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Medidas de posição
2012
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Também chamadas de medidas de localização e medidas de
tendência central (location e central tendency).
Cada medida é um valor representativo dos dados x1, x2, ..., xn.
Redução (drástica) de n observações a um só valor.
4.1. Média aritmética (ou média) (mean)
f x f x ... f k xk
f
j 1
j xj
1 k
x 1 1 2 2 k
f j xj.
f1 f 2 ... f k n j 1
f
j 1
j
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(c) k diferentes valores e frequencias relativas (x1,f1*), ..., (xk,fk*):
k
*
*
f x f x ... f x* * f
j 1
j xj k
x *
1 1 2 2
* *
k k
k
f j* x j .
f1 f ... f 2 k
f j* j 1
j 1
f j x *j
f1 x1* f 2 x2* ... f k xk* j 1 1 k
x k
f j x*j .
f1 f 2 ... f k n j 1
fj 1
j
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Propriedades da média
(x
i 1
i x) 0 .
k k
P3. f j ( x j x) 0 ou f j* ( x j x) 0.
j 1 j 1
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Propriedades da média
n
2
P4. i
( x
i 1
v ) é minimizada se, e somente se, v x.
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Exemplo. Notas de 46 alunos
> x = c(c(4.8, 7.8, 9.9, 7.8, 6.8, 7.6, 8.7, 3.8, 6.9, 6.4,
3.6, 7.8, 5.2, 3.5, 8.9, 8.0, 7.0, 6.7, 3.4, 7.5, 5.1, 5.1,
4.9, 4.4, 7.2, 9.8, 3.9, 8.6, 5.2, 6.2, 3.8, 5.2, 4.6, 5.2,
6.6, 6.7, 8.6, 5.1, 4.1, 5.0, 5.0, 4.7, 10.0, 4.8, 6.9, 5.3))
4
[1] 6.176087
2
> cs = function(x) { x - xb }
> plot(cs, 0, 10, lwd = 2, ylab
0
= "CS(x)")
CS(x)
> segments(xb, cs(0), xb, 0, lty
-2
= 2)
> segments(xb, 0, 0, 0, lty = 2) -4
-6
0 2 4 6 8 10
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4.2. Mediana (median)
M d n
M n x ( c ) , se n é ímpar; Obs. Ao contrário da média, no
cálculo de M utilizamos apenas a
x ( c ) x ( c 1) observação central (ou as duas
, se n é par. centrais).
2
Exemplo. Dados ordenados.
> (xord = sort(x))
3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1
5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.3 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.9
7.0 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.0 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.8 9.9 10.0
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O que podemos afirmar sobre a mediana?
É maior do que ou menor do que a média estadual (= 17%) ?
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Curva de sensibilidade da mediana
1. x < x(c):
2. x(c) x x(c+1):
3. x > x(c+1):
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Curva de sensibilidade da mediana
x( c ) x( c 1) x( c ) x( c 1)
n x( c ) n .
2 2
2. x(c) x x(c+1):
CSMn (x)= n { Mn(x1,...,xn-1, x) – Mn-1(x1,...,xn-1) }
x( c ) x( c 1)
n x n{x M n 1 ( x1 ,..., xn 1 )}.
2
3. x > x(c+1): CSMn (x)= n { Mn(x1,...,xn-1, x) – Mn-1(x1,...,xn-1) }
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Exemplo
0
-20
-40
0 2 4 6 8 10
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4.3. Moda (mode)
25
Pode haver mais de uma moda. A m odal
20
que a média e a mediana.
Percentagem
15
Qualitativas nominais: somente a moda
10
pode ser calculada.
5
0
A B C D E
x
30
Mo = B
40
25
Mo = C
Mo = E
20
30
Percentagem
Percentagem
15
20
10
10
5
0
A B C D E A B C D E
x x
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Cálculo aproximado para variável quantitativa em classes
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4.4. Média aparada (trimmed mean)
x( 3) x( 4) ... x(18)
x ( ) .
16
Obs. (a) A média aparada é mais resistente do que a média.
(b) A mediana é um caso particular em que = ½ - 1 / (2n).
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Exemplo. Notas de 46 alunos
> x = c(4.8, 7.8, 9.9, 7.8, 6.8, 7.6, 8.7, 3.8, 6.9, 6.4,
3.6, 7.8, 5.2, 3.5, 8.9, 8.0, 7.0, 6.7, 3.4, 7.5, 5.1, 5.1,
4.9, 4.4, 7.2, 9.8, 3.9, 8.6, 5.2, 6.2, 3.8, 5.2, 4.6, 5.2,
6.6, 6.7, 8.6, 5.1, 4.1, 5.0, 5.0, 4.7, 10.0, 4.8, 6.9, 5.3)
6.1
[1] 6.12619
6.0
x
[1] 6.08421
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4.5. Média geométrica (geometric mean)
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4.6. Média harmônica (harmonic mean)
m h m g x.
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Fórmula geral das médias
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4.7. Quantil (quantile)
Chamado de separatriz.
Provocam uma divisão nos dados ordenados.
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Quantis em R
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