❏❯❆◆ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙

●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❉❖■✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻

P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛ ✲ ❙P

❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❩❖❖❚❊❈◆■❆ ❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❆▲■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ✭❋❩❊❆✮

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ P❆❯▲❖ ✭❯❙P✮

✷✵✷✵
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO
Reitor: Prof. Dr. Vahan Agopyan
Vice-Reitor: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Hernandes

FACULDADE DE ZOOTECNIA E ENGENHARIA DE ALIMENTOS

Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Pirassununga, SP
CEP 13.635-900
http://www.fzea.usp.br
Diretora: Profa. Dra. Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas
Vice-Diretor: Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação

Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da

Universidade de São Paulo

López Linares, Juan

L864g Geometria: soluções detalhadas para 20 problemas de
Olimpíadas Internacionais de Matemática / Juan López
Linares. –- Pirassununga: Faculdade de Zootecnia e
Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo,
2020.
82 p.

ISBN 978-65-87023-10-6 (e-book)

DOI: 10.11606/9786587023106

1. Olimpíadas Internacionais de Matemática. 2. Ensino

Médio. 3. Ensino universitário. 4. Geometria Plana
Euclidiana. 5. Problemas resolvidos. I. Título.

Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Girlei Aparecido de Lima, CRB-8/7113

Está autorizada a reprodução parcial ou total desta obra desde que citada a fonte. Proibido uso com fins comerciais.
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
 ❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●r❛③✐❡❧❧❡ ❋❡❧✐❝✐❛♥✐ ❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ✭❉▼✲❯❋❙❈❛r✮✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❡ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tá✲

r✐♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❆❧❡①②s ❇r✉♥♦ ❆❧❢♦♥s♦✱ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❇❛✉r✉✱ ❯◆❊❙P ✲

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ✏❏ú❧✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✑✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s

❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ s❡✉s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦

❞♦ ▲❆❚❊❳✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳

 ❆❯❚❖❘
❉r✳ ❏❯❆◆ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✳
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ✷ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❇ás✐❝❛s ✭❩❆❇✮ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦✲
t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭❋❩❊❆✮ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❯❙P✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♠✐♥✐str❛ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■■ ❡ ■❱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s ❡ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡✐♥❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❖❧í♠♣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡
♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s✳
●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❍❛✈❛♥❛✱ ❈✉❜❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✹ ❡ ✶✾✾✻✱
r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tér✐❛ ❈♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛
❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❆❜❞✉s ❙❛❧❛♠✱ ❡♠ ❚r✐❡st❡✱ ♥❛ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✼✲✶✾✾✽✳ ❊stá❣✐♦ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s✲
❝♦♣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ✭❈◆❘✮✱ ❇♦❧♦♥❤❛✱ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✲✶✾✾✾✳ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ✭❯❋❙❈❛r✮ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✾✲✷✵✵✶✳ Pós✲❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❛♥♦s ✭✷✵✵✷✲✷✵✵✺✮ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✲
✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s ✭❯♥✐❝❛♠♣✮✳ ▼❡str❡ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮ ♣❡❧❛ ❯❋❙❈❛r ❡♠ ✷✵✶✾✳
 ❚ít✉❧♦ ❈✉rt♦

❱✐♥t❡ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛

❚ít✉❧♦ ▲♦♥❣♦

●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❘❡s✉♠♦

❊st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡♠

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛
P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ❖ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✸✼ ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛
r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦
s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ✈í❞❡♦s ♥♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡
❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✱ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛
❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s✳ ❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✉s❛
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ✈ár✐❛s s❡çõ❡s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝❤❛✈❡s✳ ◆♦ss❛
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ s❡r ❧✐❞♦ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r
❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✭❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧❛✮ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s
❢❛s❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊s♣❡r❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡
❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ q✉❡ s❡
❛✈❡♥t✉r❛♠ ❡♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ✉s❛♠ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦s ❡
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳

P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❈❤❛✈❡s✿ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱

❊♥s✐♥♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✱ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❘❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s
 ❙❤♦rt ❚✐t❧❡

❚✇❡♥t② ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s

▲♦♥❣ ❚✐t❧❡

●❡♦♠❡tr②✿ ❉❡t❛✐❧❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧

❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ♣r♦❥❡❝t t♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥

▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❖❧②♠♣✐❝s✳ ✷✵ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳
❚❤❡ t❡①t ❤❛s ✸✼ ♣✐❝t✉r❡s t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❡❛s② t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡
❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✇❡❜s✐t❡
❛♥❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s ♦♥ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr②✱ Pt♦❧❡♠②✬s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ❛♥❞ ■♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②✱
P♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t ❛♥❞ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❆①✐s✱ ❈♦♥❣r✉❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s ❛♥❞
❛r❡❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❡❛❝❤ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✉s❡s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦
♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ■♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ s❡❝t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ✜rst ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❦❡② ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❖✉r ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛✐♠s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝❛♥
❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❜❡ r❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜② P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ✭❛♥❞ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❙♣❛♥✐s❤✮ st✉❞❡♥ts ✇❤♦
❛r❡ ♣r❡♣❛r✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ st❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❝s✳ ❲❡
❛❧s♦ ❤♦♣❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✇❤♦ ✈❡♥t✉r❡ ✐♥t♦
♠♦r❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ t♦♣✐❝s✳ ■♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ t❤♦s❡
♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❡①t ✉s❡ ❧❡ss ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢
tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✱ ❍✐❣❤ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❙♦❧✈❡❞
❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✾
✶✳✶ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✶✹
✷✳✶ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✹ P✷ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✷✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❙♦♠❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛s✳ ❙▲ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✺ P✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✸ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ P♦♥t♦s ♥❛ ❙❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❙▲ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✺

P✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✹ ❈♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ ❙❡♥♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ✲ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ✲ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✲ P✶

◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✸ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✷✼

✸✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸✳✶✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸✳✶✳✷ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✸✳✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✱ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③✱ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❊q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✺ P✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✸ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛✳

■▼❖ ✶✾✾✼ ❙▲ P✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✹ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❙▲ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✵ P✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✸✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧ ✸✽
✹✳✶ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ◗✉❛❞rát✐❝❛✳ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✶ P✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✷ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❈✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✹ P✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✸ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✳ P✺ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✺ ❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✹✽

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s❡❝❛♥t❡s✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✾ P✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✷ P❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r✱ r❛③ã♦ á✉r❡❛ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✳ P✸ ◆✳❊✳ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✸ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛✱ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖
✷✵✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✹ P♦♥t♦s ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✷ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✺ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✹ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✻ ❖✉tr♦s ✻✵
✻✳✶ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✷ ◆✳❊✳ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻✳✷ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✸ P✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✻✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✻✳✸ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①❝ê♥tr✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✽ P✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✻✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✻✳✹ ❘❡✢❡①ã♦✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✱ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦✳ P✹ ◆✳■✳ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✺ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦✱ tr❛♣é③✐♦✳ P✷ ◆✳❊✳ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✼ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✼✼
 ✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❊st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s
■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ◆♦ss❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s sã♦ ❬✶❪✱ ❬✷❪✱ ❬✸❪✱ ❬✹❪ ❡ ❬✺❪✳
◆❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ❖
t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✸✼ ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ♥♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳
❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧❛✳ ❊s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛ss✉♥t♦s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡t❡♥sã♦
❞❡ ❡s❣♦t❛r ♦ t❡♠❛✳ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❝❛❞❛ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ✉s❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ✈ár✐❛s s❡çõ❡s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝❤❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ út❡✐s ❡ ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦s❛s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❢ór✉♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✜❝❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡♠
s✉♣♦r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s t❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❡ss❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✳
◆♦ss❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ s❡r ❧✐❞♦ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s
❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✭❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧❛✮ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s
♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊s♣❡r❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛♠ ❡♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠
♦✉tr❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ✉s❛♠ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦s ❡
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✵

✶✳✶ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❙❡❥❛ △ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ D ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB t❛❧
q✉❡ CD é ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ AD ❡ BD s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱

r !
    Ĉ
sen  sen B̂ ≤ sen .
2

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ A = (1, 0) ❡ Mi ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦✲

♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O = (0, 0)✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ❛r❝♦s AM1 = θ1 ✱ AM2 = θ2 ✱ AM3 = θ3 ✱· · · ✱
AMν = θν ✱ t❛✐s q✉❡ θ1 < θ2 < θ3 < · · · < θν ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

ν−1 ν−1 ν−1

X X π X
sen (2θi ) − sen (θi − θi+1 ) < + sen (θi + θi+1 ) .
i=1 i=1
2 i=1

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r 1975 ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ 1 ❞❡ t❛❧

❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ✭♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦r❞❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛✮ s❡❥❛
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❄
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ A ❞❡ 60◦ ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ E ❡
F ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ♣♦r B ❡ C ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

3
CE − BF = (AC − AB).
2

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳ ABCDEF ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ AB = BC = CD✱ DE =

❙❡❥❛
EF = F A ❡ ∠BCD = ∠EF A = π/3 ✭✐st♦ é✱ 60◦ ✮✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ G ❡ H ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r
❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦✱ t❛✐s q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s AGB ❡ DHE sã♦ ❛♠❜♦s 2π/3 ✭✐st♦ é✱ 120◦ ✮✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
AG + GB + GH + DH + HE ≥ CF ✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABCDEF ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ AB = BC ✱ CD = DE ✱

EF = F A✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
BC DE F A 3
+ + ≥ .
BE DA F C 2
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡❄
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳ ❙❡❥❛ A1 A2 ...An ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ n ≥ 4✳ Pr♦✈❡ q✉❡ A1 A2 ...An é
✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ Aj ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠
♣❛r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s (bj , cj )✱ j = 1, 2, ...n✱ t❛❧ q✉❡

Ai Aj = bj ci − bi cj

♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i, j ❝♦♠ 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ❉✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦s r1 ❡ r2 ✱ sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✶

❯♠❛ r❡t❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ três s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ r1 ❡ r2 ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ❯♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s l1 ❡ l2 ✳ ❯♠❛
s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w1 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ l1 ❡♠ A
w ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ C ✳ ❯♠❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛
❡ ❛
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w2 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ l2 ❡♠ B ✱ ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ w ❡♠ D ❡ ❛ w1 ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ E ✳ ❖s
s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AD ❡ BC s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ Q é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
CDE ✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ∠BCA = 90 ✱ ❡ s❡❥❛ C0 ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛
◦

r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ C ✳ ❙❡❥❛ X ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CD ✳ ❙❡❥❛ K ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AX

t❛❧ q✉❡ BK = BC ✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛ L ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BX t❛❧ q✉❡ AL = AC ✳ ❙❡❥❛
M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AL ❝♦♠ BK ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ M K = M L✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s❡❝❛♥t❡s✳ ❙❡❥❛ A ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥✲

t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❉♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
❖s ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛té ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A ♥♦✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦ ❡
♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❤♦rár✐♦✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛
♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❛♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r ABCDE ✱ ❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡♠ C ❛ CD ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛
AB ❡♠ F✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
AE + AF = BE.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ I✱ t♦❝❛ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ BC ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦
D✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛DI ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ AC ❡♠ X ✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ X ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✭❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ AC ✮
✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ AB ❡♠ Y ✳ ❙❡ Y I ❡ BC s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Z ✱ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ AB = BZ ✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ABCD ❡ P QRD t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛

ár❡❛ ❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ N ✱ M ❡ T ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s QR✱
P C ❡ AB ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ N ✱ M ❡ T sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ◆♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

∠DAC = ∠CAB = 60◦

❡AB = BD − AC ✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s AB ❡ CD s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠ADB =

2∠BEC ✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ✭❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ t❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐✲
♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✷✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳ ❯♠ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ t❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♠✐♥❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ár❡❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ❖ r❛✐♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❖ s♦❧❞❛❞♦
❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt♦ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ❞❡✈❡
s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❛ q✉❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❝❤❡❝❛❞❛✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ❙❡❥❛Γ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s D ❡ E
❡stã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ AC ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ AD = AE ✳ ❆s ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s
❞❡ BD ❡ CE ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s AB ❡ AC ❞❡ Γ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s F ❡ G✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s r❡t❛s DE ❡ F G sã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✭♦✉ sã♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡t❛✮✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ABC (AB = AC)✱ s❡❥❛ l ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛ BC

q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r A✳ ❙❡❥❛ D ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ l✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ E ✱ F ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s
❛ BD ✱ CD q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r A✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ q✉❡ P ✱ Q sã♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ E ✱ F
s♦❜r❡ l✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
AP + AQ ≤ AB.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳ ❖ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 ❡stá ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦

❝♦♥✈❡①♦ B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ A1 A2 k B1 B2 ✱ A2 A3 k B2 B3 ✱✳✳✳✱ A6 A1 k B6 B1 ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s A1 B2 A3 B4 A5 B6 ❡ B1 A2 B3 A4 B5 A6 sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ✭❯♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦
s✐♠♣❧❡s é ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❡❧❡ ♠❡s♠♦✳✮

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
 ✶✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛

❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭❡♠ ❣r❡❣♦ ✏ τρίγωνο✑ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♠❛✐s ✏ μέτρο✑ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✮ ♥❛s❝❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦

tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❙❡♥♦ ✭❈♦ss❡♥♦✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝❛t❡t♦ ♦♣♦st♦

✭❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡✮ ❛♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛✳ ❆ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r

tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦ ✭tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✮✳ ■st♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s

❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥♦ ❡ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ❬✻❪✳

✷✳✶ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦

❛r❜✐trár✐♦✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✹ P✷

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❙❡❥❛ △ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ D ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB t❛❧ q✉❡

CD é ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ AD ❡ BD s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱

r !
    Ĉ
sen  sen B̂ ≤ sen .
2

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✹ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊r❢♦rt❡✱ ♥❛ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐

♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛tt✐ ▲❡❤t✐♥❡♥ ❞❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋✐♥❧â♥❞✐❛ ❬✽❪✳

✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ △ABC é r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ C ✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠
❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s D ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛✿ D1 = H ❡stá ♥♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡

C ❡ D2 = O ❡stá ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AB ✳ ◆♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛s♦s ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

CD2
= 1. ✭✷✳✶✳✶✮
AD · BD

❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ CD é ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ AD ❡ BD✳ P❛r❛ D1 ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✮

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✶✺

é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡
❝♦♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡t♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ❝❛t❡t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ❬✾❪✳ P❛r❛
D2 ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ CO = AO = BO✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ à ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ♠❡❞❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❡st❛ ❬✶✵❪✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✶✿ ❊♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s D ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛✿
D1 = H ❡stá ♥♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ C ❡ D2 = O ❡stá ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦
s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AB ✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ O é ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ s❡♠✐❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞♦✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳

❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠

♣♦♥t♦ D∗ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ✭♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡tâ♥✲
❣✉❧♦✮✳ ◆♦ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡ ✐r❡♠♦s ♥♦s r❡❢❡r✐r à ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✷✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✶✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✷✿ ❊♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Dp= D∗ q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③ q✉❡ CD ∗

é ❛ ♠é❞✐❛
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ AD ❡ BD ❡①✐st❡ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ sen (α) sen (β) ≤ sen 2 ✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦
γ
∗ ∗

✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✶❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D

♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ABC ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ❡ ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦

CD2
f (D) = . ✭✷✳✶✳✷✮
AD · BD

❙❡❥❛♠ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s  = α✱ B̂ = β ✱ Ĉ = γ ✱ ACD

ˆ = γ1 ❡ BCD
ˆ = γ2 ✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ γ = γ1 + γ2 ✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s s❡♥♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DCA ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s✿

CD AD
= ,
sen (α) sen (γ1 )

CD sen (α)
= . ✭✷✳✶✳✸✮
AD sen (γ1 )
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s s❡♥♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DCB ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s✿

CD BD
= ,
sen (β) sen (γ2 )

CD sen (β)
= . ✭✷✳✶✳✹✮
BD sen (γ2 )

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✶✼

❈♦♠ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✷✳✶✳✸✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✶✳✹✮ r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ✭✷✳✶✳✷✮ ❝♦♠♦✿

sen (α) sen (β)

f (D) = . ✭✷✳✶✳✺✮
sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 )

▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ABC ♠✉❞❛rã♦ γ1 ❡ γ2 ❡

❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ f (D)✳
◗✉❡r❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✲
❞✐çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D∗ q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③ f (D∗ ) = 1✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ✈❛♠♦s
♣r♦❝✉r❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡ sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) ❝♦♠ sen (γ)✳
❈♦♥✈é♠ ♥❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦✈❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
❡♠ ❬✶✷❪ ❡ ❬✶✸❪✿
cos (γ1 − γ2 ) = cos (γ1 ) cos (γ2 ) + sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) , ✭✷✳✶✳✻✮
cos (γ1 + γ2 ) = cos (γ1 ) cos (γ2 ) − sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) . ✭✷✳✶✳✼✮
❘❡st❛♥❞♦ ✭✷✳✶✳✼✮ ❞❡ ✭✷✳✶✳✻✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡

1
sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) = [cos (γ1 − γ2 ) − cos (γ1 + γ2 )] ,
2
1
sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) =
[cos (γ1 − γ2 ) − cos (γ)] .
2
❈♦♠♦ cos (γ1 − γ2 ) ≤ 1✱ ✈❛❧❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ γ1 = γ2 = γ2 ✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

1
sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) ≤ [1 − cos (γ)] . ✭✷✳✶✳✽✮
2

P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✭✷✳✶✳✼✮ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r

γ γ γ  γ  γ  γ 
cos + = cos cos − sen sen ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 γ 2 γ
   
cos (γ) = cos − sen ,
2 2
γ 
cos (γ) = 1 − 2sen2 ,
2
1 2 γ
 
[1 − cos (γ)] = sen . ✭✷✳✶✳✾✮
2 2
❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✷✳✶✳✾✮ ❡♠ ✭✷✳✶✳✽✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s
γ 
sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) ≤ sen2 . ✭✷✳✶✳✶✵✮
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✶✽

❆❣♦r❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✵✮ ❡♠ ✭✷✳✶✳✺✮ ❝❤❡❣❛♠♦s ❛

sen (α) sen (β) sen (α) sen (β)

f (D) = ≥
.
sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) sen2 γ2

■st♦ é✱ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ f ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r

sen (α) sen (β)

.
sen2 γ2

P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ sen (γ1 ) sen (γ2 ) t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ③❡r♦ ♣♦r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
D t❡♥❞❡ ❛♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A ✭B ✮✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ f é ✐❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱
✈❛❧❡ q✉❡
sen (α) sen (β)
≤ f (D) < ∞.
sen2 γ2

❈♦♠♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r f (D∗ ) = 1 ❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
✐st♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡
sen (α) sen (β)
≤ 1,
sen2 γ2


γ 
✭✷✳✶✳✶✶✮
p
sen (α) sen (β) ≤ sen .
2
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✷ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦✉tr❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❙❡❥❛ E ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❛
s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ CD ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c✱ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ △ABC ✳ ❊
s❡❥❛ b ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ C ÔE ✳
P❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❈♦r❞❛s ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❞❛ r❡t❛
s❡❝❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❬✶✹❪✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
c s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦r❞❛s AB ❡ CE t❡♠♦s✿

AD · BD = CD · ED.

❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ AD∗ ·BD∗ = (CD∗ )2 ✱
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ ED∗ = CD∗ ✳ ■st♦ é✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ CD é ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ AD ❡ BD t❡♠♦s
q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ED ❡ CD sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D∗ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ três r❡t❛s✿ AB ✱ CE ❡ ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ b✳ ❊st❛
ú❧t✐♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❬✶✶❪ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r
❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s D∗ ✭✉♠ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡ A ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡ B ✱ ♥❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ γ1 ❡ γ2 ✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ é 180◦ ❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s γ = 180◦ − α − β
❡♠ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✶✮✿  
α+β
sen (α) sen (β) ≤ sen2 90◦ − ,
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✶✾

 
2 α+β
sen (α) sen (β) ≤ cos . ✭✷✳✶✳✶✷✮
2
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✷✮✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✸✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✷✮✳ ❖s ❡✐①♦s ❞❛s ❛❜s❝✐ss❛s
❡ ❞❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s α ❡ β ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ ❝✉r✈❛ ✏❯♠❛❙♦❧✉çã♦✑✱ ❡♠
✈❡r❞❡✱ s❡❣✉❡ ❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✷✮✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s D q✉❡
∗

s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡t❛ f✱ h
❡ i✱ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧✱ é ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ α = β✱ β = γ ❡ α = γ✱
r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈❛❞❛
π
♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡t❛ g ✱ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✱ é ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ α + β = ✳
2

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❖s ❡✐①♦s ❞❛s ❛❜s❝✐ss❛s ❡ ❞❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s α ❡ β ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D q✉❡
∗
❆ ❝✉r✈❛ ✏❯♠❛❙♦❧✉çã♦✑✱ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡✱ s❡❣✉❡ ❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✷✳✶✳✶✷✮✳
γ
s❛t✐s❢❛③ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ γ1 = γ2 =
2
✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛

♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ γ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s D q✉❡
∗

s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡t❛ f✱ h
❡ i✱ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧✱ é ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ α = β✱ β = γ ❡ α = γ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈❛❞❛
π
♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡t❛ g✱ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✱ é ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ α+β = 2
✳

❆❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ g s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦❜t✉sâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ♦s ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦

E ✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❡stá ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s f ✱ g ❡ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ✏❯♠❛❙♦❧✉çã♦✑✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✵

✷✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❙♦♠❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛s✳ ❙▲ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✺ P✶✷

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ A = (1, 0) ❡ Mi ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦

❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O = (0, 0)✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ❛r❝♦s AM1 = θ1 ✱ AM2 = θ2 ✱ AM3 = θ3 ✱· · · ✱ AMν = θν ✱

t❛✐s q✉❡ θ1 < θ2 < θ3 < · · · < θν ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

ν−1 ν−1 ν−1

X X π X
sen (2θi ) − sen (θi − θi+1 ) < + sen (θi + θi+1 ) . ✭✷✳✷✳✶✮
i=1 i=1
2 i=1

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✺ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇✉r❣❛s✱ ❇✉❧❣ár✐❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ●ré❝✐❛ ❬✽❪✳

✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳

■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛♠♦s r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✭✷✳✷✳✶✮ ❝♦♠♦

ν−1 ν−1 ν−1

X X X π
sen (2θi ) − sen (θi − θi+1 ) − sen (θi + θi+1 ) < ,
i=1 i=1 i=1
2

ν−1
X π
[sen (2θi ) − sen (θi − θi+1 ) − sen (θi + θi+1 )] < . ✭✷✳✷✳✷✮
i=1
2

❈♦♥✈é♠ ♥❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦✈❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
❡♠ ❬✶✷❪ ❡ ❬✶✸❪✿
sen (θ + β) = sen (θ) cos (β) + sen (β) cos (α) , ✭✷✳✷✳✸✮

sen (θ − β) = sen (θ) cos (β) − sen (β) cos (α) . ✭✷✳✷✳✹✮

◗✉❛♥❞♦ θ=β ❡♠ ✭✷✳✷✳✸✮ t❡♠♦s

sen (2θ) = 2sen (θ) cos (θ) ✭✷✳✷✳✺✮

❡ s♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✭✷✳✷✳✸✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✷✳✹✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

sen (θ + β) + sen (θ − β) = 2sen (θ) cos (β) . ✭✷✳✷✳✻✮

❯s❛♥❞♦ ✭✷✳✷✳✺✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✷✳✻✮ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❡♠ ✭✷✳✷✳✷✮✿

sen (2θi ) − sen (θi − θi+1 ) − sen (θi + θi+1 ) = 2sen (θi ) cos (θi ) − 2sen (θi ) cos (θi+1 ) ,

sen (2θi ) − sen (θi − θi+1 ) − sen (θi + θi+1 ) = 2sen (θi ) [cos (θi ) − cos (θi+1 )] .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✶

❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ✭✷✳✷✳✷✮ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠

ν−1
X π
sen (θi ) [cos (θi ) − cos (θi+1 )] < ,
i=1
4

π
sen (θ1 ) [cos (θ1 ) − cos (θ2 )] + · · · + sen (θν−1 ) [cos (θν−1 ) − cos (θv )] < . ✭✷✳✷✳✼✮
4
❊①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛
sen (θi ) [cos (θi ) − cos (θi+1 )]✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦✲
♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ✭r❛✐♦❂✶✮ ❡ três ♣♦♥t♦s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ Mi ✱ Mi+1 ❡ Mi+2 ✳
▲❡♠❜r❛♠♦s q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡✱ t❡♠♦s θi < θi+1 < θi+2 ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✶✿ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛
sen (θi ) [cos (θi ) − cos (θi+1 )]✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✺❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s C ✱ E ❡ H ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ x ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r Mi ✱ Mi+1 ❡

Mi+2 ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s D✱ F ❡ I ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ y ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦
♣♦r Mi ✱ Mi+1 ❡ Mi+2 ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ G ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s DMi ❡ EMi+1
❡ s❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ J ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s F Mi+1 ❡ HMi+2 ✳
◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s Mi sã♦ (cos (θi ) , sen (θi )) ❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s EC ✱ HE ✱
Mi C ❡ Mi+1 E t❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s cos (θi ) − cos (θi+1 )✱ cos (θi+1 ) − cos (θi+2 )✱ sen (θi ) ❡ sen (θi+1 )✱
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s Mi GEC ❡ Mi+1 JHE sã♦ sen (θi ) (cos (θi ) − cos (θi+1 ))
❡ sen (θi+1 ) (cos (θi+1 ) − cos (θi+2 ))✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s
✈✐③✐♥❤♦s é ③❡r♦✱ ❛s s♦♠❛s ❞❛s s✉❛s ár❡❛s é s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ 41 ❞❡ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦✱ π4 ✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✷

■st♦ é✱ ✈❛❧❡ ✭✷✳✷✳✼✮ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✭✷✳✷✳✶✮✳

✷✳✸ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ P♦♥t♦s ♥❛ ❙❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦✲

♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❙▲ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✺ P✶✺

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r 1975 ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ 1 ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡
❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ✭♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦r❞❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛✮ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦
r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❄

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✺ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇✉r❣❛s✱ ❇✉❧❣ár✐❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❙♦✈✐ét✐❝❛ ❬✽❪✳

✷✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s Ai ❡ Aj ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ 1 ❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛

❡♠ O = (0, 0)✳ ❖ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BA1 r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ∠Ai OA1 = αi ❡
∠Aj OA1 = αj ✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ α j > αi ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✶✿ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ♥❛ s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr✐❣♦✲
♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ 1✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶ ✭❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✮✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s Ai ❡

Aj ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦
 
αj − αi
d (Ai , Aj ) = 2sen . ✭✷✳✸✳✶✮
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✸

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ sã♦ Ai = (cos (αi ) , sen (αi ))
❡ Aj = (cos (αj ) , sen (αj ))✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ s❡rá

q
d (Ai , Aj ) = [cos (αj ) − cos (αi )]2 + [sen (αj ) − sen (αi )]2 .

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ cos2 (x)+

sen2 (x) = 1✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

√ q
d (Ai , Aj ) = 2 1 − cos (αj ) cos (αi ) − sen (αj ) sen (αi ). ✭✷✳✸✳✷✮

◆♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦

❞❡ ❝♦ss❡♥♦s ❡ s❡♥♦s ❡♠ s♦♠❛s✿

cos (x − y) + cos (x + y)
cos (x) cos (y) = ,
2

cos (x − y) − cos (x + y)
sen (x) sen (y) = .
2
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ✭✷✳✸✳✷✮ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠

√ q
d (Ai , Aj ) = 2 1 − cos (αj − αi ).

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞✉♣❧♦✱ cos (2x) = cos2 (x) − sen2 (x)✱ ❡♥❝♦♥✲
tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ 2
cos (2x) = 2 cos (x) − 1 ❡ cos (x) = 2 cos2 ( x2 ) − 1✳
❚r♦❝❛♥❞♦ x ♣♦r αj − αi ♥❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

s
√
 
αj − αi
d (Ai , Aj ) = 2 2− 2 cos2 .
2

❯s❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧

s    
αj − αi αj − αi
d (Ai , Aj ) = 2 sen2 = 2 | sen |.
2 2

αj −αi αj −αi
αj −αi

❈♦♠♦ 0< 2
≤ 90◦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ sen 2
≥0 ❡ d (Ai , Aj ) = 2sen 2
✳

✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳

❆ss✉♠✐r q✉❡ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡stá ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ O = (0, 0) ❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s A1 , A2 , ..., A1975
sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ❉❡♥♦t❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♣♦r ∠Ai OA1 = αi ❝♦♠
1 ≤ i ≤ 1975✱ α1 = 0 ❡ α i < αj ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i < j✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✹

❉❡ ✭✷✳✸✳✶✮ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ Ai Aj é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ d (Ai , Aj ) = 2sen αj −α ✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛

i


2
♦ s❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ sen(x − y) = sen (x) cos (y) − sen (y) cos (x) ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r
α  α  α  α 
d (Ai , Aj ) = 2sen
j
cos
i
− 2sen
i
cos
j
. ✭✷✳✸✳✸✮
2 2 2 2

❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡ sen α2i ❡ cos α2i sã♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ 1 ≤

i ≤ 1975✳
❱❛♠♦s ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✉❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s

2 tan (x)
sen(2x) = ,
tan2 (x) + 1

1 − tan2 (x)
cos(2x) = .
tan2 (x) + 1
◆♦t❛♠♦s ❛❣♦r❛ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❉❛❞♦ t ∈ Q ❡①✐st❡
x ∈ R t❛❧ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ✈á❧✐❞❛s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r

2t
sen(x) = ,
t2 +1

1 − t2
cos(x) = 2 ,
t +1
♣♦✐s −1 ≤ 2t
t2 +1
≤ 1 ❡ −1 ≤ 1−t2
t2 +1
≤ 1✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡
2 2
1 − t2
 
2t
+ = 1.
t +1
2 t2 + 1

▲♦❣♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ t r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡ tã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s q✉❛♥t♦ s❡ q✉❡✐r❛✱
♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s sen (x) ❡ cos (x) sã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣♦r ✭✷✳✸✳✸✮ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
Ai ❡ Aj s❡rá ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

✷✳✹ ❈♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ ❙❡♥♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ✲ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ✲

❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✲ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ A ❞❡ 60◦ ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ E ❡ F ♦s

♣és ❞❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ♣♦r B ❡ C ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

3
CE − BF = (AC − AB). ✭✷✳✹✳✶✮
2

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 4 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✺

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2017 ❬✶✻❪✳

✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✶✿ P❛ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❱❡rsã♦
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✼❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♥ã♦ é ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r
♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❜❛st❛r✐❛ t❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❡s❜♦ç♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠♦s ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣❛r❛
❧❡♠❜r❛r ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ❬✶✽❪ ❡ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❬✶✾❪✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛♠♦s ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BC ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ✉♠
â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ 60◦ ❝♦♠ BC ✉♠ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❧❛❞♦s✱ ✈ért✐❝❡ C ❡ ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ g ✱ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞✐r❡✐t♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛ r❡t❛ i✱ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ g ❡ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r C ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ m ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
B ❡ C ✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ m ❡ g ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ O✱ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
B ❡ C ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛✮✳ ❚❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ tr❛ç❛♠♦s ❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s l ❡ n ❛♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦
BC ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r B ❡ C ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ l ❡ n ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠
♦s ♣♦♥t♦s D ❡ G✳ P❛r❛ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC s❡r ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r ✭❡①tr❡♠♦s

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✷✻

❡①❝❧✉í❞♦s✮ ❛♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r c ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ O ❡ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r D

G ✭❝✉r✈❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❡♠
❡
✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ B ♦✉ C
s❡r✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ 90◦ ✳
1
▲❡♠❜r❛♠♦s q✉❡ cos 60◦ = 2 ✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ AEB ✭r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ E ✮ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r✿

AE 1
cos 60◦ = = . ✭✷✳✹✳✷✮
AB 2

❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ AF C ✭r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ F✮ ❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s✿

AF 1
cos 60◦ = = . ✭✷✳✹✳✸✮
AC 2

❆ s❡❣✉✐r tr♦❝❛♠♦s AE ♣♦r AC − CE ❡ AF ♣♦r AB − BF ❡♠ ✭✷✳✹✳✷✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✹✳✸✮✿

AC − CE 1
= ,
AB 2

AB − BF 1
= .
AC 2
❈♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ CE ❡ BF s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

1
CE = AC − AB,
2
1
BF = AB − AC.
2
❋❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉íss❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✭✷✳✹✳✶✮✳ ❯♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✵❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
 ✷✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉

❈❧á✉❞✐♦ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✭✽✺✲✶✻✺ ❞✳❈✳✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r✐❛✱ ❊❣✐t♦✮ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ✉♠ tr❛t❛❞♦ ✏❆❧♠❛❣❡st✑ ❞❡

tr❡③❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❣❡♦❝ê♥tr✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s✱ ❛ ▲✉❛ ❡ ♦ ❙♦❧✱

q✉❡ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡❝❡✉ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✹✵✵ ❛♥♦s✱ ❛té q✉❡ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✉s ❈♦♣❡r♥✐❝✉s r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❛ ❆str♦♥♦♠✐❛

❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤❡❧✐♦❝ê♥tr✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✶✺✹✸ ❬✷✶❪✳ ◆♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ■ ❞♦ ✏❆❧♠❛❣❡st✑ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ❡♥✉♥❝✐♦✉ s❡✉

t❡♦r❡♠❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛ ✭❛♥á❧♦❣❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

s❡♥♦ ❛t✉❛❧✮ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❣r❛❞♦ ❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛s❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❬✷✷❪✳ ❆ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞♦

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛

❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s✳

❖ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ s❡q✉❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉✲

❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ P♦ré♠✱ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s✳

✸✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉

✸✳✶✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉

❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳ ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ é ❞✐t♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s q✉❛tr♦ ✈ért✐❝❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛
♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✷ ✭❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ A1 A2 A3 A4 ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❛s

❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✶✮✳ ■st♦ é✱ ✈❛❧❡

A1 A3 · A2 A4 = A1 A4 · A2 A3 + A1 A2 · A3 A4 . ✭✸✳✶✳✶✮

❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✳ ❙❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✶✮ ✈❛❧❡r✱ ❡♥tã♦ A1 A2 A3 A4 é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧á✲

t❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✷✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✶✿ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ s❡r ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ♦

♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s ✭❡♠ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦✮ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞♦s
❧❛❞♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ✭❛③✉❧ ❡ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❉❡♠♦str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s q✉❡

A1 A2 A3 A4 é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ A1 A2 ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s A1 A4 A2 =
A1 A3 A2 = α ❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦r❞❛ A2 A3
♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s A2 A4 A3 = A2 A1 A3 = β ❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡ ✉♠
♣♦♥t♦ D ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ A1 A3 ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s A3 A2 A4 = A1 A2 D = γ
s❡❥❛♠ ✐❣✉❛✐s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✷✮✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✷✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✷✿ ❉❡♠♦str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ D

♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ A1 A3 ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s A3 A2 A4 = A1 A2 D = γ s❡❥❛♠ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s A1 A2 D ❡ A4 A2 A3 sã♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

A1 A2 A1 D A2 D
= = . ✭✸✳✶✳✷✮
A4 A2 A4 A3 A2 A3

❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s A3 A2 D ❡ A4 A2 A1 sã♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦s

â♥❣✉❧♦s A1 A2 A4 = A3 A2 D sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ DA2 A4 é ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

A3 A2 A3 D A2 D
= = ✭✸✳✶✳✸✮
A4 A2 A4 A1 A2 A1

◆♦t❡ ❞❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✷✮ q✉❡ A1 A2 ·A3 A4 = A1 D·A2 A4 ❡ ❞❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✸✮ t❡♠♦s A1 A4 ·A2 A3 = A3 D·A2 A4 ✳

❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s

A1 A4 · A2 A3 + A1 A2 · A3 A4 = A3 D · A2 A4 + A1 D · A2 A4

A1 A4 · A2 A3 + A1 A2 · A3 A4 = (A3 D + A1 D) · A2 A4

▼❛s A3 D + A1 D = A1 A3 ✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r✳

✸✳✶✳✷ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉

❆ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✵

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✸ ✭❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✮✳ ❙❡ ABCD é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ✭♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛✲

r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✮ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s é ♠❡♥♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s
♦♣♦st♦s✳ ■st♦ é✱ ✈❛❧❡
AC · BD ≤ AB · CD + BC · AD. ✭✸✳✶✳✹✮

❖❝♦rr❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ABCD é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡

Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✸ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦✲

♠❡✉✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ ABCD é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ✭♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s

AC ❡ BD✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ∠ADC s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❝♦♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❡♠ B ✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
♣❛ss♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ △ABE ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠AEB =
∠ACD✳
P♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠ACD = ∠AEB ❡ ∠ADC = ∠ABE ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♣♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦
s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △ACD ∼ △AEB ✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❣❛♥❤❛♠♦s ❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s

AE AB EB
= = . ✭✸✳✶✳✺✮
AC AD CD

❉❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

AB · CD
EB = . ✭✸✳✶✳✻✮
AD

P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠BAD = ∠EAC ✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✶

✭✸✳✶✳✺✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

AD AB
= . ✭✸✳✶✳✼✮
AC AE
P❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡
♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ △BAD ∼ △EAC ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠AEC = ∠ABD ❡ ∠ACE = ∠ADB ✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✼✮ ❣❛♥❤❛♠♦s ♦✉tr❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s

AD BD
= . ✭✸✳✶✳✽✮
AC EC

❉❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✽✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

AC · BD
EC = . ✭✸✳✶✳✾✮
AD
❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❢♦❝❛r❡♠♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ EBC ✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r t❡♠♦s

EC ≤ EB + BC. ✭✸✳✶✳✶✵✮

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✸✳✶✳✾✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✻✮ ❡♠ ✭✸✳✶✳✶✵✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

AC · BD AB · CD
≤ + BC. ✭✸✳✶✳✶✶✮
AD AD

▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✭✸✳✶✳✶✶✮ ♣♦r AD ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❡③ ❞❡ ✭✸✳✶✳✹✮✳

◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ABCD é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

∠CBA = 180◦ − ∠ADC = 180◦ − ∠ABE.

▲♦❣♦✱ ∠ABE +∠CBA = 180◦ . ■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ C ✱ B ❡ E sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❡ ✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡
✭❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✮ ❡♠ ✭✸✳✶✳✹✮✳

❖✉tr❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠

❬✷✹❪✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✺❪✳

✸✳✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✱ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③✱ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❊q✉✐❧á✲

t❡r♦✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✺ P✺

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABCDEF ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ AB = BC = CD✱ DE = EF = F A

❡ ∠BCD = ∠EF A = π/3 ✭✐st♦ é✱ 60◦ ✮✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ G ❡ H ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦✱
t❛✐s q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s AGB ❡ DHE sã♦ ❛♠❜♦s 2π/3 ✭✐st♦ é✱ 120◦ ✮✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ AG + GB + GH +
DH + HE ≥ CF ✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✷

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✺ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚♦r♦♥t♦✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐

♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❆✳ ▼❝◆❛✉❣❤t♦♥ ❞❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ◆♦✈❛ ❩❡❧â♥❞✐❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ q✉✐♥t♦ ❞❛

❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✽❪✳

✸✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s BCD ❡EF A
sã♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ P❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ✏❡♥❝❛✐①❛r✑ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✭ABCD ✱

❡♠ ❛③✉❧✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ✭DEF A✱ ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ BE ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦s

♣♦♥t♦s A ❡ D✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABD ❡ AED sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ AD✳ P❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❛s

♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s G❡H ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ✭♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s

c ❡ f ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦✮ s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ DE ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛

❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬✷✻❪✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s BCD ❡ EF A sã♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s
♣❡❧❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABD ❡ AED sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ AD✳ P❛r❛
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s G ❡ H ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③ ✭♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s c ❡ f ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦✮ s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ DE ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✼❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s C′ ❡ F ′✱ s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ C ❡ F r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛

r❡t❛ BE ✱ CF = C F ✳
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡
′ ′

P❡❧❛ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ BE ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABC ❡ DEF sã♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉❡
′ ′

♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s BC A ❡ DF E ♠❡❞❡♠ 60 ✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s AGBC ❡ DHEF sã♦

′ ′ ◦ ′ ′
q✉❡

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✸

✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ✭∠AGB + ∠BC ′ ❆ = 180◦ ❡∠DHE + ∠EF ′ ❉ = 180◦ ✮✳

❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ AGBC ′ t❡♠♦s

AG · BC ′ + BG · AC ′ = GC ′ · AB,

AG + BG = GC ′ . ✭✸✳✷✳✶✮

❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ DHEF ′ t❡♠♦s

HE · DF ′ + HD · EF ′ = HF ′ · DE,

HE + HD = HF ′ . ✭✸✳✷✳✷✮

❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✭✸✳✷✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✷✳✷✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

AG + BG + HE + HD = GC ′ + HF ′ .

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ GH ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r t❡♠♦s

AG + BG + GH + HE + HD = GC ′ + GH + HF ′ . ✭✸✳✷✳✸✮

P❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s HGC ′ ❡ HC ′ F ′ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

(GC ′ + GH) + HF ′ ≥ HC ′ + HF ′ ≥ C ′ F ′ = CF. ✭✸✳✷✳✹✮

❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s G ❡ H ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ C ′F ′✳

❉❡ ✭✸✳✷✳✸✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✷✳✹✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ♦ q✉❡ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r

AG + BG + GH + HE + HD ≥ CF. ✭✸✳✷✳✺✮

P❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s AGB ❡ DHE
s❡r❡♠ 120 ◦
✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s AGBC ′
❡ DHEF ′
♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❝r✐✲
tí✈❡✐s ❡ ❛s ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✸✳✷✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✷✳✷✮ s❡rã♦ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s ♣♦r

AG + BG ≥ GC ′ ,

HE + HD ≥ HF ′ .

❘❡♣❡t✐♥❞♦ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❢❡✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✸✳✷✳✺✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛rá s❡♥❞♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✹

✸✳✸ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s

❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✼ ❙▲ P✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABCDEF ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ AB = BC ✱ CD = DE ✱ EF = F A✳

Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
BC DE F A 3
+ + ≥ .
BE DA F C 2
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡❄

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✼ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❛r ❞❡❧ P❧❛t❛✱ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛
❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥❛ ❑✐r✐❝❤❡♥❦♦ ❞❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✽❪✳

✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AC = a✱ CE = b ❡ AE = c✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❡stá
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ACEF ✿

AC · EF + F A · CE ≥ AE · F C.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✺

❈♦♠♦ F A = EF s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

FA c
≥ . ✭✸✳✸✳✶✮
FC a+b
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AEDC t❡♠♦s

AE · CD + AC · DE ≥ DA · CE.

▼❛s CD = DE ✱ ❧♦❣♦
DE b
≥ . ✭✸✳✸✳✷✮
DA a+c
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCE s❡❣✉❡

AB · CE + AE · BC ≥ AC · BE.

❈♦♠ AB = BC ✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s
BC a
≥ . ✭✸✳✸✳✸✮
BE b+c
❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✷✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✸✳✸✮ t❡♠♦s

BC DE F A a b c
+ + ≥ + + .
BE DA F C b+c a+c a+b

❈♦♠ ✐st♦ ❜❛st❛ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡

a b c 3
+ + ≥ . ✭✸✳✸✳✹✮
b+c a+c a+b 2

❙❡❥❛♠
x = b + c, ✭✸✳✸✳✺✮

y = a + c, ✭✸✳✸✳✻✮

z = a + b, ✭✸✳✸✳✼✮

p = a + b + c. ✭✸✳✸✳✽✮

❉❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r a✱ b ❡ c ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ x✱ y ✱ z ❡ p✿

a = p − x, ✭✸✳✸✳✾✮

b = p − y, ✭✸✳✸✳✶✵✮

c = p − z. ✭✸✳✸✳✶✶✮

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✻

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✸✳✸✳✺✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✻✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✼✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✾✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✵✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✶✮ ❡♠ ✭✸✳✸✳✹✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

 
1 1 1 3
p + + −3≥ ,
x y z 2

1 1 1 9
+ + ≥ . ✭✸✳✸✳✶✷✮
x y z 2p
❉❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ✭✸✳✸✳✺✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✻✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✼✮ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r 2p ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦

2p = x + y + z. ✭✸✳✸✳✶✸✮

❆❣♦r❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✸✮ ❡♠ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✷✮ ❡ r❡❛❣r✉♣❛♥❞♦ ❝❤❡❣❛♠♦s ❡♠

x+y+z 3
M.A. {x, y, z} = ≥ 1 1 1 = M.H. {x, y, z} . ✭✸✳✸✳✶✹✮
3 x
+ y
+ z

❊♠ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✹✮ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✮ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ❤❛r♠ô✲

♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s {x, y, z}✳
❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✮✱ ✭✸✳✸✳✷✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✸✳✸✮ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✱ q✉❛♥❞♦
♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ACEF ✱ AEDC ❡ ABCE sã♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✳ ❉❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✸✳✸✳✹✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
a = b = c✱ ✐st♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ q✉❡ x = y = z ✭✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦
❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ é r❡❣✉❧❛r✳

✸✳✹ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❙▲ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✵

P✹

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳ ❙❡❥❛ A1 A2 ...An ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ n ≥ 4✳ Pr♦✈❡ q✉❡ A1 A2 ...An é ✐♥s❝r✐✲
tí✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ Aj ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡

♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s (bj , cj )✱ j = 1, 2, ...n✱ t❛❧ q✉❡

Ai Aj = bj ci − bi cj ✭✸✳✹✳✶✮

♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i, j ❝♦♠ 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✵ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚❛❡❥♦♥✱ ❈♦r❡✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❬✼❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛
❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✽❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❚❊❖❘❊▼❆ ❊ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ P❚❖▲❖▼❊❯ ✸✼

✸✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ s✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ Aj ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s
(bj , cj )✱ j = 1, 2, ...n✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ Ai Aj = bj ci − bi cj ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i, j ❝♦♠ 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n✳
P❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ A1 A2 ...An é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ❜❛st❛ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s
A1 A2 A3 Ai ❝♦♠ 4 ≤ i ≤ n sã♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✳ ❖✉ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ q✉❡

A1 A3 · A2 Ai = A1 Ai · A2 A3 + A1 A2 · A3 Ai ✭✸✳✹✳✷✮

◆♦t❡ ❞❡ ✭✸✳✹✳✶✮ q✉❡

A1 A3 = b3 c1 − b1 c3

A2 Ai = b1 c2 − b2 ci

A1 Ai = bi c1 − b1 ci

A2 A3 = b3 c2 − b2 c3

A1 A2 = b2 c1 − b1 c2

A3 Ai = b1 c3 − b3 ci .

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ✻ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡♠ ✭✸✳✹✳✷✮

(b3 c1 − b1 c3 ) · (b1 c2 − b2 ci ) = (bi c1 − b1 ci ) · (b3 c2 ❂b2 c3 ) + (b2 c1 ❂b1 c2 ) · (b1 c3 ❂b3 ci )

✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ s✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s q✉❡ A1 A2 ...An s❡❥❛ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s A1 A2 Ai Aj
❝♦♠ 3 ≤ i < j ≤ n sã♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✳ P❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

A1 Ai · A2 Aj = A1 Aj · A2 Ai + A1 A2 · Ai Aj ✭✸✳✹✳✸✮

❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
A1 Ai A1 Aj
Ai Aj = · A2 Aj − · A2 Ai ✭✸✳✹✳✹✮
A1 A2 A1 A2
◆❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❢❛ç❛ ci = A1 Ai
A1 A2
∀i✱ bi = A2 Ai ∀i ≥ 2 ❡ b1 = −A1 A2 ✳

Ai Aj = ci · bj − cj · bi ✭✸✳✹✳✺✮

■ss♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i, j ❝♦♠ 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
 ✸✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠❛

❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧

✹✳✶ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ◗✉❛❞rát✐❝❛✳ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✶ P✹

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ❉✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦s r1 ❡ r2 ✱ sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s✳ ❯♠❛

r❡t❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ três s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧

♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ r1 ❡ r2 ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s

q✉❛✐s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✶ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛t✐s❧❛✈❛ ❡ ❩✐❧✐♥❛✱ ♥❛ ❊s❧♦✈áq✉✐❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ❬✽❪✳

✹✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡✳ ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r❡♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ ✉♠

s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ♦ ❡✐①♦ x ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ y ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ✭♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ x✮ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛✱ O✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s Γ1 ✭❛③✉❧✮ ❡ Γ2 ✭✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ O1 ❡ O2 ✱ t❡♠
r❛✐♦s r1 ❡ r2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✸✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠
A ✭❛③✉❧✮ ❡ B ✭✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✮ t❡♠ r❛✐♦s r1 ❡ r2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ p ❛ r❡t❛ ✭✈❡r❞❡✮ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çã♦

y = ax + b, ✭✹✳✶✳✶✮

❝♦♠ a ❡ b ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛ ❛ Γ1 ❡♠ E ❡ F ❡ ❛ Γ2 ❡♠ H ❡

I ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ G é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ p ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ y ✳
P♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s EF = F H = HI = d✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s A = (xA , 0)✱ B = (xB , 0)✱ C =
(xC , 0) ❡ D = (xD , 0) sã♦ ❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s E ✱ F ✱ H ❡ I s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ x✱
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ ♣❡❧♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❧❡s q✉❡

AB = BC = CD = xB − xA = xC − xB = xD − xA = dx .

❖ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ s❡ t♦❝❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡
❡ é ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ q✉❡ ✉♥❡ ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦ ❡✐①♦ y ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ é ♦
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ Γ1 ❡ Γ2 ✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
G ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r
GE · GF = GI · GH.

❙❡❥❛♠ u = GF ❡ v = GH s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

(d + u) · u = (d + v) · v,

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✵

u + v = d.

❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ q✉❡

d
u=v= .
2

❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ GE = 3GF ❡ GI = 3GH ✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛

❞❡ ❚❛❧❡s t❡♠♦s q✉❡ OA = 3OB ❡ OD = 3OC ♦✉

xA = 3xB , ✭✹✳✶✳✷✮

xD = 3xC . ✭✹✳✶✳✸✮

P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛s ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ1 é

(x + r1 )2 + y 2 = r12 ,

x2 + y 2 + 2xr1 = 0. ✭✹✳✶✳✹✮

❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛s ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ2 é

(x − r2 )2 + y 2 = r22 ,

x2 + y 2 − 2xr2 = 0. ✭✹✳✶✳✺✮

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✮ ❡♠ ✭✹✳✶✳✹✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ xA ❡ xB s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠

x2 + (ax + b)2 + 2xr1 = 0,

1 + a2 x2 + 2 (ab + r1 ) x + b2 = 0.

❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

q
− (ab + r1 ) − (ab + r1 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
xA = , ✭✹✳✶✳✻✮
1 + a2
q
− (ab + r1 ) + (ab + r1 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
xB = . ✭✹✳✶✳✼✮
1 + a2
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ q
2 (ab + r1 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
d x = xB − xA = . ✭✹✳✶✳✽✮
1 + a2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✶

❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✹✳✶✳✷✮✱ ✭✹✳✶✳✻✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✼✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

q
ab + r1 = 2 (ab + r1 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2 . ✭✹✳✶✳✾✮

▲♦❣♦✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✾✮ ❡♠ ✭✹✳✶✳✽✮ t❡♠♦s

ab + r1
d x = xB − xA = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✵✮
1 + a2

❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✮ ❡♠ ✭✹✳✶✳✺✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ xC ❡ xD s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠

x2 + (ax + b)2 − 2xr2 = 0,

1 + a2 x2 + 2 (ab − r2 ) x + b2 = 0.

❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

q
r2 − ab − (ab − r2 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
xC = , ✭✹✳✶✳✶✶✮
1 + a2
q
r2 − ab + (ab − r2 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
xD = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✷✮
1 + a2
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ q
2 (ab − r2 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
d x = xD − xC = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✸✮
1 + a2
❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✹✳✶✳✸✮✱ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✶✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✷✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

q
r2 − ab = 2 (ab − r2 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2 . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✹✮

▲♦❣♦✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✹✮ ❡♠ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✸✮ t❡♠♦s

r2 − ab
d x = xD − xC = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✺✮
1 + a2

❉❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✵✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✺✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

r2 − r1
ab = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✻✮
2

◆♦t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡

q q
r2 + r1 − (ab − r2 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2 − (ab + r1 )2 − (1 + a2 ) b2
d x = xC − xB = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✼✮
1 + a2
▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✷

❆❣♦r❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✺✮✱ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✼✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✻✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

s 2  2
r1 − r2 r1 + r2 r2 − r1
= r1 − 2 − b2 − ,
2 2 2

14r1 r2 − r12 − r22

b2 = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✽✮
16
❊❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✻✮ ❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✽✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

4 (r2 − r1 )2
a2 = . ✭✹✳✶✳✶✾✮
14r1 r2 − r12 − r22

❉❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✺✮✱ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✻✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✶✳✶✾✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

14r1 r2 − r12 − r22

dx = .
6 (r1 + r2 )

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ EF J ✱ t❡♠♦s

√
d = 1 + a2 dx ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ r
14r1 r2 − r12 − r22
d= .
12
❈♦♠♦ r1 ✱ r2 ✱ a2 ✱ b2 ✱ d ❡ dx sã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡✈❡♠♦s t❡r 14r1 r2 − r12 − r22 > 0✱ ❧♦❣♦
s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦
(r1 − r2 )2
< 12.
r1 r2
❈❤❛♠❛♥❞♦ λ = r1
r2
❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦

λ2 − 14λ + 1 < 0.

❆ ♠❡s♠❛ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦

√ √
7 − 4 3 < λ < 7 + 4 3,
√ r1 √
7−4 3< < 7 + 4 3.
r2

✹✳✷ ❊✐①♦ ❘❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❈✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✹ P✶✺

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ❯♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s l1 ❡ l2 ✳ ❯♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛

❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w1 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ l1 ❡♠ A ❡ ❛ w ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ C ✳ ❯♠❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛

w2 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ l2 ❡♠ B ✱ ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ w ❡♠ D ❡ ❛ w1 ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ E ✳ ❖s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s

AD ❡ BC s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ Q é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ CDE ✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✸

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✹ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❍♦♥❣ ❑♦♥❣✱ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✽❪✳

✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s w✱ w1 ❡ w2 ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦s O✱ O1 ❡ O2 ❡ r❛✐♦s r✱ r1 ❡ r2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲

♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s K ❡ L ❞❡ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ w ❝♦♠ l1 ❡ l2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦✈❛ s❡rá ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ AD é ✉♠❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
w ❡ w2 ✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ ❛ r❡t❛ AD é ♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡ w ❡ w2 ✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛
BC é ✉♠❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s w ❡ w1 ✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ BC é ♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡
w ❡ w1 ✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ Q é ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✿ w✱ w1 ❡ w2 ✳ ❖ ❝❡♥tr♦
r❛❞✐❝❛❧ t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛s três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡q✉✐❞✐st❛ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡
t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛ C ✱ D ❡ E ✳
■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦♥❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ tr❛ç❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ KL✳ ❈♦♠♦ K
❡ L sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ KL é ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ l1 ❡ l2 ✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
H ❡ J ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❛ KL q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r O1 ❡ O2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖
♣♦♥t♦ I é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ JO2 ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛ KL ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r O1
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✷✮✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ KA = HO1 = x ❡ LB = JO2 = y ✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ OO1 = r + r1 ✱ OO2 = r + r2 ✱

O1 O2 = r1 + r2 ✱ HO = r − r1 ✱ OJ = r − r2 ✱ O1 I = 2r − r1 − r2 ❡ O2 I = x − y ✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ O1 HO✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ H ✱ t❡♠♦s

x2 = (r + r1 )2 − (r − r1 )2 ,

x2 = 4rr1 . ✭✹✳✷✳✶✮
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ O2 JO✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ J ✱
t❡♠♦s
y 2 = (r + r2 )2 − (r − r2 )2 ,

y 2 = 4rr2 . ✭✹✳✷✳✷✮
❊ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ O1 IO2 ✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ I ✱ t❡♠♦s

(x − y)2 = (r1 + r2 )2 − (2r − r1 − r2 )2 ,

x2 + y 2 − 2xy = 4rr1 + 4rr2 − 4r2 . ✭✹✳✷✳✸✮

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✷✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✷✳✷✮ ❡♠ ✭✹✳✷✳✸✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

xy = 2r2 ,

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✺

x 2r
= . ✭✹✳✷✳✹✮
r y
❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✹✳✷✳✹✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AKO ❡ KLB sã♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦
▲❆▲✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡
✭∠AKO = ∠BLK = 90◦ ✮✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ KB é ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ AO✱ ♣♦✐s AK é ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛ ❝♦♠ BL ❡
KO ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ KL✳ ❙❡❥❛ G = KB ∩ AO✱ t❡♠♦s ∠OGD = 90◦ ✳
❙❡❥❛ N ∈ w2 t❛❧ q✉❡ N B é ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠N DB = ∠KDL = 90◦ ✱ ❧♦❣♦ D =
BK ∩ N L✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ OKD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ KD ✭OK = OD ✮ ❡ OG é ❛❧t✉r❛ s❡❣✉❡
q✉❡ OG t❛♠❜é♠ é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ KOD ❡ ∠KOG = ∠DOG✳ ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AKO ❡
ADO sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ▲❆▲ ✭AO é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ KO ❡ DO sã♦ r❛✐♦s ❞❡ w✮✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
∠AKO = ∠ADO = 90◦ ❡ ❛ r❡t❛ AD é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ w ❡ w2 ✳
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✹✳✷✳✹✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AKL ❡ BLO sã♦
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ▲❆▲✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡
♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡ ✭∠AKL = ∠BLO = 90◦ ✮✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ AL é ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ BO✱ ♣♦✐s AK é
♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛ ❝♦♠ BL ❡ LK ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ LO ✳ ❙❡❥❛ P = AL ∩ BO ✱ t❡♠♦s ∠OP C = 90◦ ✳
❙❡❥❛ R ∈ w1 t❛❧ q✉❡ AR é ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠ACR = ∠KCL = 90◦ ✱ ❧♦❣♦ C =
AL ∩ KR✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ OCL CL ✭OL = OC ✮ ❡ OP é ❛❧t✉r❛ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡
OP t❛♠❜é♠ é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ COL ❡ ∠COP = ∠LOP ✳ ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s COB ❡ LOB sã♦
❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ▲❆▲ ✭OB é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ CO ❡ LO sã♦ r❛✐♦s ❞❡ w ✮✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠OLB =
∠OCB = 90◦ ❡ ❛ r❡t❛ BC é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ w ❡ w1 ✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ✈í❞❡♦
❛✉❧❛ ❬✸✵❪✳

✹✳✸ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✳ P✺ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✷✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ∠BCA = 90◦ ✱ ❡ s❡❥❛ C0 ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛

✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ t❛❧ q✉❡

❛ C ✳ ❙❡❥❛ X ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CD ✳ ❙❡❥❛ K ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AX t❛❧ q✉❡

BK = BC ✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛ L ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BX t❛❧ q✉❡ AL = AC ✳ ❙❡❥❛ M ♦

♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AL ❝♦♠ BK ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ M K = M L✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✷ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❛r ❞❡❧ P❧❛t❛✱ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛ ❬✼❪✳

✹✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✶❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ C′ ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ AB ✱ ❡ ω1 ❡ ω2 ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s A ❡

B ✱ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r L ❡ K ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ AC′ = AC = AL ❡ BC′ = BC = BK ✱
t❛♥t♦ ω1 ❝♦♠♦ ω2 ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r C ❡ C′✳ ❉❡ ∠BCA = 90◦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ AC é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ω2 ❡♠ C ✱ ❡
BC é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ω1 ❡♠ C ✳ ❙❡❥❛ K1 6= K ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AX ❡ ω2 ✱ ❡ L1 6= L ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ BX ❡ ω1 ✳
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ X ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ω2 ❡ ω1 t❡♠♦s✿

P otw2 (X) = XK · XK1 = XC · XC′ = XL · XL1 = P otw1 (X). ✭✹✳✸✳✶✮

◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ X é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ω1 ❡ ω2 q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r C
❡ C ′ ✳ ❉❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✹✳✸✳✶✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
XK XL1
= .
XL XK1
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ∠L1 XK = ∠K1 XL ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ △L1 XK ∼ △K1 XL✳
❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠KL1 X = ∠LK1 X ✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ K1 LKL1
é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ω3 ✮✳
❆ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ A ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ω2 ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✿

AC 2 = P otw2 (A) = AK ➲AK1 .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❖❚✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ P❖◆❚❖ ❘❊▲❆❚■❱❖ ❆ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊
❊■❳❖ ❘❆❉■❈❆▲ ✹✼

❈♦♠♦ AC = AL ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s q✉❡✿

AL2 = AK ➲AK1 = P otw3 (A) .

■st♦ é✱ AL é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ w3 ✳
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ B ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ω1 ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✿

BC 2 = P otw1 B = BL➲BL1 .

❈♦♠♦ BC = BK ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s q✉❡✿

BK 2 = BL➲BL1 = P otw3 B.

■st♦ é✱ BK é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ w3 ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ MK ❡ ML sã♦ ❞✉❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ M ❛ ω3 ❡

M K = M L✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✷❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
 ✹✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺

❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s❡✲

❝❛♥t❡s✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✾ P✸

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s❡❝❛♥t❡s✳ ❙❡❥❛ A ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡

✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❉♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠

✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❖s

❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛té ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A ♥♦✈❛✲

♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦ ❡

♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❤♦rár✐♦✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛

♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❛♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✾ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ▲♦♥❞r❡s✱ ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r

◆✳ ❱❛s✐❧②❡✈ ❡ ■✳ ❋✳ ❙❤❛r②❣✐♥ ❞❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❙♦✈✐ét✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ■▼❖ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✾ ❬✽❪✳

✺✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❙❡❥❛♠ O1 ❡ O2 ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ M (t) ❡ N (t) ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦

♥♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ t✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r

♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✹✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ P ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AO1 P O2 s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ■st♦ é✱

P O1 = AO2 ✭❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ❡ AO1 = P O2 ✭❡♠ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦✮✳
❚❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ N O2 = AO2 ✭❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ❡ AO1 = M O1 ✭❡♠ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦✮ ♣♦✐s sã♦✱
r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ r❛✐♦s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ N O2 = P O1 ✭❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ❡ P O2 =
M O1 ✭❡♠ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦✮✳
❈♦♠♦ AO1 P O2 é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r
AO1 P = AO2 P = α✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✱ M ❡ N ✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ♥❛
s✉❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥st❛♥tâ♥❡❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✭❡♠❜♦r❛ vM 6= vN q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s
r❛✐♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♠✮ s✉❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ✭wM = wN = w ✮ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦❞♦✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦s
â♥❣✉❧♦s AO1 M = AO2 N = wt ✭❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡✮ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ t✳
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s P O1 M = P O2 N = α+wt ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ t✳ P❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❧❛❞♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦✲❧❛❞♦
✭▲❆▲✮ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s P O1 M ❡ N O2 P sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉íss❡ q✉❡ P M = N P ✭❡♠ ❛③✉❧✮ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ t✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ✈í❞❡♦ ❛✉❧❛ ❬✸✸❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✵

✺✳✷ P❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r✱ r❛③ã♦ á✉r❡❛ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✳ P✸ ◆✳❊✳

■●❖ ✷✵✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r ABCDE ✱ ❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡♠ C ❛ CD ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ AB

❡♠ F✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

AE + AF = BE. ✭✺✳✷✳✶✮

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✮ ❞❛ 4 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2017 ❬✶✻❪✳

✺✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ l ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ AE = CD = l✳

❚r❛ç❛♠♦s ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BE = d✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s✳
❊s❜♦ç❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡♠ D ❛ CD✱ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ AE ❡♠ G✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦
F G é ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s CD ❡ BE ♣❡❧❛ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
CDGF é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ F G = l✳ ❉❡♥♦t❛♠♦s AF = AG = x✳
❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABE ❡ AF G sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BE ❡ F G✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✶

❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿

√
d l 1+ 5
= =φ= .
l x 2
d
❙❛❜❡♠♦s ❬✸✹❪ q✉❡ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ l ✱ ♥♦ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ r❛③ã♦ á✉r❡❛
√
1+ 5
♠❛✐♦r✱ φ= 2
✳
❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✭✺✳✷✳✶✮ ❝♦♠♦✿

AE + AF = BE,

l + x = d,
x d
1+ = ,
l l
1
1 + = φ,
φ
φ2 − φ − 1 = 0.
√
1+ 5
◆❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝❛ ❡♠ φ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ é φ= 2
✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❛
✭✺✳✷✳✶✮✳ ❯♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✺❪✳

✺✳✸ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛✱ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡

tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦

ABC ✱ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ I ✱ t♦❝❛ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ BC ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D✳
❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ DI ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ AC ❡♠ X ✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ X ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✭❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ AC ✮
✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ AB ❡♠ Y ✳ ❙❡ Y I ❡ BC s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Z ✱ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ AB = BZ ✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦✮ ❞❛ 4 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦✲

♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2017 ❬✶✻❪✳

✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❉✐s❝✉t✐r❡♠♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ AC > AB ✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✳✶✿ P❛ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❱❡rsã♦
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✻❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ I ✱ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ c ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦

❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞✉❛s ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ✭r❡t❛s i ♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ B ❡ k ❡♠ A✮✳ P❛r❛ tr❛ç❛r ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ XY é
♣r❡❝✐s♦ ♠❛r❝❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ XI ✭♣♦♥t♦ G✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ G ❡ r❛✐♦ GI ❡s❜♦ç❛r
❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d✳ ❙❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s c ❡ d ✭H ❡ F ✮✳
❆ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ XH s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❝♦♠ AB ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Y ✳ ❖ r❡st♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛
♥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s XHI XF I sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❝❛t❡t♦ ✭HI = F I ✮
❡
❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ✭XI ✱ ❝♦♠✉♠✮✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ HX = XF ❡ ∠HXI = ∠F XI = ∠CXD = α✳ ❉♦
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ XDC t❡♠♦s α = 90◦ − ∠C ✳
❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛✱ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s Y HI ❡ Y EI sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦
❝❛t❡t♦ ✭HI = EI ✮ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ✭Y I ✱ ❝♦♠✉♠✮✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ HY = Y E ❡ ∠HY I = ∠EY I = β ✳ ◆♦
q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ BY XD ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s é ∠B + 2β + (90◦ − ∠C) + 90◦ = 360◦ . ▲♦❣♦✱
∠C − ∠B
β = 90◦ + ✳
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✸

❉♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ BY Z t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠Y ZB = 180◦ − ∠B − β ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

∠C ∠B ∠C ∠B
∠Y ZB = 90◦ − ∠B − + = 90◦ − − .
2 2 2 2

❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠A = 180◦ − ∠B − ∠C ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ∠Y ZB = ∠A 2

✳
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AIF ❡ ZID sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❧❛❞♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦✲
â♥❣✉❧♦ ♦♣♦st♦ ✭▲❆❆♦✮✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ IF = ID✱ ∠IF A = IDZ = 90◦ ❡ ∠IAF = ∠IZD = ∠Y ZB =
∠A
2
✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ DZ = F A✳
❈♦♠♦ F A = AE ✭△AEI ≡ △AF I ✮ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ DZ = EA✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ BE = BD
♣♦✐s △EBI ≡ △DBI ✳ ■st♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ AC > AB ✿ AB = AE +EB = BD +DZ =
BZ ✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✼❪✳

✺✳✹ P♦♥t♦s ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡✲

❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✷ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✳✶✱ ♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ABCD ❡ P QRD t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛

ár❡❛ ❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ N ✱ M ❡ T ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s QR✱
PC ❡ AB ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ N ✱ M ❡ T sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✳✶✿ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 6 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2019✳ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼♦rt❡③❛ ❙❛❣❤❛✜❛♥ ❬✸✾❪✳

✺✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✳✷✿ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ L ❡ L′ CR ❡ M N ❝♦♠ P Q✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s r❡t❛s
■r❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ L = L ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ M ✱ N ❡ L sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
′

❈♦♠♦ P QRD é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠CP L = ∠RQL = 90◦ ✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱

∠CLP = ∠RLQ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s CP L ❡ RQL✳ P♦r ❆❆ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △CP L ∼ △RQL✳
▲♦❣♦✱
CP PL
= .
RQ QL
❚❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠M P L′ = ∠N QL′ = 90◦ ✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠M L′ P = ∠N L′ Q é
❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s M P L′ ❡ N QL′ ✳ P♦r ❆❆ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △M P L′ ∼ △N QL′ ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱

MP P L′
= .
NQ QL′

❙❡♥❞♦ N ❡ M ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s QR ❡ PC t❡♠♦s q✉❡

CP MP
= .
RQ NQ

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✻

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱
PL P L′
= .
QL QL′
L = L′ ❡ M ✱ N ❡ L sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
■st♦ é✱ ♠♦str❛♠♦s q✉❡
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛♠ K ❡ K ′ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s r❡t❛s P A ❡ M T ❝♦♠ CB ✱
r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ■r❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ K = K ′ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ K ✱ T ❡ M sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
❈♦♠♦ ABCD é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠P CK = ∠ABK = 90◦ ✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
∠P KC = ∠AKB é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s P CK ❡ ABK ✳ P♦r ❆❆ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △P CK ∼ △ABK ✳
▲♦❣♦✱
PC CK
= .
AB BK
❚❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠M CK ′ = ∠T BK ′ = 90◦ ✳ ∠M K ′ C = ∠T K ′ B
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é
❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s M CK ′ ❡ T BK ′ ✳ P♦r ❆❆ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △M CK ′ ∼ △T BK ′ ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱

MC CK ′
= .
TB BK ′

❙❡♥❞♦ T ❡ M ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ PC t❡♠♦s q✉❡

PC MC
= .
AB TB

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱
CK CK ′
= .
BK BK ′
■st♦ é✱ ♠♦str❛♠♦s q✉❡ K = K ′ ❡ K ✱ T ❡ M sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
◆♦t❛♠♦s ❛❣♦r❛ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ABCD ❡ P QRD sã♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ t❡♠♦s✿

BC k P Q ⇒ KC k P L.

◆❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✉s❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ABCD ❡ P QRD t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛✿

AD DP
AD · DC = DP · RD ⇒ = .
RD DC

❏✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ∠ADP = ∠RDC = 90◦ ✱ t❡♠♦s △ADP ∼ △RDC.
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
AP k RC ⇒ KP k CL.

P KCL é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ❡ KL é ✉♠❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s

▲♦❣♦✱
♣♦♥t♦s T ✱ M ❡ N sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠ ❬✹✵❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✼

✺✳✺ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✹

❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ◆♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

∠DAC = ∠CAB = 60◦

❡ AB = BD − AC ✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s AB ❡ CD s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠ADB =

2∠BEC ✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 4 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 6 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2019✳ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ■♠❛♥ ▼❛❣❤s♦✉❞✐ ❬✸✾❪✳

✺✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✺✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✶❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ AB = BD − AC ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ AB + AC = BD✳ ■st♦ s✉❣❡r❡

❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ AB ❡ ♠❛r❝❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ F s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ A ❡♥tr❡ F ❡ B ✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡
AF = AC ✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠♦s ♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ F D✳
P♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠DAF = 180◦ − 60◦ − 60◦ = 60◦ ✳ ❈♦♠♦
BF = AB + AF = AB + AC = BD✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ BDF é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ DF ❡
∠BDF = ∠BF D = α✳
❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ADF ❡ ADC sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❧❛❞♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦✲❧❛❞♦ ✭AC = AF ✱
∠DAF = ∠DAC = 60◦ ❡ AD ❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✮✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠ADC = ∠ADF = β ❡ ∠ACD =
∠AF D = α✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ✺✾

◗✉❡r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ δ = ∠ADB = 2∠BEC = 2γ ✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ♥♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ α=β+δ ♦✉

δ = α − β✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ADF ✉s❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s é 180◦ ✳ ■st♦ é✱
α + β = 180◦ − 60◦ = 120◦ ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ α = 120◦ − β ❡ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ δ = 120◦ − 2β = 2 (60◦ − β)✳
❚❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ DAF é ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❡♠ A ❛♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ADE ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ β + γ = 60◦ ♦✉
γ = 60◦ − β ✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ δ = 2γ ✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✹✷❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
 ✻✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻

❖✉tr♦s

✻✳✶ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✷ ◆✳❊✳

■●❖ ✷✵✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✳✶ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ✭❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ t❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐✲
♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 4 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2017 ❬✶✻❪✳

✻✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✳✷✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♠♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DBE é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BE ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ∠DBE = ∠DEB = α✳ ❖

â♥❣✉❧♦ ∠DEF = 180 − α✱ ♣♦r s❡r s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ∠DEB ✳
◦

❖ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ EF GD é ✉♠ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ✭q✉❛tr♦ ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✮✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ é ✉♠

♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s DE ❡ GF ❡ DG ❡ EF sã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s ∠DBE = ∠ADG = α✱ ∠DEB = ∠GF E = α ❡ ∠DEF = ∠GF C = 180◦ − α sã♦
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✳
∠GF E = ∠EDG =
❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
α ❡ ∠DEF = ∠DGF = 180 − α✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s F CG ❡ GAD sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ CG
◦

❡ AD ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠F CG = ∠F GC = β ❡ ∠GAD = ∠GDA = α✳

❖ ∠GF E é ❡①t❡r♥♦ ♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ F ❛♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ F CG✱ ❧♦❣♦ 2β = α✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s
â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ é 180◦ t❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ∠AGD = ∠BDE = 180◦ − 2α✳
α
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ∠AGC = 180◦ ✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s t❡r ∠AGD = 2 ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡✿

α
180◦ − 2α = ,
2
5α
= 180◦ .
2
❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ α = 72◦ .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✷

✻✳✷ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ■▼❖

✶✾✼✸ P✹

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳ ❯♠ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ t❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♠✐♥❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ár❡❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦

❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ❖ r❛✐♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❖ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛

❡♠ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt♦ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡

❣❛r❛♥t❛ q✉❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❝❤❡❝❛❞❛✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✸ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼♦s❝♦✉✱ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✼❪✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛
❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉♦r❞❡ ❉✉❣♦s✐❥❛ ❞❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■✉❣♦s❧á✈✐❛ ❬✽❪✳

✻✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ABC ✳ M ✱ N ❡ L sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s
❧❛❞♦s AB ✱ BC ❡ AC ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ❛r❝♦s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ β ❡ γ t❡♠ r❛✐♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛
♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❡ ❡stã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ C ❡ B ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ H é ♦
♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭LB ✮ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ B ✱ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ✭M N ✮ ❡ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞❡
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ β ✳ M N é ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ AC ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ β ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✶✿ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ABC ✳ M ✱ N ❡ L sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB ✱ BC ❡
AC ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ❛r❝♦s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ β ❡ γ t❡♠ r❛✐♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❡ ❡stã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ C ❡ B ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ H é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛
❛❧t✉r❛ ✭LB ✮ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ B ✱ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ✭M N ✮ ❡ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ β ✳ M N é
t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ β ✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✸

❙✉♣♦♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ♣❛rt❛ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ A ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ D ∈ β
♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ B ✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦
❞❡✈❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ E ∈ γ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡
C ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠♦s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AD ❡ DE ✳
❙❡❥❛ l ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s s❡ ♣r♦✈❛
√ √
q✉❡ LB = 23 l ❡ ♦s r❛✐♦s ❞❡ β ❡ γ sã♦ 43 l✳
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s CE ✱ CD ❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ J ✱ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ γ ❝♦♠ CD✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✷✿ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s CE ✱ CD ❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ J ✱ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡

γ ❝♦♠ CD✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ CDE t❡♠♦s✿

CD < CE + DE.

❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E t❡r❡♠♦s✿

DE ≥ CD − CE,
√
3
DE ≥ CD − l. ✭✻✳✷✳✶✮
4
❋✐①❛❞♦ D✱ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✻✳✷✳✶✮ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ J ✳
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ′ ✱ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ M N ✳
◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ CC ′ = LB ✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AC ′ ❡ C ′ D✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✸✿ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ′ ✱ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛

s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ M N ✳ ◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ CC ′ = LB ✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AC ′ ❡ C ′ D✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ACC ′ ✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ C ✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡✿

√ !2
v
u
3
q u
AC ′ = AC 2 + (CC ′ )2 = tl2 + l ,
2

√
7
AC ′ = l.
2
❆❣♦r❛ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ADC ′ ✿

AC ′ < AD + DC ′ .

❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D t❡r❡♠♦s✿

AD ≥ AC ′ − DC ′ ,
√
7
AD ≥ l − DC ′ .
2
❙❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s r❡t❛s CD ❡ M N ✭♥ã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦✮ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ CP = P C ′ ✱
♣♦✐s P ❡stá ♥❛ r❡t❛ ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✺

P❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DP C ′ t❡♠♦s q✉❡

DC ′ ≤ DP + P C ′ = DP + P C = DC.

▲♦❣♦ √ √
7 7
AD ≥ l − DC ′ ≥ l − DC. ✭✻✳✷✳✷✮
2 2
❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✻✳✷✳✷✮ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ H ✳
❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✻✳✷✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✻✳✷✳✷✮ ❝❤❡❣❛♠♦s ❛✿
√ √ !
7 3
AD + DE ≥ − l. ✭✻✳✷✳✸✮
2 4

▲♦❣♦✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ AD +DE ✱ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✻✳✷✳✸✮✱ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
E ❡ D ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s J ❡ H ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✹ ❡stá ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ AD + DE ✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱
sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ❡stá ❡♠ K1 ∈ AD = AH ❡ ❡♠
√
K2 ∈ DE = HJ ✱ ❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ 43 l✱ ❞♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛
❝❛s♦✳ ❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❞♦
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ♥♦ ♠❡♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✳✹✿ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ AD + DE ✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s
❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ √ ❡stá ❡♠ K1 ∈ AD = AH ❡ ❡♠ K2 ∈ DE = HJ ✱ ❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡
❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ 43 l✱ ❞♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s
✜❣✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✻✳✸ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①❝ê♥tr✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ■▼❖

✷✵✶✽ P✶

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ❙❡❥❛ Γ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s D ❡ E ❡stã♦

s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ AC ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ AD = AE ✳ ❆s ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡
BD ❡ CE ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s AB ❡ AC ❞❡ Γ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s F ❡ G✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s r❡t❛s DE ❡ F G sã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✭♦✉ sã♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡t❛✮✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✽ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❧✉❥✲◆❛♣♦❝❛✱ ❘♦♠❛♥✐❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❢♦✐
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ●ré❝✐❛ ❬✼❪✳

✻✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ O é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s H ❡ I ❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s
❞❡ BD ❡ CE ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❚r❛ç❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❛♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ BAC ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❧❡tr❛s J ✱ Q ❡ P ❛s ✐♥t❡r✲

s❡çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s DE ✱ F G ❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ✳ ❈♦♠♦ AD = AE ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
ADE é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ DE ✱ DJ = JE ❡ ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ AJ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ❧♦❣♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ AJD
é ❞❡ 90◦ ✳ P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s DE ❡ F G sã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❜❛st❛rá ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
AQF é ❞❡ 90◦ ✳ ◆♦t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ AP ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ BAC ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡
⌢ ⌢ ⌢
BC ♥♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ BP ❡ P C ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡ BP = P C ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✷✮✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❚r❛ç❛♠♦s ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ F D q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛ à ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ K ❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ F B ✳

❖ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ F DB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ♣♦✐s F H é ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞❡ BD✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s F BD ❡ F DB sã♦
❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s AKF ❡ ABF sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
⌢
Γ ❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❡♥①❡r❣❛r❡♠ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ AF ✳ ❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s F DB ❡ ADK sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣♦r
s❡r❡♠ ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ AKD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ DK ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✸✮✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✻✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ tr❛ç❛♠♦s ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ GE q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛ à ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ L ❡

♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CG✳ ❖ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ GEC é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ♣♦✐s GI é ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞❡ EC ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s
GCE ❡ GEC sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s ALG ❡ ACG sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s
⌢
♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ ❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❡♥①❡r❣❛r❡♠ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ AG✳ ❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s GEC ❡ AEL sã♦
❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ AEL é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ EL
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✹✮✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✹✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♠♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ F BA é ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ ❡❧❡ é ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦

⌢ ⌢
♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ F L ❡ LA✿
⌢ ⌢
F L + LA
∠F BA = . ✭✻✳✸✳✶✮
2

❈♦♠♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ F DB é ❡①❝ê♥tr✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❡❧❡ é ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡
⌢ ⌢
BF ❡ AK ✿ ⌢ ⌢
BF + AK
∠F DB = . ✭✻✳✸✳✷✮
2
⌢ ⌢
❈♦♠♦ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s F BD ❡ F DB ❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ AK ❡ LA ✭♣♦✐s AK = LA✮ sã♦
⌢ ⌢
❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s s❡❣✉❡ ❞❡ ✭✻✳✸✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✻✳✸✳✷✮ q✉❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ BF ❡ F L sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ❡
BF = F L✳
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ACG é ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ Γ ❡❧❡ é ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
⌢ ⌢
❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ AK ❡ KG✿
⌢ ⌢
AK + KG
∠ACG = . ✭✻✳✸✳✸✮
2
⌢
❈♦♠♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ GEC é ❡①❝ê♥tr✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❡❧❡ é ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ AL

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✶

⌢
❡ CG✿ ⌢ ⌢
AL + CG
∠GEC = . ✭✻✳✸✳✹✮
2
⌢ ⌢
❈♦♠♦ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ACG ❡ GEC ❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ AK ❡ AL ✭♣♦✐s AK = AL✮ sã♦
⌢ ⌢
❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s s❡❣✉❡ ❞❡ ✭✻✳✸✳✸✮ ❡ ✭✻✳✸✳✹✮ q✉❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ KG ❡ GC sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ❡
KG = GC ✳
◆♦t❛♠♦s ❛❣♦r❛ q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ AQF é ❡①❝ê♥tr✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❧♦❣♦✿
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢
AF + P G AL + LF + P C + CG
∠AQF = = .
2 2
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢
❈♦♠♦ AL = AK ✱ LF = F B ✱ P C = P B ❡ CG = GK t❡♠♦s q✉❡ AL = KL
2
✱ LF = LB
2
✱
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢
PC = BC
2
❡ CG = CK
2
✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢
KL + LB + BC + CK 360◦
∠AQF = = = 90◦ .
4 4

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✺ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸✳✺✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✈í❞❡♦ ❛✉❧❛s ❬✹✺❪✱ ❬✹✻❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✷

✻✳✹ ❘❡✢❡①ã♦✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✱ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦✳ P✹ ◆✳■✳

■●❖ ✷✵✶✼
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡sABC (AB = AC)✱ s❡❥❛ l ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛ BC q✉❡
♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r A✳ ❙❡❥❛ D ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ l ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ E ✱ F ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❛

BD✱ CD q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r A✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ q✉❡ P ✱ Q sã♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ E ✱ F s♦❜r❡
l✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
AP + AQ ≤ AB.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 4 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 4 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2017 ❬✶✻❪✳

✻✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✹✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✹✼❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❆ r❡t❛ m é ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s B ❡ C ✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ A ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ m✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦

tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦✳
❉❡✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AP ❡ AQ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AB ✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❛
✐❞❡✐❛ s❡rá ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q′ é ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ m✳ ■st♦ é✱

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✸

AP + AQ = P Q′ ❡ ❜❛st❛rá ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ P Q′ ≤ AB ✳

❙❡❥❛ D′ ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ m✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ DA = D′ A ❡
DC = D′ B ✳ ❚r❛ç❛♠♦s ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ BD′ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❡st❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❡ ♣♦r
A✱ ❝❤❛♠❛♥❞♦ F ′ à ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q′ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ F ′ s♦❜r❡ ❛
r❡t❛ l✳
❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s DAC ❡ D′ AB sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ▲❆▲ ✭∠DAC = ∠D′ AB ✮✳ ❆
r❡t❛ m t❛♠❜é♠ é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ BAC ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ DC = D′ B ❡ ❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛s sã♦
✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ■st♦ é✱ F A = F ′ A✳
◆♦t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s DF A ❡ D′ F ′ A sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❈❍✱ s❡❣✉❡
q✉❡ ❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ❧❛❞♦s DA ❡ D′ A sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ F Q = F ′ Q′ ✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s F QA ❡ F ′ Q′ A sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❈❍✱ ♦ q✉❡
♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q′ é ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ m✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ∠AEB = ∠AF ′ B = 90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AEBF ′ é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ❡ AB é ✉♠
❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ❡❧❡✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ EF ′ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❞❡ c ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡ EF ′ ≤ AB ✳
❚❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ P Q′ é ❛ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦ s♦❜r❡ l ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ EF ′ ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ AP +AQ = P Q′ ≤ EF ′ ≤ AB ✱
❝♦♠♦ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r✳
❖❝♦rr❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ EF ′ é ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ c ✭AB = EF ′ ✮ ❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ EF ′ é ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛
❝♦♠ l ✭EF ′ = P Q′ ✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✹✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✹✳✷✿ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❖ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AEBF ′ é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ s✉❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡ s❡ ❝♦rt❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✹

♠é❞✐♦ O ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ c✮✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ EO = OB ❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ EOB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡
EB ✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ∠ABC = ∠BAD = ∠BOE = α ✭❛❧t❡r♥♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✮ ❡ ∠OBE =
∠OEB = 90◦ − α2 ✭s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✮✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ∠BAE = α2 ❡ AE é
❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DAB ✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DAB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ DB
❡ AD = AB ✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✹✽❪✳

✻✳✺ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦✱ tr❛♣é③✐♦✳ P✷ ◆✳❊✳ ■●❖

✷✵✶✽

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳ ❖ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 ❡stá ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✲

✈❡①♦ B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ A1 A2 k B1 B2 ✱ A2 A3 k B2 B3 ✱✳✳✳✱ A6 A1 k B6 B1 ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s A1 B2 A3 B4 A5 B6 ❡ B1 A2 B3 A4 B5 A6 sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ✭❯♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦
s✐♠♣❧❡s é ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❡❧❡ ♠❡s♠♦✳✮

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018 ❬✹✾❪✳

✻✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✺✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✺✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✺✵❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

◆♦t❛♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 ❡stá ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡✲

r✐♦r ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s A1 B2 A3 B4 A5 B6 ❡ B1 A2 B3 A4 B5 A6 ✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ tr❛ç❛♠♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s A1 B1 ✱ A2 B2 ✱✳✳✳✱ A6 B6 ✳
❚❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ A1 A2 k B1 B2 ✱ A2 A3 k B2 B3 ✱✳✳✳✱ A6 A1 k B6 B1 ✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s
A1 B1 B2 A2 ✱ A2 B2 B3 A3 ✱ ✳✳✳✱ A6 B6 B1 A1 sã♦ tr❛♣é③✐♦s✳
◗✉❛rt♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❜❛s❡ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛
ár❡❛✿
A(△A1 B1 A2 ) = A(△A1 B2 A2 ),

A(△A2 B3 A3 ) = A(△A2 B2 A3 ),
✳✳
✳

A(△A6 B1 A1 ) = A(△A6 B6 A1 ).

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡✿

A(✼A1 B2 A3 B4 A5 B6 ) = A(✼A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 ) + A(△A1 B2 A2 ) + A(△A2 B2 A3 ) + · · · +

+ A(△A6 B6 A1 ),

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❖❯❚❘❖❙ ✼✻

A(✼A1 B2 A3 B4 A5 B6 ) = A(✼A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 ) + A(△A1 B1 A2 ) + A(△A2 B3 A3 ) + · · · +

+ A(△A6 B1 A1 ) = A(✼B1 A2 B3 A4 B5 A6 ).

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
 ✼✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s

❬✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s s♦❜r❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
✷✵✶✾✳ ✶✷✹ ❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✲❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❬❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s❪✱
✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐♦✳✉❢s❝❛r✳❜r✴❤❛♥❞❧❡✴✉❢s❝❛r✴✶✶✽✽✶✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❇❛s❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♥❛

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ✭P▼❖✮✱ ✈✳
✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✺✲✷✵✹✱ ✷✵✶✾❜✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✶✼✶✶✴✷✸✶✾✵✷✸①✷✵✶✾✴♣♠♦✼✶✺✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡
sér✐❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈✳◗✳❉✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛
❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✼✲✶✸✽✱ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❊❞✐çã♦ ❊r♠❛❝✳ ❉❖■✿
✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✼❡r♠❛❝✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧❛❜❛❣❢❜✶✷✼✶✸✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺
s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈✳◗✳❉✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛
P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✽✱ ♣✳ ✼✽✲✽✽✱ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉❖■✿
✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✽✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧❛❜❛❣❢❜✼✽✽✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺
s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶
 ✼✽

❬✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱ P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿

❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✶ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✵✹✲✺
✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✵✹✺✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✻❪ ▲■▼❆✱ ❊✳ ▲✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❘❡❛✐s✳ ✶✳ ❡❞✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❙❇▼✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✭❈♦❧❡çã♦
Pr♦❢▼❛t✮✳ ✷

❬✼❪ ■◆❚❊❘◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ▼❆❚❍❊▼❆❚■❈❆▲ ❖▲❨▼P■❆❉✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♠♦✲♦✣❝✐❛❧✳♦r❣✴♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳❛s♣①✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✱ ✷✳✷✱ ✷✳✸✱ ✸✳✷✱ ✸✳✸✱
✸✳✹✱ ✹✳✶✱ ✹✳✷✱ ✹✳✸✱ ✺✳✶✱ ✻✳✷✱ ✻✳✸

❬✽❪ ❉❏❯❑■❈✱ ❉✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ■▼❖ ❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠✿ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✿ ✶✾✺✾✕✷✵✵✹✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇❡❜✳❝s✳❡❧t❡✳❤✉✴∼♥❛❣②③♦❧✐✴❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✱ ✷✳✷✱
✷✳✸✱ ✸✳✷✱ ✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✹✱ ✹✳✶✱ ✹✳✷✱ ✺✳✶✱ ✻✳✷

❬✾❪ P❊▲▲❊●❘■◆❖ ❆✳ ❖✳ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ▼étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❘❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ■

✲❱✻✾✲P❖❚■✲P✐r❛✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✶✼✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✽ ♠✐♥ ✶✸ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦
❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴♥❴❆▼❚❳❝▼✵s✵✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✶

❬✶✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴q❛②❢t❣❣❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✶

❬✶✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✹ P✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♣✻❞❦✹r❞②✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✷✱ ✷✳✶✳✷

❬✶✷❪ ❇❆❘❘❖❙✱ ❍✳ ●✳ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❋ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❆❞✐çã♦ ❡ ❙✉❜tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦s✳ ✷✵✶✹✱

♣✳ ✷✾✲✸✸✳ ❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✲
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ P❯❈✲❘✐♦✱
✷✵✶✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴s❝❛✳♣r♦❢♠❛t✲s❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴s❝❛❴✈✷✴❣❡t❴t❝❝✸✳♣❤♣❄✐❞❂✼✵✵✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✷✱ ✷✳✷✳✶

❬✶✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❙❡♥♦ ❡ ❈♦ss❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❙♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴r❥✹s❤❢❤♠✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✷✱ ✷✳✷✳✶

❬✶✹❪ P❊▲▲❊●❘■◆❖ ❆✳ ❖✳ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❈♦r❞❛s ■ ✲❱✺✽✲P❖❚■✲P✐r❛✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳

♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✶✼✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✶ ♠✐♥ ✶✽ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴P✇❏✼❋♥q❊❡✉♦✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✷
 ✼✾

❬✶✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■▼❖✲❙▲✲✶✷✲✶✾✼✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♠q❦①trs❡✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✷✳✶

❬✶✻❪ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ✹t❤ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞ ✷✵✶✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴❝♦♥t❡♥t✴✉♣❧♦❛❞s✴✷✵✶✼✴✶✶✴■●❖❴✷✵✶✼✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✱ ✺✳✷✱ ✺✳✸✱ ✻✳✶✳✶✱ ✻✳✹

❬✶✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼✲❋✐❣✉r❛✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴✈q①❣②✉q✈✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✳✶

❬✶✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✶✽ ❈❖◆❙❚❘❯➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❆❘❈❖ ❈❆P❆❩✱ ➶◆●❯▲❖

■◆❙❈❘■❚❖✱ ❉❊ ❙❊●▼❊◆❚❖ ❊ ❈❊◆❚❘❆▲ ❊▼ ❯▼❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✲

❯❙P✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✷ ♠✐♥ ✺✸ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❚❳❏❢❏❙✷❛❈③❆✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✳✶

❬✶✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✸✲❈❖◆❙❚❘❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙

❆❈❯❚➶◆●❯▲❖❙✱ ❘❊❚➶◆●❯▲❖❙✱ ❖❇❚❯❙➶◆●❯▲❖❙✱ ■❙Ó❙❈❊▲❊❙ ❊

❊◗❯■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙✲❋❩❊❆✲❯❙P✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✵ ♠✐♥ ✺✶ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦
♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✷✶❣✷❤❴❲❯❛❚❯✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✳✶

❬✷✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✺✵ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ❈❖❙❙❊◆❖ ❊ ❙❊◆❖ ❉❊ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙

◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✲ ❆❘❈❖ ❈❆P❆❩ ✲ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖ ❆❈❯❚➶◆●❯▲❖ ✲ ❋❩❊❆ ❯❙P✳

❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✾ ♠✐♥ ✸✹ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✹❚❛r✶❇♥②❛❇❝✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✳✶

❬✷✶❪ ❈❖◆◆❖❘✱ ❏✳ ❏✳ ❖✳❀ ❘❖❇❊❘❚❙❖◆✱ ❊✳ ❋✳✱ ❈❧❛✉❞✐✉s Pt♦❧❡♠②✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣✿✴✴♠❛t❤s❤✐st♦r②✳st✲❛♥❞r❡✇s✳❛❝✳✉❦✴❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s✴Pt♦❧❡♠②✳❤t♠❧✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳
✸

❬✷✷❪ ❆P❖❙❚❖▲✱ ❚✳ ▼✳❀ Pt♦❧❡♠②✬s ■♥❡q✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈❤♦r❞❛❧ ▼❡tr✐❝✱ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s
▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✹✵✿✺✱ ✷✸✸✲✷✸✺✱ ✶✾✻✼✳ ❉❖■✿ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✵✷✺✺✼✵❳✳✶✾✻✼✳✶✶✾✼✺✽✵✹✳ ✸

❬✷✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧

❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴r❞❣♣❛✺s❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✶✳✸

❬✷✹❪ ◆❊❚❖✱ ❆✳ ❈✳ ▼✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ Pr♦❢▼❛t✱ ❙❇▼✱ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❊❞✐çã♦✱ ■❙❇◆✿

✾✼✽✽✺✽✺✽✶✽✾✸✼✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✸✳✶✳✷

❬✷✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✹✸ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ✲

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pt♦❧♦♠❡✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✲❋❩❊❆✲❯❙P✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦
✭✶✹ ♠✐♥ ✸✷ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴q❣❲❯P♦❧✸✲❨■❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✶✳✷
 ✽✵

❬✷✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❈●P✲❆r❝♦ ❈❛♣❛③✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❣✸③r♣♥❢s✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✷✳✶

❬✷✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✺ ❙▲ P✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴t❞❥❡②s✻②✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✷✳✶

❬✷✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✼ ❙▲ P✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❛❦①❥✉❣✉❛✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✸✳✶

❬✷✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✹ ❙▲ P✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❣✷♥sq♣①❤✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✷✳✶✱ ✹✳✷✳✷

❬✸✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✺✾ P✶✺ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✹ ❈✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦✐s ❛
❞♦✐s ❞❡ três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❞✉❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✻ ♠✐♥ ✷✻
s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❈✼❡③❘✵❋❡❋❢▼❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✷✳✶

❬✸✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✺ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❣♥✇❥❥❡❡①✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✸✳✶

❬✸✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✺✺ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❆

❖❯ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖✱ ▲■◆❍❆ ❚❆◆●❊◆❚❊ ❊ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊

❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✼ ♠✐♥ ✵✷ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥
▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❳③✲▲♠❇❝❍❚s❯❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳
✹✳✸✳✶

❬✸✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✶✼ P✸ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✾ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙

▲❆▲ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖●❘❆▼❖ ❊ ❱❊▲❖❈■❉❆❉❊ ❆◆●❯▲❆❘ ✲ ❋❩❊❆ ❯❙P✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳
♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✽ ♠✐♥ ✺✺ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✹❜❜✺❊❳❥❘❍■♦❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✶✳✶

❬✸✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✷✺ ❉■❱■❙➹❖ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❙❊●▼❊◆❚❖ ◆❆ ❘❆❩➹❖ ❖❯

P❘❖P❖❘➬➹❖ ➪❯❘❊❆✳ P❊◆❚➪●❖◆❖ ❘❊●❯▲❆❘ ❊ ❊❙❚❘❊▲❆ ❉❊ ❈■◆❈❖

P❖◆❚❆❙✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✽ ♠✐♥ ✹✻ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③
▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✲st③❝❝t✸♦✵✵❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✷✳✶

❬✸✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✹✽ P✸ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ❊ ❉❊❙❆❋■❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ P❊◆❚➪●❖◆❖

❘❊●❯▲❆❘ ❊ ❘❆❩➹❖ ➪❯❘❊❆ ▼❆■❖❘ ✲ ●❊❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❈❖▼ ●❊❖●❊❇❘❆ ✲

❯❙P✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✾ ♠✐♥ ✺✾ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✲st③❝❝t✸♦✵✵❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✷✳✶

❬✸✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼✲❈❛s♦✲■■✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❣❣♣t✈✻❝♥✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✸✳✶
 ✽✶

❬✸✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✺✶ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❆

❖❯ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖✱ ▲■◆❍❆ ❚❆◆●❊◆❚❊ ❊ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊

❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✼ ♠✐♥ ✵✷ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥
▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴P❞❧❨◆✶♦❘✹❱❦❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳
✺✳✸✳✶
❬✸✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♥✉❡❝q❛✺✇✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✹✳✶✱ ✺✳✹✳✷
❬✸✾❪ ❈❖◆❚❊❙❚ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❙ ❲■❚❍ ❙❖▲❯❚■❖◆❙ ❖❋ ✻❚❍ ■❘❆◆■❆◆ ●❊❖▼❊❚❘❨
❖▲❨▼P■❆❉✱ ✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✐❣♦✲♦✣❝✐❛❧✳✐r✴♠❡❞✐❛✴■●❖❴✷✵✶✾❴❇♦♦❦❧❡t❴❡♥✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✹✳✶✱
✺✳✺
❬✹✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✻✷ P✷ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾ P❖◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▲■◆❊❆❘❊❙✱

❙❊▼❊▲❍❆◆➬❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙✱ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖●❘❆▼❖✳ ●❊❖▼❊❚❘■❆

❈❖▼ ●❊❖●❊❇❘❆✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✹ ♠✐♥ ✸✵ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧
❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✐♦❞❥q❋❖❣❩❉■❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✹✳✶
❬✹✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✹ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴q❛✷s❣❤st✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✺✳✶
❬✹✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✻✺ ❊❙❚■❈❆◆❉❖ ❆ ❈❖❘❉❆ ✲ ➹◆●❯▲❖❙✱

◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖ ❊ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❚❘■➹◆●❯▲❖❙ ✲ P✹ ❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✾ ✲

❋❩❊❆✲❯❙P✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✶ ♠✐♥ ✹✵ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③
▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❥✾q◆❨▲❥◆s❧✹❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✺✳✺✳✶
❬✹✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✸ P✹ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴③t❥✈①②✇q✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✷✳✶✱ ✻✳✷✳✷✱ ✻✳✷✳✸✱ ✻✳✷✳✹
❬✹✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✽ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴✉❝✺✾①✉①②✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✸✳✶✱ ✻✳✸✳✷✱ ✻✳✸✳✸✱ ✻✳✸✳✹✱
✻✳✸✳✺
❬✹✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✸✻ P✶ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✽ ❙❊●▼❊◆❚❖❙ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖❙ ❊

➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ❊❳❈✃◆❚❘■❈❖❙ ■◆❚❊❘■❖❘❊❙✱ ❈❊◆❚❘❆■❙ ❊ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❖❙

❙❖▲❯➬➹❖ ✶✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✽ ♠✐♥ ✶✻ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③
▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✹❤■❳✲①❆❚t✽◗❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✸✳✶
 ✽✷

❬✹✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✹✵ P✶ ■▼❖ ✷✵✶✽ ✭❙❖▲❯➬➹❖ ✷✮ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙

■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙✱ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖●❘❆▼❖❙ ❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ■❙Ó❙❈❊▲❊❙ ✲ ❯❙P✳
❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✷ ♠✐♥ ✵ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❝♠❥❑✈❍s■✈❴✇❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✸✳✶

❬✹✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ P✹ ◆■✲❈❛s♦ ■■✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴t✼r②①r✾❝✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✹✳✶

❬✹✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✹✾ P✹ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✼ ✲ ❘❊❋▲❊❳➹❖ ✲ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖

■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊▲ ✲ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊ ✲ ❈❖◆●❘❯✃◆❈■❆❙ ❉❊ ❚❘■➶◆●❯▲❖❙✳
❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶✹ ♠✐♥ ✹✻ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❬❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴●t✹❙❳❙✷■s❜❊❪✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✹✳✶

❬✹✾❪ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ✺t❤ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞ ✷✵✶✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴❝♦♥t❡♥t✴✉♣❧♦❛❞s✴✷✵✶✽✴✵✾✴■●❖❴✷✵✶✽✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✺

❬✺✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❥♥✸❥✽❡①❤✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ s❡t✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✳✺✳✶
■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮
 ❏❯❆◆ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙

●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✈✳ ✷✳

❉❖■✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸

P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛ ✲ ❙P

❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❩❖❖❚❊❈◆■❆ ❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❆▲■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ✭❋❩❊❆✮

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ P❆❯▲❖ ✭❯❙P✮

✷✵✷✵
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO
Reitor: Prof. Dr. Vahan Agopyan
Vice-Reitor: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Hernandes

FACULDADE DE ZOOTECNIA E ENGENHARIA DE ALIMENTOS

Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Pirassununga, SP
CEP 13.635-900
http://www.fzea.usp.br
Diretora: Profa. Dra. Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas
Vice-Diretor: Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação

Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da

Universidade de São Paulo

López Linares, Juan

L864g Geometria: soluções detalhadas para 20 problemas de
Olimpíadas Internacionais de Matemática. v. 2 / Juan
López Linares. –- Pirassununga: Faculdade de Zootecnia e
Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo,
2020.
69 p.

ISBN 978-65-87023-11-3 (e-book)

DOI: 10.11606/9786587023113

1. Olimpíadas Internacionais de Matemática. 2. Ensino

Médio. 3. Ensino universitário. 4. Geometria Plana
Euclidiana. 5. Problemas resolvidos. I. Título.

Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Girlei Aparecido de Lima, CRB-8/7113

Esta obra é de acesso aberto. É permitida a reprodução parcial ou total desta obra, desde que citada a fonte
e a autoria e respeitando a Licença Creative Commons indicada.
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
 ❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✲❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ✏●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡

❣r❛t✉✐t♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✑ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛r❛♠

❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳

 ❆❯❚❖❘
❉r✳ ❏❯❆◆ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✳

Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ✷ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❇ás✐❝❛s ✭❩❆❇✮ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦✲

t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭❋❩❊❆✮ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❯❙P✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡

♠✐♥✐str❛ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■■ ❡ ■❱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s ❡ ♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ✏❚r❡✐✲

♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖❧í♠♣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✑ ❡ ✏●❡✲

♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡

❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✑ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s✳

●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❍❛✈❛♥❛✱ ❈✉❜❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✹ ❡ ✶✾✾✻✱

r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tér✐❛ ❈♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛

❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❆❜❞✉s ❙❛❧❛♠✱ ❡♠ ❚r✐❡st❡✱ ♥❛ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✼✲✶✾✾✽✳ ❊stá❣✐♦ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s✲

❝♦♣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ✭❈◆❘✮✱ ❇♦❧♦♥❤❛✱ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✲✶✾✾✾✳ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ✭❯❋❙❈❛r✮ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✾✲✷✵✵✶✳ Pós✲❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❛♥♦s ✭✷✵✵✷✲✷✵✵✺✮ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✲

✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s ✭❯♥✐❝❛♠♣✮✳ ▼❡str❡ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡

◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮ ♣❡❧❛ ❯❋❙❈❛r ❡♠ ✷✵✶✾✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ ❧✐♥❦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦

❛✉t♦r✳
 ❚ít✉❧♦ ❈✉rt♦

❱✐♥t❡ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ■■

❚ít✉❧♦ ▲♦♥❣♦

●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✈✳ ✷✳

❘❡s✉♠♦

❊st❡ é ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆♦s ❞♦✐s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s
❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ P❧❛♥✐♠❡tr✐❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦✉tr❛s
✈✐♥t❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✳ ❖ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠
❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦s
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ✈í❞❡♦s ♥♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❙ã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s
❝♦♠♦✿ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❡ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡
❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛✳ ❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✉s❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡
✉♠❛ r❛♠♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦
s❡r ❧✐❞♦ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✭❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧❛✮ q✉❡
s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡
✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❙❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛♠ ❡♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠
❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ✉s❛♠
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦s ❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠
♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳

P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❈❤❛✈❡s✿ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱

❊♥s✐♥♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✱ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❘❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s
 ❙❤♦rt ❚✐t❧❡

❚✇❡♥t② ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ■■

▲♦♥❣ ❚✐t❧❡

●❡♦♠❡tr②✿ ❉❡t❛✐❧❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧

❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✳ ✈✳ ✷✳

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✬s ❡✲❜♦♦❦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s

❖❧②♠♣✐❝s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s t✇♦✱ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛ ❛♥❞ P❧❛♥✐♠❡tr② ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s
✇❡r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t✇❡♥t② ♦t❤❡r q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②
❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①t ❤❛s ✺✵ ✜❣✉r❡s t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❡❛s② t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳
▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s ♦♥ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❙✉❜❥❡❝ts s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr②✱ ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞
❝②❝❧✐❝ q✉❛❞r✐❧❛t❡r❛❧s✱ ❛♥❣❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❝❛❧
❛①✐s✱ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳
❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❡❛❝❤ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✉s❡s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♦❢
❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ s❡❡❦s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝❛♥✱ ✐♥ ❢❛❝t✱ ❜❡ r❡❛❞ ❛♥❞
st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜② st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ✭❛♥❞ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❙♣❛♥✐s❤✮ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ♣r❡♣❛r✐♥❣ ❢♦r
t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ st❛❣❡s ♦❢ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❝s ❛♥❞ ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛rs✳ ❚❤❡
♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✇❤♦ ✈❡♥t✉r❡
✐♥t♦ ♠♦r❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ t♦♣✐❝s✳ ■♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ t❤♦s❡
♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❡①t ✉s❡ ❧❡ss ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢
tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✱ ❍✐❣❤ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❙♦❧✈❡❞
❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✵
✶✳✶ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ✶✻

✷✳✶ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❡ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s✳ P✷ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✷✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✹ P❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦s✱ ár❡❛s ❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✹ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✹✳✷ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✷✳✺ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖

✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✷✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✷✳✻ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ P✷ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✷✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✸✷
✸✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s

❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✳ P✶ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✷ ■♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✷ ◆❊

■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
❙❯▼➪❘■❖

✸✳✸ ❆r❝♦s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦✳ P✺ ◆❊ ■●❖

✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✸✳✹ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ■♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦✳ ❚❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ P✶
◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✺ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✳ P✷ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✻ ❚❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠
♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✳ P✽ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✹ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ■♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ✹✺

✹✳✶ ❖rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖

✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✷ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ P✹ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós✲
❝❡❧❡s✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✹ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ♥✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ P✷ ◆■
■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✹✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✺ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✺✺
✹✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✺✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹✳✻ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✼ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦✳ P✹ ◆■ ■●❖
✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✽ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✼ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹✳✽✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
✺ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✻✺
 ✶✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❊♠ ✉♠ ❡✲❜♦♦❦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❬✶❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✈✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✐♠❡tr✐❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉✲

♥✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✷✵ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ❖ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✺✵
✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ♥♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳
❊st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s
■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s sã♦ ❬✷❪✱ ❬✸❪✱ ❬✹❪✱ ❬✺❪ ❡ ❬✻❪✳
❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧❛✳ ❊s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛ss✉♥t♦s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡t❡♥sã♦
❞❡ ❡s❣♦t❛r ♦ t❡♠❛✳ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ três ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❝❛❞❛ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ✉s❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ út❡✐s ❡ ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦s❛s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❢ór✉♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✜❝❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡♠
s✉♣♦r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s t❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❡ss❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✳
◆♦ss❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ s❡r ❧✐❞♦ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s
❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✭❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧❛✮ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s
♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊s♣❡r❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛♠ ❡♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠
♦✉tr❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ✉s❛♠ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦s ❡
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳

✶✳✶ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ∠A = 60◦ . ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s M, N ❡ K ❡stã♦ ♥♦s

❧❛❞♦s BC, AC ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ BK = KM = M N = N C. ❙❡ AN = 2AK,
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ∠B ❡ ∠C.
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✶

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ AB = CD ❡ BC = 2AD✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

∠BAD = 30 . ◦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✷

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ABCD é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠D = 60◦ ✱ AD = 2

√
❡ AB = 3 + 1✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ M é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ AD✳ ❖ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CK é ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ C ✳
❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ BKC ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✷✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹ ◆♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABCD ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M, N, P ❡ Q ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC, CD

❡ DA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AQM, BM N, CN P ❡ DP Q sã♦
✐❣✉❛✐s✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ M N P Q é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✸

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ três r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s

❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s✳ ❆❝❤❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❳❨✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✸✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ABCD✱ ❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s AC ❡ BD s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠

♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠DAC = 90◦ ❡ 2∠ADB = ∠ACB. ❙❡ ∠DBC + 2∠ADC = 180◦
♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ 2AP = BP.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼ ◆♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC t❡♠♦s ∠A = 90 ❡ ∠C = 30 . ❉❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ♣♦r
◦ ◦

c ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r A ❡ é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ BC ♥♦ s❡✉ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❆ss✉♠✐r q✉❡ c
✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ AC ❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ △ABC ❡♠ N ❡ M, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r
q✉❡ M N ⊥ BC.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽ ❆ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦ △ABC t♦❝❛ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC ✱ AC ❡ AB ❡♠ D ✱

E ❡ F ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡♥♦t❛r ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ F ❡ E ❛ BC ♣♦r K ❡ L✱

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ❛s s❡❣✉♥❞❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❞❡st❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ M ❡ N ✱
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ S ❛ ár❡❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡

S(△BM D) KD
= .
S(△CN D) LD

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y ❡stã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛r❝♦ BC ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦

tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✭❡st❡ ❛r❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tê♠ A✮✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠BAX = ∠CAY. ❙❡❥❛ M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AX. ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ BM + M C ≥ AY.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✹

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵ ❉✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s w1 ✱ w2 s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s A ❡ B✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ PQ

✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ P ∈ w1 ❡ Q ∈ w2 ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦
X ∈ w1 ✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ AX ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w2 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ Y ✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s Y ′ 6= Y ❡stã♦ ❡♠ w2
❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ QY = QY ′ ✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ Y ′ B ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w1 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ X ′ ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
P X = P X ′✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ ∠A = 45 ✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s O ✱ H sã♦ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥✲
◦

❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ABC ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ D é ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡s❞❡ B ✳ X é ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦

❞♦ ❛r❝♦ AH ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ADH q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠ D ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ DX = DO.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷ ❖ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC é ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ AC > AB ✱ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s✲

❝r✐t❛ c ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O. ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ c ❡♠ A ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ BC ❡♠ P ✳ X é

♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ OP t❛❧ q✉❡ ∠AXP = 90◦ . ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s E ∈ AB ❡ F ∈ AC sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦
❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ OP ❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ q✉❡ ∠EXP = ∠ACX ❡ ∠F XO = ∠ABX. ❙❡ K, L sã♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ EF ❝♦♠ c, ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ OP é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ d ❞♦ △KLX.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸ ❊♠ ✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC t❡♠♦s ∠C = ∠A + 90 . ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ D ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦
◦

❞❡ BC é t❛❧ q✉❡ AC = AD. ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ E ❡stá ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ BC q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tê♠ A ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r
1
q✉❡ ∠EBC = ∠A ❡ ∠EDC = 2 ∠A. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠CED = ∠ABC.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ➱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ w ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✳ ❉♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ✱ O2 ❡stã♦

❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ❡♠ w ❡ sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❆ ❝♦r❞❛ AB ❞❡ w é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s

❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛❞♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦r❞❛✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠O1 AO2 +
∠O1 BO2 > 90◦ ✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✺

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P, A ❡ B ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖

♣♦♥t♦ Q ❡stá ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠P AQ = 90◦ ❡ P Q = BQ. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦
✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ∠AQB − ∠P QA é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❛r❝♦ AB ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✹✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻ ◆✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC, BH é ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ B. D ❡

E sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ AB ❡ AC, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ F é ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ H ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦
❛ ED. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ BF ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼ ◆♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ M, N ❡ K sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC, CA ❡ AB,

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ wB ❡ wC s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s AC ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱

❢♦r❛ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ M K ❡ M N ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❡♠ wC ❡ wB ❡♠ X ❡ Y, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s
t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ X ❡ Y ❛ wC ❡ wB , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ Z. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ AZ ⊥ BC.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽ ❙❡❥❛♠ w1 ✱ w2 ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ❡ O2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ A ❡

B ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ w1 ✱ w2 ✳ ❆ r❡t❛ O1 B ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w2 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ✱

❡ ❛ r❡t❛ O2 A ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w1 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D✳ ❙❡❥❛ X ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AC
❡ w1 ❡ Y ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ BD ❝♦♠ w2 . Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ CX = DY.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ w ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O.

❙❡❥❛ P ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛r❝♦ BC ✭♦ ❛r❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ A ♥ã♦ ❡stá✮✳ ❆ r❡t❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ w ❡♠ P ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛
♦s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ AB ❡ AC ❡♠ K ❡ L✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ∠KOL > 90◦ .
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵ ❯♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC é ❞❛❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦

BC ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ AB ✱ AC ❡♠ E ✱ F ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛ M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ BC ❡ P ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡

✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AM ❡ EF ✳ X é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ EF ❡ Y ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦
❞❡ XP ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ∠XAY = ∠XY M.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
 ✶✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s

✷✳✶ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❡ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s✳ P✷ ◆❊ ■●❖

✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ∠A = 60◦ . ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s M, N ❡ K ❡stã♦ ♥♦s ❧❛❞♦s

BC, AC ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ BK = KM = M N = N C. ❙❡ AN = 2AK, ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r

♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ∠B ❡ ∠C.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❞✐ ❊t❡s❛♠✐ ❋❛r❞ ❬✼❪✳

✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✶✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
❡♠ ❬✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ P ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ AN. ❈♦♠♦ AK = AP ❡ ∠KAP = 60◦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ △KAP é
❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠AKP = ∠AP K = 60◦ ❡ KP = AP = P N. ▲♦❣♦ ♦ △P KN é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s
❞❡ ❜❛s❡ KN. ❈♦♠♦ ∠KP N = 120◦ ✱ ❡♥tã♦ ∠P KN = ∠P N K = 30◦ .
❈♦♠♦ M N = N C ♦ △N M C é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ M C. ❙❡❥❛♠ ∠N CM = ∠N M C = α. ❉♦
△ABC t❡♠♦s ∠ABC = 180◦ − 60◦ − α = 120◦ − α = ∠KBM. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ KB = KM
♦ △KBM é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BM. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠KBM = ∠KM B = 120◦ − α.
◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ∠KM N = 60◦ ✳ ❈♦♠♦ KM = N M ♦ △KM N é ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ KN =
M K ❡ ∠M KN = ∠M N K = 60◦ . ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠M N A = 90◦ ❡ ♥♦ △M N C t❡♠♦s α = 45◦ = ∠C.
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ △KBM ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ∠BKM = 30◦ ❡ ∠KM B = ∠KBM = ∠B = 75◦ .
❙❡❥❛♠ AK = x ❡ AN = 2x✳ ◆♦ △AKN ✉s❛♠♦s ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r
√ √
KN = AN 2 − AK 2 = 3x = KB.
√ √
▲♦❣♦ AB = (1 + 3)x = (1 + 3)AK. ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ♥♦ △ABC ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s s❡♥♦s✿

BC AB
= ,
sen(60 )
◦ sen(45◦ )
√
BC (1 + 3)AK
√ = √ ,
3 2
2 2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✶✽

r
2 BC
AK = · √ .
3 1+ 3
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✷✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠
❬✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✶✾

✷✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✸

◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ AB = CD ❡ BC = 2AD✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

∠BAD = 30 . ◦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼♦rt❡③❛ ❙❛❣❤❛✜❛♥ ❬✼❪✳

✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶

P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D tr❛ç❛♠♦s ❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❛ BC ❡ AB. ❙❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s E ❡ F

❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ∠F BE = 90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ F BED é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡
F B = DE. ◆♦ △DCE t❡♠♦s sen(30◦ ) = 21 = DE DC
. ▼❛s ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ DC = AB ✱ ❧♦❣♦ F é ♣♦♥t♦
♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ AB.
❈♦♠♦ DF é ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ♦ △DAB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ AB ✳ ▲♦❣♦ AD = DB ❡
∠DAB = ∠DBA. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ BC = 2AD s❡❣✉❡ DB BC
= AD
BC
= 12 = sen(30◦ ). ■st♦ é✱ ♦
△BDC é r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ D. ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠DBC = 60◦ ❡ ∠DBA = ∠BAD = 30◦ .
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷

P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CD ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ DCP t❛❧ q✉❡ ∠BCP =

90◦ . ❖ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCP é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ AB = CP = DC. ❚❡♠♦s ∠AP D = ∠AP C −
∠DP C = 90◦ − 60◦ = 30◦ = ∠BCD.
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ AP = BC ❡ P D = CD. ▲♦❣♦ ♣♦r ▲❆▲ s❡❣✉❡ △AP D ≡ △BCD.
❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ AD = BD, ♦ △DAB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ AB ❡ ∠DAB = ∠DBA.
◆♦t❛♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ BC = 2AD✱ s❡❣✉❡ DB
BC
= AD
BC
= 21 = sen(30◦ ). ■st♦ é✱ ♦ △BDC é
r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ D. ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠DBC = 60◦ ❡ ∠DBA = ∠BAD = 30◦ . ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✸
♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✵❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✶✶❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✷

✷✳✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖

✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✶ ABCD é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠D = 60◦ ✱ AD = 2

√
❡ AB = 3 + 1✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ M é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ AD✳ ❖ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CK é ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ C ✳
❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ BKC ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018 ❬✶✷❪✳

✷✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✶✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ❡ ∠ADC = 60◦ t❡♠♦s ∠ABC = 60◦

❡ ∠BAD = ∠BCD = 120◦ ✳ ❉♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CK s❡r ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ ∠BCD
s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠BCK =
∠KCD = β = 60◦ ✳
√
❖ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ M A = 1 ❡ AB = 1 + 3 s✉❣❡r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ X s♦❜r❡ AB t❛❧ q✉❡
√
AX = AM = 1 ❡ XB = 3✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❡s❜♦ç❛♠♦s ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ XM ✳ P♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
AM X é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ M X ✱ ❧♦❣♦ ∠AM X = ∠AXM = 30◦ ✳ ❖ â♥❣✉❧♦ M XB é s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r
❞❡ M XA✱ ❧♦❣♦ ∠M XB = 150◦ ✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ▲❡✐ ❞♦s ❈♦ss❡♥♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ AM X ✿

M X 2 = AM 2 + AX 2 − 2AM · AX · cos(∠M AX),

M X 2 = 1 + 1 − 2 cos(120◦ ) = 2 (1 + cos(60◦ )) = 3.
√
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ M X = 3 ❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ M XB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ M B ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ∠XM B =
∠XBM = 15 ✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠KBC = 45◦ ❡ ∠BKC = α = 75◦ ✳
◦

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✹

✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✶✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ❡ ∠ADC = 60◦ t❡♠♦s ∠ABC = 60◦

❡ ∠BAD = ∠BCD = 120◦ ✳ ❉♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ CK s❡r ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ ∠BCD s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠BCK =
∠KCD = β = 60◦ ✳
▼❛r❝❛♠♦s N ✱ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BC ✱ ❡ tr❛ç❛♠♦s N M ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ CD k N M k BA
❡ CD = N M = BA ♣♦✐s N M é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ABCD ✳ ❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E ❛
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s N M ❡ CK ✳ ❚❡♠♦s ∠CEN = ∠ECD = 60◦ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❛❧t❡r♥♦s
❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❡ ∠CEN = ∠KEM = 60◦ ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠EN C = 60◦ ❡ ♦
√
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ EN C é ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♠ EN = N C = CE = 1✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ M E = 3✳
❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s EN C ❡ EN B sã♦ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ∠EN B = 120◦ ✳ ❖ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ EN B é
✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ EB ✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠N EB = ∠N BE = 30◦ ❡ ∠BEC = ∠BEK = 90◦ ✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦
√
❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ BEC ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ BE = 3✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ BEM é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BM ❡ ∠BEM = 150◦ t❡♠♦s ∠EM K =
∠EBK = 15◦ ✳ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ BKE ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠BKE = ∠BKC = α = 75◦ ✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✶✺❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✺

✷✳✹ P❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦s✱ ár❡❛s ❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✹ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ◆♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABCD ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M, N, P ❡ Q ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC, CD ❡

DA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AQM, BM N, CN P ❡ DP Q sã♦

✐❣✉❛✐s✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ MNP Q é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 4 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❞✐ ❊t❡s❛♠✐ ❋❛r❞ ❬✼❪✳

✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❙❡❥❛♠ AB = CD = a, AD = BC = b, AM = x, AQ = z, P C = y ❡ N C = t. ◗✉❡r❡♠♦s
♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s t❡r x = y. ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛❜s✉r❞♦✱ ❡ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡
x > y. ▲♦❣♦ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s t❡r q✉❡
a − x < a − y. ✭✷✳✹✳✶✮
❉❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AQM ❡ CN P s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

zx = yt ⇒ z < t ⇒ b − t < b − z. ✭✷✳✹✳✷✮

P❡❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✷✳✹✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✹✳✷✮ t❡♠♦s✿

(a − x)(b − t) < (a − y)(b − z).

▼❛s ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ BM N é ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛ ár❡❛
❞♦ DP Q. ❈♦♥tr❛❞✐çã♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ x = y. ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ z = t.
P♦r ▲❆▲ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ △AM Q ≡ △CP N ❡ △BM N ≡ △DP Q. ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ M Q =
N P ❡ M N = P Q. ❈♦♠♦ t❡♠♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ M N P Q é ✉♠
♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✻❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

◆❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s M, N, P ❡ Q é

✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❉♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AM Q ❡ DP Q t❡♠♦s✿

xz = (a − y)(b − z) = (a − x)(b − z),

x
z = b(1 − ).
a
■st♦ é✱ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦✿

bx x
AT R (x) = · (1 − ).
2 a

P♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ x = a2 .

✷✳✹✳✷ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦

❆ t❡s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ✈❛❧❡♥❞♦ s❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✱ ♥ã♦

♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ■st♦ é✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AQM, BM N, CN P
❡ DP Q ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ M N P Q é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡

❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✼❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

◆❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s M, N, P
❡ Q é ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❉♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AM Q ❡ DP Q t❡♠♦s✿

xzsen(α) = (a − x)(b − z)sen(180◦ − α) = (a − x)(b − z)sen(α),

x
z = b(1 − ).
a
■st♦ é✱ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦✿

bx x
AT P (x) = · (1 − )sen(α).
2 a

P♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ x = a2 .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✽

✷✳✺ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r

❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ três r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s

s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s✳ ❆❝❤❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❳❨✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❍✐r❛❞ ❆❛❧✐♣❛♥❛❤ ❬✶✷❪✳

✷✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✷✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P❡❧♦ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s três r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✈❡r✲
t✐❝❛❧ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❆❇❈✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ ❇✳ ◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡
√
AB = BC = 10✱ ∠BAC = ∠BCA = 45◦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s AC = 10 2✳
❚❡♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ∠ADF = ∠GDX = ∠CEM = ∠IEH = 45◦ ✳ ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❆❋❉ ❡
❈▼❊ sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❆❉ ❡ ❊❈✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ F D = M E = 2✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❉❳● ❡ ❊■❍ sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❉● ❡ ❍❊✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ DG = 2 ❡ EI = 1✳
√ √
❯s❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r AD = 2 2 ❡ CE = 2 2✳
√
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❉❳● ❡ ❊■❨ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s DX = 2 cos(45◦ ) = 2 ❡ Y E =
√
cos(45◦ ) = 22 ✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡

XY = AC − AD − DX − CE − Y E,
√
√ √ √ √ 2
XY = 10 2 − 2 2 − 2−2 2− ,
2
9√
XY = 2.
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✸✵

✷✳✻ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ P✷ ◆■

■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ABCD✱ ❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s AC ❡ BD s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦

♣♦♥t♦ P ✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠DAC = 90 ◦
❡ 2∠ADB = ∠ACB. ❙❡ ∠DBC + 2∠ADC = 180◦ ♣r♦✈❛r
q✉❡ 2AP = BP.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ■♠❛♥ ▼❛❣❤s♦✉❞✐ ❬✶✷❪✳

✷✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

M ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ ∠P CB ❝♦♠ P B ✳ ❈♦♠♦ ∠ADP = ∠M CP = θ

❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
❡ ∠AP D = ∠M P C = 90◦ − θ ♣♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♠♦s △ADP ∼ △M CP. ▲♦❣♦ ∠P M C =
∠P AD = 90◦ ✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ M C é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ CBP é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BP ✳
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ BC = P C ✱ M B = M P ❡ ∠CBM = ∠CP M = 90◦ − θ. P♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s

∠DBC + 2∠ADC = 180◦ ,

90◦ − θ + 2θ + 2∠P DC = 180◦ ,

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❊ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ◆❖❚➪❱❊■❙ ✸✶

θ + 2∠P DC = 90◦ . ✭✷✳✻✳✶✮

◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DM C t❡♠♦s

θ + ∠P CD + ∠P DC = 90◦ . ✭✷✳✻✳✷✮

❉❡ ✭✷✳✻✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✻✳✷✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡

90◦ − θ
∠P CD = ∠P DC = .
2

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ P CD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ CD✱ P D = P C ✳ P♦r ❆▲❆

△ADP ≡ △M CP ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ P A = P M ❡ 2AP = BP ✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✵❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
 ✸✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛

✸✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡

s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✳ P✶ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳ ◆♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ∠A = 90◦ ❡ ∠C = 30◦ . ❉❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ♣♦r

t❡♠♦s

c ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r A ❡ é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ BC ♥♦ s❡✉ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❆ss✉♠✐r q✉❡ c
✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ AC ❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ △ABC ❡♠ N ❡ M, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r

q✉❡ M N ⊥ BC.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 1 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2014✲2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❞✐ ❊t❡s❛♠✐ ❋❛r❞ ❬✷✶❪✳

✸✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✷❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ K ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BC ✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡

tr❛ç❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ BC ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r K ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s A ❡ K ✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s
❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ O✱ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ c✳ ❆ s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d t❡♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ K ✳
❈♦♠♦ AK é ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC t❡♠♦s AK = BK = CK.
▲♦❣♦✱ ♦ △KAC é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ AC ❡ ∠KAC = ∠KCA = 30◦ .
❈♦♠♦ BC é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ N KC é ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ N AK
é ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ N K ✳ ▲♦❣♦ ∠N KC = ∠N AK = 30◦ . ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r â♥❣✉❧♦
❡①t❡r♥♦ ❡♠ N r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ N KC ✱ t❡♠♦s ∠AN K = ∠N KC + ∠ACB = 60◦ . ❙❡❣✉❡
q✉❡ ∠N KA = 90◦ ❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AN é ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ c✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AKN M é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ❡♥tã♦ ∠KAN = ∠KM N = 30◦ ❡
∠AM K = ∠AN K = 60◦ . P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ K é ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡ KM = KA. ❙❡♥❞♦ ∠KM A = 60◦ , s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ △AKM é ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❡ ∠AKM = 60◦ ✳
▲♦❣♦ ∠M KN = 30◦ ❡ ∠M KC = 60◦ . ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ AM k BC ❡ M N ⊥ BC.
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ △ABK é ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABKM é ✉♠ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦✳
❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✸❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✷❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✸✳✷ ■♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛

❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✷ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ❆ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦ △ABC t♦❝❛ ♦s ❧❛❞♦sBC ✱ AC ❡ AB ❡♠ D✱ E

❡ F✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡♥♦t❛r ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ F ❡ E ❛ BC ♣♦r K ❡ L✱ r❡s✲

♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ❛s s❡❣✉♥❞❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❞❡st❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ M ❡ N ✱

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ S ❛ ár❡❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡

S(△BM D) KD
= .
S(△CN D) LD

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 1 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2014✲2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❞✐ ❊t❡s❛♠✐ ❋❛r❞✳ ❬✷✶❪✳

✸✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡✈❡♠✲s❡ tr❛ç❛r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞✉❛s ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ✐♥✲
t❡r♥❛s ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✳ ❊st❛s s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦
I ✱ ■♥❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❖s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ID✱ IE ❡
IF sã♦ r❛✐♦s ❞❡ c ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC ✱ AC ❡ AB ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
∠B
❖ △BF D é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ F D, ❧♦❣♦ ∠BDF = ∠BF D = 90◦ − 2 . P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥♦
△BKF t❡♠♦s ∠BF K = 90◦ − ∠B. ❙❡❣✉❡ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ∠DF M = 21 ∠B.
❘❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ M D ❞♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦
1
❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✿ ∠DF M = ∠M DK = 2 ∠B. P♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s M KD ❡ IDB sã♦
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
MK ID
= ,
KD DB
MK
ID = DB · . ✭✸✳✷✳✶✮
KD
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ △CED é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ED, ❧♦❣♦ ∠CDE = ∠CED = 90◦ − ∠C 2
. P♦r
1
♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ △CEL t❡♠♦s ∠CEL = 90◦ − ∠C. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠DEN = 2 ∠C.
❘❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ N D ❞♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦
1
❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✿ ∠DEN = ∠N DL = 2 ∠C. P♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s N LD ❡ IDC sã♦
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
NL ID
= ,
LD DC
NL
ID = DC · . ✭✸✳✷✳✷✮
LD

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✻

❉❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✸✳✷✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✸✳✷✳✷✮ t❡♠♦s

MK NL
DB · = DC · ,
KD LD

♦✉
DB · M K KD
= .
DC · N L LD
❊st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠
✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✺❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✸✳✸ ❆r❝♦s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡ ❝✐r✲

❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦✳ P✺ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y ❡stã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛r❝♦ BC ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦

tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✭❡st❡ ❛r❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tê♠ A✮✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠BAX = ∠CAY. ❙❡❥❛ M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AX. ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ BM + M C ≥ AY.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 5 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 1 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2014✲2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❛♥ ❚❛❥r♦❜❡❦❛r✳ ❬✷✶❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✼

✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✻❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♠♦ O é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC ✱ t❡♠♦s OM ⊥ AX. ❚r❛ç❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛

r❡t❛ OM ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r
B ❡ ♠❛r❝❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Z ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦✳
❙❡♥❞♦ OM ⊥ BZ ✱ BZ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❡ O ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ r❡t❛ OM é ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③
❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BZ. ▲♦❣♦✱ M Z = M B.
P❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ △M ZC t❡♠♦s BM + M C = ZM + M C ≥ CZ.
❱❛❧❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s C ✱ M ❡ Z sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
▼❛s BZ k AX ✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

> > > > >

AZ = BX = CY ⇔ ZAC = Y CA ⇔ CZ = AY.

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ BM + M C ≥ AY. ❱❛❧❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s C✱ M ❡ Z sã♦

❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✻❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✷✼❪✳

✸✳✹ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ■♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦✳ ❚❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛

❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ❉✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s w1 ✱ w2 s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s A ❡ B✳

P Q ✉♠❛
❙❡❥❛♠

❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ P ∈ w1 ❡ Q ∈ w2 ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ X ∈ w1 ✳

❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ AX ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w2 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ Y ✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s Y 6= Y ❡stã♦ ❡♠ w2 ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛

′

q✉❡ QY = QY ✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ Y B ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w1 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ X ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ P X = P X ✳

′ ′ ′ ′

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦✲

♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼♦rt❡③❛ ❙❛❣❤❛✜❛♥ ❬✶✷❪✳

✸✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✸✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❖s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ P Q✱ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠

s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬✷✾❪✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡

QY = QY ′ ⇒ ∠QY Y ′ = ∠QY ′ Y.

❉❡ w2 s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠QY Y ′ = ∠Y ′ QP ✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s

❛ ❝♦r❞❛ QY ′ ✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ Y ′ Y k P Q✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ w2 t❡♠♦s ∠Y ′ Y A = ∠Y ′ BA✱ ♣♦r ❡♥①❡r❣❛r❡♠ ❛
♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ Y ′ A✳
❊♠ w1 t❡♠♦s ∠ABX ′ = ∠AXX ′ ✱ ♣♦r ❡♥①❡r❣❛r❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AX ′ ✳ ❉♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s
❛❧t❡r♥♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ XX ′ k Y ′ Y k P Q✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠P XX ′ = ∠X ′ P Q✱ ♣♦r
s❡r❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ P X ′ ✳
❈♦♠♦ XX ′ k P Q✱ ❡♥tã♦ ∠X ′ P Q = ∠P X ′ X ✳ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ P XX ′ é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s
❞❡ ❜❛s❡ XX ′ ❡ P X = P X ′ ✳ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡♠ ❬✸✵❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✹✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✷✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✸✳✺ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✳

P✷ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ ∠A = 45◦ ✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s O✱ H sã♦ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦

❡ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ABC ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ D é ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡s❞❡ B ✳ X é ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦

❛r❝♦ AH ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ADH q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠ D ✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ DX = DO.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦✲

♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❋❛t❡♠❡❤ ❙❛❥❛❞✐ ❬✶✷❪✳

✸✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✹✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✶❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ AH é ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ e✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ADH

✭❡♠ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦✮✱ ♣♦✐s ∠ADH = 90◦ ✳ ❈♦♠♦ ∠AXH = 90◦ ❡ XA = XH ✱ ♣♦r s❡r ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦
❛r❝♦ AH ✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠AHX = 45◦ . ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠AHX = ∠ADX ♣♦r ❡♥①❡r❣❛r❡♠ ❛
♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AX ❞❡ e✳
❚❡♠♦s ∠BOC = 2∠A = 90◦ ✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ BC é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
✐♥s❝r✐t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ O é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ OA = OB = OC ✱ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ OBC é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❡ ∠OBC =
∠OCB = 45◦ .
❈♦♠♦ ∠BOC = ∠BDC = 90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ BCDO é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❡ BC é ✉♠ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ f ✭❡♠ ❛③✉❧✮✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠OBC + ∠ODC = 180◦ ✳ ❉♦
❢❛t♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s A✱ D ❡ C s❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s t❡♠♦s ∠ODA + ∠ODC = 180◦ ✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱
∠ODA = ∠OBC = 45◦ ❡ ∠ODX = 90◦ ✳
∠AXH
❏✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ∠ACH = 2
❡ AX = XH ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ X é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
ACH ❡ XA = XC ✳ ❈♦♠♦ O ❡ X ❡q✉✐❞✐st❛♠ ❞❡ A ❡ C ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ OX ❡stá ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦s
♣♦♥t♦s A ❡ C ❡ AC ⊥ OX ✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ I = OX ∩ AC t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ID é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
OXD✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ OXD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ OX ❡ DX = DO. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s
✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✹✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✶❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✸✳✻ ❚❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡

s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✳ P✽ ◆❆

■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ❖ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC é ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ AC > AB ✱ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛

c ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O. ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ c ❡♠ A ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ BC ❡♠ P✳ X é ♦

♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ OP t❛❧ q✉❡ ∠AXP = 90 . ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s E ∈ AB ❡ F ∈ AC sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦

◦

❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ OP ❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ q✉❡ ∠EXP = ∠ACX ❡ ∠F XO = ∠ABX. ❙❡ K, L sã♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡

✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ EF ❝♦♠ c, ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ OP é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ d ❞♦ △KLX.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 8 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦✮ ❞❛ 1 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦✲

♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2014✲2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❞✐ ❊t❡s❛♠✐ ❋❛r❞✳ ❬✷✶❪✳

✸✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✹✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
❡♠ ❬✸✷❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ M ❡ N ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ XF ❡ XE t❛❧ q✉❡ M ✱ L✱ X ❡ K ❡ N ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛

❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r ♣r♦✈❛r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠AM X = ∠ACX = ∠N XP. ❉❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ N ✱ A ❡ M sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛✲
r❡s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ∠AM X = ∠N M X. ❊♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ N X ❞❡ d ♦ ∠N M X é ✐♥s❝r✐t♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡
t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P X ❝♦♠ d ♦ ∠N XP é ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦ q✉❡ ∠N M X = ∠N XP ❡st❛rá
❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ❛ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P O ❝♦♠ d.
❖ ♣♦♥t♦ F ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s c ❡ d✳ ▲♦❣♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ F ❝♦♠♦ XF · F M = F L · F K = AF · F C. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AM CX é
❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ e✮ ❡ ∠AM X = ∠ACX.
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s c ❡ d✳ ▲♦❣♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s
❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ E ❝♦♠♦ XE · EN = EL · EK = AE · EB. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
AN BX é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ f ✮ ❡ ∠AN X = ∠ABX.
❆❣♦r❛ ♣r♦✈❛r❡♠♦s q✉❡ N ✱ A ❡ M sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ AN BX ❡ AM CX sã♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦
s❡❣✉❡
∠N AM = ∠N AE + ∠A + ∠F AM = ∠EXB + ∠A + ∠CXF =

= ∠A + 180◦ − ∠BXC + ∠ABX + ∠ACX =

= ∠A + 180◦ − ∠BXC + ∠BXC − ∠A = 180◦ .

❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠AM X = ∠N M X ❡ P O é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d ❡♠ X ✳ ❆ ❋✐✲

❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✷ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ➶◆●❯▲❖❙ ◆❆ ❈■❘❈❯◆❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ✹✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠
❬✸✷❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
 ✹✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ■♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s

✹✳✶ ❖rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r✲

❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC t❡♠♦s ∠C = ∠A + 90◦ . ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ D ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡

BC é t❛❧ q✉❡ AC = AD. ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ E ❡stá ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ BC q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tê♠ A ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r
q✉❡ ∠EBC = ∠A ❡ ∠EDC = 21 ∠A. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠CED = ∠ABC.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 1 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲
♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2014✲2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼♦rt❡③❛ ❙❛❣❤❛✜❛♥✳ ❬✷✶❪✳

✹✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✹✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r F CF ⊥ BC ❡ CF =

t❛❧ q✉❡
F A✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ △CF A é ✐sós❝❡❧❡ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ CF ❣❛r❛♥t✐♠♦s s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r q✉❡ ∠F CA = ∠F AC = α ❡
∠C = α + 90◦ .
❙❡❥❛ M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ CD ✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ACD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❡♥tã♦ AM ❡stá ♥❛
♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞❡ CD ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ P ❡ Q ❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❞❡ AM ❝♦♠ DE ❡ BE ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
α
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❡stá ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞❡ C ❡ D t❡♠♦s P C ❂P D ❡ ∠P CD = 2 .
P❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ∠B = 90◦ − 2α. ▲♦❣♦
∠EBA + ∠CAB = α + ∠B + α = 90◦ . ❙❡❥❛ G = AC ∩ BE ✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡
♦ △AGB é r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ G.
◆♦ △ABQ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ BC ❡ AC sã♦ ❛❧t✉r❛s✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C é s❡✉ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r
❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❢❛❧t❛✳ ❙❡❥❛ H ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q s♦❜r❡ AB.
P❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ HQB t❡♠♦s ∠HQB = ∠CQE = α. ❆❞✐❝✐♦✲
1 1
♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞♦ △P DC ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r α = 2 α + 2 α = ∠P DC + ∠P CD = ∠CP E. ◆❛ ú❧t✐♠❛
♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ é ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥ã♦
❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s✳
P❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ AM B t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠CAM = α. ❙❡❣✉❡ ❞♦
△HQA q✉❡ ∠HQA = 90 − 2α.
◦

❙❡♥❞♦ ∠CP E = ∠CQE ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ CP QE é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❛ ❝♦r❞❛ CP ✱ t❡♠♦s ∠CEP = ∠CQP. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠CED = ∠ABC, ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r✳ ❆
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✹✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✹❪✳

✹✳✷ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ P✹

◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ➱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ w ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✳ ❉♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ✱ O2 ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s

❡♠ w ❡ sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❆ ❝♦r❞❛ AB ❞❡ w é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡

❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛❞♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦r❞❛✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠O1 AO2 + ∠O1 BO2 > 90◦ ✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 4 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡✲

♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018 ❬✶✷❪✳

✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✹✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✶✿ P❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠ ❬✸✺❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ X s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r AB ❞❡ w ❡ tr❛ç❛♠♦s ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦

XO ✭❖ ♣♦♥t♦ O é ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ w✮✳ ❖ ❝❡♥tr♦ O1 ❞❡ w1 ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ❡♠ XO✳ ❈♦♠♦ w1
é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ w ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r h ❛ XO ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r X ✳ ❈❤❛♠❛♠♦s D
❛♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ AB ❝♦♠ h✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ O1 ❛té ❛s r❡t❛s AB ❡ h ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛
♠❡s♠❛✳ ■ss♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ tr❛ç❛r ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ j ❞♦ ∠XDB ❡ ♠❛r❝❛r O1 ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦♠
XO✳ ❆ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w2 é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✹✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦
❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✻❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❢❛❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ w1 ❡ w2 ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r A ❡ B✳ ❙❡❥❛ C ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡

✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛ w1 ❡
D ❞❡ w2 ✳
◗✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ∠O1 AO2 + ∠O1 BO2 > 90◦ ✳ ❈♦♠♦ ∠CAD = 2∠O1 AO2 ❡
∠CBD = 2∠O1 BO2 ✱ ❡♥tã♦ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠CAD + ∠CBD > 180◦ ✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ACBD ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ∠CAD+∠CBD > 180◦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡
❛ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠ACB + ∠ADB < 180◦ ✳
❈♦♠♦ C ❡ D ❡stã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ w ✱ ❡♥tã♦ ∠ACB < ∠AXB ❡ ∠ADB < ∠AY B ✳ ■st♦ é✱
∠ACB + ∠ADB < ∠AXB + ∠AY B ✳
❖ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AXBY é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ❧♦❣♦ ∠AXB+∠AY B = 180◦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s
q✉❡ ∠ACB + ∠ADB < 180◦ ✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✸✼❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✵

✹✳✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝✐r✲

❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P, A ❡ B ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦

Q ❡stá ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠P AQ = 90◦ ❡ P Q = BQ. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r
❞❡ ∠AQB − ∠P QA é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❛r❝♦ AB ✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✶✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉❛✈♦♦❞ ❱❛❦✐❧✐ ❬✼❪✳

✹✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶
>
❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦AB é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ∠AP B = α✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
>
∠AQB − ∠P QA é ✐❣✉❛❧ AB ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ∠AQB − ∠P QA = 2∠AP B = 2α.
❙❡❥❛ M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ P B. ❈♦♠♦ ♦ △P QB é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ P B t❡♠♦s
q✉❡ P M é ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ▲♦❣♦ ∠P M Q = 90◦ . ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △P M Q ≡ △BM Q ❡ ∠P QM =
∠BQM = δ.
❈♦♠♦ ∠P AQ = ∠P M Q = 90◦ , ❡♥tã♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ P AM Q é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ▲♦❣♦ ∠AP M =
∠AQM = α. P♦r ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ t❡♠♦s✿ ∠AQB = α + δ ❡ ∠AQP = δ − α.

∠AQB − ∠AQP = α + δ − (δ − α),

∠AQB − ∠AQP = 2α = 2∠AQM,

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✶

∠AQB − ∠AQP = 2∠AP B.

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷
>
❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ AB é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ∠AP B = α✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
>
∠AQB − ∠P QA é ✐❣✉❛❧ AB ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ∠AQB − ∠P QA = 2∠AP B = 2α.
❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ K ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ P ♥♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AQ. ❚❡♠♦s ∠AQK = ∠AQP ❡ P Q = KQ =
BQ. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q é ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △P KB. ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ é ❞✉❛s
✈❡③❡s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦✿

2∠AP B = ∠KQB = ∠AQB − ∠AQK = ∠AQB − ∠AQP.

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✸✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✹ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ♥✉♠ tr✐✲

â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ P✷ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ◆✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC, BH é ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ B. D ❡ E

sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ AB ❡ AC, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ F é ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ H ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛
ED. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ BF ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 2 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉❛✈♦♦❞ ❱❛❦✐❧✐ ❬✼❪✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶

❙❡❥❛ O ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC. ❈♦♠♦ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s OBC, OCA ❡ OAB sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s
t❡♠♦s ∠OBC = ∠OCB = α, ∠OCA = ∠OAC = β ❡ ∠OAB = ∠OBA = γ. ❉❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s
â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥♦ △ABC s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ α + β + γ = 90◦ ❡ ∠OBA = γ = 90◦ − ∠C. P❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❛r
q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ BF ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC. ❜❛st❛rá ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ∠F BA = 90◦ − ∠C.
❈♦♠♦ D é ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♥❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABH t❡♠♦s AD = BD =
DH. ❉❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ H ❡♠ DE s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ DH = DF. ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
AHF B é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ t❡♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ D.
❈♦♠♦ ∠F BA + ∠F HA = ∠F HE + ∠F HA = 180◦ t❡♠♦s ∠F BA = ∠F HE. ❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
G ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ HF ❡ DE. ◆♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ GHE s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠GHE = ∠F HE =
90◦ − ∠GEH = 90◦ − ∠DEH. ▲♦❣♦ ∠F BA = 90◦ − ∠DEH.
❈♦♠♦ DE é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥♦ △ABC, ❡♥tã♦ DE k BC ❡ ∠DEH = ∠C. ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
∠F BH = 90◦ − ∠C ❡ ❛ r❡t❛ BF ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✷ ♠♦str❛
✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✵❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✹✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷

❙❡❥❛ O ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC. ❙❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ∠OBA = 90◦ − ∠C.
❉❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦ △BDO ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠DOB = ∠C. ■r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠DOF =
∠DOB, ❧♦❣♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s B ✱ F ❡ O sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
❈♦♠♦ D é ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♥❛ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABH t❡♠♦s AD = BD =
DH. ❉❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ s❡❣✉❡ DH = DF. ❉❡ ∠ADO = ∠AEO = 90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ADOE é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳
❚❡♠♦s ∠A = ∠DHA = 180◦ − ∠DHE. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ▲❆▲ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △DHG ≡
△DF G ❡ △EHG ≡ △EF G. ▲♦❣♦ ∠DHE = ∠DF E, ∠A = 180◦ − ∠DF E ❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
ADF E t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ ADF OE é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ DF OE é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
∠C = ∠DEA = ∠DEF = ∠DOF. ❚í♥❤❛♠♦s ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ∠C = ∠DOB, ❧♦❣♦ ∠DOF = ∠DOB
❡ B, F ❡ O sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡
❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✶❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✺ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦✲

❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳ ◆♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✱ M, N ❡ K sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC, CA ❡ AB,
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ wB ❡ wC s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s AC ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱

❢♦r❛ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ M K ❡ M N ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❡♠ wC ❡ wB ❡♠ X ❡ Y, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s

t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ X ❡ Y ❛ wC ❡ wB , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ Z. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ AZ ⊥ BC.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❛❤❞✐ ❊t❡s❛♠✐ ❋❛r❞ ❬✼❪✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶

❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ H ∈ BC t❛❧ q✉❡ AH ⊥ BC. ❈♦♠♦ ∠BHA = 90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AXBH é
❝í❝❧✐❝♦ (H ❡stá ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ wC ). ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ∠CHA = 90◦ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ AY CH
é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ (H t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ wB ).
AKM N é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ∠AKX = ∠AN Y = ∠A = ∠KM N. ❈♦♠♦
♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ é ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ∠ABX =
∠ACY = ∠A 2
. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠BXA = ∠CY A = 90◦ ❧♦❣♦ ∠XAB = ∠Y AC = 90◦ − ∠A 2
.
❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ X, A ❡ Y sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
∠A
❉♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ AHBX t❡♠♦s ∠AHX = ∠ABX = 2 . ❊ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✲
∠A
✈❡❧ AHCY s❡❣✉❡ ∠AHY = ∠ACY = 2 . ▲♦❣♦ ∠XHY = ∠XM Y = ∠A. ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ XHM Y é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳
P♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠M XZ = ∠M Y Z = 90◦ , ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ M Y ZX
é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣❡♥tá❣♦♥♦ ZXHM Y é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ZXHY é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳
❉❛ s❡♠✐❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ wB ✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AY t❡♠♦s ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✲
∠A
♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦✿ ∠ZY A = ∠ZY X = ∠ACY = 2 . ❉♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦
ZXHY t❡♠♦s ∠ZHX = ∠ZY X = ∠A 2
.
∠A
❚í♥❤❛♠♦s ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ∠AHX = 2 , ❧♦❣♦ ∠ZHX = ∠AHX. ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
Z, A ❡ H sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❡ AZ ⊥ BC. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✶ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✷❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✺✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷

❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ H ∈ BC t❛❧ q✉❡ AH ⊥ BC. ❈♦♠♦ ∠BHA = 90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AXBH é
❝í❝❧✐❝♦ (H ❡stá ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ wC ). ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ∠CHA = 90◦ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ AY CH
é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ (H t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá ♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ wB ).
❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ AKM N é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠AKX = ∠AN Y = ∠A = ∠KM N.
❈♦♠♦ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ é ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r
∠ABX = ∠ACY = ∠A 2
. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠BXA = ∠CY A = 90◦ ❧♦❣♦ ∠XAB = ∠Y AC =
90◦ − ∠A2
. ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ X, A ❡ Y sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
❉❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ wB ✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AY, t❡♠♦s ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦
❝♦♠ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦✿ ∠ZY A = ∠ACY = ∠A 2
. ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ wC ✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ AX,
t❡♠♦s ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦✿ ∠ZXA = ∠ABX = ∠A 2
.
❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ZXY é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ XY ❡ ZX = ZY. ❉♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Z r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ wB ❡ wC é ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ■st♦ é✱ Z ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ AH ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s
q✉❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s Z, A ❡ H sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❡ AZ ⊥ BC.
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✸❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✻ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❈♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛✳

P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ w1 ✱ w2 ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ❡ O2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ A ❡ B ♦s

♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ w1 ✱ w2 ✳ ❆ r❡t❛ O1 B ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w2 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ✱ ❡ ❛

r❡t❛ O2 A ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ w1 ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D ✳ ❙❡❥❛ X ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AC ❡ w1

❡ Y ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ BD ❝♦♠ w2 . Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ CX = DY.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 5 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2018✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❆❧✐r❡③❛ ❉❛❞❣❛r♥✐❛ ❬✶✷❪✳

✹✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✺✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❙❡❥❛ P QRS ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ RQ = RS ✱ ∠RP Q = ∠RP S ❡ P Q 6= P S ✳

❊♥tã♦ P QRS é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✷ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▲❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✹❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛❜s✉r❞♦✱ q✉❡ P QRS ♥ã♦ é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❡ s❡❥❛ P ′ 6= P ❡ P ′ ∈ P R t❛❧ q✉❡
P ′ QRS é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠QP ′ R = ∠SP ′ R ♣♦✐s ✏❡♥①❡r❣❛♠✑ ❝♦r❞❛s ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✻✵

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠QP P ′ = ∠SP P ′ ∠RP Q = ∠RP S, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✲

♣♦✐s sã♦ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❡
✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ PP ′
é ❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ s❡❣✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❆▲❆✱ q✉❡ △P P Q ≡ △P ′ P S. ▲♦❣♦✱ P Q = P S ✳
′

❈♦♥tr❛❞✐çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ P QRS é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✸✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✺❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ BXAD é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠Y DA = ∠BDA =

∠BXC = 180 − ∠BXA. ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ BY AC é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ▲♦❣♦ ∠XCB =
◦

∠ACB = ∠AY D = 180◦ − ∠AY B. P♦r ❆❆ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ △AY D ∼ △BCX.

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ O2 C = O2 B = O2 A✱ ∠AO1 O2 = ∠BO1 O2 = ∠CO1 O2 ❡ AO1 6= CO1 .
P❡❧♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✶ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AO1 CO2 é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w3 ✮✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠DO2 O1 =
∠AO2 O1 = ∠BO2 O1 ❡ DO2 6= BO2 ✳ P❡❧♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✶ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ BO1 DO2 é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥✲
❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w4 ✮✳
❈♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ w3 ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ∠O1 CA = ∠O1 O2 A = ∠O1 O2 D ❡ ♦❧❤❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ w4 ❞❡s✲
❝♦❜r✐♠♦s q✉❡ ∠O1 O2 D = ∠O1 BD. ❈♦♠♦ ∠DBO1 = ∠ACB ✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ AC k DB. ◆♦t❛♠♦s
❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛♣é③✐♦ AY BC ❡stá ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ w2 ✱ ❧♦❣♦ s❡✉s ❧❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✿
AY = BC ✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢❛t♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❬✹✻❪✳ ❆❣♦r❛ ♣♦r ❆▲❆ t❡♠♦s q✉❡
△AY D ≡ △BCX. ❉♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í q✉❡ CX = DY.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✻✶

✹✳✼ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡

❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦✳ P✹ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ❙❡❥❛

ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ w ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O. ❙❡❥❛
P ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛r❝♦ BC ✭♦ ❛r❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ A ♥ã♦ ❡stá✮✳ ❆ r❡t❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ w ❡♠ P ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ♦s
♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ AB ❡ AC ❡♠ K ❡ L✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ∠KOL > 90◦ .

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 4 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥

●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ■♠❛♥ ▼❛❣❤s♦✉❞✐ ❬✼❪✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❙❡❥❛♠ M ❡ N ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ AB ❡ AC, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ∠BM C = ∠BN C =

90◦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ BM N C é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ABP C t❡♠♦s ∠BP C = 120◦ > 90◦ . ❈♦♥s❡✲
q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❡stá ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝✐r❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ BM N C. P♦rt❛♥t♦
∠M P N > ∠M BN = 30◦ .
P♦r ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ∠KM O = ∠KP O = 90◦ ❡ ∠LN O = ∠LP O = 90◦ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s
KM OP ❡ LN OP sã♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✳ ▲♦❣♦ ∠M KO = ∠M P O ❡ ∠N LO = ∠N P O. ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛
∠AKO + ∠ALO = ∠M P N > 30◦ .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✻✷

❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠KOL = ∠A + ∠AKO + ∠ALO > 90◦ . ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦

●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✼❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✽ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦

❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✼

◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳ ❯♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC é ❞❛❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ BC

✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ AB ✱ AC ❡♠ E ✱ F ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛ M ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ BC ❡ P ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AM ❡ EF ✳ X é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛r❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ EF ❡ Y ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦

❞❡ XP ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ∠XAY = ∠XY M.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 7 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦✮ ❞❛ 1 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦✲

♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2014✲2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❆❧✐ ❩♦♦❡❧♠✳ ❬✷✶❪✳

✹✳✽✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✽✳✶ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✻✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✽✳✶✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡
❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✽❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❚❡♠♦s ∠BF C = ∠BEC = 90◦ . ❙❡❥❛♠ ∠F CE = α ❡ ∠ECB = β. ❈♦♠♦ BEF C é ✉♠

q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠F BE = ∠F CE = α ❡ ∠EF B = ∠ECB = β.
❈♦♠♦ M F = M B = M C t❡♠♦s ∠M F C = ∠M CF = α + β ❡ ∠F BC = ∠CEF =
∠M F B = 90◦ − α − β.
❚❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡♠ E ❡ F ✳ ■st♦ é✱ ∠AEF = α + β ❡
∠AF E = 90◦ − β. P❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥♦ △AEF s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠EAF = 90◦ − β.
❈❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ O ❛♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △AEF ✳ ■st♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐sós❝❡❧❡s
OEF ✱ OF A ❡ OAE ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s EF ✱ F A ❡ AE ✱ r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❙❡❥❛♠ ∠OEF = ∠OF E = x, ∠OEA = ∠OAE = y ❡ ∠OAF = ∠OF A = z. ❈♦♠♦
x + y = α + β, x + z = 90◦ − β ❡ y + z = 90◦ − α, r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s
∠OEF = ∠OF E = x = α, ∠OEA = ∠OAE = y = β ❡ ∠OAF = ∠OF A = z = 90◦ − α − β.
▲♦❣♦✱ ∠M F O = 90◦ ✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✽✳✷ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✻✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✽✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡
❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❬✹✾❪✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ K é ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AM ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡✲

rê♥❝✐❛ d✱ ❡♠ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦✮ ❛♦ △AEF ✳ ❱✐♠♦s q✉❡ ∠M F O = 90◦ ✱ ❡♥tã♦ M F é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ d ❡♠
F✳
❆ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ M r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡
M F ♦✉ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ KA✿ M F 2 = M K · M A. P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ M Y = M F. ▲♦❣♦✱ M Y 2 = M K · M A.
❈♦♠♦ ∠AM Y = ∠Y M K ❡ M Y
MA
=M MY
K
, ❡♥tã♦ △M Y A ∼ △M KY ❡ ∠Y AM = ∠KY M.
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❞❡ três ❢♦r♠❛s✿ AP ·P K = P E ·P F =
P X · P Y. ▲♦❣♦ AXKY é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡✮✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ ∠XAK = ∠XY K.
❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ∠XAY = ∠XY M.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
 ✻✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s

❬✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s s♦❜r❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
✷✵✶✾✳ ✶✷✸ ❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✲❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❬❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s❪✱
✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐♦✳✉❢s❝❛r✳❜r✴❤❛♥❞❧❡✴✉❢s❝❛r✴✶✶✽✽✶✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❇❛s❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♥❛

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ✭P▼❖✮✱ ✈✳
✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✺✲✷✵✹✱ ✷✵✶✾❜✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✶✼✶✶✴✷✸✶✾✵✷✸①✷✵✶✾✴♣♠♦✼✶✺✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡
sér✐❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈✳◗✳❉✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛
❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✼✲✶✸✽✱ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❊❞✐çã♦ ❊r♠❛❝✳ ❉❖■✿
✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✼❡r♠❛❝✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧❛❜❛❣❢❜✶✷✼✶✸✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✶

❬✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈✳◗✳❉✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛
P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✽✱ ♣✳ ✼✽✲✽✽✱ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉❖■✿
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ✻✻

✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✽✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧❛❜❛❣❢❜✼✽✽✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✶
❬✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱ P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿

❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✶ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✵✹✲✺
✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✵✹✺✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳
✶
❬✼❪Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷♥❞ ■●❖✳ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✐❣♦✲♦✣❝✐❛❧✳✐r✴❡✈❡♥ts✴✷✴✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✱ ✷✳✷✱ ✷✳✹✱ ✹✳✸✱ ✹✳✹✱ ✹✳✺✱ ✹✳✼
❬✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴q✉♠♣②❥tr✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✶✳✶✱ ✷✳✶✳✷
❬✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴t❜♠❡❤❜✹❜✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✷✳✷
❬✶✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✲s✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴sq❦❞s③❣❛✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✷✳✸
❬✶✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✶✵✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤

✶✸ ♠✐♥ ✹✾ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❑❘❇♣♦❛✺❴①❡❨✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✼ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✷✳✷
❬✶✷❪ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ✺t❤ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞ ✷✵✶✽ ✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴❝♦♥t❡♥t✴✉♣❧♦❛❞s✴✷✵✶✽✴✵✾✴■●❖❴✷✵✶✽✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳
✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✸✱ ✷✳✺✱ ✷✳✻✱ ✸✳✹✱ ✸✳✺✱ ✹✳✷✱ ✹✳✻
❬✶✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❤✹❜❤r②✉✸✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✸✳✷
❬✶✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✲❙✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♥❤②✷❝t❤✷✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✸✳✸
❬✶✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✶✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤

✷✽ ♠✐♥ ✸✷ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❞♥❑❜❲q❝❘❙✾■✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✸✳✷

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ✻✼

❬✶✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✹ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴✈❜❤❞❝❢✈♥✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✳✶
❬✶✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✹ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✲♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴t✇❣②❥s✇③✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✹✳✷
❬✶✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶✲◆■✲■●❖✲✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴①❢❞✸q✾❡❤✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✺✳✷
❬✶✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♥❞♠❝s❝❥❥✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✻✳✶✱ ✷✳✻✳✷
❬✷✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✹✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤

✷✵ ♠✐♥ ✺✾ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❚❚❴❋❙❍③❇❨❋✽✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✷✳✻✳✶
❬✷✶❪Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✶st ■●❖✳ ✷✵✶✹✲✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✐❣♦✲♦✣❝✐❛❧✳✐r✴❡✈❡♥ts✴✶✴✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✶✱ ✸✳✷✱ ✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✻✱ ✹✳✶✱ ✹✳✽
❬✷✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶✲◆❊✲■●❖✲✷✵✶✹✲✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♥✾❜✻❛❝q❣✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✶✳✶✱ ✸✳✶✳✷
❬✷✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✻✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤

✵✹ ♠✐♥ ✹✻ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴♥❚♣❑q✺▲❙❇✺❊✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✶✳✶
❬✷✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❜❝t✼❣❝♣q✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✷✳✶✱ ✸✳✷✳✷
❬✷✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✼✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✺✼
♠✐♥ ✶✸ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❑t■✐✽✸✷❖❥✾▼✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✷✳✶
❬✷✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✺ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❛✷❝✈r♠❥✈✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✸✳✶✱ ✸✳✸✳✷
❬✷✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✾✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✺✸
♠✐♥ ✹✶ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❥❩❱▲q◆❦❋❤❈❣✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸✵ ♥♦✈✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✸✳✶
▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ✻✽

❬✷✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴①❜❛❛r♥❤❦✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✹✳✶✱ ✸✳✹✳✷

❬✷✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✻ ❚❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❊①t❡r♥❛s ❛ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦

♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ✸✵✲✵✸✲✷✵ ♣❛rt❡ ✷ ❋❩❊❆ ❯❙P ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✾ ♠✐♥ ✵✺ s❡❣✮✳
P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴s❨❚■■❴r❢❥❢✇✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✹✳✶

❬✸✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✺✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤
✸✵ ♠✐♥ ✺✺ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴✺✵❈❦◗P❣▼♥♠❣✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✹✳✶

❬✸✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❜❢✾③❡✹✉✈✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✺✳✶✱ ✸✳✺✳✷

❬✸✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✽ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴q③t✇❞✷❢r✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✸✳✻✳✶✱ ✸✳✻✳✷

❬✸✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆❊ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❥③✾♠❝❝❥❦✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✶✳✶✱ ✹✳✶✳✷

❬✸✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✽✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤
✶✷ ♠✐♥ ✺✶ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❘❙▼✸♦✽✸✲❝✇◗✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✶✳✶

❬✸✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✹✲◆❊✲■●❖✲✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴✈②❦❢②❡✸❝✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✷✳✶

❬✸✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✹✲◆❊✲■●❖✲✷✵✶✽✲✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❜❢①③✉✷q❝✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✷✳✷

❬✸✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ✵✷✲✶✲●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛

s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦ ✭✶ ❤
✶✼ ♠✐♥ ✺✻ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❯✹❍❙✐❑❇①✐③✹✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✷✳✶

❬✸✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴✈❦✾t②✹✹①✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✸✳✷

❬✸✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✶ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✲s✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴rr♣❤♥❜✇q✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✸✳✸

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ✻✾

❬✹✵❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♣✹✾❡❢❤❝❡✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✹✳✷

❬✹✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✷ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✲s✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❛❢✺✈❞✉③❛✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✹✳✸

❬✹✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❡♠③✉❜❜q✇✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✺✳✷

❬✹✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✲s✷✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❤❜✇❛✷❛✻t✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✺✳✸

❬✹✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽ ▲❡♠❛✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❤②♥✻❜❦✉❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✻✳✷

❬✹✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✸ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❝③s✈❣❣❢❣✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✻✳✸

❬✹✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❱✸✾ ❚r❛♣é③✐♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✹ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥✉♠❛
❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✲ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✲❋❩❊❆ ✲ ❯❙P ❬❙✳ ❧✳✿ s✳ ♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✶ ✈í❞❡♦

✭✺ ♠✐♥ ✶✵ s❡❣✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❏✉❛♥ ▲ó♣❡③ ▲✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴②♦✉t✉✳❜❡✴❨❩❊❯✸❞▼❍✵❩❝✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✻✳✶

❬✹✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✹ ◆■ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✲s✶✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴❣❡✇✸❜✽❢❜✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✼✳✷

❬✹✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✼ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✲❛✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴♥❦❥❞❝✈ts✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✽✳✶

❬✹✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ P✼ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✴♠✴✇②❝❢q❝rt✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✹✳✽✳✷

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✷ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✻✾ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮
 ❏❯❆◆ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙

●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✈✳ ✸✳

❉❖■✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹

P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛ ✲ ❙P

❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❩❖❖❚❊❈◆■❆ ❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❆▲■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ✭❋❩❊❆✮

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ P❆❯▲❖ ✭❯❙P✮

✷✵✷✶
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO
Reitor: Prof. Dr. Vahan Agopyan
Vice-Reitor: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Hernandes

FACULDADE DE ZOOTECNIA E ENGENHARIA DE ALIMENTOS

Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Pirassununga, SP
CEP 13.635-900
http://www.fzea.usp.br
Diretora: Profa. Dra. Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas
Vice-Diretor: Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação

Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da

Universidade de São Paulo

López Linares, Juan

L864g Geometria: soluções detalhadas para 20 problemas de
Olimpíadas Internacionais de Matemática. v. 3 / Juan
López Linares. –- Pirassununga: Faculdade de Zootecnia e
Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo,
2021.
82 p.

ISBN 978-65-87023-14-4 (e-book)

DOI: 10.11606/9786587023144

1. Olimpíadas Internacionais de Matemática. 2. Ensino

Médio. 3. Ensino universitário. 4. Geometria Plana
Euclidiana. 5. Problemas resolvidos. I. Título.

Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Girlei Aparecido de Lima, CRB-8/7113

Esta obra é de acesso aberto. É permitida a reprodução parcial ou total desta obra, desde que citada a fonte
e a autoria e respeitando a Licença Creative Commons indicada.
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
 ❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✲❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ✏●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡

❣r❛t✉✐t♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡ ❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✑ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛r❛♠

❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❉♦✉t♦r❡s ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❋✐r♠✐❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s ❡ ❏♦ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s

❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❋♦rç❛ ❆ér❡❛ ❞❡ P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳

 ❆❯❚❖❘
❉r✳ ❏❯❆◆ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✳

Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ✷ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❇ás✐❝❛s ✭❩❆❇✮ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦✲

t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭❋❩❊❆✮ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❯❙P✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡

♠✐♥✐str❛ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■■ ❡ ■❱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s ❡ ♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ✏❚r❡✐✲

♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖❧í♠♣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✑ ❡ ✏●❡✲

♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ❡

❱❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✑ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s✳

●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❍❛✈❛♥❛✱ ❈✉❜❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✹ ❡ ✶✾✾✻✱

r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tér✐❛ ❈♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛

❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❆❜❞✉s ❙❛❧❛♠✱ ❡♠ ❚r✐❡st❡✱ ♥❛ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✼✲✶✾✾✽✳ ❊stá❣✐♦ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s✲

❝♦♣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ✭❈◆❘✮✱ ❇♦❧♦♥❤❛✱ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✲✶✾✾✾✳ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ✭❯❋❙❈❛r✮ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✾✲✷✵✵✶✳ Pós✲❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❛♥♦s ✭✷✵✵✷✲✷✵✵✺✮ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✲

✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s ✭❯♥✐❝❛♠♣✮✳ ▼❡str❡ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡

◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮ ♣❡❧❛ ❯❋❙❈❛r ❡♠ ✷✵✶✾✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ ❧✐♥❦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦

❛✉t♦r✳
 ❚ít✉❧♦ ❈✉rt♦

❱✐♥t❡ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ■■■

❚ít✉❧♦ ▲♦♥❣♦

●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✈✳ ✸✳

❘❡s✉♠♦

❊st❡ é ♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆♦s três ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s
❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ P❧❛♥✐♠❡tr✐❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦✉tr❛s
✈✐♥t❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✳ ❖ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✺✹ ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠
❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦s
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ✈í❞❡♦s ♥♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❙ã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s
❝♦♠♦✿ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦
❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡✐①♦ ❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❡ P✐t♦t ❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✱ r❡t❛s
❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r ❡ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡✱ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt✱ ♠á①✐♠♦s ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s✱ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡
❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛✱ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s✱ ❜❛s❡
♠é❞✐❛✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✉s❛
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❛♠♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦
♣r♦❝✉r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ s❡r ❧✐❞♦ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡
❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✭❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧❛✮ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛s
♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❙❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛
♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ q✉❡ s❡
❛✈❡♥t✉r❛♠ ❡♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ✉s❛♠ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦s ❡
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳

P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱

❊♥s✐♥♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✱ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❘❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s
 ❙❤♦rt ❚✐t❧❡

❚✇❡♥t② ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ■■■

▲♦♥❣ ❚✐t❧❡

●❡♦♠❡tr②✿ ❉❡t❛✐❧❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧

❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✳ ✈✳ ✸✳

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✬s ❢♦✉rt❤ ❡✲❜♦♦❦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧

♠❛t❤ ♦❧②♠♣✐❝s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♦♥❡s✱ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♦❢ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛ ❛♥❞
P❧❛♥✐♠❡tr② ✇❡r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t②✱ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t✇❡♥t② q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢
♣❧❛♥❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①t ❤❛s ✺✹ ✜❣✉r❡s t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❡❛s② t♦
❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡
❣r❛♣❤✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s ♦♥ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞
t♦♣✐❝s s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ ✐♥s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝✐r❝✉♠s❝r✐❜❡❞ q✉❛❞r✐❧❛t❡r❛❧s✱ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t
r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♠❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❛①✐s ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❡♥t❡r✱ t❤❡♦r❡♠s ♦❢ P✐t♦t ❛♥❞
◆❛♣♦❧❡♦♥✱ ❊✉❧❡r ❛♥❞ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡ ❧✐♥❡s✱ ❙t❡✇❛rt✬s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛①✐♠❛ ❛♥❞
♠✐♥✐♠❛ ✉s✐♥❣ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❛♥❞ ❛✈❡r❛❣✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✱ ✐♥❝✐r❝❧❡s
❛♥❞ ❡①✐♥❝✐r❝❧❡s✱ ❤♦♠♦t❤❡t②✱ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr②✱ ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ♠❡❛♥ ❜❛s❡✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②
❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❡❛❝❤ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✉s❡s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦
♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ s❡❡❦s t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡
♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝❛♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❜❡ r❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜② st✉❞❡♥ts ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ♣r❡♣❛r✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡
✜♥❛❧ st❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❡♥tr❛♥❝❡ ❡①❛♠s✳ ■t ✐s
❛❧s♦ ❤♦♣❡❞ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ s✉♣♣♦rt s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✇❤♦
✈❡♥t✉r❡ ✐♥t♦ ♠♦r❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ t♦♣✐❝s✳ ■♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱
t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❡①t ✉s❡ ❧❡ss ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r
♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✱ ❍✐❣❤ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❙♦❧✈❡❞
❙✉♠ár✐♦

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✵
✶✳✶ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦s ✈✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ■♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡ ❈✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ✶✹

✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✷✳✸ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s✳ P✹ ■▼❖ ✶✾✻✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✹ ❊✐①♦ ❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✺ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✺ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✳ P✷ ■▼❖

✷✵✵✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✻ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✱ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t✱ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✳ P✷✸ ❙▲

■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✼ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✳ P✶ ◆❆

■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✷✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✸ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ✸✵
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✸✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸✳✸ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✳ P✸✻✲▲▲✲■▼❖✲✶✾✻✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✹ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ár❡❛s✱ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳ P✾✲❙▲✲■▼❖✲✶✾✻✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✺ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ P✷✼✲▲▲✲■▼❖✲✶✾✼✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

❙❯▼➪❘■❖

✸✳✺✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✸✳✻ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳ ❙▲✲P✶✷✲■▼❖✲✶✾✽✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸✳✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✻✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸✳✼ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡✱ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛✳ P✺ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✼✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✼✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✹ ■♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ✹✽

✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✸ ❊①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt✳ P✶ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✹ ❊①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✹ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹✳✺ ■♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ P✺
■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✻ ❇✐ss❡tr✐③❡s✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✶✻ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹✳✼ ❊①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✶✽
❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✹✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

✺ ❊①tr❡♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✻✻

✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✸ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s✱ ár❡❛s✳ P✶ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✹ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ár❡❛s✳ P✶ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✺ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✳ P✻ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✻ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❜❛s❡s ♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ P✼ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✼ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s s❡♥♦s ❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P✶ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
✻ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✽✵
 ✶✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❊♠ ❞♦✐s ❡✲❜♦♦❦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❬✶❪ ❡ ❬✷❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s q✉❛r❡♥t❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✐♠❡tr✐❛✳

◆❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✈✐♥t❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ❖

t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✺✹ ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦

❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐♥❦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡✱ ✈ár✐♦s✱ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠

✈í❞❡♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳

❊st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s sã♦ ❬✸❪✱ ❬✹❪✱ ❬✺❪✱ ❬✻❪✱ ❬✼❪✱ ❬✽❪ ❡ ❬✾❪✳

❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧❛✳ ❊s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛ss✉♥t♦s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡

❡s❣♦t❛r ♦ t❡♠❛✳ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡

❝❛❞❛ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ✉s❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦s ❢ór✉♥s ❡♠ ❧í♥❣✉❛

✐♥❣❧❡s❛ ❡ ♥❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çõ❡s✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦❝❛♠♦s ♥❛

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠

❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

P❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ✏●❡✲

♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✑ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡

t♦❞♦ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❊❛❉ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❊①t❡♥sã♦

❞❛ ❯❙P✳

✶✳✶ ❊♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦s ✈✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡r✲

♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s

Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ t❡♥t❛r r❡s♦❧✈❡r s❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐r✱ ♦✉ ❝❛s♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r

❛✈❛♥ç❛r✱ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ ❧✐♥❦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡st✉❞❛r

♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✶

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ A0 B0 C0 ❡ A′ B ′ C ′ . ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❝♦♠♦

✶ ❙ã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✿
❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ △ABC ✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ △A′ B ′ C ′ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ❛♦ △A0 B0 C0 . ❉❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡
A, B ❡ C ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ ❛ A′ , B ′ ❡ C ′ ❡ AB ♣❛ss❡ ♣♦r C0 , BC ♣♦r A0 ❡ CA ♣♦r B0 . ❊♥tr❡ ♦s
△ABC ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❛❧ é ♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷ ❯♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s A ❡ C ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC

❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ BC ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s K ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❖s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABC ❡ KBN s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ 2 ♣♦♥t♦s
❞✐st✐♥t♦s B ❡ M. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠OM B = 90◦ .
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O. ❙❡❥❛♠ P ❡ Q ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r

❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ K, L ❡ M ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s BP,
CQ ❡ P Q, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ s❡❥❛ Γ ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r K, L ❡ M. ❙❡ P Q é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ Γ,
♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ OP = OQ.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹ ❙❡❥❛ ABCD ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡❥❛ g ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛

♣♦r A ❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❛s r❡t❛s BC ❡ CD ❡♠ M ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡♥♦t❛r ♣♦r I1 , I2 , ❡ I3

♦s ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s △ABM, △M N C ❡ △N DA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦
△I1 I2 I3 ❡stá s♦❜r❡ g.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺ ❉♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s w1 ❡ w2 ✭❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ❡ O2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠

❡♠ A ❡ B. ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ X ∈ w2 . ❙❡❥❛ Y ∈ w1 t❛❧ q✉❡ ∠XBY = 90◦ . ❙❡❥❛ X ′ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡

✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ O1 X ❡ w2 ❡ K ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ X ′ Y ❡ w2 . Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ X é
♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ AK ✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻ ❙❡❥❛ ABCD ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥✲

❣✉❧♦s ABC, BCD, CDA ❡ DAB ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ❡ M ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡st❡✳ ❙❡✲

❥❛♠ da , db , ❡ dc ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ M ❛♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC, CA, ❡ AB; ❡ a, b, c ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s✱
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛ S ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ △ABC. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

4S 2
abda db + bcdb dc + cadc da ≤ .
3

Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ M é ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽ ❛✮ ❙❡❥❛♠ C1 ❡
C2 ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ P1 ❡ P2 ♣♦♥t♦s ❛r❜✐trár✐♦s
s♦❜r❡ C1 ❡ C2 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ M12 ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ P1 P2 . ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M12 q✉❛♥❞♦ P1 ❡ P2 ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ❜✮ ❙❡❥❛♠
C1 , C 2 ❡ C3 três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s
❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s P1 P2 P 3 q✉❛♥❞♦ P1 ∈ C1 , P2 ∈ C2 ❡ P3 ∈ C 3 ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s
♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ABC, ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦
❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s A′ B ′ C ′

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✷

✭✈ért✐❝❡s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s tr✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s A′ , C, B ′ ; B ′ , A, C ′

❡ C ′ , B, A′ sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ H s❡✉ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ O s❡✉ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❡ R s❡✉

❝✐r❝✉♥r❛✐♦✳ ❙❡❥❛ D ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ A ❡♠ BC, E ❞❡ B ❡♠ CA, ❡ F ❞❡ C ❡♠ AB. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ D,

E ❡ F sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ OH = 2R.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ M ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❞♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC, s❡❥❛♠ r1 ❡ r2 r❛✐♦s ❞❛s

❝ír❝✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ♥♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ACM ❡ BCM, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ s❡❥❛♠ ρ1 ❡ ρ2 ♦s r❛✐♦s ❞♦s
❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ACM ❡ BCM ♥♦s ❧❛❞♦s AM ❡ BM, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ r ❡ ρ
♦s r❛✐♦s ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❞♦ △ABC, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r
q✉❡
r1 r 2 r
· = .
ρ1 ρ2 ρ
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷ ◆♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c, ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ l t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ c, ❡ ✉♠
♣♦♥t♦ M s♦❜r❡ l. ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P q✉❡ tê♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✿
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s Q ❡ R s♦❜r❡ l t❛✐s q✉❡ M é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ QR ❡ c é ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ P QR.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸ ❙❡❥❛♠ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s k1 ❡ k2 q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y ❡ sã♦

t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ k ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱

♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ k2 ❡stá s♦❜r❡ k1 . ❙❡❥❛♠ A ❡ B ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ XY ❝♦♠ k. ❆s r❡t❛s
M A ❡ M B ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ k1 ❡♠ C ❡ D, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ k2 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ CD.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹ ❙❡❥❛ ABCD ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ l ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A

❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❛s r❡t❛s BC ❡ DC ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ K ❡ L ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s

❞♦s ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABX ❡ ADY, q✉❡ t♦❝❛♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s BX ❡ DY, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ KCL ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ l.
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺ ◆✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC, s❡❥❛ J ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ BC

❡♠ A1 ❡ ❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s AC ❡ AB ❡♠ B1 ❡ C1 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ A1 B1

❡ AB sã♦ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ D. ❙❡❥❛ E ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ C1 ❛té ♦
s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ DJ. ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s BEA1 ❡ AEB1 .
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻ ◆✉♠ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ ár❡❛ 32 cm , ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s
2

❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ 16 cm. ❛✮ ◗✉❛❧ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
♦✉tr❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧❄ ❜✮ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ s❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ é ✉♠
♠í♥✐♠♦❄ ❝✮ ❙❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♠á①✐♠♦❄
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ △ABC ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛

BC CA AB
+ +
PD PE PF

é ♠í♥✐♠❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ P D, P E ❡ P F sã♦ ❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ P ❛ BC, CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✸

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽ ❙❡ a, b ❡ c sã♦ ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡

a2 b(a − b) + b2 c(b − c) + c2 a(c − a) ≥ 0.

❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ M ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

min{M A, M B, M C} + M A + M B + M C < AB + BC + CA.

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵ ◆✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ AP, ∠C ≥

∠B + 30 .
◦
Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
∠A + ∠COP < 90◦ .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
 ✶✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ■♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡
❈✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s

✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✱ P✹ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✶✾✻✼✱ sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ s❡ ♣❡❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r
❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ s❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛
✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r q✉❛❧ ❞❡ss❡s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s é ♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ár❡❛✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦
❝❛♣❛③✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✱ P✺ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✺✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ r❡q✉❡r
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❙ã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡✐①♦ ❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✳
◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✱ P✷ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
❡ s❡ ♣❡❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✳
❙ã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦✱ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✱ P✷✸ ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉rt❛ ❞❛ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧
❡ ♦s ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ três tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❙❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ♣r♦✈❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t✳
◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✱ P✶ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❞❛ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✱ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠
❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s é ❞❛❞❛ ❡ s❡ ♣❡❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝♦ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡✳
❙ã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s
✐sós❝❡❧❡s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡
❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✶✺

✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s

❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳ ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ♦✉ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s s❡✉s ✈ért✐❝❡s ♣❡r✲

t❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✳ ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s

♦♣♦st♦s é 180 ◦
✿

∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180◦ ,

∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180◦ .

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✶ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s

q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD s❡❥❛ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O. ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ♦ ❛r❝♦
>
ADC ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ 2α. ❯♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ é ∠ABC = α. P♦r ♦✉tr♦
>
❧❛❞♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ABC ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ 2β. ❯♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ s❡rá ∠ADC = β.
▲♦❣♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ O ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r

2α + 2β = 360◦ ,

α + β = 180◦ .

■st♦ é✱ ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180◦ . ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180◦ .

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✶✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✳ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡✳ ❱❡rsã♦
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✷ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✳ P♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✶✻

s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ABCD é 180◦ . P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱

∠DAB + ∠DCB = 180◦ .

❙✉♣♦♠♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛❜s✉r❞♦✱ q✉❡ ABCD ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ♥ã♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡
❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ △ABD ✳ ❚r❛ç❛♠♦s ❛ r❡t❛ CB ❡ ♠❛r❝❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ E ♥❛
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ CB ❝♦♠ c✳ P♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ABED é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ ❡ s❡❣✉❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛
❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✱ q✉❡
∠DAB + ∠DEB = 180◦ .

▲♦❣♦✱ ∠DEB = ∠DCB = α. ❈♦♥tr❛❞✐çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❡♠ E, ❞♦ △DCE, ♣♦❞❡

s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦
∠DEB = ∠DCB + ∠EDC.

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✳ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✳ ❱❡rsã♦
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✳ ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠❛

❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♦♣♦st♦ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛s ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦s ❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✶✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✸✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✸ ✭■❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✮✳ ❙❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ AC sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s

à ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c, ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O, ❡♥tã♦ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ AB = AC.

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✹ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛✳ P❡❧❛ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡

AC ❡ AB ❝♦♠ c t❡♠♦s
∠ACO = ∠ABO = 90 ✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ BO = CO sã♦ r❛✐♦s ❞❡ c ❡ AO é ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳
◦

P❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛t❡t♦ ❤✐♣♦t❡♥✉s❛ t❡♠♦s △ACO ≡ △ABO. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ AB =
AC.

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✹✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✸✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✶✽

❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✷✳ ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s s❡✉s ❧❛❞♦s ✭♦✉
❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s✮ sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c✳ ■st♦ é✱ c é ❞✐t❛
✐♥s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❡ ABCD ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ à c✳

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✹ ✳
✭❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t✮ ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱
✈❛❧❡ q✉❡
AB + CD = AD + BC.

❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛♠ J = AB∩CD ❡ I = BC∩AD. ❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ AJCI é ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧

s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱
AJ + CI = AI + JC.

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✺ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❛ ✐❞❛✳ P♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ t❡♠♦s ✉♠
q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ G, F, E ❡ H ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡
t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ c ❝♦♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC, CD ❡ DA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❚❡♠♦s✿

AB + CD = (AG + GB) + (CE + ED).

❉❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✸✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s AG = AH, GB = BF, F C = CE

❡ ED = DH, ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

AB + CD = (HA + BF ) + (F C + DH)

AB + CD = (BF + F C) + (DH + HA),

AB + CD = BC + AD.

❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱
AJ + CI = (AG + GJ) + (IF − F C).

❉❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✸ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠♦s JG = JE ❡ IF = IH. ▲♦❣♦

AJ + CI = (AH + JE) + (HI − EC),

AJ + CI = (AH + HI) + (JE − EC),

AJ + CI = AI + JC.

❆ r❡❝í♣r♦❝❛ é ♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ❛❜s✉r❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✶✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳✺✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✹✳ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ ✐❞❛✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✸ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧✲

❞❛❞❡s✳ P✹ ■▼❖ ✶✾✻✼✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❙ã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✿A0 B0 C0 ❡ A′ B ′ C ′ . ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s✲

tr✉✐r ✉♠ △ABC ✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ △A B C ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ❛♦ △A0 B0 C0 . ❉❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ A, B
′ ′ ′

❡ C ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ ❛ A , B ❡ C ❡ AB ♣❛ss❡ ♣♦r C0 , BC ♣♦r A0 ❡ CA ♣♦r B0 . ❊♥tr❡ ♦s △ABC

′ ′ ′

♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❛❧ é ♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✻✼ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❡t✐♥❥❡✱ ▼♦♥t❡♥❡❣r♦ ✭❆♥t✐❣❛ ■✉❣♦s❧á✈✐❛✮ ❬✶✵❪✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 29 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✹ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛
■tá❧✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✷✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❈♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ❛r❝♦ ❝❛♣❛③ la ❞♦ ∠A′ = α ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ B0 C0 ♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ A0 . ❙❡❥❛ Sa ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦

❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ka , ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛r❝♦ la ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡✳ ■st♦ é✱ la ⊂ ka . ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦s
❛r❝♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s lb ❡ lc ❞♦s ∠B ′ = β ❡ ∠C ′ = γ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ C0 A0 ♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ B0 ❡ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ A0 B0
♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ C0 . ❙❡❥❛♠ Sb ❡ Sc ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s kb ❡ kc , ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❛r❝♦s lb ❡ lc
❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ lb ⊂ kb ❡ lc ⊂ kc .
P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r A ∈ la , ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛s s❡♠✐rr❡t❛s AC0 ❡ AB0 ❡ ♠❛r❝❛r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s B = AC0 ∩ lb ❡
C = AB0 ∩ lc . P♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦ △ABC ∼ △A′ B ′ C ′ ❡ C0 ∈ AB, A0 ∈ BC ❡ B0 ∈ CA.
❙❡❥❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ S = ka ∩ kb 6= C0 . ❚❡♠♦s ∠B0 AC0 = α, ∠C0 BA0 = β ❡ ∠A0 CB0 = γ. ❉♦s
q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s B0 AC0 S ❡ C0 BA0 S s❡r❡♠ ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ ∠B0 SC0 = 180◦ − α ❡

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✵

∠C0 SA0 = 180◦ − β. ▲♦❣♦✱ ∠A0 SB0 = α + β. ❈♦♠♦ α + β + γ = 180◦ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
A0 CB0 S é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❡ S ∈ kc . ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♥str✉✐r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ S r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛Sa , Sb ❡ Sc ❡ ❝❤❛♠❛✲❧♦s ❞❡ A1 , B1 ❡ C1 ,

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ■r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s △ABC ♦ △A1 B1 C1 é ♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ár❡❛✳
▼♦str❛r❡♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❡ BC ≤ B1 C1 . ❈♦♠♦ SB1 ❡ SC1 sã♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ kb ❡ kc s❡❣✉❡
q✉❡ ∠SA0 B1 = ∠SA0 C1 = 90◦ ❡ A0 ∈ B1 C1 . ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ B0 ∈ C1 A1 ❡ C0 ∈ A1 B1 . ❙❡❥❛♠
Sb′ ❡ Sc′ ❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞❡ Sb ❡ Sc s♦❜r❡ BC. ❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s Sb BA0 , Sc CA0 , Sb B1 A0 ❡ Sc C1 A0
sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ BC = 2Sb′ Sc′ ❡ B1 C1 = 2Sb Sc . ◆♦ tr❛♣é③✐♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ Sb Sb′ Sc′ Sc t❡♠♦s
Sb′ Sc′ ≤ Sb Sc ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ BC ≤ B1 C1 . ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ CA ≤ C1 A1
❡ AB ≤ A1 B1 . ■ss♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ ♦ △A1 B1 C1 é ♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ár❡❛✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✹ ❊✐①♦ ❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳

P✺ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ❯♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s A ❡ C ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❡

✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ BC ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s K ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❖s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABC ❡ KBN s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ 2 ♣♦♥t♦s

❞✐st✐♥t♦s B ❡ M. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ∠OM B = 90◦ .

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✺ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏♦✉ts❛✱ ❋✐♥❧â♥❞✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 22 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉rt❛
❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✺ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ c, d ❡ f ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O, ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ △ABC ❡ ❛♦ △KBN,

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s r❡t❛s AC, KN, ❡ M B sã♦ ❡✐①♦s r❛❞✐❝❛✐s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s c, ❡ d, c ❡ f
❡d ❡ f, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛ P ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ■st♦ é✱
P = AC ∩ KN ∩ M B.
❈♦♠♦ ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s BN KM ❡ N CAK sã♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s t❡♠♦s✿

180◦ = ∠P M K + ∠BM K = ∠BN K + ∠CN K = ∠CAK + ∠P AK.

▲♦❣♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ P M KA é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳

❙❡❥❛ E ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ MA ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c. ❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
KN EA é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✿
∠M EN = ∠AEN = ∠AKP = ∠AM P.

❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ BP k M P k N E ❡ ❜❛st❛rá ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ OM ⊥ EN.

▼❛s t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠♦s

∠M N E = ∠BM N = ∠BKN = ∠M EN.

❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s M EN ❡ OEN sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❜❛s❡ EN, s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ M E = M N ❡
OE = ON. ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s O ❡ M ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ EN, ❞✐st♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
OM ⊥ EN. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✺ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❜❛s❡ ♠é✲

❞✐❛✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✳ P✷ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O. ❙❡❥❛♠ P ❡ Q ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r

❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ K, L ❡ M ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s BP,

CQ ❡ P Q, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ s❡❥❛ Γ ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r K, L ❡ M. ❙❡ P Q é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ Γ,

♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ OP = OQ.

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇ré♠❡♥✱ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 17 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛
❝✉rt❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✷ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✷✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛ c △ABC ❡ O′ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ Γ. ◆♦ △P QB t❡♠♦s q✉❡

❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦
M ❡ K sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ M K k QB k AB ❡ M QB
K
= 21 . ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ △P QC t❡♠♦s
ML 1
q✉❡ M ❡ L sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ M L k P C k AC ❡ P C = 2 .
P♦r s❡r❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉t✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ q✉❡ ∠KM L =
∠BAC. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡
ML PC
= . ✭✷✳✺✳✶✮
MK QB
∠AQP = ∠KM Q. ❈♦♠♦ P Q é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ Γ, r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛
P♦r ❛❧t❡r♥♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s
KM, t❡♠♦s ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ∠KM Q = ∠M LK.
❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ △AQP ∼ △M LK,

AQ AP QP
= = . ✭✷✳✺✳✷✮
ML MK LK
AQ ML PC
❉❡ ✭✷✳✺✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✷✳✺✳✷✮ t❡♠♦s AP = MK
= QB
. ▲♦❣♦✱

AQ · QB = AP · P C. ✭✷✳✺✳✸✮

❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✷✳✺✳✸✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ Q❡P ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c é ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✿

P otc (Q) = OA2 − OQ2 = OA2 − OP 2 = P otc (P ).

■st♦ é✱ OQ = OP. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✻ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✱ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t✱ ✐♥❝❡♥✲

tr♦ ❡ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✳ P✷✸ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABCD ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡❥❛ g ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r A ❡
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❛s r❡t❛s BC ❡ CD ❡♠ M ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡♥♦t❛r ♣♦r I1 , I2 , ❡ I3 ♦s ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦s

❞♦s △ABM, △M N C ❡ △N DA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △I1 I2 I3 ❡stá

s♦❜r❡ g.

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✾ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇ré♠❡♥✱ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 23 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛
❝♦rt❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❇✉❧❣ár✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✷✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❆ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ✐❧✉str❛ q✉❡
♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD é ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳ P❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t ✹ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

AB + CD = AD + BC.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ k1 , k 2 ❡ k3 ♦s ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABM, M N C, ❡ N DA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛ r❡t❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ h ❞❡ C ❛ k1 , ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ CB. ▼♦str❛r❡♠♦s q✉❡ h t❛♠❜é♠ é
t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ k3 .
❙❡❥❛ X ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ g ❡ h. ◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ✭♦✉ s✉❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s✮ ❞♦
q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCX, sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ k1 . P♦r s❡r❡♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦
❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t ✹✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ABCX, ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ABCD, s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

CD − CX = (AB + CD) − (AB + CX) =

= (BC + AD) − (BC + AX) = AD − AX.

■st♦ é✱
CD + AX = AD + CX.

P❡❧❛ r❡❝í♣r♦❝❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐t♦t ✹✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ADCX t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✱ ❛ss✐♠

❝♦♠♦ h é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ à k3 .
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ I3 C, I2 C, I1 C, I3 N ❡ I1 I2 sã♦ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡

∠I3 CI1 = ∠I3 CX + ∠XCI1 =

1 1
= (∠DCX + ∠XCB) = ∠DCB =
2 2
1
= (180◦ − ∠M CN ) = 180◦ − ∠M I2 N = ∠I3 I2 I1 .
2
❖ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s C, I1 , I2 ❡ I3 ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✼

d.
❙❡❥❛♠ L1 ❡ L3 ❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛s r❡t❛s I2 I3 ❡ I1 I2 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♠♦ I2 I3 é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ ∠CN M ❡ I1 I2 ❞♦ ∠CM N s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ L1 ∈ g ❡ L3 ∈ g.
❙❡❥❛ H ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △I1 I2 I3 . ❚❡♠♦s

∠I2 L3 I1 = ∠I1 CI2 = ∠I1 I3 I2 = 180◦ − ∠I1 HI2 .

■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ I2 HI1 L3 é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ I3 HL1 I2 é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳

◆❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✷ t❡♠♦s

∠L3 HI2 = ∠L3 I1 I2 = ∠I2 I1 C =

= ∠I2 I3 C = ∠L1 I3 I2 = ∠L1 HI2 .

P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ L1 , L3 ❡ H sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ L1 6= L3 , ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✜❝❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✹✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✼ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ tr✐✲

â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✳ P✶ ◆❆ ■●❖ ✷✵✶✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳ ❉♦✐s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s w1 ❡

w2 ✭❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ❡ O2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠
❡♠ A ❡ B. ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ X ∈ w2 . ❙❡❥❛ Y ∈ w1 t❛❧ q✉❡ ∠XBY = 90◦ . ❙❡❥❛ X ′ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ O1 X ❡ w2 ❡ K ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ X ′ Y ❡ w2 . Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ X é
♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ AK ✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✽

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 1 ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦✮ ❞❛ 2 ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■r❛♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✭■●❖✱ ■r❛♥✐❛♥ ●❡♦✲

♠❡tr② ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞✮ ❞❡ 2015✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉❛✈♦♦❞ ❱❛❦✐❧✐ ❬✶✷❪✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✷✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦

❙❡❥❛ Z ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡BX ❡ w1 . ❈♦♠♦ ∠Y BZ = 90◦ , ❡♥tã♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s Y, O1 ❡

Z sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ Y ZBA é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✱ ❡♥tã♦ ∠O1 Y A = ∠ZY A = ∠ABX.
❚❡♠♦s ∠AX ′ X = ∠ABX, ♣♦✐s ❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛r❝♦ AX ❞❡ w2 . ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦
Y O1 X ′ A t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ w3 .
❈♦♠♦ O1 Y = O1 A s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠O1 AY = ∠O1 Y A. ❚❡♠♦s ∠Y AO1 = ∠Y X ′ O1 , ♣♦✐s
❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛r❝♦ Y O1 ❞❡w3 .
P♦r ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ∠Y X ′ O1 = ∠KX ′ X. ❈♦♠♦ ∠AX ′ X = ∠KX ′ X ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s
AX ❡ XK ❞❡ w2 t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ■st♦ é✱ X é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ AXK.
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ◗❯❆❉❘■▲➪❚❊❘❖❙ ■◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ❊ ❈■❘❈❯◆❙❈❘■❚❮❱❊■❙ ✷✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
 ✸✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦

✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻ é ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ABCD ❡ é ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥✲

tr♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABC, BCD, CDA ❡ DAB ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦
s❡ ♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡ ❞♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s
❝✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ✉♠❛ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ABC ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ M ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡st❡✳
➱ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ♣r♦✈❛r ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❡③ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠♦str❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳ ❖
❞❡s❛✜♦ é ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ár❡❛s✳ ❱ár✐❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❧❡✈❛♠
❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛✱ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s P1 ❡ P2 sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s
❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✭✉♠ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✮✳ ➱ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ P1 ❡ P2 ✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳
◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ é ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ P3 ❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s P1 P2 P3 ✳ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♥♦
●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ é ❞❛❞❛✳
◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾ s❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ △ABC
❛r❜✐trár✐♦✳ ❙❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s
A′ B ′ C ′ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s tr✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s A′ , C, B ′ ; B ′ , A, C ′ ❡ C ′ , B, A′ sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❡ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦
♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❙❡ ✉s❛ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r
✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ três ♣♦♥t♦s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✶

✸✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❙❡❥❛♠ D, E ❡ F ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s
BC, CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛s AD, BE ❡ CF ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♠ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ G, ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦
❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ♦✉ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡ ❬✶✸❪✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✺✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❛♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦

❛♦ ♣é ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ EF é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ △ABC ❧♦❣♦ EF k BC ❡ EF = BC 2

. ❙❡❥❛♠ H ❡ I ♣♦♥t♦s
♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s BG ❡ CG, r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ HI é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦
△GBC ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ HI k BC ❡ HI = BC 2
.
❈♦♠♦ EF k HI ❡ EF = HI ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ EF HI é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s
HE ❡ F I s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦s s❡✉s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s✿ HG = GE ❡ F G = GI. ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
BG = 2GE ❡ CG = 2GF. ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ AG = 2GD✳ ED é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦
△CAB ❧♦❣♦ ED k AB ❡ ED = AB 2
. ❙❡❥❛ J ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ AG✳ ❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ JH
AB
é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ △GAB ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ED k JH ❡ JH = 2 .
❈♦♠♦ ED k JH ❡ ED = JH ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ EDHJ é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s
HE ❡ JD s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦s s❡✉s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s✿ HG = GE ❡ DG = GJ. ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
AG = 2GD✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✶✿ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❛♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❛♦

♣é ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✷

❯s❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ S(P ) ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r♠♦s ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ P. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✷ ♣❡r♠✐t❡
❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✻✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✻✳ ❖ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ G ❞♦ △ABC ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s MAB ,

MBC ❡ MCA ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC ❡ CA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡✐s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ár❡❛✳ ■st♦ é✱

S(AGMAB ) = S(BGMAB ) = S(BGMBC ) =

S(ABC)
= S(CGMBC ) = S(CGMCA ) = S(AGMCA ) = .
6
❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AGB, BGC ❡ CGA tê♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛✳ ■st♦ é✱

S(ABC)
S(AGB) = S(BGC) = S(CGA) = .
3

❖s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ACMAB , BCMAB , BAMBC , CAMBC , CBMCA ❡ ABMCA tê♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛✳

■st♦ é✱

S(ACMAB ) = S(BCMAB ) = S(BAMBC ) =

S(ABC)
= S(CAMBC ) = S(CBMCA ) = S(ABMCA ) = .
2

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ GC , GA ❡ GB ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ G s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC

❡ CA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ GGC é ❛❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s AGMAB ❡ BGMAB ❡
AMAB = MAB B t❡♠♦s✿
S(AGMAB ) = S(BGMAB ).

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ACMAB ❡ BCMAB tê♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳
▲♦❣♦✱
S(ACMAB ) = S(BCMAB ).

❖s ❞♦✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡

S(ACG) = S(BCG).

❖ r❡st♦ ❞❛s ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s é ♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✷✿ ■❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛s

Ai = (Aix , Aiy ), ❝♦♠ 1≤i≤n ❡ i, n ∈ N, ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ❬✶✹❪ q✉❡ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ G s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛
❝♦♠♦✿ !
n n
1 X X
G= Aix , Aiy .
n i=1 i=1

■st♦ é✱ ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛s ❞❡ G sã♦ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦s Ai .

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✼ ✭❘❡t❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✮✳ P❛r❛ t♦❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O, ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ G ❡ ♦

♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ H sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❡ HG = 2GO. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ D ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛

❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ A ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ AH = 2OD.

❆ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❢♦✐ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬✶✺❪ ❡ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❬✶✸❪✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ D ❡ E ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s
❧❛❞♦s BC ❡ CA, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ Ha ❡ Hb ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s A
❡ B. ❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O ❡ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ H ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❉❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ♣♦r G′ ❛
✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛s r❡t❛s AD ❡ HO✳
■r❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ G′ = G é ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳ ■st♦ é✱
H, G ❡ O sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳
AB
❚❡♠♦s q✉❡ DE é ❜❛s❡ ♠é❞✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ✳ ▲♦❣♦ DE k AB ❡ DE = 2. ❈♦♠♦
AHa k OD ❡ BHb k OE s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠BAH = ∠EDO ❡ ∠ABH = ∠DEO.
BH AH AB
P♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♠♦s △ABH ∼ △DEO. P♦rt❛♥t♦ EO = DO = DE = 2.
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ ∠HAG′ = ∠ODG′ ❡ ♣♦r ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡
∠AG′ H = ∠DG′ O. ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✲â♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♠♦s △AHG′ ∼ △DOG′ . P♦rt❛♥t♦
AH ′ AG′
DO
= HG
OG′
= DG ′ = 2.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✹

❈♦♠♦ AG′ = 2DG′ ❡ AG = 2DG ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ G′ = G ❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s H ✱ G ❡ O sã♦

❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ✭♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✮✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳✸✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s H ✱ G ❡ O sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛
❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✸✳✸ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛✱ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✳ P✸✻✲▲▲✲

■▼❖✲✶✾✻✻✳

ABCD
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❙❡❥❛ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ▼♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s

ABC, BCD, CDA ❡ DAB ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✻✻ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ó✜❛✱ ❇✉❧❣ár✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 36 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❧♦♥❣❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ P♦❧ô♥✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ c é ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD. ❙❡❥❛♠ D′ , A′ ,

B′ ❡ C′ ♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABC, BCD, CDA ❡ DAB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✽✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ G✱ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABCD, ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ G′ , ❜❛r✐✲

❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ D A B C . ■st♦ é✱ G = G′ .

′ ′ ′ ′

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❚❡♠♦s✿

1
D′ = · (Ax + Bx + Cx , Ay + By + Cy ) ,
3
1
A′ = · (Bx + Cx + Dx , By + Cy + Dy ) ,
3
1
B ′ = · (Cx + Dx + Ax , Cy + Dy + Ay ) ,
3
1
C ′ = · (Dx + Ax + Bx , Dy + Ay + By ) ,
3
♦♥❞❡ J = (Jx , Jy ), ❝♦♠ J = A, B, C ❡ D.
❙♦♠❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s❡❣✉❡✿

1

G′ = · Dx′ + A′x + Bx′ + Cx′ , Dy′ + A′y + By′ + Cy′ =
4
1
= · (3Ax + 3Bx + 3Cx + 3Dx , 3Ay + 3By + 3Cy + 3Dy ) =
12
1
= · (Ax + Bx + Cx + Dx , Ay + By + Cy + Dy ) = G
4

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✻

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✾✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✷ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡✿

AG BG CG DG
= = = = 3.
GA′ GB ′ GC ′ GD′

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❚❡♠♦s✿
1
· (Bx + Cx + Dx − 3Ax ) ,
G x − Ax =
4
1
Gy − Ay = · (By + Cy + Dy − 3Ay ) ,
4
1
q
AG = · (Bx + Cx + Dx − 3Ax )2 + (By + Cy + Dy − 3Ay )2 .
4
❚❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠♦s✿
1 1
A′x − Gx = · (Bx + Cx + Dx ) − · (Ax + Bx + Cx + Dx ) =
3 4
1
=· (Bx + Cx + Dx − 3Ax ) ,
12
1 1
A′y − Gy = · (By + Cy + Dy ) − · (Ay + By + Cy + Dy ) =
3 4
1
= · (By + Cy + Dy − 3Ay ) ,
12
1
q
′
GA = · (Bx + Cx + Dx − 3Ax )2 + (By + Cy + Dy − 3Ay )2 .
12
❈♦♠ ✐st♦ ♣r♦✈❛♠♦s q✉❡
AG
= 3.
GA′
❖ r❡st♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❆s ❞✉❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦
G, ❡ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ − 13 tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ A, B, C, D ❡ c ❡♠ A′ , B ′ , C ′ , D′ ❡ c′ , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ c′ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ A′ B ′ C ′ D′ . ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✷ ♠♦str❛
✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✻✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✸✳✹ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ár❡❛s✱ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳ P✾✲❙▲✲■▼❖✲✶✾✻✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ❡ M ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡st❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ da , db ,

❡ dc ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ M ❛♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC, CA, ❡ AB; ❡ a, b, c ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❙❡❥❛ S ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ △ABC. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

4S 2
abda db + bcdb dc + cadc da ≤ . ✭✸✳✹✳✶✮
3

Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ M é ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✻✽ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼♦s❝♦✉✱ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 9 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘♦♠ê♥✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✸✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✼✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ♥♦t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✸✳✹✳✶✮ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛✿

ada bdb bdb cdc cdc ada S2

· + · + · ≤ .
2 2 2 2 2 2 3

❙❡❥❛♠ Sa = S(BCM ) = ada

2
✱ Sb = S(CAM ) = bdb
2
❡ Sc = S(ABM ) = cdc
2
. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

S2
S a · S b + S b · Sc + Sc · S a ≤ .
3

❈♦♠♦ S = Sa + Sb + Sc , ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛

3 (Sa · Sb + Sb · Sc + Sc · Sa ) ≤ (Sa + Sb + Sc )2 .

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛

Sa · Sb + Sb · Sc + Sc · Sa ≤ Sa2 + Sb2 + Sc2 .

▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s t♦❞❛ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r 2 ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦ ♥♦

❞✐r❡✐t♦
0 ≤ 2 Sa2 + Sb2 + Sc2 − 2 (Sa · Sb + Sb · Sc + Sc · Sa ) .

❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦

0 ≤ (Sa − Sb )2 + (Sb − Sc )2 + (Sc − Sa )2 .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✸✾

❈♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ é s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ③❡r♦ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ é

✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❧♦❣♦ ✜❝❛ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ✭✸✳✹✳✶✮✳
❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ Sa = Sb = Sc . P❡❧❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✻✱ ♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ M = G.

✸✳✺ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ P✷✼✲▲▲✲

■▼❖✲✶✾✼✹✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ❛✮ ❙❡❥❛♠ C1 ❡ C2 ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱

P1 ❡ P2 ♣♦♥t♦s ❛r❜✐trár✐♦s
s♦❜r❡ C1 ❡ C2 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ M12 ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ P1 P2 . ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M12 q✉❛♥❞♦ P1 ❡ P2 ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ❜✮ ❙❡❥❛♠ C1 ,
C2 ❡ C3 três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❞♦s
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s P1 P2 P3 q✉❛♥❞♦ P1 ∈ C1 , P2 ∈ C2 ❡ P3 ∈ C3 ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✹ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊r❢♦rt❡✱ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 27 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛
❧♦♥❣❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘♦♠ê♥✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✸✳✺✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐t❡♠ ❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ❆ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠

♣r❡t♦ é ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞❛ ❛♥✐♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P1 ❡ P2 ❡ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛st♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ M12 . ❱❡rsã♦
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❱❛♠♦s ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡✲

rê♥❝✐❛ C1 ❡ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ C2 s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ x✳ ■st♦ é✱ C1 t❡♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ (0, 0) ❡ r❛✐♦ R1 ❡ C2 ❝❡♥tr♦

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✵

❡♠ (a, 0) ❡ r❛✐♦ R2 ✳
❆s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P1 ❡ P2 ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

P1 = (R1 · cos(θ), R1 · sen(θ)) ,

P2 = (a + R2 · cos(θ + δ), R2 · sen(θ + δ)) .

❖♥❞❡ θ é ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❡ δ é ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ✜①♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ C1 ❡ C2 .
❆s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ P1 ❡ P2 s❡rã♦✿
1
M12 = · (a + R1 · cos(θ) + R2 · cos(θ + δ), R1 · sen(θ) + R2 · sen(θ + δ)) .
2

❆♣ós ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦

♠é❞✐♦ M12 ❡♥tr❡ P1 ❡ P2 ❝♦♠♦✿

M12 = (b + R12 · cos(θ + γ), R12 · sen(θ + γ)) .

❖♥❞❡ b = 21 a ❡
1
q
R12 = R12 + R22 + 2R1 R2 cos(δ),
2
R2 · sen(δ)
tan(γ) = .
R1 + R2 · cos(δ)
■st♦ é✱ M12 ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ (b, 0)✱ ❞❡s❢❛s❛❣❡♠ γ ❡ r❛✐♦ R12 ✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐t❡♠ ❜✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✽✳ ❆s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠

♣r❡t♦ ❡ ✈❡r❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞❛s ❛♥✐♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P 1 , P2 ❡ P3 ❡ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛st♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
M12 , M23 , M31 ❡ G. ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✐t❡♠ ❛✱ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M13 ❡ M23 ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦

♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
♠é❞✐♦s sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✿

1
G= · (P1x + P2x + P3x , P1y + P2y + P3y ) ,
3

♦♥❞❡ Pi = (Pix , Piy ), ❝♦♠ 1 ≤ i ≤ 3. P♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ G t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r✲
❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♥♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦r M12 , M23 ❡
M31 .

✸✳✻ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳

❙▲✲P✶✷✲■▼❖✲✶✾✽✼✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ABC, ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦
❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s A′ B ′ C ′
✭✈ért✐❝❡s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s tr✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s A′ , C, B ′ ; B ′ , A, C ′
❡ C ′ , B, A′ sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✼ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❍❛✈❛♥❛✱ ❈✉❜❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 12 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ P♦❧ô♥✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✷

✸✳✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳

P❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✈❛♠♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❡st✉❞❛r ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛
❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡ ✉♠ ▲❡♠❛ ❞❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦✳

▲❡♠❛ ✶✵ ✭P❛r❛ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✮✳ ❙❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ABC

❢♦r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s
′
ABC , BCA ′
❡
′
CAB , ❡♥tã♦ AA = BB = CC .
′ ′ ′

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐✲
❧át❡r♦s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ △ABC ✳ ❖ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦
❡♠ ❬✶✻❪✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♥❛
❞✐r❡çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ △ABC ✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ t❡♠♦s AC = AB ′

AC ′ = AB. ❉❡ ∠CAB ′ = ∠C ′ AB = 60◦ , s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
❡
∠CAC ′ = ∠B ′ AB. P♦r ▲❆▲✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s △ACC ′ ≡ △AB ′ B. ▲♦❣♦✱ CC ′ = B ′ B.
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♠♦s A′ B = CB ❡ AB = C ′ B. ❉❡ ∠A′ BC = ∠ABC ′ = 60◦ , s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡
∠A′ BA = ∠CBC ′ . P♦r ▲❆▲✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s △A′ BA ≡ △CBC ′ . ▲♦❣♦✱ A′ A = CC ′ . ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s
q✉❡ AA′ = BB ′ = CC ′ .

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✶✶ ✭❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✮✳ ❙❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❆❇❈ ❢♦r❡♠

❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s✱ ♦s ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ss❡s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✐❣✉❛❧✲

♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐✲
❧át❡r♦s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ △ABC ✳ ❖ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦
❡♠ ❬✶✻❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♥❛
❞✐r❡çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ △ABC ✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

●✐r❛♥❞♦ ♦ △OB COA ❡♠ 30◦ ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ C s❡ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ é
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ △ACA′ .
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ∠ACOB = ∠BCOA = 30◦ ❡ ∠ACOA = ∠BCOB , ❡♥tã♦ ∠ACA′ =
∠OB COA .
1
❊♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♠✱ ❧♦❣♦ F OB = 3 F B ′ . ❙❡❣✉❡
1
√
q✉❡ COB · sen(30◦ ) = 3 CB ′ · sen(60◦ ) ❡ CA = CB ′ = 3 · COB .
√ ′ COA
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ CA′ = CB = 3 · COA . ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ CA
CA
= CO . P❡❧♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛
√ B

▲❆▲ t❡♠♦s △ACA′ ∼ △OB COA ✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ AA′ = 3 · OB OA .

√ √
❙✐♠✐❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ BB ′ = 3 · OC OB ❡ CC ′ = 3 · OA OC . ❈♦♠♦✱ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ♥♦
▲❡♠❛ ✶✵✱ ✈❛❧❡ AA′ = BB ′ = CC ′ , ❡♥tã♦ ♦ △OA OB OC é ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✳

✸✳✻✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ OA ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ △ABC ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠OA BC = ∠OA CB = 30◦ .
❚❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠BOA C = 120◦ . ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ c ❛♦ △BOA C.
P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A′ s♦❜r❡ c. ❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛s r❡t❛s A′ B ❡ A′ C. P♦❞❡♠♦s t❡r ♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s
❝í❝❧✐❝♦s BA′ COA , BCA′ OA ❡ BCOA A′ ✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ∠BA′ C = 60◦ ❡ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s
∠BA′ C = 120◦ .
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ OB ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ △ABC ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠OB CA =
∠OB AC = 30◦ . ❚❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠COB A = 120◦ . ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛
d ❛♦ △COB A. ▼❛r❝❛r B ′ 6= C ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ A′ C ❡ d.
❙✐♠✐❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ OC ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ △ABC ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ∠OC AB =
∠OC BA = 30◦ . ❚❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠AOC B = 120◦ . ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛
f ❛♦ △AOC B. ▼❛r❝❛r C ′ 6= B ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ A′ B ❡ f.
❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛s ❞♦ △A′ B ′ C ′ ❡ ♠❛r❝❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♠✿ G. ❊♠ t♦❞♦
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❙❡❣✉❡
q✉❡ ∠A′ GB ′ = ∠B ′ GC ′ = ∠C ′ GA′ = 120◦ . ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s OA , OB ❡ OC ♣❡rt❡♥✲
❝❡♠ ❛s ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡♠ A′ , B ′ ❡ C ′ , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ △OA OB OC é ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
♥❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ △ABC. ■st♦ é✱ ♦ △OA OB OC é ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❡ ∠OA OB OC = 60◦ . ❈♦♠ ✐st♦
t❡♠♦s ∠OA OB OC + ∠OA GOC = 180◦ ✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ OA GOC OB é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳
❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ g ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ △OA OB OC . ❖ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞❡s
❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s A′ B ′ C ′ é g. ▼❛r❝❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P, ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t ♦✉ ❚♦rr✐❝❡❧❧✐✱ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦
❞❡ c, d ❡ f. ◗✉❛♥❞♦ A′ = P ♦ △A′ B ′ C ′ é r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✺

✸✳✼ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡✱ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛✳ P✺ ❙▲ ■▼❖

✶✾✾✽✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ H s❡✉ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦✱ O s❡✉ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❡ R s❡✉ ❝✐r✲
❝✉♥r❛✐♦✳ ❙❡❥❛ D ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ A ❡♠ BC, E ❞❡ B ❡♠ CA, ❡ F ❞❡ C ❡♠ AB. Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ D, E
❡ F sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ OH = 2R.

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✽ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❛✐♣é✱ ❚❛✐✇❛♥ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 5 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✸✳✼✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳

❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✸ ✭❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❡❞❛❧✮✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ P ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ D, E ❡ F

❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞❡ P s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC, CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥tã♦ DEF é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❡❞❛❧ ❞❡ P ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ △ABC.

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✶✷ ✭❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡✮ ✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ △ABC ✱ c s✉❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s✲

❝r✐t❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ABC, ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❡❞❛❧ ❞❡ P ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ABC é
❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦ ✭D, E ❡ F sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✮ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ P ∈ c✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦∠P F A = ∠P EA = 90◦ , ❡♥tã♦ P F AE é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ❙❡❣✉❡

q✉❡ ∠F P A = ∠F EA. ❉❡ ∠P EC = ∠P DC = 90◦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ P EDC é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✻

▲♦❣♦✱ ∠DP C = ∠DEC. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ∠P DB = ∠P F B = 90◦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ P DBF é ✉♠

q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ∠DP F = 180◦ − ∠ABC.
◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡

∠AP C − ∠DP F = ∠DP C − ∠F P A = ∠DEC − ∠F EA.

∠AP C = ∠DP F ⇔ ∠DEC = ∠F EA ⇔ D✱ E ❡ F sã♦

❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ▼❛s ♥❡st❡
❝❛s♦✱ ∠AP C = ∠DP F ⇔ ∠AP C + ∠ABC = 180◦ ⇔ ABCP é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳

✸✳✼✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

G ♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC ❡ H
❙❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ G ❡ r❛③ã♦ − 21 . ❙❡❥❛♠
A′ = H(A), B ′ = H(B) ❡ C ′ = H(C).
P❡❧❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✺ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❛♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛
❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❛♦ ♣é ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ▲♦❣♦ A′ , B ′ ❡ C ′ sã♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s
♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ BC, CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ HG = 2GO ✭Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✼✮
t❡♠♦s O = H(H).
△A2 B2 C2 t❛❧ q✉❡ A, B ❡ C s❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ B2 C2 , C2 A2 ❡ A2 B2 ,
❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♦
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ■st♦ é✱ AB k B2 A2 , BC k C2 B2 ❡ CA k A2 C2 ❡ B2 A2 = 2AB, C2 B2 = 2BC,
❡ A2 C2 = 2CA. ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ A = H(A2 ), B = H(B2 ) ❡ C = H(C2 ).

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ ❇❆❘■❈❊◆❚❘❖ ✹✼

❈♦♠♦ D é ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ A ❡♠ BC, ❡♥tã♦ D′ = H(D) é ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ A′ ❡♠ B ′ C ′ . ❙❡❣✉❡

q✉❡ D′ ∈ B2 C2 ❡ A′ D′ ⊥ B2 C2 . P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ BC k C2 B2
t❡♠♦s q✉❡ OA′ ❡ B2 C2 sã♦ ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖s ❞♦✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ O,
D′ ❡ A′ sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❡ D′ é ❛ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ O ❡♠ B2 C2 . ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ E ′ = H(E) ❡ F ′ = H(F )
sã♦ ❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞❡ O ❡♠ C2 A2 ❡ A2 B2 .
P❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙✐♠s♦♥✲❲❛❧❧❛❝❡ ✶✷✱ D′ , E ′ ❡ F ′ sã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ✭♦ q✉❛❧ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ♣♦r H ❛
D, E ❡ F s❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✮ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ O ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ d ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛
❛♦ △A2 B2 C2 . ❈♦♠♦ c = H(d) ❡ O = H(H)✱ d t❡♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ H ❡ r❛✐♦ 2R. ❊st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦
é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ HO = 2R. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✵✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
 ✹✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

■♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s

✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✱ P✶ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✵✱ sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s três ✐♥✲❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡ três ❡①✲❝ír❝✉❧♦s✳ ❙❡
s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡✐s r❛✐♦s✳ P❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♠étr✐❝❛s✱
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s✱ ❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡
❙t❡✇❛rt s❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦✳
◆♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✱ P✹ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✷✱ s❡ r❡q✉❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P
♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c, ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ l t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ c, ❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ M s♦❜r❡ l. P ❞❡✈❡
s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
✐♥s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ❡①✲✐♥s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✱ P✺ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛
✉♠❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛✳ ❙❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡t❛ é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❡①✲
✐♥s❝r✐t♦s s❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✱ P✶✻ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ABCD
❡ ❞❛s ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❡①✲❝ír❝✉❧♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ l ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦
A. ❙❡ ♣❡❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ l✳
❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✱ P✶✽ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣❡❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡①✲❝ír❝✉❧♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦
BC ♥✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❆♣ós ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s✳
❙❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♦ ❡s❜♦ç♦ ❞❡ três ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❝❡♥tr♦
r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✹✾

✹✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✸✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❙❡❥❛♠ AB = c, BC = a ❡ CA = b.

❙❡❥❛♠ D, E ❡ F ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ c ❝♦♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC ❡

CA, r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊ s❡❥❛ ♦ s❡♠✐♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ p = a+b+c

2
. ❊♥tã♦ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ AD = AF = p − a,
BD = BE = p − b ❡ CF = CE = p − c.

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✶✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✸✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ △ABC sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s à ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ AF =

AD = x, BD = BE = y ❡ CF = CE = z. ■st♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s

x + y = c,

y + z = a,

z + a = b,

p = x + y + z.

❈♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ x, y ❡ z s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝✐t❛❞❛s✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✹✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❙❡❥❛♠ AB = c, BC = a ❡ CA = b.

❙❡❥❛♠ J, L ❡ E ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①✲✐♥s❝r✐t❛ c ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦s
a+b+c
❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB ❡ BC ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ CA, r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊ s❡❥❛ ♦ s❡♠✐♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ p = 2
. ❊♥tã♦
✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ BL = BJ = p, CL = CE = p − a ❡ AJ = AE = p − c.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✹✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ △ABC sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s à ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ BL = BJ,
CL = CE = l ❡ AJ = AE = j. ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ❛ s♦♠❛

BL + BJ = a + l + j + c = a + b + c = 2p.

❉♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ BL = BJ = p. ❈♦♠♦ AB = c ❡ BC = a t❡♠♦s AJ = AE =

j =p−c ❡ CL = CE = l = p − a✳

❈♦r♦❧ár✐♦ ✶✺✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❙❡❥❛♠ AB = c, BC = a ❡ CA = b.

❙❡❥❛♠ D, E ❡ F ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ c ❝♦♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB, BC

❡ CA, r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ J, L ❡ Nb ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①✲✐♥s❝r✐t❛

′
c ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s AB ❡ BC ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ CA, r❡s♣❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊ s❡❥❛ ♦
a+b+c
s❡♠✐♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ p= 2
. ❊♥tã♦ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ M, ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ A ❡ C, t❛♠❜é♠ é ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦

❞❡ F ❡ Nb . ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
a−c
F M = M Nb = .
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✸✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦r♦❧ár✐♦ ✶✺✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ■st♦ é ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ AF = CNb = p−a, r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ♥❛s Pr♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s

✶✸ ❡ ✶✹✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✻✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✹ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❙❡❥❛ I s❡✉ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ Ia ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦

❞❛ ❡①✲❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❇❈✳ ❙❡❥❛ E ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ AI ❝♦♠ ❛

❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ △ABC. ❊♥tã♦

EB = EC = EI = EIa .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✹✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✻✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ P❡❧❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❡♠ A ACEB t❡♠♦s ∠BAE = ∠CAE =

❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦
∠CBE = ∠BCE = α. P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ △EBC é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BC ❡ EB = EC.
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❡♠ B, s❡❥❛♠ ∠IBA = ∠IBC = β. P❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
❡①t❡r♥♦✱ ∠BIE = α + β. ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡✱ ∠BIE = ∠IBE, ♦ △EBI é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BI ❡
EB = EI.
P❡❧❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❡♠ B, s❡❥❛♠ ∠JBIa = ∠CBIa = γ. ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ∠JBA = 180◦ t❡♠♦s
q✉❡ γ = 90◦ − β. ❉♦ △BJIa r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ J t❡♠♦s ∠JIa B = β. P❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s
♥♦ △AJIa ❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ r❛s♦ ❡♠ B ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ∠EBIa = ∠EIa B = 90◦ −α−β. ■st♦ é✱ ♦ △EBIa
é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BIa , ❡ EB = EIa . ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ EB = EC = EI = EIa .

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✼ ✭❋ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❧❡r✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✺ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ❙❡❥❛ I s❡✉

✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ d s✉❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ r✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛ c ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r✲

❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛♦ △ABC, ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O ❡ r❛✐♦ R. ❊♥tã♦

OI 2 = R(R − 2r).

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✳✺✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✼✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❥❛ E ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ AI ❝♦♠ c. P❡❧❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ I

❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ c t❡♠♦s
R2 − OI 2 = AI · EI. ✭✹✳✷✳✶✮

❙❡❥❛♠ X ❡ Y ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ O ❡ I ❛té BE ❡ AC, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦

△OBE é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BE, ❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛
❝♦r❞❛ BE, s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠AIY = ∠OBX.
▲♦❣♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❆❆✱ t❡♠♦s △AIY ∼ △OBX. P♦rt❛♥t♦✱

BX OB
=
IY AI

♦✉
OB · IY 2Rr
AI = = .
BX EB
❱✐♠♦s ♥❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✻ q✉❡ EB = EI, s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

2Rr
AI = . ✭✹✳✷✳✷✮
EI

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✷✳✷✮ ❡♠ ✭✹✳✷✳✶✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s R2 − OI 2 = 2Rr. ▲♦❣♦✱

OI 2 = R2 − 2Rr.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✹

✹✳✸ ❊①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt✳ P✶ ■▼❖

✶✾✼✵✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ M ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❞♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC, s❡❥❛♠ r1 ❡ r2 r❛✐♦s ❞❛s
❝ír❝✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ♥♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ACM ❡ BCM, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ s❡❥❛♠ ρ1 ❡ ρ2 ♦s r❛✐♦s ❞♦s
❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ACM ❡ BCM ♥♦s ❧❛❞♦s AM ❡ BM, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ r ❡ ρ
♦s r❛✐♦s ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ❞♦ △ABC, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r
q✉❡
r1 r 2 r
· = .
ρ1 ρ2 ρ
❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✵ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❑❡s③t❤❡❧②✱ ❍✉♥❣r✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 8 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ P♦❧ô♥✐❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳

✹✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳

❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✶✽ ❙❡❥❛ D ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ BC ❞♦ △ABC ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ BC = a,

✭❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt✮✳
CA = b, AB = c, BD = x, AC = y ❡ AD = z. ❱❛❧❡ q✉❡✿

b2 c2
 
1 1
+ = a + z2 + .
y x x y

❖✉ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
b2 c2
z2 = x + y − xy.
a a
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ✜❝❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡♠ D.

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✶ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ♣r♦✈❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✶✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ∠ADC = α ❡ ∠ADB = 180◦ − α. P❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ❞♦s ❈♦ss❡♥♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦
△ABD t❡♠♦s
c2 = x2 + z 2 − 2xz cos(180◦ − α).

▼❛s cos(180◦ − α) = − cos(α). ▲♦❣♦

c2 = x2 + z 2 + 2xz cos(α),

c2 z2
=x+ + 2z cos(α). ✭✹✳✸✳✶✮
x x
P❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ❞♦s ❈♦ss❡♥♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ △ACD t❡♠♦s

b2 = y 2 + z 2 − 2yz cos(α),

b2 z2
=y+ − 2z cos(α). ✭✹✳✸✳✷✮
y y
❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✭✹✳✸✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✸✳✷✮ s❡❣✉❡

b2 c 2
 
1 1 a
+ = x + y + z2 + = a + z2 ,
y x x y xy

b2 x + c 2 y z2
=1+ ,
axy xy
b2 x + c 2 y
z2 = − xy.
a

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✻

a
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ D é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ BC t❡♠♦s x=y= 2
❡ z = ma . ❊ ✈❛❧❡

b2 + c2 a2
m2a = − .
2 4

✹✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ BC = a, CA = b, AM = x, M B = y ❡ CM = l. ❉❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ I1 ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❝♦♠

S1 ♦ ❡①✲❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ △AM C. ❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ P1 ❡ Q1 s❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s
r CP
❞❡ I1 ❡ S1 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ AC. ❊♥tã♦ △I1 CP1 ∼ △S1 CQ1 ❡ ρ1 = CQ1 . ❙❡❥❛ p1 ♦
1 1
b+l−x
s❡♠✐♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ △ACM. ❙❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❛s Pr♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✶✸ ❡ ✶✹ q✉❡ CP1 = p1 − x = 2
❡
b+l+x
CQ1 = p1 = 2 . ▲♦❣♦✱
r1 b+l−x
= . ✭✹✳✸✳✸✮
ρ1 b+l+x
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ I2 ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ S2 ♦ ❡①✲❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞♦
△BM C. ❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ P2 ❡ Q2 s❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ I2 ❡ S2 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛
r CP
❧✐♥❤❛ BC. ❊♥tã♦ △I2 CP2 ∼ △S2 CQ2 ❡ ρ2 = CQ2 . ❙❡❥❛ p2 ♦ s❡♠✐♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ △BCM. ❙❛❜❡♠♦s
2 2
a+l−y a+l+y
❞❛s Pr♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✶✸ ❡ ✶✹ q✉❡ CP2 = p2 − y = 2
❡ CQ2 = p2 = 2
. ▲♦❣♦✱

r2 a+l−y
= . ✭✹✳✸✳✹✮
ρ2 a+l+y

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✼

❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❞❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ I ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ S ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ △ABC.

❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ P ❡ Q s❡❥❛♠ ♦s ♣és ❞❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ I ❡ S, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ BC. ❊♥tã♦
△ICP ∼ △SCQ ❡ ρr = CQ CP
. ❙❡❥❛ p ♦ s❡♠✐♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC. ❙❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❛s Pr♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✶✸ ❡
✶✹ q✉❡ CP = p − c = 2 ❡ CQ = p = a+b+c
a+b−c
2
. ▲♦❣♦✱

r a+b−c
= . ✭✹✳✸✳✺✮
ρ a+b+c

❉♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✶ ❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✹✳✸✳✸✮✱ ✭✹✳✸✳✹✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✸✳✺✮ r❡st❛ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡

   
b+l−x a+l−y a+b−c
· = .
b+l+x a+l+y a+b+c

❆♣ós ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦r❡s ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ c = x + y ❡

✈ár✐❛s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✶✽ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❡✈✐❛♥❛ CM = l ❞♦ △ABC :

b2 a2
 
1 1
+ = c + l2 + .
x y x y

✹✳✹ ❊①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✹

■▼❖ ✶✾✾✷✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ◆♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c, ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ l t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ c, ❡ ✉♠
♣♦♥t♦ M s♦❜r❡ l. ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s P q✉❡ tê♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✿
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s Q ❡ R s♦❜r❡ l t❛✐s q✉❡ M é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ QR ❡ c é ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡

P QR.

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✷ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼♦s❝♦✉✱ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 20 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ P✹ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳

✹✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❉❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ♣♦r U ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ c, ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ S, ❡ ❛ r❡t❛ l. ❙❡❥❛♠

X ❡ U ′ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ U ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ S ❡ M, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ X ❡ U ′ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠
❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ P.
❈♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ Q ∈ l. ❆ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ R ∈ l ✜❝❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛
❡q✉❛çã♦ QM = M R. ❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛s r❡t❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛ c✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ l✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ Q ❡ R.
▼❛r❝❛♠♦s P ♥❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡st❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛ c′ ♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ △P QR✱
S ′ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ c′ , ❡ W ❡ W ′ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ c ❡ c′ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡t❛ P Q, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ r❡t❛ P S ′ é ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ ∠QP R.
❈♦♠♦ W S k W ′ S ′ ❡ ∠W P S = ∠W ′ P S ′ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ △W SP ∼ △W ′ S ′ P. ▲♦❣♦✱

WS SP WP
= ′ = ′ .
WS
′ ′ SP WP

▼❛s W S = SX ❡ W ′ S ′ = S ′ U ′ . ❙❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

SX SP WP
= ′ = ′ .
SU
′ ′ SP WP

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ SX k S ′ U ′ ✱ ❡♥tã♦ ∠P SX = ∠P S ′ U ′ . P❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛

▲❆▲ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ △P SX ∼ △P S ′ U ′ ❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ X é ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠ P ❡ U ′ . ■st♦ é✱ P é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
❞❡ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s c ❡ c′ . ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❜❛st❛
❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ U ′ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ U ′ X, ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ X.
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ ❧✐♥❦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧
❞❡s❧♦❝❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ Q ♣❛r❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦ r❛str♦ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P.
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ U ′ X, ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ X, é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛s

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✺✾

t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛ c ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ P ❡ ♠❛r❝❛r s✉❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❝♦♠ l. ■st♦ é✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s Q ❡ R.

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✷✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✺ ■♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛

✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ P✺ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s k1 ❡ k2 q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y ❡ sã♦

t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ k ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱

♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ k2 ❡stá s♦❜r❡ k1 . ❙❡❥❛♠ A ❡ B ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ XY ❝♦♠ k. ❆s r❡t❛s
MA ❡ MB ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ k1 ❡♠ C ❡ D, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ k2 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ CD.

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇✉❝❛r❡st❡✱ ❘♦♠ê♥✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 12 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛
❝♦rt❛✱ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✺ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✹✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❊s❜♦ç❛♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥✲
❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ k, ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O, M ∈ k. ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ O1 , ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
k1 , ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ OM, ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ ❡♠ M, ❞❡ k ❡
k1 . ❚❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ O2 ∈ k1 , ❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s N = OO2 ∩ k, ❛ss❡❣✉r❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛
✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ k ❡ k2 .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✻✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ ❞✉❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s k1 ❡ k2 q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y ❡ sã♦
t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ k ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M ❡ N, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛ A ✉♠ ❞♦s

♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ XY ❝♦♠ k. ❆s r❡t❛s AM ❡ AN ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ k1 ❡ k2 ❡♠ C ❡ E,

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥tã♦ CE é ✉♠❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ k1 ❡ k2 ✳

P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✷ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡s❜♦ç❛♠♦s ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ k, ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ O.

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s M ∈ k ❡ N ∈ k ❡ tr❛ç❛♠♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s OM ❡ ON. ❖s ❝❡♥tr♦s
❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s k1 ❡ k2 sã♦ O1 ∈ OM ❡ O2 ∈ ON. P❛r❛ ♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✶✾ N é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ s❡♠✐✲❧✐✈r❡✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✻✶

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ A ❡stá ♥♦ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s k1 ❡ k2 . ▲♦❣♦✱ AC · AM =

AX · AY = AE · AN. ❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ M N EC é ✐♥s❝r✐tí✈❡❧✳
❙❡❥❛ Z ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ M N ❝♦♠ k1 . ❊ s❡❥❛ M ′ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠
❛ k ❡ k1 ❡♠ M. ❊♥tã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✱ t❡♠♦s ∠M CZ =
∠M ′ M Z = ∠M ′ M N = ∠M AN ✭❝♦♠♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✮✳ ■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ CZ k AN.
P♦r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ∠AN M = ∠CZM. ❈♦♠♦ M N EC é ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠
t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ∠ACE = ∠AN M. ❈♦♠♦ ∠M O1 C = 2∠CZM, ❡ ♦ △CO1 M é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡
∠CZM = ∠ACE s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ CE é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ k1 . ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ k2 é t❛♥❣❡♥t❡
❛ CD.

❘❡t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❙❡✲
❥❛♠ E ❡ F, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❞❡ N A ❡ N B ❝♦♠ k2 . ❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✶✾ CE ❡
DF sã♦ ❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛ k1 ❡ k2 .
◗✉❛♥❞♦ k1 ❡ k2 tê♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ r❛✐♦ ❛ r❡t❛ CD ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦ O1 , ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛
❝♦♠ k2 ✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ DF EC é ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦ ✜❝❛ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦s
♦✉tr♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ s❡❥❛ G = CE ∩ DF.
❖s ❝❡♥tr♦s O1 ❡ O2 ❡stã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦ ∠CGD, ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ k1 ❡ k2 s❡r❡♠ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛
GC ❡ GD. ❈♦♠♦ O1 D = O1 C ❡ ∠O1 DG = ∠O1 CG = 90◦ , s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ O1 é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦
♠❡♥♦r ❛r❝♦ CD ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ △CDG.
P❡❧❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶✻ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s q✉❡ O2 é ♦ ❡①✲❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △CDG ♦♣♦st♦ ❛ G ♦✉ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✳
■st♦ é✱ k2 é ✉♠ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♦✉ ♦ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ △CDG. ◆♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ CD é
t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ k2 .

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳✸✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✸✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✻✷

✹✳✻ ❇✐ss❡tr✐③❡s✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳

P✶✻ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✺✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABCD ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ l ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦ A ❡
✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛ ❛s r❡t❛s BC ❡ DC ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s X ❡ Y, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ K ❡ L ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s

❞♦s ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ABX ❡ ADY, q✉❡ t♦❝❛♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s BX ❡ DY, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ KCL ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ l.

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✺ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼ér✐❞❛✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 16 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯❝râ♥✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✹✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♣♦rABCD s❡r ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ t❡♠♦s AB = CD, BC = DA,

∠ABC = ∠CDA ❡ ∠Y DA = ∠DAB = ∠BCD = ∠ABX. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ DL, BK,
AL ❡ AK sã♦ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ ∠Y DL = ∠LDJ, ∠XBK = ∠KBM, ∠Y AL = ∠LAD ❡
∠BAK = ∠KAX.
❈♦♠♦
1
∠ADL = ∠KBA = 180◦ − ∠CDA
2
❡ ∠ALD = 21 ∠AY D = ∠KAB, ♣♦r ❆❆✱ t❡♠♦s △ABK ∼ △LDA. ▲♦❣♦✱

BK BK AB DC
= = = .
BC AD DL DL
▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✻✸

❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ✉♥✐❞♦ ❛ ∠LDC = ∠CBK, ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ▲❆▲✱ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ q✉❡ △LDC ∼ △CBK. ▲♦❣♦✱ ∠DCL = ∠BKC ❡ ∠CLD = ∠KCB.
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱
∠KCL = 360◦ − ∠BCD − (∠DCL + ∠KCB) =

= 360◦ − ∠BCD − (∠BKC + ∠KCB) =

= 360◦ − ∠BCD − (180◦ − ∠CBK) =

= 180◦ − ∠BCD + ∠CBK = ∠CBA + ∠CBK,

q✉❡ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦ ∠KCL s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ABCD ❡

♥ã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ l. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✹✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✹✳✼ ❊①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r✲

❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P✶✽ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✻✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ◆✉♠ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧♦ ABC, s❡❥❛ J ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ BC ❡♠
A1 ❡ ❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s AC ❡ AB ❡♠ B1 ❡ C1 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦r q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ A1 B1
❡ AB sã♦ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ D. ❙❡❥❛ E ♦ ♣é ❞❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ C1 ❛té ♦

s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ DJ. ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s BEA1 ❡ AEB1 .

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✻ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▲✐✉❜❧✐❛♥❛✱ ❊s❧♦✈ê♥✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 18 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛
❝♦rt❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ●ré❝✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✻✹

✹✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ω1 , ω2 ❡ ω3 ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s C1 D, A1 B ❡ AB1 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲

♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦r ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s JC1 , JA1 ❡ JB1 sã♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ❛ ω1 , ω2 ❡ ω3 , r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡t♦ ❡♠ D, ω2 ❡ ω3 ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r D.
❈♦♠♦ ∠C1 ED = 90◦ t❡♠♦s E ∈ ω1 . P❡❧❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ J ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ω1 ❬✾❪ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s
❡s❝r❡✈❡r
JC12 = JD · JE.

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ JA1 = JB1 = JC1 , r❛✐♦s ❞♦ ❡①✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦ c✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

JA21 = JD · JE,

JB12 = JD · JE.

▼❛s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❝♦r❞❛s ❬✾❪ ❛s ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ E ∈ ω2
❡ E ∈ ω3 ❡ ∠BEA1 = ∠AEB1 = 90◦ . ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ E é ❝❡♥tr♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡ ω1 , ω2 ❡ ω3 . ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✷
♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ ■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ❊ ❊❳■◆❈❮❘❈❯▲❖❙ ✻✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
 ✻✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺

❊①tr❡♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s

✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

◆♦s Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✱ ✶✾ ❡ ✷✵ s❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s✳ ❖s Pr♦❜❧❡✲

♠❛s ✶✼ ❡ ✶✽ ✉s❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✳

■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♠á①✐✲

♠♦s ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s✳

✺✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✵✳ ❙❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s

❛ ❡st❡s ❧❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❧❛❞♦✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC. ■r❡♠♦s s✉♣♦r q✉❡ BC > AC. ▼❛r✲
❝❛♠♦s s♦❜r❡ BC ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D t❛❧ q✉❡ AC = CD. ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦ △CAD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ AD ❡

∠CAD = ∠CDA = θ.
❙❡❥❛♠ ∠CBA = β ❡ ∠BAD = γ. P❡❧♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ t❡♠♦s θ = β + γ.
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ θ > β. ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ∠BAC = α = θ + γ, ❡♥tã♦ α > β. ■st♦ é✱ ♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ ♠❛✐♦r

❧❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✻✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✳✶✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✵✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

P♦r r❡❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ❛❜s✉r❞♦ ❡ ❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❛ r❡❝í♣r♦❝❛✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❧❛❞♦
é ♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ ♠❛✐♦r â♥❣✉❧♦✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✶ ✭❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✮✳ ❆ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s q✉❛✐sq✉❡r

❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❧❛❞♦✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❇❛st❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❧❛❞♦ é ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s✳ ❆ ❋✐✲
❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
ABC. ■r❡♠♦s s✉♣♦r✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ BC > CA >
AB. ❊st❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ CA ❡ ♠❛r❝❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ D ∈ CA ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ AD = AB.
❈♦♠♦ ♦ △ABD é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ BD t❡♠♦s ∠ABD = ∠ADB = θ. ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡

∠DBC = γ = θ + β > θ = ∠BDA

❡ ❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✵✱ s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡

CD = CA + AD = CA + AB > BC.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✻✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✳✷✿ ●✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✶✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✷ ✭❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✮✳ ❉❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s

(a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) ❡ (b1 , b2 , · · ·, bn ) ❡♥tã♦

a21 + a22 + · · · + a2n b21 + b22 + ➲➲➲ + b2n ≥ (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + · · · + an bn )2

✭✺✳✷✳✶✮

❡ ✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ bi = λai ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ 1≤i≤n ❝♦♠ λ r❡❛❧✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠♦s ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ r❡❛❧

n
X
f (x) = (ai x − bi )2 .
i=1

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ x ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r

n
! n
! n
!
X X X
f (x) = a2i x2 − 2 ai bi x+ b2i .
i=1 i=1 i=1

■st♦ é✱ f (x) é ✉♠ ♣♦❧✐♥ô♠✐♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❡♠ x✳ ❈♦♠♦ f (x) é ✉♠❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s
t❡r❡♠♦s f (x) ≥ 0 ❡ s❡✉ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ③❡r♦✿

n
!2 n
! n
!
X X X
∆=4 ai bi −4 a2i b2i ≤ 0.
i=1 i=1 i=1

❉✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♣♦r 4 ♦❜t❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③ r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✻✾

s♦♠❛tór✐♦s✿ ! ! !2
n
X n
X n
X
a2i b2i ≥ ai bi .
i=1 i=1 i=1

❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t❡ é ③❡r♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦ f (x) t❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❛✐③ ❞✉♣❧❛
x = λ✳ ▼❛s ✐st♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛
n
X
f (x) = (ai x − bi )2 = 0.
i=1

❈♦♠♦ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s (an ) ❡ (bn ) sã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s✱ ♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s sã♦ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❆
ú♥✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é q✉❡ ai λ − bi = 0 ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ 1 ≤ i ≤ n✳ ■st♦ é✱ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s (an ) ❡ (bn ) sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳

❯♠❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ ❝♦♠ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥✲

s✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❛q✉✐✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✸ ✭❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✮✳ ❙❡❥❛ {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } ✉♠❛

❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ n ≥ 2✱ ❡♥tã♦

v
n u n
1 X uY
xi ≥ t
n
xi ,
n i=1 i=1

n
X n
Y
♦♥❞❡ xi = x1 + x2 + . . . + xn ❡ xi = x1 · x2 · · · · · xn ✳ ❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ x1 =
i=1 i=1
x2 = · · · = xn ✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❈❛s♦ n = 2✿ ◗✉❡r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡✿

x1 + x2 √
≥ x1 · x2 .
2

▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✷ ❡ ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ t❡♠♦s✿

(x1 + x2 )2 ≥ 4x1 · x2 .

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦❜t❡♠♦s ♦✉tr❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✿

x21 + 2x1 · x2 + x22 ≥ 4x1 · x2 ,

x21 − 2x1 · x2 + x22 ≥ 0,

(x1 − x2 )2 ≥ 0.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✵

▼❛s ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ é s❡♠♣r❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦
x1 = x2 ✳

❆ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ n > 2 ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❬✶✼❪✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦
✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❛q✉✐✳

✺✳✸ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s✱ ár❡❛s✳

P✶ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✻✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ◆✉♠ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ❝♦♠ ár❡❛ 32 cm2 , ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ 16 cm. ❛✮ ◗✉❛❧ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦✉tr❛
❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧❄ ❜✮ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ s❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ é ✉♠ ♠í♥✐♠♦❄
❝✮ ❙❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♠á①✐♠♦❄

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✼✻ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▲✐❡♥③✱ ➪✉str✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 3 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❈❤❡❝♦s❧♦✈áq✉✐❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✶ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳

✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❯♠ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✉♥✐❞♦ ❛
♦✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✮✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ é ❝♦♥✈❡①♦✱
❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✶

❙❡❥❛ S = 32 cm2 ❡
16 cm = d = AB + CD + AC. ✭✺✳✸✳✶✮

❛✮ ❆ ár❡❛ ❞♦ q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ ABCD ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦s △ABC ❡
△ACD, ♦♥❞❡ AC é ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦
♦s ❞♦✐s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s sã♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ■st♦ é✱

1
S ≤ AC(AB + CD).
2

❯s❛♥❞♦ ✭✺✳✸✳✶✮ r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s

1
S ≤ AC(d − AC). ✭✺✳✸✳✷✮
2
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ AC ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s
❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ✭Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✸✮ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s {AC, d − AC} t❡♠♦s

p AC + (d − AC)
AC(d − AC) ≤ ,
2

d2
AC(d − AC) ≤ . ✭✺✳✸✳✸✮
4
❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ AC = d − AC ♦✉ AC = d2 . ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✭✺✳✸✳✷✮ ❡ ✭✺✳✸✳✸✮
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s
d2
S≤ .
8
❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ d ❡ S ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳ ■st♦ é✱
AC = AB + CD = 8 cm, AB ⊥ AC ❡ CD ⊥ AC.
❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛ r❡t❛ AB ❡ tr❛ç❛♠♦s ♣♦r D ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ l ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ AC. ▼❛r❝❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
E = AB ∩ l. ❖ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ BED✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ E, ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r✱ ♣❡❧♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱
♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦
√ √ √
BD = 2 ED = 2 AC = 2 8.

❜✮ P❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦

ABCD ❜❛st❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r
❛ s♦♠❛ BC + AD, ♣♦✐s AB + CD = 8. P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ F ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡
♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ACF D s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳ ■st♦ é✱ DF = 8 cm ❡ AD = CF. ❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s
t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BF.
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♥♦ △BCF t❡♠♦s✿

BC + CF = BC + AD ≥ BF.

■st♦ é✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ BC + AD = BF ❡ C ∈ BF. ❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♥♦

√
△BEF ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s BF = 8 5.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✷

P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ C ∈ BF, ♣♦r ❆❆✱ t❡♠♦s △F DC ∼ △F EB. P❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✲
√
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ CF = AD = BF 2
EB
❡ DC = 2 = 4. ▲♦❣♦✱ AD = BC = 4 5 ❡
AB = CD = 4.
❝✮ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ss✉♠✐r✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ CD < AB. ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ C ❡stá
♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ △BDF ❡ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

BC + AD = BC + CF ≤ BD + DF.

■st♦ é✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ BC + AD é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s C ❡ D ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♠ ❡ ♦

q✉❛❞râ♥❣✉❧♦ ABCD é ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✻✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✺✳✹ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦✱ ár❡❛s✳ P✶

■▼❖ ✶✾✽✶✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ △ABC ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛

BC CA AB
+ + ✭✺✳✹✳✶✮
PD PE PF

é ♠í♥✐♠❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ P D, P E ❡ PF sã♦ ❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ P ❛ BC, CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✶ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 15 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✶ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✸

✺✳✹✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳

◆♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ △ABC ❛ s♦♠❛

BC · P D + CA · P E + AB · P F ✭✺✳✹✳✷✮

é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✭♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ P ✮✳

▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③ ✭Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✷✮ ❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s

a21 + a22 + a23 b21 + b22 + b23 ≥ (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )2 .

■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✭✺✳✹✳✷✮ q✉❡ a21 = BC · P D, a22 = CA · P E, a23 = AB · P F ❡ ❡♠ ✭✺✳✹✳✶✮

q✉❡ b21 = PBCD , b22 = PCA
E
❡ b23 = AB
PF
t❡♠♦s
 
BC CA AB
(BC · P D + CA · P E + AB · P F ) + + ≥ (BC + CA + AB)2 .
PD PE PF

❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✭✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✭✺✳✹✳✶✮✮ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥✲

❝✐❛s (an ) ❡ (bn ) sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ■st♦ é✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ λ t❛❧ q✉❡

(a1 , a2 , a3 ) = (λb1 , λb2 , λb3 ).

▲♦❣♦✱ λ = P D = P E = P F. P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ ✭✺✳✹✳✶✮ é ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ △ABC.

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✼✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✹

✺✳✺ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ ✐♥❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✳

P✻ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✸✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ❙❡ a, b ❡ c sã♦ ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡

a2 b(a − b) + b2 c(b − c) + c2 a(c − a) ≥ 0. ✭✺✳✺✳✶✮

❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✳

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✽✸ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ P❛r✐s✱ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 9 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✻ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳

✺✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳

❈♦♥str✉í♠♦s ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥s❝r✐t❛ d ♥♦ △ABC ❡ ♠❛r❝❛♠♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦

A , B ′ ❡ C ′ ❞❡ d ❝♦♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s BC, CA ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠♦s
′

AB ′ = AC ′ = x, BA′ = BC ′ = y ❡ CA′ = CB ′ = z. ▲♦❣♦✱

a = y + z,
b = z + x, ✭✺✳✺✳✷✮
c = x + y.

❙✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✭✺✳✺✳✷✮ ❡♠ ✭✺✳✺✳✶✮ s❡❣✉❡

(y + z)2 (z + x)(y − x) + (z + x)2 (x + y)(z − y) + (x + y)2 (y + z)(x − z) ≥ 0.

❊①♣❛♥❞✐♥❞♦ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♦s

xy 3 + yz 3 + zx3 ≥ xyz(y + z + x).

▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ z + x + y ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡

❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❙❝❤✇❛r③ ✭Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷✷✮✿
√
xy 3 + yz 3 + zx3 (z + x + y) ≥ [ xyz(y + z + x)]2 .

❆s ❞✉❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❞ã♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r sã♦✿

√ √ √

y xy, z yz, x zx ,
√ √ √

z, x, y .

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✺

❆ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ■st♦ é✱

xy 3 yz 3 zx3
= = .
z x y

❈♦♠♦ x, y ❡ z sã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✿
x = y = z. ▲♦❣♦✱ a = b = c. ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✺✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✺✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✽✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✺✳✻ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❜❛s❡s ♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✳

P✼ ❙▲ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ❙❡❥❛ ABC ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ M ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✳ Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡

min{M A, M B, M C} + M A + M B + M C < AB + BC + CA.

❆ ■▼❖ ✶✾✾✾ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇✉❝❛r❡st❡✱ ❘♦♠ê♥✐❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 7 ❞❛ ❧✐st❛
❝♦rt❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆r♠ê♥✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳

✺✳✻✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳

M ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦
▲❡♠❛ ✷✹✳ ❙❡❥❛ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①♦ ABCD. ❊♥tã♦ ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡

AM + M B < BC + CD + DA.

❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✻✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✷✹✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛N = AM ∩ BC. ❙❡rá ✉s❛❞❛ três ✈❡③❡s ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✳ ◆♦ △M N B ✈❛❧❡

q✉❡ M B < M N + N B ❧♦❣♦

AM + M B < AM + M N + N B = AN + N B.

◆♦ △AN C t❡♠♦s AN < N C + CA✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦

AN + N B < N C + CA + N B = CA + BC.

❊ ♥♦ △CDA ✈❛❧❡ q✉❡ CA < CD + DA✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱

CA + BC < CD + DA + BC.

❙❡❥❛♠ E, F ❡ J ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ BC, AC ❡ AB, r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦♥t♦ M

♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ △ABC ❡stá ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❞♦✐s ❞♦s q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ABEF, BCF J
❡ CAJE. ■r❡♠♦s s✉♣♦r✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ M B = min{M A + M B + M C}. ■st♦
é✱ M ❡stá ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ABEF ❡ BCF J.
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✷✹ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ ABEF t❡♠♦s✿

AM + M B < BE + EF + F A. ✭✺✳✻✳✶✮

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✼

❊ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▲❡♠❛ ✷✹ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦ BCF J s❡❣✉❡✿

BM + M C < CF + F J + JB. ✭✺✳✻✳✷✮

❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✭✺✳✻✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✺✳✻✳✷✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

M B + M A + M B + M C < BE + F J + CF + F A + EF + JB.

❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ FJ ❡ EF s❡r❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ♠é❞✐❛s t❡♠♦s F J = EC ❡ EF = JB.

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱

min{M A, M B, M C} + M A + M B + M C < BC + CA + AB.

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✻✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✻✳✷✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✾✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

✺✳✼ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s s❡♥♦s ❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳

P✶ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✶✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳ ◆✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛❝✉tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ABC ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ O ❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ AP, ∠C ≥ ∠B +
30 .
◦
Pr♦✈❛r q✉❡
∠A + ∠COP < 90◦ .

❆ ■▼❖ ✷✵✵✶ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❬✶✵❪✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ 16 ❞❛
❧✐st❛ ❝♦rt❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦r❡✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ P✶ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✽

✺✳✼✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✼✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✼✳✶✿ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵✳ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛q✉✐✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖ ❛✉t♦r✳

❙❡❥❛♠ ∠A = α, ∠B = β, ∠C = γ, ∠OCP = δ ❡ ∠COP = η. ❚❡♠♦s γ ≥ β + 30◦ . ❈♦♠♦

✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ∠BOC = 2α é ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ∠BAC = α ❡ ♦ △OBC é ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱
s❡❣✉❡ q✉❡ ∠OCB = δ = 90◦ − α.
❉♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✵ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ η < δ. P❡❧❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ✺✳✷✳✶✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
♥♦ △COP ✱ ♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ P C < OP. P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡
P C < OP ❜❛st❛rá ♠♦str❛r q✉❡
2 · P C < OC = R. ✭✺✳✼✳✶✮
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♥♦ △OCP ❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r 2 ♣♦❞❡♠♦s
❡s❝r❡✈❡r✿
2R < 2 · OP + 2 · P C.

❯s❛♥❞♦ ✭✺✳✼✳✶✮ t❡♠♦s

2R < 2 · OP + R,

R < 2 · OP. ✭✺✳✼✳✷✮

▲♦❣♦✱ ❞❡ ✭✺✳✼✳✶✮ ❡ ✭✺✳✼✳✷✮ s❡❣✉❡

2 · P C < R < 2 · OP ⇒ P C < OP.

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ❊❳❚❘❊▼❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❉❊❙■●❯❆▲❉❆❉❊❙ ✼✾

❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ∠CP A = 90◦ s❡❣✉❡

P C = AC cos(γ).

▼❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s s❡♥♦s ♥♦ △ABC t❡♠♦s

AC
2R = .
sen(β)

▲♦❣♦✱
P C = 2Rsen(β) cos(γ).

❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ γ ≥ β + 30◦ ❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ s❡r ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ 0
❡ 90 ◦
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s
P C < 2Rsen(β) cos(β + 30◦ ).

❘❡st❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡

1
2sen(β) cos(β + 30◦ ) < .
2
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ s❡♥♦ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s t❡♠♦s✿

2sen(β) cos(β + 30◦ ) = 2sen(β)[cos(β) cos(30◦ ) − sen(β)sen(30◦ )] =

= sen(2β) cos(30◦ ) − 2sen2 (β)sen(30◦ ).

❙♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❡ r❡st❛♥❞♦ sen(30◦ ) ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s

2sen(β) cos(β + 30◦ ) = sen(2β) cos(30◦ ) + (1 − 2sen2 (β))sen(30◦ ) − sen(30◦ ) =

= sen(2β) cos(30◦ ) + cos(2β)sen(30◦ ) − sen(30◦ ) =

1
= sen(2β + 30◦ ) − sen(30◦ ) ≤ .
2

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
 ✽✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s

❬✶❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✵✲✻ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✵✻✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✷❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✈✳✷✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✶✲✸ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✶✸✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✸❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s s♦❜r❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
✷✵✶✾✳ ✶✷✸ ❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✲❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❬❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s❪✱
✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐♦✳✉❢s❝❛r✳❜r✴❤❛♥❞❧❡✴✉❢s❝❛r✴✶✶✽✽✶✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳
✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✹❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❇❛s❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♥❛

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ✭P▼❖✮✱ ✈✳
✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✺✲✷✵✹✱ ✷✵✶✾❜✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✶✼✶✶✴✷✸✶✾✵✷✸①✷✵✶✾✴♣♠♦✼✶✺✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✺❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛

■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱ P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✵✳ ✽✶ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✵✹✲✺
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✽✶

✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✵✹✺✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳

✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✻❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡
sér✐❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛
❈✳◗✳❉✳

❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✼✲✶✸✽✱ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❊❞✐çã♦ ❊r♠❛❝✳ ❉❖■✿

✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✼❡r♠❛❝✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧❛❜❛❣❢❜✶✷✼✶✸✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹
❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✼❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❯◆❖✲❆▲❋❖◆❙❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❘❇❖❙❆✱ ●✳ ❋✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈✳◗✳❉✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛

P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✽✱ ♣✳ ✼✽✲✽✽✱ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉❖■✿

✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✽✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧❛❜❛❣❢❜✼✽✽✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹
❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✽❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❚rês ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ♥❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡

▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈✳◗✳❉✳− ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♣✳
✶✶✽✲✶✷✼✱ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✷✵✳ ❉❖■✿ ✶✵✳✷✶✶✻✼✴❝q❞✈♦❧✶✾✷✵✷✵✷✸✶✻✾✻✻✹❥❧❧✶✶✽✶✷✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹
❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶

❬✾❪ ▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❙❆◆❚❖❙✱ ❏✳P✳▼✳❀ ❋■❘▼■❆◆❖✱ ❆✳ ❈✐♥❝♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✐①♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❡♠ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆❝❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❈✳◗✳❉✳ − ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳
✶✾✱ ♣✳ ✲✱ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ❉❖■✿✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❝✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❍♦♠❡✴❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✴▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✴r❡✈✐st❛❝q❞✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹
❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✶✱ ✹✳✼✳✶

❬✶✵❪ ■◆❚❊❘◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ▼❆❚❍❊▼❆❚■❈❆▲ ❖▲❨▼P■❆❉✳ ❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡✳ ✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♠♦✲♦✣❝✐❛❧✳♦r❣✴♦r❣❛♥✐③❡rs✳❛s♣①✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✷✳✸✱ ✷✳✹✱ ✷✳✺✱ ✷✳✻✱
✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✹✱ ✸✳✺✱ ✸✳✻✱ ✸✳✼✱ ✹✳✸✱ ✹✳✹✱ ✹✳✺✱ ✹✳✻✱ ✹✳✼✱ ✺✳✸✱ ✺✳✹✱ ✺✳✺✱ ✺✳✻✱ ✺✳✼

❬✶✶❪ ❉❏❯❑■❈✱ ❉✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ■▼❖ ❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠✿ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❖❧②♠♣✐❛❞s✿ ✶✾✺✾✕✷✵✵✹✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇❡❜✳❝s✳❡❧t❡✳❤✉✴∼♥❛❣②③♦❧✐✴❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✷✳✸✱ ✷✳✹✱ ✷✳✺✱
✷✳✻✱ ✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✹✱ ✸✳✺✱ ✸✳✻✱ ✸✳✼✱ ✹✳✸✱ ✹✳✹✱ ✹✳✺✱ ✹✳✻✱ ✹✳✼✱ ✺✳✸✱ ✺✳✹✱ ✺✳✺✱ ✺✳✻✱ ✺✳✼

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✽✷

❬✶✷❪ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷♥❞ ■●❖✳ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✐❣♦✲♦✣❝✐❛❧✳✐r✴❡✈❡♥ts✴✷✴✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✷✳✼
❬✶✸❪ ◆❊❚❖✱ ❆✳ ❈✳ ▼✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ Pr♦❢▼❛t✱ ❙❇▼✱ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❊❞✐çã♦✱ ■❙❇◆✿
✾✼✽✽✺✽✺✽✶✽✾✸✼✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✸✳✷✱ ✸✳✷
❬✶✹❪ ❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱ ❏✳
❡t ❛❧✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ Pr♦❢▼❛t✱ ❙❇▼✱ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❊❞✐çã♦✱

■❙❇◆✿ ✾✼✽✽✺✽✸✸✼✶✷✶✷✱ ✷✵✶✼✳ ✸✳✷

❬✶✺❪ P✐♥❤❡✐r♦✱ P✳ ❘✳ ❖ ❈ír❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ◆♦✈❡ P♦♥t♦s✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈✳
✶✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✲✾✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r♣♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴❝❞r♣♠✴✶✹✴✶✷✳❤t♠✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✸✳✷
❬✶✻❪ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙✱ ❆✳ ❘✳ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡ ❛s ❘❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥♦ P❧❛♥♦ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥♦✳ ➱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱
❖①❡♥t❡✦✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✲✾✱ ✷✵✶✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❤tt♣✿✴✴❡♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♦①❡♥t❡✳❝♦♠✳❜r✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✸✳✻✳✶✱ ✸✳✻✳✶

❬✶✼❪ ▼❖❘●❆❉❖✱ ❆✳ ❈✳❀ ❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖✱ P✳ ❈✳ P✳ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛✳ ✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿
❙❇▼✱ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✭❈♦❧❡çã♦ Pr♦❢▼❛t✮✳ ✺✳✷

▲ÓP❊❩ ▲■◆❆❘❊❙✱ ❏✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡

❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳✈✳✸✳ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❆❜❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❯❙P✱
P✐r❛ss✉♥✉♥❣❛✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✷✵✷✶✳ ✽✷ ♣✳ ■❙❇◆
✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✻✵✻✴✾✼✽✻✺✽✼✵✷✸✶✹✹✳
■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✲✻✺✲✽✼✵✷✸✲✶✹✲✹ ✭❡✲❜♦♦❦✮