Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Centro Biomédico
Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Rio de Janeiro
2023
Rafael Marinato Castellar
Rio de Janeiro
2023
CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE
UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/CBA
Assinatura Data
Avaliação da concordância entre razão cálcio/creatinina no spot urinário com a calciúria
na urina de 24 horas como método de mensuração da excreção renal de cálcio
________________________________________________________
Prof.ª Dra. Maria Lucia Fleiuss de Farias
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ
________________________________________________________
Prof. Dr. Leonardo Vieira Neto
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro
2023
DEDICATÓRIA
CASTELLAR, Rafael Marinato. Evaluation of the agreement between spot urine calcium-to-
creatinine and 24-hour urine calcium as a measuring method of renal calcium excretion.
2023. 121 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental) – Faculdade de
Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2023.
PTH Paratormônio
HI Hipercalciúria idiopática
24HUCa do inglês, 24-hour urine calcium (calciúria de 24 horas)
SCCUR do inglês Spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (razão cálcio/creatinina no
spot urinário)
Spot amostra de urina isolada. Tradução: pontual, localizada.
F.SUCCR do inglês, Fasting spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (razão
cálcio/creatinina no spot urinário em jejum)
P.SUCCR do inglês, Postprandial spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (razão
cálcio/creatinina no spot urinário pós-prandial)
24HUCa/Kg do inglês, 24-hour urine calcium-to-body weight ratio (calciúria corrigida
pelo peso corporal na urina de 24 horas)
24HUCa/L do inglês, 24-hour urine calcium concentration in milligrams per liter of
urine (concentração urinário de cálcio em miligrama por litro de urina na
urina de 24 horas)
24HUCa/Cr do inglês, 24-hour urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (razão cálcio/creatinine
na urina de 24 horas)
LISTA DE SÍMBOLOS
% Porcentagem
mg Miligramas
dL Decilitro
mEq Miliequivalente
Ca2+ Cálcio
Na+ Sódio
L Litro
mg/kg/dia Miligramas por quilo de peso corporal em um dia
mg/L Miligramas por litro
mg/dL Miligramas por decilitro
g grama
SUMÁRIO
INTRODUÇÃO 13
1 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................ 19
1.1 Geral ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.2 Específicos ............................................................................................................ 19
2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................ 20
2.1 Tipo de pesquisa....………………….........................................................…....... 20
2.2 Ética da pesquisa...............................................................……………………… 20
2.3 Amostra...............................................................……………………………….. 20
2.3.1 Critério de inclusão .............................................................................................. 20
2.3.2 Critério de exclusão ............................................................................................... 21
2.4 Delineamento experimental ...........................................................................… 21
2.4.1 Análise laboratorial …............................................................................................ 23
2.5 Metodologia estatística ........................................................................................ 23
2.5.1 Análise da concordância ….................................................................................... 24
3 RESULTADOS .................................................................................................... 26
3.1 Artigo a ser submetido........................................................................................ 26
4 DISCUSSÃO ..................................................................................….................. 42
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS…………………………………………………... 50
REFERÊNCIAS……………...................................………………………….... 51
APÊNDICE – Manual do Participante……..……….......................................... 54
ANEXO A – Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE)..…............... 60
ANEXO B – Aprovação no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa……............................ 66
13
INTRODUÇÃO
▪ Hipertireoidismo
▪ Doença de Addison
Endócrinas
▪ Hiperparatireoidismo
▪ Síndrome de Cushing
▪ Mieloma múltiplo
▪ Linfoma
Oncológicas ▪ Leucemia
▪ Tumores ósseos
▪ Síndromes paraneoplásicas
▪ Hipofosfatemias induzidas
Iatrogênicas ▪ Intoxicação por vitamina D
▪ Excesso de glicocorticóide
▪ Doença de Paget
Outros ▪ Sarcoidose
▪ Síndrome do Leite Alcalino
Fonte: O autor, 2022.
Estudos (6) usando cálcio radiomarcado que compararam a absorção intestinal de cálcio
em pessoas com HI com a de indivíduos normais encontraram uma absorção consistentemente
aumentada de cálcio na HI. A absorção é maior na HI em todos os níveis de ingestão de cálcio
e reflete um aumento no transporte ativo de cálcio pelo intestino (6). Parece estar relacionado
ao aumento dos níveis séricos de calcitriol. Em geral, cada 100 mg adicionais de ingestão de
cálcio na dieta aumentam os níveis urinários de cálcio em 8 mg/dia em uma população
saudável, mas aumentam os níveis urinários de cálcio em 20 mg/dia em pacientes
hipercalciúricos (7,8).
Apesar do aumento na absorção intestinal de cálcio, um balanço negativo de cálcio é
comumente visto em estudos de equilíbrio, especialmente em pacientes com dieta pobre em
15
cálcio. O mediador da diminuição da reabsorção renal de cálcio não é claro; não está associado
a um aumento do cálcio renal filtrado ou a níveis alterados de hormônio da paratireoide (PTH)
(5).
No rim, a fisiopatologia da hipercalciúria é secundária a três mecanismos distintos,
concomitantes ou isolados: (a) filtração glomerular de Ca2+ anormalmente elevada com
ausência da reabsorção tubular renal compensatória do Ca2+; (b) taxa da filtração glomerular
de Ca2+ normal com reabsorção tubular de Ca2+ deficitária; (c) taxa de filtração glomerular de
Ca2+ elevada com redução da reabsorção tubular renal de Ca2+. A figura 1 ilustra de forma
lúdica a interação do rim, trato gastrointestinal e osso na fisiopatologia da hipercalciúria,
demonstrando ser um processo conjunto e independente simultaneamente (5).
perda de Ca2+
da matriz óssea
↑ absorção
intestinal de
Ca2+
↓ reabsorção
renal de Ca2+
Legenda: Cálcio(Ca2+)
Nota: figura ilustrativa da interação entre o trato gastrointestinal, osso e rim na fisiopatologia da hipercalciúria. O
aumento da absorção intestinal é uma característica dos hipercalciúricos e acredita-se que possa ser por um
mecanismo que aumenta a resposta tecidual à vitamina D, como a deficiência da enzima inativadora do
calcitriol, aumentando sua concentração sérica (9). Hipercalciúricos apresentam níveis mais elevados de
calcitriol quando comparados aos indivíduos normais. O calcitriol aumenta a expressão de proteínas
transportadoras de cálcio (10), aumentando sua absorção. A absorção de cálcio está diretamente relacionada
ao calcitriol (10). No rim ocorre a queda da reabsorção intestinal de cálcio, sendo secundário à 3 processos
distintos podendo ocorrer concomitantemente ou isolados, são eles: (a) filtração glomerular de Ca2+
16
anormalmente elevada com ausência da reabsorção tubular renal compensatória do cálcio; (b) taxa da
filtração glomerular de Ca2+ normal com reabsorção tubular de cálcio deficitária; (c) taxa de filtração
glomerular de Ca2+ elevada com redução da reabsorção tubular renal de cálcio. A causa dessas alterações
ainda são desconhecidas e não parecem estar relacionadas a vitamina D ou ao PTH (1,3,11–15). Apesar do
aumento da absorção intestinal de Ca2+, há um balanço negativo do mineral. É fato que a calcemia tende a
se manter dentro dos níveis de normalidade como mecanismo de proteção garantidor da manutenção de
outros processos dependentes do Ca2+. Então, para que o processo se equilibre, a única fonte do elemento
passa a ser por meio da sua reabsorção na matriz óssea, ou seja, desmineralização óssea, ponto chave na
fisiopatologia da doença osteoporótica (8).
Fonte: O autor, 2023.
Dieta Definição
enfatizando que a repetibilidade de cada medida também deve ser avaliada e detalhando uma
forma de cálculo dos limites de concordância quando existirem replicações de cada método
(29).
Atualmente, o método encontra-se bem divulgado, exemplo disso é que ao realizar uma
busca simples no banco de dados Pubmed com o termo "Bland-Altman" como t foram
encontrados 10 artigos em 2008 e 2009, em revistas de diversas áreas. Além disso, a
metodologia já encontra-se implementada em diversos pacotes estatísticos. No R, um software
livre e específico de análise estatística, existem rotinas prontas desenvolvidas por usuários que
fornecem os valores e o gráfico com os limites de concordância. No Medcalc e Analyse-it,
softwares comerciais, também é possível a visualização gráfica com o viés e o intervalo de
concordância com apenas um comando (30).
Desde então, tornou-se imperativo usar a análise de Bland-Altman antes de sugerir a
substituição de um método por outro uma vez que os coeficientes de correlação, comumente
encontrados como método analítico nos estudos supracitados, medem apenas a força do
relacionamento e não a concordância entre dois testes, quando avaliam a mesma variável
quantitativa. Contudo, apesar da falta de evidências robustas, muitos especialistas recomendam
o uso do SUCCR com cálculo da razão cálcio/creatinina como método de avaliação e
diagnóstico como forma de burlar a dificuldade imposta pela amostragem de 24 horas.
Este estudo se propõe a avaliar a concordância e, consequentemente, a
intercambialidade entre 24HUCa (método de escolha) e SUCCR (método alternativo) em jejum
e após 1 hora de sobrecarga oral de cálcio na mensuração da excreção renal de cálcio.
19
1 OBJETIVOS
1.1 Gerais
1.2 Específicos
Avaliar a influência direta e pontual da sobrecarga oral de cálcio na calciúria por meio
da comparação das razões cálcio/creatinina na amostra isolada em jejum e uma hora após a
ingestão oral de 1,000 mg de cálcio.
20
2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
2.3 Amostra
3 RESULTADOS
Short title: Can spot urine calcium replace 24-hour sample for assessing renal calcium
excretion?
Authors: Rafael Marinato Castellar1, Barbara Gehrke1,2, Andrey Rodrigues Ferreir3, Luiz
Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar4,5, Maria Caroline Alves Coelho4,5
*Corresponding author: Maria Caroline Alves Coelho, MD, PhD. Endocrinology, Department
of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro. Blvd. 28
de setembro, 77 – CePeM/HUPE, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-030. Phone: (+55-
21) 2868-8212; Email: carolinealvescoelho@yahoo.com.br
Word count: Main document – 4179; Abstract – 178 words; Figures – 2, Tables – 2, References – 40
27
Abstract
Background: Hypercalciuria is the most common identifiable contributing factor in lithogenesis, and a
24-hour calcium urine sample (24HUCa) is the gold standard method to diagnose it. However,
outpatients still have many issues related to this collection, often providing incomplete samples, leading
to invalid test results. Some clinicians request a spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (SUCCR) to
measure renal calcium excretion to minimize this problem. There are conflicting results suggesting the
interchangeability between SUCCR and 24HUCa. We aimed to investigate the agreement between
24HUCa and SUCCR. Methods: Thirty-six participants were recruited and composed the study,
collecting 24HUCa and fasting and post-calcium SUCCR. Spearman’s coefficient and Bland-Altman
plot test were used to assess the methods' correlation and interchangeability, respectively. Results: There
was a significant correlation between fasting SUCCR samples and 24-h urine, but we did not observe
any agreement. Post-calcium SUCCR and 24-h urine did not correlate. Conclusions: Although 24HUCa
and fasting SUCCR had a significant correlation, they had no agreement. Our finding suggests that
correlation tests were insufficient to judge the interchangeable power between measurement methods
for calcium urine excretion.
Keywords: Calcium. 24-hour urine. Spot urine. Calcium-to-creatinine ratio. Measurement. Agreement.
Bland-Altman. Hypercalciuria.
28
Introduction
Urinary calcium excretion results from a complex interplay of the gastrointestinal tract,
kidney, and bone (1,2) and multiple hormones to regulate it. Hypercalciuria or excess urinary
calcium (uCa2+) occurs in 5-10% of the population. It is the leading risk factor in the
pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis (1) and calcium is present in 80% of renal stones.
Hypercalciuria occurs in 30% of individuals who form urinary stones (2) and seems to favor
the osteoporotic process (3–5). It probably has a polygenic cause, and the only validated method
for measuring it is a 24-h urine sample (6,7)(10).
Diet patterns may influence the uCa2+cutoffs, and there are three standardized
definitions for it. In a patient with an unrestricted diet: (1) an absolute daily Ca2+ renal excretion
(24HUCa) greater than 250 mg in women and 275 to 300 mg in men; (2) an absolute daily
excretion of Ca2+ corrected for body weight (24HUCa/kg) greater than 4 mg/kg/24-h; or (3) an
uCa2+ concentration (24HUCa/L) greater than 200 mg/L. On the other hand, in a diet restricted
to 400 mg of calcium and 100 mEq of sodium, the cutoffs of 24HUCa and 24HUCa/Kg to
denote hypercalciuria are adjusted to 200mg and 3 mg/kg/24h, respectively (11,12,14,15).
Outpatients find the 24-h collection method difficult, especially those from vulnerable
groups such as elderly, children, and physically disabled (6,7,9,12–14). It is usually observed
and often provided incomplete specimens leading to invalid test results. Instead of laborious
24HUCa, some clinicians request spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (SUCCR) to diagnose
hypercalciuria despite the lack of evidence (15–17). SUCCR is defined as the ratio of calcium
in mg/dL to creatinine in mg/dL (18). Some authors recommend multiplying the SUCCR by
1,000 to achieve 24HUCa levels and report that SUCCR and 24HUCa are interchangeable (18–
21).
Despite the absence of robust scientific evidence to support the reliability, several
healthcare professionals report to SUCCR off-label use to assess renal excretion to bypass the
24-hour urine difficulties (8,9,14,16,20,23–25). We aimed to investigate if SUCCR may be
used instead of 24HUCa and how they agree with each other. Our objective was to validate a
simpler, easier, and more practical method for assessing urinary calcium excretion than the
usual 24-hour urine sample. To investigate it, we compared SUCCR at fasting and 1 hour after
oral calcium overload with three standardized definitions for assessing renal calcium excretion.
29
Study design
Patients
Thirty-six participants were selected from the endocrinology outpatient clinic respecting
the criteria of inclusion and exclusion as follows: inclusion criteria: (a) have at least 18 years;
(b) able to a minimal understanding to perform 24HUC correctly; (c) no sex predilection;
exclusion criteria: (a) diagnosis of bone metabolism diseases such as parathyroid pathologies,
rickets, osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple myeloma, Paget's disease; (b) patients with renal
pathologies that alter calcium metabolism, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD-EPI <
60mL/min), renal tubular acidosis; (c) Inability to understand the guidelines of the study
process. The reading, understanding, and signing of the Consent Term were mandatory for all
volunteers.
Participants were instructed to discontinue any medication that could interfere with renal
calcium excretion, such as diuretics and formulations containing calcium for 14 days previous
to exams or containing vitamin D for three months. Participants were advised to have a
sufficient diet of at least 1,000 mg of calcium daily for five days before collecting the urine. On
the fifth day of calcium diet, the collection of 24HUCa should begin in a bottle offered by the
research group, respecting the following instructions: on the 5th day of sufficient calcium diet,
the first urine of the day should be completely discarded, then the exact time corresponding to
30
the end of this first urine should be recorded on the bottle itself. This time record will be the
end time on the following day; from the second diuresis on, the entire volume produced should
be stored without discarding absolutely any urinary volume until the time recorded on the bottle,
emphasizing the importance of nocturnal diuresis that should also be collected; to keep
refrigerated the bottle during and after collection by 6 to 8ºC (22); On the 6th day, only after
the end of the collection of the 24HUCa, participants should collect a fasting isolated urine
sample in another specific bottle to measure fasting spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio
(F.SUCCR); the next step they had to ingest two tablets of 500 mg calcium carbonate provided
by the researchers and wait one hour to collect the post-calcium SUCCR (P.SUCCR) sample.
The vials of fasting and post-calcium SUCCR were identified by different lids colors. Only
samples with a maximum of 24 hours from the end of collection were accepted.
Participants had easy access to study instructions provided in a booklet. The instructions
covered the study stages, correct collection procedures, and dosages of 500mg calcium
carbonate tablets. Contact details for the researchers were also provided for any questions or
doubts during the process.
We primarily aimed to evaluate the agreement between 24HUC and SCCUR and to test
the interchangeability of methods to assess renal calcium excretion. Secondarily, we also
investigated oral calcium overload's direct and punctual influence on renal calcium excretion
by comparing fasting versus post-calcium SUCCR.
Laboratory
Calcium and creatinine at 24-hour and isolated urine samples were assessed by FUS-
2000 Urinalysis Hybrid (Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd.) using photoelectric colorimetry principle to
urine chemistry (23). Any sample was considered valid if the 24-hour urine creatinine-to-body
weight ratio ranged between 13 to 29 mg/kg/24-h and 9 to 26 mg/kg/24-h, respectively, in men
and women (24).
Statistical analysis
31
Normality in data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and graphical
analysis of the histograms. The descriptive analysis presented the data observed in tables,
expressed by measures of central tendency and dispersion suitable for continuous data and by
frequency and percentage for categorical data. The inferential statistic was composed of the
following analyses: (a) Spearman's correlation coefficient analyzed the relation between
clinical issues and renal excretion variables; (b) assessment of the variation between F.SUCCR
and P.SUCCR by Wilcoxon signed rank test; (c) Bland and Altman plot to describe the
agreement between different methods to assess renal calcium, 24-h, and spot urine sample using
the statistical software - Jamovi® Statistical Software version 2.3.21.0. Statistical analysis was
also processed using IBM SPSS Statistics Software version 29.0.0.0 (© Copyright International
Business Machines Corporation). The significance determination criterion adopted was 5%
level.
Agreement analysis
We used a Bland-Altman plot (B&A) to analyze errors between the methods.We assess
errors between the two methods. B&A is a graphical statiscal method that illustrates scores
variability by plotting at least three lines (mean, upper, and lower limits of agreement) on a
scatter plot graph 45 degrees clockwise. Y-axis represents the difference between the
measurements of the methods and X-axis represents the average of them. We assessed variables
with al teast moderade correlation (r ≥ 0.400, p ≤ 0.05) in the same measurement unit, as a
significant correlation is necessary for agreement.
Our study has variables in different measurement units. The prominent example is the
evaluation of the agreement between 24HUCa and F.SUCCR. The first is in mg, which
measures the absolute quantity of calcium in 24-h and the second is a ratio of calcium to
creatinine, both in mg/dL, a concentration measurement. The calculation of the differences
(F.SUCCR - 24HUCa) is conceptually impossible unless they are somehow standardized. We
performed the analysis between F.SUCCR and 24HUCa corrected by creatinine from the same
sample in mg/dL (24HUCa/Cr) resulting from the calcium and creatinine ratios in the same
measurement unit. We then multiplied F. SUCCR by 1,000 as some authors proposed it to reach
24-hour calcium values and declared an agreement between 24HUCa and SUCCR (7,18,20,21).
We mentioned the variable corrected by 1,000 as “F.SUCCR*” and we run this linear data
transformation to turn 24HUCa and F.SUCCR* comparable variables by difference and mean.
32
Results
A total of 36 participants completed the study and collected all urine samples (24 hours,
fasting and post-calcium). Of these, four men and four women did not achieve the valid sex-
specific range for the 24-h urine creatinine-to-weight ratio and were excluded. The estimated
sample loss was 22.85% (n = 8). Twenty-eight participants collected urine samples correctly
and set up our final sample.
Six men (21.4%) and 22 women (78.6%) participants were in sex distribution. Only five
participants (17.9%) met the criteria for hypercalciuria (three men and two women). Among
the men, two presented 2 criteria: 24HUCa > 300 mg and 24HUCa/Kg > 4 mg/kg/day and one
only 24HUCa. Among women, both presented 24HUCa/L > 200mg/L, one of them also
presented 24HUCa/Kg criteria.
Table 1 describes clinical and renal excretion variables in all participants. Numerical
data were expressed by central tendency and dispersion.
Quartiles
Note: Renal excretion variables did not meet the normality assumptions and were described as
median and 1st (QI) and 3rd (QIII) quartiles.
Legend: Number of individuals (n); Body mass index (BMI) as kg/m2; calcium concentration per
liter of 24-h urine (24HUCa/L); 24-hour urine calcium in mg/dL-to-creatinine in mg/dL
33
Table 1. Spearman`s correlation matrix between clinic and renal calcium excretions
by 24-h and spot urine samples in 28 individuals
n = 28 24HUCa 24HUCa/Cr 24HUCa/kg
Note: Significant Spearmen’s correlations coefficient are highlighted by the box in bold.
Legend: Spearmen`s correlation coefficient (r); p-value (p); 24-hour urine calcium (24HUCa); 24-hour
urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (24HUCa/Cr); 24-hour urine calcium to-body weight ratio
(24HUCa/kg); Fasting spot urine calcium-to-creatinine (F.SUCCR); Post-calcium spot urine
calcium-to-creatinine (P.SUCCR); sample size (n).
34
We identified two outliers participating in the expected pattern with a high F. SUCCR of
0.335 and the other with a high 24HUCa/Cr value of 0.421. By excluding both participants from
the analysis, the gain in correlation strength was not relevant enough. Additionally, there was
no change in distribution normality to consider data transforming or even excluding them from
the study (Figure 1).
We did not adjust the analysis for age or BMI as covariates since both variables did not
present a significant correlation either with 24HUCa or the fasting and post-calcium SUCCRs.
Figure 2 – Scatter plot graphical presentation of F.SUCCR (Y axis) to 24HUCa/Cr (X axis). The strongest
correlation found between 24h and spot urine variables is shown in Table 1 (r = 0.543; p = 0.002; n
= 28). An isolated outlier is observed on the right and below the fit line that horizontally influences
the model inclination.
Can 24-h urine be replaced by spot urine to measure renal calcium excretion?
Our findings showed that there was no agreement between SUCCR and 24HUCa
methods. Figure 2 shows the Bland-Altman analysis model, where the results of the differences
35
and means between 24HUCa/Cr and F.SUCCR are plotted on the Y and X axes, respectively.
An ideal agreement corresponds to a mean difference statistically equal to zero and corresponds
to the equality line (dotted line).
The mean difference between the methods (bias) was -0.038 (95% CI -0.003 to -0.073)
represented by the continuous line signaled by the star and its confidence interval limits by the
dashed lines just above and below. The upper (0.139, 95% CI 0.199 to 0.078) and lower (-0.215,
95% CI -0.154 to -0.276) limits of agreement are represented by the continuous lines signaled
by the arrows with their confidence interval limits represented by the dashed lines. The visual
interpretation of B&A showed the presence of two outlier results. The visual graphical
interpretation allows us to conclude the presence of a significant error between the methods
since the equality line is not included in the confidence interval of the mean difference,
corroborated by a one-sample t-test (p = 0.003), which determined that the mean difference was
statistically different from zero (ideal agreement).
mean =bias
bias= =- 0.038
-0.038
mean 95% CI
36
Figure 3 - Bland-Altman Plot. Agreement analysis of 24-h urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (24HUCa/Cr)
and fasting spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio (F.SUCCR). The blue line represents the bias
(mean of differences calculated) and dashed blue lines the 95% confidence interval of the mean of
differences. The black dotted line is the line of equality or the point on Y axis where the agreement
is perfect between methods. Note that the black line is not covered by the bias confidence interval
(between the dashed blue lines), representing a statistically significant bias between the methods.
One-sample t-test corroborates this interpretation when reject the null hypothesis. The red lines
and ranges are about the upper and lower limit of agreement and respective 95% confidence
interval between dashed red lines and was achieved as mean ± 1.96SD. Confidence interval (CI);
Limit od agreement (LoA); standard deviation (SD).
The data did not show a proportional trend distribution (linear regression, p = 0.562),
visually perceivable on the graph (the greater the magnitude of the measurements, the greater
the variability of the data). This means that the difference between the methods does not
consistently vary across the range of values, i.e., there is no clear tendency for the results to be
systematically higher or lower relative to the mean. This may indicate that the error may be
influenced by other factors, such as the precision of the methods at different value intervals or
the presence of uncontrolled variables that affect the results. The results indicate that there is
no agreement between the SUCCR and 24HUCa methods for the evaluation of urinary calcium.
As per previous studies, the F.SUCCR variable was multiplied by 1.000 to infer the 24HUCa
value. However, we found no significant correlation between F.SUCCR (x1.000) and 24HUCa
(p = 0.845), and thus, we refrained from performing the Bland-Altman plot. Correlation is a
prerequisite for assessing agreement between the two variables.
We suggested run the Wilcoxon signed rank test to investigate whether oral calcium
intake affects the punctual renal excretion of calcium. Specifically, we compared two calcium
measurements obtained from the punctual and isolated urine samples in two different scenarios:
fasting and after an oral overload of 1,000 mg calcium carbonate. Our results showed no
significant difference between F.SUCCR and P.SUCCR (n=28; Z=-0.709; p=0.478), indicating
that oral calcium intake does not appear to have a significant impact on the punctual urinary
excretion of calcium.
37
Discussion
Since the 1950s, trials have attempted to assess the interchangeability of two methods
used to measure renal calcium excretion, the 24HUCa and SUCCR. However, the results are
contradictory and significant statistical divergences still exist on the correct statistical technique
to evaluate the agreement between these methods (6,7,9,25–28) with no consensus reached so
far. In clinical practice, many health professionals face the challenge of relying on the standard
measurement method and resort to using SUCCR to estimate 24HUCa (12,26,29,30). However,
little is known about the validity of this approach. Our study aimed to clarify the uncertainties
about the interchangeability of 24HUCa and SUCCR in clinical practice and to investigate
whether a dietary calcium overload affects the punctual measurement of urine calcium by
SUCCR.
Outpatients often struggle with providing complete 24-hour urine samples, resulting in
invalid test results (28), evidenced by studies reporting high rates of invalidated or non-
collected samples in cases where 24-hour urine collections were requested.. Quiñones-Vázquez
et al. (12) found that 52.1% of collected samples did not meet validation criteria(12) while Hong
et al. (6) reported that more than 30% of outpatients failed to provide urine samples and 28%
of those who did collect provided incomplete specimens. As a result, only 48% of stone formers
were able to provide adequate specimens for metabolic evaluation when asked for a 24-hour
urine sample. Our study yielded a slightly lower, yet still significant rate of 22.8% (n=8) of
excluded samples due to failure to meet creatinine correction criteria indicating under-
collection or over-collection of urine. These findings underscore the pressing need for more
accessible, manageable, and practical methods to measure calcium in urine.
Our study detected hypercalciuria in five participants (17.8%) in the 24-hour urine
sample, a higher prevalence than the 5-10% previously reported in the general population (1).
Interestingly, the criteria used to diagnose hypercalciuria differed between individuals, with
two participants matching both 24HUCa and 24HUCa/kg levels, two matching 24HUCa/L and
24HUCa/Kg, and one matching only 24HUCa but approaching the cutoff level when corrected
for body weight. We believe that inter-individual variability in intestinal calcium absorption
rates and the optimal vitamin D target may contribute to these discrepancies.
In 1959, Nordin et al. (23) conducted a study comparing the results of 24HUCa and
SUCCR in 121 individuals with hypercalciuria and reported a correlation coefficient of 0.75,
but did not present the p-value. Similarly, in 1991, Gokce et al. (18) studied 67 patients by
collecting random urine specimens during "normal waking hours". The authors reported a
38
strong correlation (r = 0.946; p < 0.001) between 24HUCa and SUCCR, and concluded that
SUCCR can replace 24HUCa. However, Gokce et al. did not exclude patients with chronic
kidney disease and it was unclear if they collected urine samples during inpatient stays or as
outpatients, introducing potential sample and confounding bias due to participants aged 16 to
85 years(20). In our study, we found some weaker correlations between spot and 24-hour urine
samples, such as F.SUCCR vs. 24HUCa, F.SUCCR vs. 24HUCa/Cr, and F.SUCCR vs.
24HUCa/kg (r = 0.483, 0.543 and 0.434, respectively; p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the
higher F.SUCCR is, the greater the expected value of calcium excretion. However, post-calcium
SUCCR did not significantly correlate with any 24-hour urine variable (p > 0.05).
Agreement analysis is used to measure how well different methods of measurement
agree with each other for the same subject or phenomenon. This can be done using different
instruments, the same instrument at different times, or different evaluators (31). Correlation and
linear regression are commonly used to evaluate agreement, but they can sometimes be
misleading. Correlation measures the strength of the relationship between two variables, but
does not necessarily indicate good agreement between the methods. Linear regression aims to
predict a variable based on another but does not assess agreement (32,33). Agreement effect
measures are often smaller than correlation coefficients and should only be assessed between
data with the same measurement unit. It's important to note that correlation evaluates changes
in proportion, not whether the values are similar. To assess agreement, the coincidence of values
is as important as having a significant correlation between methods (34,35).
Bland and Altman (36) proposed a statistical method in 1983 to evaluate the
interchangeability of measurement methods for assessing the same quantitative outcome. This
method is considered more appropriate than traditional correlation analysis as it examines the
behavior of the differences between the methods by plotting the data of the differences (Y-axis)
against the average between them (X-axis) in a scatter plot. By doing so, the limits of agreement
can be graphically assessed to determine whether the differences between the methods are
statistically significant or agree with each other within a variance margin. However, it is
important to note that the concordance interval needs to be defined based on analytical,
biological, or clinical objectives to judge differences that may have clinical and/or diagnostic
implications (15). Although many studies have reported a high correlation between SUCCR
and 24HUCa values, few studies have utilized the B&A method for data analysis. Moreover,
some studies that have used this method have assessed concordance between variables
measured in different units or scales, resulting in no agreement, as expected (33).
39
Two recent studies utilized the B&A method to compare paired samples of 24HUCa
and SUCCR. Hong et al. (37) investigated 62 outpatient stone formers and found a moderate
correlation between the two methods (n = 30, r = 0.67, p < 0.05), but a lack of concordance
(B&A bias = -67 mg/24h). Jones et al. (7) reported a reasonable correlation between 24HUCa
and F.SUCCR measurements in healthy postmenopausal women (r = 0.730), but poor
agreement (B&A bias = -83 mg/24h).
Our results indicate a lack of concordance between the SUCCR and 24HUCa/Cr
methods for the evaluation of urinary calcium. The B&A concordance analysis showed that the
mean difference between the methods was significantly different from zero, suggesting the
presence of significant error between the methods. Additionally, the graphical distribution of
the data presented non-uniform variability, indicating the presence of proportional bias. This
means that the difference between the methods does not vary consistently across the range of
values, indicating that there is no clear tendency for the results to be systematically higher or
lower in relation to the mean. This may suggest that the error could be influenced by other
factors, such as the precision of the methods at different value intervals or the presence of
uncontrolled variables that affect the results.
Some studies (6,30) used Bland-Altman Plot between the 24-hour and SUCCR. Our
interpretation is that there is a conceptual error in using the Bland-Altamn Plot when comparing
two independent quantitative variables in different scale and units of measurement without
standardization of the values. This act input a trend bias toward analyzing differences and
means, measures that the magnitude of data is crucial. The correspondence evaluated by B&A
is applicable when two different methods evaluate the exactly same quantitative variable in the
same unit of measurement, scenario, and magnitude (15). In the case of the 24-hour urine
sample and SUCCR, both represent different quantitative variables. They are numerically
distinct since they have distinct ways to assess calciuria and not a different method that
evaluates calcium in the 24-hour sample or corrected for body weight. Unfortunately, we did
not find statistical strength to support using SUCCR as an alternative measurement method.
We had some limitations, including a relatively small sample size, which made outliers
statistically significant and potentially skewed the distribution of data. Additionally, we did not
establish a clinically acceptable limit of agreement for assessing errors between the methods.
On the other hand, our study had strengths such as the use of Bland-Altman plot to assess
agreement, which is an important parameter when evaluating the interchangeability of measures
methods and our sample was not limited to patients with specific conditions, which allowed us
to evaluate the agreement in quantifying urine calcium rather than solely in diagnosis.
40
Conclusion
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and the risk of kidney stones among women and men. Kidney Int. 2001
Jun;59(6):2290–8.
10. Zwart SR, Parsons H, Kimlin M, Innis SM, Locke JP, Smith SM. A 250 μg/week dose
of vitamin D was as effective as a 50 μg/d dose in healthy adults, but a regimen of four
weekly followed by monthly doses of 1250 μg raised the risk of hypercalciuria. Br J
Nutr [Internet]. 2013 Nov 28 [cited 2022 Dec 11];110(10):1866–72. Available from:
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of kidney stone formers with renal phosphate leak. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet].
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JR. Calcium-creatinine ratio in a morning urine sample for the estimation of
hypercalciuria associated with non-glomerular hematuria observed in children and
adolescents. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):38–45.
13. Lakatos P, Takács I, Büki B, Németh J, Horváth C. Urinary calcium excretion. (Normal
values for urinary calcium/creatinine ratio in Hungary). Multicenter study. Orv Hetil.
1997;138(22):1405–9.
14. Matsushita K, Tanikawa K. Significance of the calcium to creatinine concentration ratio
of a single-voided urine specimen in patients with hypercalciuric urolithiasis. Tokai
Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. 1987;12(3):167–71.
15. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two
methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):307–10.
16. Colón-Emeric CS, Saag KG. Osteoporotic fractures in older adults. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol. 2006 Aug;20(4):695–706.
17. Brazier M, Kamel S, Maamer M, Agbomson F, Elesper I, Garabedian M, et al. Markers
of bone remodeling in the elderly subject: effects of vitamin D insufficiency and its
correction. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Nov;10(11):1753–61.
18. Gökçe Ç, Gökçe Ö, Baydinç C, Īlhan N, Alaşehirli E, Özküçük F, et al. Use of random
urine samples to estimate total urinary calcium and phosphate excretion. Arch Intern
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19. Topal C, Algun E, Sayarlioglu H, Erkoc R, Soyoral Y, Dogan E, et al. Diurnal rhythm
of urinary calcium excretion in adults. Ren Fail [Internet]. 2008 Jun [cited 2022 Dec
11];30(5):499–501. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18569929/
20. Ogawa Y, Yonou H, Hokama S, Oda M, Morozumi M, Sugaya K. Urinary saturation
and risk factors for calcium oxalate stone disease based on spot and 24-hour urine
specimens. Front Biosci [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2022 Dec 11];8(4). Available from:
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21. Nordin BEC. Assessment of calcium excretion from the urinary calcium/creatinine
ratio. Lancet [Internet]. 1959 Sep 19 [cited 2022 Dec 11];2(7099):368–71. Available
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43
4 DISCUSSÃO
produzido em 24 horas de urina, respectivamente). Esses dados são consistentes para fortalecer
a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um método mais fácil e prático para medir o cálcio na
urina.
Nossos dados apresentaram cinco participantes (17,8%) com valores diagnósticos de
hipercalciúria detectados na amostra de 24 horas, maior do que a prevalência média da literatura
de 5-10% na população geral (3). Curiosamente, os critérios que determinaram a hipercalciúria
diferiram entre os indivíduos. Dos 5 participantes com hipercalciúria, 2 corresponderam os
níveis de 24HUCa e 24HUCa/kg (calciúria > 250 mg/dia e > 4 mg/kg/dia, respectivamente).
Outros 2 participantes apresentaram a 24HUCa/L e 24HUCa/Kg (calciúria > 200 mg/L e > 4
mg/kg/dia, respectivamente). Um participante correspondeu apenas a 24HUCa, porém quando
corrigido para o peso corporal para obter a 24HUCa/Kg, foi consideravelmente próximo do
ponto de corte (~ 3,89 mg / kg / 24-h). Acreditamos que fatores como a variabilidade na taxa
de absorção intestinal de cálcio e o alvo ideal individualizado de vitamina D podem ser um dos
fatores contribuintes para a não concordância entre os 3 métodos diagnósticos padronizados.
Nordin et al. (23) em 1959, estudaram 121 indivíduos comparando a excreção de cálcio
pela SUCCR versus 24HUCa em hipercalciúricos, encontrando um coeficiente de correlação
de 0,750, porém o p-valor não foi apresentado no estudo. Da mesma forma, Gokce et al. (15)
em 1991, estudaram 67 pacientes com spots de urina aleatórios coletados a qualquer momento
durante "as horas normais de vigília" e coleta de 24 horas iniciada imediatamente após a entrega
do spot coletado, apresentando forte correlação (r = 0.946; p < 0.001) entre 24HUCa e SUCCR,
com a conclusão dos autores favorável a intercambialidade entre SUCCR e 24HUCa. Porém,
o grupo não excluiu pacientes com doença renal crônica e não ficou clara a estratégia dos
critérios de exclusão e inclusão dos participantes, inferindo possível viés de amostragem (15).
Nossos dados evidenciaram uma correlação, apesar de fraca quando comparado aos
estudos prévios, mas ainda sim significativa, entre amostras de urina no spot e na de 24 horas,
como F.SUCCR vs. 24HUCa, F.SUCCR vs. 24HUCa/Cr e F.SUCCR vs. 24HUCa/kg (r =
0.483, 0.543 e 0.434, respectivamente; p < 0.05). Em outras palavras, quanto maior for o
F.SUCCR, maior será o valor esperado na calciúria de 24 horas. A SUCCR pós-cálcio
(P.SUCCR) não mostrou correlação com significância com nenhuma variável de urina de 24
horas (p > 0.05). Porém, a correlação, apesar de necessária estar presente, é insuficiente e muitas
vezes enganosa quando utilizada isoladamente para predizer a concordância entre métodos ao
mensurarem a mesma variável quantitativa.
A análise de concordância refere-se à capacidade de mensurar resultados quantitativos
idênticos (mesma unidade de medida), aplicados ao mesmo sujeito/fenômeno, seja por
45
corrigido pelo peso corporal. Infelizmente, não encontramos força estatística para apoiar o uso
do SUCCR como um método de medição alternativo.
Além disso, não observamos se quer correlação entre 24HUCa e a razão
cálcio/creatinina no spot urinário multiplicado por 1,000, conforme alguns estudos defenderam
ser a equação preditora da calciúria de 24 horas a partir da SUCCR. Os estudos defensores desse
modelo apresentam em comum a não utilização da análise gráfica de Bland-Altman, podendo
corresponder resultados enganosos por serem baseados nos coeficientes de correlação e
determinação.
Também não foi percebida diferença estatística em relação a F.SUCCR e P.SUCCR
após a sobrecarga oral de 1,000 mg de carbonato de cálcio. Contudo, também não podemos
afirmar que a sobrecarga oral do mineral não impacta nos valores P.SUCCR+ por dois principais
motivos: (1) pelo número pequeno da amostra, o que enfraquece a inferência estatística e (2)
pela presença de hipercalciúricos, que sabidamente apresentam a absorção intestinal de cálcio
globalmente aumentada.
Em suma, nossos resultados mostraram pouca concordância entre a avaliação do Ca2+
na urina de 24 horas e no spot, não evidenciando força estatística suficiente para apoiar o uso
da SUCCR como método alternativo confiável de mensuração do cálcio urinário.
Apresentamos algumas limitações, incluindo um tamanho de amostra relativamente
pequeno, o que tornou os valores discrepantes estatisticamente significativos e que
potencialmente distorceram a distribuição dos dados. Além disso, não estabelecemos um limite
clinicamente aceitável de concordância para avaliar erros entre os métodos baseados em
critérios analíticos, biológicos e clínicos. Por outro lado, nosso estudo teve pontos fortes, como
o uso do gráfico de Bland-Altman para avaliar a concordância, considerado um parâmetro
importante ao avaliar a intercambialidade de medidas/métodos que se propõem a avaliar a
mesma variável quantitativa. Além disso, nossa amostra não se limitou a pacientes com
condições específicas, o que nos permitiu avaliar a concordância na quantificação do cálcio
urinário e não somente como método diagnóstico
48
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
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urine samples to estimate total urinary calcium and phosphate excretion. Arch Intern
50