ ▼❛rt✐♥s✬s
Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✸✶✮✳ ◆♦t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❇❛❞❡r q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
♦✉✈✐✉ ❢❛❧❛r ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ s♦❜r❡ ♦ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛
▼í♥✐♠❛ ❆çã♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❡ss❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦
✈❡r❡♠♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳ ❬▼❡❤r❛✱ ♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳❀ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞
P✳ ❇r❡♥♥❛♥✱ ●✐❣❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✿ ❯♠❛ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛
❋ís✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❖✐t♦ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❛s ✭❏♦r❣❡
❩❛❤❛r✱ ✶✾✾✽✮❪✳

❆♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ❍✐❣❤ ❙❝❤♦♦❧✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✺✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥

t❡♥t♦✉ ❡♥tr❛r ♥❛ ❈♦❧✉♠❜✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ♠❛s ❢♦✐
r❡❥❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛r ❛ ❝♦t❛ ❞❡ ❥✉❞❡✉s ❞❡ss❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆í✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❛❝❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ▼❛ss❛✲
❝❤✉s❡tts ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✭▼■❚✮ ❡✱ ❥á ♥♦
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❢❡③ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❚❡ór✐❝❛❀ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉
s✉❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✾✳

◆♦ ▼■❚✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✭✏❉✐❝❦✑✮ ✐♥t❡r❡ss♦✉✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✮ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ❜r❛♥❝❛
s♦❧❛r ♣❡❧❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❡✱
❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♦❜t❡✈❡ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛♥t❡ s♦❜r❡

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✺ ✖ ★✶✼

✐ ✐

❛q✉❡❧❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥♦✉

três ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ▼■❚✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♥♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❄❄✳
❈♦♠ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱
♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜♦❛ ❡♠ ❍✐stór✐❛ ✭♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦
♣❛r❛ ❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ■♥❣❧❡s❛ ✭♦ q✉✐♥t♦ ♥❡ss❛
♠❡s♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠✮✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ só ❡♥tr♦✉ ♥❛ Pr✐♥❝❡t♦♥
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✭P❯✮ ✭♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❡①✐st✐❛ ✉♠ ❞✐s❢❛rç❛❞♦
❛♥t✐ss❡♠✐t✐s♠♦✮✱ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✸✾✱ ♣♦r ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ▼■❚✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ▼♦rs❡✱
❱❛❧❧❛rt❛ ❡ ❙❧❛t❡r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋í✲
s✐❝❛✳ ➱ ♦♣♦rt✉♥♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❤❛✲
✈✐❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✾✱ t✐r❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦
❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ▲♦✇❡❧❧ P✉t♥❛♠ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥
❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ♠✉✐t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦s q✉❛tr♦ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✲
❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ ❡❧❡ t❡✈❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍❛r✈❛r❞
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❀ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣r❡❢❡r✐✉ ✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❯P✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛
●✉❡rr❛ ▼✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭❙●▼✮ ✭✶✴✵✾✴✶✾✸✾ ❛ ✽✴✵✺✴✶✾✹✺✮✱
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❡♥❣❛❥♦✉✲s❡ ♥♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ ❣✉❡rr❛ tr❛❜❛✲
❧❤❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ P❯ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❡♠ ▲♦s ❆❧❛♠♦s ✭ Pr♦❥❡t♦
▼❛♥❤❛tt❛♥ ✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
❈♦♠ ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❛ ●✉❡rr❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦✐ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦r♥❡❧❧ ✭❯❈♦r✮✱ ❡♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦
❞❡ ✶✾✹✺✱ ♣❛r❛ ❥✉♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢ís✐❝♦s q✉❡
❤❛✈✐❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▲♦s ❆❧❛♠♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❣❡r♠❛♥♦✲♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❍❛♥s ❆❧❜r❡❝❤t
❇❡t❤❡ ✭✶✾✵✻✲✷✵✵✺❀ P◆❋✱ ✶✾✻✼✮ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✻ ✖ ★✶✽

✐ ✐

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❤❛✈❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✽✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛

❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ✕ ♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❢❛♠♦s♦
❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❇❡t❤❡ ♦✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♣rót♦♥✲♣rót♦♥ ✕✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦
q✉❛❧ ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡st❡❧❛r ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ ❢✉sã♦ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✭♣rót♦♥s✿
1 3 4
1 H )✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❞♦ ❤é❧✐♦ ✭2 H ❡ 2 H ✮ ❡✱
♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❛✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❤á ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦
4
❞♦ 2 H ✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣rót♦♥s ❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛
❡st❡❧❛r ❞❡ ✷✹✱✼ ▼❡❱✳

◆❡ss❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♥❛ ❯❈♦r✱ ♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❧á tr❛❜❛✲

❧❤❛✈❛♠ ❡st❛✈❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉â♥t✐❝♦ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡s♣❛✲
❧❤❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❧✉③✱ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦s ✏✐♥✜♥✐t♦s✑ q✉❡
❛♣❛r❡❝✐❛♠ ♥❡ss❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❤❛✈✐❛ r❡❛❧✐✲
③❛❞♦ s❡✉ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦
❏♦❤♥ ❆r❝❤✐❜❛❧❞ ❲❤❡❡❧❡r ✭✶✾✶✶✲✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❡♠ ❥✉♥❤♦
❞❡ ✶✾✹✷✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦
❞❛ ❆çã♦ ▼í♥✐♠❛ ❡♠ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✱ ❝✉❥♦
❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡s✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✺✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛
✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛
❝♦♠♦ ❊❧❡tr♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛ ✭◗❊❉ ✕ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠
❊❧❡❝tr♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✮✱ ❝✉❥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❤❛✈✐❛♠
s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ✐♥❣❧ês P❛✉❧ ❆❞r✐❡♥ ▼❛✉r✐❝❡
❉✐r❛❝
✶ ✭✶✾✵✷✲✶✾✽✹❀ P◆❋✱ ✶✾✸✸✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✷✽✳ ❊♠ ❞❡✲

✶ ❱❡❥❛ ❇❛ss❛❧♦ ✫ ❈❛r✉s♦✿ ❉✐r❛❝✳ ▲✐✈r❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✳

✻

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✼ ✖ ★✶✾

✐ ✐

❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧♦✉ s✉❛ ♣ró✲

♣r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s
❡♠ ✶✾✹✼ ❡ ✶✾✹✽✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❝é❧❡❜r❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s ❞❡
❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❤♦❥❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ■♥t❡❣r❛✐s ❞❡
❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❞♦s ✏✐♥✜♥✐t♦s✑✱ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❢í❝✐♦ ❤♦❥❡
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ♦ Prê♠✐♦ ◆♦❜❡❧ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛
❞❡ ✶✾✻✺✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❏✉❧✐❛♥
❙❡②♠♦✉r ❙❝❤✇✐♥❣❡r ✭✶✾✶✽✲✶✾✾✹✮ ❡ ♦ ❥❛♣♦♥ês ❙✐♥✲■t✐r♦
❚♦♠♦♥❛❣❛ ✭✶✾✵✻✲✶✾✼✾✮✳
◆♦t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ s♦❜r❡ ❛
◗❊❉✱ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❡ ❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛ ❢♦✐
◗✉❛♥t✉♠
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦s
❊❧❡❝tr♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❲✳❆✳ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥✱ ✶✾✻✶✮ ❡ ❚❤❡
❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s Pr♦❝❡ss ✭❲✳❆✳ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥✱
✶✾✻✶✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛
❝♦♠ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❆❧❜❡rt ❘♦❛❝❤ ❍✐❜❜s
✭✶✾✷✹✲✷✵✵✸✮ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ P❛t❤
■♥t❡❣r❛❧s ✭▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧ ❇♦♦❦ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✶✾✻✺✮✳
❋♦✐ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❯❈♦r q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✉
♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♣♦❧♦♥ês✲♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ▼❛r❦ ❑❛❝ ✭✶✾✶✹✲
✶✾✽✹✮✱ ❢❛♠♦s♦ ♣♦r ❤❛✈❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦s
♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ à ❋ís✐❝❛
❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
❜r♦✇♥✐❛♥♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✳

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✽ ✖ ★✷✵

✐ ✐

❊♠ ✶✾✹✽ ✭❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ▼♦❞❡r♥ P❤②s✐❝s ✷✵✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✼✮✱

❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ s❡✉ ❢❛♠♦s♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦
❞❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡
❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r✳
▲♦❣♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✾ ✭❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ✻✺✱ ♣✳ ✶✮✱ ❑❛❝ ✉s♦✉
❡ss❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱
♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛
❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲❑❛❝✱ ❡✱ ❤♦❥❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦
♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ✭❘♦s❡♥❢❡❧✱ ♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✮✳
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡✉ ♥❛ ❯❈♦r ❛té ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡
✶✾✺✵✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ s❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✭❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✮✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱
♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❈❤❛❝❡ ❚♦❧♠❛♥ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r
♦❢ ❚❤❡♦r❡t❤✐❝❛❧ P❤②s✐❝s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❥á ❤❛✈✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦
♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♥♦ ✈❡rã♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✾✱ ❡❧❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t♦✉ ♦ ❛♥♦
s❛❜át✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r❛ ♥❛ ❯❈♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛ssá✲
❧♦ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❛ís tr♦♣✐❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❡❧❛s ♣r❛✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦
❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♣❛❝❛❜❛♥❛✱ ♥♦ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❡
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ ♥♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❋ís✐❝❛s ✭❈❇P❋✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡ ✜❝♦✉
♥♦ ❈❇P❋ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✶ ❛té ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡
✶✾✺✷✱ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐str♦✉ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛
◆✉❝❧❡❛r ❡ ❊❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ◆♦t❛s
❈✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❞♦ ❈❇P❋✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❛
❡♥tã♦ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ✭❋◆❋✐✮✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s q✉❡

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 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✾ ✖ ★✷✶

✐ ✐

t✐♥❤❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ s❡✉ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡

s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s ❡ ❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ■♥st✐t✉t♦
❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s✱
r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✷✾ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✾✱ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦
❞❛ ❘❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❆♥✉❛❧ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱
♦❝♦rr✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❚❤❡r❡✬s P❧❡♥t②

♦❢ ❘♦♦♠ ❛t t❤❡ ❇♦tt♦♠ ✭❍á ❆❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✉❣❛r

♥❛ P❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❇❛✐①♦ ✮✱ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r❡❝✉rs♦r ❞❛

♥❛♥♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r s❡✉s
❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
♠✐♥✐str❛✈❛ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✭▲❡❝t✉r❡s ◆♦t❡s ✮

q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡✉♥✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❢❛♠♦s♦ t❡①t♦ ❚❤❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✿

▲❡❝t✉r❡s ♦♥ P❤②s✐❝s ■✱ ■■✱ ■■■✱ ❝✉rs♦s ❡ss❡s ♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦s

♥♦s ❛♥♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✻✶✲✶✾✻✷ ❡ ✶✾✻✷✲✶✾✻✸✱ ❡
q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲
❲❡s❧❡② P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ■♥❝✳✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✸✳ ❊ss❡
❧✐✈r♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ♥♦rt❡✲
❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ❘♦❜❡rt ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ▲❡✐❣❤t♦♥ ✭✶✾✶✾✲✶✾✾✼✮
❡ ▼❛tt❤❡✇ ▲✐♥③❡❡ ❙❛♥❞s ✭♥✳ ✶✾✷✵✮ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛
s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦✳ ❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❡ ❛ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ▲❡❝t✉r❡s ◆♦t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠
♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❝♦♠♦✿ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠

❊❧❡❝tr♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭✶✾✻✶✮✱ ❚❤❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧

Pr♦❝❡ss❡s ✭✶✾✻✶✮ ❡ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ P❛t❤

■♥t❡❣r❛❧s ✭✶✾✻✺✮✱ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳

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✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✵ ✖ ★✷✷

✐ ✐

➱ ♦♣♦rt✉♥♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦

♣❡❧❛ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇❇❈✮ ❞❡
▲♦♥❞r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛r ❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✳ ❊ss❛
sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❢♦✐ ✜❧♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❯❈♦r✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✹✱
❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡♠✐ss♦r❛ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✺✳
❊ss❛s ♣❛❧❡str❛s ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ s♦❜ ♦
♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❚❤❡ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r ♦❢ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ▲❛✇ ✭▼■❚ Pr❡ss✱
✶✾✻✼❀ ●r❛❞✐✈❛✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✱ ♦♥❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✸✺
❛♥♦s✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s
❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❋r❛❝❛s ❡ ❋♦rt❡s✱ ❡♠
▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r✢✉✐❞❡③
❞♦ ❤é❧✐♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❢❡③ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❝✉rsã♦ ❡♠
❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛r❡♠♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦✳ ➱
❛✐♥❞❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥♦ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢❡③ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s
✐♥❝✉rsõ❡s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s t❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱
r❡✢❡t✐✉ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼❡❤r❛ ✭♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✷✲✶✾✻✸✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
♠✐♥✐str♦✉ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❛✉❧❛s s♦❜r❡ ●r❛✈✐t❛çã♦ ♥♦
❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡✉♥✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦
❇✳ ▼♦r✐♥✐❣♦ ❡ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ●✳ ❲❛❣♥❡r✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✶✱ ❝♦♠♦
▲❡❝t✉r❡s ◆♦t❡s✴❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✳ ◆❡ss❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥

r❛t✐✜❝♦✉ ♦ q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❞✐t♦ ♥❛ ❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡

♦ P❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ●r❛✈✐t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❞❛ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✽✲✷✸ ❞❡

❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✼✿ ✕ ❊✉ s❡✐ q✉❡ ❛ ❣r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r

♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❡t❛❞❡

♠❡❝❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡

✶✵

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✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✶ ✖ ★✷✸

✐ ✐

q✉â♥t✐❝❛ ✭✳✳✳✮ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❤❛✈❡r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s q✉â♥t✐❝❛s ♥❛

❢♦rç❛ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
◆♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✵✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❞✐s❝✉t✐✉ ❝♦♠
♦ ❛✉strí❛❝♦ ❱✐❝t♦r ❋r❡❞❡r✐❝❦ ❲❡✐ss❦♦♣❢ ✭✶✾✵✽✲
✷✵✵✷✮ s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♦♥❞❛s ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
✭❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❣rá✈✐t♦♥s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s q✉❛♥t❛ ❞♦
❝❛♠♣♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥t✐③❛❞♦✮✳ ❊♥tr❡ ✶✶ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐✲
r♦ ❡ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✶✱ ❡❧❡s tr♦❝❛r❛♠ ❝❛rt❛s
s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❛
✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❣rá✈✐t♦♥s s❡r✐❛♠ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s r❡❛✐s ❞❡
s♣✐♥✲✷ ❡ ❞♦t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s
♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
♥❛ ❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡
●r❛✈✐t❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❱❛rsó✈✐❛✱ P♦❧ô♥✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡
✷✺ ❡ ✸✶ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✷✱ ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✹
✭Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡
❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ●r❛✈✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✼✮✳
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ t❛♠❜é♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✉ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦
s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡r ♥♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✶✾✽✷
✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ P❤②s✐❝s ✷✶✱
♣✳ ✹✻✼✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✺ ✭❖♣t✐❝s ◆❡✇s ✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✮ ❬❡st❡
❢♦✐ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✻ ✭❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ P❤②s✐❝s
✶✻✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✼✮❪✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡✉ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡✱
♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ❝❧áss✐❝❛✮✱
s❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❡♠ ❡♠
❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r
✉♠❛ ❤❛♠✐❧t♦♥✐❛♥❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s |0i

✶✶

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✷ ✖ ★✷✹

✐ ✐

❡ |1i ✭❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✮✱ ❤❛♠✐❧t♦♥✐❛♥❛ ❡ss❛

r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❝r✐❛çã♦ ✭a∗ ✮ ❬a∗ |0i = |1i❪
❡ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ✭a✮ ❬a|1i = |0i ❡ a|0i = |0i❪✳
❱❡❥❛♠♦s ❛❣♦r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✈✐❛ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s✉❛
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❘❡❧✐❣✐ã♦ ❡ ❛ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✳✷
❊♠ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✺ ❬❈❛❧t❡❝❤ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡ ✭❈❊❙▼✮ ✶✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✸❪✱ ❡❧❡ ❛✜r♠♦✉

q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ❡♠ s✐✱ ♥ã♦ é ❜♦♠ ❡

♥❡♠ ♠❛✉✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡
r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❜♦❛ ♦✉ ♠á✳ ❊❧❡ ❜❛s❡♦✉ ❡ss❛
❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦✈ér❜✐♦ ❇✉❞✐st❛✿ ✕ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛
é ❞❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ q✉❡ ❛❜r❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❞♦ ❝é✉✱

q✉❛♥t♦ à ❞♦ ✐♥❢❡r♥♦✳ ❊♠ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✻ ✭❈❊❙▼ ✶✾✱

♣✳ ✷✵✮✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ tr❛t♦✉ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡

❘❡❧✐❣✐ã♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ é ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦
❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r ❈r✐❛❞♦r ✭❉❊❯❙✮ ❞♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs♦✿ ❛ ❘❡❧✐❣✐ã♦
✐♠♣õ❡ s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡
♣r♦✈á✲❧❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ s❡ tr♦q✉❡ ❛ ❢r❛s❡✿ ✕
❉❊❯❙ ❊❳■❙❚❊✦✱ ♣♦r✿ ✕ ❱♦❝ê ❡stá s❡❣✉r♦ q✉❡ ❉❊❯❙
❊❳■❙❚❊❄

✷ ◆♦t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡

r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦✿ ❚❤❡ P❧❡❛s✉r❡ ♦❢ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❚❤✐♥❣s ❖✉t✿
❚❤❡ ❇❡st ❙❤♦rt ❲♦r❦s ♦❢ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ P✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✭P❡rs❡✉s
P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❏❡✛r❡② ❘♦❜❜✐♥s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠
Pr❡❢á❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✲♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❋r❡❡♠❛♥ ❏♦❤♥ ❉②s♦♥
✭♥✳ ✶✾✷✸✮✳

✶✷

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✸ ✖ ★✷✺

✐ ✐

P♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ■♥st✐t✉t❡

♦❢ ❲♦r❧❞ ❆✛❛✐rs✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✼ ✭Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡
■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❲♦r❧❞ ❆✛❛✐rs ✸✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✮✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
❞✐s❝✉t✐✉ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱
❡①❛♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❡♥çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♦s
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❞❡❧❛s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳ ❊❧❡ ❢❛❧❛ ❞❡s❞❡
♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❬✐♥✈❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱
♣❡❧♦s ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ●r❛❤❛♠ ❇❡❧❧
✭✶✽✹✼✲✶✾✷✷✮ ✭❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❝❡s❛✮ ❡ ❊❧✐s❤❛ ●r❛②
✭✶✽✸✺✲✶✾✵✶✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✽✼✻❪ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛té ❛
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✺✱ ❞❛s ❜♦♠❜❛s
❛tô♠✐❝❛s ✭✈❡r ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✮ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ●✉❡rr❛
❋r✐❛ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t❛s ❡
♦s ❝♦♠✉♥✐st❛s ✭❡st❡s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ❡r❛♠
❛♥t✐❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✮✳ ❊❧❡ ❢❡③ ✉♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✏❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
♣✉r❛✑ ❡ ✏❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✑✱ ❡ ✈♦❧t♦✉ ❛ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r q✉❡ ✏❛
❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦rt❡✱
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜❡♠ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛❧✑✳

❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ✈♦❧t♦✉ ❛ tr❛t❛r ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛

❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ♥❛ ❘❡❧✐❣✐ã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦
❞❡ s✉❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛
♣❡❧❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✼ ❡ ✷✶
❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✹✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ P✐s❛✱ ■tá❧✐❛✱
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❡♠♦r❛r ♦s ✹✵✵ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♥❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ❛strô♥♦♠♦ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦ ●❛❧✐❧❡✉ ●❛❧✐❧❡✐ ✭✶✺✻✹✲
✶✻✹✷✮✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❬♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦
❡♠ ✶✾✻✻ ✭ ❙✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧ ◆✉♦✈♦ ❈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✹✱
♣✳ ✹✾✷✮❪✱ ❡❧❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐✉ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s

✶✸

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✹ ✖ ★✷✻

✐ ✐

♣❡ss♦❛s ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡♠ ✏♣s❡✉❞♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✑ ✭♣✳❡✳✿

❛str♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣s✐❝❛♥á❧✐s❡✮ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡
r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉✿ ✕ P♦rq✉❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ é ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s
❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♦✉tr♦s t❡♠❛s ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝r❡♥ç❛
❞♦s r❡❧✐❣✐♦s♦s✱ ❛ ♠♦r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❡ ♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♠♦rt❡ ✭q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞✐③✐❛ s❡r ✐♥❡✈✐tá✈❡❧ ✮✱
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❛rr❡♠❛t♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢r❛s❡✿ ✕ ◆ã♦ s❡✐ s❡ q✉❡❜r❡✐
q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡

❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s é ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡♥s♦✳

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s

P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✭❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦
❡♠ ✶✾✻✼✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✮✱
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❛✐♥❞❛ tr❛t♦✉ ❞❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠
♠✐st✐❝✐s♠♦✱ ✉❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦s ✈♦❛❞♦r❡s✮✱
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡①tr❛✲s❡♥s♦r✐❛❧ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✏♣s❡✉❞♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✑
✭❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛s ■❧❤❛s ❞♦s ▼❛r❡s ❞♦ ❙✉❧✮✱
q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥♦✉ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣♦ ❈✉❧t ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✭✏❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❝♦♠ ❈❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✉❧t♦s✑✮✱ ❡ ♦s ❞✐s❝✉t✐✉
♥❛ ❝❡r✐♠ô♥✐❛✿ ❚❤❡ ✶✾✼✹ ❈❛❧t❡❝❤ ❈♦♠♠❡♥❝❡♠❡♥t

❆❞❞r❡ss✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✹ ✭❈❊❈▼ ✸✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✱

❥✉♥❤♦✮✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ♥❡ss❛ ♣❛❧❡str❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢❛❧♦✉ ❞❛
❝♦♥✈❡rs❛ q✉❡ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢❛♠♦s♦ ✐❧✉s✐♦♥✐st❛ ✐sr❛❡❧❡♥s❡
❯r✐ ●❡❧❧❡r ✭♥✳ ✶✾✹✻✮ ✕ ✏♦ ❡♥t♦rt❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦❧❤❡r❡s ❡
❝❤❛✈❡s✑ ✕ q✉❡ t❡♥t♦✉✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉✱ ❧❡r ❛ ♠❡♥t❡
❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✳ ❊♠ ✈✐st❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠♦✉ ♦ q✉❡
s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣r❡❣♦❛✈❛✿ ✕ ◆✐♥❣✉é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❡♥t❡✳

P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ss❛ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✱ r❡❣✐str❡♠♦s ❢❛t♦s

r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✳ P♦r

✶✹

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✺ ✖ ★✷✼

✐ ✐

s❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ✈ár✐❛s ❤♦♥r❛r✐❛s✿

✶✮ Prê♠✐♦ ❆❧❜❡rt ❊✐♥st❡✐♥✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✹✱ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦
♣❡❧♦ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❙t✉❞② ✭Pr✐♥❝❡t♦♥✮❀ ✷✮
Prê♠✐♦ ❊r♥❡st ❖r❧❛♥❞♦ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✷✱ ♣❡❧♦
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❞❛
❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❀ ✸✮ Prê♠✐♦ ◆♦❜❡❧ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✺❀
✹✮ ▼❡❞❛❧❤❛ ❖❡rst❡❞✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✷✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥
❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P❤②s✐❝s ❚❡❛❝❤❡rs ❀ ❡ ✺✮ ▼❡❞❛❧❤❛ ◆❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✾✱ ♣❡❧❛ Pr❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛✳

❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢♦✐ ❝❛s❛❞♦ três ✈❡③❡s✿ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠ ❛

♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ❆r❧✐♥❡ ●r❡❡♥❜❛✉♠ ✭❝✳ ✶✾✷✵✲✶✾✹✺✮✱
❡♠ ✷✾ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✷✱ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐r♠ã
❏♦❛♥ ❛ q✉❡♠ ❞❛✈❛ ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♣✐❛♥♦❀ ✷✮ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❝♦♠
❛ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ▼❛r② ▲♦✉✐s❡ ✭✏▲♦✉✑✮ ❇❡❧❧✱ ❡♠
✶✾✺✷✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❞❡ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❆rt❡✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦
❣♦st❛✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ s❡ ✈❡st✐❛✱ t✐♥❤❛
❛✈❡rsã♦ ❛♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s
✭❞❛í✱ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❛ ❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢❛❧t❛✈❛♠ ❛
❥❛♥t❛r❡s ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❢ís✐❝♦s✮✱ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s ❡ss❛s q✉❡
❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛♦ ❞✐✈ór❝✐♦ ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✻ ✭❇r❡♥♥❛♥✱
♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✮❀ ❡✱ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛ ●✇❡♥❡t❤
❍♦✇❛rt❤✱ ❡♠ ✷✹ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✵✱ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❜❛❜á
❡♠ ●❡♥❡❜r❛✳

❈♦♠ ●✇❡♥❡t❤✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ t❡✈❡ ♦ ✜❧❤♦ ❈❛r❧

❘✐❝❤❛r❞
✸ ✭♥✳ ✶✾✻✷✮✱ ❤♦❥❡ ✉♠ r❡♥♦♠❛❞♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛

✸ ◆♦♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤♦♠❡♥❛❣❡❛r ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦

✶✺

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✻ ✖ ★✷✽

✐ ✐

❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❡❧❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛✐

♥❛ ❚❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ❡♠ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱
▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✮✱ ❡ ❛❞♦t❛r❛♠ ❛ ✜❧❤❛ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❧❡
❈❛t❤❡r✐♥❡ ✭♥✳ ✶✾✻✽✮✳ ➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡
●✇❡♥❡t❤✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❢❡❧✐③ ♣♦r
s❡r ❡s♣♦s❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✏❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛✑✱
✹ ❡r❛ ♠❛✐s

❛✈❡♥t✉r❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♠❛r✐❞♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉

q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ss❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❡①ót✐❝♦s✳
❚❛❧✈❡③ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❞✐③✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡ à ✐r♠ã ❏♦❛♥ ❡
❛ ❛♠✐❣♦s✿ ✕ ●✇❡♥❡t❤ é ♠❛✐s s❛❣❛③ q✉❡ ❡✉ ✭❇r❡♥♥❛♥✱
♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✮✳ ❊❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❝❡✐t❛✈❛ q✉❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❢r❡✲
q✉❡♥t❛ss❡ ❝❛❜❛rés ❞❡ ♣éss✐♠❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭♦♥❞❡ s❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ❞❛♥ç❛r✐♥❛s s❡♠✐♥✉❛s ❡ ♥✉❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦
q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ r❡tr❛t❛❞❛s✮✱ ♣♦✐s✱
❞✐③✐❛ ❡❧❛✱ ✏♦s ✐♥❣❧❡s❡s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛♠ ♦s s❡✉s ❝❧✉❜❡s
❡ ♦s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s✱ ♦s ❞❡❧❡s✑✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❧✉❣❛r❡s✱
❡❧❡ t✐♥❤❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
❙r✳ ●✐❛♥♦♥♥✐✱ ❡♠ P❛s❛❞❡♥❛✱ ❞❡ q✉❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉
❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ só t♦♠❛✈❛ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛♥t❡ ✼✲❯♣✱ ❡ ❞❡
❝♦rt❡s✐❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❛ ❞❡✲
❢❡♥❞ê✲❧♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛ ❛❝✉s❛❞♦ ❞❡
♣r♦st✐t✉✐çã♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❥✉✐③ ♣❡r❣✉♥t♦✉ ❛ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
s❡ ❡❧❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛✈❛ ❝❛❜❛rés ❞❡ ✏t♦♣❧❡ss✑ ❡ q✉❛❧ ❛
❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉✿ ✕ ❈✐♥❝♦ ♦✉ s❡✐s

❈❛r❧ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ✭✶✾✵✺✲✶✾✾✶❀ P◆❋✱ ✶✾✸✻✮✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐❞♦r ❞♦

♣ós✐tr♦♥✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✷ ✭✈❡r ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✮ ✭▼❡❤r❛✱ ♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✮✳
✹ ●✇❡♥❡t❤ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ❚❤❡ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❛ ◆♦❜❡❧ ✇✐❢❡ ✭❈❊❙▼ ♣✳ ✶✹✱
▼❛r❝❤✲❆♣r✐❧✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✳

✶✻

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✼ ✖ ★✷✾

✐ ✐

✈❡③❡s ♣♦r s❡♠❛♥❛✳ ■ss♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠

❥♦r♥❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❡♠ ♠❛♥❝❤❡t❡✿ ✕ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡
❋ís✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❛❧t❡❝❤ ✈ê ❞❛♥ç❛r✐♥❛s ❞❡ ✏t♦♣❧❡ss✑ s❡✐s
✈❡③❡s ♣♦r s❡♠❛♥❛✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✉ ❛ ♣✐♥t❛r
❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❞❡❧❡✱ ♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ❛r♠ê♥✐♦✲♥♦rt❡✲
❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❏✐r❛②r ✭✏❏❡rr②✑✮ ❍❛♠♣❛r③♦♦♠ ❩♦rt❤✐❛♥
✭✶✾✶✶✲✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦
t✐♥❤❛ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♣r♦♣ôs ♣❛r❛
❡ss❡ s❡✉ ❛♠✐❣♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❞♦♠✐♥❣♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞♦s✱ ❡❧❡
♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛✈❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❧❤❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛
♣✐♥t❛r✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ✏❏❡rr②✑ ♥✉♥❝❛ t❡♥❤❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦
❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✉ ❛ ♣✐♥t❛r✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛
r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣✐♥t✉r❛s✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✸
❝♦♠ ♦ ♣s❡✉❞ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✏❖❢❡②✑✱
✺ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦

❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠ ❝♦♠♣r❛r✐❛ ✉♠❛ t❡❧❛ q✉❡ t✐✈❡ss❡ ❛

❛ss✐♥❛t✉r❛ ❞❡❧❡✳ ✭▼❡❤r❛✱ ♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✮✳
✻

❊❧❡ t❡✈❡ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥♦ ✜❧♠❡ ❆♥t✐✲❈❧♦❝❦✱

❞❡ ✶✾✼✾✱ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛tr✐③ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛ ❏❛♥❡
❆r❞❡♥ ✭✶✾✷✼✲✶✾✽✷✮✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♠♦rr❡✉ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✺
❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽✱ ✈ít✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝â♥❝❡r r❛r♦
✭❧✐♣♦s❛r❝♦♠❛✮ ❡ s✉❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❢♦r❛♠✿ ✕ ■t✬s
❤❛t❡ t♦ ❞✐❡ t✇✐❝❡✳ ■t✬s s♦ ❜♦r✐♥❣ ✭✏➱ ❞❡t❡stá✈❡❧ ♠♦rr❡r

✺ ◗✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ s♦❧❡tr♦✉ ❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❉✉❞❧❡②

❲r✐❣❤t ✕ ✏❆✉ ❋❛✐t✑ ✭✏❈♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❱❡rs❛❞♦✑✮✳
✻ P❛r❛ ✈❡r t♦❞♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛rtíst✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ❡♥tr❛r
♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❡r❜❡t❡ ❆rt ❜② ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ♦✉ ❛❝❡ss❛r
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠✉s❡✉♠s②♥❞✐❝❛t❡✳❝♦♠✴❛rt✐st✳♣❤♣❄
❛rt✐st❂✸✽✵✳

✶✼

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✽ ✖ ★✸✵

✐ ✐

❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s✳ ➱ tã♦ t❡❞✐♦s♦✑✮✳

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠♦rr❡r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇r❡♥♥❛♥ ✭ ♦♣✳

❝✐t✳✮✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♣❡r❣✉♥t♦✉ ❛♦ ♠é❞✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐❛
q✉❛✐s ❡r❛♠ s✉❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s✳ ❖ ♠é❞✐❝♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉✿ ✕ ➱
✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛❧❛r s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦
ú♥✐❝♦✳ ❉❡ ♣r♦♥t♦✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉✿ ✕ ❈á ♣❛r❛
♥ós✱ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✿ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ s❡ ❢♦r
✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♥✉♥❝✐❛❞❛
♥♦ ❈❆▲❚❊❈❍✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣r❡♣❛r❛r❛♠ ❡ ♣❡♥❞✉r❛r❛♠✱
♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✻ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❡♠
✉♠ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ▼✐❧❧✐❦❛♥✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞✐③❡r❡s
❡♠ ❧❡tr❛s ❣❛rr❛❢❛✐s✿
◆ós
❆♠❛♠♦s
❱♦❝ê✱
❉■❈❑

❈r❡♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ♦♣♦rt✉♥♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❡❝❤❛r ❡st❛

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛
❜✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠
♦ tít✉❧♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞♦ ▼❡❤r❛✿ ❚❤❡ ❇❡❛t ♦❢ ❛
❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❉r✉♠✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡ tít✉❧♦ ❢♦✐ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢r❛s❡s
✉s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❙❝❤✇✐♥❣❡r ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ❡♠
❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✾ ✭ P❤②s✐❝s ❚♦❞❛②✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✮✱ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦
❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱
✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♠❛✐s ❢❡rr❡♥❤♦s ❛❞✈❡rsár✐♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳

❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ú♥✐❝❛ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛ q✉❡

❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ r❡❛❧✐③❛r✿ ❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❛ ❚❛♥♥✉ ❚✉✈❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛✱ s❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡✉ s✉❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦

✶✽

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✾ ✖ ★✸✶

✐ ✐

❞❡ s❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❧❣✉♥s ✭❝♦♠ ✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛ç❛❞♦r❡s ❡

❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡str❛♥❤♦s✮✱ ❞❡st❛ ✈❡③ ❞❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛
❞❡ ❚❛♥♥✉ ❚✉✈❛✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♥♦rt❡ ❞❛ ▼♦♥❣ó❧✐❛✱
♥❛ ➪s✐❛ ❈❡♥tr❛❧✳ ◆♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✼✱ ♦ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ s❡✉
❛♠✐❣♦ ❘♦❜❡rt ▲❡✐❣❤t♦♥✱ ♦ ❤♦❥❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r ❞❡ ✜❧♠❡ ❡
❜✐ó❣r❛❢♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❘❛❧♣❤ ▲❡✐❣❤t♦♥ ✭♥✳ ✶✾✹✾✮✱
❡♥s✐♥❛✈❛ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❍✐❣❤ ❙❝❤♦♦❧
❡♠ P❛s❛❞❡♥❛ ✭❈❛❧✐❢ór♥✐❛✮✱ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ●❡♦❣r❛✜❛✳ ❊❧❡ ❢♦✐ s❡ ❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛r
❝♦♠ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❡ ❡st❡ ❧❤❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t♦✉ s❡ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❛
❡ss❛ ♠❛tér✐❛✳ ❘❛❧♣❤✱ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉ q✉❡ s✐♠ ✭ ❨❡❛❤✦ ✮✳
❊♥tã♦✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❧❤❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t♦✉ ♦♥❞❡ ✜❝❛✈❛ ❚❛♥♥✉
❚✉✈❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❛ ❡ s❛❜❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❡st✐❧♦
✏❜r✐♥❝❛❧❤ã♦✑ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ♣❡♥s♦✉ s❡r ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❞❡
s✉❛s ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♣❡❣♦✉ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛
❡✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ●✇❡♥❡t❤ ❡ ❘❛❧♣❤✱ ✈✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛ís
❡①✐st✐❛ ❡ ❝✉❥❛ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❡r❛ ❑②③②❧✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♣❡rt❡♥❝✐❛
❡♥tã♦ à ❯♥✐ã♦ ❞❛s ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❙♦❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❙♦✈✐ét✐❝❛s
✭❯❘❙❙✮✳ ●✇❡♥❡t❤ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r
❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♥♦♠❡ ❡r❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝ê✲❧♦✳ ❆
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❡✱ ♣❡♥s❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡
✈✐s✐tá✲❧♦✳ ❊♠ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❡ ❘❛❧♣❤
❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ tr♦❝❛r ❝❛rt❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❚✉✈❛♥ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✱ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞
❍✐st♦r②✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❑②③②❧✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ❋❡②♥♠❛♥
s❡ ♣r♦♣✉♥❤❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡
❝❛rt❛s✱ ❡❧❡s ✉s❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❚✉✈❛♥✲❘✉ss♦ ♣❛r❛
❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❡♠ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛r ♦ ❞✐❛❧❡t♦ t✉✈❛♥ ❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱

✶✾

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✷✵ ✖ ★✸✷

✐ ✐

❝♦♥t❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛r

sí♠❜♦❧♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ❛❧✐ás✱ ❡❧❡ ❥á ♦ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
❞❡❝✐❢r❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥❡ss❛ é♣♦❝❛
❡①✐st✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ●✉❡rr❛ ❋r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❛
❯❘❙❙✱ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ♦ ✈✐st♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛
✈✐❛❣❡♠ s♦♥❤❛❞❛✳ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✐r ❛
❚✉✈❛ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✱ ❞❡st❛ ✈❡③✱ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ r✉ss♦
❆♥❛t♦❧② P❡tr♦✈✐❝❤ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r♦✈ ✭✶✾✵✸✲✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❡♥tã♦
Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❯❘❙❙✱ ❞❡s❞❡
✶✾✼✺ ❛té ✶✾✽✻✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦
r✉ss♦ P②♦tr ▲❡♦♥✐❞♦✈✐❝❤ ❑❛♣✐t③❛ ✭✶✽✾✹✲✶✾✽✹❀ P◆❋✱
✶✾✼✽✮✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ♥❛❞❛✳ ◆❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ s❡♠❛♥❛
❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽✱ ❡❧❡ ❡ ❘❛❧♣❤ ❞❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛✱
❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ t♦❝❛✈❛♠ t❛♠❜♦r❡s ❞❡
❝♦✉r♦✱ ❛ ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤❡r ❙②❦❡s Pr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛
♣❡❧❛ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇❇❈✮✱ ♥❛
q✉❛❧ ❢❛❧❛r❛♠ ❞❛ s❛❣❛ ❞❡❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❚❛♥♥✉
❚✉✈❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❥á
t✐✈❡ss❡♠ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✈✐♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ r✉ss❛ ❝♦♠ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ❚✉✈❛✳
❘❡❣✐str❡✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽✱ s✉❛
✈✐ú✈❛ ●✇❡♥❡t❤ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❛ ❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❱✐❝❡✲
Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❘✉ss❛✱ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ r✉ss♦ ❊✈❣❡♥②
P❛✈❧♦✈✐❝❤ ❱❡❧✐❦❤♦✈ ✭♥✳ ✶✾✸✺✮✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛✈❛
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ❡ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❡ ♠❛✐s q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ♣❛r❛
✈✐s✐t❛r❡♠ ❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❙♦✈✐ét✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛✐♦ ❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡
✶✾✽✽✱ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ❡ss❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❑❛♣✐t③❛✳ P♦r
✜♠✱ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ◆♦♠❛❞s

✷✵

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✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✷✶ ✖ ★✸✸

✐ ✐

♦❢ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❆s✐❛ ✱ ♥♦ ❙♠✐t❤s♦♥✐❛♥ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧

▼✉s❡✉♠ ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❍✐st♦r② ✱ ❡♠ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❉✳❈✳✱

❡♠ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✾✱ ●✇❡♥❡t❤ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✱ ❘❛❧♣❤
▲❡✐❣❤t♦♥ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛r
❚✉✈❛✱ ♥♦ ✈❡rã♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✳ ◆♦t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✈✐ú✈❛ ❞❡
❋❡②♥♠❛♥ ♠♦rr❡✉ ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r✱ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✸✶ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦
❞❡ ✶✾✽✾✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❘❛❧♣❤ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦
✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ❚✉✈❛ ♦r ❜✉st✦ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❋❡②♥♠❛♥✬s ❧❛st

❥♦✉r♥❡② ✭❲✳❲✳ ◆♦rt♦♥ ✫ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✮✳✼

✼ ▼❡❤r❛✱ ♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳❀ ❘♦s❡♥❢❡❧❞✱ ♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳

✷✶

✐ ✐

✐ ✐
 ✐ ✐

✏❋❡②♥♠❛♥✲✷❡❞✑ ✖ ✷✵✶✹✴✶✵✴✶✻ ✖ ✶✻✿✵✵ ✖ ♣❛❣❡ ✷✷ ✖ ★✸✹

✐ ✐

✐ ✐

✐ ✐