D e T µh me e n f f g f f .

g g m a -t i t y o f a s e t is t h e n u m b e r o f

e .✗ = A = { 1 2 ,3 } 1A 1- 3
P = { P I P is a P r i m e } IP / = ✗

s u b s e t
A s e t is a s u b s e t o f a n o t h e r if a l l o f it s e le m e n t s a r e
a ls o e le m e n t s o f a n o t h e r s e t .

s u b se t A G B
S y m b o l
H A S B b ut A ≠ B t h en A is a P roper s u b s e t o f β
tw o A C B
T h a t is n o r m a l t o f in d t ha t s u b s e t - s e t ↳
s y m b o ls A § B
P r o v e
i f A ≤ B a n d B ≤ A S O B - A

∅ E m p ty s et is a s u b s e t o f a n y s et

U n i o n U ) m e a n s o r
in t e r s e c t io n ( n ) m e a n s a n d

L e c t u r e 2 9 / 10
2 0 2 3
 B a s i c s o f e le c tr o n i c s : -

v o l t a g e : t h e Pu s h ⇒ it 's p u s h in g t h e e le c t r o n s
C on t in u e : - c o n v e n t ia l c u r r e n t : - c u r r e n t f lo w : -
& 9 & : 3 t o t h e c i r c u it .
T i + 15
c u r r e n t : t h e a lr e a d y e le c t r o n s w h i c h g o t hr o w I @ J é
t h e c ir c u it .
r e s is t a n c e : a n y t h in g t h a t im p e d in g t h e c u r ren t f lo w
de c 1 : - F i r s t le s s o n
j o u le : - m o v in g a C o lo m b o f c ha r g e t h r ou g h • C E E N o d e s , B r a n c h e s a ndlo o p s 3 30 0
t h e P o te n t i a l ↳ ( 8 × 6 18 ) d i f f er e n c e N
N o d e s : - N ode is a j u n c t io n o f c o n n e c t i n g w i r e s , e v e ry
A 6 × 10 18 ⇒ B Po in t o n a n ode is a t t h e s a m e P o t e n t i a l ( s a m e 1 )
= J o u le
B r an c h e s : - E le m e n t s b e t w e e n n o de s ( b e t w e e n t w o n o d e s )
IV l o o p s ◦. - c los e d P a t h t h a t s b e g in a n d e n d in t he s a m e n o d e .
I A m p a r e u s ⑤ 1C / S B S e r i e s c a r c u it
a - R o h m 's la w } 3 -
R e q = R it R s t R } + R u t R n
C o n v e n t io n c u r r e n t R e a l c u r r e n t V - R I
I = is f i x e d, i T

F rom > t o m o v e m e t o f f r e e R
p o s it iv e n e g a t iv e e le c t r on s t o w a r d a - ½ p r a ll e l c i r c u it
h ig h P o t e n t i a l P o s i t iv e t e r m in a l
✓ = f ix e d
←
v ol t a g e m u s t b e b e t w e e n t w o po i n t s or lo c a t i on '
r¼ - * + t . t k ," I n
V o l t a g e d e v id e r : - ☆ im p o r t a n t
A lw a y s y o u m u s t # h a v e a r e f r e n c e Po in t li k e N o t e s : - * o u t p u t V o lt a g e
if y o u c li m b a m o u n t a in R e q - R , + R 2 u s u a lly t a k e
a c ro s s t h e
A P o in t ( P o in t / l e v e l V o u t - I R 2 s e c on d re si st or .
I - H er d e s c rib e s t he
V ou t = k g • R 2 o ut p u t o f an y an d
V o ut o n ly t w o
R e sis t o r .
¥ R ↘

w h e n s k e t c h in g v o lt a g e d e r id e r : -
S o m e N o tes :-
v o lt a g e i s t h e c o s t in e n e r g y N o r m a ll y 8 -
R ,
i s r e q u i r e d t o m o v e t h e e le c t r o n s f r o m t h e U s ±
✓ o u t
l o w P o t e n t ia l n e g a t i v e c u r r e n t h i g h P o t e n t a il R 2
p o s it i v e P o in t . t o

✓ = w o r k e n e r g y in j o u ls * A t t a c h ing t h e lo u d r e d u c e s t h e

q d e v id e r s o u t p ut V o lt a g e .

V o lt a g e is t h e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y i n j o u le s t o I

R ,
-
m o v e I C o f c h a r g e .
c u r re n t is t he a m o u n t c h a r g e in C P a s s in g i n ts
½ R L
H P c h a rg e
V re q u ir e p * R N R , > R 2 R e d : [ ef p ¾ " Y r

I P
✓
↘ r e a le s e
V
* i f R c i s m u c h g r e a t e r t h e R e s i s t a n ce
V
p o f R 2 t h e o u t p u t V o l t a g e o n ly
U s i ng d r o p a b it o
T h e lou d c ur ren t s h o u ld b e m u c h le ss
w e 'c a n s pe a k a b o u t t h e v o lt a g e a t t h e P o in t
t h a n I I -h e d riv e r c u rr e n t .
it is a c t u a ll y b e t w e e n t w o P o in t s A P a n d B P
☆ l ik e P o in t a n d g r o u n d R e f ren c e
7 2 R t
☆ p o i n t a n d r e f r e n c e P o in t in a c ir c u it
← & C u r r e n t d e r id e r 3 30 0
t o ut
C o n s e r v a t io n o f c h a r g e : - s u m o f c u r r e n t in t o a p o i n t in a c ir c u it ☒ i t i s a P a r a ll e l c ir c u i t w h e r e t h e o u t p u t R x
c u r r e n t is o b s e r v e d i n o n e o f t h e b r a n c h e s
I e t f # G s u m o f c u r r e n t o u t ↑
K c l
☒ w e t a k e R e g / R e f o r a ll R e s i s t e r s
>
→ - ← e c c e p t R x
N o d e : - K c l P o in t
# R , = [ * + ½ ] "

I - I - I , R z ½ # J o u t = I s ( R R× e + p , )

V e = V , + V 2 D u e t o
R , " I ( d )
c h a r g e ✗ E n t er in g t he n o d e ⊕
a c c u m u lat e = E x i t in g t h e n o d e ⊖

W h a t is N o de :-
it is a p o i n t w h e re t w o o r m o r e e le m e n t
c o n n e c t b y it .

2
w h e n t h e c u r r en t ⅓
f l o w s m o o t h l y w it h o u t
a n y r e s i s t in g it ' s
s t a y in o n e n o d e
4
← E c o n s id e r t h a t c on d u c t o r is z e r o r e s is t a n c e }
 Physics-Electronics:-
Ceci- initial starting:-
Kul methods-
How to start: 1) assume currents everywhere
* listen to the D.r who been recommended by Y. ( 2) APPLYthis law Σ produce = Econsum
☒ Then listen to him and go to third source. 3) Be intelligent thats mean only
☆ Porctice on solving Problems so much. whenyou solve any Energy sources.
52 72 problem
Q- > I,
20 f

a:b or ♂ 32
✓

Σ ✓ produced = Σ ✓ concumed

using Ku/in looph 8- using Kcl at Nodelt

20- 511+1013 I , = I 2+13

using Kulin 100828- I , = 213

20 = 1013+1013
0=10+2 1013 13=1
12 I}

12
☒
22
¼ y

121
i ①

2h
218 3

using. KNI in 1081:-

Σ produce = {consume

-4 = 21,
I,--2