Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
INGLÊS INSTRUMENTAL
PARA INFORMÁTICA
Manaus – 2011
2
SUMÁRIO
Gera
Geralm
lmenente
te as pess
pessoaoass apre
aprend
ndemem mais
mais rápi
rápido
do as pala
palavr
vras
as que
que tem
tem mais
mais
importânci
importânciaa para elas. Por exemplo,
exemplo, uma pessoa que trabalha em um hotel lembra lembra
com mais facilidade das palavras relacionadas à turismo.
turi smo.
Você
Você mesmo
mesmo pode
pode testar
testar seu
seu conhec
conhecimeimento
nto de vocab
vocabulá
ulário
rio sem
sem um profes
professo
sor.
r.
Alguns métodos:
• lendo ( esta é a maneira mais eficiente de adquirir palavras novas )
• Use
Use a pala
palavr
vra
a que
que apre
aprend
ndeueu!!
!! Ao usar
usar a pala
palavr
vra
a vária
váriass veze
vezess você
você a
memoriza mais facilmente.
• Aprenda a usar o dicionário!
dicionário!
• Aprenda um certo número de palavras por dia ( 3 já é o suficiente ). Mas não
se esqueça de usá-las para facilitar a memorização.
• usando cartões ( escreva a palavra em Inglês em um lado e a palavra em
Português do outro )
• fazendo esquemas de palavras ( pense em uma palavra e tente se lembrar de
outras relacionadas a ela )
• Cada pessoa tem o seu modo especial e particular de aprender palavras:
• Escrever a palavra para aprendê-la
• Ouvir fitas e repetir as palavras
• Traduzindo textos
• Copiando a palavra várias vezes
• Agrupando por tópicos ( palavras
palavras relacionadas a comida,
comida, roupas, etc. )
TÉCNICAS DE LEITURA
As técnicas de leitura, como o próprio próprio nome diz, vão nos ajudar
ajudar a ler um texto.
Existem técnicas variadas, mas veremos as mais utilizadas. Ao ler um texto em
Inglês, lembre-se de usar as técnicas aprendidas, elas vão ajudá-lo. O uso da
gram
gramátátic
icaa vaivai ajud
ajudar
ar també
também. m. As princ principa
ipais
is técn
técnic
icas
as são:
são: a iden
identif
tific
icaç
açãoão de
cogn
cognat
atos
os,, de palapalavrvras
as repe
repetitida
dass e de pist pistas
as tipo
tipogr
gráf
áfic
icas
as.. Ao lerm
lermos
os um text texto
o
vamos,ainda, apurar a idéia geral do texto (general comprehension) e utilizar duas
outras técnicas bastante úteis: skimming e scanning.
Cognatos Os cognatos são palavras muito parecidas com as palavras do
Português. São as chamadas palavras transparentes. Existem também os falsos
cognatos, que são palavras que achamos que é tal coisa, mas não é; os falsos
cognatos são em menor número, estes nós veremos adiante.
Como cognatos podemos citar: school (escola), telephone (telefone), car (carro),
questi
question
on (quest
(questãoão,, pergu
pergunta
nta),), activi
activity
ty (ativi
(atividad
dade),
e), traini
training
ng (treina
(treinamen
mento)to)...
... Você
Você
mesmo poderá criar sua própria lista l ista de cognatos!
Palavras repetidas As palavras repetidas em um texto possuem um valor
muito importante. Um autor não repete as palavras em vão. Se elas são repetidas, é
porque são importantes dentro de texto.
Muitas vezes para não repetir o mesmo termo, o autor utiliza sinônimos das mesmas
palavras para não tornar o texto cansativo.
Pistas
Pistas tipogr
tipográfi
áficas
cas As pistas
pistas tipogr
tipográfi
áficas
cas são elemen
elementostos visuai
visuaiss que nosnos
auxiliam na compreensão do texto. Atenção com datas, números, tabelas, gráficas,
figuras... São informações também contidas no texto.
Os recursos de escrita também são pistas tipográficas. Por exemplo:
• ... (três pontos) indicam a continuação de uma idéia que não está ali exposta;
• negrito dá destaque a algum termo ou palavra;
• itálico também destaca um termo, menos importante que o negrito;
• ‘’ ‘’ (aspas) salientam a importância de alguma palavra;
• ( ) (parênteses) introduzem uma idéia complementar ao texto.
• General Comprehension A idéia geral de um texto é obtida com o emprego
das técnicas anteriores. Selecionando-se criteriosamente algumas palavras,
termos e expressões no texto, poderemos chegar à idéia geral do texto.
Por exemplo, vamos ler o trecho abaixo e tentar obter a “general comprehension”
deste parágrafo: “Distance
“Distance education
education takes place when a teacher
teacher and students are
separated by physical distance, and technology (i.e., voice, video and data), often in
concert with face-to-face communication, is used to bridge the instructional gap.”
From: Engineering Outreach College of Engineering – University of Idaho
A partir das palavras cognatas do texto (em negrito) podemos ter um a idéia geral do
que se trata; vamos enumerar as palavras conhecidas (pelo menos as que são
semelhantes ao Português):
• distance education = educação a distancia
• students = estudantes, alunos
• separeted = separado
• physical distance = distância física
• technology = tecnologia
• voice, video, data = voz, vídeo e dados (atenção: “data” não é data)
5
Então você poderia dizer que o texto trata sobre educação a distância; que
esta
esta ocor
ocorre
re quan
quando
do os alun
alunos
os estã
estão
o sepa
separa
rado
doss fisi
fisica
came
mente
nte do prof
profes
essosor;
r; a
tecnol
tecnologi
ogia
a (voz,
(voz, vídeo
vídeo,, dados
dados)) podem
podem ser usados
usados de forma
forma instru
instrucio
cional
nal.. Você
Você
poderia ter esta conclusão sobre o texto mesmo sem ter muito conhecimento de
Inglês. É claro que à medida que você for aprendendo, a sua percepção sobre o
texto também aumentará. Há muitas informações que não são tão óbvias assim.
Com a técnica do “skimming” podemos dizer que este trecho afirma que a tarefa do
educador é selecionar as opções tecnológicas; o objetivo é ter uma mistura de
mídias instrucionais de uma maneira instrucionalmente efetiva e economicamente
prudente.
Scanning “Scan” em Inglês quer dizer examinar, sondar, explorar. O que faz
um scanner? Uma varredura, não é?! Logo, com a técnica de “scanning” você irá
fazer uma varredura do texto, procurando detalhes e idéias objetivas.
Aqui é importante que você utilize os conhecimentos de Inglês; por isso, nós
vamos ver detalhadamente alguns itens gramaticais no ser “ Estudo da Língua
Ingles
Inglesa”.
a”. Olhe
Olhe este
este trecho
trecho:: “ Teach
Teaching
ing and
and learni
learningng at a distan
distance
ce is deman
demandin
ding.
g.
However, learning will be more meaningful and “deeper” for distant students, if
studen
studentsts and their
their instru
instructo
ctorr share
share respon
responsib
sibilit
ilityy for develo
developin
ping
g learni
learning
ng goals:
goals:
actively interacting with class members; promoting reflection on experience; relating
new information to examples that make sense to learners. This is the challenge and
6
the opport
opportuni
unity
ty provid
provided
ed by distan
distance
ce educa
educatio
tion.”
n.” Poder
Poderíamo
íamoss pergun
perguntar
tar qual
qual o
refe
refere
rent
ntee do pron
pronom
ome e “ thei
their”
r” em negri
negrito
to no trec
trecho
ho?? Utili
Utiliza
zand
ndo
o a técn
técnic
ica
a de
skimming, seria necessário retornar ao texto e entender a sentença na qual o
pronome está sendo empregado. “Their “ é um pronome possessivo ( e como tal,
sempre vem acompanhado de um substantivo) da terceira pessoa do plural ( o seu
referente é um substantivo no plural).
A tradução de “their instructor” seria seu instrutor . Seu de quem? Lendo um
pouco para trás, vemos que há “students”; logo concluímos que “their” refere-se a
“students, ou seja, instrutor dos alunos”.
PREFIXOS E SUFIXOS
Prefixos Sufixos
In-, im-, un-, ir-, il-, non-, dis-, -ify, -ize
Expressam negação, oposição; são geralmente usados Para formar verbos
como adjetivos, verbos ou advérbios. American = americanize
americanize simple = simplify
Usual = unusual legal = illegal Legal = legalize pure = purify
Possible = impossible calculate = miscalculate
Connect = disconnect real = unreal
-ed
Super-, sub-, over-, hyper-, mini- Para formar o passado dos verbos regulares
Expressam grau ou tamanho Talk = talked Love = loved
Man = superman human = subhuman Stop = stopped Kiss = kissed
Dose = overdose critical = hypercritical
hypercriti cal
Skirt = miniskirt -al, -ence, -ee, er-, -or, -ion, -ment, -ness
Para formar substantivos
Super-, sub-, inter-, trans- Arrive = arrival
arrival prefer = preference
preference
Expressam locative Employ = employee train = trainee
Superstructure subconscious Act = actor
actor run = runner
runner
International transplant Educate = education treat = treatment
Happy – happiness dark = darkness
Fore-, pre-, pos-, ex-, re-
Expressam tempo e ordem -ful
Foretell forecast Adicionado
Adicionado a substantivos
substantivos abstratos forma adjetivos que
Post-classical ex-husband indicam existência, presença em grande quantidade
Re-evaluate pré-marital Power = powerful hope = hopeful
Care = careful success = successful
Over
Expressa excesso -less
Overtired overwork Adicionado
Adicionado em substantives
substantives abstratos foram adjetivos que
Overdose overweight indicam falta, carência, ausência de alguma coisa
Use = useless care = careless
Under Noise = noiseless pain = painess
Expressa o sentido oposto a Over; falta; não necessário;
menos
Underdressed underpaid
Underestimate underage
7
Exercícios
“Physical fitness is not the only of the most important keys to a healthy body; it is the
basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity. The relationship between the
soundness of the body and the activities of the mind is subtle and complex. Much is
not yet understood. But we do know what Greeks knew: that intelligence and skill can
only function at the peak of their capacity when the body is healthy and strong; that
hardy spirits and tough minds usually inhabit
i nhabit sound gods.” (John Kennedy)
a) Healthy ( ) complex
b) Subtle ( ) firme
c) Complex ( ) vigoroso, valente
d) Strong ( ) saudável
e) Hardy ( ) perfeito
f) Tough ( ) sutil
g) Sound ( ) forte
8
Let´s practice:
Complete as frases usando uma linking words...
despite / despite the fact that / rather than / while / the same...as / such as / therefore
/ however / so that / until / once / so / then / as / on the other hand / like / not
only...but/ also / if / else / even / yet.
a) _____
________
______
____________
_______ the worldworld has suffic
sufficien
ientt resour
resourcecess to put an end to
poverty; thousands of people die because they are poor.
b) _________
_____________ _____ _ all its problems,
problems, this is still still a beautiful
beautiful world.
world.
c) _________
_____________ ________
_____ _ just taking aboutabout the problem,
problem, let´s
let´s do something
something about
about
it.
d) Did anybo
anybody dy call
call ________
____________ _____ _ I was
was away?
away?
e) They
They want
wanteded to visivisitt Braz
Brazili ilian
an hist
histor
oric
ic town
townss __________
________
____ Ouro
Ouro PretPreto,
o,
Mariana and São João del Rey.
f) The verb “to ban”ban” has
has _________
_________ meaningmeaning as as “to forbid”.
forbid”.
g) Betty knows
knows she has to lose weight, weight, _______
______________________
_______ __ she has decided
decided
to go on a diet.
h) Kurt was richrich and famous,
famous, __________
______________ ________
________
_______,
___, he didn´t
didn´t seem to
be happy.
i) _________
_____________ ________
_________
_______ __ the virus gets gets inside
inside your
your body
body it´s very
very difficu
difficultlt
to get rid of it.
j) They have been researching for a long time, _______________ _______________ they expect to
get some results soon.
k) _____
________
______
____________
______
____sc
_scien
ience ce finds
finds a vacci
vaccinene that
that protec
protectsts peopl
people e from
from
AIDS, the disease will continue spreading. spreading.
l) We went
went to a restaurant
restaurant,, _______
____________ _________
____ to the theater.
theater.
m) _________________
_________________ your friend, I ca only give you you good advice.
advice.
n) Men´
Men´ss bodi
bodieses areare gene
generarallllyy bigg
bigger
er than
than womewomen´ n´s,
s, ____
__________
___ _ wome
women n
generally live longer than men.
o) She plays
plays sports _______
___________ _______ ___ volleyball
volleyball and basket
basketball.
ball.
p) Leonardo
Leonardo was _________
______________ _____ an architect
architect _________
______________ _______ __ an inventor
inventor
and a scientist.
q) _________
_____________ ________
_________
_______ __ it´s a known fact fact that chocolate
chocolate is not a healthy
healthy
food, why do we eat it?
r) We all know
know it´s
it´s dangero
dangerous, us, and ______________
_____ _ we find
find it irresistib
irresistible.
le.
s) Candy bars,
bars, brownies
brownies,, doughnuts,
doughnuts, what what _______
_______ has chocola
chocolate te in it?
9
t) In Mexico
Mexico,, they use choco
chocolate
late ______
___________
__________
_______
__ over
over meat.
meat.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Systems analysts
Programmers, Operators
Liveware Schedulers
Data Base and DCOM
Administrators
Specialized Managers
Technical
Technical support
support
10
EXERCISES
d) What is attach
attached
ed to the I/O
I/O process
processors?
ors?
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
d) The software consists of the systems analysts, programmers, operators and many
others.
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
11
Programs and flowcharts are documents in which many kind of jobs are
(c) ( )
… done.
The comput
mputeer perf
perfo
orms
rms bill
illions
ions of needed to guide the operation
(d) ( )
operations and … of a computer.
b) _________________
_________________ the computer has changed the way ___________ many kinds of jobs
Em pouco tempo pelo qual
_____________.
são feitos
b) hardware ___________________________
___________________________________________
_____________________________
______________
_
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
d) input ____________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________
__________________
_____
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
e) liveware ___________________________
__________________________________________
____________________________
________________
___
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
f) mainframe ___________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
________________
__
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
g) modem __________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
___________________
_____
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
h) network ___________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
_________________
___
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
i) output ___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________
_____
____________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________
___________
HARDWARE
Hardware is not difficult to understand. It is nuts and bolts and microchips.
But what is software? Perhaps the easiest way to think of it is in terms of a simple
analogy: hardware is to software as a television set is to the shows that appear on it.
computer programs, rather like those aired on TV, are a man-made effort to turn
lifeless hardware into something one might want to spend some time with.
Prog
Progra
rams
ms,, like
like tele
televi
visio
sion
n scri
script
pts,
s, are
are “wri
“writt
tten
en”” — not
not in Engli
English
sh,, but
but in
English-like commands that vary from machine to machine. BASIC, for example, is a
“language” most desktop computers are wired to understand.
In the
the past
past,, comp
comput
uter
er owne
owners
rs had
had to writ
write
e thei
theirr own
own soft
softwa
ware
re.. Toda
Todayy
thou
thousa
sand
ndss of prew
prewrit
ritte
ten
n prog
progra
rams
ms are
are on the
the mark
market
et,, rang
rangin
ing
g from
from game
gamess to
accountants’ tools. Running these software packages, as opposed to writing them, is
no more difficult than playing a CD or a videotape. Just find the appropriate disc, put
it in a disc drive and push a button. In a matter of seconds the computer is
programmed and set to do the job at hand — from balancing the books to finding
misspelled words to playing a video game.
Vocabulary
hardware: computador (a rnáquina) to range: variar
nuts and bolts: porcas e parafusos accountant: contabilista
software: prograrna de computador ( tool: ferrarnenta, instrumento
rathe
rather)
r) like:
like: corno
corno,, da mesma
mesma forma
forma to run: operar, fazer funcionar
que television package: pacote
set: apareiho de televisão to play a record: tocar um disco
to air: transrnitir to push a button: apertar um botão
effort: esforço set: pronto, preparado
to turn ... into: transformar em at hand: pronto, a mão
lifeless: inanirnado, sern vida to balance the books: fazer a contabilidade
to wire: equipar, preparar to misspell: escrever com erro
owner: dono, proprietário
Responda, em português, as perguntas 1 a 5.
Since computers can understand only two words, variously defined as yes
and no, on and off, or zero and one, computer scientists have devised a babel of
“languages” that translate human wishes into some variation of the computer’s two
words. BASIC is the language of most desktop personal computers, originally written
for Dartmouth students in the mid- 1960s; FORTRAN is an earlier attempt used
mainly for scientific problems; Logo is designed for children; and Ada is used mainly
for military problems. *
Vocabulary
since: desde que, como, visto que science-minded: muito interessada
to devise: projetar, inventar pela ciência
wish: desejo to live on: continuar presente
pr esente
earlier attempt: experiência anterior engine: máquina
mainly: principalmente whether: se
in honor of: em hornenagem a whatever: tudo aquilo que
1. Computers
Computers can understand
understand everythin
everything.
g.
2. Computer scientists have
have invented many different systems of communication.
communication.
3. BASIC,
BASIC, one of the
the main compute
computerr languages,
languages, was
was first written
written by some
some American
American
college students in about 1965.
4. FORTRAN
FORTRAN was writte
written
n after BASIC.
BASIC.
5. Ada is the language
language used mainly
mainly for children it was named
named in honor of
of Lord
Byron’s daughter.
6. Charles Babbage was the Countess
Countess of Lovelace’s
Lovelace’s friend and collaborator.
collaborator.
Responda, em português as perguntas 1 a 4.
1. Como era chamada
chamada a máquina que
que precedeu o moderno
moderno computador
computador eletrônico?
2. Quem inventou
inventou essa máquina
máquina e quem
quem colaborava com
com ele?
3. A que se refere
refere a chamada “Objeção
“Objeção de Lady Lovelace”?
Lovelace”?
4. Que objeção
objeção fazia Lady Lovelace
Lovelace à idéia da máquina
máquina que pensa?
pensa?
INPUTTING DATA
A magnetic disk is a computer data storage device on which programs and data
may be stored and retrieved quickly – far faster than cassette tape but more expensive.
Data on disks is stored in many concentric circles, each of which is called a track. Data
stored on a magnetic disk cannot be read as quickly as data stored in the main memory of
the computer, but disk storage has larger capacity and is not erased when the computer is
turned off. Microcomputers use floppy disks or diskettes, or hard disks. A floppy disk looks
like
like a smal
smalll phon
phonog
ogra
raph
ph reco
record
rd,, cove
covere
red
d with
with a magn
magnet
etic
ic coat
coatin
ing.
g. A hard
hard disk
disk is
permanently mounted in the computer and cannot be removed. The part of the computer
that reads and writes the disk is known as the disk drive.
EXERCISES
2. Complete in English.
a) A ____ ______
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__ is one
one form
form of ____
______
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
device.
b) The part of the computer that _______________________ and
___________________
___________________ the disk is known as as the __________________________.
__________________________.
c) It is ________
___________
______
______
______
______
____
_ becaus
becausee it uses a mixtur
mixture
e of chara
characte
cters
rs which
which
can
can be __________
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
_ or ____ ______
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__ or
____________________
____________________ or any ____________________
_________________________.
_____.
3. Match the columms.
b) alphanumeric_____________________
alphanumeric__________________________________
____________________________
______________________
_______
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
Not long ago, it would have been hard to get an Internet article published outside
the confines of the specialized computer pages. Today editors are commissioning Internet
articles, which means they are planning publication before they have even read them. To
some extent, of course, journalism is a fashion industry. Previously, the focus has been on
microcomputers, virtual reality, computer viruses and video games. Now it is the Internet
that is fashionable.
A popular question is: ‘who is on the Internet?’ Apart from the White House, the
American Library of Congress and and the Science Museum,
Museum, computer hardware and software
suppliers are significant users, partly because they have the plethora of PCs, modems
and communications programs required to exploit on-line access. Most of the world´s
universities and research institutes are on the Internet because linking them was, after all,
the reason the Internet was invented.
The Internet grew out of the ARPAnet, sponsored by the US Defense Department
´s Advanced Research Projects Agency; to start with, this linked four university campuses
in California and the University of Utah. The real Internet came into being in 1980 when
the ARPAnet was connected to the Computer Science Research Network.
EXERCISES
1. These are the main topics in the text. Which paragraph does each topic refer to?
2. Choose the correct alternative. According to the writer, the Internet was invented to:
3. Write in English.
a) Os forn
fornec
eced
edor
ores
es de hard
hardwa
ware
re e soft
softwa
ware
re poss
possue
uem
m um gran
grande
de núme
número
ro de PCs,
PCs,
modems e programas de comunicação.
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
b) A verdadeira Internet começou a existir em 1980.
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
5. Find in the text the sentences which correspond to the ones below. Write them down.
a) Comp
Comput
uter
er hard
hardwa
ware
re and
and softwa
software
re supp
supplie
liers
rs have
have a large
large numb
number
er of PCs,
PCs, mode
modems
ms
and communications programs that required on-line access.
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
___________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
________________
___
The
The Inte
Intern
rnet
et,, orig
origina
inally
lly ARPA
ARPAne
net,
t, was
was fina
financ
ncia
ially
lly supp
suppor
orte
ted
d by the
the US Defe
Defens
nse
e
Department´s Advanced Research Projects Agency.
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8. Read the first paragraph and say if these statements are true (T) or false (F).
a) It was always
always easy to find texts about
about the Internet.
Internet. ( )
b) Nowadays editors read these texts before publishing them. ( )
c) Texts about microcomputers are in fashion. ( )
d) The
The Internet is much more in fashion than video games. ( )
10. Which is the best (but not necessarily literal) translation for:
∎ Interaja com o texto por meio das estratégias de leitura: identificação de palavras
cognatas, de marcas topográficas, de palavras repetidas, de pontos principais, predição,
skimming, scanning, seletividade e palavras-chave.
∎ Responda às questões
questões 1, 2 e 3, em português, com base no Texto I.
1. Read the text Computer Viruses and answer the questions below in PORTUGUESE :
a) In the beginning of the text , there is a description of the Maltese Amoeba by means of
a comparison. What is the Maltese Amoeba compared to ?
b) What kind
kind of damage
damage can be caused
caused by viruses
viruses when
when they are inside
inside a computer
computer ?
c) The text
text mentions
mentions three differe
different
nt kinds of comput
computer
er crimes.
crimes. What are they
they ?
d) According
According to the text
text , what is the best
best method to avoid
avoid the spread
spreading
ing of viruses
viruses ?
2. There are different kinds of viruses which are mentioned throughout the text. Choose 2
viruses and describe them.
b) A dificuldade
dificuldade de se encontra
encontrarr produtos
produtos antivírus
antivírus eficientes
eficientes no mercado.
mercado.
c) Todo mês aproximadamente 150 novos vírus são descobertos , fato este que implica
em uma constante atualização dos produtos antivírus utilizados.