/

/
/ APOSTILA TEAP

/ '

TEAPº
Test of English for Academic Purposes
 APRESENTAÇÃO

Esta Apostila contém quatro textos TEAP para familiarização

, cada um seguido de 1O questões,
um exame TEAP completo, com três textos e 30 questões,
e cinco textos para prática livre de leitura
de textos acadêmicos em inglês.

Antes de iniciar, é import ante a leitura atenta das inform

ações sobre o TEAP presentes nas
próxim as páginas: estar familiarizado com o exame é fundam
ental para amplia r suas chances de
uma boa pontuação.

Estão listadas abaixo algumas dicas sobre como tirar o máxim

o proveito deste material:
- Faça a Atividade de Familiarização primeiro. Não
é recomendável fazer o Exame TEAP
Comp leto sem estar familia rizado com as questões e estrutu
ra da prova.
- Preserve a integr idade do exame. Evite "dar uma olhada
" nos textos, questões ou respostas
antes de efetiva mente fazer o Exame TEAP Completo.
- Simule as condições do exame. Se possível, faça Exame
TEAP Completo aproxi madam ente
no mesm o horári o em que vai presta r o exame oficial, em
local silencioso e sem distrações.
- Respeite o tempo . Faça Exame TEAP Completo sem
interrupções e seguindo as regras do
exame. Não ultrapasse o tempo de 2h.
- Simule as regras do exame. Não pesquise palavras no
dicionário duran te a prova (faça isso
somen te após o términ o), mante nha seu celular desligado
e não faça "intervalos" para comer, beber
ou ir ao banhe iro.

Esperamos que, ao seguir as recomendações acima, você

tire o máxim o provei to deste material.

Bons estudos.

s
,-

Apostila I TEAP

O Exame TEAP-4• a..--~---- -----

1 - O Exame TEAP
O TEAP - Test of English for Academic Purposes é o exame de proficiência em inglês mais utilizado no
contexto da pós-graduação brasileira. A seguir estão algumas dúvidas comuns a respeito deste exame.

1.1 PERGUNTAS MAIS FREQUENTES

1.1.1 Quais as características do TEAP?
O objetivo do exame é avaliar a proficiência em leitura de textos acadêmicos em inglês. Em um
ambiente acadêmico é fundamental o acesso, por exemplo, às informações mais recentes e a
publicações editadas em inglês, sem que o idioma seja um obstáculo. O objetivo do TEAP é avaliar a
habilidade de compreender textos relacionados com a área de interesse de candidatos e alunos de
Pós-Graduação, além de profissionais de diversas áreas.
O TEAP é oferecido em quatro áreas específicas:
• Biológicas/Saúde
• Exatas/Tecnológicas
• Humanas/Sociais
• AgráriasNeterinárias

1.1.2 Qual o formato do TEAP?

O exame é composto de três textos em inglês, selecionados de publicações de divulgação científica.
Cada um dos três textos do TEAP possui 1Oquestões objetivas de diversos tipos. O exame completo
tem, portanto, um total de 30 questões.

:!j
TEAP
i
~
1

Text 1 Text2 Text3

1

i~
r
10 10 10
Questions Questions Questions

6
 1.1.3 Os enun ciados e as altern ativas estão em português
ou em inglês?
- a..'U> os EI\Ullciados quanto as altern ativas estão redigido
s em inglês.

1.1~4 Q!.!.aJ a dura~ão do,TEAP?

!! ~= !'.'::. =-+léi;--e ~ -:2- 1.~ (120 m!nutos).
ii.~ É.,µ,..-:- ·~:, o uso de dicion ário?
t.1k =: ~ :: ~ ~ xn2ri-: s. !.s, Dia"1--WOS consideradas incomuns ou muito importantes
::
= ~ ~:;
~'1-:: ~ ..s- '--- i~;:J. .,;, aah:"!Wõde em inferir/c
~~!: s: :--,... .:~ :.:-:, :::::....,~=X""..v c!&e s-a explora da oncluir o sentido de palavras e

---.~ .16 Q- a: -a ponru,ação para aprovação?

:, t..-::. ~r- ~ Ci: ocriiu.2-ção d e O a
=-=•=--- -.2~ 2:,3 ~~::.:~2 0 reqttísir.ame, de100 pontos. A pontuação mínima para aprovação é
acordo com necessidades específicas.

1.2-T IPOS DE QUESTÕES

r,;:; ex2me TcAP há seis tipos de questões objetivas:
1. l oca lização de informação
2. Compreensão de vocabulário
3. Referência pronom inal
4. Compreensão detalhada (sentença)
5. Compreensão detalhada (parágrafo)
6. Ideia principa l

As seções a segu ir vão definir detalha damen te cada um dos tipos de

questões listados acima, com
exemplos específicos. Não são forncecidas respostas para estes
exemplos.

1.2.1 Localização de Informação

Definição: Avalia a habilida de de buscar informações específicas no
texto.
Exemplos:
Which statem ent is true, according to the text?

Q Plastic surgeries are notas expensive as they were in the past.

Q Most plastic surgeries today focus on the body, not on the face.
Q What is considered beautiful today may be different in the future.
Q Modern surgical practice has become dangerous for many people.
Q The best plastic surgeons treat congenital abnormalities and cancer.

7
Apostila I TEAP

Which statement is true, according to the text?

Q The most effective catalyst nowadays is hydrogen, but it is difficult to find.

Q lt is important to develop new sources of energy, especially from nuclear sources.
Q There are many abundant energetic sources on the planet, like petroleum and wood.
Q The production of hydrogen gas has caused economic problems in many countries.
Q Researchers are trying to finda cheaper catalyst to produce more hydrogen.

1.2.2 Compreensão de vocabulário

Definição: O objetivo deste tipo de questão é avaliar a habilidade de inferir o sentido de uma
palavra ou expressão com base no contexto.
Exemplos:
The word "bridged", highlighted in the text, is closest in meaning to which of
the alternatives?

Q Described
Q Substituted
Q Separated
Q Arranged
Q Connected

The word "vanity'', highlighted in the text, is closest in meaning to which of

the alternatives?

Q Energy
Q Health
Q Futility
Q Recovery
Q Discovery

1.2.3 Referência Pronominal

Definição: Avalia a capacidade de identificar a quem ou a que determinado s pronomes (them, his,
which, their, etc.) se referem.
Exemplos:
The pronoun "their", highlighted in the text, refers to which of the alternative s?

Q Consumer demand
Q Many people
Q Aesthetic surgery
Q Solution
Q Personal problems

8
 The pronoun "they'', highlighted in the text, refers to which of the alternatives?

Ô These principies
Ô Physicians
Ô Those
Ô Ili health
Ô Ethical framework

1.2.4 Compreensão Detalhada (Sentença)

Definição: Avalia a precisão da compreensão de determinadas sentenças extraídas do texto.
Exemplos:
Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence.

Ô The ethical few principies of abuse have become noticeable.

O The ethical patients have become increasingly abused.
Ô lt has become evident that there is abuse of ethical principies.
Q The plastic surgery has become more and more ethical.
Ô Most plastic surgery patients have been abused lately.

Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence.

Q A society that has lost its ideology and real values cannot prosper.
Q Certain products have become too expensive for most people.
Q Ethical professionals have refused to work without personal success.
Q Nowadays, most department managers have lost their real values.
Q The focus ofthe society on ethical behavior causes depression.
1.2.5 Compreensão Detalhada (Parágrafo)
Definição: Avalia a localização de informação em determinados parágrafos do texto.
Exemplos:
Which statement is true, according to this part of the text?

Q Globalization has changed our perception of beauty, wh ich is different today.

Q These real beauty and ageing problems do not require ethical considerations.
Q The focus of the doctors is on the ageing problems of patients with ethical problems.
Q Greater attention is necessary for patients that have real or perceived problems. \
Q AII the real problems focus on the ethical considerations of the ageing doctors.

.
. ' ' .' 1
~
j Apostila I TEAP

Which statement is true, according to this part of the text?

Q AII professionals must have "high levei moral theory" to be accepted in the Association.
Q The ethical basis, created in 1979, should not be used for complex professions.
Q The four 'principies' are a reference for professlonals but were not accepted.
Q Most managers who have "low-level morality'' also have a poor ethical framework.
Q Ethical principies were developed in 1979 but have become increasingly criticized.

1.2.6 Ideia Principal

Definição: Este tipo de questão tem como objetivo avaliar se o leitor compreendeu a ideia central
do texto. A alternativa escolhida deve abranger o texto de forma geral e não apenas partes dele.
Exemplos:
What is the main idea of the text?

Q The influence of beauty on the solution for personal problems and relationship difficulties.
Q The popularization of plastic surgery and the ethical principies that guide medical practice.
Q Aesthetic procedures and the ethical problems of most plastic surgeons nowadays.
Q The advances of aesthetic surgery and the inclusion of new practices based on ethical principies.
Q A more rigid code of ethics and morality could be a better protectlon to plastic surgeons.

What is the main idea of the text?

Q The search for sustainable solutions for the use of hydrogen as a clean energy source.
Q The importance of platinum in the world production of expensive metais.
Q A large-scale clean solution for the use of water to produce cheap energy.
Q The development of a synthetic form of platinum as a catalyst for energy reactions.
Q The search of new rare and expensive noble metais to substitute hydrogen.

10
1.3 O EXAME TEAP NA TELA DO COMPUTADOR
O TEAP é oferecido em formato digital, sendo que o formato em papel só é usado
em situações
específicas, como limitações técnicas para utilização de computadores ou
para candidatos
com necessidades especiais. O Certificado TEAP, também em formato digital,
é disponibilizado
imediatamente após a divulgação dos resultados. Na imagem abaixo pode ser visualizada
a tela do
exame TEAP da forma como ele aparecerá no computador, ou seja, com as seguintes
características:

• No canto superior direito da tela aparece a imagem captada pela webcam do computado
r (a
webcam fica ativa ao longo de todo o exame).
• No centro da tela fica localizado o cronômetro , através do qual é possível observar
o tempo
disponível.
• No lado direito da tela está o botão "Avançar'', para passar para a questão seguinte,
eà
esquerda está o botão ''Voltar", para retroceder à questão anterior. Ao voltar, é
permitido
fazer alterações nas respostas.
• Entre os botões ''Voltar'' e "Avançar'' há um indicador com o número da questão atual
(Questão
1 de 30; 2 de 30; 3 de 30; e assim sucessivamente).
• O botão "Abandona r Exame" é usado para cancelar o exame. Nesse caso, a prova
não será
corrigida e não haverá emissão de certificado.

c:f?
--
TESEPrime miia M I· M [ID
1:11

--------
. --·--·--

11
 TEXTOS TEAP PARA
l"'tJ

FAM l,LIARIZAÇAO
I
E PRATICA

TEAP"
Test of English for Acadernic Purposes
Apostila I TEAP

Texto TEAP 1

1 - Health treatments are gradually~ o m a "one

siz~~" ~~ more personallzed one, so that
patients can Qe. a e to the best therapy based on their
genetics a nd other predlctive factors. Thls 'êh'àBt~
\ I
e ))
doctors toi.iprescribing a medicatloD.,t_lJpj).2_~0
be effective or that might cause serlou~âé effe~ln certa ln
patients. Personalized drug therapy in its most sophisticated
form uses biological indicators, or "biomarkers" - such as
variants of DNA sequences, the leveis of certain enzymes,
or the presence or absence of drug receptors - as an indicator of ho~~!f,_Qts should be treated
and to estimate the likelihood that the intervention will be effective or'éTféítaán~ de effects.
ag
2 - lmprovements in efficacy and fewer side effects of drug therapy are a
patie,:i~nd ~ ~ n i e s , to be sure, but the benefits to drug companies - and tbeu"lt
to ~rs,

their willi~ess to êmSraeé personalized m~).çiD,~ in the long term - ~r~- ~~ E_~_rtain. Qn J.h~
positive side, the presence of biomarkers iM!t'enãôte drug companies to !Iêrromísmaller, ~
clifa~clinical studies in ~ to demonstrate efficacy. The reason is related t2, ,t_h ~~tistical
power of clinica! studies: ln any kind of experiment, a fundamental principie is tffiTTlíe g ~
,t ~ e of subjects or interactions, the gr.e~t the ~~e in the results of the study.
numbe
,J • .,l ~ . Q""''Y'Cl"><tf-U-
on rse y, small stud1es generally have large unce :amt1es about results unl.esi the effect of the
intervention is extremely potent - and that is where biom.arkers
,\dP.nJt.Qvi~
can make a difference. By better
defining the experimental groups, they can help drug makers design clinicai studies that will show a

placebo, but sometimes another treatment).

~t...,,~ ~ m .
high "relative treatment difference" between the drug and whatever it is being compareci to (often a
~ º <t"""- ~
~
3 - Thus, altnougn personalized medicine offers ~ u s potential for atients, regulators'
demands for vast clinicai studies to demonstrate the ~ o new drugs, "'. ,t t e need to
develop the diagnostlc (biomarker) tests to accompany.the d~[.s':)d~ ~ algorithm to
guide the use ofth drug/dlagnostic combination, could i~ ose'migêdevelo ment costs that might
never be r b~\~anufa~urers. Because the _ . e expensive clinicai
triais and 1mm eâ revenue potenttal may b come unsusta1nable in the long term, the attitude of
regulators will be frttfcffio drug companies' w1 1 gneS's to e~personalized medicine, and to
its wider application.
n-c:ü>.. ~y,,,..pf A,

>- Shifting: changing

0:::
<
cn Likelihood : probability
cn Blessing: a happy event
o_,J
C) Burden: trouble, onus

14
 QU ESTI ON 1
Which statement is correct, according to the text?

Q The efficacy of treatments depends on the area of specialization of the doctor. ,,,
0 Drug companies are & ry interesteà)in personal ized treatments.
~ Q ln personalized health treatments, doctors can prescribe the right medicines.
O Clinica! studies are@ essential in some special types of treatments. -
Q Patients are not sure about the efficacy of personalized health treatments..-

~ UESTION 2
1 - Health treatments are gradually shifting from a "one size fits ali" approach to a more persona lized
one, so that patients can be matched to the best therapy based on their genetic makeup and other
predictive factors. Th is enables doctors to avoid prescribing a medication that is unlikely to be
effective or that might cause serious side effects in certain patients. Personalized drug therapy in
its most sophisticated form uses biological indicators, or "b iomarkers" - such as variants of DNA
sequences, the leveis of certain enzymes, or the presence ar absence of drug receptors - as an
indicator of how patients should be treated and to estimate the likelihood that the intervention will
be effective ar elicit dangerous side effects.

The pronoun "their", highlighted in the text, refers to which of the alternatives?

O Health treatments
Q "One size fits ali" approach
f:) Patients
O The best therapy
Q Genetic makeup

15
Apostila I TEAP

QUESTION 3
1 - Health treatments are gradually shifting from a "one size fits all" approach to a more personallzed
one, so that patients can be matched to the best therapy based on their genetic makeup and ot~er
predictive factors. This enables doctors to avoid prescribing a medication that is unlikelyto be effective
or that might cause serious side effects in certain patients. PersonaliZ'êã arug~ QY in its rrno st
SORfüsticated form uses biological inâicators, or "1:iioma ril<ers" - such as variants 0f DNA Se!\'luences,
tlie leveis 0f certain emzyirnes,1m the mresence or al:isemce of!:lrug reeeP,tors - as an indicator 0f lici>w
gatients slioulâ 6e t~eatea anm fo est imate trae lll<eliliooâ that the intervention will De efifeéti)Je or,
el[çit dangerous s1âe effect~

Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence.

Q Drug therapyfor biological indicators removed the "biomarkers". causing dangerous si de effects.
Q Sophisticated forms of biological indicators are used in therapies that have no interventions.
~ Q "Biomarkers" are used in sophisticated forms of personalized drug therapy, Whic~rln~ ~s:'
Q The levei of certain enzymes varies more frequently in conventional therapies, with no side effects.
J2f The use of biology in most drug therapies is an indicator of how patients should be treated. ✓

QUESTION 4
2 - lmprovements in efficacy and fewer si de effects of drug therapy are a blessing to doctors. patients
and insurance companies, to be sure, but the benefits to drug companies - and therefore, their
willingness to embrace personalized medicine in the long term - are less certain. On the positive
side, the presence of biomarkers will enable drug companies to perform smaller, better-targeted
clinicai studies in arder to demonstrate efficacy. The reason is related to the statistical power of
clinicai studies: ln any kind of experiment. a fundamental principie is that the greater the number
of subjects or interactions, the greater the confidence in the results of the study. Conversely, small
studies generally have large uncertainties about results unless the effect of the intervention is
extremely potent - and that is where biomarkers can make a difference. By better defining the
experimental groups, they can help drug makers design clinicai studies that will show a high "relative
treatment difference" between the drug and whatever it is being compareci to (often a placebo, but
sometimes another treatment).

Which statement is correct, according to this part of the text?

➔ Q Drug companies may not be interested ln treatments with high efficacy and fewer side effects.
Q Patients and insurance companies improved their efficacy to benefit drug companles.
Qr"To be sure about the efficacy of a treatment, drug companies test side effects on@Dpatients./
Q To apply personalized medicine, insurance companies. and drug companles lmproved therap
Q Fewer side effects ln patients from lnsurance companies are not the reason for efficacy. y.

16
~ ESTION S
2 - _lmprovements in efficacy and fewer slde effects of drug therapy are a blessing to doctors,
pat~ent: a_nd insurance companies, to be sure, but the benefits to drug companies - and therefore,
thei_r_will~ngness to embrace personalized medicine in the long term - are less certain. on the
positive s1~e'. the presence of biomarkers will enable drug companies to perform smaller, better-
targeted cl1n1cal studies in order to demonstrate efficacy. The reason is related to the statistical
power of clinicai studies: ln any kind of experiment, a fundamental principie is that the greater
the number of subje~s or interactions, the greater the confidence in the results of the study.
Conversely, small stud1es generally have large uncertainties about results unless the effect of the
int~n:-ention is extremely potent - and that is where biomarkers can make a difference. By better
def1n1ng the experimental groups, they can help drug makers design clinicai studies that will show a
high "relative treatment difference" between the drug and whatever it is being compareci to (often a
placebo, but sometimes another treatment).

The word "willingness", highlighted in the text, is closest in meaning to which

of the alternatives?

Q Incentive
Q lmportance
Q Arrogance
Q Desperation
0 Disposition

QUESTION 6
•
2 -lmprovements in efficacy and fewer side effects of drug therapy are a blessing to doctors, patients
and insurance companies, to be sure, but the benefits to drug companies - and therefore, their
willingness to embrace personalized medicine in the long term - are less certain. On the positive
side, the presence of biomarkers will enable drug companies to perform smaller, better-targeted
clinicai studiesJ g , p ~emonstrate efficacy. The reason is related to~ a~ t_i~l,.p~
clinicai studies: ln any kind o~~rme_filt, a ,fo11:rnla 1 1 ental prninci11>le is that the greâtertR'ê lnl!lmber
of subjects or interactions, the gre~ the com dence in the results of the study. Conversely,
small studies generally have large uncertajnties about results unless the effect of the intervention
is extremely potent - and that is where biomarkers can make a difference. By better defining the
experimental groups, they can help drug makers design clinicai studies that will show a high "rei ative
rreatment difference" between the drug and whatever it is being compareci to (often a placebo, but
sometimes another treatment).

Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence.

_:o O The confidence on a study depends on the number of subjects or interactions.

Q ln any kind of subject, the confidence of the experiment depends on the researcher.
e5 A greater confidence is an important characteristic of most researchers.
Q The results of any kind of experiment are affected by fundamental subjects.
Q Th e sarne subjects or interactions can be t.JSed in any study and in any experiment.

17
Apostila J TEAP

/ 2uESTION 7
2 - lmprove ments in efficacy and fewer si de effects of drug therapy
are a blessing to doctors, patients
and insurance companles, to be sure, but the benefits to drug
companies - and therefore, their
willlngness to embrace personalized medicine in the long term
- are less certain. On the positive
side, the presence of biomarkers will enable drug companies to
perform smaller, better-targeted
clinicai studies in arder to demonstrate efficacy. The reason is
related to the statistical power of
clinicai studies: ln any kind of experiment, a fundamental principie
is that the greater the numbe r
of subjects or interactlons, the greater the confidence in the results
of the study. Conversely,
small studies generally have large uncertainties about results unless
the effect of the interven tion
is extremely potent - and that Is where blomarkers can make a
difference. By better defining the
experimental groups, they can help drug makers design clinicai studles
that will show a high "rei ative
treatme nt difference" between the drug and whatever it Is being
compareci to (often a placebo, but
sometimes anothe r treatment).

The word "conversely'', highlighted in the text, is closest in

meani ng to which
of the alternatives?

Q Extremely
Q lmmediately
Q Calmly
Q lndependently
Ç?fContrarily

M uESTIONB
3 • Thus, althoug h personalized medicine offers tremendous
potential for patients, regulators'
demand s for vast clinicai studies to demonstrate the safety of
new drugs, along with the need to
develop the diagnostic (biomarker) tests to accompany the drug
and also a clinicai algorith m to
guide the use of the drug/diagnostic comblnation, could lmpose
huge develop ment costs that might
never be recovered by the manufacturers. Because the dual
burdens of large, expensive clinicai
triais and diminis hed revenue potential may become unsustainable
ln the long term, the attitude of
regulators will be criticai to drug companies' willingness to embrac
e personalized medicine, and to
its wider application.

Which statem ent is correct, according to this part of the text?

Q Develo pment costs on clinica! algorithms should be paid by all

ofthe patients.
0 Manufa cturers may never recover an eventual investment ln persona
lized medicine. /
Q vast clinicai studies made by manufacturers do not include persona
lized medicin e.
Q costs are nota problem for mam;facturers that want to invest
on personalized medicin e.
Q The treatme nt of a patient may be affected by new manufa ctured
drugs and algorithms.

18
 ~
~ UESTION9
3 - Thus, although personalized medicine offers tremendous potential for patients, regulators'
demands for vast clinicai studies to demonstrate the safety of new drugs, along with the need to
develop the diagnostic (biomarker) tests to accompany the drug and also a clinicai algorithm to
guide the use of the drug/diagnostic combination, could impose huge development costs that might
never be recovered by the manufacturers. Because the dual burdens of large, expensive clinicai
triais and diminished revenue potential may become unsustainable ln the long term, the attitude of
regulators w ill be criticai to drug companies' willingness to embrace personallzed medicine, and to
lts wider application.

The pronoun "its", hlghlighted in the text, refers to which of the alternat ives?

O Longterm
O Attitude
O Drug companies' willingness
,0 Personalized medicine
Q Application

19
 '

Apostila I TEAP

~ UESTION 10

1 - Health treatments are gradually shifting from a "one size fits ali" approach to a more personalized
one, so that patients can be matched to the best therapy based on their genetic makeup and other
predictive factors. This enables doctors to avoid prescribing a medication that is unlikely to be
effective or that might cause serious side effects in certain patients. Personalized drug therapy in
its most sophisticated form uses biological indicators, or "biomarkers" - such as variants of DNA
sequences, the leveis of certain enzymes, or the presence or absence of drug receptors - as an
indicator of how patients should be treated and to estimate the likelihood that the intervention will
be effective or elicit dangerous side effects.
2 - lmprovements in efficacy and fewer si de effects of drugtherapy are a blessing to doctors, patients
and insurance companies, to be sure, but the benefits to drug companies - and therefore, their
willingness to embrace personalized medicine in the long term - are less certain . On the positive
side, the presence of biomarkers will enable drug companies to perform smaller, better-targeted
clinicai studies in order to demonstrate efficacy. The reason is related to the statistical power of
clinicai studies: ln any kind of experiment, a fundamental principie is that the greater the number
of subjects or interactions, the greater the confidence in the results of the study. Conversely, small
studies generally have large uncertainties about results unless the effect of the intervention is
extremely potent - and that is where biomarkers can make a difference. By better defining the
experimental groups, they can help drug makers design clinicai studies that will show a high "relative
treatment difference" between the drug and whatever it is being compared to {often a placebo, but
sometimes another treatment).
3 - Thus, although personalized medicine offers tremendous potential for patients, regulators'
demands for vast clinicai studies to demonstrate the safety of new drugs, along with the need to
develop the diagnostic {biomarker) tests to accompany the drug and also a clinicai algorithm to
guide the use of the drug/diagnostic combination, could impose huge development costs that might
never be recovered by the manufacturers. Because the dual burdens of large, expensive clinica!
triais and diminished revenue potential may become unsustainable in the long term, the attitude of
regulators will be criticai to drug companies' willingness to embrace personalized medicine, and to
its wider application.

What is the main idea of the text?

Q The need to look for more health.professionals to implement personalized medicine.

Q The improvements in efficacy ofthe medicines developed by ali drug companies.
Q Personalized treatments and the vast clinica! studies without relevant side effects.
0 The advantages of personalized treatments and the resistance of drug companies.
Q The importance of drug companies on the studies of side effects in health treatments.

20
 Texto TEAP 2

~~ o,J.--r,lT\~

µ. \.-.J - ~ world population climbs ane.J:-'.ater stress

s reads aroj p ~e gl2,9,t.,~9i!:1~ª.Y~9ffeYâng more ~
per ~ meet our fOÕaneeds 1sã'rirolfg the most U!U[lt ~
of c a ges. One answer to this ~~~~1. is ".d'(lfjrf.igatL~
which delivers water dlrectly to the-~ of plants in just
t~e righ~ amounts. lt can double or tr!_e~~ _i.yater productivitY, J. ""'
-Increasing crop per drop - and it 'ãpp'êars to be TIKfrit c.()Y\
off worldwide. Drip irrigation, commercialized by lsraeli
engineers in the 1950s, delivers water directly to crops' roots 6
through porous or perforated tubing installed on top or below the soil surface. Compared with
conventional flood or Í1.!JIQW irrigation, drip methods can reduce the volume of water applied to
fields b~ ~hile increasing crop production by 20-90 percent.
2- Amazmgl>1, most farmers todaY,__s!i~ irrigate the way their predecessors did. tj,pusa.9~~~~ -
years ago - by f!oodjng their fields orrunrifílgwater do~m tifr'roWs between their rc\Ws°õt'êróps; · - ~
.~~!l)~_mhar:i b~e water applied to the field ~ g_ éh~fits a crop. The rest isn't necessarily
~ -º-mm It makes its way back to a river or ~ h e r e i~f?~ be~ d again. But the
excessive dttefsfo'ô~ an exhaust rivers and streams, pollute water suõô~es with pesticides, and
result in large loffis ~q -~ aporation. Today, as throughout modem history, irrigation is crucial to
the global food ~:tne 20 percent of the world's farmland that is irrigated produces 40 percent
of the world's food. Yet less than 5 percent of the world's irrigated land is equipped with micro-
irrigation systems. Clearly, the irrigation revolution has a long way togo.
3- Over the last twenty years, the area under drip and other "micro" irrigation methods has
risen from 1.6 million hectares ~ e than 10.3 million. The most dramatic gains have oc~
in China and lndia, the world's !.QP two irr~g~ors, where the area under micro-irrigation ~xOandeâ

.
~ the last two ~ ad~ .Jr_wia~ ~ l~'ãs'Th e world, with ~ ~..J.!Ugp~res under micro-
irrigation methods. lc°'
c!áte7'fãrmers have adopted micro-irrigation mainlifor fruits, vegetables and
./
other high-value crops that can provide a good return on the investment. California is the king of
/ drip in the United States, in large part because it is the nation's fru it and vegetable biggest e_r~c~J;,,,e4
So will there be enough water to grow the food we .need while still keeping our rivers and f r ~ {el
✓
..
•

-✓ /

J _,,
ecosystems healthy? The answer depends in large part on whether farmers will find it P.rofitable.to
invest in more efficient technologies.

Crop: cultivated plants

Drop: a small amount of a líquid
Drip: a liquid that falls in drops
AQ.>fU M. ~ J..u.crõ:L \l'O

• Furrow: a narrow depression in the ground

1/ Flooding: excess of water over a land

J .,
1/
J

21
Apostila I TEAP

~ UESTION 1
Which statement is correct, according to the text?

O The irrigation technology has been the sarne for thousands of years.
O Almost ali farmland is equipped with micro-irrigation systems. t
O Researchers say that micro-irrigation will be used in most fields soon.
5i! Not all the water that is used for irrigation really helps the crop.
O Ali the water that is applied in the flelds benefits the rivers . .,.

(ÃÍUESTION 2
1- As the w0rld populati0m climbs ame water stress sw eads anouncl t)ie globe, finding_!'JjlY,S of
getting more crop Qer droQ to meet our food r;ieeâs is among the most urgent of challeng~ One
answer to this call is drip irrigation, which delivers water directly to the roots of plants in just the
right amounts. lt can double or tripie water productivity-increasing crop per drop - and it appears
to be taking offworldwide. Drip irrigation, commercialized by lsraeli engineers in the 1950s, delivers
water directly to crops' roots through porous or perforated tubing installed on top or below the
soil surface. Compareci with conventional flood or furrow irrigation, drip methods can reduce the
volume of water applied to fields by up to 70 percent, while increasing crop production by 20-90
percent.

Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence.

Q Our food necessity today is the most urgent thing in cities around the globe.
Q The world population is growing fast, but food is still not an urgent problem.
(2f we need a more efficient irrigation system to provide enough food for the population:'
Q The most urgent challenge for the population is to spread the food around the globe.
Q To get more food on the table, the population has to focus on new food alternatives.

22
 t:/QUESTION 3
1- As the world population cllmbs and water stress spreads around the globe, finding ways of gettlng
m~re crop per drop to meet our food needs is among the most urgent of challenges. One answer to
th1s call 1s drlp irrigation, which delivers water dlrectly to the roots of plants in just the right amounts.
lt can d_ouble or tripie water productivity - increasing crop per drop - and it appears to be taking off
worldw1de. Drip irrigation, commercialized by lsraeli engineers ln the 1950s, delivers water directly to
c~ops' roots t~rough porous or perforated tubing installed on top or below the soll surface. Compareci
w1th conventIonal flood or furrow irrigation, drip methods can reduce the volume of water applied to
fields by up to 70 percent, whlle increasing crop production by 20-90 percent.

The word "climbs", highlighted in the text, is closest in meaning to which of

the alternatives?

Q Spreads
Q Diversifies
Q Getsolder
Q Goeson
~ lncreases

--- ~ESTION4
1-As the world population climbs and water stress spreads around the globe, finding ways of getting

- more crop per drop to meet our food needs is among the most urgent of challenges. One answer
to this call is drip irrigation, which delivers water directly to the roots of plants ln just the rlght
amounts. lt can double or tripie water productivity -increasing crop per drop - and it appears to
be taking off worldwide. Drip irrigation, commercialized by lsraeli engineers in the 1950s, delivers
water directly to crops' roots through porous or perforated tu_bing installed on top or below the
soil surface. Compareci wlth conventional flood or furrow irrigation, drip methods can reduce the
volume of water applied to fields by up to 70 percent, while increasing crop production by 20-90
percent.

The pronoun "it", highlighted in the te>_<t, refers to which of the alternatives?

O Oneanswer
J2J lrrigation
O Water
O Roots
O Amounts

23
Apostila J TEAP

~ES TIO N 5
1- As the world population climbs and water stress spreads around
the globe, finding ways of
getting more crop per drop to meet our food needs Is among the
most urgent of challenges. One
answer to this call is drip irrigatlon, whlch delivers water dlrectly
to the roots of plants in just the
right amounts. lt can double or tripie water productivity -increasíng
crop per drop - and it appears
to be taking offworldwide. Drlp irrigation, commerclalized by lsraeli
engineers in the 1950s, delivers
water directly to crops' roots through porous or perforated tubing
installed on top or below the
soil surface. Compared with conventlonal flood or furrow irrigatio
n, drip methods can reduce the
volume of water applied to fields by up t o 70 percent, while increasi
ng crop production by 20-90
percent.

Which statem ent is correct, according to t his part of the t ext?

O ln the world, drip irrigation is more commonly used than conventional flood irrigationJ<
O ln the future you be able to increase productivity by 70 percent with irrigation:x
O About 20-90 percent ofthe water used in traditional irrigation is lost drip
in the process.
,0 lt is possible to use less water and increase crop production with the right technique.
Q Compared with traditional methods, different crops' roots can increase
production.

t0fuESTION 6
2- Amazingly, most farmers toaay still irrlg~te the waithe ir predece
ssors aid tliousan as of years
ago - ~ floodin g their fields orr n!l,nning water cfown furroi:ys
between tlieir rows of crops. Often
less than half the water applied to the fiel d actually benefits a crop.
The rest isn't necessarily wasted.
Some of it makes its way back to a river or ground where it can
be used again. But the excessive
diversions can exhaust rivers and streams, pollute water supplie
s with pesticides, and result in large
losses to evapor ation. Today, as throughout modern history, irrigatio
n is crucial to the global food
supply: the 20 percen t of the world's farm land that is irrigated
produces 40 percen t of the world's
food. Yet less than 5 percen t of the world's irrigated land is equippe
d with micro-i rrigatio n systems.
Clearly, the irrigatio n revolution has a long way togo.

Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the highlighted

sentence.
e, Very traditional methods are still common ly used nowadays.
Q Thousands of years ago irrigation was different than today. ~
Q Furrows between rows of crops are not used anymore. 1-
Q ln the past. our predecessors created very advanced techniques."
Q Farmers in the Amazon forest planted there a long time ago.

24
 C

~ STION7
2- Amazingly, ~ost farmers today still lrrlgate the way their predecessors did thousands of years
~ego - by floodmg thelr fields or runn ing water down furrows between their rows of crops. Often
ss than half the ""'.ater applied to the fiel d actually benefits a crop. The rest isn't necessarily wasted.
5?me _of lt makes 1ts way back to a river or ground where it can be used again. But the excesslve
diversions can exh~ust rivers and streams, pollute water supplies with pesticides, and result in large
lasses:º evaporat1on. Today, as throughout modern history, irrlgation is crucial to the global food
supply. the 20 percent of the world's farmland that is irrigated produces 40 percent of t he world's
food. Yet less than 5 percent ofthe world's irrigated land is equipped with micro-irrigation systems
Clearly, the irrigation revolution has a long way togo. ·

The pronoun "it", highlighted in the text, refers to which of the alternatives?

.Jêfwater
Q Field
Q Crop
Q Rest
Q River

?1(uESTION 8
2- Amazingly, most farmers today still irrigate the way their predecessors did thousands of years
ago - by flooding their fields or running water down f urrows between their rows of crops. Often
less than half the water applied to the fiel d actually benefits a crop. The rest isn't necessarily wasted.
Some of it makes its way back to a river or ground where it can be used again. But the excessive
diverslons can exhaust r lvers and streams, pollute water supplies with pesticides, and result in
large lasses to evaporation. Today, as throughout modern history, irrlgation is crucia l to t he global
food supply: the 20 percent of the world's fa rmland that is irrigated produces 40 percent of the
world's food. Yet less than 5 percent of the world's irrigated land is equipped with micro-irrigation
systems. Clearly, the irrigation revolution has a long way togo.

The word "diversions", highlighted in the text, is closest in meaning to which

of the alternative s?

Q Fun
Q Track
Q Difference
Q Departure
0 Deviation
Apostila I TEAP

vS"uESTION 9
3- Over the last twenty years, the area under drip and other "micro" irrigation methods has risen
from 1.6 million hectares to more than 10.3 milllon. The most dramatic gains have occurred in
China and lndia, the world's top two irrigators, where the area under micro-irrigation expanded
over the last two decades. lndia now leads the world, with nearly 2 million hectares under micro-
irrigation methods. To date, farmers have adopted micro-irrigation mainlyforfruits, vegetables and
other high-value crops that can provide a good return on the investment. California is the king of
drip in the United States, in large part because it is the nation's fruit and vegetable biggest producer.
So will there be enough water to grow the food we need while still keeping our rlvers and freshwater
ecosystems healthy? The answer depends in large part on whether farmers will find it profitable to
invest in more efficient technologies.

Which statement is correct, according to this part of the text?

Q California uses micro-irrigation because it doesn't have enough water avallabl~.)'-

G:)' Farmers lnvest in more efficient technologies when the financial return is good. ,,,
Q Mlcro-lrrigation Is used only for fruits and vegetables to keep the ecosystems healthy. y
Q Micro-irrigation occurs only in California because they do not have high-value crops.,i<-.
Q Only the government has interest in efflcient technologies in the United States.

26
 ~ ESTION 10
1- ~s the world population climbs and water stress spreads around the globe, finding ways of
gettmg more .cr:QR per .drQp to meet our food needs Is among the most urgent of challenges. One
a_nswer to this cal! is .dm2 irrigation, which delivers water directly to the roots of plants in just the
right am?unts. lt can double or tripie water productivity -increasing crop per drop - and it appears
to be ta~mg off worldwide. Drip irrigation, commerclalized by lsraeli engineers in the 1950s, delivers
w~ter d1rectly to crops' roots through porous or perforated tubing installed on top or below the
so1I surface. Compared with conventional fiood or fu..cmlõl irrigation, drip methods can reduce t he
volume of water applied to flelds by up to 70 percent, whlle lncreasing crop production by 20-90
percent.

2- Amazingly, most farmers today still irrigate the way their predecessors did thousands of years
ago - by fioodjng their fields or running water down furrows between their rows of crops. Often
less than half the water applied to the field actually benefits a crop. The rest isn't necessarily wasted.
Some of it makes its way back to a river or ground where it can be used again. But the excessive
diversions can exhaust rivers and streams, pollute water supplies with pesticides, and result in large
lasses to evaporation. Today, as throughout modem history, irrigation is crucial to the global food
supply: the 20 percent of the worid's farmland that is irrigated produces 40 percent of the world's
food. Yet iess than 5 percent ofthe world's irrigated land is equipped with micro-irrigation systems.
Clearly, the irrigation revolution has a long way togo.
3- Over the last twenty years, the area under drip and other "micro" irrigation methods has risen
from 1.6 milllon hectares to more than 10.3 million. The most dramatic gains have occurred in
China and lndia, the world's top two irrigators, where the area under micro-irrigation expanded
over the fast two decades. lndia now leads the world, with nearly 2 million hectares under micro-
irrigation methods. To date, farmers have adopted micro-irrlgation mainly for fruits, vegetables and
other high-value crops that can provide a good return on the investment. California is t he king of
drip in the United States, in large part because it is the nation's fruit and vegetable biggest producer.
so will there be enough water to grow the food we need while still keeping our rivers and freshwater
ecosystems healthy? The answer depends in large part on whether farmers will find it profitable to
invest in more efficient technologies ..

What is the main idea of the text?

Q lsraeli engineers want to sell the drip irrigati_on s~stem to farmers_ ali over the world.
Q lnvented in California, micro-irrigation methods Increase p~oduct1on_ by 20-90 percent.

,_. Q
Q
Conventional irrigation systems should not be used ex~lus1vely for h1g~-value crops.
Beca use of technology, food production would increase by 40 percent m ali t~e world.
,Ç2J' Farmers insist on traditional irrigation methods, but there are better alternat1ves.~

---
·J/1
J/1

27
Apostila I TEAP

Texto TEAP 3

1- ln homes, companies or on the street, obesity is a

"g~ aJ.~plçjemic," according to the World Health Organization.
Two ~ of American adults and one third of school-age
children are either overweight or obese (defined as eictremely
overweight). These proportions have been rising'ttêebiv.S~e
1960 th.';,,RO,.E.~~2.0 of overweight and obese adults increased
by rô'ugfify~ ó 'perêent, and th ~ esponding increase for
children was 300 percent. Corhôounding the problem, obesity
rates in other countries are rapidly approaching those in the
U.S. What is causing this pandemic, and what can we do about it? Researchers have ~viáed some
tentative answers that ~ t comm'ô'.ri'.(6~ .
2- Ma!JY..J?~eople, including health care professionals, believe that obesity can be i)ttributed
simply to a 1~ of self-control or wil!power. lt is true that obese people are often J~ to
adequ~ control their eating. But lack of self-control is rtfére'!')! a descriP.tion, not an explanation.
What remams to be explained is why they cannot exercise self-control.1,iêvêr:cl)'éfe"Ts, doctors and
therapists routinely tel1 their obese patients to restrict what they eat. Diet books, articles in health
magazines and on Web sjtes, an~ mmercial weight-loss programs also encourage people to eat
less an~ ~cise more. t:i'r#trtunately, a_~"e's based on self-control do not s~ m to wor~ y~ _
well. F , two thirds ofthose who sli ~ weight-loss programs~ eir weight wífnih,.,
a year, and al~ II have put back the ~ within five years. . - -
3- lt is true that many P.eo_ple are predisposed to gain weight because oftheir genetic makeup.
But genetic factors cannot a"'tÍb'ffrtt for the .s.b..arp. increase in the prevalence of obesity in society.
The genes within a population relevant to weight do not change appreciably in 50 years. Some
psychological factors may also play a role in obesity, including impulsivity, anxiety and a tendency
among some people to eat during negative emotional states. But here, too, there is no reason to
believe that these characteristics have become more preva lent in recent decades. Ttre°r~~Ore'. genetic
and psychological factors cannot account for the rise in obesity. Results of a large number of studies
support the conclusion that the environment has a powerful influence on our eating behaviors. Yale
Univ~r~~-P,_sychologist Kelly D. Brown-,ell has used the term "toxic environment" to refer to this
new~ tmosphere, which is characterized by peryasjve exposure to food that is energy-dense,
heavily marketed, cheap and 'lfil!gJy acce?sible, accompanied by sedentarism .
+;li~ ~)cde ~
> Wi.llpower: the àbility to control your own.actions ·
o:::
<
U) Pounds: unit ofweight;.1 pound = 0.45 kilos ,
U)
o Sh~·rp: abrupt extreme:, . . ,
...J
(!) , :. ~eryasive: ·extensive; prevalent _· ..

28
 QUESTION 1
e/' Which statemen t is true, according to the text?

Q Health care professionals believe that obese people should exercise more in their routine.
Q Willpower is very important for health care professionals, doctors and therapists nowadays.
Q To contrai their eating, obese people usually exercise adequately their self-control or willpower.
Q Obesity is a world epidemie that should be attacked seriously by ali governments and doctors.,
@ Obese people usually have problems with self-control, but it is not the only cause of obesity.

~ UESTION 2
1- ln homes, companies or on the street, obesity is a "global epidemie," according to the World
Health Organization. Two thirds of American adults and one third of school-age children are either
overweight or obese (defined as extremely overweight). These proportions have been rising steeply.
Since 1960 the population of overweigtit and obese aâults increasecl 15y roughly 50 P.ercent, anel
tlie
correspond ing increase for children was 300 percernt. Compounding the problem, obesity rates
in
other countries are rapidly approachin g those in the U.S. What is causing this pandemic, and
what
can we do about it? Researchers have provided some .tentative answers that confront commonly
held beliefs.

Choose the alternati ve that is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence.

Q The population increased 300 percent of children and 50 percent of adults.

@ The increase of obesity among children is much higher than among adults. ,
Q 50 percent of adults are obese now beca use they were obese when children.
Q The obese population in 1960 increased 50% for adults and 300% for children.
O There is no corresponding increase of obese and overweight people since 1960.

29