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Biológicas/Saúde Exatas/Tecnológicas
Humanas/Sociais Agrárias
Prova
- Coletiva ou individual (agendada);
- Duração de 150 minutos;
- Pontuação de 0-100;
- Composta por dois textos em inglês,
seguidos de 15 perguntas objetivas cada;
- Perguntas e respostas em português.
As questões objetivas
podem ser classificadas
em oito tipos:
Referência contextual;
Compreensão de vocabulário;
Informação factual;
Informação inferida;
Compreensão detalhada;
Identificação de parágrafo;
After making a series of painstaking measurements, he announced that he had found roughly
consistent motions in the nebulae. The detection of such motions indicated that the spirals had
to be within the Milky Way, since motions would be impossible to detect in distant objects. Van
Maanen’s reputation caused many astronomers to accept a galactic location for the nebulae.
6. A few years later, however, his colleague Edwin Hubble, using the new 100-inch telescope
at Mount Wilson, conclusively demonstrated that the nebulae were in fact distant galaxies; Van
Maanen’s observations had to be wrong. Studies of Van Maanen’s procedures have not revealed
any intentional misrepresentation or sources of systematic error. Rather, he was working
at the limits of observational accuracy, and his expectations inuenced his measurements.
7. The fallibility of methods is a valuable reminder of the importance of skepticism in science.
Scientic knowledge and scientic methods, whether old or new, must be continually scrutinized
for possible errors. Such skepticism can conict with other important features of science, such as
the need for creativity and for conviction in arguing a given position. But organized and searching
skepticism as well as an openness to new ideas are essential to guard against the intrusion of
dogma or collective bias into scientic results.
Glossary
Survey: pesquisa
Claim: armação
To fade: desaparecer
Toseek (sought): buscar; procurar
Forthcoming: disposto a fornecer informações
Tohamper: dicultar; tolher
Painstaking: cuidadoso
Exatas/Tecnológicas
a) To produce
b) Researchers
c) Results that others can more easily reproduce
d) The inuence of individual bias in research
e) Acceptance into scientic consensus
A resposta correta é a opção C. Essa é uma questão de referência contextual, que objetiva
a avaliação da capacidade e identica a que determinadas palavras, como pronomes relativos
(“who”, ”which”, ”that”), demonstrativos (“this”, “that”, “these”, “those”), etc. se referem. Para
responder a esse tipo de questão, é necessário que você saiba identicar o referente, ou seja,
o termo que foi substituído para evitar repetição de palavras ou ideias no texto. Por exemplo, no
trecho “This way, it is possible to produce results that others from the scientic world can more
easily reproduce, which promote acceptance into the scientic consensus” a ideia substituída
pelo pronome relativo which é a possibilidade de produzir resultados facilmente reproduzidos
pelas pessoas do mundo cientíco, tendo assim maior aceitação no consenso cientíco.
Exatas/Tecnológicas
a) Diculdades
b) Imprevistos
c) Aspectos
d) Promessas
e) Avanços
Fingerprint Technology
4- Like optical scanners, capacitive ngerprint scanners generate an image of the ridges and
valleys that make up a ngerprint. But instead of sensing the print using light, the capacitors
use electrical current. The sensor is made up of one or more semiconductor chips containing an
array of tiny cells. Since the distance to the nger alters capacitance, a nger ridge will result in a
different voltage output than a nger valley. The scanner processor reads this voltage output and
determines whether it is characteristic of a ridge or a valley. By reading every cell in the sensor
array, the processor can put together an overall picture of the ngerprint, similar to the image
captured by an optical scanner. The main advantage of a capacitive scanner is that it requires
a real ngerprint-type shape, rather than the pattern of light and dark that makes up the visual
impression of a ngerprint. This makes the system harder to trick.
5- But, as effective as ngerprint scanners are, they certainly aren’t infallible, and they do have
some disadvantages. Optical scanners can’t always distinguish between a picture of a nger and
the nger itself, and capacitive scanners can sometimes be fooled by a mold of a person’s nger.
Because of the increasing use of ngerprints at international borders, many individuals who have
prior criminal records purposefully alter their ngerprints so that they don’t get matched to their
prior ngerprints in the databases. The most common methods to alter ngerprints are either by
biting them, cutting down the center of a nger or burning them off. In a worst-case scenario,
a criminal could even cut off somebody’s nger to get past a scanner security system. Some
scanners have additional pulse and heat sensors to verify that the nger is alive, rather than a
mold or dismembered digit, but even these systems can be fooled by a gelatin print mold over a
real nger.
Glossary
Ridges: saliências, rugas
Valley: vale, depressão
Tread: ranhura
Togrip: agarrar
Random: aleatório
Array: série
Output: saída, potência
Tofool: enganar
Biológicas/Saúde
A resposta correta é a opção A. Essa é uma questão de informação inferida e requer que
sejam elaboradas hipóteses com base nas informações presentes no texto. Um parágrafo tem a
função de denir a sequência do pensamento escrito e o número de ideias enunciadas pelo autor.
Geralmente, o parágrafo começa com uma sentença síntese, que expressa a ideia central, e é
sustentado pelas sentenças de apoio e auxiliares. No parágrafo 5 do texto a primeira sentença
“But, as effective as ngerprint scanners are, they certainly aren’t infallible, and they do have
some disadvantages.” já mostra ao leitor que a escaneadora óptica não é infalível, ideia que
será apoiada pela continuação do parágrafo, que traz exemplos de como esse dispositivo pode
ser enganado. A altermativa D confunde o leitor, pois essa informação está no texto, porém ela
está explícita na frase “Some scanners have additional pulse and heat sensors to verify that the
nger is alive, rather than a mold or dismembered digit, but even these systems can be fooled by
a gelatin print mold over a real nger”. Assim, o parágrafo que fala sobre o uso de escaneadora
óptica em aeroportos (“Because of the increasing use of ngerprints at international borders,
many individuals who have prior criminal records purposefully alter their ngerprints so that they
don’t get matched to their prior ngerprints in the databases.”) , não traz a ideia de que o método
se tornou ineciente explicitamente, mas, sim, indica que os criminosos fazem para burlar o
reconhecimento, sendo assim, essa a ideia inferida do parágrafo.
Humanas/Sociais
Genius training
two cookies. When comparing their school assessment test scores t aken at 18 years, Professor
Mischel found that the children who had waited scored 210 points more than those who opted for
instant gratication. The message that some took from this was that some children are naturally
more self-disciplined and are destined to do better. Subsequent research has shown that children
can be taught the benets of self-discipline. Shenk says that all parents could learn from this.
“Every time we learn about which things are teachable, we can improve the way we educate
people and make changes on a policy level.”
4- Shenk says that a perception of self-limitation is one of the biggest barriers to great achievements.
However, when you look at someone with great talent, you think you´re so far away from what you
are capable of, you assume that you can’t get there.” But not everyone is convinced by Shenk’s
arguments. “The idea that all of us have genius inside us is so desirable, but it is totally a wish.
The truth is that we don’t know how to create it and we don’t know how to inspire it,” said Wendy
Johnson, a leading researcher on intelligence and genetics at the University of Edinburgh.
5- Professor Johnson agreed that people often have greater potential than they imagine, for
example in mathematics. But to compare that with genius, it is taking the theory too far. “We can
teach every 12th-grade student to do calculus. Genius is not being able to calculate a derivative
— it is doing what Newton and Leibniz did: inventing it.” Shenk concedes that the title of his book
is meant to be provocative but says that the basic thesis is sound. “I am not saying that anyone
can be anything, but nobody can be great at anything unless they have a fundamental belief that
it is possible.”
Glossary
Nature versus Nurture: genética versus criação (educação)
Perfectpitch: ótimo ouvido musical
Tonal languages: língua em que tons diferentes distinguem signicados
Traits: traços; características
To cave in: ceder
Humanas/Sociais
a) São os genes que determinam os traços de personalidade que uma pessoa terá.
b) Nem todos os traços de personalidade podem ser inuenciados pelos genes.
c) Os traços de personalidade que inuenciam o sucesso podem ser maleáveis,
mas alguns são produtos xos nos nossos genes.
d) Até mesmo traços de personalidade podem ser mudados ou inuenciados.
e) A tenacidade e diligência são traços que gostaríamos que fossem maleáveis.
A resposta correta é a opção D. Essa é uma questão de informação detalhada, que avalia a
compreensão de trechos especícos extraídos do texto. A questão indica qual é o trecho a ser
analisado e de qual parágrafo ele foi retirado.
A estratégia de leitura mais utilizada para este tipo de questão é o skimming . Ao realizar skimming ,
o leitor busca apenas captar o assunto mais importante do parágrafo. Sendo o leitor ativo, ele
deve fazer predições, utilizar elementos tipográcos e seu conhecimento prévio para construir o
sentido do parágrafo. Se o leitor retornar ao parágrafo 3, através do skimming , conseguirá concluir
que o parágrafo traz exemplo de um experimento que mostrou como os genes inuenciam a
auto-disciplina das crianças (“In the experiment, four-year-old children were given the option
of receiving one cookie immediately or waiting 15 minutes to get two cookies. One third of the
children immediately opted for the single cookie; one third waited a few minutes but caved in
to temptation; one third patiently waited to receive two cookies. When comparing their school
assessment test scores taken at 18 years, Professor Mischel found that the children who had
waited scored 210 points more than those who opted for instant gratication. The message that
some took from this was that some children are naturally more self-disciplined and are destined
to do better.”), mas outra pesquisa mostra que elas podem ser ensinadas aos benefícios da
auto-disciplina (“Subsequent research has shown that children can be taught the benets of
self-discipline.”). Assim, no trecho “Even personality traits such as tenacity or diligence, likely to
inuence success in any sphere of life, are malleable rather than xed products of our genes.” a
ideia principal é de que até mesmo os traços de personalidade podem ser mudados.
Humanas/Sociais
a) O texto informa sobre o que é habilidade natural e por que algumas pessoas nascem
com certas habilidades e outras não.
b) O texto defende a inuência da genética no desenvolvimento das habilidades.
c) O texto é uma crítica aos psicólogos que acreditam que todos têm um gênio dentro
de si, mas vivem na mediocridade.
d) O texto traz informações sobre os diferentes tipos de habilidades e explica como
desenvolvê-las durante a vida.
A resposta correta é a opção B. Essa é uma questão que tem como objetivo avaliar se o
leitor compreendeu a ideia central do texto e/ou o motivo que levou o autor a escrevê-lo. A
alternativa escolhida deve abranger o texto de forma geral, não apenas partes dele. A estratégia
de leitura mais utilizada para este tipo de questão é o skimming , já citado anteriormente. Ao ler
o primeiro parágrafo do texto, o leitor já se depara com innate talents, genetic predisposition,
genes, DNA, inuence, e outras palavras que possivelmente conhece. Somando isso e fazendo
uma conexão lógica das ideias de cada parágrafo (geralmente a primeira sentença indica a ideia
central do parágrafo), percebe-se que o texto nos informa sobre como a genética inuencia o
desenvolvimento de habilidades inatas.
Agrárias
Saving Agriculture
to produce quality food, which means less reliance on multinational chemical companies to grow
food. Small-scale farming systems, when utilized in balance with nature, end up producing much
more nutritious food with higher vitamin and mineral content as a result, which means a decreased
human reliance on pharmaceutical drugs, hospital services, and other high-cost healthcare
resources that are almost now universally controlled by corporate-controlled governments.
5- When common farmers are free to grow their own food on their own land for themselves, their
families, and their local and regional communities, a signicant upswing in both the availability of
clean food and prosperity for all, come as a consequence. Local economies thrive when individuals
are free and able to reap the benets of the fruits of their own labor, not when corporations are
given free reign to seize control over all aspects of agricultural production, which they are only
able to do by rst stamping out all small-scale producers.
6- A decentralized farming model in which average families with land grow at least some crops on
the family parcel has always been the most effective way for societies as a whole to avoid some
of the devastating consequences of famine, devastation, economic upheaval, and other disaster
scenarios that would otherwise wipe out a centralized food supply in an instant. Backyard farms,
after all, are what saved many American families from starvation during the Dust Bowl and after
the Civil War, and they are precisely what will save families around the world today. What both
developing and developed countries need most in light of today’s global economic turmoil is a
widespread reawakening about the importance of small-scale farming. Small-scale farming is a
viable, long-term solution to the problems of malnutrition and starvation, as both self-reliance and
diversied food production remain the two most effective ways to maintain societal stability and
survival, particularly in times of crisis.
Glossary
Doomed: condenado
Greed: ganância
Override: ignorar
Starvation: inanição
Upswing: recuperação, melhoria
Tostamp out: acabar, extinguir
Upheaval: caos
Agrárias
a) Parágrafo 1
b) Parágrafo 2
c) Parágrafo 3 ou 4
d) Parágrafo 5
e) Parágrafo 6