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Universidade de Pernambuco – UPE – 2019
Copyrigh@by Severino Carlos da Silva
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EDITORIAL
Caros Alunos,
O compromisso com a educação de todos que compõem a sociedade reflete a prática fiel e co-
tidiana do exercício da cidadania.
Nós, que fazemos a Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), buscamos, em nosso dia a dia, através da
implantação de projetos e de outros procedimentos, honrar esses compromissos com vistas a inserir
o homem em seu contexto social, celebrando a sua dignidade, promovendo ações que resultem na
construção do homem pelo próprio homem.
Respaldada nesses propósitos e fundamentos, a UPE, através do Instituto de Apoio à Universi-

dade de Pernambuco (IAUPE), persiste numa caminhada crescente, voltada a ampliar conhecimentos
especificamente nas áreas de línguas e de tecnologia da informação, por estar ciente da relevância que
essas assumem na contemporaneidade.
Com esse objetivo, foi criado, em 2002, o Programa de Línguas e Informática (Prolinfo), atividade
de extensão universitária que oportuniza o acesso à educação aos pernambucanos. A oferta de cursos
nas áreas de Português para concursos e vestibulares (Prolinfo Aprova), Inglês para crianças (Prolinfi-
nho) e para adultos, Espanhol, Informática, além de pós-graduações lato sensu, comprova os princípios
e a filosofia que permeiam o perfil de uma Universidade visivelmente comprometida com a excelência
em todos os segmentos de que é partícipe.
Ao mesmo tempo em que tem a missão de contribuir com a nova sociedade do conhecimento,
o Prolinfo atua como campo de prática pedagógica a alunos de graduação e pós-graduação que dese-
jam ter a experiência em sala de aula. São professores acompanhados diariamente por uma equipe de
coordenadores, todos dedicados a um só propósito: que você, aluno, construa o seu aprendizado da
forma mais completa possível.
Boas aulas!
Prof. MS. Carlos Silva

Coordenador-geral do Prolinfo
contents
Unit 1 William Shakespeare 11
Grammar: Infinitive/ Gerund
Unit 2 New York 17

Grammar: Passive Voice
Unit 3 Scotland Yard 23

Grammar: Present Perfect
numbers
Unit 4 The Red Cross 31

grammar: Past perfect
Unit 5 The Moon Walk 37

grammar: Future Perfect
Future continuous
Future perfect continuous
Unit 6 The White House 41

Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Unit 7 pablo picasso 45

grammar: Reported Speech
Unit 8 Christmas 51
grammar: Conditional Sentences
1 Unit 1
William Shakespeare
Listen and practice
William Shakespeare was an English poet and dramatist born at Stratford-on-Avon. He

lived at a time when new lands were being discovered, new ideas were rising, and people were
anxious to learn all that was to learn.
There are four periods in his career which covered about twenty years - from 1591 to
1611. In the beginning he adapted a lot of stories for plays such as Romeo and Juliet. Neither
the plot nor all of the characters were his own, but he put into them such ardor and beauty that
they became known as his own.
The plays of the second period consist largely of comedies and history. England was
eager to see her glorious and eventful history on stage so Shakespeare wrote a series of plays.
In the third period Shakespeare begins to question life and death and his plays became
sadder and deeply philosophic. Hamlet belongs to this period.
The last period combines wisdom and a more cheerful outlook on life.
1. Oral questions
• Who was William Shakespeare?

• What was happening in the world when he lived?
• How many periods are there in his career?
• Describe the characteristics of each period.
Discussion
• Why does the story of Romeo and Juliet interest people even nowadays?
grammar
Gra
box
GERUND
A gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a
gerund (often known as an - ing word) is a noun formed
from a verb by adding -ing.
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THE GERUND IS… Example
Smoking costs a lot of money.
1. used when it’s the subject of a sentence
Painting is a very good activity.
2. used after prepositions She is tired of working.
3. used after the verb go when it indicates Let’s go shopping.

common activities. Last week I went swimming.
4. used when you talk about someone They watched the students crossing
doing something the road.
3. Exercises
a. She is very fond of _____________________________ (swim).
b. _____________________________ (paint) is a terrific past time.
c. I’m tired of _____________________________ (use) my PDA.
d. He finally succeeds in _____________________________ (take) her out for dinner.
e. They are going _____________________________ (chat) later on.
f. _____________________________ (walk) is pretty good for everyone.
g. Thank you for _____________________________ (love) me.
h. He saw me _____________________________ (call) you.
Make up mottos using the first rule of the gerund. Follow the example.
• Trying is something you should never stop doing.
infinitive
Infinitive is the original form of the verb and can be used with or without to.
WITH TO Example
1. After the verbs of saying and thinking

Bernardo agreed to go to the park
agree, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn,
with me.
plan, promise
2. After the words: too, enough, the first,
She is the next to get her passport.
the second, the next, the last, the only
3. After adjectives This exercise is difficult to do.
4. We can use verb + question word +

infinitive with to with some verbs: ask, I don’t know what to do.
explain, learn, understand, decide, forget, We can’t decide what to eat.
know, remember
5. After the verbs advise, tell, ask, remind,
My girlfriend advised me to buy new
order and expect we use object + infinitive
clothes
with to
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WITHOUT TO Example
1. After auxiliaries and modals I can swim. / She will cook.

2. After the verbs make and let Let me go.
3. After the conjunctions but and except I will do nothing but cry.
4. with an object to talk about a completed
I heard him play the guitar
action
4. Exercise
Use the infinitive with or without to.
a. Let’s ____________________ (to dance), shall we?

b. It’s hard ____________________ (to live) without electronics.
c. I’ll do anything but ____________________ (to lend) my iPhone.
d. She’s too shy ____________________ (to sing) before such a large audience.
e. I can never remember how ____________________ (to spell) her name.
f. I can’t ____________________ (to agree) to do that. It is not my function.
g. Patty made him ____________________ (to buy) a cheap laptop.
h. We didn’t know how ____________________ (to use) a PDA.
i. You should do nothing except ____________________ (to study) for the test.
j. Pamela makes me ____________________ (to feel) comfortable.
5. Complete the information. Use the verbs below in the gerund.

impress n ■ take (2) ■ add ■ have
My name is George, and I’m a photographer.

My specialty is _________________ pictures for
fashion magazines. Not surprisingly, the
possession I couldn’t live without is my brand
Hi, my name is Ronda and I work for a local
new digital camera. Obviously, I use it for
radio station. I couldn’t live without my new
_________________ photographs, but it also has a
cell phone. The sound quality is excellent, so
video component. Sometimes I use it to make
I can use it to call the station and report live
short films – just for fun.
on air. It’s also useful for _________________
conversations with my boyfriend. And, since
it’s an expensive phone, it’s also good for
I’m Liam, and I’m a musician and a songwriter.
_________________ people!
I guess my favorite possession is my
computer. Well, to be exact, it’s Cakewalk - the
software I use to write music. It’s also great for
_________________ instruments that I can’t play,
like the trumpet. I just play the trumpet part
on my keyboard. It makes life a lot easier!
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Answer about the texts above.
• What couldn’t George live without? Why?

• Does George only use his digital camera for taking photographs?
• What can Ronda say about her cell phone?
• What’s Liam’s favorite possession? Why?
• What can Liam do with the software he uses?
Ask your partner:
• What’s your favorite possession? What do you use it for?

• Could you live without it? Why (not)?
Complete the sentences. Use to or for and the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
a. She went on line ________________________________ (improve) her Spanish.
b. This program is perfect ________________________________ (protect) against viruses.
c. I don’t need a spell checker ________________________________ (correct) my spelling online!
d. This smart phone is good ________________________________ (check) e-mail when you travel.
e. They love using their cell ________________________________ (talk) to their parents.
f. There’s some new software available ________________________________ (learn) languages.
Rewrite the conversations using gerunds.
Student 1: What do you use your cell phone for?

Student 2: I use my cell to send text messages.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Student 1: How do you use your iPhone?

Student 2: I use my iPhone to listen to music.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Student 1: What do you need an electronic translator for?

Student 2: I need an electronic translator to look up words.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Student 1: What technology do you use everyday?

Student 2: I use my smart phone to organize my schedule.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Match the information to make complete sentences.
1. I use my hands-free phone _____ a. to share them with friends and family
2. He uses an electronic dictionary _____ b. to avoid getting lost.
3. Our satellite radio is great _____ c. to watch movies and sports.
4. They bought a huge plasma TV _____ d. for listening to traffic reports.
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5. I put pictures on a photo website _____ e. for checking his homework.
6. She uses a navigation system _____ f. to make calls when I’m driving.
Ask your partner the questions below.
• What do you use a PDA for?

• How do you use your cell phone?
• What do you use your computer for?
• What technology do you use the most?
• What’s the best digital camera nowadays?
6. Conversation Listen and practice.
Math Class
Diana: I’m afraid of doing this math test.
Bill: Take it easy and stop shaking.
Diana: But I heard the teacher saying it just would be very difficult.
Bill: Well, she loves being a strict teacher, but her tests are generally easy.
Diana: All I know is that she advised us to study hard. Anyway, did you study for the test, Bill?
Bill: Unfortunately, I haven’t studied.
Diana: Sorry for you and me.
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2 Unit 2
New york
Listen and practice
In 1524 an Italian navigator, called Giovanni da Verrazzano, was the first European to
arrive at the region that today is called New York. In fact, the first name of this city was given by
another navigator that worked for the Dutch East Company. In 1666, during a war between the
English and the Dutch, New Amsterdam was captured by the English and the king Charles II of
England gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York. Both the city and the
province were renamed New York, in honor of the Duke.
Today New York is one of the biggest cities in the world and receives
millions of tourists each year. You would like to visit New York, wouldn’t you?
1. Oral questions
• When was New York discovered?

• What was the first name given to this city?
• Would you like to visit New York? Why?
• Even if you haven’t gone to New York yet, describe it.
Discussion: City x Country
• Did you grow up in the city or in the country?

• What are some of the advantages of living in a city?
• What are some of the disadvantages of living in a city?
• What are some differences between living in the city and living in the country?
• How can we make our cities safer places to live?
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grammar
Gra
box passive voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action. Passive verbs are formed
from the verb to be (in the adequate time) and the past participle of the verb.
If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by
Example:
• My brother was bitten by a dog last week.
Compare active and passive:
Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) → A letter is written by Jane (passive)

Ex: Jane wrote a letter (active) → A letter was written by Jane (passive)
Active Passive
Present continuous Is writing Is being written

Past continuous Was writing Was being written
Going to Is going to write Is going to be written
Future Will write Will be written
Future continuous Will be writing Will be being written
Simple present Writes Is written
Simple past Wrote Was written
Present perfect Has written Has been written
Past perfect Had written Had been written
Can Can write Can be written
3. Exercise
Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice.
a. He writes many letters every day.

Many letters _________________________________________ by him every day.
b. The boys have finished the report.
The report _________________________________________ by the boys.
c. The dog ate the cake.
The cake _________________________________________ by the dog.
d. She will read the message.
The message _________________________________________ by her.
e. They had opened the box.
The box _________________________________________ by them.
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f. We would invite her.
She _________________________________________ by us.
g. Bruno rescued three cats.
Three cats _________________________________________ by him.
4. Exercise
Complete the conversation in the passive.
hit ■ see ■ broken ■ hurt ■ delay ■ close ■ find ■ steal
Ann: Anything new in the paper?
Tim: Well, not much. Let’s see… Uh, $10,000 ______________________ in a bag on a city bus.
Ann: $10,000? I should ride on buses more often!
Tim: Yeah, and listen to this. Two large bears ______________________ last night in someone’s
yard.
Ann: Huh. That’s scary.
Tim: Oh, and a jewelry store ______________________ into, and some diamonds ______________________
Um, what else? The city airport ______________________ yesterday because of strong winds.
Ann: Really? Well, it was pretty windy.
Tim: Yeah. All the flights ______________________. Oh, and a bus ______________________ by a falling
tree. Fortunately, the passengers ______________________.
Ann: Is that all? Nothing exciting, I guess.
5. Exercise
Change the sentences from the active to the passive.
a. They publish The Times newspaper in London.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. They are destroying the forests in Indonesia.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. The shark ate the man.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. They've treated him very well.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. Rewrite the conversation using passive sentences. Then practice it with a partner.
Student 1: What’s your favorite museum?
Student 2: The Guggenheim. People visit it from all over.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Student 1: Can you tell me who designed it?

Student 2: I think Frank Lloyd Wright designed it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Student 1: What’s your favorite work of art?

Student 2: It’s called the Poet. Pablo Picasso painted it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
READING & DISCUSSION
• Read the text below and try to match the traditions to the countries.
• Highlight the passive, and rewrite these sentences in active voice.
• Discuss the traditions, and compare them with Christmas or another popular
celebration in your own culture.
Christmas around the world
Belgium
St. Nicholas visits on December 4th to find out which children have been good and bad.
When he visits again on December 6th good children are given presents and bad children
are left twigs in their shoes. French-speaking children are visited by Pere Noel. He and his
friend Pere Fouettard give sweets to good children and a handful of sticks to bad children.
A sweet bread called cougnou or cougnolle is sometimes eaten on Christmas morning.
Hungary
Fresh fish with rice or potatoes is usually eaten on Christmas Eve. Children are visited by
Santa Claus on December 6th. Their shoes are left outside the door or window before they
go to bed. In the morning they find red bags in them filled with sweets and toys. After this,
the Christmas tree is seen for the first time by the children. Christmas songs are sung and
gifts from under the tree are shared.
Venezuela
An early morning church service called Misa de Aguinaldo is attended daily between
December 16th and 24th. In the capital city, it is customary to roller-skate to the church! A
piece of string is tied to children's toes before they go to bed. The other end is hung out the
window. The next morning, the pieces of string are pulled by the rollerskaters!
Syria
On Christmas eve, candles are carried to an unlit bonfire. The Christmas story is read by a
family member and then the bonfire is lit. At mass on Christmas day another bonfire is lit
and hymns are sung. Chicken, oranges, nuts and pastries are eaten for dinner.
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7. Conversation Listen and practice.
Robert: Would you know that New York was made by people from all over the world?
Anna: Yes, I would, and it’s really interesting, isn’t it?
Robert: Yes, it is. A book was written by a famous author telling about the beginning of this city.
That’s because I know everything about New York’s history.
Anna: And this author was born in New York, wasn’t he?
Robert: Yes, he was born in New York. And he also tells us in his book the lives of the first
navigators to arrive at New York harbor.
Anna: Great! I think I’m going to read this book.
8. Puzzle
Across
2. The police were _______________________________ (give) the information.
3. Have you ever been _______________________________ (bite) by a dog?
5. The room will be _______________________________ (clean) later.
6. Something must be _______________________________ (do) before it's too late.
Down
1. The concert has been _______________________________ (cancel).
3. This house was _______________________________ (build) in 1985.
4. I remember being _______________________________ (take) to the zoo when I was a child.
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3 Unit 3
Scotland Yard
Listen and practice
The name Scotland Yard came from a 13th century palace which kings and queens of
Scotland used during their state visit to England. This building was situated near Whitehall and
was the first head-quarters of the Metropolitan Police of London. In 1890 Scotland Yard moved
to a red brick building on the Thames.
Scotland Yard soon became famous for the difficult cases that it managed to solve.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers such as Sir Arthur Conan, who as the
author of Sherlock Holmes stories, found inspiration for their novels in the
reports of cases solved by the Yard men. Their writings have helped materially
in the development of the cult of the modern detective story, which in Britain
frequently has a Scotland Yard central character.
1. Oral questions
• What’s the origin of the name Scotland Yard?

• Where was it first situated?
• Where did it move to?
• Why did it become famous?
• Who was Sherlock Holmes?
Discussion: Books & Reading
• What is your favorite story?

• Who is your favorite author?
• Do you have any ideas for a story for you to write?
• What are some of the books that were recommended to you?
• Do you watch the movie that came from a book?
• Most people say the book is better than the movie. Is this true for you?
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grammar
Gra
box present perfect
HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The present perfect is used to describe Example

1. An action or situation that started in the I have lived in Recife since 1998 (= and
past and continues in the present. I still do.)
2. A repeated action in an unspecified
We have visited Miami several times.
period between the past and now.
3. An action that was completed in the very
I have just finished my homework.
recent past (expressed by 'just').
4. WAn action when the time is not
Daniel has read 'War and Peace'.
important.
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use
the simple past. Example: Daniel read 'War and Peace' last week.
We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as just, yet,
never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for.
STRUCTURE
Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I have gone to Paris. I haven't gone to Paris. Have I gone to Paris.

You have gone to Paris. You haven't gone to Paris. Have you gone to Paris.
He has gone to Paris. He hasn't gone to Paris. Has he gone to Paris.
She has gone to Paris. She hasn't gone to Paris. Has she gone to Paris.
It has gone to Paris. It hasn't gone to Paris. Has it gone to Paris.
We have gone to Paris. We haven't gone to Paris. Have we gone to Paris.
You have gone to Paris. You haven't gone to Paris. Have you gone to Paris.
They have gone to Paris. They haven't gone to Paris. Have they gone to Paris.
3. Exercise
Complete the conversations with the present perfect. Then practice with a partner.
Student 1: I _________________________________________ (not do) anything fun lately.

Student 2: Me neither. I _________________________________________ (not have) any time.
Student 1: _______________________ you ever _______________________ (be) to Europe?

Student 2: No, I _________________________________________ (be) there.
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READING & DISCUSSION – What’s your dream?
Read what people say their dreams are then discuss the questions below.
“Actually, I’ve always wanted to be an “My parents have never traveled

actor. I haven’t had any formal training, outside of Brazil, so I want to take
but I’ve been in a couple of college them to Europe. I’ve been there
plays. So my dream is to study acting.” many times, so I know the best
- Megg McDonald places to go!”
Paris, France. - Daniel Oliver
Recife, Brazil
“Well, Tom and I have gone sailing a few
times with friends, and we’ve had a lot
of fun. So our dream is to buy our own
sailboat. But we haven’t saved enough
money!”
- Chris and Tom Warren
Sydney, Australia.
Discuss the questions below with a partner or in a group.
• What’s something you’ve always wanted to buy?

• What’s a city that you’ve never been to but would like to visit?
• What’s something you’ve always wanted to learn how to do?
• What’s something else you’ve always wanted to do?
Listen and practice
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST

We use this tense when time is not We use this tense when time is
relevant. We do not mention it. mentioned. We want to focus on
4. Exercise
Complete the conversations with the present perfect or simple past. Then practice with
a partner.
Student 1: _____________________ your family _____________________ (have) a vacation last year?

Student 2: Yes, we _____________________. We _____________________ (go) to London in May.
Student 1: _____________________ you ever _____________________ (see) the Pyramids?

Student 2: No, I _____________________. I _____________________ always _____________________
(want) to go to Egypt.
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FOR AND SINCE WITH PRESENT PERFECT
We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
• We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
• We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
Examples:
• I have been here for 30 minutes.
• Greg hasn’t called me since May.
5. Exercise
Supply since or for:
a. We have lived there __________________________ two years.

b. The bell has rung __________________________ half an hour.
c. We haven’t spoken Spanish __________________________ last Christmas.
d. I haven’t eaten any meat __________________________ I was a boy.
YET AND ALREADY WITH PRESENT PERFECT

Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present
Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb.
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We
usually put it at the end of a sentence.
Examples:
• We’ve already had our lunch.
• Has the pack arrived yet? - No, it hasn’t arrived yet.
6. Exercise
Supply yet or already:
a. I’ve ____________________________ done my exercises.

b. Have you ____________________________ invited her?
c. Has she left ____________________________?
d. We haven’t finished our homework ____________________________.
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Numbers Listen and practice.
Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers

1- One First
2- Two Second
3- Three Third
4- Four Fourth
5- Five Fifth
6- Six Sixth
7- Seven Seventh
8- Eight Eighth
9- Nine Ninth
10- Ten Tenth
11- Eleven Eleventh
12- Twelve Twelfth
13- Thirteen Thirteenth
20- Twenty Twentieth
30- Thirty Thirtieth
40- Forty Fortieth
50- Fifty Fiftieth
60- Sixty Sixtieth
70- Seventy Seventieth
80- Eighty Eightieth
90- Ninety Ninetieth
100- One hundred One hundredth
1,000- One thousand One thousandth
1,000,000- One million One millionth
Imagine a perfect holiday. Tell your partner at least five things that would
make it perfect. Don’t forget to use the ordinal numbers.
• First...
Separation between hundreds and tens

Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not
necessary).
110 - one hundred and ten
1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty
2,001 - two thousand and one
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Hundreds
Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'.
100 - a hundred / one hundred
'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number.
100 - a hundred / one hundred
2,100 - two thousand, one hundred
Thousands and Millions

Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'.
1,000 - a thousand / one thousand
201,000 - two hundred and one thousand
Use commas as a separator.
57,458,302
dates
THE ORDINAL NUMBER + OF + THE MONTH
15/1 = the 15th of January
When writing dates and numbers, the British and American English differ. To write the
date 7th of September 2007 a Brit would write dd/mm/yy (07/09/07) and an American
would write mm/dd/yy (09/07/07). This often causes great confusion. It's better to write
the date in full (7th September 2007 or September 7th 2007). It also looks nicer.
7. Exercise
Write the dates below.
a. 22/2 ___________________________________________________________
b. 3/12 ___________________________________________________________
c. 8/11 ___________________________________________________________
d. 23/7 ___________________________________________________________
e. 19/1 ___________________________________________________________
Ask your partner the birthdays of 5 people he/she knows.
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8. Reading Listen and practice.
Talking About The Class
Brandon: I didn’t like the class today.
Louise: Of course not. You slept all the time.
Brandon: These last days, the teacher has only taught boring subjects.
Louise: Boring, but important for our lives. Imagine how life would be if men hadn’t discovered
the micro-organisms.
Brandon: I’m seeing that you’re very interested in Biology. Would you help me giving extra
classes?
Louise: Yes, I would. But first you’re going to promise me that you’re going to study hard.
Brandon: Ok, teacher. I wait you at 7.00pm in my house.
9. Interview your classmates. Take notes if they answer yes or no. Follow the
example.
NAME ANSWER
Read a book in one day? Danielle Yes, she has.
Seen a celebrity?
Won an award?
Written a poem?
Stayed up all night?
Climbed a mountain?
Taken dance lessons?
Been abroad?
Studied German?
Found a lot of money?
Had the flu?
Won a contest or competition?
Lost something important?
Taken an exciting trip?
Fallen and hurt yourself?
Broken something valuable?
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30
4 Unit 4
The red cross
Listen and practice
The International Red Cross was founded by a Swiss, Henri Dunant, who invested all of
his fortune in it. In his honor, the symbol adopted by the movement is a red cross on a white
background – the reverse of the Swiss flag.
He had two inspirations to found the Red Cross: the brilliant example of the English Nurse
Florence Nightingale that helped the war-wounded, and his own experience in the battlefield.
Dunant offered the war-wounded medical help and established an
emergency hospital in the village of Castiglione.
Nowadays the Red Cross operates in several countries and
although they work independently, there is an international committee
in Switzerland composed by 25 Swiss citizens which can act as a neutral
intermediary between conflicting nations.
1. Oral questions
• Why the name red cross?

• Which inspirations did Henri Dunant have?
• Tell us about the Red Cross nowadays.
Discussion: Health care
• How is the health care in your country?

• Is the health care in your country getting better or worse?
• Is health care in your country free for some people?
• Do you ever think about health care for when you are old?
• What is health care like for old and poor people in your country?
• Is your country’s health care system in need of reform?
31
grammar
Gra
box THE PAST PERFECT
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
The past perfect tense is used to express an

She lost the key she had bought last
action that happened before the other one
year.
in the past.
Exercise
Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense:
a. I dressed after I ________________________________ (wash).

b. They ________________________________ (do) nothing before they met me.
c. We were sorry that we ________________________________ (hurt) him.
d. They ________________________________ (clean) the room before I called them.
e. The boys ________________________________ (leave) before I arrived.
grammar
Gra
box past simple x past perfect
We use Past Simple if we give past events in

the order in which they occurred. However,
when we look back from a certain time in
the past to tell what had happened before,
we use Past Perfect.
Now complete with the simple past or the past perfect tense:
a. She ______________________ (lose) the book he ______________________ (give) her.

b. After they ______________________ (have) lunch, I ______________________ (wash) the dishes.
c. I ______________________ (see) the film before you ______________________ (talk) about it.
d. He ______________________ (tell) me that he ______________________ (fall) from the tree.
e. I ______________________ (be) very tired because I ______________________ (study) too much.
32
3. READING
Complete the letters with the past perfect.
leave(2) ■ be (4) ■ spend
I’m in France. It’s been an exciting trip! We flew

into Paris about a week ago and stayed in a youth
The trip to Brazil was fine except that our flight
hostel. After we _______________ _______________
arrived late. By the time we landed in Rio, our
two nights there, we decided to catch a TGV to
connecting flight to São Paulo _______________
the south of France. Unfortunately we overslept,
_______________. Luckily I have a friend who lives in
and when we got to the station, the train
Rio, and we were able to stay there overnight. The
_______________ already _______________. But I’m
city is absolutely amazing! My travel companions
kind of glad. Paris is very cool!
_______________ _______________ there before, so
they knew what to expect, but I was just stunned
by the beauty of the place.
I’m really enjoying studying Chinese in Beijing.

I still can’t believe I’m here! When our Chinese
teacher first recommended the exchange
program, I said “Yes” immediately. Until last
week, I _______________ never _______________
to another country and _______________ never
even _______________ on an airplane. In fact, I
_______________ only _______________ away from
home two times. I’m going to have fun but I’m
also taking my studies seriously.
My Last Dream
Generally I don’t remember my dreams. As soon as I wake up, my mind comes to the
reality and I forget that I had just finished to sleep for hours.
Sometimes, I remember perfectly what I dreamed. The last time I dreamed, I was eaten
by an alligator and before someone helped me, this wild animal had chewed all my bones. All
this happened because I had entered in a big forest full of lions, tigers, and alligators.
But when I was fighting against this animal, suddenly I woke up and breathed smoothly:
My God, I was saved!
Do you remember your last dream? Share part of the story with a classmate.
(Use some sentences in the past perfect).
33
5. Match the information to make complete sentences.
1. After our plane had landed, _____ a. we learned they had lost our reservation.
2. We found out the train had left, _____ b. until I decided to study abroad.
3. When we got to the hotel, _____ c. before I had finished eating my meal.
4. I had never really traveled, _____ d. we waited an hour for our luggage.
5. The waiter took my plate, _____ e. I noticed I had left my pass at home.
6. As I stepped onto the bus, _____ f. ten minutes before we got to the station.
6. Complete the conversation with information about you.
Student 1: Where did you go on your last vacation?

Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________________________.
Student 1: Was it your first time there?

Student 2: (Yes/No) ____________________________________________________________________ before.
Student 1: Where did you stay?

Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________________________.
Student 1: Had you stayed there before?

Student 2: (Yes/No) ____________________________________________________________________ before.
Complete the sentences…
• When I arrived at the movies…

• By the time I woke up…
• When I turned on my TV…
• I had never travelled…
• I didn’t get good grades because…
7. READING
Read the first part of this short story.
Matt had just finished watching the late news when there was a knock at the door.
“That’s strange,” he said to himself. “Who can it be at this time of night?” He opened the
door. A young girl was staring at him.
“Matt Warren?” she asked.
“Yes?” he said.
“Great!” she said. “I’m Toni. Can I come in?”
“Come in?” repeated Matt. “Who are you?”
“I’m your cousin from Canada. I wrote you a letter. Didn’t you get it?”
Matt hadn’t received any letter. Actually, he had never received a letter from Canada in
his life. Before he said anything, she had walked past him into the apartment.
“Just a second.” Matt said
“What are you doing?”
34
Answer the questions according to the story above.
• Was Matt expecting a visitor?

• Did he know the woman?
• Did she know him?
In pairs or small groups discuss what happens next. Include the information
below:
• They go somewhere to talk.
• Toni explains why Matt didn’t know about her.
• Matt finds out some strange family secrets.
In pairs or small groups make up the end of the story answering the questions:
• How long did Toni stay?

• Did they arrange to meet again?
• Did Matt ever visit her in Canada?
35
36
5 Unit 5
The moon walk
Listen and practice
After a four-day journey, the three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael
Collins reached the Moon on July 20th, 1969.
While Michael Collins piloted the command module round the
Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed in a lunar module at a
place called the Sea of Tranquility.
Neil Armstrong was the first to leave the module and when his
left foot stepped on the surface of the Moon said: “That’s one small step
for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. After nineteen minutes Aldrin
joined Armstrong outside the module.
Because of the weaker gravity of the Moon they could jump easily and everything
weighted about one-sixth of its normal weight. The surface of the Moon is empty, almost flat,
with a lot of craters, gray and white, yet Armstrong described it as having a beauty of its own.
After 2 hours and 21 minutes they entered the lunar module and started their journey back to
Earth.
1. Oral questions:
• When did the astronauts reach the Moon?

• Which of them piloted the module while the others were landing?
• What’s the famous sentence of Neil Armstrong?
• What happened because of the gravity?
Discussion: Moon
• What images spring to mind when you hear the word ‘moon’?
37
grammar
Gra
box future PERFECT
WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The future perfect expresses an action that

will be concluded in the future, but before a Before they come, we will have
point in the future. We also use this tense to cleaned up the room.
express situations that will last for a specified
period of time at a definite moment in the By the next year, I will have known
future. The last use is to express certainty Barbara for 30 years.
that an action was completed.
3. Exercise
Complete these sentences with the future perfect.
a. The plane ____________________________________ (land) by 4 o’clock.

b. They ____________________________________ (meet) her tomorrow at this time.
c. She ____________________________________ (be) in this town for two years next June.
d. We ____________________________________ (learn) our lessons by tomorrow.
grammar
Gra
box future CONTINUOUS
WILL + BE + VERB + ING
We mainly use it to indicate that we will be in

In an hour, I will be sitting in front
the middle of doing something in a specified
of my TV.
time in the future.
4. Exercise
Complete these sentences with the future continuous.
a. William ___________________________________________ (not/come) soon. He is at the school. b)

b. ______________________ you ______________________ (come) home before or after 10 p.m.?
c. We ___________________________________________ (have) lunch this time tomorrow.
38
Imagine that you're a businessman with a busy day tomorrow. Write 4 things that you
will be doing tomorrow. Start with 8a.m. Example.: "I will be going to a conference
tomorrow at 10 a.m."
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
grammar
Gra
box FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING
We use it to express situations that will last

for a specified period of time at a definite Before my parents come, we will
moment in the future. We also use this have been cleaning the apartment
tense to express certainty about the cause for 5 hours.
of some future situation.
5. Exercise
Change the verb into the future perfect continuous:
a. By midnight, you ________________________________ (dance) for 4 hours.

b. By dinner, she ________________________________ (cook) the whole afternoon.
c. He ________________________________ (work) there for 10 years by 2015.
d. By next year, I ________________________________ (study) English for 7 years.
When I'll Grow Up
Cindy: Joe, what will you do when you grow up?

Joe: I will be an astronaut, and I’ll probably work at another planet.
Cindy: Another planet! Are you getting crazy?
Joe: No, I’m not Cindy. I’ve read in magazines and newspapers that soon the men will reach
other planets. For example, at 2050 the men will have gone many times to Mars.
Cindy: That’s great! But at this time I will have gotten some rankles on my face.
Joe: Too bad! I think I still will be a handsome guy!
Cindy: Oh, Joe!
39
40
6 Unit 6
The White house
Listen and practice
Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer, who was the author of the plans for the city of
Washington, D.C., knew this city would become the capital of an important country. So
he designed the buildings in a Greek style giving an impression of greatness.
During the war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812 the British burned
the president’s house leaving only walls standing. The house was then painted white, giving the
mansion its name.
The White House has two floors. Most of the furniture on the first floor, which is used
for receptions, is of French 18th century influence. The second floor is the president’s private
residence. The room where Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Act – by which all slaves
became free – is still as it used to be.
1. Oral questions:
• Who was Pierre L’Efant and what did he do?

• What happened during the war between the United States and Great Britain?
• Describe the White House.
Discussion: USA
• What are the good things and bad things about the USA?
• What are the differences between the USA and your country?
• Would you like to visit the USA, or live there?
41
grammar
Gra
box REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
MYSELF OURSELVES
YOURSELF YOURSELVES
HIMSELF THEMSELVES
HERSELF
ITSELF
We use a reflexive pronoun when we want

I saw myself in the mirror.
to refer back to the subject of the sentence
or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self"
We blame ourselves.
(singular) or "-selves" (plural).
By + Reflexive Pronouns Idiomatically, meaning ALONE/WITHOUT HELP
• I live by myself. = I live alone.
The Reflexive Pronouns can be used to give emphasis
• She talked to the President herself (emphasis in the subject)

• She talked to the President himself (emphasis in the object)
3. Exercise
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns.
a. He _______________________________________ prefers to cook lunch.

b. The boys cut _______________________________________ in the garden.
c. I hurt _______________________________________ during the game.
d. The old woman likes to live by _______________________________________.
e. Behave _______________________________________ children.
f. She _______________________________________ is responsible for the children.
g. We saw the king _______________________________________ in the park.
Let’s suppose you’re in a “monologue”. What would you say to yourself?
42
grammar
Gra
box RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHO WHERE
WHOM WHOSE
WHICH THAT
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that

introduces a relative clause. It is called a The person who phoned me last ni-
"relative" pronoun because it "relates" ght is my teacher.
to the word that it modifies.
More Examples:
The place where I live is far from here.

A thief is a person who steals things.
An airplane is a machine that flies.
The car which hit me was yellow.
The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend.
The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.
4. Supply all possible relative pronouns.
a. He was speaking about the books and the writes _______________________________ he likes.
b. The man to _______________________________ you gave the money has died.
c. The table on _______________________________ you put your shoes cost 300 dollars.
d. My mother knows everything _______________________________ is written in this book.
e. All _______________________________ glitter is not gold.
f. There is the lady _______________________________ car has been stolen.
g. Porto de Galinhas is the kind of beach _______________________________ many tourists go to.
h. I broke the vase in _______________________________ you had put the flowers.
5. Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a
relative pronoun.
He invented the telephone they were on the wall

It cannot be explained they stole my car
a. The Police have caught the man ____________________________________________

b. Alexander Bell was the man ____________________________________________
c. A mystery is something ____________________________________________
d. What happened to the pictures ____________________________________________
43
6. Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative pronoun
is an object, it can be omitted.
a. That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. What's the name of the book? You want me to read it.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Who’s your closest friend? How did you meet?

• Do you have any friends that you met through other friends?
• Do you keep in touch with any of the friends you grew up with?
• Do you have any friends who have exciting lives? Explain why.
• Do you have friends you chat with online? Where do they live?
• Do you have any friends who are very different from you? How are they different?
What a Beautiful Day
When the sun rises in the mountains

I open my window
And let him come in
I see the beauty of the flowers
Like I have never seen
I prepare myself some coffee

The children wake up themselves
Toast, milk and honey
The family around the table
It values more than money
We go out through the gardens

We can see the butterflies
The heat warms our hearts
And the peace passes by
44
7 Unit 7
Pablo picasso
Listen and practice
In 1906, Picasso had to paint a picture of a lady who visited the painter’s studio
eighty or ninety times while he was painting her picture.
While he painted, they talked about everything in the world that interested them.
One day Picasso erased the painted head and said, “When I look at you I can’t see
you anymore”.
After some months he returned to the unfinished picture in the corner of the studio and
completed the face from memory. When the people complained that the painting didn’t look
like her, Picasso said, “Too bad she’ll have to change to look like the picture”. Later the lady
declared that Picasso’s painting was only a true picture of hers.
Picasso said a camera can make a more exact picture than a painter. What great painters
should do is give us a view of life through their eyes and every man’s view is different.
• What Picasso had to do in 1906?

• Did the woman like her picture?
• What’s Picasso’s opinion about the art of painting?
Discussion: Art
• How great is your interest in art?

• Do you like modern art?
• Do you ever think a lot of art is not really art?
• What kind of art do you like – paintings, sculpture, ceramics, etc?
• Do you think anyone can be an artist or do you need a special talent?
45
grammar
Gra
box REPORTED SPEECH
If we report what another person has

said, we usually do not use the speaker’s
exact words (direct speech), but reported
(indirect) speech. Therefore, you need Sue said: “I studied yesterday.”
to learn how to transform direct speech
into reported speech. The structure is a Sue said she had studied the day before.
little different depending on whether you
want to transform a statement, question
or request.
STRUCTURE
Direct speech Reported speech

He said 'I live in Paris.’ He said he lived in Paris.
He said 'I am cooking dinner.' He said he was cooking dinner.
He said 'I have visited London twice.' He said he had visited London twice.
He said he had gone to New York the week
He said ‘I went to New York last week.'
before
He said 'I had already eaten.’ He said he had already eaten.
He said 'I am going to find a new job.’ He said he was going to find a new job.
He said 'I will give Jack a call'. He said he would give Jack a call.
He said 'I have been working on that project He said he had been working on that project
for over two weeks.’ for over two weeks.
He said 'I can come tonight.’ He said he could come that night.
He said 'I may buy a new car.' He said he might buy a new car.
He said 'I might go to Denver.' He said he might go to Denver.
He said 'I must give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call.
He said 'I have to give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call.
He said 'I should see a doctor.' He said he should see a doctor.
3. Exercise
Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is
sometimes not necessary.
a. Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday."

Peter told me that _____________________________________________________________________________
46
b. Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."
Helen told me that _____________________________________________________________________________
c. Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend."

Patricia said that _______________________________________________________________________________
d. Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."

Andrew remarked that ________________________________________________________________________
4. READING & DISCUSSION

Read the information and then discuss the questions below.
I read an interesting interview with a Spanish

There’s an eye-opening article about how rock star in Spinning Rock magazine. She usually
much soccer players earn in this week’s issue records her songs in English, but she told the
of Scoreboard. One player said that he made interviewer that from now on she would only
more than $200,000 a week! When the reporter sing in Spanish. When asked why she wanted
asked him if he was worth that much money, he to do this, she explained that she was tired of
replied, “Of course I am! Ronaldo earns twice as singing in English. “I’m going to change,” she
much as I do, and I’m half as good as he is!” said, “even if it means that fewer people buy
my CDs.”
Did you see the review of the new Pirates of

the Caribbean movie in Five Star magazine?
Apparently there’s a really famous Asian
actor who turned down the lead role in the
original! The reviewer said that the actor really
regretted his decision because the film was
such a success. She also said that while she had
enjoyed the original, the performances in the
sequel were even better.
Report the following answers about the information above.
• What did the soccer player say about how much money he earns?
• What did the rock star mention she would do from now on?
• What did the reviewer find out about the famous Asian actor?
In pairs, discuss the questions below.
•What did the soccer player, rock star, and reviewer actually say? Do the people
described remind you of any stars?
47
Use the paragraph to write a conversation. Then practice it with a partner.
The reporter asked the officer what was going on. He said that there had been
a robbery. She asked him if there were any suspects. He said that they had
arrested someone. She asked him if he would give her the person’s name.
He explained that he could not. She asked him when he would have more
information. He said that he wasn’t sure. He told her he hoped to close the
case soon.
Reporter: What’s going on?

Officer: There has been a robbery.
Reporter: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Officer: _________________________________________________________________________________________
Reporter: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Officer: _________________________________________________________________________________________
Reporter: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Officer: _________________________________________________________________________________________
Reading and writing
Read this short extract about a funny incident in the park. Once you have finished,
answer the reading comprehension questions and complete the reported speech activity.
Continue to the next page for answers.
Guess Who / Bumped Into?
Tim wandered along the path thinking aloud, "If I continue this diet I should
lose twenty pounds by the end of..." when BOOM! and bumped into another
city dweller out for a day's walk in the park. "I'm terribly sorry", he apologized.
"I was so caught up in my thoughts I didn't see you!" he managed to stammer.
Smiling, Sheila responded, "It's OK. Nothing's broken... No really, I wasn't
watching my step either." Suddenly they both stopped making excuses and
stared at each other. "Don't I know you from somewhere?" inquired Tim while
Sheila exclaimed, "You're Tim, Jack's brother, aren't you?!" They both began to
laugh as they had met each other the week before at a party that Jack had given.
Still laughing, Tim suggested, "Why don't we have a cup a coffee and donut?" to
which Sheila replied, "I thought you wanted to continue your diet!" They both
were still laughing by the time they reached the Swimming Donut cafe.
48
Comprehension Questions
a. Why did Tim bump into Sheila?

( ) He was on a diet.
( ) He wasn't paying attention.
( ) He was writing his thoughts down.
b. Whose fault was the incident?

( ) Tim's
( ) Sheila's
( ) It's not clear.
c. Where did they first meet?

( ) In the park
( ) At the Swimming Donut
( ) At Tim's Brother's house
d. Why was Tim's suggestion funny?

( ) He was supposedly on a diet.
( ) The name of the cafe was strange.
( ) They were on a walk and there were no donuts in the park.
Later that day Sheila reported the story to her friend Mike. Fill in the blanks with reported
(indirect) speech using the text above.
As he was walking down the path Tim said if he _____________ diet he

_____________ lose twenty pounds. We bumped into each other. He apologized
saying he _____________ terribly sorry. I told him it _____________ OK, that nothing
broken. Tim said he _____________ so caught up in _____________ thoughts that
he _____________. He seemed embarrassed, so I added that I _____________ my
step either. At that moment we recognized each other! He asked me if he
_____________ from somewhere. I then remembered that he was Jack's brother.
We both had a good laugh and then he invited me to have a cup of coffee and
a donut. We had a great time together.
Clark: I may go to the beach this weekend.

Jill: Oh really, can I go with you?
Clark: If it’s not raining, you can come with me. It must be great to play soccer in the beach.
Jill: Well, I don’t know how to play soccer. I prefer volleyball. I think you should learn to play
volleyball.
Clark: My mom used to take me to the volleyball classes when I was a boy. But when I grew up
I realized that I love soccer.
Jill: That’s nice. So I hope you’ll be a professional soccer player.
49
50
8 Unit 8
Christmas
Listen and practice
When I was a child, my dad used to tell me stories about the Christmas. And every
December, when there was much snow on the streets and the cold was too intense, I used to
open my window hoping that Santa Claus would come and left a Christmas gift for me.
But the thing I liked most in my childhood at Christmas time was the peace and happiness
that any child can feel at this time of the year.
Once, my mom told me that we were going to spend the Christmas
at my grandmother’s house and I was too happy, because I knew the family
would be together and certainly, we would have a special dinner: turkey,
wine for adults, and some delicious desserts. Besides, my grandma always
placed a very Beautiful Christmas tree in the middle of the living room. Oh,
how I miss the Christmas in my childhood!
1. Oral questions:
• What’s the best Christmas you’ve ever had?

• Have your feelings towards Christmas changed since you were a child?
• What do you usually do on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day?
• Is Christmas too commercial nowadays?
51
grammar
Gra
box CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
First Conditional: Real Possibility
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE FUTURE

SIMPLE FUTURE, IF + SIMPLE PRESENT
We are talking about the future. We are thinking

If I see Tony I will invite him.
about a particular condition or situation in the
future, and the result of this condition. There is
What will you do if it rains tomorrow?
a real possibility that this condition will happen.
Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility or Dream
IF + SIMPLE PAST, WOULD

WOULD, IF + SIMPLE PAST
We are still thinking about the future. We are

thinking about a particular condition in the If I married Kelly I would be happy.
future, and the result of this condition. But there
is not a real possibility that this condition will Would you be happy if I came to see you?
happen.
Third Condition: No Possibility
IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE, IF + PAST PERFECT
We talk about a condition in the past that did not If I had called her she would have known
happen. That is why there is no possibility for it all.
this condition. The third conditional is also like
a dream, but with no possibility of the dream He would have been sad if he hadn’t
coming true. passed his exam.
3. Oral exercise
According to the first conditional, answer in pairs.
What will you do if…
• You have time this weekend?
• It doesn’t rain?
• You get a visa?
• You get a bad grade?
• You see your best friend tonight?
52
According to the second conditional, answer in pairs.
What would you do if…
• You were the leader of your country?

• Someone offered you your dream job?
• You could live anywhere in the world?
• You didn’t have to be in class right now?
• You were a millionaire?
Complete the statements with information about you according to the third
conditional.
• If I had studied harder…
• If I had read more books…
• If my parents had let me…
• If I hadn’t studied English…
• I would’ve talked to him if…

• My mom wouldn’t have let me go if…
• You would’ve come late if…
• I wouldn’t have traveled if…
4. READING & DISCUSSION
1. While Carl was waiting for Andrew, he picked 2. Andy came out of a busy subway station
up a handmade mug. It slipped out of his hands, and saw a wallet on the ground. He picked it
fell on the floor, and broke. He picked up the up and opened it. Inside he found a card with
pieces and tried to put them back together. the owner’s name and address. He knew the
When Andrew’s father came in, he didn’t notice place because it was near where he lived. He
that it was missing. Carl went home and tried to decided to take it directly there. He passed a
glue the pieces, but it looked terrible. police station on the way, but decided not to
go inside.
3. Beth was at the supermarket. As she was standing in the fruit

section, she saw an old man picking up an apple and taking a bite.
The man looked at Beth, and put it into his pocket. Beth went and
told the store manager that there was someone stealing fruit, but
she left the store without describing the man.
What would you have done in each situation?
53
Choose one of the situations. Ask your classmate what he/she would have
done. Take notes.
Situation:
Me
Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
When Jesus was born, the world was happy because the king of the kings came
to the world to save every soul from the darkness. Jesus didn’t come to the rich,
but to the poor people. Indeed he was born in an old horn in a little town called
Nazareth. His parents used a donkey, and not a horse, to take him to Egypt,
where He would be kept away from the bad king Herodes. Three foreign kings
from the orient came to visit him and gave him gifts to welcome the king of the
kings. In fact, we don’t know if Jesus was born in December, but just about all
the Christians have chosen this time of the year to mark Jesus’ birth.
54
Exercises - unit 1
1. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.
a. She is good at ______________________ (dance) .

b. He is crazy about ______________________ (sing).
c. I don't like ______________________ (play) cards.
d. They are afraid of ______________________ (swim) in the sea.
e. You should give up ______________________ (smoke).
f. Sam dreams of ______________________ (be) a pop star.
g. He is interested in ______________________ (make) friends.
h. My uncle is afraid of ______________________ (go) by plane.
i. We insist on ______________________ (cook) the dinner ourselves.
j. Thank you so much for ______________________ (be) by my side.
2. Complete with gerund or infinitive.
Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, and
he tended to avoid ________________ (work) whenever he could. In the middle of the semester,
his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri intended ________________
(do) the assignment, but he postponed ________________ (write) it for a week. The following
week, he forgot ________________ (do) it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly
remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried ________________ (read) as much as possible
on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered (ask) for more time to do his
paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided
________________ (cheat) and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on
the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following
week, he was alarmed ________________ (see) the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is
this your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied ________________ (copy)
the paper. "If you expect me ________________ (believe) that, you must be very stupid," said the
professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really
think I would forget ________________ (write) it?"
3. A gerund or an infinitive? Change the verb in brackets into the correct form (note
that in some cases both forms can be correct).
a. My reasons for _______________ (accept) the position are well known.

b. My parents don't allow my sister _______________ (eat) much candy.
c. The frozen lake is likely _______________ (melt) soon.
d. We enjoy _______________ (watch) movies.
e. The opportunity _______________ (see) Rome excited her.
f. We hope _______________ (be) ready soon.
g. This teacher doesn't permit students _______________ (speak) in class.
h. The doctor advised _______________ (rest) a couple of days.
i. We don't permit _______________ (park) outside.
55
4. Use the words below to complete the sentences by making suggestions with Let’s:
Have a rest ■ go for a drink ■ go and see it ■ go inside

■ do another exercise ■ ask someone for help
a. I’m thirsty. Let’s __________________________________________________

b. It’s very hot. __________________________________________________
c. There’s a good film playing in theaters. __________________________________________________
d. I need more practice. __________________________________________________
e. I’m tired. __________________________________________________
f. We’re lost. __________________________________________________
5. Complete the sentences with the infinitive of the verbs in brackets with or without
to:
a. Please, let me _______________ here. (study)

b. I cannot _______________ to do that. (agree)
c. We could do nothing but _______________ quiet. (be)
d. They told me _______________ down. (sit)
e. I made him _______________ the letter. (answer)
f. He didn’t know how _______________ in front of her. (behave)
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an
American author, essayist, lecturer and humorist who wrote a
series of famous books including Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Mark's first important
work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was
first published in the New York Saturday Press and became a
bestseller within a short span of time.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri in
the United States and died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910 in Redding in Connecticut
and now rests at the Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York, where his wife and
other children were buried.
Mark Twain Timeline:
1835- Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on 30 November 1835.

1847- Mark’s father John Clemens died of pneumonia in 1847.
1851- Mark took a job of typesetter in 1851.
1857- He traveled to New Orleans and became an apprentice cub river pilot.
1858- He earned his license as a pilot.
1863- Mark wrote the first humorous account of his travel.
56
1867- He traveled to Europe and the Middle East.
1869- He wrote first travels letters, known as the Innocent Abroad.
1868- Mark Twain first met Olivia Livy Langdon in 1868.
1870- Mark married Olivia in 1870.
1871- They moved to Hartford.
1888- Mark Twain was awarded the Master of Art degree from Yale University.
1895- He set off on a world tour to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand.
1896- His daughter Susy died of meningitis in 1896.
1901- Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree.
1904- His wife Olivia died.
1907- He received the same award from Oxford University in 1907.
1908- Mark moved to his home in Redding, Connecticut in 1908.
1909- His daughter Jean died in 1909.
1910- Mark twain died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910.
Adapted from: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mark-twain-64.php
1. Have you heard of Mark Twain?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What were his remarkable books?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. When and where was Twain born?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Who was he married to?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What did he die of?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
57
58
Exercises - unit 2
1. Rewrite the sentences using passive voice.
a. Julia rescued three cats.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. They play handball.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. The girls had lost the match.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Steven has forgotten the book.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Rewrite the given sentences in passive voice.
a. She bought four apples.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. We won the match.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. The man stole the blue car.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. The police arrested the thieves.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Jack swam the 200 meters.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
f. The dog bit the old lady.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
g. Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
h. Oliver taught the children.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
i. Victoria rode the brown horse.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
j. Grandmother told good stories.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Put the correct form of the verb in the gaps into the Passive. Use the verb and the
tense given in brackets.
a. The words by the teacher today. (to explain - Simple Present)

________________________________________________________________________
b. We a letter the day before yesterday. (to send - Simple Past)

________________________________________________________________________
c. This car . It's too old. (not/to steal - will-future)

________________________________________________________________________
d. This street because of snow. (already/to close - Present Perfect)

________________________________________________________________________
e. A new restaurant next week. (to open - will-future)

________________________________________________________________________
4. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
a. I can answer the question. _____________________________________________

b. She would carry the box. _____________________________________________
c. You should open the window. _____________________________________________
d. We might play cards. _____________________________________________
e. You ought to wash the car. _____________________________________________
f. He must fill in the form. _____________________________________________
g. They need not buy bread. _____________________________________________
h. He could not read the sentence. _____________________________________________
i. Will the teacher test our English? _____________________________________________
j. Could Jenny lock the door? _____________________________________________
5. Please put the correct passive form into the box.
a. Many people begin new projects in January.

New projects ______________________ by many people in January.
b. They called the customers yesterday afternoon.

The customers ______________________ yesterday afternoon.
c. We will give you a discount if you buy 100.

A discount ______________________ if you buy 100.
d. I have improved the presentation.

The presentation ______________________.
e. The president of the company is listening to his proposal.

His proposal ______________________ to by the president of the company.
60
The World’s Most Visited City
Paris is the capital city of France. It is situated on the River Seine,
in northern France, at the heart of the Ile-de-France region.
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is “The City of
Lights”. It represents world’s number one tourist destination.
More than half of all Paris’ visitors, 55% come from foreign
countries such as: United Kingdom, The United States, Germany,
Italy and Japan. The places considered to be the most popular
in Paris are the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre. In addition the
capital of France is extremely popular for housing international
conferences as well as various trade shows. A number of convention centers can be
found in the city. One of the most popular convention centers is entitled the Palais
des Congrès at Porte Maillot, located northwest of the Arc
de Triomphe.
Paris is also famous for its restaurants that specialize in
dishes from all regions of France. Finally, no visit to Paris is
complete without a visit to the famous stores that specializes
in clothes, fashion, and beauty.
Visit the city and live the experience for yourself.
Adapted from: http://www.bizaims.com/content/paris-worlds-most-visited-city-leisure-and-statistics
1. Check True or False:
a. Paris is the biggest city in France. _________

b. You can ride a horse in Centre Pompidou. _________
c. The River Seine goes through Paris. _________
d. Paris restaurants specialize in international food. _________
e. Paris is famous for its clothes stores. _________
2. Have you ever gone to Paris? If so, how is it there?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Would you like to visit Paris? Why (not)?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think Paris is the world’s most visited city?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
61
62
Exercises - unit 3
1. Complete the sentences with the verbs in The Present Perfect tense.
a. She ___________________ (buy) a new dress.

b. He ___________________ (drink) a glass of milk.
c. They ___________________ (cook) dinner.
d. William and Sue ___________________ (play) chess with me.
e. Mrs Dean ___________________ (clean) the house.
f. My parents ___________________ (visit) my grandparents.
g. We ___________________ (wash) our hair.
h. Sue ___________________ (study) a lot for the test.
i. Emily ___________________ (swim) in the sea.
j. Vera ___________________ (live) in Paris for a long time.
2. Simple Past or Present Perfect? Choose the best option and write it down.
a. I ______________________________ this letter to Mary yesterday. (write)

b. Gery ______________________________ her sister’s car for 10 years. (drive)
c. We ______________________________ this TV set since 1945, and it still works! (own)
d. Junko ______________________________ to Sweden 5 years ago. (travel)
e. I ______________________________ him last night. (see)
f. They ______________________________ to England in 1984.(go)
g. I can't find my keys. I ______________________________ them.(lose)
h. Annette ______________________________ many books and is writing another one now. (write)
i. We don't know where he ______________________________. No-one can find him. (go)
j. They ______________________________ their friends in New Zealand two years ago. (visit)
k. I ______________________________ him in hospital three times this month. (visit)
l. We ______________________________ bad weather last week. (have)
m. We ______________________________ great weather this week. (have)
n. I ______________________________ to Spain yet. (not/be)
3. Fill in the gaps with since or for.
a. I haven't been to Erika's house _______________________ May.

b. Lucas has worked in the bank _______________________ five years.
c. I have known him _______________________ I was six.
d. It has rained _______________________ more than three days.
e. They have been married _______________________ 1999.
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
a. I don't know where Amy is. _______________________ (you see) her?

b. When I _______________________ (get) home last night I _______________________ (be) very tired.
c. Your car looks very clean. _______________________ (you wash) it?
63
d. John _______________________ (not be) very well last week.
e. Mr Clark _______________________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
f. Molly lives in Dublin. She _______________________ (live) there all her life.
g. _______________________ (you go) to the cinema last night?
h. 8, My grandfather _______________________ (die) 30 years ago.
i. I don't know Carol's husband . I _______________________ (never meet) him.
j. Where do you live? In Boston. How long _______________________ (you live) there? 5 years. Where
_______________________ (you live) before? Chicago. And how long _______________________ (you
live) there? 2 years.
5. Match the columns.
a. 14th ( ) hundredth
b. 55th ( ) twentieth
c. 100th ( ) fifty-fifth
d. 80th ( ) thirty-first
e. 1000th ( ) Fourteenth
f. 43rd ( ) twenty-second
g. 20th ( ) forty-third
h. 22nd ( ) eightieth
i. 12th ( ) thousandth
j. 31st ( ) twelfth
Music
Listen to the music and fill in the blanks.
Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For (U2) But I still haven't found what I'm looking for
But I still haven't found what I'm looking for
I ________________ highest mountains
I ________________ through the fields I believe in the Kingdom Come
Only to be with you Then all the colors will bleed into one
Only to be with you Bleed into one
I have run But yes I'm still running
I ________________
I ________________ these city walls You broke the bonds
These city walls And you loosed the chains Carried the cross
Only to be with you Of my shame Oh my shame
You know I believe it
But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for
I ________________ honey lips But I still haven't found what I'm looking for
Felt the healing in her fingertips
It burned like a fire
This burning desire
I ________________ with the tongue of angels

I ________________ the hand of a devil
It was warm in the night
I was cold as a stone
64
Exercises - unit 4
1. Complete with the simple past or the past perfect.
a. Mary __________________ (go) into the room, __________________ (sit) down and __________________
(discovered) that someone __________________ (smoke) some cigarrettes because the ashtray
(be) full .
b. The match already __________________ (finish) when we __________________ (arrive), so we

__________________ (can) find a nice place to park our car. Our friend Thomas __________________
already __________________ (tell) us that it __________________ (be) very difficult to find a place on
match days.
c. Those Congolese children __________________ never __________________ (see) the sea, so they
__________________ (find) it very impressive.
d. Someone __________________ (pick up) all the oranges, because the trees __________________
(be) empty.
e. Nobody __________________ (tell) us the temperatures were going to be so low, so we

__________________ (not bring) warm clothes .
2. Choose the best option.
a. When I got to Mary's, George had gone.

( ) George left after I arrived.
( ) George left before I arrived.
b. The children had got up when their father arrived.
( ) The children were already up before the father arrived.
( ) The children got up after the father arrived.
c. The children got up when their father arrived.
( ) The children were up before their father arrived.
( ) The children got up after their father arrived.
d. When they heard the news, Rob and Chris left.
( ) Rob and Chris left before they heard the news.
( ) Rob and Chris left after they heard the news.
e. When they heard the news, Rob and Chris had left.
( ) Rob and Chris heard the news and then left.
( )The news came after Rob and Chris left.
3. Past simple or past perfect?
a. He ______________ (work) in a supermarket before he ______________ (work) as a postman.

b. She ______________ (feed) the dog as soon as she ______________ (do) her homework.
c. My sister ______________ (live) in England before she ______________ (move) to Belgium.
65
d. After he ______________ (eat) all the sandwiches he ______________ (drink) some orange juice.
e. We ______________ (be) tired because we ______________ (work) all day.
f. As I ______________ (miss) the bus I ______________ (walk) home again.
g. After they ______________ (install) the file they ______________ (can) go on working.
h. He ______________ (just start) to watch TV when the telephone ______________ (ring).
i. Before she ______________ (go) to bed she ______________ (listen) to her favourite CD.
j. After he ______________ (lose) all his money he ______________ (be) poor as a church mouse.
4. Write the verbs in Past Perfect Simple. Use the negative form.
a. In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I ______________ (see / not) for ages.
b. The thief could walk right into the house because you ______________ (lock / not) the door.
c. We lost the match because we ______________ (practise / not) the days before.
d. At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he ______________ (do / not) .
e. We ate at a restaurant last night because I ______________ (buy / not) anything for dinner.
5. Make the past perfect simple - 'wh' or 'yes/no' questions
a. __________________ (you/go) there before we went together?

b. __________________ (she/see) the film already?
c. Why __________________ (he/forget) about the meeting?
d. __________________ (it/be) cold all week?
e. __________________ (I/read) the book before the class?
66
Exercises - unit 5
1. Change the verb into the correct form (future perfect):
a. By this time tomorrow, I ________________________ (finish) the project.

b. By 8 o'clock, the kids ________________________ (fall) asleep.
c. By tomorrow morning, he ________________________ (sleep) wonderfully.
d. By next year, she ________________________ (receive) her promotion.
e. Robin ________________________ (sell) his car by next Sunday.
2. Create sentences using the future perfect, future continuous and future perfect
continuous. Use the expressions below.
Future perfect:
a. Next week: _________________________________________________
b. By 8 o’clock: ________________________________________________
Future continuous:
c. By tomorrow: ______________________________________________
d. Tonight: ____________________________________________________
Future perfect continuous:

e. For 2 hours: ________________________________________________
f. For five years:_______________________________________________
3. Put the verbs into the correct form (future continuous).
a. At midnight we ________________________ (sleep).

b. This time next week we ________________________ (sit) at the beach.
c. At nine I ________________________ (watch) the news.
d. Tonight we ________________________ (cram up) for our English test.
e. They ________________________ (dance) all night.
f. He ________________________ (not / play) all afternoon.
g. I ________________________ (not / work) all day.
h. ________________________ (eat / you) at six?
i. ________________________ (drive / she) to London?
j. ________________________ (fight / they) again?
4. Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect continuous):
a. By the end of this month we ________________________ (live) together for six years.
b. By the end of the term she ________________________ (study) for nine years.
c. By midnight we ________________________ (play) this computer game for 48 hours.
d. She ________________________ (talk) on the phone for the last couple of hours.
e. They ________________________ (look for) me all night long.
f. He ________________________ (play) soccer all day long.
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5. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses:
Future continuous or future perfect continuous.
Simona: Margaret is really going to speak Spanish well when she gets back from that
language school in Mexico.
Isabelle: Hopefully! She ________________________ (take) classes for more than six months.
Simona: She is going to be able to speak Spanish with some of our Latin American clients.
Isabelle: Good. Two clients from Peru ________________________ (visit) us next month when
Margaret returns. We need someone to entertain them while they are here.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jason: I am leaving!
Nurse: If you would please wait, the doctor will be with you in ten minutes. The doctor is
having some problems with a patient.
Jason: The doctor was having problems with that patient an hour ago. If I wait another ten
minutes, I am sure he ________________________ (have, still) problems with her. By the time he's
finally ready to see me, I ________________________ (wait) for more than two hours.
68
Exercises - unit 6
1. Fill in each gap with the correct reflexive pronoun.
a. My sister doesn't like _____________________ very much.

b. John spends hours looking at _____________________ in the mirror.
c. Mary is a person with lots of problems. Sometimes she even hurts _____________________.
d. I like Peter, but I wish he didn't spend so much time talking about _____________________.
e. Did you do this all by _____________________?
f. We enjoyed _____________________ very much at the party.
g. I don't like them at all. They want everything for _____________________.
h. Why are you standing? Find some chairs for _____________________ and sit down.
i. Last week he cut _____________________ with a knife.
j. I answer all my letters _____________________.
2. Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
a. This is the bank ________________ was robbed yesterday.

b. A boy ________________ sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
c. The man ________________ robbed the bank had two pistols.
d. He wore a mask ________________ made him look like Mickey Mouse.
e. He came with a friend ________________ waited outside in the car.
f. The woman ________________ gave him the money was young.
g. This is the car ________________ owner is a doctor.
h. Lucas is a boy ________________ takes good pictures.
i. The skate ________________ I found is black.
3. Who or which?
a. Did you take the chair _________________ was in the room?

b. Give me the book _________________ is on the table.
c. The girl _________________ is standing there is Fatou.
d. That's the dog _________________ barks all the time.
e. A baker is a person _________________ makes bread.
f. This is the pen _________________ I bought last week.
g. Frank is the man _________________ I met yesterday.
4. Who or whose?
a. _____________________ book is it?

b. _____________________ is this boy?
c. _____________________ car is that?
d. _____________________ address is this?
e. _____________________'s your teacher?
f. _____________________’s that girl?
69
g. _____________________ notebook is this?
h. _____________________ ’s your friend?
i. _____________________ skate is that?
5. Complete each relative clause with who or that. If both who or that can be used,
write who or that:
a. That's the man __________________ stole my purse!

b. That's the jacket __________________ I want to buy.
c. That's the girl __________________ won the race.
d. The students __________________ do well on the exam will be allowed to leave early.
e. We saw the cat __________________ lives in the house next door.
f. The airport __________________ is being built will be the largest in the country.
g. The woman __________________ sang that song is very beautiful.
h. People __________________ use this site will learn English very quickly.
i. The computer __________________ I want to buy costs $1,000.
j. The dinner __________________ your mother prepared was delicious.
Christ the Redeemer, Brazil

The statue of Christ the Redeemer is located at the top of Corcovado
Mountain. The entire monument of statue of Christ the Redeemer
is 38m high with the statue accounting for 30m and overlooking the
city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the tallest statues in the world; the
span from finger tip to fingertip is 28m and there is a small chapel
housed in the base.
The reason why it was built was to show that Christ loves all. In Portuguese, this
iconic monument is known as Cristo Redentor. Christ the Redeemer was designed
by a French sculptor by the name of Paul Landowski and a local engineer named
Heitor da Silva Costa was chosen to supervise the entire construction. The statue
was built not out of steel but from reinforced concrete as that was considered a
more suitable material for the cross shaped statue. The external caps of the idol
were constructed in soapstone due to the resistance of this material to the extreme
time and also due to its malleability.
The statue of Christ the Redeemer can be accessed by the 2.4 meter Corcovado
Railway that has the capacity to hold 360 passengers every hour. The trip by rail is
approximately 20 minutes and leaves the base each half hour. From the road or the
train terminal Christ the Redeemer statue is reached by 222 steps. For those not
wishing to make the arduous trek up the mountain, reaching the statue is possible
by escalators and elevators.
70
Christ the Redeemer is one of the tourist attractions that every year attracts to
more and more visitors. The best time to visit the Christ the Redeemer statue is late
afternoon or evening when you can enjoy the splendour of the setting sun while
taking in one of the most important landmarks in the world.
Adapted from: http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/america/brazil/rio-janeiro/christ-redeemer.aspx
1. Where is the Statue located?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How high is it?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. When is the best time to visit Statue? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think Christ the Redeemer should really be considered one of the 7 World
Wonders? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
71
72
Exercises - unit 7
1. Change the sentences into reported speech:
a. Mary said: "I like ice cream."

Mary said (that) _______________________________________________________________________________.
b. The Browns said: "We are on time."

The Browns said (that) ________________________________________________________________________.
c. Sue said: "He is sitting on the table."

Sue said (that) _________________________________________________________________________________.
d. Mother said: "Bill always goes to bed early."

Mother said (that) _____________________________________________________________________________.
e. Mrs Smith said: "I often drive to London."

Mrs Smith said (that) __________________________________________________________________________.
2. Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is
sometimes not necessary.
a. Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?"
Yesterday Mandy asked me.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?"

Yesterday Jason wanted to know .
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?"

Yesterday Robert asked me .
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?"

Yesterday Daniel asked me .
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?"

Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
73
3. Change the sentences into reported speech:
a. They said: "It will be hot tomorrow."

They said (that) _____________________________________________________________________________.
b. Mother said: "I am busy."

Mother said (that) __________________________________________________________________________.
c. She told the police: "I have heard strange noises during the night."
She told the police (that) ____________________________________________________________________.
d. Peter said: "I go to school by train."

Peter said (that) ____________________________________________________________________________.
e. Sandy said: "My father likes sweets."

Sandy said (that) ____________________________________________________________________________.
4. A speaker was asked these questions after a presentation. Report the questions:
a. 'How much are you planning to spend on advertising?'

They asked me ________________________________________________________________________________.
b. 'Where do you intend to advertise?'

________________________________________________________________________________________________.
c. 'What discount will you give to your distributors?'

________________________________________________________________________________________________.
d. 'Why has it taken so long to develop?'

________________________________________________________________________________________________.
5. Put in reported speech using the verbs given:
a. 'I think it is Mary who must pay for the expenses' Antonio said to George. Antonio suggested
___________________ pay for the expenses.
b. 'I'll bring the sandwiches for the party" said Helen Helen offered ___________________ the
sandwiches for the party.
c. 'Let's all go to Lisbon and rent a flat there!', they said They suggested ___________________ to
Lisbon.
d. 'OK, I think I'll wait for another three months.' said Maggie finally Maggie finally agreed
___________________ for another three months.
74
Romero Britto
Born in Recife, Brazil in 1963, Romero Britto grew up in a
modest family, surrounded by 8 siblings. In his early years,
he discovers his natural gift to color his life. Using all kinds
of support, from old newspapers to cardboard, he creates a
new form of expression reflecting his optimism and his vision
of the world's beauty. His audacious character leads him to
ignore the traditional system that surrounds him. In 1983, he leaves for Europe to
gain better knowledge of "Masters' Art". Loaded with confidence and determination,
Britto chooses Miami, where Pop Art is rapidly expanding, as his next destination.
During the following years, Romero Britto will take part in several exhibitions,
attracting not only young crowds but also long-time art lovers eager to discover
his unique, modern skills. Britto's art is as diverse as his personal experiences and
covers a wide variety of themes. It combines Pop Art with compositions inspired
from cubism. In 1989, he is selected by Absolut Vodka to design their new bottle,
succeeding some of the most notorious artists such as Andy Warhol.
Appointed arts' ambassador at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland,
Britto is also a humanitarian activist. He claims that "art should reflect the celebration
of simple and good things in life".
His modern influences, flashy colors and fun work led him to become
one of the most recognized artists of his generation. His dreams are
still filled with endless inspiration. Pepsi, Apple, Movado repeatedly
called for his genius when they needed to reinvent their brands. Many
heads of states, political and show-business personalities celebrate
his skills across the world.
Romero Britto permanently redefines art and its role in our lives.
Adapted from: http://www.art-zurich.com/files/2011/aussteller/files/Colorfield-Gallery_Britto(Biography).pdf
1. Has Romero Britto always been a rich person?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What kind of art inspires him?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Are you into painting? Who is your favorite painter?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What calls your attention about Romero Britto’s painting?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
75
76
Exercises - unit 8
1. Complete the conditional sentences.
a. If Mr Brown _______________ (sell) his car last year, he would have got more money for it.
b. If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she _______________ (pass) her driving test.
c. If Mr Jones ____________ (watch) the news every evening he would know more about politics.
d. If Charlie _______________ (not stop) eating these green apples he’ll soon feel sick.
e. If you had told me the truth I _______________ (help) you.
2. Complete using conditional sentences:
a. If I were you, _____________________________________________

b. She would have had time _____________________________________________
c. I will phone him _____________________________________________
d. If you came for dinner, _____________________________________________
e. She would have missed the train _____________________________________________
f. What would you do _____________________________________________
g. If you stopped drinking, _____________________________________________
h. If I had been offered the job, _____________________________________________
i. If you meet my boss, _____________________________________________
j. If you won the prize, _____________________________________________
3. Choose the correct alternative:
a. If I _____________ you, I would apologize to her right away. (to be)

( ) was
( ) were
( ) have been
b. If I run into her, I _____________ her that you're looking for her. (to tell)
( ) would tell
( ) tell
( ) will tell
c. If you _____________ that again, I will call the police. (to do)
( ) to do
( ) do
( ) will do
d. He would never have asked her out on a date if she _____________ him first. (to kiss)
( ) hadn't kissed
( ) didn't kiss
( ) will not kiss
e. If you were her, what _____________? (to do)

( ) would you do
( ) did you do
( ) do you do
77
4. Put the verbs into the correct form:
a. If the company offered me the job, I think I _______________ (take) it.

b. I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she _______________ (refuse).
c. Many people would be out of work if that factory _______________ (close) down.
d. If she sold her car, she _______________ (not / get) much money for it.
e. They're expecting us. They would be disappointed if we _______________ (not / come).
5. Choose the correct alternative.
a. If you'd arrived on time, none of this would have happened

( ) This sentence is about something that happened in the past
( ) This sentence is about something that is very unlikely to happen
b. If I were you, I'd get in touch with a solicitor
( ) This is about something that is likely to happen in the near future
( ) This is about something now
c. If I won the lottery, I'd go on a cruise
( ) This is about the present
( ) This is about the future
d. If you should see him, tell him I've got the video he was looking for
( ) This is less likely to happen than if the speaker had said 'If you see him...'
( ) This is as likely to happen as if the speaker had said 'If you see him...'
Easter in the United States

The Easter Sunday date varies because it is determined using a calculated lunar
calendar. It is the first Sunday approximately after the first full moon on or after the
March equinox.
What do people do?

Many churches hold special services on Easter Sunday, which
celebrate the Jesus Christ's resurrection after his crucifixion. Many
people also decorate eggs. These can be hard boiled eggs that can be
eaten later, but may also be model eggs made of plastic, chocolate,
candy or other materials. It is also common to organize Easter egg
hunts. Eggs of some form are hidden, supposedly by a rabbit or
hare. People, especially children, then search for them. In some areas, Easter egg
hunts are a popular way for local businesses to promote themselves or may even
be organized by churches.
Symbols
For people with strong Christian beliefs, the cross that Jesus was crucified on and
his resurrection are important symbols of the period around Easter. Other symbols
of Easter include real eggs or eggs manufactured from a range of materials, nests,
lambs and rabbits or hares. Sometimes these symbols are combined, for example,
in candy models of rabbits with nests full of eggs. Eggs, rabbits, hares and young
animals are thought to represent the re-birth and return to fertility of nature in the
spring.
Adapted from: http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/easter-sunday
78
1. What do kids do on Easter?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What kind of symbols the Christian have to celebrate the Easter?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there any difference between Easter in the USA and in Brazil? What is it?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you usually do on Easter?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Music
Listen to the music and underline the conditional sentences.
If I Were A Boy (Beyonce) So they think that I was sleeping alone
I'd put myself first
If I were a boy And make the rules as I go
Even just for a day Cause I know that she'd be faithful
I'd roll out of bed in the morning Waiting for me to come home
And throw on what I wanted and go It's a little too late for you to come back
Drink beer with the guys Say it's just a mistake
And chase after girls Think I'd forgive you like that
I'd kick with who I wanted If you thought I would wait for you
And I'd never get confronted for it You thought wrong
Cause they'd stick up for me.
If I were a boy But you're just a boy
I think I could understand You don’t understand (Yeah you don’t understand)
How it feels to love a girl How it feels to love a girl
I swear I'd be a better man. Someday you wish you were a better man
I'd listen to her You don't listen to her
Cause I know how it hurts You don't care how it hurts
When you lose the one you wanted Until you lose the one you wanted
Cause he's taken you for granted Cause you've taken her for granted
And everything you had got destroyed And everything you had got destroyed
If I were a boy But you're just a boy
I would just turn off my phone
Tell everyone it's broken
79
IRREGULAR VERBS LIST
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation
to be was / were been ser, estar
to begin began begun começar, iniciar
to become became become tornar-se
to break broke broken quebrar, interromper
to bring brought brought trazer
to buy bought bought comprar
to choose chose chosen escolher
to come came come vir
to do did done fazer, executar
to draw drew drawn desenhar, puxar
to drink drank drank beber, embriagar-se
to drive drove driven dirigir, guiar
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen cair
to fly flew flown voar
to forget forgot forgotten esquecer-se
to forgive forgave forgiven perdoar
to get got got obter, conseguir
to give gave given dar, conceder
to have had had ter
to know knew known saber, conhecer
to leave left left deixar, partir, sair
to lose lost lost perder, extraviar-se
to make made made fazer, produzir
to meet met met encontrar (pessoas)
to see saw seen ver
to sing sang sung cantar
to speak spoke spoken falar
to steal stole stolen roubar
to swim swam swung nadar
to take took taken pegar, tomar, levar
to teach taught taught ensinar
to tell told told dizer, contar
to think thought thought Pensar
to understand understood understood compreender, enteder
To wake woke woken acordar
To wear wore worn usar, vestir
To win won won ganhar
To write wrote written escrever
80
SEVERINO CARLOS SILVA
Licenciado em Letras (Português/Inglês) pela Universidade Católica de Pernambuco - UNICAP. Especia-

lista em Metodologia do Ensino Superior pela Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE. Mestre em Letras
pela UFPB (Linguagem e Ensino de Língua Estrangeira). Professor Assistente da Universidade de Per-
nambuco - UPE desde 1986. Atua principalmente nos seguintes temas: seleção, educação, formação de
professores, reflexão sobre a prática pedagógica do professor de língua estrangeira e processo ensino-
aprendizagem de língua estrangeira. Atua também na área de Sociolínguística (Variações Linguísticas
e Sociointeracionismo). Pesquisa desde 2002 sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem de vocabulário
de língua inglesa, considerando a "Lexical Approach" (Michael Lewis), Linguística de Corpus (Micha-
el McCarthy), bem como Reflexão sobre a Prática Pedagógica (Dewey, Shön, Paulo Freire, Perrenoud,
Alarcão etc). Pesquisa também sobre a Abordagem Colaborativa. Vem pesquisando sobre o processo
ensino- aprendizagem de língua estrangeira na modalidade a distância desde 2009 e sobre emprésti-
mos linguísticos, desde 2014. É coordenador dos Cursos de Pós-Graduação Lato Sensu em Ensino de
Língua Inglesa e de Práticas Pedagógicas no Ensino de Língua e Literaturas de Língua Portuguesa da
UPE. Coordena o Programa de Línguas e Informática da Universidade de Pernambuco - PROLINFO e
desenvolve projeto de Curso de Língua Inglesa na Modalidade a Distância da UPE. É professor e Diretor
Didático-Pedagógico do Special English Course, em Recife-PE. É autor dos Livros English Book (volumes
1, 2, 3 e 4), publicados em 2010 e English for Brazilians (volumes 1, 2, 3 e 4), publicados em 2012, pela
EDUPE - Editora da Universidade de Pernambuco. É doutorando do Programa de Pós-graduação em
Ciências da Linguagem PPGCL da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco - UNICAP, onde pesquisa so-
bre o lugar do vocabulário no livro didático de língua portuguesa recomendado pelo PNLD 2015, sob a
orientação da Profa. Dra. Roberta Caiado e coorientação da Profa. Dra. Irandé Antunes.
FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA
Professor do Departamento de Letras da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP). Possui

mestrado em Linguística (UFPE), Especialização em Linguística (FAFIRE), Graduação em Jornalismo
(UNICAP) e em Letras Português/Inglês (UNICAP). Foi professor de inglês no PROLINFO de 2007 a 2011
e Coordenador de Apoio à área de Língua Inglesa.
81

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Universidade de Pernambuco – UPE – 2019

Copyrigh@by Severino Carlos da Silva

Universidade de Pernambuco – UPE

Impresso no Brasil – Tiragem 1.000 exemplares

Av. Agamenon Magalhães s/n – Santo Amaro

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DAS EDITORAS UNIVERSITÁRIAS

Respaldada nesses propósitos e fundamentos, a UPE, através do Instituto de Apoio à Universi-

Prof. MS. Carlos Silva

Unit 2 New York 17

Unit 3 Scotland Yard 23

Unit 4 The Red Cross 31

Unit 5 The Moon Walk 37

Unit 6 The White House 41

Unit 7 pablo picasso 45

Listen and practice

William Shakespeare was an English poet and dramatist born at Stratford-on-Avon. He

• Who was William Shakespeare?

2. used after prepositions She is tired of working.

3. used after the verb go when it indicates Let’s go shopping.

• Trying is something you should never stop doing.

1. After the verbs of saying and thinking

3. After adjectives This exercise is difficult to do.

4. We can use verb + question word +

1. After auxiliaries and modals I can swim. / She will cook.

a. Let’s ____________________ (to dance), shall we?

5. Complete the information. Use the verbs below in the gerund.

My name is George, and I’m a photographer.

• What couldn’t George live without? Why?

Ask your partner:

• What’s your favorite possession? What do you use it for?

Rewrite the conversations using gerunds.

Student 1: What do you use your cell phone for?

Student 1: How do you use your iPhone?

Student 1: What do you need an electronic translator for?

Student 1: What technology do you use everyday?

Match the information to make complete sentences.

Ask your partner the questions below.

• What do you use a PDA for?

6. Conversation Listen and practice.

Bill: Unfortunately, I haven’t studied.

Diana: Sorry for you and me.

Listen and practice

• When was New York discovered?

Discussion: City x Country

• Did you grow up in the city or in the country?

Compare active and passive:

Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) → A letter is written by Jane (passive)

Present continuous Is writing Is being written

a. He writes many letters every day.

hit ■ see ■ broken ■ hurt ■ delay ■ close ■ find ■ steal

Ann: Anything new in the paper?

Ann: $10,000? I should ride on buses more often!

Ann: Really? Well, it was pretty windy.

tree. Fortunately, the passengers ______________________.

Ann: Is that all? Nothing exciting, I guess.

a. They publish The Times newspaper in London.

b. They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.

c. They are destroying the forests in Indonesia.

d. The shark ate the man.

e. They've treated him very well.

Student 1: Can you tell me who designed it?

Student 1: What’s your favorite work of art?

Student 1: _ you ever _ (be) to Europe?

Student 1: _ your family _ (have) a vacation last year?

Student 1: _ you ever _ (see) the Pyramids?

a. She (lose) the book he (give) her.