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J_g im \oli]l[n[m) im _gjl_m‚lcim) h_g ni^i i ][n‚fiai ^[m jli`cmm‹_m+
Am][j[g im \ig\_clim) _g ni^im im chko†lcnim)]_ln[g_hn_ jilko_ i hŒ*
g_li ^_ ch]‡h^cim † j_ko_hi+ = g[f_^c]‡h]c[ _ i dofa[g_hni mog‚lci
`[t_g j[ln_ ^i gi^i _mj_lni ^_ m_l+Emni†) ^i gi^i ol\[hi+ P_l ol\[hc*
^[^_ ]igi mchŠhcgi ^_ m_l jifc^i io ]iij_l[ncpi † og nl[g\ifbi
fwa•cxnc]i+*A]igi [mj[ [pl[m ko_ _g\l[g i ijimni i ko_ im [c]cih‚*
lciml_acmnl[g+Lcmn[m̀[fm[m+
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_hnl_[m\oli]l[]c[m _ m_om jŒ\fc]im7i ]c^[^„i ]igog) i jifˆnc]i _ [ al[h^_
]iljil[…„i+ Lli]ol_c ^_m[ncp[l[faog[m ^_f[m)mo\mncnoch^i*[m jil n[\of_*
n[mg[cm ]ihpch]_hn_m _ ]ihpi][h^i [faohm\cm\cfbin_clim• \i][ ^_ ]_h[+
= \oli]l[]c[ † [ `[]_ ]inc^c[h[ ^i H_pc[n„+A i H_pc[n„)og[ p_t ]l_m]c^i)
h„i ^_m[j[l_]_) [j_h[m go^[ ^_ ch^og_hn‚lc[+
Emmi p_g [ jlij‰mcni ^[ l_]_hn_ g_hm[a_g ^_ ko_ i >l[mcfm_jilc[ •m
jiln[m ^i `onoli [mmcgko_ m_^_m`ct_mm_ ^[ b_l[h…[ chmncno]cih[f^_cr[^[
jil C_nŒfciR[la[m+J_g i f_a[^i p[laocmn[_l[ n„i ]ih^_h‚p_f) _cmi ko_
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gocni fiha[) g[m † lc][ _g `[]_n[m+@[ ]ihmnlo…„i ^i Amn[^i h[]cih[f
\l[mcf_cli) ^_ _mn[][m_ [h^[cg_m [lkocn_n[^im jil R[la[m) • ]i[fct„i _hnl_
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_ og[ \oli]l[]c[ \KMSYXKV&SVOQKV% j[mm[l[g*m_]ch]i ^†][^[m) himm[m_ ^i
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ko[h^i [ _gjl_cn[^[ † jimmˆp_f_ `lonˆ`_l[+ N_f[h…[l[ ]lŠhc][ ^im gi^im
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fct[^[m) _ l_f[n‰lciml_^cac^im+K jli`_mmil Hoct D_hlcko_ >[bc[ ij_lio
]ig ^cfca‡h]c[ [ ]ihmofnilc[ n†]hc][ ^_ j_mkocm[_ jli^otco [mg_^c^[m
oncfct[^[mhim ][jˆnofim ER_ R+Oio al[ni [i ]ihpˆpci _ • ]if[\il[…„i ^_ ;9GkKLCF A K `onoli ^[ Al[ R[la[m7
ni^im ^ol[hn_ i jlid_ni+
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n_mmi\l_ i `oh]cih[g_hni ^i Amn[^i\l[mcf_cli+@_]c^cl_nig[l i _mno^i
_ _rj[h^c*Ei) n_h^i _g pcmn[^_m^i\l[g_hnim ]ihn_gjilƒh_im ^[m l_f[*
…‹_mjŒ\fc]i*jlcp[^i ko_ [ch^[ h„i _rcmnc[gio _l[g [j_h[m f[lp[l_m j
†ji][ ^i jlid_ni ilcach[f+ @_ ih^_ molaco_mn_pifog_ mi\l_ im Œfncgim
H_pc[n„mh[]cih[cm * i ^_ R[la[m _ i [no[f+
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lci+ D_mcni_g g_h]cih[l mo[ ^cfca‡h]c[ _ [ ko[fc^[^_ ^_ m_onl[\[fbi
jilko_ [i f_cnil ^_m[]imnog[^i ]ig j_mkocm[m ji^_ j[l_]_l [hn_m]og*
jfc]c^[^_ ko_ [al[^_]cg_hni+ Ag ko[fko_l ][mi) i l_]ihb_]cg_hni _mn[*
lc[ [ko†g ^i g_l_]c^i+ Ob_cf[O[h^_mn_g mc^i[ [mmcmn_hn_ [^gchcmnl[ncp[
^i H[\il[n‰lci ^_ Amno^imArj_lcg_hn[cm) jil jimc…„i `oh]cih[f) _ ^_
gchb[m [ncpc^[^_mjŒ\fc][m)jil ^cmjimc…„i^_ mcgj[nc[ ]ig i nl[\[fbi ^i
mcah[n‚lci+h i ko_ g_ n_g j_lgcnc^i ]ihmogcl i jl[t_l ^[ pc^[ chn_f_]no[f+

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[hn_]_^_l[g) _f[ m_lp_ [ch^[ bid_ ^_ gif^ol[ ]ihnl[mn[hn_ [ gocn[m
chc]c[ncp[m^_ aip_lhi _ j_l^ol[ mi\ [ `ilg[ ^_ _mj[lmim p_mnˆacim
chmncno]cih[cm+ O_^cg_hn[^[m h[ g_g‰lc[ h[]cih[f _mn„i [m ]ihkocmn[m
^i nl[\[fb[^il o8\[hi _ [ l_jl_mm„i ^i Amn[^i Jipi) og g[l]i mi]c[f)
jimcncpi) _ ionlwjifˆnc…i)+FY_a[ncpi) ^[ ^_~+[ _ g_E[ 6!0..*!!.612'
aip_lh[ [ jil C_nŒfciR[la[m+J_afca_h]c[^[) mow_mncg[^[[n†) _mn‚mow
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g_hil hŒg_li ^_ aifj_m ^_ Amn[^i ^ol[hn_ im m†]ofimTET _ TT) b[p_l
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h[f) [f†g ^i li^ˆtci ^_ _rjfil[…„i ifca‚lkoc][) h[^[ m_hin[\cfct[ ]igi
f_a[^i mcahc`c][ncpi^[m mo]_mmcp[m ^cn[^ol[m f[nchi*[g_lc][h[m ^im ^icm
Œfncgimm†]ofim)_ jil cmmi[p[fci ko_ [ _n[j[ p[laocmn[^_ ]ihmnlo…„i h[*
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bcmnilcial‚`c]i) [mmch[fiko_ ?bcf_ _ Qloao[c) ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_ g_h]cih[*
^im ]igi im _r_gLfim ^_ j[ˆm_mf[nchi*[g_lE][him ko_ g[cm m_[jlircg[*
l[g ^_ og[ nl[^c…„i^_gi]l‚nc][) _mncp_l[gmo\g_nc^im [ n[hnimaifj_m
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io p_h_to_f[h[+ Ag ]igj[l[…„i [ ionl[m bcmn‰lc[m h[]cih[cm) ^_p_ m_l
 l_acmnl[^[ [ mcgofn[h_c^[^_ _hnl_ i [mm_hn[g_hni ^[m \[m_m^i Amn[^i*
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[n† _hn„i • ^_lcp[ ^[ mi]c_^[^_ ila[hct[^[+ J„i m_nl[n[ [j_h[m ^i lh]8l*
g_hni ij_l‚lci) hinilc[g_hn_ l_jlC%hc^ijil cf_a[f^ol[hn_ [ Llcg_cl[ N_*
jŒ\fc][) g[m n[g\†g ^[m[mmi]c[…‹_m ch^omnlc[cm
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[]ogjfc]c[p[g*m_ [ ^_f_a[^im ^_ jifˆ]c[ _ `il…[ml_jl_mmil[m j[l[f_a[cm
him `l_k•_hn_m ]biko_m ]ig g[hc`_mn[…‹_mi\l_cl[m+ Ko m_d[)[i n_gji
^[ `cr[…„i ^[m jlcg_cl[m _mn[][m^i Amn[^i h[]cih[f) _gjl__h^_o*m_ ac*
a[hn_m]i _m`il…i ^_ chn_al[…„i jifˆnc][ _ mi]c[f) m_g jl_doˆti ^i ^_m_*
kocfˆ\lci d[g[cm [om_hn_^[ l_f[…„i _hnl_ _gjl_a[^im) ^_ og f[^i) _
_gjl_a[^il_m _ Amn[^i)^_ ionli+
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[i ]ihnl‚lci) l_mn[\_f_]_l [^_ko[^[ j_lmj_]ncp[ j[l[ [h‚fcm_^i ^_m_gj_*
hbi ^[m_fcn_m \l[mcf_cl[m)`[]_ [im ]igjf_rim jli\f_g[m ^_ chn_al[l g[n_*
lc[f) jifˆnc][ _ mcg\ifc][g_hn_ og j[ˆm ko_ _l[) [n† _hn„i) jio]i g[cm ^i
ko_ og[ `c]…„idolˆ^c][ [ []i\_ln[l _mj[lm[mcfb[m^_ l_f[ncp[ ]cpcfc^[^_+
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m__^c`c]io i Amn[^i \l[mcf_cli+ K doˆti ^_f[mh„i ji^_lc[) i\pc[g_hn_)
m_l`[pil‚p_f • n[l_`[ ko_ [mnilh[lc[ i\mif_n[m+
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chˆ]ci ^[ N_jŒ\fc][) h[m]_l[) jil chn_cli) ]ig [ Eh^_j_h^‡h]c[+ N_mn[g
jio][m ^Œpc^[m^_ ko_ i ]_hnli cgj_lc[f \l[mcf_cli _mn[p[]ihm]c_hn_ ^_
ko_ [ n[l_`[ \‚mc][ ^im aip_lh[hn_m) hi m†]ofi TET) ]ihmcmnc[h[ l_^o…„i
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ko[fko_l ][mi) `c][l[g jil ch[oaol[l) hi gˆhcgi) im `oh^[g_hnim chmnc*
no]cih[cm ^_ og Amn[^i gi^_lhi) [ko_f_mko_ _mn[\_f_]_g [ml_al[m ^_
l_f[]cih[g_hni _hnl_ alojim mi]c[cm]igj_ncncpim _ _hnl_ _mn_m _ i jl‰*
jlci Amn[^i+L[l[ ko_ [ _gjl_m[ m_d[\_g*mo]_^c^[) † h_]_mm‚lciko_ [
jl‰jlc[ _rcmn‡=]c[g[n_lc[f ^i Amn[^i)_ h„i [j_h[m dolˆ^c][) j_m_mcahc`c*
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fil ^_ cg[]of[^[ g_^ci]lc^[^_ _ m_chmn[f[ghi j[hn_„i ^[mal[h^_m pc^[m7
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i aifj_ ^_ .604) _) jil `cg) ]ig [ j_l]_j…„i ^i ch_pcn‚p_f_g .612 _
.621+- Po^i ]ig m_oog g_nli _ jio]i ^_ [fnol[) pit ch[fn_l[^[ _ ^cm]lc*
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^_gi]l[]c[) i ]_l]i ]cpcf*gcfcn[l ^_ .621 [hoh]c[p[) [i ]ihnl‚lci) og _hm[ci ^_ ^cn[^ol[+
^_m`_]bi * i moc]ˆ^ci* ^cmnchni^i ^_ .612+
 =wbid_ [ p[lc[hn_ l[^c][f ^i fc\_l[fcmgi _m]ihdol[ R[la[m ]igi ]ol[^il
^i [onilcn[lcmgi ][mncfbcmn[a[Œ]bi _ `ihn_ ilcach[f ^[mj[nifiac[m ^i >l[mcf
gi^_lhi+ J[m]c^[ _ ]lc[^[ \[mc][g_hn_ _g O„i L[ofi) _mn[^i _g ko_ m_
^‚) ]igi ^[n[ ^_ m_o\[ncmgi ]ˆpc]i gi^_lhi) [ l_pifn[ [hnc*R[la[m^_ .60/)
[ ]ill_hn_ c]ihi]f[mn[ d[g[cm]ihm_ oco ]ihp_ln_w [ g[cilc[ ^[ jijof[…„i
[ mo[m]ihpc]…‹_m[hncp[laocmn[m+ R[la[m) pcpi io gilni) j[l[ _mm[g[cilc[)
w l__wfcwo[ S kSK^_ %omncw mw]c[f+^im w‚l]_l_mfcb+_l+[cm*_++[+^cmflc\++oco
h[mlo x
_ `[\h][w ^_ ih^_ hoh][ g[Em `KE_rjofm[+ Ag l_]_hn_ doˆti l[^c][f)
B_lh[h^i D_hlcko_ ?[l^imi) ]ig [ [onilc^[^_ i`c]c[f ^[ jl_mc^‡h]c[ ^[
N_jŒ\fc][) [mm_aolioko_ [ Al[ R[la[m _mn[lc[[aihct[hn_) jl‰rcg[ ^i `cg+
@_mp[h_]_o*m_[ jli`_]c[) jil†g) hi ^†\cf p[tci ^[ l_j_l]omm„i _rnl[*
fcn_l‚lc[)m_gmom]cn[l _hnomc[mgi)h_g g_mgi _hnl_gocnim^im^_m]_h^_hn_m
c^_if‰ac]im^[ l_\_fc„i j[ofcmn[^_ .60/+ Amn[)m_g^Œpc^[)og[ j‚ach[ l_*
f_p[hn_)g[m og[ j‚ach[ hi nl[n[^i ^im ]ch]i m†]ofimh[]cih[cm+
= g‚ f_g\l[h…[ ^_ R[la[m) jl_m_lp[^[ jil m_om ^_m[`_nim)_ ko_ nl[hm*
]_h^_‹ j_hi^i ^fn[nil!ˆ„`)[`?[h…[h^i*i) n[g\†g) _g m_om_aoh^i g[h*
^[ni jl_mc^_h]c[f)^_]ill_ ^[ jligi…„i ^im [mm[f[lc[^imol\[him [i goh^i
^[ f_acncgc^[^_ jΠc][ _) _g [^_h^i) ^i gi^_fi ]iljil[ncpcmn[ [^in[^i w
X77" j[l[ []igi [l im hipim ]igj[hb_clim h[ [l_h[ jifˆnc][+ h \_g p_l^[^_
ko_ i _gjl_m[lc[ƒi h[]cih[f) j[lnc]of[llh†hn_ ‹ j[ofcmn[)`wcmo`c]c_hn_g_hn_
`iln_ j[l[ cgjil [i aip_lhi ^cn[nilc[f ^_ R[la[m og jlcpcf_ac[^i ncji ^_
l_f[]cih[g_hni ko_ i nl[hm`ilgio _g og[ ]f[mm_`il[ac^[ ^i ]ilji*
l[ncpcmgi)m_g b[p_l mc^id[g[cm[g_[…[^[) h„i i\mn[hn_ c^_hnc^[^_ _ j[*
X+l[^_cli ]ihb_]c^im+ Lil nl‚m^[m[j[l‡h]c[m ^_ ch]ihnilh‚p_f chm[ncm`[…„i)
i _gjl_m[lc[^i ]ihm_aoco) ^_ `[ni) _m][j[l • hilg[ncpc^[^_ ]iljil[ncp[ _
_mn[\_f_]_l_g m_gc*i\m]olc^[^_ og mcmn_g[VKS]]Od&#KS\SKXY h[mmo[ml_ [*
…‹_m ]ig i ji^_l jŒ\fc]i _ ]ig w[m]_hn_ mch^c][fcmgii _l‚lci+/
=ch^[ him n_gjim ko_ ]ill_g) [ g_wilc[fˆmnc][ ^_ ijimc…„i mo]og\_
• _mn_l_incj[^[ cg[a_g ^_ og ^cn[^il) _g jifˆnc][) _ jijofcmn[) _g g[n†*
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[mm_hn[^im *
^i _rjimni _h]ihnl[*m_ _g ^icml_]_hn_mpifog_m ^_ bcmn‰lc[
_g ggo?fKm[mj_mkocm[m
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d1+ NY >O`VK^i&4 MYX]^\_jiY NY MY\ZY\K^S`S]WYXY \iPVT i _ [h_cliA^Feld7 .6
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O„i *L[ofi) L[t _ P_887[)/---+ **
lc[ mi]c[f) ]igi [jlijlc[^i _ mo`c]c_hn_l_mogi ^i mcahc`c][^i bcmn‰lc]i
^_ C_nŒfciR[la[m+= g_^c^[ ^i ]ihnlif_ mi\l_ [ m_^cg_hn[…„i^[ g_g‰*
lc[ h[]cih[f _r_l]c^[ j_fi fc\_l[fcmgi l[^c][f) ]ihp_lnc^i [i ]ihm_l*
p[^ilcmgi [onilcn‚lci m_gjl_ ko_ [m]cl]ohmnƒh]c[mmifc]cn[l[g) † _mncg‚p_f
j_f[ f[la[ _rn_hm„i _g ko_ [ ijchc„i • _mko_l^[ ]igj[lncfb[ i g_mgi
]ihdohni ^_ _mn_l_‰ncjim+ = j[lncl ^[ m_aoh^[ g_n[^_ ^im [him .63-) i
[mm[ [i _mji -, _ [la[m ch]iljilio l_]lon[m ilcoh^im ^[ _mko_l^[)
]od[ _mnlc^‡h]c[]ihm_aoco) _g [faohm gig_hnim) mi\l_jod[l [mjl‰jlc[m
pit_m ^i nl[^c]cih[fcmgi fc\_l[f+ Bc]io !gi^_lhi!) chn_f_]no[fg_hn_)[^*
gcl[l i mch^c][fcmgi[g_lc][hi ^_ !M(Y]ON]RYZ! & [ko_f[ _g ko_ img_g*
\lw ]ihnlif[g [ _hnl[^[ ^_ ]igj_nc^il_m _g m_om m_ag_hn[^img_l][^im
_ nl[ [ i * _ _m _h [l [al_mmcp[g_hn_ i mcmn_g[mch^c][f\l[mc _cli)
b_l[h…[ ^_ R[la[m+= ^_]f[l[…„i jlijimcncp[ ^i _r*jl_mc^_hn_B_lh[h^i
_hlcko_ ?[l^imi ^_ ko_ clc[ n_lgch[l ]ig [ Al[ R[la[m p_ci [ m_li jc]i
^_ af‰lc[^i [n† _hn„i golgŒlci ^[m ][n[]og\[m+ N_^otc^i • ^cn[^ol[ _
[i jijofcmgi) i f_a[^i p[laocmn[_mn[lc[^_mnch[^i • j‚ach[ ^_ ^†\cnim ^[
h[…„i) [hn_mko_ j l_m_lp[ ^_ p‚lcim _ \_h†`c]im _r_gjfim) chmjcl[^il_m
^_ jimmˆp_cm̀onolim+?igi momn_hn[…„i ^_ n„i lcailimi doˆti [jihn[*m_
j[l[ [ ch_ %_E` fc]c[f_m][^i Amn[^iJipi+ %oˆti li]_^_ g[m
h„i † _r[omncpi+
P[fp_t ji8 ch]fch[…„i)n[fp_t jil ]‰jc[) im [h[fcmn[m_ bcmnilc[^il_m
jlcpcf_ac[g) ko[m_ko_ _r]fomcp[g_hn_) imj_lˆi^im ^_ R[la[m mi\ mo[`[]_
^_ chc]c[ncp[mch]ih^c]cih[^[m * i ko_ _f_ `_t jil j_lmo[m„i jl‰jlc[ *)
_ h_mn[]f[p_ † ko_ m_gofncjfc][g [m_rjfc][…‹_mpch]of[^[m [i ][mncfbcmgi
[onilcn‚lci) m_gchp_mnca[l]ig cao[f j[]c‡h]c[ _ lcail [mjifˆnc][m ^_ R[la[m
]igi l_mjimn[)cmni†) ]igi \OKjiY [ _mnˆgofim_ ^_m[`cimjlijimnim j_f[m
]cl]ohmnƒh]c[m)ch^_j_h^_hn_m^_ m_o][mncfbcmgiio [onilcn[lcmgi+0
= N_pifo…„i^_ .60- `ic) chc]c[fg_hn__ _g j[ln_) og[ l_[…„i [ ch_mj_*
l[^im ^_m[`cimjifˆnc]im chn_lhimj[l[) fiai [ m_aocl)p_l_g*m_imfˆ^_l_m]ih*
_ [h‚fcm_
0= ^_m]lc…„i^[ bcmn‰lc[ f[nchi*[g_lc][h[ hi j_lˆi^i .6/6*.606) mo\fchb[h^i im [mj_]nimw
l_[ncpim) _h]ihnl[*m_ _g ?[lEim @c[t =._d[h^li) !H[nch =g_lc][ ch nb_ .60-m!) ch Nim_g[ls ,v
+ * Pbilj &_^+')>K^SX4WO\SMKSX^RO*1,)] & EROCYVO[P'^ROBO\SRO\"HSXGY\VN 6\S]S]%Jip[
K ZYVm^SMK Uile) On+I[lnch%mLl_mm).651+ I[m _g m_ol_f[ni m‰m„i [h[fcm[^im im ch^c][^*8*l_m̀ˆmc]im^[
* jli^o…„i _ [mj_]nim `cm][cm _ gih_n‚lcim+
 `lihn[^im ]ig jl_mm‹_m_rn_lh[m^_ h„i jio][ ^c`c]of^[^_+Ehn_lh[g_hn_)
_mjif_n[ [ jl_]cjcn[l [ mo\f_p[…„i)fc^_l[^[ jil og[ ]igjimc…„i a[Œ]b[ _
gch_cl[) `ic [ lojnol[ ^i j[]ni nl[^c]cih[f ij_l[^[ jil S[mbchanih Hoˆm[i
_m]ifb_lj[l[ mo]_^‡*f i h[ jl_mc^‡h]c[^[ N_jŒ\fc][ionli j[ofcmn[)]ihnl[lc[h*
^i imjlch]ˆjcim ^[ ]ihpcp‡h]c[ ifca‚lkoc][+ = fcn_l[nol[mi\l_ im[hn_]_^_h*
n_xcg_^c[nim ^[ N_pifo…„i † p[mn[)_g\il[w_g h_ bog ^im _mno^imko_
]ihb_…i m_`[…[[ ]ih_r„i _hnl_ i gipcg_hni l_pifo]cih‚lci e]e
YVS =''g\[_SMe_g fc oc^[w„i+?cn[g*m_ifca[lkoc[m_ i*ko_ [mm_j[l[p•*8g[m h[i
im h_rim mcmn‡gc]im ko_ [mohc[+Oo]_^_g*m_[mh[ll[ncp[m^[mg[hi\l[m _ mcf[mnl‡mm_[jl_m_hn[l[g mcgofn[h_[g_hn_+
moj_l`ˆ]c__hnl_ ^icmalojim ^_ ifca[l][m) m_g ko_ m__m]f[l_…[gim gincpim
^[ ]ctƒhc[+?ig `l_k•‡h]c[) [m[h‚fcm_m j_][g jil l_^o]cihcmgi ch^cpc^o[*
fcmn[) `c][h^i [ Dcmn‰lc[ mi\l_^_n_lgch[^[ j_fim [j_ncn_m^_ ji^_l ^im `cao*
l[hn_m+=fn_lh[ncp[g_hn_) ^_\[n_*m_• _r[omn„i m_i m_hnc^i^i _jcm‰^ci`ic
_kocp[f_hn_•ml_pifo…‹_m \olao_m[m_olij†c[m io m_`ic og[ l_\_fc„i ^[m]f[mm_m
g†^c[m+=^_jnim ^[ p_lm„in_h_hncmn[ &^_]f[mm_ g†^c[') ]ihnl[ [ p_lm„i !\ol*
ao_m[!)[jihn[g j[l[ [ ]ih^c…„i ^_ nl[^c]cih[cmifca[l][m _ f[nc`oh^c‚lcim^im
fˆ^_l_m^[ N_pifo…„i)m_gm_[j_l]_\_l_g ^_ ko_ i g_mgi [laog_hni) [ m_l
p‚fc^i) i m_lc[n[g\†g _g l_f[…„i•m]f[mm_m g†^c[m+Bch[fg_hn_)[ ]ih]fom„i
_g `[pil ^_ og[ _rjfc][…„i ^i ][l‚n_l ]f[mmcmn[ b_n_lia‡h_i ^i gipcg_hni
i`_l_]_ og[ jimmc\cfc^[^_^_ l_]oi chn_f_]no[fg[cm^i ko_ og m‰fc^i [lao*
)pwni+ K _mno^i^[ N_pifo…„i^_ .60- ]igi g[l]i _hnl_^o[mkZYMK]&†ji*
*`~www7mcmn_gw) h„i mig_wn_ l_acg_m' j_lg[h_]_ pcla_g ^_ ]ihnlc\oc…‹_m
_m]f[l_]_^il[m+ ******** ***
N_mifpc^ii ]ih`fcni chnl[*ifca‚lkoc]i j_f[m[lg[m) imhipim aip_lh[hn_m
m_pcl[g _g g_ci • `ilgc^‚p_f ]lcm_^i ][jcn[fcmgi) chc]c[^[ _g .6/6) _ mi*
\l_ ]odim^_m^i\l[g_hnim h„i jimmoˆ[g [ g_hil j[l]_f[ ^_ ]ihnlif_+ f cg*
jimmc\cfc^[^_^_ chc]c[ncp[[onŠhig[) m‰ fb_ml_mn[p[l_mjih^_l [im cgj[]nim
^[ ]lcm__rn_lh[ gi\cfct[h^i l_]olmimg[n_lc[cm_ n[f_hnimbog[him ]ig i
i\d_ncpi ^_ [giln_]_l [m]ihm_k•‡h]c[m^ig†mnc][m^[ ]lcm_+ =f†g ^cmmi) m_lc[
h_]_mm‚lcia[hb[l [ [^_m„i ^_ ni^[m[m][g[^[m ^[ jijof[…„i j[l[ [ _mnl[n†*
ac[ ^_ l_^otcl i jin_h]c[f ^_ ^cmloj…„i^[ il^_g mi]c[f)]iijn[h^i i [jici
^im nl[\[fb[^il_m ol\[him •mola_hn_mg_^c^[m ko_ i ^_m[mnl_ chn_lh[]cih[f
cgjohb[+ ?ih]foch^i [ fcmn[^_ ^_m[`cim)mola_g im ]ihmnl[hacg_hnim n_g*
jil[cm+= l_[…„i ^i aip_lhi [i l_jni _r‰a_hi ^_p_lc[ m_l‚acf ^i jihni ^_
pcmn[^i jli]_mmi ^_]cm‰lci) _`c][t h[ _n[j[ ^_ cgjf_g_hn[…„i _ []_cn[ ]igi
[jlijlc[^[ j_f[ jijof[…„i) mi\l_no^i ol\[h[+ A [ˆ im hipim aip_lh[hn_m)
R[la[m j `l_hn_)^_p_g b[p_l j_l]_\c^i ko_)mi\ ionl[ hig_h]f[nol[) _h]ih*
nl[p[g*m_^c[hn_^_ nl‡m^[m]lcm_m̀oh^[g_hn[cm+^wmw]c_^[^_m wo_+chwl7m*w
m[g h[ gi^_lhc^[ _7[ ]hm_ [ gn_ l[…„i ^_ [lnf?Ej+ [i _ _ l_ EmnhQf [i+ 1#$*
= ^c`_l_h…[^[ _rj_lc‡h]c[ \l[mcf_cl[_g l_f[…„i[im j[ˆm_md‚ [ m[fpi ^_f[m)
j_fi g_him jil [faog n_gji) _l[ og[ ^c`_l_h…[`ilgc^‚p_f7 _hko[hni im
ionlim j[ˆm_mm_pcl[g `[]_ [ `[]_ ]ig ][^[ og[ [`[mn[^[mhi n_gji) hi >l[*
Ah`l_hn[l [ ]lcm_^_ chn_al[…„ih[]cih[f) [ ^_ j[lnc]cj[…„i jifˆnc][ _ [ ^_
l_^cmnlc\oc…„i ^_ lcko_t[) _ moj_l‚*E[m)`ic [ chnl[hm`_lˆp_f[a_h^[ ^im j[ˆm_m
_hnl[^im hi goh^i gi^_lhi+ Ag ni^im _f_m)i _g\[n_ `ic m_a•_h]c[f+L_f[
il^_g) moj_l[l[g [ ]lcm_^_ c^_hnc^[^_)[ ^_ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^_jicm _) jil `cg)
[ ^_ l_^cmnlc\oc…„i+ Eg[ach[*m_ko_) h„i i\mn[hn_[ al[h^_ ^c`_l_h…[^_ h[no*
l_t[ _hnl_ _f[m)[ _rj_lc‡h]c[ ^[ moj_l[…„i^_ ][^[ og[ n_hb[ [do^[^i h[
j_^[aiac[ ^i nl[n[g_hni ^[m^_g[cm+L[l[ [faohm^im j[ˆm_m)[ mo]_mm„i ^[m
nl‡m]lcm_m m_^_o hi j_lˆi^i ko_ p[c ^i chˆ]ci ^i m†]ofi TET [im jlcg_clim
nlchn[[him ^i m†]ofibb*Konlim[mmoj_l[l[g [i fihai ^i m†]ofiTT+ I[m
_g ni^im im ][mim][ [ og[ [mko_mni_m ji _ m_lnl[n[ [ g EREo[ g_hn_+
w =i ]ihnl‚lci) [im j[ˆm_mmo\^_m_hpifpc^im ko_ ligj_g [ linch[
ifca‚lkoc][ _ ^„i chˆ]ci ^_ `ilg[ cll_p_lmˆp_f• g[l]b[ j[l[ i ^_m_hpifpc*
g_hni) im i\mn‚]ofim h„i m_[jl_m_hn[g _g mo]_mm„i) g[m _g ]ifca[…„i+
J„i fb_mm„i ]ih]_^c^im [ _rj_lcg_hn[…„i _ i [jl_h^Et[^i h[ [^gchcm*
nl[…„i^_ ]lcm_m) ][^[ og[ [ m_on_gji) h_g [ ][j[]c^[^_ ^_ cgj_^cl ko_
im^_mpcim_kocpi][^im hi nl[n[g_hni ^_ og[ l_j_l]on[g h[ chn_hmc^[^_
io g[ahcno^_ ^[m^_g[cm+
J„i _l[ ionli i ]_h‚lci \l[mcf_cli [i chˆ]ci ^[ ^†][^[ ^_ .60-+ = _koc*
j_ ko_ ]b_a[l[ [i ji^_l) _g g_ci • ^_mila[hct[…„i jli^otc^[ jil _rn_hm[
l_`ilgof[…„i jifˆnc][) m[\c[ ]ig ]_ln_t[ i ko_ ^_m_d[p[* ch^omnlc[fct[li
j[ˆm *) g[m j[l[ cmmih_]_mmcn[lc[ ^_ og[ l_]oj_l[…„i ^[m[ncpc^[^_m_]i*
hŠgc][m ][j[t ^_ jlip_l i `ch[h]c[g_hni ^i jlid_ni * [ [alc]ofnol[ ^_
_rjiln[…„i) _g j[lnc]of[l [ ^i ][`† *) g[m m‰ pclc[ [ j_l]_\_l jf_h[g_hn_
ko_ m_]ihnl[johb[ • nill_hn_ ^_jl_mmcp[chn_lh[]cih[f ko[h^i gipcg_h*
nim_]ihŠgc]im ^_ linch[ `c][l[g j[l[fcm[^im _ ko[h^i [ pcn[fh_]_mmc^[^_
 ^_ l‚jc^[ ]iil^_h[…„i ^_ _m`il…im chn_lhimm_pco][l_hn_ ^i al[h^_ g_][*
hcmgi ^_ [domn[g_hni _hnl_ [ncpc^[^_m^cmj_lm[m * i g_l][^i+1
I_l][^im l_mnlcnim l_mofn[g ^[ ij_l[…„i ^_ ^icm gipcg_hnim `oh^[*
g_hn[cm)og) [hn_lcil) ionli) ]i*jl_m_hn_+K ko_ _mncgof[i ]l_m]cg_hni
^i g_l][^i † [ ]ihncho[^[ ^cpcm„imi]c[f ^i nl[\[fbi m_j[l[h^i c^_hnc*
^[^_m _ ^c`_l_h]c[h^i jli^onim) n_h^‡h]c[m]_hnlc`oacmn[m _ ko_ h„i ^cm*
j‹_g) _g l_acg_ fc\_l[f*^_gi]l‚nc]i) m_h„i ^i g_][hcmgi chn_al[^i l ^i
g_l][^i j[l[ l_]ih]cfc‚*E[m+ = [om‡h]c[io chc\c…„i^im g_l][^im) jil m_o
nolhi) nilh[ chmn‚p_cm [ml_f[…‹_mmi]c[cm)`l‚a_cm_ pif‚n_cm)^_ ih^_ m_m_*
ao_ [ ^c`c]of^[^_ j[l[ [ ila[hct[…„i ^_ […‹_m]if_ncp[m l[]cih[fg_hn_
ilc_hn[^[m+ =m ^c`c]of^[^_m _]ihŠgc]i*mi]c[cm n_h^_g [ m_gofncjfc][l)
nl[^otch^i*m_ _g [acn[…„i _ll‚nc][) g[m ]ig l[ti‚p_f jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^_
^c`om„i _ l_^otc^ˆmmcg[][j[]c^[^_ ^_ [\milp_l) ]ig mo]_mmi) […‹_m]if_*
ncp[m[ch^[ ^†\_cm+f chn_al[…„imig[*m_i jli\f_g[ ^[ j[lnc]cj[…„i) ^[
ko[f m_m_ao_)ko[m_ko_ [onig[nc][g_hn_) i n_hmigin_ ^[ l_^cmnlc\oc…„i+
= [h‚fcm_^_ ko[fko_l ‚l_[ ^_ jifˆnc][ aip_lh[g_hn[f _g ni^[ [ =g†lc*
][ H[nch[)h[ ^†][^[ ^_ .60-) _ [n† i `cg ^[ O_aoh^[ Co_ll[ Ioh^c[f) _rca_
l_`_l‡h]c[ [i ]ihn_rni ^[ jl_mm„ichn_lh[ ]igjlcgc^[ _ ^_ al[h^_m ^c`c]of*
^[^_m_rn_lh[m+Am]f[l_]_jio]i [ ]igj[l[…„i _hnl_ im jlch]cj[cm _mn‚acim
^[ jifˆnc][ mi]c[f chaf_m[)io mo_][)io moˆ…[) _ im ^i >l[mcf+K _ha[n_ _hnl_
[mnl‡m]lcm_m m_`_t ^_ `ilg[ jli`oh^[g_hn_ ^cmnchn[ h[ko_f_mj[ˆm_m)[mmcg
]igi h„i _l[g m_g_fb[hn_m [im ^i >l[mcfimf[…imko_ fca[p[g [ko_f_mj[ˆm_m
[i goh^i _rn_lcil+ =koc) [ chn_hmc^[^_^im ]ih`fcnim _hnl_ i ][jcn[f _ i nl[*
\[fbi _l[ _f_p[^[) m_gko_ i gipcg_hni ij_l‚lci ^cmjom_mm_ ^_ ]ih^c…‹_m
g[n_lc[cm_ dolˆ^c][mj[l[ momn_hn[l og ]ig\[n_ _kocfc\l[^i ^_hnli ^im fc*
gcn_m^[ f_acmf[…„i _rcmn_hn_+ Lil ionli f[^i) nl[hmal_^cl[ f_acmf[…„i cgjfc* )
][p[ _rjil [ fc^_l[h…[ ij_l‚lc[ [ pcif_hn[ l_jl_mm„i _) _p_hno[fg_hn_)
_rjofm„i ^i j[ˆm+@_g[h^[m \‚mc][m^im gipcg_hnim i\l_clim _g ni^i i
goh^i) ^_m^_i chˆ]ci ^i m†]ofi TET) ]igjl__h^c[g ^_m][hmi m_g[h[f
l_goh_l[^i) `†lc[m)m_aol[h…[hi nl[\[fbi) l_aof[g_hn[…„i ^i nl[\[fbi
1?`+ I[l]_fi ^_ L[cp[ =\l_o) %7+Xla_hnch[
[h^ w)l[tcf ^olcha nb_ .60-m7 Pb_ Egj[]n i` >lcncmw
[h^ =lh_h][h Ehn_lh[nfih[f A]ihigf] Lib]f_m ) g Nim_g[ls Pbilj) >K^SX4WO\SMK%
jlch]cj[fg_hn_ jj+ .12*.13+
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]igj_hm[…„i jil jli\f_g[m ^_ m[Œ^__ [jim_hn[^ilc[) io m_d[)h[^[ [f†g
^_ og[ `ilg[ l[ti‚p_f ^_ chn_al[…„ijli^oncp[ _g l_acg_m ][jcn[fcmn[m+
=n_h^c^[m_mn[m _rj_]n[ncp[m)[jl_m_hn[p[g*m_[ml_cpch^c][…‹_m ^_ fc\_l^[*
^_ mch^c][f)^_ g[hc`_mn[…‹_m m_gl_jl_mm„i)^_ cgjl_hm[ jl‰jlc[ m_g]_hmo*
l[) ^_ al_p_) ^_ ila[hct[…„i ^_ j[lnc^i jl‰jlci * `ilg[m chmncno]cih[fct[^[m
^_ j[lnc]cj[…„i _ ko_ m‰ ]ig_…[g [ m__mn[\_f_]_lh[ Aolij[) _ g_mgi [mmcg
ncgc^[g_hn_) h[ m_aoh^[ g_n[^_ ^i m†]ofi TET+ Lil `cg) mola_g) [nl[p†m
^[mchmncnoc…‹_m _hn„i f_aˆncg[m)im mch^c][nim_ j[lnc^im) [mg_n[mm[f[lc[cm)
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_mnl†c[g[ jifˆnc][ mi]c[f _ im []il^im l_^cmnlc\oncpim+ Qg n[hni _mko_g[*
nc][g_hn_) g[m ]ill_n[ _g mo[il^_h[…„i) _mn[`ic [ bcmn‰lc[ ^[m ]lcm_m^_
gi^_lhc^[^_ him j[ˆm_m^_ p[hao[l^[+
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]igjf_r[ nl[d_n‰lc[^[ jifˆnc][ gi^_lhct[hn_) hi >l[mcf)_gj_hb[^[ ko_
_mn[p[[ j[l]_f[ ^[ _fcn_l_]†g*]b_a[^[ [i ji^_l _g l_ila[hct[l ^_ [fni [
\[cri i Amn[^i)ch[oaol[l jihn_m ^cp_lmc`c][^[m]ig [ mi]c_^[^_ _ ^_cr[l
^_`chcncp[g_hn_j[l[ nl‚m[m]igj_nc…‹_m jifˆnc][m ]odimp_h]_^il_m _l[g
[hn_]cj[^[g_hn_ ]ihb_]c^im+ = ch]‰ahcn[_l[ ]igi f_p[l [ n_lgi og[
n[l_`[ ][l[]n_lcmnc][g_hn_ ol\[h[) _g m_ocgjofmi chc]c[f)n_h^i jil l_n[*
ao[l^[ og[ jijof[…„i g[dilcn[lc[g_hn_ lol[f) ]ig `ifa[m) _ [h[f`[\_n[
&i0_hmi ^_ .61-) ^_t [him ^_jicm ^[ N_pifo…„i) [ch^[ l_acmnl[p[ ko_ i
hŒg_li ^_ h[]cih[cm [h[f`[\_nim [f][h…[p[ 23# ^[ jijof[…„i'+ ?igi
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[om‡h]c[ ^_ m‰fc^[m _ linch_cl[m ila[hct[…‹_m< @_ ko_ g[h_cl[ chmn[ol[l
jifˆnc][m ^_ ƒg\cni h[]cih[f m_g ]ihn[l ]ig i `oh^[g_hn[f l_]olmi ^_
og g_l][^i cao[fg_hn_ h[]cih[f _ ^_ og[ \oli]l[]c[ jŒ\fc][ ]igj_n_hn_<
= ]i[fct„i `_^_l[f ^_ ji^_l_m fi][cm) [nigct[^im) l_nl[ni ofnl[*l_[*
fcmn[^[ Llcg_cl[ N_jŒ\fc][) `il[ mo\mncnoˆ^[jil og ]ihafig_l[^i ^_
`il…[m\[mn[hn_ b_n_lia‡h_[m ]odi ^_higch[^il ]igog _l[ [ moj_l[…„i
^[ p_fb[ ifca[lkoc[+ @_mnloˆ^imim jli]_^cg_hnim ifca‚lkoc]im) [ ]ig*
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YZ' MS^'% j[]no[^[m) ]lc[h^i) jiln[hni) ijilnohc^[^_m j[l[ [ _rjfim„i ^_ ^cp_l*
a‡h]c[mmi\l_ i logi [ nig[l) [^_g[cm ^[ ch^_]cm„i _ l_]_ci [ l_mj_cni
 ^_ ko_ ]ihm_k•‡h]c[m m_m_aoclc[g • ij_l[…„i ^im chmnlog_hnim^_ chm*
jcl[…„i gil[fct[^il[ ^[ ]igj_nc…„i jifˆnc][7 pini m_]l_ni) ][\ch_
ch^_p[mm‚p_f)domnc…[ _f_cnil[f _ ch]fom„i ^i _f_cnil[^i `_gchchi+ =im ko_
nig[p[g [ n[l_`[ ^_ gi^_lhct[…„i ]igi g_n[ il^_h[^il[ ^_ ni^im im
^_g[cm i\d_ncpim molac[ ]igi _pc^_hn_ ko_ [ ij_l[…„i ^im chmnlog_h*
nimfc\_l[cmm_lpclc[)^[^[ [ mi]c_^[^_ ^[ †ji][) [ og ]ihm[al[^il l_nil*
hi pcnilcimi ^[m ifca[lkoc[m+ =im fc\_l[cm) _hnl_n[hni) [ l_pifo…„i m‰
chn_l_mm[p[j_f[ gil[fct[…„i ^[ ^cmjon[ jifˆnc][) ch^c`_l_hn_m[im [lao*
g_hnim ^_ ko_ [ i\_^c‡h]c[ • gil[f c^[^_ _ •ml_al[m ^[ ]ih]ill‡h]c[
jifˆnc][ fc\_l[f) [hn_mpca_hn_m)_kocp[fc[ [ og moc]ˆ^ci l_nli[ncpi+ Amm[
]ihnl[lc_^[^_ ^_ j_lmj_]ncp[m)_g ]l_m]_hn_n_hm„i)m_l‚ moj_l[^[ j_fi
aifj_ ^_ .604) pcmniko_ [m_fcn_mh„i _h]ihnl[l[g og WYN_] `S`OXNS
][j[t ^_ a[l[hncl [ mi\l_pcp‡h]c[ ^im ^icm ]ihdohnim ^_ p[fil_m * i ^[
gi^_lhct[…„i [ ko[fko_l ]omni) j[l[ ohm)_ i ^i ][l‚n_l ^_ mo`c]c‡h]c[
_gjl_mn[^i • gil[fct[…„i ^im ]imnog_mjifˆnc]im) j[l[ ionlim+ Ag ]ih*
m_k•‡h]c[) h„i ]ihm_aocl[g ^_m_hb[l [mchmncnoc…‹_m mo\mncnoncp[m
^[m [h*
n_lcil_mh_g _mn[\_f_]_l mo[m]ih^c…‹_m^_ mo]_mmi) m_]ihn[mm_g ]ig i
[jici ^im ^icm alojim _g ]ih]ill‡h]c[+
= l_mjimn[ ^i l_acg_ ^_ R[la[m •m^c`c]of^[^_m ^[ bil[ ]ihmcmnco_g
f[h…[l g„i ^_ g_][hcmgim ^_ ch]fom„i ]ihnlif[^[) jl‰jlcim ^_ mi]c_^[*
_m _ [cr[ gmncno?cih[fct[…„i jifˆnc][+ `c En‚fc[l_mj*igcc[ ]ig i `[m*
]cmgi [ ^_m[`cimm_g_fb[hn_m)h„i n_h^i ofnl[j[mm[^i i g_ci m†]ofi ^_
ohc`c][…„i h[]cih[f) ch[oaol[h^i [ j[lnc]cj[…„i jifˆnc][) mi]c[f _ _]i*
hŠgc][ mi\ `‰lgof[ ]iij_l[ncpcmn[) [i g_mgi n_gji g[cm _mn[nct[hn__
g_him nin[fcn‚lc[ ^i ko_ i h[tcmgi [f_g„i+ Ji >l[mcf)[ `‰lgof[ ]ii*
j_l[ncpcmn[`ic [\l[h^[^[ _g l_f[…„i [im m_ag_hnim_]ihŠgc]i*_gjl_*
m[lc[cm)]igi m_g_h]cihio) n_h^i mc^i [\[h^ih[^[ n[g\†g [ n_m_
gommifchc[h[ ^_ ko_ no^i ^_p_lc[ m_j[mm[l ^_hnli _ h[^[ `il[ ^i Amn[*
^i+ @_ko[fko_l gi^i) i l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^[ f_aˆncg[ c^_hnc^[^_ ij_l‚lc[
m_`_t [i jl_…i ^_ _rn_hm[ [gjon[…„i ^[ [onihigc[ ^im nl[\[fb[^il_m+
A `ic og[ jifˆnc][ mi]c[f ^_ al[h^_ cgj[]ni) _g ]igj[l[…„i ]ig i j[m*
m[^i h[]cih[f) ko_ p_ci [ m_lpcl^_ jihn_ _hnl_ [ chn_h…„i_ [ h_]_mmc^[*
^_ ^_ l_]lon[l im nl[\[fb[^il_m j[l[ i goh^i ^[ h_ai]c[…„i) ^im[h^i
]ig mipchc]_) [i g_mgi n_gji) im l_]olmim ^_ ko_ ^cmjilc[g him
]ih]cfc‚\ofim [^gchcmnl[ncpim+m
Ah][gchb[^i i jli\f_g[ ^[ ch]fom„imi]c[f ij_l‚lc[ ]ig ]ihnlif_ ^i
aip_lhi) l_mn[p[g ionl[m `[]_n[m^[ ko_mn„ichn_al[ncp[)m_gjl_ [mmi]c[^[
[im [mj_]nimj[lnc]cj[ncpi _ l_^cmnlc\oncpi)_ ni^im ^_g[h^[h^i) j[l[ l_m*
jimn[ _`c][t) og[ chn_l`_l‡h]c[^cl_n[ ^i Amn[^i+I[m ko[f Amn[^i)m_[ jl‰*
jlc[ ]ih]_j…„i ifca‚lkoc][ ^[ chmncnoc…„i _mn[n[fcgj_^c[ [ j_l]_j…„i l_[fcmn[
^_ mo[h_]_mm‚lc[g[ahcno^_< = jifˆnc][ ^_ aip_lhi ko_ m__mn[\_f_]_)_g
ni^[m [m‚l_[m)h„i † ^_ gi^i [faog l_mofn[^i ^_ [][mi) ^_ []c^_hn_ [^gc*
hcmnl[ncpi)g[m `loni ^_ ]f[li _hn_h^cg_hni ^i ko_ m_cgjohb[ _r_]on[l+
Ag `_p_l_cli ^_ .60.) jil _r_gjfi) j[mm[^img_him ^_ ko[nli g_m_m^[
pcn‰lc[ l_pifo]cih‚lc[) C_nŒfciR[la[m) ^_jicm ^_ fcmn[ln‰jc]im _ ola‡h]E[
_]ihŠgE][) mo chb[7 !I[m i jli\f_g[ g‚rcgi) ji^_ ^ct_l*m_\‚mc]i) ^[
himm[_]ihigE[ † i mc_lolaE?K+L[l[ i >l[mcf)[ c^[^_ ^i `_lli g[l][l‚ i
j_lˆi^i ^_ mo[ijof_h]c[ _]ihŠgc][+ Ji [gjfi _gjl_ai ^_mm_ g_n[f) mi*
\l_ ni^im jl_]cimi) m__rjl_mm[[ _ko[…„i ^i himmijlial_mmi+ Ahnl[p[*i [
himm[gˆhao[ ^_ nl[hmjiln_m_ [ `[fn[ ^_ [j[l_fb[g_hni) ch^cmj_hm‚p_f • _r*
jfil[…„i ^[ lcko_t[ h[]cih[f ko_ jimmoˆgim cgi\cfct[^[+!3 Al[ [ ?igj[*
hbc[ Oc^_lŒlac][J[]cih[f) _l[ Rifn[ N_^ih^[ _g ^cm]olmi^_ jlid_ni) iht_
[him [hn_mko_ i j[ˆm h_ai]c[mm_mo[j[lnc]cj[…„i hi m_aoh^i ]ih`fcni goh*
^c[f _g nli][) ]ih`ilg_ ]ihmn[) ^[ [do^[ hiln_*[g_lc][h[ j[l[ [ g[n_*
lc[fct[…„i^i pcmcih[lcmgip[laocmn[+Al[ [ j_l]_j…„i ^[mn[l_`[m^_ ko_ og
Amn[^i)fiha_ ^[ g[nlct fc\_l[f [hnca[) ^_pc[ m_^_mch]og\cl+
Ag .612) ^_jicm ^_ i p_l_g _rj_fc^i ^i ji^_l) im ifbim ^_gi]l‚nc*
]im j_l]_\_l[g ko_ R[la[m l_pifo]cih[l[ ^_ `[ni i j[ˆm+Aigj[l[h^i*i)
) † ]f[li) [i ko_ i [hn_]_^_o+ Ehc]cio _ [p[h…io h[ `oh^[…„i _ chn_al[…„i
g[n_lc[f ^[ h[ „i _f[ ]lc[…„i _ _rj[hm„i _ RE[m_ll_[m _ [ .g [hn[…„i
^_ l_^_m^_ ]iw[…„iO_gip_o i\mn‚]ofim chmncno]cih[cm • chn_al[…„i
pc[ g_l][^i [i _ + aocl im cgjimnim chn_l_mn[^o[cm+ Lligip_o _hilg_
^c`_l_h]c[…„i ila[hct[]cih[f ^i Amn[^i)^in[h^i*i ^_ [ ‡h]c[m_ j_mmi[
OR_l)^i [onil) != jl‚rcm fc\_l[f _ [ ]c^[^[hc[ l_aof[^[!) _g 7kMKNK]NOO]ZKX^YO_WK KZYVYQSK
NOWYM\g^SMK% Nci ^_ F[h_cli) Ni]]i) .665+
3C_nŒfciR[la[m) 4 XY`K ZYVm^SMK NY 5\K]SV%@E<)pifog_ E)j+ .--+
 N9E<=IC=O ?LAC@=ID= <FJ J9EKFJ

ko[fc`c][^i * i @_j[ln[gwi ^_ =^gchcmnl[…„i ^i O_lpc…iLŒ\fc]i j[lnc^‚lc[ _ j[lf[g_hn[l) mi\ ifca[lkoc[m)_g j_lˆi^im ^_ ^_gi]l[]c[ fcgcn[*
&@[mj'`ic ila[hct[^i_g .605) ]ig [ ch]o` f\‡h]c[ ^_ jli^otcl o[^lim* ^[) io mi\ ^cn[^ol[+J„i n„i ch]igjl__hmˆp_f) _hnl_n[hni)ko[hni [ _mnl[hb[
[^gchcmnl[ncpim]igj_n_hn_m _ chnli^otcl i ]lcn†lci ^i g†lcni hi chal_mmi) n_m_^_ ko_ h[^[ go^io hi >l[mcf_g ]ch]i m†]ofim)[oncmgi chn_f_]no[fcg*
_ ][ll_El[ i `Qh]cih[fcmgi+ = _mm[hip[ a_l[…„i ^_ \oli]l[n[m m_lc[_h* j_lg_‚p_f •mnl[hm`ilg[…‹_m^i Œfncgig_ci m†]ofi h[]cih[f+ Ji >l[mcf)i
nl_ao_ [ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^w ^_%w_f[lj_f[ p[mn[f_acmf[…„i l_aof[n‰lc[jli^o* w jl_m_hn_† m_gjl_ ch[oaol[f) d[g[cm]ihm_k•‡h]c[ chn_lg_^c‚lc[ ^i j[mm[^i)
tc^[ _ j_f[ a_mn„i^i m_niljli^oncpi _mn[n[f+ Ag ko[m_ch[]_cn‚p_fl_mogi) _g \om][ ^i `onoli+ Cl[h^_ j[ln_ ^im bcmnilc]cmn[m \l[mcf_clim]ihn_gjilƒ*
[ m_l^_m^i\l[^i [^c[hn_) [ch^[ h_mn_][jˆnofi) † _mn_i M_\\SM_V_W ^[ Al[ h_imh_a[g) jil cgjfc][…„i) ko_ i >l[mcfn_hb[ nc^i bcmn‰lc[+
R[la[m+@_mnloˆ*E[ ]ihmncnoc)]f[l[g_hn_) `ilgc^‚p_f ^_m[`ci+
e 8 Z_\ ]SW_Y`O'/ = Al[ R[la[m m_[`[mn[hi n_gji) g[m m_]ihmifc^[ hi
?ihn[g) n[fp_t) im ch]ih`ilg[^im ]ig [ nl[^c…„i\l[mcf_cl[^_ ^_mnch[l PX ˆhncgi ^[ bcmn‰lc[ \l[mcf_cl[+++
Pl[n[h^i*m_ ^_ og li]_mmi _h][l]_l[^i) cmni
[i imnl[]cmgi ^_`chcncpiimgig_hnim ^_ lojnol[ bcmn‰lc][+ Fomnc`c][p[*m_ ^[l
†) _g ko_ [ mo]_mm„i ^_ `[nim †w_p_lmˆw_f h„i b‚ ]i +i l_`[t_l i Amn[^i
[m]imn[m[im jilnoao_m_m_ [i j_lˆi^i ]ifihc[f jl_]cm[g_hn_ j_f[ f_g\l[h…[
w \l[mcf_cli _ mo[mgofnc`[]_n[^[m [nlc\oc…‹_m m_h„i [ j[lncl ^[m ch[j[a‚p_cm
^_ bogcfb[…‹_mh[]cih[cm+Amkocmcni `ic i ligjcg_hni ]ig L_^li &h„i g[cm
w ]ihm_k•‡h]c[m^[ […„ip[laocmn[+h chm_hm[ni[g\c]cii[l _m]l_p_li onoli
_mnl‰ch[ ^i ko_ ni^im iml_cm_ jlˆh]cj_m ^_m^_m_gjl_+Ag[cm[ch^[ [ ^c`c]of*
w ^‰>l[mcf]ig `oh^[g_hnim [mm_hn[^im hi j[mm[^i ^_ ionlim j[ˆm_m+ @†][*
^[^_ ^_ [\milp_l) ^_jicm ^_ chmn[ol[^[[ N_jŒ\fc][) i l_mni^i m†]ofiTET) i
w ^[m _ m†]ofimjimn_lcil_m m_l„i i ko_ m_l„i ]igi l_mofn[^i ^[m ^_]cm‹_m
^_ L_^li ..+Mo[m_h[^[ m_l_]il^[ [f†g ^i [l\cnl‚lci Li^_l Ii^_l[^il _ ^[
%* nig[^[m _ jil nig[l) _gjl_mn[h^i g[n_lc[fc^[^_ [ og ^_hnl_ im p‚lcim
_m]l[pc^„i+?[^[ chˆ]ci ^_ †ji][ † [lnc`c]c[fg_hn_l_acmnl[^i ]igi i [hi .
`onolim jimmˆp_cm i`_l_]c^im [ ][^[ †ji][+ Ahnl_ [mjimmc\cfc^[^_ml_[cm[i
^[ pc^[ Œncf ^i j[ˆm) `c][h^i im j[mm[^iml_]_hn_ _ l_gini min_ll[^im j_fim
w [f][h]_ ^i aip_lhi) _g .60-) _mn[p[g [ko_f[mko_ `il[g m_f_]cih[^[mj[l[
^_mnloncpim _jˆn_nimko_ domnc`c][lc[g[ l_]om[ ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_ ^i jl_m_hn_)
m_nl[hm`ilg[l_g _g ][jˆnofim ^[ bcmn‰lc[ \l[mcf_cl[)• _r]fom„i ^_ ionl[m+
ni^im im jl_m_hn_m) [i j[mm[^i) _ [ no^i hi j[mm[^i+
N_mn[i l_]olmi ^[ `c]…„ij[l[ chp_hn[l og j[ˆm [fn_lh[ncpi) m_^c`_l_hn_m
J„i `ic ^c`_l_hn_[ nl[^o…„i chn_f_]no[f^[ N_pifo…„i ^_ .60- ^_ mo[
w %*`imm_g[m_m]ifb[m`_cn[m+ I[m hi hw]ci ^[ ]ihmwlo…„i^i >l[mcfh7i^_lhi
^ˆpc^[) io ^†\cni) ]ig [ Llcg_cl[ N_jŒ\fc][+@ˆpc^[h_hbog[ m_aol[g_hn_ [
w _h]ihnl[*m_)_g ]iij_l[…„i b[lgig][) og [lkQfn_ni)og _ha_hb_Eli _ og
jl_p[f_]_l) ]igi jl_p[f_]_o) [ jl_]‚lc[ _ ]igjlig_nc^[ l_pcm„i^i j_lˆi^i)
g_mnl_*^_*i\l[m)C_nŒfciR[la[m) [ nl[n[l i Amn[i l[mcf_cli †igi [m^_*
ko_ `il[) jil ko[l_hn[ [him) l_mofn[^i ^[ b[\cfc^[^_) ^_`_cnim_ pclno^_m^[*
g[cmmi]c_^[^_m^_ p[hao[l^[) • †ji][) nl[n[p[g imm_om+ Eh_pcn[p_fg_hn_)
ko_f_mko_) m_aoh^i im jiln[*pit_m ^im pcnilcimim_g .60-) m_lc[g c^_hnc`c*
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p[hn_i]ill_ _g .6/-) ko[h^i m_chmn[f[[ ?[ln_cl[ ^_ Agcmm‹_m _ N_^_m]ihnim
^i >[h]i ^i >l[mcf)_g\lc„i ^i `onoli >[h]i ?_hnl[f+ L_fi ƒhaofi ^[ [nc*
pc^[^_ jli^oncp[ ^i Amn[^i)[ ]ihmncnoc…„i ^_ og `oh^i j[l[ ]ihmnlo…„i_
jl_m_lp[…„i^_ _mnl[^[m^_ li^[a_g) _g .6/4) † n[fp_t [ Œhc][^_]cm„imcahc*
`c][ncp[[i fihai ^im jlcg_clim ko[l_hn[ [him ^[ N_jŒ\fc][+h _g l[t„i ^_mn[
jl_m_h…[^cm]l_n[)_hko[hni [a_hn_jli^oncpi) ko_ m_[]ifb_ m_gg[cil ]ig*
jlip[…„i i _mn_l_‰ncji ^_ ko_ [ ^_higch[^[ Llcg_cl[ N_jŒ\fc][ [^_koio*m_
]igjf_n[g_hn_ [i gi^_fi ^_ fc\_l[fcmgi b_a_gŠhc]i+
Ag m_oj[j_f ^_ _hn_ l_aof[n‰lci) ]ihno^i) i Amn[^i `ic \_g g[cm
[no[hn_) j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ h[ jlch]cj[f ‚l_[ _]ihŠgc][ ^i j[ˆm • †ji][ *
[ _]ihigc[ ][`__cl[ *) ^_gihmnl[h^i ko_ i VKS]]Od&PKS\SKXS]WY
[nlc\oc • Llcg_cl[ N_jŒ\fc][ † ^_]c^c^[g_hn_ _r[a_l[^i) l_mnlcnikowc
ko_ m_
• jli^o…„i _mn[n[f^cl_n[+.1 Ag [ncpc^[^_ l_aof[n‰lc[)[ nl[^c…„ih[]cih8f
† .3ha_p[+ F‚ _g .6-3) [nl[p†m*^i ?ihp‡hci ^_ P[o\[n†) i Amn[^ij[mm[[
l_aof[l [ jli^o…„i chn_lh[ ^i al„i ^_ ][`†) [^gchcmnl[h^i [ ^cmnlc\oc…„i
^_ koin[m [im _mn[^imjli^onil_m+ @_jicm)_g .6..) † [ jif‡gc][ []_l][
^[ jlin_…„i [i jli^oni mcgcf[l h[]cih[f ko_ jlipi][ [ ^_]l_n[…„i ^_
g_^c^[m [f`[h^_a‚lc[m pcm[h^i l_aof[l) pc[ nlc\on[…„i)[ cgjiln[…„i ^_ \_hm
ch^omnlc[cm+ Ag .6.5) `ch[fg_hn_) i Amn[^i ]ig_…[ [ [^gchcmnl[l im jl_*
…im^_ a‡h_lim ^_ jlcg_cl[ h_]_mmc^[^__ [ ^cmjil mi\l_ [ f_a[fc^[^_ ^i
]ih`cm]i ^_ g_l][^ilc[m) ko[h^i ]ihp_hc_hn_+Ag\il[ h„i _mj_n[]of[l) [ %
[ncpc^[^_ l_aof[n‰lc[^i Amn[^i† [ g[cm m[fc_hn__) m_g ^Œpc^[)]lo]c[f h[
ila[hct[…„i ^[ jlch]cj[f [ncpc^[^_ _]ihŠgc][ ^[ †ji][+ {m p†mj_l[m^[
N_pifo…„i ^_ .60-) h[ ko[f) i\pc[g_hn_) hchao†g [jimn[p[ ]ig m_ao*
.1=ch^[ [mmcg)b‚ ko_ m_[\lcl _r]_…„i j[l[ i jli\f_g[ ^i […i+R_l Os^_hb[g Hiol_h…i J_ni)'
eK\MeK OMYX^\KWe\MRK NKSX^O\`OXjiYO]^K^KV2 8]^KNY%OWZ\O]K\SKNY OL_\YM\KMSKXK ZYVm^SMK
]VNO\_\QVMKL\K]SVOS\K%
n_m_^_ @ionil[g_hni) Eoj_ld) Nci ^_ F[h_cli) /--.+
l[h…[) i Amn[^i \l[mcf_cli _l[ nˆ\ci ^i jihni ^_ pcmn[^i ]ihnlif_ _]ihŠ*
gc]i) g„O gQfni \_g _mn[\_f_]E^i]igi _mnlonol[jif.nf][ ifca[lkoct[]f„+
ic jl_?Em[g_hn_ og[ l[nol[ h_mn[ila[gt[…„i ko_ jlijc]cio og[ mo m*
ncnoc…„i ^_ ko[^lim ko_ pclc[ [ jli^otcl nl[hm]_h^_hn_m]ihm_k•‡h]c[m+
@_ .60- [ g_[^im ^im [him .62- [ ^c`_l_h]c[…„i ila[hct[]cih[f ^i
Amn[^i_ i ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^_ mo[[…„i l_aof[n‰lc[[^kocl_g _f_p[^[ p_*
fi]c^[^_) _h]ihnl[h^i*m_ n[g\†g) [i `ch[f ^i j_lˆi^i) i chˆ]ci ^_ g[cil
_hpifpcg_hni _mn[n[f_g [ncpc^[^_m^cl_n[g_hn_ jli^oncp[m+ Km^icmjli*
]_mmim m„i mcgofnƒh_im_ [hi [j‰m[hi i\m_lp[g*m_ [ ]lc[…„i _ ^c`_l_h]c[*
…„ichmncno]cih[cm []igj[hb[^[m ^_ chn_hm[chn_lp_h…„il_aof[n‰lc[+
Ag ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [m ^†][^[m [hn_lcil_m ^[ N_jŒ\fc][) [ [ncpc^[^_
aip_lh[g_hn[f † _hilg_ _ _g p‚lc[m `l_hn_m+?lc[g*m_ gchcmn†lcim_ io*
nlimgŒm]ofim^i [j[l_fbi ^_ Amn[^i)]ig_…[ [ chn_l`_l‡h]c[ ^i aip_lhi
h[ml_f[…‹_mmi]c[cm)i [j_ncn_l_aof[n‰lci m_g[hc`_mn[+= ]lc[…„i ^im ?il*
l_cim_ P_f†al[`im _ i _hko[^l[g_hni dolˆ^c]i ^[ l[^ci]igohc][ „ g F
ni i i n_llcn‰lcih[]cih[ m[i _r_gj im [ _^c`c][ „i g[n_lc[f ^i Amn[^i
_g .60.+ = f_acmf[…„il_aof[n‰lc[ mi\l_ l_]olmim h[nol[cm _ [ncpc^[^_m
_]ihŠgc][m † pcmˆp_f^_m^_i chˆ]ci) ]ig [ ]lc[…„i ^i ?ihm_fbi J[]cih[f ,
^i ?[`†) hi g_mgi [hi ^_ .60.) [i ko[f m_m_ao_)_g .600) i Ehmncnoni ^i
=…$7[l _ ^i =f]iif) _ im ]‰^caim^_ |ao[m) _ Ich[m) g[cO i [hi ^_
Rc[…[i [?fKh[ ) _g .601) _ i ?if†aci >l[mcfwcli*^‰ }l ) i Ehmncnoni J[*
]cih[ i [n_ _ i ?‹wm_fbi J[]cih[f ^_ L_nw) _g .605+ K ?ihm_fbi w
J []c‹c.„. _ ao[m _ Ah_l c[ Af†nlc][ † ^_ .606+ I_mgi [hi _g ko_ og
Lf[hi ^_ K\l[m LŒ\fc][m_ ^_ @_`_m[J[]cih[f ]igjf_g_hn[ i Lf[hi J[*
]cih[f ^_ Rc[…„i) ^o[m g_^c^[m ch[oaol[cm ^[ chn_lp_h…„ih„i [j_h[m
l_aof[n‰lc[)g[m n[g\†g jli^oncp[) ^i Amn[^i)domn[g_hn__g ‚l_[m _m*
nl[n†ac][mj[l[ [ ]ihmnlo…„i g[n_lc[f ^_mn_Œfncgi+= _f_mm_ao_*m_) [ch^[X+.'
h[ fchb[ jli^oncp[) i Lf[hi Oc^_lŒlac]i J[]cih[f) _g .61-+
= l_aof[…„i_ [ chn_l`_l‡h]c[h[ pc^[ mi]c„E^_m^i\l[g*m_)[ j[lncl ^_ .60.)
]ig [ hip[ f_c^_ cgjiln[…„i ^_ mcgcf[lh[]cih[f) _g ]cl]of[…„i ^_m^_.56-)
_ l_`ilg[^[ _g .6.. ]ig cao[f ch_`c]‚]c[+.2 I[m † [ j[lnwl ^_ .60/ ko_ m_
mo]_^_g chchn_llojn[g_hn_ [mf_cm mi]c[cm ]ig i [j[l_]cg_hni) h_mm_ [hi) ^i
]_lnc`c][^i ^_ \[ncmgi ]ˆpc]i ^i nl[\[fb[^il * [ ][ln_cl[ ^_ nl[\[fbi) ]ig [
] '(&-# I[lc[ =hnihc_n[ H_ijif^c) YZ' MS^'%
j+ ./-+
 kw[f i _gjl_a[^i nchb[[mm_aol[^ini^im im ^cl_cnimnl[\[fbcmn[m) [ch^[ jil ^_ j[l[ i ^_\[n_ mi\l_ jf[h_d[g_hni `O\]_] f‰ac][^i g_l][^i _hnl_Ni\_lni
REl)_ m_g[ ko[f) jil ionli f[^i) ^_f_mh„i ji^_lc[ m_\_h_`c]c[l+J_mm_g_m* Ocgihm_h_ Aoa‡hci Co^ch+J„i i\mn[hn_im ^_\[n_m)]ihncho[g [ mo]_mm„i
gi [hi † l_ f[^i i nl[\wi `_gchchi _ ^_ g_hil_m) `cr[^[ _g icli bil[m [ ^_ l_aof[g_hnim _ [ ila[hct[…„i ^_ ohc^[^_mjli^oncp[m) ]ig [ =]_mcn[_ [
dilh[^[ ^_ nl[\[fbi ^_ [^ofnim)_ [n_h…„i• Eac_h_ i nl[ [ i+ i [hi m_* ?igj[hbc[ Dc^li_f†nlc][ ^i R[f_ ^i O„i Bl[h]cm]i _mn[\_f_]c^[m_g .612)
aogn_ m_h[[ _c^_ `†lc[m+ N_nlimj_]ncp[g_hn_)p_lc`c][*m_ ko_) _g nl‡m[him ]igi _hnc^[^_m^_ jli^o…„i) _ i Boh^i B_llipc‚lci _ [ Ooj_lchn_h^‡h]c[ ^[
i aip_lhi l_pi o]cih‚lci ^_ R[la[m [n_h^_o [ jl[nc][g_hn_ ni^[m[m^_g[hw Ii_^[ _ ^i ?l†^cni) ^i >[h]i ^i >l[mcf)j_fi f[^i `ch[h]_cli+
^[ml_cn_l[^[mj_fim mch^c][nim _g ]ihal_mmim[hn_lcil_m+ • h_mn_Œfncgi [hi ^[ ^cn[^ol[ ^_ R[la[m ko_ m„i ]lc[^im i @_j[ln[*
L[l[ `ilg[l im ij_l[^il_m ^i Amn[^iko_ m__rj[h^c[) cgjf[hn[*m_)_g g_hni ^_ Amnl[^[m^_ Ni^[a_g _ i @_j[ln[g_hni ^_ K\l[m ?ihnl[ [ O_][)
.605) i @_j[ln[g_hni ^_ =mm_mmilc[ _ O_lpc…i^_ L_mmi[f&@[mj'+ Amn_ ^_j[l* m_aoc^im)_g .613) j_f[ ?igcmm„i ?_hnl[f ^_ Ll_…im+ Pi^im) [f†g ^i
n[g_hni ^_ `ilg[…„i _ ]ihnlif_ ^i m_lpc…i jŒ\fc]i [h…[l‚ [m [m_m^_ og @_j[ln[g_hni J[]cih[f ^_ K\l[m _ O[h_[g_hni) d‚ pch^i ^_ .61-) pc_*
mwmn_g[ ^_ g†lcni) l_cpch^c][h^i [ [n_h…„i^[ ]f[mm_ jifˆnc][ j[l[ [ l_f_pƒh* l[g [ nilh[l*m_) _g g_him ^_ og[ ^†][^[) ]f[lim n_mn_gohbimjl_]cm[*
?E[^im ij_l[^il_m ^[ g‚koch[ _mn[n[f) j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ ^_ og Amn[^iko_ m_ g_hn_ ^i ][l‚n_l ch_`c]c_hn__ jl_^[n‰lci ^[ \oli]l[]c[ \l[mcf_cl[) _g mo[
nilh[p[ g[cm]igjf_ri [ ][^[ [hi+ = _mj†]c_^_ h_jincmgi ko_) m_gmig\l[ m_aoh^[ `[m_^_ j[nlih[a_g _ ]fc_hn_fcmgi+
^_ ^Œpc^[)jl_p[f_]_o ^ol[hn_ im jlcg_clim nlchn[[him ^[ N_jŒ\fc][) g[h* Ag ]ihnl[]ill_hn_ • ]igjf_n[ _ p_fit l_pifo…„i chmncno]cih[f)ila[*
n_h^i [ nl[^c…„i^i \oli]l[ncmgi cgj_lc[f * i\d_ni ^_ ‚]c^[m]lˆnc][m^_ ^icm hct[]cih[f _ f_a[f ^[ jlcg_cl[ †ji][ p[laocmn[h[ll[^[ [n† [koc) i j_lˆi^i
[onil_m)Fi[kocg J[\o]i _ Fim†^_ =f_h][l) chn_cl[g_hn_^cm]il^[hn_m_g jl_mc^_h]c[f^_ Aolc]i C[mj[l @onl[ l_p_f[ ^l‚mnc][chn_lloj…„ih[m[ncpc^[*
no^i g[cm*) _h]ihnlio hi @[mjm_och][hm‚p_fj_lm_aoc^il+@cl*m_*c[ b[p_l ^_m^i Amn[^i)g[m ko_ m„icg_^c[n[g_hn_ l_nig[^[m ]ig [ pifn[ ^_ R[la[m
n_lgch[^i [ Fcg_cl[ `[mw^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi\l[mcf_cli)h[ p_lm„i ko_ ]ihm_aoc* [i ji^_l &.62-' _ [ ]lc[…„i)_g .62/) ^i >[h]i J[]cih[f ^_ @_m_hpifpc*w
l[ g[hn_l*m_chn[haˆp_f[i fihai ^_ [jlircg[^[g_hn_ ..- [him+ g_hni A]ihŠgc]i &>J@A' _ ^i ?ihm_fbi J[]cih[f ^_ @_m_hpifpcg_hn-4w
w j[lncl ^_ .61-) _ [n† .621) ^_m]ihn[^i i chn_lg_^c‚lc*88* j_lˆi^i ^_ ?c_hnˆ`c]i _ P_]hif‰ac]i &?JLk'+ P[g\†g _g .62/ _mnlonol[g*m_[ w
Aoh]i C[mj[l @onl[) i]ill_ ]l_m]_hn_j[lnc]cj[…„i ^[ [ncpc^[^_ jli^onc* B†llipf‚h[ B_^_l[f) i >[h]i ^i Jil^_mn_ _ i Ehmncnoni >l[mcf_cli^i ?[`†)
p[ _mn[n[f)[]igj[hb[h^i [ ]ihnˆho[ _gcmm„i^_ f_cm l_aof[n‰lc[m _ i ]l_m]c* m_ffcfi^_ .620 wLf[hi J[]cih[f ^_ P_f_]igohc][…‹†m)[ ?[]_r) [ OLARA=) .) 3
g_h+ni_ ^c`_l_h]c[…„iila[hct[]cih[f ^i Amn[^i+= ?igj[hbc[ Oc^_lŒlac…[ [ ]lc[…„i^i Ichcmn_hi [ [o _ _ [ [jlip[…„i) _g 0 _ iono li) [ H_chK N)
ww]fK<[f)g[l]i ^_ fiha[ `[m_bcmn‰lc][) chc]c[^[ ]ig mo[]lc[…„i)_g .61.) /+-- ) ]h[h i [ _nli l[mi Bch[ g_hn_) oh^[*m_)_g . ) [ igj[h %[]B$
_ mwaQf^[+j_f[wigj[hbc[ ^i R[f_ ^i Nci @i]_) _g .61/) _ j_f[ ?igj[* Oc _lŒlac][ L[ofcmn[&?imcj['+Ahnl_ [a‡h]c[m `ch[h]c[^il[m) l_8cf[^il[m _ PX#Wc)
hbE[ J[]f]7+h[f ^i =E][fcm_ ?igj[hbc[ B_lli _ =…i ^_ Rcn‰lc[)_g .610+ jli^onil[m i f_cnil _h]ihnl[) h_mn[Œfncg[fcmn[) _r_gjfim mojf_g_hn[l_m^_
L[l[f_f[g_hn_) _mnlonol[*m_ i m_nil\[h]‚lci ]ig [ ?[ln_cl[ ^_ Arjil* chn_lp_h…‹_m \_g*mo]_^c^[m&>J@A_ L_nli\l[m') [i f[^i ^_ chc]c[ncp[m ko_
nw…„i_ Egjiln[…„i ^i >[h]i ^i >l[mcf)_g .61.) _rj_ ch i i jlcg_cli pclc[g mig[l*m_[i ][n‚fiai ^_ j_lp_lm‹_m\oli]l‚nc][m &N_^_B_llipc‚lc[
^fj ilh[ mi l_ fc]_h…[m jl_RE[mj[l[ _rjiln[…„i*7*h ^_ .61/ i >[h]i ^[ B_^_l[f) OLARA='+L_fi f[^i ^im ]l†^cnim_ ^im ^†\cnim)^im mo]_mmim _ ^im
=g[tŠhc[ _ ^_ .610 [ ?igcmm„i ^_ Bch[h]c[g_hni ^[ Lli^o…„i) g_mgi `l[][mmim)j_l]_\_*m_ ^_ g[h_cl[ ch]ihnlip_lm[ [ _rnl[il^ch‚lc[ p_fi]c^[^_
[ g ko_ i Ehmncnoni ^i =…Œ][l_ ^i |f]iif) ]lc[^i h[ ^†][^[ [hn_lcil) ]ig ko_ C_nŒfciR[la[m)_g m_om ^icm_mn‚acim /
hi ji^_l &]_l][^_ pchn_[him)
_g w600) j[mm[[ [^gchcmnl[l i jl_…i ^i […Œ][l+ [jlircg[^[g_hn_') [mm_hnio[ _mnlonol[g[n_lc[ i Amn[i*J[…„i _g mi i
+ wm+p†mj_l[m ^i `cg ^[ O_aoh^[ Co_ll[ Ioh^c[f) _g .611) mola_ionl[ 3l[mf_fli+ oF_cni[im m_k•_mnlim ^_ alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_)m_g^Œpc^[)n[f]igi
gmnfnof…„i l_aof[n‰lc[)i ?ihm_fbi J[]cih[f ^_ Lifˆnc][ Eh^omnlc[f _ ?ig_l* [ fn_l[nol[j_lnch_hn_[mmch[f[) g[m jlijc]c[h^i [mijilnohc^[^_m j[l[ imf[h*
]c[f ko_) [i jlijil og Lf‚ff‹ Ni^ipc‚lci J[]cih[f) jlijc]cio [ ijilnohP^[* ]_m^_ ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ko_ m_m_aocl[g+
 = _pifo…„i ^[ [ncpc^[^_ jli^oncp[ _ l_aof[n‰lc[_mn[n[f)^_ Fom]_fchi mcgofnƒh_i^_m^i\l[g_hni ^[mal[h^_m _gjl_m[m_g chŒg_l[mmo\mc^c‚lc[m _
Go\cnm]b_e[ _mn[^[n[) † \_g g[cm ]ihb_]c^[ _ ]ig_…[ [ m_l_mno^[^[ _g ionl[m `ilg[m ^_ j[lnc]cj[…„i+Km^icmko[^lim [ m_aoclmog[lc[g) i jlcg_c*
jli`oh^c^[^_+ h cgjiln[hn_ []_hno[l) ^_ ni^i gi^i) [faog[m n_h^‡h]c[mko_ li) [ nlˆjfc]_[ncpc^[^_^i Amn[^i)jil j_lˆi^i aip_lh[g_hn[f) _ i m_aoh^i) [
m_`ct_l[g jl_m_hn_mjimn_lcilg_hn_) ^ol[hn_ i aip_lhi Fi„i Ciof[ln) [`cl* chn_hmc^[^_ ^i jli]_mmi ^_ Z\YVSPO\KjiYNS`O\]SPSMKNK
hi _mn‚aciko_ n[f jli*
g[h^i*m_ ]ig `il…[[j‰m.631) _ ko_ ^c`_l_h]c[g ^_ `ilg[ ]f[l[ i _mn[ncmgi ]_mmi[f][h…[l[ _g .652) `cg ^i aip_lhi Fi„i Bcao_cl_^i _) ]ig _mn_) i j_*
w*jlcg_cli _ m_aoh^i aip_lhim R[la„m) _ _g j[ln_ i ^_ FG) ^i j[^l„i lˆi^i ^_ ^cm]lc]cih[lcmgi gcfcn[l+.<
chn_lp_h]cihcmn[o_ m_g[hcw_mn[him lhcfcn[lct[ impgn_ [him mo m_a•_hn_m +++
ihmc^_l[h^i i Amn[^•]igi [a_hn_ jli^oncpi ^cl_ni i\m_lp[*m_ko_) MQ=@NK -
_hnl_ .60- _ .612 jlcg_cli _) ^_jicm) _hnl_ .62. _ .631) [ _rj[hm„i ^i Agjl_m[m _mn[n[cm)
m_aoh^i [hi ^_ ]lc[…„i,]ihmncnoc…„ijil
m_nil jli^oncpi m_`[t j_fi []l†m]cgi ^_ _gjl_m[m hip[m) dolc^c][g_hn_ j_lˆi^im jl_mc^_h]c[cm)[n† i Œfncgi aip_lhi gcfcn[l
ch^_j_h^_hn_mog[m ^[mionl[m _) ]ig `l_k•‡h]c[) _g m_ag_hnimch^om* O_nil >[h]im Ahnc^[*
nlc[cm^cmnchnim+ O_)^ol[hn_ i jlcg_cli _ m_aoh^i aip_lhim R[la[m) i ^_ Ochj[m( Pin[f
Lli^oncpi K`c]c[cm ^_mPˆ*
Fom]_fchiGo\cnm]b_e _ i ^_ Fi„i Ciof[ln) n_mn_gohb[*m_j_lmcmn_hn_ _m* Amn[n[f B_^_l[cm jc][m ^_
`il…i ^_ chp_mncg_hnimc^_lŒlac]i* ?OJ) B_lli _ =…i^_ Rcn‰lc[) =]_mcn[)
Cip_lhi
?imcj[) Qmcgch[m)=…imBchim Lcl[nchc*) j_l]_\_*m_ n[g\†g ko_ n[cm
=hn_lcil [ 0.,.,13 .3 / 0. . 2-
_gjl_m[m m„i [onŠhig[m) og[m _g l_f[…„i •mionl[m) [mmcg]igi m„i [o*
B5 FŠhig[m [m]_hnl[cm_f†nlc][m* jil _r_gjfi) [ ?igj[hbc[ Dc^l_f†nlc][
@onl[ * 0.,.,13*0.,.,2. . * 1 * 2
C_nŒfci* 0.,.,2.*/1,5,21 2 0 / * .-
%*c`^i O„i Bl[h]cm]i &jlcg_cli aip_lhi R[la[m' _ Bolh[m &aip_lhi FG'+.3 ?[`† Bcfbi * /1,5,21*0.,.,23 1 * 0 * 4
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gihial[`c[m _rcmn_hn_m mi\l_ m_nil_m_]ihŠgc]im _mj_]ˆ`c]im+
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chc]c[ncp[aip_lh[g_hn[f+ Km]ihnlif_m ][g\c[cm chc]c[fg_hn_ domnc`c][*
^il_m+ Ag [faog[m ^_mm[m ‚l_[m) jil†g) m‰ g[cm n[l^_ † ko_ [m[a‡h]c[m
^im j_f[ jifˆnc][ gih_n‚lc[) jio]i ^_jicm ^i n†lgchi ^[ O_aoh^[ Cl[h^_
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[i g_mgi n_gji) ^_ !h[]cih[fct[l! im l_]olmim h[nol[cm ^i j[ˆm _ jli*
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higc[ ch^omnlc[fgi^_lh[+ K `ilg[ni _mn[n[f^_ jli^o…„i ^_ […i_ j_nl‰f_i
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[f][h…[^im) chmnlog_hn[fctio ila[hct[]cih[fg_hn_ [ chn_h…„i^_ l_]oj_*
ifcaij‰fcim chn_lh[]cih[cm &][mi^i j_nl‰f_i'+.6
l[l i [nl[mi ^_ ^cp_lmimm_nil_m^[ _]ihigc[+
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ionli) ko_ m_]lc[g chc]c[fg_hn_ [ jcih_cl[ Ow_ _! h[ m_w•‡h]c[)n+i^Z[m
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[mmoj_lchn_h^‡h]c[ml_acih[cm) ko_ m_[]l_m]_hn[g [m[hnEa[m?igEmm[i
l_m_lp[ ^_ g_l][^i j[l[ i ][jcn[f h[ncpi) _ [ f_c^im +(,%^_ .60-) j[l[ W
^i R[f_ ^i O„i Bl[h]cm]i _ OLARA=+K `onoli gimnl[lc[ ko_ _mn_m_ag_h*
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fo]li+ = mi\l_pcp‡h]c[ ila[hct[]cih[f ^_ og[ _gjl_m[ ^i Amn[^i ^_j_h*
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jiln[hn_ `l[nol[ _hnl_ i h[m]cg_hni !jifˆnc]i! _ [ mi\l_pcp‡h]c[ !_]i*
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hc_hn_g_hn_[fn_l[^[ _g mo[ch]fch[…„i)ch^ot i ]l_m]cg_hni _ _mj_]c[fc*
t[…„i ^[m _mnlonol[m\oli]l‚nc][m) n[hni jli^oncp[m ko[hni l_aof[^il[m _
hilg[ncp[m+ Bic i ko_ i]ill_o hi >l[mcf+O_d[jil l[t‹_m ^_ h[nol_t[ _]i*
hŠgc][ io jil cgjimc…‹_m^[ ^chƒgc][ ila[hct[]cih[f) i [j[l_fbi ^_
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jligip_h^i [ jlcg_cli jf[hi i jli\f_g[ ^_ mo[[^gchcmnl[…„i)l_`ilg[
_ ]ihnlif_+ ?[\_) n[g\†g) pcac‚*Ei_g mo[mn_h^‡h]c[m]_hnl[fct[^il[m _
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^[mjlch]cj[cm _h`_lgc^[^_m ^im Amn[^im_g j[ˆm_m[ \l[…im ]ig jli\f_*
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ch_`c]c‡h]c[^i Amn[^i m_lc[]ihm_k•‡h]c[ ^[ g[h_cl[ _koˆpi][ ]ig ko_
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m_g gipc^[m jil j_lg[h_hn_ jli]_mmi ^_ gofncjfc][…„i _h^‰a_h[+
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jil ‰\pc[_ chchn_llojn[ nli][ ^_ `[pil_m _m]omim _hnl_ im jifˆnc]im _ _hnl_
jifˆnc]im _ _f_cnil_m)]ig jl_doˆti j[l[ i ^_m_gj_hbi ^i Amn[^i _
`[pil_]cg_hni ^[ ]illoj…„i+ K doˆti [jfc][*m_ [i Amn[^i ]od[ ]lc[…„i `ic
mog[lc[g_hn_ l_f[n[^[ h_mn_][jˆnofi+ A `ic jl_]cm[g_hn_ _mm_g_mgi
Amn[^i ko_ [m l_]_hn_ma_l[…‹_m^_ aip_lh[hn_m) ch]iljil[h^i i doˆti
h_a[ncpi) m_^cmjom_l[g [ ^_m]ihmnlocl+J„i i\mn[hn_ j[f[pl[m _ […‹_m^[
fc^_l[h…[jifˆnc][ ^i Œfncgi ^_]‡hci) ]ihno^i) i Amn[^i \l[mcf_cli [ch^[
ji^_ n_l m_omnl[…im^_ [h]c„i) bid_) l_]ihb_]c^im ]igi ][l[]n_lˆmnc][m
^i Amn[^i*ch`[hn_)a_mn[^i _g .60-) _ [ch^[ [mm_^c[^i j_fim g_mgim
jli\f_g[m) [j_h[m gofncjfc][^im [i fihai ^im ^_]‡hcim+
= jlifc`_l[…„i ^i ko_ m_]ihp_h]cihio ^_higch[l [a‡h]c[m ^_ [^*
gchcmnl[…„ich^cl_n[ &`oh^[…‹_m) [on[lkoc[m)_gjl_m[m jŒ\fc][m' ^_o foa[l
% • ko_mn„i ^i ]ihnlif_ ^_mm[m [a‡h]c[m ^_ ^icm ƒhaofim ^cmnchnim7 ^_ og
 f[^i) n_hn[p[*m__h]ihnl[l g_][hcmgim ko_ j_lgcncmm_g]i\l[l l_mjihm[* ?ig _`_cni) [ m_aocl*m_ [ g[cilc[ ^im ^c[ah‰mnc]im ^[ fcn_l[nol[) [ mo*
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i jli\f_g[ ^[ MYY\NOXKjiY% jil j[ln_ ^i ji^_l ]_hnl[f &_r_]oncpi) gc* ]im ^_ \[cr[ ][n_ailc[) _f_cnil_m^cmjimnim[ !p_h^_l! i pini _ m_ag_hnim
hcmn†lciio ‰la„i ^_ jf[h_d[g_hni') ^_ jih^_l‚p_f hŒg_li ^_ chmncnoc* ]illojnim ^[ \oli]l[]c[+ Lifˆnc]im^_mko[fc`c][^im)j_fim _r_gjfim ko_ [
…‹_m ko_) `ilg[fg_hn_ mo\il^ch[^[m • [^gchcmnl[…„i^cl_n[)g[hc`_mn[p[g fwn_l[nol[`ilh_]_) m_lc[g l_]ill_hn_g_hn_ [ko_f_m]od[ jl_i]oj[…„i jlch*
]l_m]_hn_][j[]c^[^_ ^_ ]igjiln[g_hni _ ^_]cm‹_m[onŠhigim+ Bch[fg_h* ]cj[f) m_h„i _r]fomcp[)]ihmcmnclc[_g jlijil]cih[l f_acmf[…„i_ l_]olmim
n_)jl_m_lp‚*E[^[ gil\c^_t ]fc_hn_fˆmnc][ m_gjl_ `ic) _g jlch]ˆjci) hilg[ j[l[ [ncpc^[^_mg_hc[cm ^i Amn[^i7]ihmnlo…„i ^_ _m]if[m)^_ jimnim ^_
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bcj‰n_m_m l_f[ncp[m[i `oh]cih[g_hni ]fc_hn_fˆmnc]i^i mcmn_g[jifˆnc]i g_fb[hn_m+K pini jlimncnoˆ^i pclc[)m_gh_hbog[ moljl_m[)^[m`[cr[mg[cm
\l[mcf_cli) n[hni i Amn[^i ]_hnl[fct[^i ko[hni _mn[m _mnlonol[mj[l[f_f[m ji\l_m ^[ jijof[…„i) ]od[ jl_`_l‡h]c[ _f_cnil[f _mn[lc[[mmcg)^_m^_fiai)
n_lc[g mc^ipˆncg[m^[ ][jnol[ ]fc_hn_fcmn[ _g mo[m^cp_lm[mgi^[fc^[^_m+ ]ihn[gch[^[ _ ^_m]f[mmc`c][^[+ Bch[fg_hn_) jil ^_`chc…„i)\oli]l[n[ ]il*
Eh^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^i p[fil ^[ n_m_)[ m_ljih^_l[^i him ][jˆnofim mo\* lojni m_lc[[ko_f_ ko_ [n_h^_mm_[ mifc]cn[…‹_m ^_ n[f h[nol_t[+
m_k•_hn_m)_rcmn_]_ln[g_hn_ [faog[ l_f[…„i _hnl_ [ _rj[hm„i ^[ \oli* =mmogch^i j[l[ _`_cni ^_ [laog_hn[…„i _mm_ ^c[ah‰mnc]i]igi p_l*
]l[]c[ _ i ko_ []ihn_]_ hi l_mni^i goh^i mi]c[f) [^_g[cm ^[mn_h^‡h]c[m ^[^_cli) l_mn[lc[^_ ko[fko_l gi^i ch^[a[l mi\l_ i j[l[^_cli ^[ko_f_ ko_
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p_h [ [ []ihn_]_l ^_j_h^_ i `onoli ^[ Al[ R[la[m+ l_]_ mi l_ [m_`_ncp[ml_f[…‹_m_hnl_ _gjl_m‚lcim) jifˆnc]im) ^_ \[cr[ io
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ko_ _rjfc][g i ]l_m]cg_hni ^[m\oli]l[]c[m ]ihn_gjilƒh_[m+ J_g † og[ j_lg[h_hn_g_hn_ ]ig i g_l][^i _]ihŠgc]i _ ^_f_ d[g[cm m_[om_hn[m*
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[faohm gi^_fim jimmˆp_cm ^_ _rj[hm„i \oli]l‚nc][) _ mo\g_n_*m_og _Ac*
g_cli ]ihdohni ^_ _pc^‡h]c[mko_) _g g_o _hn_h^cg_hni) ]igjlig_n_g
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…„i^_ ]lo]c[f j[lnc]cj[hn_ hi ]ih`fcni ^cmnlc\oncpi_ ko_ [n† [koc) ]igi
]_ln[g_hn_ m_n_l‚ i\m_lp[^i) h„i `ic ko[m_ko_ m_ko_lg_h]cih[^i * i
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[him) ^_m]_h^_hn_m^_f_ _ ^im ^_g[cm [onil_m ^_ m_on_gji) m_og+[
\oli]l[]c[ ko[f o_l ch]og\_*m_^_ mo[m̀oh ‹_m^_ g[h_cl[ cg [l]c[f _mn[l‚
]ihnl[lc[h^i imjlch]ˆjcim ^_ l[]cih[fc^[^_ [no[fg_hn_ b_a_gŠhc]im) jicm)
m_`imm_l[]cih[f) g[rcgct[^il[) m_^_cr[lc[ [nl[cl j_fi ]lcn†lci ^[mp[hn[a_hm
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[j_^l_d[g im`oh]cih‚lcim ^i Amn[^i+Egjfc]cn[g_hn_) [^gcn_g ko_ imncjim
c^_[cm^_ S_\_l ^_a_h_l[g `[]cfg_hn_ _g ncjimg_l[g_hn_ c^_[fct[^im)domni
i ijimni ^i l_[fcmgi ][n_ailc[f q_\_lc[hi+ Licmm_† ]_lni ko_ [ mi]cifiac[
^_ S_\_l h[^[ ^_p_ [ ko[fko_l ]igjligcmmi ]ig _jcmn_gifiac[m h[*
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^_ j[l_hn_m]i q_\_lc[hi j_ln_h]_g [ `[gˆfc[m cao[fg_hn_ l_gin[m ^i
c^_[fcmgi_mn_nc]cmn[ ko_ pclc[[ m_l]ihm[al[^i jil C_ila_ Ocgg_f+Kmncjim
c^_[cmmcgjfc`c][g nl[…im_ []_hno[g j[lnc]of[lc^[^_m) m_g [\mnl[ˆ*Eim)
]ihno^i) ^i gipcg_hni _ ]lc[ncpc^[^_ ^[ bcmn‰lc[ g[n_lc[f ^i goh^i+ A
m„i_mn[m hipc^[^_m ^_ ko_ [ bcmn‰lc[ bog[h[ † `ihn_ ko_ m_chn_lj‹_g _hnl_+
i [omn_li [hn_j[mm[^i a_lgƒhc]i _ m_om[oni]igjf[]_hn_m ^_m]_h^_hn_m
bi^c_lhim+
S_\_l `ic ]ihn_gjilƒh_i ^_ og goh^i _rnl[il^ch[lc[g_hn_ ^cmnch*
ni ^i [no[f+=ko_f[ _l[ og[ †ji][ _g ko_ p‚lcim j[ˆm_m)_olij_om _ ^_
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lcim jlcgcncpim) m_g ko_ [ _f_mm_biop_mm_g fiai mo\mncnoˆ^i[mhilg[m
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jlial_^c[ chn_f_]no[fg_hn_ gocni g[cm hi p[mni _ [l\cnl‚lci cgj†lci ^im
ncjim c^_[cm^i ko_ hi chn_lcil ^[m ][m[mŒgc^[m)^[m `†nc^[mi`c]ch[m ^_
nl[\[fbi _ ^[m [fg[m ^_m[gj[l[^[m+ L_lˆi^i ]od[ Œhc][p[hn[a_g ]ihmcm*
nc[ _g ko_ im _mj_l[h…imim^_ ionlim ncjim c^_[cm)im ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_)
_mn[p[g fcpl_mj[l[ jl[nc][l _g jlcp[^i) [ m†lci)im p[fil_m ko_ [^pia[*
p[g jo\fc][g_hn_+ Boh^im ^_ [do^[ gŒno[) _g\lc‹_m ^_ ]iij_l[ncp[m ^_
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^_ chm[]c‚p_f pil8]c^[^_) omol‚lcim) [p_hnol_clim) _gj8_m‚lcim ch_m*
]lojo imim _ ][jcn[fcmn[m_r`oF+cim h[ [g\c „i ^_ []ogof[l m_aoch^i [cz*7*
acw[_ [mf_cm_g pca‡h]c[+=`ch[f) pcpc[*m_ • jf_h[ p_fi]c^[^_ ^[ []ogof[…„i
][jcn[ fmn[m_p[a_g) ko_ [ biop_+ I[cm g_ci m†]ofi nl[hm]illc^i) _hnl_*
n[hni) _ i goh^i g[n_lc[f m_nilh[lc[ ch‰mjcni• pc^[ ˆhn_al[) m_g ]imno*
l[mh_g `cmmol[m _hnl_ i jŒ\fc]i _ i jlcp[^i+ @_m[j[l_]_l[g [mchmncnoc…‹_m
_ [mj_mmi[mko_) `oh^[^[m h[ _rj_]n[ncp[ ]igohcn‚lc[) []l_^cn[p[g h[
q_\_lc[h[ jimmc\cfc^[^_ i\d_ncp[ ^_ m_mi\l_jil_g • f‰ac][g_l][hncf _
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mifc^[lc_^[^_ `il[g ]ih`ch[^[m • j_lc`_lc[ ^[m nli][m g_l][hncm+Oi\l_pc*
p_g) jil ]_lni) ]igi _RE‡h?f[ ^_ ko_ [ il _g _mn[A__?E [ h„i † h[no*
l[f) ]igi ji^_g m‡*Ei[m j‡l[m _ i jil]i*_mjchbi) g[m l_mofn[^i ^_
chŒg_lim`[nil_m ][om[cm)_ [jic[^[ _g [lkocn_nol[ dolˆ^c][ ^_ _rnl[il^c*
h‚lc[ _`c]‚]c[ j_lmo[m‰lc[+ J_mn_m_hnc^i)i ohcp_lm[f)ko_ † i jŒ\fc]i chm*
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ncnoˆ^i)jl[nc][g_hn_ _rnchaoco [ jin_h]c[fc^[^_ ][om[f ^i jlcp[^i) ko_ †
_mj_]ˆ`c]i+J„i _rcmn_h_hbog mi]c[fcmn[ko_ m_[jl_m_hn[ [i jŒ\fc]i) bid_)
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ko_ h„i m_[domn_)jlcp[^[g_hn_) •ml_al[m cgjimn[m j_f[ f‰ac][^[ g_l][*
^c[+ R‚him ]ig gp_F[p_ mo]_mmi+_ ih _ [ [haŒmnc[ _ [faohm _ i
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_\_lc[h * [lrcmn[m)[fai ^cmn[hn_)gocni ^cmn[hn_)^i
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_WLlcg_cl[ Cl[h^_ Co_ll[ [hn_m^_ [^in[l i mo`l‚aci ohcp_lm[f)h_f_ ch]foˆ*
^i) † ]f[li) i pini `_gchchi+ Acm)]igi _r_gjfim) [faohm j[ˆm_m_ ^[n[ ^_
[^i…„i ^i pini l_[fg_hn_ ohcp_lm[f7|omnlc[ &.6.5') Elf[h^[ &.6.5') ?[*
h[^‚ &.6.5') N_chi Qhc^i &.6.6') =f_g[hb[ &.6.6') Amn[^imQhc^im
&.6/-' _ Oo†]c[ &.6/.') ni^im ^_jicm ^[ ao_ll[ ^_ .6.1*.6.5) _hko[hni
ionlim m‰i `[lc[g ^_jicm ^i m_aoh^i al[h^_ ]ih`fcni goh^c[f C[j„i)
Bl[h…[_ En‚fc[)_g .612) _ >†fac][ _g .615) _hnl_ ionlim') [f†g) `ch[f*
g_hn_) ^[ko_f_ aloji ^_ l_n[l^[n‚lcim ko_ pclc[g [ []_cn‚*Ei[i fihai ^[m
^†][^[m mo\m_k•_hn_m+ Pi^[pc[) ]ig ohcp_lm[fct[…„i^i pini _ no^i) m_lc[
_r]_mmcpi]f[mmc`c][l^_ al[h^_ g[ahcno^_ [ _mm_m _f_cnil[^im) _g ]igj[*
l[…„i ]ig imko_ [ko_f_m_ ionlim j[ˆm_mpclc[g [ l_acmnl[l)j[mm[^[m[fao*
g[m ^†][^[m+ = =f_g[hb[) jil _r_gjfi) j‚nlc[ ^_ S_\_l) d‚ ^_ jimm_^i
B g[cil _f_cnil[^i ^[ Aolij[ K]c^_hn[f _ i [og_hn[^i _g [jlircg[^[*
g_hn_ .25# jil ]ihn[ ^i l_]†g*]ihkocmn[^i mo`l‚aci `_gchchi) ]ih*
( ** )
w n[\cfct[p[ pinim ^_ 03 gcfb‹_m ^_ j_mmi[m)[i `ch[f ^[ ^†][^[ ^_ .6.-)
+++X
g[w_ 2- gcfb!‹_m)_g .642) _ ^_ g[cm^_ 3- gcfb‹_m)_g .66-+ Ai g_mgi
m_j[mmio ]ig ni^im im j[ˆm_mhim ko[cm)l_aof[lg_hn_) m_l_[fct[p[g _f_c*
…‹_m7 [ Bl[h…[j[mmio ^_ og gi`chi _f_cnil[^i ^_ .. gcfb‹_m) _g .6/-)
j[l[ 04 gcfb‹_m) _g .66-) [ Ehaf[n_ll[) ^_ /. j[l[ 10 gcfb‹_m) him g_m*
gim [him ^_ l_`_l‡h]c[) _ imAmn[^imQhc^im)[ch^wg[cm _mj_n[]of[lg_hn_)
^_ [w_ /2 gcfb‹_m) _g .6.-) j[l[ .6- gcfb‹_m) _g .66-+
?_ln[g_hn_)X[ n[r[ ^_ ]l_m]cg_hni h„i _mn[p[[]ijf[^[ _r]fomcp[g_hn_
[i pini ^[mgofb_l_m+= ][^[ ko_^[ ^_ og[ ^[m\[ll_cl[m • j[lnc]cj[…„i)
_hnl_ _f[m[ ^i l_kocmcni^_ l_h^[) i n[g[hbi ^i _f_cnil[^i ^[p[ m[fnim
cgjl_mmcih[hn_m+ = Ehaf[n_ll[ &N_chiQhc^i) g[cm jl_]cm[g_hn_') g[^lc*
n9+
hb[ ^[ c^[^_ ^[ jifˆnc][ l_jl_m_hn[ncp[)][ll_a[p[ og _f_cnil[^i ^_ 5+/.+
523 j_mmi[m)^icm[him [hn_m^i O_aoh^i Cl[h^_ =ni ^[ N_`ilg[ &f5++x+4')
 i ko[f l_^otco) m_g _rnchaocl) i l_kocmcni^_ l_h^[ j[l[ [ ]ih]_mm„i ai* K cgj[]ni ^[ jlij[a[…„i ch`f[]cih‚lc[ ^im _f_cnil[^iw +h[]cih[cmmi*
p_lh[g_hn[f ^i ^cl_cni ^_ pini+ Ag .535) og [hi ^_jicm ^[ l_`ilg[) i _rj[hm„i l_f[ncp[ ^im `oh]cih‚lcim jŒ\fc]im) [ [^gEnEl ko_ _mn[m_
\ l_ [ + T A
mig[n‰lci ^_ ni^im impin[hn_m[f][h…[p[ [ `caol[ ^_ /+000+/2. _f_cnil_m+ _g j[ln_ •ko_f[) h„i `ic h[^[ ^_mjl_tˆp_f _g j_lmj_]ncp[ _ [la[
^ _p_) ) b \% + A
Konli m[fni_hilg_ i]ill_ ko[h^i) [i `cg ^[ Llcg_cl[ Cl[h^_ Co_ll[) i %n%c[+= ]ig_…[l j_fi n[g[hbi ^[ jijof[…„i ko_ [ En[i mgao [l
b EO [] ( T# A# *
w_kocmcni ^_ l_h^[ `‹c ?KgNf_n[g_h _ [ i - i) _g .6.6+ L[l[ im big_hm+ %ohcp_lmi ^i m_niljŒ\fc]i) _g mo[[^c…„igoh^E[f7 m_aoh i [ o wEg[_mnc*
Kl_mofn[^i [j[l_]_ h[ ]igj[l[…„i _hnl_im .-+453+5.5 _f_cnil_m)^_ .6.5) g[ncp[ ^[ Kla[hct[…„i Ehn_lh[]cih[f ^i Pl[\[fbi &KEP')jo\b][^[ _g
_ im .1+06/+/0- ]igjon[^im h[m_f_c…‹_m a_l[cm^_ .6//+ Bch[fg_hn_) ]ig .666 d‚ mig[g g[cO _ 12- gc i_m [m _mmi[m [ˆ ^cl_n[g_hn_ _wwl_aZ[*
[ _g[h]cj[…„i _f_cnil[f `_gchch[) ko_ i]ill_ _g .6/1) ]ig pca‡h]c[ [
^ d* . JŒg_li ^_ n[f g[ahcno^_ l[nc`c][ [ bcj‰n_m_ ^_ ko_ [ j[lnE?Ej[…[i
T
j[lncl ^[ _f_c…„im_aochn_)i _f_cnil[^i \lcnƒhc]i ]l_m]_ ^_ .3+31-+/46) ^i _gjl_a[^i jŒ\fc]i h[ jijof[…„i nin[f ^im j[ˆm_m)_ mi\lwno i h+[]ig*
_g .6/1) j[l[ //+315+042) h[m _f_c…‹_m ^_ .6/6+ A _mn_`ic og nl[d_ni jimc…„i^[ j[l]_f[ l_f[ncp[ • jijof[…„i _]ihigc][g_hn_ 7nEp[)n_lE[]l+_m*
nˆjc]i ^i ko_ i]ill_lc[ _g ni^im im j[ˆm_m+=. ][ll_cl[ jifˆnc][ m_lc[][j* ]c^i )m_hmcp_fg_hn_ h_mm_ chn_lp[fi n_gjil[f &g_[^im ^i m_]ofi TT*bKF_'+
nol[^[ j_fi lcngi pifcncpi _ [ chkoc_no^_ijch[ncp[ ^[m g[mm[m+ A)]ig _`_cni)i `oh]cih[fcmgi [f_g„i ]ill_mjih^c[) _g .6/-) [ 1)1-,w^[
I_n[^i j_f[ cfom„i^_ jlial_mmcp[ _f[mnc]c^[^_^[m^cmnƒh]c[m) ko[h^i jijof[…„i nin[f _ [ %5!72# ^[ `il…[ ^_ nl[\[fbi) n_h^i j[mm[^i) l_mj_]ncp[*
im\ch‰]ofimm„i om[^im[i ]ihnl‚lci) i m†]ofi TT [j[l_]_) ^i g_ci j[l[ g_hn_) [2)1 _ .0#) _g .642) [f][h…[h^i jl[nc][g_hn_ _g .664 +- =

i `cg) ][^[ p_t g[cm fihaˆhkoi ^_ m_ojl‰jlci chˆ]ci+J[^[ cfom‰lc[) ]ih*
no^i) [ cgjilnƒh]c[ ^_mn[j_l]_j…„i+ Pl[n[*m_^_ j_]ofc[l _`_cni bcmn‰lc]i
^_ []il^i ]ig i ko[f • g_^c^[ ko_ i n_gji ]ill_) ^_jicm pi[) [fiha[*m_
i bc[ni _hnl_ gig_hnim ko_) hi j[mm[^i) cmni†) hi jl_m_hn_^_f_m)j[l_*
]c[g n_gjil[fg_hn_ ]ihnˆaoim+= ch_main‚p_fgofncjfc][…„i ^_ ]ihm_k•‡h*
]c[mch_mj_l[^[mp[c ^_hoh]c[h^i [kocfi ko_) [him io n[fp_t ^†][^[m [nl‚m)
jof[…„i _]ihigc][g_hn_
^i nin[f ^i _gjl_ai+ J[ Bl[h…[)[ _pifo…„i m_aoco[ g_mg[ n_h^_h]E[)
[wg_hn[h^i [ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^[ \oli]l[]c[ ^_ 1# ^[ `il…[ ^_ nl[\[fbi) _g
.6/-) j[l[ .0-,-) _g .642+ A [mmcgh[ En‚fc[)Jilo_a[ _ Oo†]c[+J_mn[) i
?igjlip[^i
[ncp[+
j_f[ bcmn‰lc[)† i m_nil^_ m_lpc…im
+% **
`oh]cih[fcmgi jŒ\fc]i d‚ ]igjl__h^c[) _g .663) ko[m_1-# ^_ mo[ ji*

^[ _]ihigE[ ko_ [\lEa[

h„i ofnl[j[mm[p[ [ ][n_ailc[ ^_ []ihn_]cg_hnim) koc…‚dilh[fcmnc][g_hn_
_m][h^[fimim io ]ifoh‚p_cm) g[m) ^_ `[ni) ch]ihm_k•_hn_m+=]ihn_]cg_h*
nim^_mm[h[nol_t[ l_]o[g [ p_fi]c^[^_ moj_lcil • ^[ko_f_m ko_) jil ch*
n_lg†^ci ^[ ][^_c[ ^_ _p_hnimko_ im g[hn†g ]igi ko_ [fa_g[^im [i
]ihn_gjilƒh_i) ]omn[g [ m_^_mp_h]cfb[l ^im `cimko_ im fca[g [i jl_*
m_hn__ [i jl‰rcgi jl_m_hn_ [n† ko_) `ch[fg_hn_) m_^cmmifp[g h[ n_g*
jil[fc^[^_ ch^cmnchn[ ^i j[mm[^i bcmnilcial‚`c]i+ S_\_l) _ im [hncko‚lcim
q_\_lc[him) _mn„ijil [ˆ _haif`[^im j_fi ncji*c^_[f ^i ][jcn[fcmgi ko_
pclio g[n†lc[) [p[f[h]b_ ]ilj‰l_[) _hko[hni i [hncai ncji*c^_[f m_nilh[
][^[ p_t g[cm [hncai) m_h„i [hncko[^i+ L_f[mg_mg[m) _ [ch^[ [^c]cih[cm)
l[t‹_m) i goh^i \oli]l‚nc]i) bid_) n[g\†nh † iQnli+ * f_cli * h[ p_l^[^_) i chˆ]ci ^_ mo[ ]ihmnlo…„i)]ig j_fi g_him og io
g[cil hŒg_li ^_ `oh]cih‚lcim _) jil _mn[io [ko_f[ l[t„i) `ic _mn_m_a*
g_hni ^[ `il…[ ^_ nl[\[fbi ko_ pco moj_lf[ncp[g_hn_ [og_hn[^[ mo[w[l*
nc]cj[…„ihi _gjl_ai nin[f) _g ni^im imj[ˆm_m)hi j_lˆi^i ]igjl__h^E^i
_hnl_ .6/- _ .64-7 h[ =f_g[hb[) i hŒg_li ^_ j_mmi[m_gjl_a[^[m hi
m_nil[og_hnio ^_ /4)3# j[l[ 10)3#) h[ Bl[h…[)^_ /6# j[l[ 2-#) h[
Jilo_a[) ^_ 0-# j[l[ 2. # _) h[ Oo†]c[) ^_ /4)2# j[l[ ionlim 2. #+^i
nin[f ^i _gjl_ai+ Lil _mn_mj[l]im) g[m mo`c]c_hn_mhŒg_lim)^_p_*m_[w_En[l
[ n_m_^_ ko_ m_lc[\[mn[hn__mnl[hbi m_)hi >l[mcf)i ko[^li ^i `oh?cKh[*
fcmgi jŒ\fc]i biop_mm_j_lg[h_]c^i _mn[ah[^i ^_m^_[ ^†][^[ ^_ 0w)
ko[h^i m_jli^otco [ jlcg_cl[ al[h^_ l_`ilg[ ^i gi^_lhi Amn[^i\l[OE*

nj[l[ [ _pifo…„i ^i _f_cnil[^i chaf‡m)p_l ?ifch N[ffcham$ Ic]b[_f Pbl[mb_l &_^m+')

5\S^S]R /]`+ I_mm[o^ D[ggiis[) D^K^S]^SM]
YX B_LVSM
DOM^Y\8WZVYcWOX^2?O^eYNYVYQc% D^\_M^_\O]
8VOM^Y\KV 9KM^]2.50/*.666) =mba[n_)L[lfc[g_hn[ls N_m_[l]b O_lpc]_m)/---+ KXNE\OXN]% qilecha j[j_l) >ol_[o i` On[ncmnc]m)
Ehn_lh[ncih[f H[\iol K``f]_) C_h_\l[) .666+
 ^icmm†]ofim^_ [nl[mi _g l_f[…„i [im Amn[^imQhc^im _ j Ehaf[n_ll[+ I[m
m_g_fb[hn_j_]ofc[lc^[^_ h„i [j[l_]_o ch_mj_l[^[g_hn_ [koc) ]igi ]ih*
m_k•‡h]c[ ^_ [fai ko_ _mncp_mm_ b‚ gocni min_ll[^i _ ^ilg_hn_) g[m ^_
_`c]‚]c[ ][om[f chn[]n[+
Acmog[ ^[m l[t‹_m l_f_p[hn_mj[l[ ko_ i jli]_mmi ^_ \oli]l[nct[…„i
n_hb[ mc^i)hi >l[mcf)^i ncji cgcn[ncpi) _mno^[^i jil C[\lc_f P[l^_+ Ah*
nl_ og j_lˆi^i [onilcn‚lci &.604*.612' _ ionli &.631*.652' l_[fct[l[g*
m_]ch]i _f_c…‹_m _)jil _mnˆgofi^_mn[m) gi\cfctio*m_ [ jijof[…„i+ Km[t[l_m
^[ ]ihmnlo…„i^i Amn[^ih[]cih[f _h]ihnl[p[g*m_ [mmi]c[^im[im []c^_h*
n_m^[ pc^[ jifˆnc][ ]igj_ncncp[) ^_ mo[mchmncnoc…‹_m _ _rca‡h]c[m+Qg[ ^[m
_rca‡h]c[ml_`_l_*m_• h_]_mmc^[^_^_ ko_ im jifˆnc]im jli`cmmcih[cm)[ko_*
f_mko_ _m]ifb_g i ^_m[`ci _f_cnil[f ]igi ][ll_cl[) m_mo\g_n[g l_aof[l*
g_hn_ • f‰ac][^[ ]igj_nc…„i jifˆnc][+ Emnimcahc`c][^ct_l ko_) [ chn_lp[fim
cao[cm_ ]ihb_]c^im * [fai ko_ h„i m_[fn_lio &cmni) mcg)† og[ j_]ofc[lc*
^[^_' ^ol[hn_ i m_aoh^i j_lˆi^i [onilcn‚lci &.631*.652' *) im jifˆnc*
]im m_pcl[g i\lca[^im [ jl_mn[l ]ihn[m [im pin[hn_m)domnc`c][h^ii j_^c^i
ko_ `[tc[g [ m_om_f_cnil_mj[l[ ko_ l_j_ncmm_gi [jici) ^[h^i*Eb_m pi*
nim+?f[li _mn‚ko_ h[m‚l_[m [nl[m[^[m)h[mko[cmjl_^igch[p[ i pini ^_
!][\l_mni!) _l[ ^cgchon[ [ ola‡h]c[ h[ jl_mn[…„i^_ ]ihn[m+Mo[hni g[cm
m_ol\[hct[p[ _ _^o][p[ i j[ˆm) ]ihno^i) _ ko[hni g[cm m_^cp_lmc`c][p[[
_]ihigc[) [og_hn[h^i [ i`_ln[ ^_ _gjl_aim) g_hil [ `il…[ ^i ]ili*
h_fcmgi _ g[cil [ ]igj_nc…„i j_fim foa[l_m_f_ncpim^cmjihˆp_cm+ O_)_hnl_
.62- _ .63/) [ ]igj_nc…„i _f_cnil[f [og_hnio gocni f_hn[g_hn_) g_mgi
h[m ‚l_[m ol\[h[m) `ic jl_]cm[g_hn_ ^ol[hn_ i Œfncgi j_lˆi^i ^cn[nilc[f
ko_ m_i\m_lp[g) _g mcg_nlc[j l_hip[^[ _rj[hm„i ^[ chn_l`_l‡h]c[ ^i
Amn[^i)[mg[cil_m n[r[m ^_ ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ ]igj_nc…„i _f_cnil[f+0
Al[) m_g ^Œpc^[)al[h^_ [ n_hn[…„i^_ oncfct[l l_]olmim ^_ og Amn[^i
ko_ m__rj[h^c[ * _gjl_aim) p_l\[m _mj_]c[cm)chp_mncg_hnim jlcpcf_ac[*
^im _n]+* ]igi _mnl[n†ac[^_ g_fbil jimc]cih[g_hni h[ ]igj_nc…„i+
Pli][l \_h_mm_m jŒ\fc][m jil pinim jlcp[^im ]ihmncnoc[ _mm_h]c[f^_`chc*
0- f_cnil _h]ihnl[l‚ ni^[ [ m†lc_]igj_ncncp[) j[l[ [ ?ƒg[l[ ^im @_jon[^im _ =mm_g\f†c[
H_acmf[ncp[)_g S[h^_lf_s Cocfb_lg_ ^im O[hnim&ila+') FY^Y] OZK\^SNY]&KVWKXK[_O
OVOS^Y\KS]2
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ncjfim_r_gjfim ^_ mo[pcn[fc^[^_+Ah`[ncti ko_ im _r_gjfim j_ln_h]_g •
bcmn‰lc[ l_]_hn_) jicm _mn[† og[ l_f[…„i ^_ nli][ _mm_h]c[fg_hn_^cmnchn[
^i ko_ i]illc[ [hn_m^[ a_h_l[fct[…„i ^i ][jcn[fcmgi _ ^[ ohcp_lm[fct[…„i^i
pini) _mn‚acibid_ jl_n†lcni) g[m ko_ ]igjlig_n_o S_\_l _ im[hncko‚lcim
jimn_lcil_m ]ig i _r_l]ˆ]ci higch[fcmn[ ^_ ^c]cih[lct[l ^cmnch…‹_m) [][*
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fcmgi) ]l_^_h]c[fcmgi) ]fc_hn_fcmgi)j[n_lh[fcmgi) g[h^ihcmgi) ]ili*
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[]ifbc^[m j_fi [hncai _ _m]if‚mnc]i a_h†lc]i !p_l\[fcmgi!+ = ko_mn„i
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cg_gilc[f chmn[\cfc^[^_^[m `lihn_cl[m _hnl_ i Œ\ c]i) _g mo[m fp_lm[m
`[w_n[m)_ i jlcp[^i) n[g\†g gŒfnc .-+
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n[ chmnƒh]c[chn_lg_^c‚lc[ ko_ m_]lcmn[fct[g imj[^l‹_m ^_ l_f[]cih[g_hni
_hnl_ i jŒ\fc]i _ i jlcp[^i+ h mcgjf‰lc[[ mojimc…„i^_ ko_ [ko_f_mko_
i]oj[g jimnim _f_ncpim^_ ji^_l &^[p_l_[h…[ • jl_mc^‡h]c[ ^[ N_jŒ\fc*
][' ]ihmca[g ^cmnlc\ocl^cl_n[g_hn_ \_h_mm_m _ `[pil_m [ m_om_f_cnil_m)
_mn[\_f_]_h^i) jil n[f _rj_^c_hn_) m‰fc^[m ]ih_r‹_m+ Lil ]_lni) _rcmn__ †
]ihmjˆ]oi i ko_ m_^_mcah[) g[cm og !^cmnchai! _m]if‚mnc]i) jil `cmci*
fiacmgi * ^cmj_hm[lcf_acncg[g_hn_ [ _hnc^[^_mio ch^cpˆ^oim jlcp[^im
\_hm^_ h[nol_t[ jŒ\fc][ * _ mo[ch]c^‡h]c[ il[ [og_hn[) il[ ^cgchoc+K
_koˆpi]i _mn‚_g cg[ach[l ko_ n[f `fori m__mn[\_f_…[m_g g_^c[…‹_m\o*
li]l‚nc][m) [a_hn_mj[l[ im ko[cm)_g jlch]ˆjci) h„i _rcmnclc[gchn_l_mm_m
h_g ch]_hncpimj[l[ j[lnc]cj[l ^_ nl[hm[…‹_m _mjŒlc[m io j[l[ []_cn[l ]og*
jfc]c^[^_ _g [ncpc^[^_mcfˆ]cn[m+ Ahnl_[ chn_h…„i^_ ^cmnlc\ocl\_h_mm_m _[
\_g*mo]_^c^[ l_cn_l[…„i^_ ]imnog_m]fc_hn_fˆmnc]im m_cgcm]o_g ]ihnch*
a_hn_m^_ j_mmi[m_ g_][hcmgim h[^[ [f_[n‰lcimio ][mo[cm)[ \oli]l[]c[)
ko_ ji^_ [n† n_l mc^i]ihmncnoˆ^[)_g j[ln_) jil ch^c][…‹_m[fb_c[m[i mcm*
n_g[ ^_ g†lcni) m_h^i) jil cmmi)^_p_^il[ ^_ `[pil_m+I[m og[ p_t ^in[*
NONKNY]
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jlin_a_g ^_ j_lm_aoc…„iio l_n[fc[…„i)h„i g[cm _mn„iim i]oj[hn_m ^_
 jimc…‹_m\oli]l‚nc][m mo\g_nc^im • _m]ifb[ nl‚ac][ ^_ io \_g m_[]og*
jfc]c[l [ cf_a[fc^[^_m)m_g]igj_hm[…‹_m) io m_p_l_g ^_m_gjl_a[^im+ @_
chn†ljl_n_m)im \oli]l[n[m j[mm[g [ chn_lfi]onil_m ^im jifˆnc]im _ ^im alo*
jim jlcp[^im+ Lil cmmi) `[t_l ]l_m]_l [ \oli]l[]c[ mcahc`c][)[i g_mgi n_g*
ji) [fcg_hn[l i [g[^ol_]cg_hni _ ^_hmc^[^_^_ cgjiln[hn_m jimc…‹_m^_
ji^_l ^_hnli ^[ _mnlonol[^i Amn[^i+=fai ko_ h„i i]ill_ ^i ^c[ j[l[ [
hicn_) g[m mo]_^_ [i fihai ^im [hcp_lm‚lcim^_ ni^im im j[ˆm_m)[ g[cil
io g_hil p_fi]c^[^_+ J_g jil cmmi[ _rj[hm„i ko[hncn[ncp[^im ij_l[*
^il_m ^i Amn[^i m_`[t) _mnlcn[_ g[dilcn[lc[g_hn_) m_aoh^i chn_l_mm_m
ch^c][…‹_m^im bc_l[l][m ^[ _]ihigc[) mi\l_no^i ^ol[hn_ i j_lˆi^i jl†*
][jcn[fˆmnc]i ^[m mi]c_^[^_m)_ h_g i ]l_m]cg_hni ^_mm[_mj_]c[f j[l]_f[
^[ jijof[…„i m_^_o ^_ g[h_cl[ ohc`ilg_ _g ni^im im foa[l_m+
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ncp[^_ gini*]ihnˆhoi) ^ol[hn_ [ O_aoh^[ Co_ll[ Ioh^c[f) ko_ f_p[l[g
[i l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^[ ]lo]c[f cgjilnƒh]c[ ^[m \oli]l[]c[m h[ cgjf_*
g_hn[…„i ^_ ^_]cm‹_maip_lh[g_hn[cm+ Akocj_m\oli]l‚nc]i*[^gchcmnl[nc*
p[mm_]ihp_ln_l[g _g _mnl[n†ac]il_]olmi ^_ aip_lhi) jl_]cm[g_hn_ h[
g_^c^[ _g ko_ m_nl[hm`ilg[p[g _g ^c`_l_h]c[^[m jf[n[`ilg[m ^_ [m]_h*
m„i+Pl[^c]cih[fg_hn_) lcko_t[) jl_mnˆaci_ `il…[ _l[g [mgi_^[m `[]cfg_hn_
]ihp_lmˆp_cm_g ji^_l+ = [lkocn_nol[ _mn[n[f_l[ mcgjf_m)\_g ]igi i []_mmi
[ _f[+>[mn[p[ [im ji^_limim i ]ihnlif_) jil pc[ ^_ ch^c][…„iio j[l_hn_m*
]i) ^_ g_c[ ^Œtc[ ^_ ][laim aip_lh[g_hn[cm _ _mn[p[[mm_aol[^[ [ jlin_*
…„i^_ m_om chn_l_mm_m+Ji _mn‚aci_]ihŠgc]i _ jifˆnc]i jl†*][jcn[fˆmnc]i)
[ j_lg[h‡h]c[ ^_ ch^cpc^o[f _ fcpl_ []_mmi^im m_hbil_m]ih`_^_l[^im [
\[f]‹_m ^i Amn[^i _l[ a[l[hnc^[ j_fi [jici ko_ ^[p[g) _g ]ihdohni) [i
ji^_l g[cil) i aip_lhi ]_hnl[f+ I[m i ]ihnlif_ ^im pinim ko_ l_[`clg[lc*
[g i [jici [i ji^_l ]_hnl[f h„i ^_j_h^c[) • †ji][ jl†*][jcn[fcmn[) ^_
nl[n[ncp[mh[mko[cmim m_hbil_mim ]ihkocmn[mm_g_g l_nilhi ^_ \_h_mm_m
jŒ\fc][m+K `oh^[g_hn[f g_ci ^_ nli][) _hnl_ ][jcn„_mio ]ilih†cm ^_ pini
_ m_om ]ig[h^[^im) h„i ]ihmcmnc[_g _gjl_aim jŒ\fc]im io ko[fko_l io*
nli \_h_`ˆ]ci ^_ ilca_g _mn[n[f)jicm [mgi_^[m ko_ ]igjl[p[g pinim _l[g
_mnlcn[g_hn_jlcp[^[m7 _gjl_ai [alˆ]if[ _ jlin_…„i `ˆmc][+
J„i _rcmn_gi\l[m jŒ\fc][mhim lch]‹_m ]ilih_fcmn[mj[nli]ch[^[m j_*
fimm_h il_m i][EO+ _ma[l[h _g [ ai _g g[EO _mm_h?E[)[ i hˆp_f
^_ ][l‡h]c[m) •mjijof[…‹_m mi\l_ mo[ao[l^[+ h _g mo[mn_ll[mko_ im][g*
jih_m_m^_mncnoˆ^im ^_ nˆnofim^_ jlijlc_^[^_ _h]ihnl[g [ i`_ln[ ^_ _g*
jl_ai) _)jicm)^_ mi\l_pcp‡h]c[+Ahko[hni im][gjih_m_m h„i m_^_`lihn[g
]ig jlijlc_n‚lcim ^_ n_ll[ _g ]igj_nc…„i) _f_m)im ][gjih_m_m) _rcmn_g
•m^_t_h[m^_ gcfb[l_m)nin[fg_hn_ mo\mncnoˆp_cm ohmj_fim ionlim+Ag []l†m*
]cgi [i ko[m_*gihij‰fc]i g_l][^i ^_ nl[\[fbi) im m_hbil_m^cmjohb[g
[ch^[ ^i ]ihnlif_ ^[ `il…[ j[l[ ]ifi][l im m_om[ m[fpi h[ cgch‡h]c[ ^_
ko[fko_l ]ih`fcni+ L_ko_h[m nlij[m jlcp[^[m `[tc[g [m p_t_m ^i ji^_l
_ _r_]oncpi) _g hig_ ^[ pihn[^_ ^i m_hbil fi][f) f_acmf[ncpi_ do^c]c‚lci
_g og[ m‰ j_mmi[+O„i im jifˆnc]im ko_) ][l_hn_m^_ lcko_t[m _ `il…[) i`_*
l_]_g [ jimmc\cfc^[^_^_ ]ihmnlo…„i^_ og ^oni fca[h^i i n_mioli •m^_*
`c]c‡h]c[m^[ fi][fc^[^_+ K ]ilih_fcmgi † j_lc`†lc]i • mi]c_^[^_ ][jcn[fcmn[
_)jiln[hni) • h_]_mmc^[^_^_ `[pil_m jŒ\fc]im+J[ l_[fc^[^_) b‚ ]igjfw[
]ihnl[^c…„i _hnl_ ]ilih_fcmgi _ ]fc_hn_fcmgi+#h h_mm_ j_lˆi^i) jil cmmi
g_mgi) ko_ `fil_m]_g [mn_ilc[m^_ \oli]l[]c[ ohcp_lm[fcmn[) cmni†) jil*
ko_ _f[ h[^[ n_g ^_ _mj_]ˆ`c]i [ i`_l_]_l) h_g _rcmn_]fc_hn_f[ _g \om][
^_ m_om m_lpc…im+
?ig [ _rj[hm„i ^i ][jcn[fcmgi _ mo[ch_pcn‚p_f^chƒgc][ ]igj_ncncp[
_m`[l_f[*m_ i gihij‰fci ^[ i`_ln[ ^_ _gjl_ai ^im m_hbil_mfi][cm+= _r*
nch…„i^im l_]olmim ^_ pcif‡h]c[ jlcp[^[ goncf[ [ ionl[ j_lh[ ^i ji^_lci
m_hbilc[f) _g\il[ h„i [ mo\mncno[) h[ p_l^[^_) jil `il…[mjŒ\fc][m [onŠ*
hig[m+ Oo\m_lpc_hn_m [im ji^_limim jlijlc_n‚lcim) [m`il…[mjŒ\fc][mh„i
m„i)ni^[pc[) ^_f_m^_j_h^_hn_m+K\n_l f_acmf[…„i ko_ `[pil_…[ im chn_l_m*
m_m ^im jlijlc_n‚lcim `[]_ •mhip[m ]ih^c…‹_m^_ g_l][^i i\lca[*im [ jli*
X++']ol[l i Amn[^i)ih^_ cl„i _h]ihnl[l [ \oli]l[]c[) chn_lg_^c[h^i im`[pil_m
^_ ko_ h_]_mmcn[+ L[l[ b[p_l O]^O]fc_hn_fcmgi† h_]_mm‚lciko_ d‚ m_d[
b_ _gŠhc][m [m`il [ * [faich_rcmn_hn_++qH_+?-higc[jl†*
g_l][hncf+ h [ _rj[hm„i ][jcn[fcmn[ko_ nilh[ i `onoli cgjl_pcmˆp_f)^_ ih^_
i ^_m_di^im m_hbil_mfi][cm ^_ `[t‡*Ei l_nig[l • jl_pcmc\cfc^[^_[hn_lcil)
g_^c[hn_ [ nli][ ^_ `[pil_m ]ig [ \oli]l[]c[ [nl[p†m^_ m_om) [ail[ cg*
jiln[hn_m) jiln[*pit_m * im jifˆnc]im ^_ ]fc_hn_f[+= jl‚nc][ _`c][t ^i
]fc_hn_fcmgil_ko_l i ][jcn[fcmgi) h„i i ]ihnl‚lci+
@_m[j[l_]_g _hn„i ni^im imchi]_hn_m^i j_lˆi^i jl†*][jcn[fcmgi l_[f
ko_ m_jlijohb[g • ^_m]i\_ln[ ^_ \oli]l[]c[m ohcp_lm[fcmn[m+ A jil cmmi
 m__mncg[ko_ [ jl‚nc][ ^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi)chn_ljl_n[^i ]igi j_lmih[fct[^[ i >l[mcfm_lc[i jlch]cj[f bimj_^_cli h[m=g†lc][m+ Kgcnch^i i ^_mj_l^ˆ]ci
^cmnlc\oc…„i^_ `[pil_m) l_ko_l jih^_l‚p_f ^cmnlc\oc…„i^_ ][laim jŒ\fc* ^_ cgjli^oncp[ ]ih`lihn[…„i ^_ _mn_l_‰ncjim) i ko_ m_`[l‚) h_mn_][jˆnofi)
]im) [n_h^_h^i) _hn„i) [ ^_g[h^[m jil jl_mncac[^[mjimc…‹_m mi]c[cm&^cm* m_l‚og[ chp_mnca[…„i `ilg[f mi\l_ [mjimmˆp_cm nl[d_n‰lc[m^[ \oli]l[]c[)
jih^i i aloji ^_ `oh]cih‚lcim jŒ\fc]im ^_ l_acg_hnim _mj_]c[cm_g ni^im mo[mcgjfc][…‹_m_ im hŒg_lim l_[cmko_ ^_fch_c[g i j_l`cf ^i `_hŠg_hi
im j[ˆm_m'_ • h_]_mmc^[^_^_ [mm_aol[l ko_ jf_cnimjimn_lcil_m) dohni [i \oli]l‚nc]i _mj_]c`c][g_hn_ hi >l[mcf+
Amn[^i)jimm[g m_l[^pia[^im jil chn_lg†^ci ^_ \oli]l[n[m d‚ ]igjli* Ehp_mnca[l[ \oli]l[]c[ l_ko_l) [][]c[h[g_hn_) cg[ach[…„i+ ?ihmc*
g_nc^im+ ^_l[h^i*m_ i hŒg_li ^_ ko_mn‹_m^_ n_ilc[) ^_ ^_`chc…„i _ ^_ g_h*
= l_ch]c^‡h]c[ ^[ jl‚nc][ ^i ]fc_hn_fcmgin_lgch[lc[ h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_ mol[…„iko_ [ ]l_m]_hn_ fcn_l[nol[ mi\l_ i n_g[ d‚ fcmnio)[ n[l_`[ g[cm
jil m__rjlcgcl _g c^_hnc`c]‚p_cm ][l[]n_lˆmnc][m^[ ]igjimc…„i ^i `oh]ci* ola_hn_ ]ihmcmn_h[ ]ihmifc^[…„i ^_ bcj‰n_m_m p_limmˆg_cm_ ^[m [fn_l*
h[fcmgi jŒ\fc]i+ KmhŒg_lim [hn_lcilg_hn_ _rjimnim l_f[ncpim• gofnc* h[ncp[m^_ ^_`chc…„i _ g_^c^[+ P_gji biop_ _g ko_ i jli\f_g[ ^[
jfc][…„i ^i `oh]cih[fcmgi _g ni^im im j[ˆm_m)^_jicm ^[ O_aoh^[ Co_ll[ \oli]l[]c[ h„i _rcmnc[io _g ko_ mo[ [h‚fcm_ j[l_]c[ mcgjf_m+Emmi†
Ioh^c[f) h„i m_lc[gn„i*mig_hn_i l_mofn[^i ^_ og ]l_m]cg_hni _h^‰a_hi j[mm[^i+ =mmcg]igi [mm[^i † i j_lˆi^i _g o_ i goh^i n[+nc*
h[nol[f) io ^[ pil[]c^[^_ ^[ \oli]l[]c[) \om][h^i i ]l_m]cg_hni ^i jl‰* t[^i [j[l_]c[ ]igi og ohcp_lmi gi^_lhi) [ch^[ ko_ _g ^_m_h][hni+
jlci _mn[g_hni io) [ch^[) ^i [j[^lchb[g_hni ^_ [faohmch][j[t_m j[l_h* iF_) _maimn[*m_ ^[ \oli]l[]c[) _g\il[ h„i m_m[c\[ gocni \_g mi\l_
n_mko_ im m_hbil_m^[ _]ihigc[ m_m_hnc[gi][mcih[fg_hn_ i\lca[^im [ i ko_ m__mn‚`[f[h^i+ L[l[ _`_cni ^_ cfomnl[…„i)nig_*m_ [ mcgjf_mn[\_*
jlin_a_l+ >_g g[cm cgjiln[hn_ ^i ko_ n[cmgincpim) [ _rcmn‡h]c[ ^_ f[ [ m_aocl7
^cp_lmc`c][^[ ]f[mm_jifˆnc][) i\lca[^[ [ ^cmjon[l i [jici ^_ jih^_l‚p_f
hŒg_li ^_ _f_cnil_m)n_lc[_mn[\_f_]c^i[m]ih^c…‹_mh[mko[cm)[mmcg]igi) K9:=C9.
^_ og f[^i) im jifˆnc]im h_]_mmcn[p[g^[ chn_lg_^c[…„i \oli]l‚nc][ j[l[ JŒg_li ^_ Boh]cih‚lcim LŒ\fc]imjil ][^[ .+--- D[\cn[hn_m
[ i\n_h…„i ^_ _mj_]ˆ`c][m^_]cm‹_m^_ aip_lhi) im _f_cnil_m)^_ ionli) h„i .61- .62- .63- .64-
ji^c[g ^cmj_hm[l[ g_^c[…„i ^im jifˆnc]im j[l[ ko_ [ p[lc[^[ [a_h^[ ^_
•A?@ &g†^c[ ^_ .. j[ˆm_m' 5)5 .1)2 .2)/ .6)-
^_g[h^[m ^_ ko_ _l[g jiln[^il_m [f][h…[mm_ imiopc^im aip_lh[g_hn[cm+
K [n_h^cg_hni [ ^_g[h^[m) ch]fomcp_jil _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i) ^_m]ifio*m_ >N=OEH 6)5 6)5 .-). ./)0
^[ bc_l[lkoc[ ^_ h_]_mmc^[^_m ]if_ncp[mj[l[ m_nl[hm`ilg[l _g \_g*mo]_*
Big_7 Ehn_lh[ncih[f Iih_n[ls Boh^) L_n_l O+D_ff_l _ =f[h =+ P[cn):Y`O\XWOX^ 8WZVYcWOX^KXN
^c^[ nl[hm[…„i_hnl_ _f_cnil_m_ jifˆnc]im) _g og[ jihn[) _ _hnl_ jifˆnc]im BKc2DYWO<X^O\XK^SYXKV 6YWZK\S]YX]%S[mbchanih) <*U* &iono\li) .650') l_pcm[^i _ l_cgjl_mmi)
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K jli\f_g[ † a_hoˆhi) [ jimmc\cfc^[^_^_ ko_ _mm_m jli]_mmimi]ill[g

† l_[f _ mo[ch]c^‡h]c[ † ch_a‚p_f+=m^Œpc^[ml_mc^_gh[ jl_mogc^[ a_h_l[*
fct[…„i^i mcmn_g[) ^[^[m ]_ln[m]ih^c…‹_m[hn_]_^_hn_m)_ _g m_ojon[ncpi
]ih`ch[g_hni a_ial‚`c]i ^_ _hp_la[^ol[ ]ihnch_hn[f7 [`il[ [faohm ][mim
_r]_j]cih[cm jcji][h^i _g j[ˆm_m[mc‚nc]im)[mjl‚nc][m ]fc_hn_fˆmnc][m
]ih]_hnl[lc[g h[ |`lc][) ]igi og[ _mj†]c_^_ _\if[ [^gchcmnl[ncpi)_ h[
=g†lc][ H[nch[)g_him ^i ko_ ]igi [ ]_j[ !][lg_h‡l_! ]bcf_h[) _r]fomc*
pc^[^_ jimcncp[)_ g[cm]igi og[ ^i_h…[ ^_ ?b[a[m l_jl_m_hn[ncp[)^_ ko_
O_[ f_cnol[ ^[ n[\_f[ j[l_]_ nlcpc[f)_m]lonˆhcig[cm [n_hni l_p_f[ ko_)
gocni [i ]ihnl‚lci) nl[n[*m_^_ og[ n[\_f[ ko_ h„i j_lgcn_ f_cnol[ l_f_*
p[hn_ [hn_m^_ ko_ m__m]f[l_…[g[faog[m ko_mn‹_m jl_fcgch[l_m+ Ehc]c[h^i
m_ j_fi nˆnofi+Mo[f [ ]f[mm_^_ ch^cpˆ^oim]i\_lnim j_f[ lo\lc][ !`oh]cih‚lc*
imjŒ\fc]im<! O_aoh^i [ g_ni^ifiac[ ^[ KA?@) _f[ ch]foc ni^im im ch^c*
pˆ^oim ko_ g[hn‡g pˆh]ofim _gjl_a[nˆ]cim ]ig [ [^gchcmnl[…„i ^cl_n[)
]_hnl[fct[^[ _ ^_m]_hnl[fct[^[ &†_mm[jlijil…„i ko_ [j[l_]_ h[ jlcg_cl[
fchb[ ^[ n[\_f[') g[m h„i ch]foc im `oh]cih‚lcim ^_ _gjl_m[m h[]cih[fct[*
^[m)h_g im`oh]cih‚lwo_ nl[\[fb[g _g _gjl_m[m io [a‡h]c[m _g ko_
i aip_lhi n_g j[lnc]cj[…„i g[dilcn‚lc[ io ]ihnlif[) NOPKM^Y% [ jifˆnc][
^_ _gjl_ai _ ^_ chp_mncg_hni)[ch^[ ko[h^i [ [^gchcmnl[…„i^_mm[m [a‡h*
]c[mm_d[)NOT_\O% jlcp[^[+ Amm[^_`chc…„inilh[ im hŒg_lim ^[ jlcg_cl[
fchb[ l[ti[p_fg_hn_ ]igj[l‚p_cm ]ig im^[ m_aoh^[fchb[)]ill_mjih^_hn_
[i >l[mcf)ko_ ^_hin[g [jlircg[^[g_hn_ [ g_mg[ ]if_…„i ^_ ch^cpˆ^oim+
Apc^_hn_g_hn_)m_ni^im im `oh]cih‚lcim [f†g ^im ^[ [^gchcmnl[…„i^cl_*
n[ `imm_gch]foˆ^im) [ il^_g ^_ n[g[hbi chnl[j[ˆm_m^[ •A?@ _ _hnl_ [
g†^c[ ^[ •A?@ _ [ ^i >l[mcfm_[fn_l[lc[ mcahc`c][ncp[g_hn_+O‰]igi
_r_gjfi7 [j_h[m og ^†]cgi) h[ Ehaf[n_ll[) _ og ko[lni) h[ =f_g[hb[)
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_gjl_a[^im _mn[n[cm `_^_l[cm+
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jijof[]cih[f \lon[ ^im j[ˆm_m]igi ^_higch[^il ^[ jlijil…„i< Ar]_ni
m_`imm_]ill_ni i mojimni ^_ ko_ i n[g[hbi ^[ jijof[…„i ^_ og j[ˆm †
cll_f_p[hn_ h[ ^_n_lgch[…„i ^i n[g[hbi ^_ mo[[^gchcmnl[…„iio) [fn_l*
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\oli]l[]c[ j[l[ ni^im im j[ˆm_m&iom_d[)_g ni^im _f_m)[ ][^[ jlijil…„i
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[ ]l_m]_l _g [faog[ jlijil…„i l_aof[l') h„i b‚ domnc`c][ncp[j[l[ _mm[
_m]ifb[+ Eh]fomcp_jilko_ [m^o[m [fn_lh[ncp[mg_h]cih[^[m ]ihmncno_g
jl_]cm[g_hn_ j[ln_ ^im Z\YLVOWK]ko_ m_^_m_d[_m]f[l_]_l _) ZY\ MYX]O&
Q_SX^O% im hŒg_lim ^cmjimnimh[ jlcg_cl[ fchb[ ^[ n[\_f[ h„i j_lgcn_g
f_cnol[ ]ih`c‚p_f) jicm cahil[*m_ i ko_ mcahc`c][[ WkNSK^_ `oh]cih‚lcim
jŒ\fc]im * n[f ]igi _mn_m `il[g ^_`chc^imhi j[l‚al[`i [hn_lcil * j[l[
][^[ ]in[ ^_ .+--- b[\cn[hn_m^_ j[ˆm_m]ig jijof[…‹_m ^c`_l_hn_m+1
= ]igjimc…„i ^_mm_ `oh]cih[fcmgi h„i † _m]f[l_]c^[ j_f[ n[\_f[+ J„i
m_m[\_ ko[f † [ jlijil…„i ^i `oh]cih[fcmgi _gjl_a[^[ h[ jli^o…„i ^c*
1R_l) j[l[ ^[^im _ ^cm]omm„i)
Nc]b[l^ Nim_)!Pb_ Ocahc`c][h]_ i` Lo\fc] Agjfisg_hn!) ch N+
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jihni PJ7

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foni ^[ \oli]l[]c[ j_lg[h_]_lc[ jlijil]cih[fg_hn_ ]ihmn[hn__g l_f[…„i
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J„i † h_]_mm‚lci)_hnl_n[hni) jl_m_lp[l*m_gi^_fi n„i lˆac^i ko[hni j l ]ihm_ko_h]c[ &^[^[ og[ l_f[…„i L,G ]ihmn[hn_') ch^_j_h^_ n[g*
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m‹_m^i goh^i+
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g_hn[cm'jimm[m_l`oh…„i^i ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ LA= ^i n_l]c‚lci OSXNOZOXNOX& cfomnl[ncp[^[ `l[acfc^[^_ ^[ !n_ilc[! ^i j[nlcgihc[fcmgi _h]ihnl[*m_ _g N+ Pb_i\[f^)
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lc[ [ _`_ncp[ n_h^‡h]c[ ^i j‰m*O_aoh^[Co_ll[ Ioh^c[f) cmni†) _mm_ bcj‰n_m_ m_lc[pc‚p_f+O_]igjlip[^[) ]ihno^i) ^[lc[ [jici [ jl_gcmm[
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_ Iillcm >_]e) !Pb_ Arj[h^cha Lo\fc] O_]nil7 Oig_ ?ihnl[ls Apc^_h]_!) ERO@K^SYXKV EKb
\oli]l[]c[ m_lc[l_[f) ]igj_hm[h^i _ [n† ofnl[j[mm[h^i i ]ihncho[^i JY_\XKV%
p[E+/6) h! . &g[l…i .643'8 !Lo\fc] O_]nil Cliqnb7 = N_[f L_lmj_]ncp_!) B_LVSM
9SXKXMO%
]l_m]cg_hni ^_ ionlim m_ag_hnim^[ g_mg[ LA=a+J_mn[ p[lc[hn_) g[cm p[E+ 01) h! 0 &.646'+
p‚p_f) _hnl_ im jimmˆp_cm) ^_p_lc[) _hn„i) m_l^_lcp[^i ^[ g_fbil n_ilc[
mi\l_ i `onoli ^i jl‰jlci Amn[^i+
LA= nin[f 7 fchb[ ]b_c[
= fcn_l[nol[ mi\l_ [mbcj‰n_m_m []cg[) \_g ]igi mi\l_ ionl[m n_i* LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f 7 fchb[ jihncfb[^[
lc[m_rjfc][h^i [ _pifo…„i bcmn‰lc][^[m `ilg[m ^i Amn[^i † \[mn[hn_
pifogim[+./ I[cm ^i ko_ ]ih]fom‹_m jimcncp[m_ ch]ihnlip_lm[m) _hnl_* ************
n[hni) [faohm cgjiln[hn_m l_mofn[^im[n† [ail[ [f][h…[^im [onilct[g [ *lll**

^cmj_hm[^_ og[ m†lc_^_ !n_ilc[m ^[ bcmn‰lc[!_ ^_ !n_ilc[m ^[ \oli*

]l[]c[!+ Ko) `ilgof[h^i i [laog_hni ^_ ionl[ `ilg[7 bcj‰n_m_m mi\l_
i `_hŠg_hi ^[ \oli]l[]c[ ^_lcp[^[m ^_ n_ilc[m ^[ bcmn‰lc[ * ]igi [
^_ S_\_l) jil _r_gjfi * ^_p_g l_mjih^_l [ og ][n‚fiai ^_ i\d_*
…‹_m \[mn[hn_ m‰fc^[m) h„i m_h^i i ][mi) ni^[pc[) ^_ l_j_nc*E[mh_mn_]ih*
n_rni+ J_mn[ jlid_…„i ni^im im g_g\lim ^[ LA= m_nilh[lc[g `oh]cih‚lcim
Y* K n_l]_cli `onoli jimmˆp_fmoj‹_ [ \oli]l[]c[ ]l_m]_h^i) m_g chn_l* jŒ\fc]im [ j[lncl ^i jihni PZl =j[l_hn_g_hn_ [\mol^i) _mn_`onoli jimmˆ*
loj…„i) [ og[ n[r[ moj_lcil j ^[ LA= [n† ]ih`oh^cl*m_ ]ig _mn[+ p_f m_lc[jf[omˆp_f _g og gi^_fi _g ko_ n_hb[ pca‡h]c[ [ ]f‚omof[ _ *
!f_c]ihmncno]cih[f ^_ l_h^[m! * ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^[ pca‡h]c[ ^[m ^_*
g[cm]f‚omof[m+Oojihb[*m_) jil _r_gjfi) og[ ^_`chc…„i^_ !_gjl_a[^i
jŒ\fc]i! [j_h[m [fai g[cm [gjf[ ^i ko_ [ ^_`chc…„i^_ Nim_)[ ko[f moa_*
I+) VYM_]]f‚mmc]i j[l[ i _mno^i ^[ n_m_^i ]igjiln[g_hni \oli]l‚nc]i g[rcgct[^il _mn‚ _g l_ ko_ [ `ihn_ j[a[^il[ ^i m[f‚lci &l_h^[' m_d[nig[^[ ]igi ]lcn†lci j[l[
S+ Jcme[hh_h) 5_\OK_M\KMc KXNCOZ\O]OX^K^m`O :Y`O\XWOX^%?bc][ai) =f^ch_) .64.+ = n_m_
l_]_\_o [m g[cm ^cp_lm[m ]lˆnc][m+ L[l[ cgjiln[hn_m ^cm]omm‹_m) p_l L[nlc]e @ohf_[ps)
c^_hnc`c][…„ii]oj[]cih[f ^i _gjl_a[^i+ Ko m_d[)nig_*m_og[ ^_`chc…„i
!>ol_[o]l[nm) >o^a_nm [h^ nb_ Cliqnb i` nb_ On[n_!) 5\m^m]R
=Y_\XKVYPBYVm^mMKV
DMmOXMO%
pif+ ]igi [ m_aochn_7† `oh]cih‚lci jŒ\fc]i ni^i _gjl_a[^i ]od[ l_h^[ ^_
.0) hK 0 &dofbi .652'8 Fibh ?ihs >_[l_) !>ol_[o]l[]s) Iihijifs [h^ ?igj_ncncih!) 4WO\mMKX
=Y_\XKVYPBYVm^mMKV DMmOXMO%pif+ /5) hK 0 &[aimni .651'8 C[ls Icff_l _ P_lls Ii_) !>ol_[o]l[nm)
ko[fko_l ncji * gih_n‚lc[) \_hm _ m_lpc…im * † _g j[ln_ io hi ni^i ^_*
H_acmf[nilm [h^ nb_ Oct_ i` Cip_lhg_hn!) 4WO\mMKX BYVm^mMKV DMmOXMO CO`mOa% pif+ 44) hK / lcp[^[ ^i aip_lhi+ =]l_m]_hn_*m_og[ fcmn[^_ jlial[g[m aip_lh[g_h*
.0

&dohbi .650'8 Fih[nb[h >_h^_l _ P_lls Ii_) !=h =^[jn[ncp_ Ii^_f i` >ol_[o]l[nc] Lifcnc]m!)
n[cmal[nocnim7_^o][…„i _ m_lpc…im ^_ m[Œ^_)^_ honlc…„i)^_ [gj[li •
4WO\mMKXBYVm^mMKV DMmOXMO CO`mOa% pif+ 46) hK 0 &m_n_g\li .652'+ Oi\l_ [ p[lc[…„i ^i
]l_m]cg_hni \oli]l‚nc]i _g `oh…„i ^_ jlial[g[m) p_l) _g _mj_]c[f) N+ Nim_) !Pb_ jlial[gg_ a_mn[hn_)• ch`ƒh]c[ _ • p_fbc]_8m_aoli*^_m_gjl_ai8 \ifm[*_m]if[) ]_mn[
[jjli[]b ni nb_ Cliqnb i` Cip_lhg_hn!) 5\m^m]R
=Y_\XKVYPBYVm^mMKV
DMmOXMO%
pif+ .2) hK . \‚mc][ ^_ [fcg_hnim _) `ch[fg_hn_) og jlial[g[ ^_ ]igjf_g_hn[…„i ^_
&d[h_cli .651' _ ni^[m [m ]ihnlc\oc…‹_m j[l[ i pifog_ ]cn[^i h[ hin[ .+ = fcn_l[nol[ mi\l_ %[
_pifo…„i ^/m `ilg[m ^i Amn[^i † cao[fg_hn_ [\oh^[hn_+ =faohm nˆnofim _g ko_ l_`_l‡h]c[m l_h^[+ J_mn_ gi^_fi) mig_hn_ [mj_mmi[mch]foˆ^[mh[ lo\lc][ _mn[nˆmnc][
\c\fcial‚`c][m g[cm ]igjf_n[m ji^_g m_l _h]ihnl[^[m7 @[hc_f P[lm]bsm) !Pb_ Cliqnb i` Lo\fc] !jlijlc_n‚lcim ^_ ][jcn[f! _mn[lc[g _r]foˆ^[m ^[ ][n_ailc[ ^_ !`oh]cih[*
Arj_h^cnol_7 Jch_ gi^_m &gi^_fm' i` Arjf[h[ncih!) DMKXNmXK`mKX
BYVm^mMKV
D^_NmO]%
pif+ .-)
.642) jj+ 6*0.8 L+H[le_s O^KVmm% !Pb_ilctcha [\ion nb_ Cliqnb i` Cip_lhg_hn7 = N_m_[l]b
fcmgi jŒ\fc]i!) pcmniko_ g_mgi i _rnl[ni ^_ _gjl_a[^im ^_ [fn[ml_h^[m
4]]O]]WOX^!%=Y_\XKV YPB_LVmM BYVmMc% .) .65.) jj+ .24*/4-8 @[pc^ ?[g_lih) !Pb_ Arj[hmcih _ i ^_ jli`cmmcih[cmfc\_l[cm[`fo_hn_ml_]ill_g _p_hno[fg_hn_ [im m_lpc*
i` nb_ Lo\fc] A]ihigs7 = ?igj[l[ncp_ =h[fsmcm!) 4WO\mMKX BYVm^MKV
DMmOXMO CO`mOa% pif+ 4/)
hK 1 &^_t_g\li .645'8 N+ Nim_) !Kh nb_ Llcilcnc_m i` Cip_lhg_hn!) 8_\YZOKX=Y_\XKVYP
…im^_ m[Œ^_al[nocnim+ Ag n_lgim lcailimim) n[g\†g _f_m_mn[lc[g
BYVm^mMKV CO]OK\MR% pif+ 1) hK 0 &.643'8 I[lnch D[lj_l) !Pb_ On[n_ [h^ Lo\fc] >ol_[o]l[]c_m8 [o`_lch^i \_h_`ˆ]cim ch^cl_nim^i Amn[^i+
= ?igj[l[ncp_ [h^ Dcmnilc][f j_lmj_]ncp_!) 6YWZK\K^m`OD^_NmO] mXDYMmO^c KXN;m]^Y\c%pif+
/4) hK . &d[h_cli .652' _ ni^[m [m ]ihnlc\oc…‹_m j[l[ ?b[lf_m P[sfil &_^+') GRc :Y`O\XWOX^]
:\Ya% >_p_lfs Dcffm) O[a_) .650+ fo?`+ Nim_) !Pb_ jlial[gg_ [jjli[]b ni nb_ Cliqnb i` Cip_lhg_hn!) Mm^'3
hin[ ./+
 ?b[g_*m_ [ n[f gi^_fi) m_m_kocm_l)^_ mi]c[fcmgi ^_ ]fc_hn_f[) _m* ]ihmcmnclc[ _g m[\_l m__g og[ mi]c_^[^_ cao[fcn‚lc[) [ LA=a m_lc[i]oj[*
j†]c_ w !\ol[]i h_ali! ko_ j[l_]c[ _mn[l[nl[ch^i ch_ril[p_fg_g_ ^[ jil li^ˆtci io m_)]igi h[m[hnconijc[m^i ncji EROCS]OYP?O\S^YM\KMc%
[mmi]c_^[^_m_m][h^ch[p[m+@cmjih i [mg[cm _f_p[^[mn[r[m ^_ oh]ci* [ mi]c_^[^_ m_lc[^cpc^c^[ _hnl_ im ij_l[^il_m _ im !_m]l[pim ^[ lcko_t[!+
h[Elmgi jŒ\fn]i ^i goh^i) ]od[ ]igjimc…„i g[dilcn‚lc[ † ^_ `oh* Ji fcgcn_bcjin†nc]i ^i gi^_fi) [j_h[m og li\Š [j_ln[lc[ og \in„i ko_
]cih‚lcim jli^otch^i _ [^gchcmnl[h^i m_lpc…im mi]c[cm^_ ni^i ncji) •]cih[lc[ og mcmn_g[jli^oncpi [\oh^[hn_) [ `caol[ ^i \oli]l[n[ chn_l*
]igj‹_g) _mm_m m_lpc^il_m)al[h^_ j[ln_ ^im \_h_`c]c‚lcim ^_mm_m
g_m* g_^c‚lci ^_m[j[l_]_lc[ _) i\pc[g_hn_) i `_hŠg_hi ^i ]fc_hn_fcmgih„i
gim m_lpc…im+.1
n_lc[ijilnohc^[^_ ^_ molacl+
@_cr[h^i [ail[ i gi^_fi Q _ mo\mncnoch^i*ij_fi gi^_fi Q%)ko_ †
[ p[fil cfomnl[ncpi^_mn[Œfncg[j[ln_ ^i _r_l]ˆ]ci ]ihmcmn_hi _h][^_[*
n[g\†g og ohcp_lmi _]ihŠgc]i*mi]c[f _g _rj[hm„i+ [ gi^_fi L# m_
g_hni ^_ l_mofn[^im^_lcp[^im ^i j[l[^cag‚nc]i _`_cni*]igjon[^il [h*
][l[]n_lct[) [i ]ihnl‚lci ^_ Q) jil chchn_llojn[ l_pifo…„i n_]hif‰ac][)
n_mg_h]cih[^i+ O_ m_a_h_l[fct[ [ c^†c[ ^_ og[ mo\p_lm„i n_]hif‰ac][
cmni†) h[ ko[f [ l_f[…„i jli^oni,][jcn[f † ]l_m]_hn_+=j_h[m og `onoli
j_lg[h_hn_) [ch^[ ko_ ]ig p_fi]c^[^_m ^cmnchn[m him ^cp_lmiml[gim ^_
jimmˆp_fm_l‚ ^_m_hb[^i j[l[ cfomnl[l[mjin_h]c[fc^[^_m ^i gi^_fi+
[ncpc^[^_)† jimmˆp_f[hn_p_l [ a_lgch[…„i ^_ n_h^‡h]c[mko_ hi fihai jl[ti
.%+= \oli]l[]c[ ]l_m]_[ n[r[ ]ihmn[hn_ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^[ LA= _ _mn[
^_]fch[ [ j[lncl ^i jihni KZ4 bcmn‰lc]i l_p_ln[g [ n_h^‡h]c[ • \oli]l[nct[…„i ^i goh^i) KSXNK[_O MYW
M\O]MOX^O ObZKX]iYNKSX^O\`OXSlXMSK O]^K^KV'
Ag ionl[m j[f[pl[m) _g []l†m*
]cgi • chp_mnca[…„i mi\l_ im ^_n_lgch[hn_m^[ _rj[hm„i _ ^c`_l_h]c[ „i
LA= nin[f 7 fchb[ ]b_c[
LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f : fchb[ jihncfb[^[ \oli]l‚nc][m) nKlh[*m_fcEPcnmj_hm‚ _ _rj il[l [ fj‰n_m_ ^_ o_ [ [mmi]c[*
…[i_hnl_ gi _lgt[…„i) ilg[m _mn[n[cm_ioli]l[nct 7‚i*mŽd*[*_ihn€oa_h*
**************************************************************** n__ bcmnilc][g_hn_ ]ih^c]cih[^ jZ_f+i++_mn‚ac_*n*__hin‰ac!?i*:.7_]llib7lac[
jli^oncp[ _ mi% * i% hc^[^_+ = \oli]l[nct[…„i ^i goh^i h„i †
i lca[n‰lc[h_g) h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_)^_m][ln‚p_f+@_j_h^_ ^_ chp_hncpc^[^_
io ^[ `[fn[ ^_mn[+
?igi m_pco)i ohcp_lmi ^[ _rj[hm„i _ ]ihnl[…„i \oli]l‚nc][m † g[cm
h `‚]cf p_lc`c][l ko_ _mn_`onoli ]ill_mjih^_ [i `onoli [hn_lcil) ]b[* ]igjf_ri _ lc]i _g jimmc\cfc^[^_m^i ko_ [ nl[^c]cih[f ^c]]+nigc[ _hnl_
g[^i ^_ mi]c[fcmgi ^_ ]fc_hn_f[) g[m _mncjof[h^i*m_[ail[ ]ihncho[^i og[ q_\_lc[h[ _ h_onl[ \oli]l[]c[) [domn[^[[ ni^i og mcmn_g[^_ ]ig*
[og_hni h[ l_f[…„i jli^oni,][jcn[f+ =f†g ^_ j_lmcmn_hn_ _ []_hno[^[ _T* jiln[g_hni l[]cih[f*f_a[f) _ [ [h[lkoc[ ^_ og mcmn_g[^_ _mj‰fcim _g ko_
j[hm„i ^i jli^oni) [ g[cm l_f_p[hn_ ]ihm_k•‡h]c[ † [ ko_^[ jlijil]ci* imjimnim ^_ [^gchcmnl[…„ijŒ\fc][ h„i _mn_d[gmod_cnim [ h_hbog ionli
h[f ^[ LA=) m_m_g[hn†g ]ihmn[hn_ i ]l_m]cg_hni l_f[ncpi ^[ jijof[…„i ]cl]ocni ^_ ][om[fc^[^_ m_h„i i fcpl_*[l\ˆnlci chn_l_mm_cli
_ ]illojnil ^_
nin[f+Lil ]ihnl[jimc…„i [i [hn_lcil) ji^_l*m_*c[ ^_higch[l [ _mn_jimmˆ* jifˆnc]im ^_mko[fc`c][^im+O_g _rjfil[l _r[omncp[g_hn_ ]_h‚lcim l_[fcmnc*
p_f `onoli ^_ !mi]c[fcmgi ^[ [`fo‡h]c[!+ Lifˆnc][ _ mi]c[fg_hn_) [ ko_mn„i ][g_hn_ [fn_lh[ncpim)l_acmnlio*m_[ m_aochn_fcmn[^_ jimmc\cfc^[^_m_g*
jˆlc][m7

*-:_c L_n_lm)_hnl_ ionlim) momn_hn[ko_ i _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i mo_]i _rjfi^_+ ?`+ :_c L_n_lm)
!Oq_^_h7 Pb_ Arjfimcih i` Lo\fc] Agjfisg_hl!) ch N+Nim_O^KVSS%
B_LVSM8WZVYcWOX^%YZ' MS^Y
 E+= \oli]l[]c[ M\O]MO Z\YZY\MSYXKVWOX^O • LA= [ j[lncl ^_ og jihni
^_ _kocfˆ\lci P h8
..+ = \oli]l[]c[ M\O]MO K ^KbKSXPO\SY\j ^[ LA= [ j[lncl ^_ og jihni PZ5
fE*[' jilko_ _hnl[lc[ _g ij_l[…„i) [ j[lncl ^_ PZ( i jlch]ˆjci fcgcn[ncpi
^i `[mnciila[hct[]cih[f8
EE*\' jilko_ m_n_lc[g jli^otc^i l_pifo]cih‚lc[m chip[…‹_m ila[hc*
t[]cih[cm) [og_hn[h^i [ jli^oncpc^[^_ \oli]l‚nc][8
fE*]' jilko_ [ n_h^‡h]c[ ^_]fch[hn_ l_f[ncp[ m_lc[l_[f) _g m_ag_hnim^[
\oli]l[]c[) [ n[r[m moj_lcil_m [i ]l_m]cg_hni ^_mg_mol[^i _ cll[*
]cih[f ^_ [faohmionlim m_ag_hnim^i `oh]cih[fcmgi8
Y* = \oli]l[]c[ ]l_m]_)m_g chn_lloj…„i) [ n[r[ moj_lcil j ^[ LA= [n†
]ih`oh^cl*m_ chn_cl[g_hn_ ]ig _mn[+
ER = \oli]l[]c[ ]l_m]_ [ n[r[ ]ihmn[hn_ ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^[ LA= _
_mn[ n_h^_ [i ^_]fˆhci [ j[lncl ^_ PZ &l_f[…„ijli^oni,][jcn[f ]l_m*
]_hn_'+
p_. ]ig [ n_m_]fc_hn_fcmn[og[ [mmi]c[…„i_hnl_ i ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ LA=
aip_lh[g_hn[f _ og ^_ m_ommo\]igjih_hn_m) [ jijof[…„i _]ihigc*
][g_hn_ [ncp[ h[ ‚l_[ mi]c[f ^i aip_lhi) foa[l ]f‚mmc]i ^[m momj_cn[m
^_ ]fc_hn_fcmgi) m_g ]ih_r„i ]ig i ko_ ko_l ko_ _mn_d[i]ill_h^i
]ig [m^_g[cm ko[hnc^[^_m ^[ _]ihigc[+ h ijilnohi) _hn„i) _r[gc*
h[l [ _pc^‡h]c[ \l[mcf_cl[ ^cmjihˆp_f ]ihnl[ i j[hi ^_ `oh^i ^[m n_h*
^‡h]c[m jimmˆp_cm+Ag j[lnc]of[l) jl_mn[h^i lcailim[ [n_h…„i him
mchnig[m^_ ]fc_hn_fcmgi ko_ im hŒg_lim [al_a[^im jimm[g _mn[lmo*
\_mncg[h^i+ I[n†lc[ chp_mnca[^[hi jl‰rcgi ][jˆnofi+

@_p_*m_[]l_m]_hn[l j fcmn[og[ bcj‰n_m_ko_) m_g ^Œpc^[) _rjl_mm[lc[

]ig jl_]cm„i i ^c[ah‰mnc]i]fc_hn_fcmn[+ Rcmniko_) _g n_m_)[ [^gchcm*
nl[…„i jŒ\fc][ `oh]cih[lc[ ]igi og mcmn_g[^_ _mj‰fci)[i m[\il ^im
pif‚n_cmchn_l_mm_m ^i _mn[g_hni jifˆnc]i) m_lc[^_ _mj_l[l ko_ _f[ ]l_m*
]_mm_]ihmn[hn_g_hn_) ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^_ p[lc[…‹_m h[m ^_g[cm
ko[hnc^[^_m l_f_p[hn_m^[ _]ihigc[ _ ^[ mi]c_^[^_+ J_g [ n[r[ ^_ ]l_m*
]cg_hni ^[ LA= io ^[ _pifo…„i ^i jli^oni jli^otclc[g cgj[]ni g[cil
h[m ko[hnc^[^_m \oli]l‚nc][m) _g jlcg_cli _ jlch]cj[f foa[l jilko_ [
][jnol[ ^im foa[l_m jŒ\fc]im h„i m_`[t _r]fomcp[g_hn_ j_f[ mo\mncnoc*
…„i ^im jl_]_^_hn_m i]oj[hn_m) _r]_ni hi ko_ ]ih]_lh_ [i m_nil hi)*
\l_ ^[ [^gchcmnl[…„i jŒ\fc][ * [ [^gchcmnl[…„i ch^cl_n[ ^_ al[h^_m
]ilji l[…‹_m_ [a‡h]c[m l_aof[n‰lc[m+Ag l_f[…„i j [^gchcmnl[…„i ]_h*
nl[fct[^[) i ko_ m_^_p_lc[ _h]ihnl[l) ]ig g[cil jli\[\cfc^[^_) [ m_l
jli]_^_hn_ [ bcj‰n_m_ ]fc_hn_fcmn[)m_lc[og[ p[lc[…„i [f_[n‰lc[ ^[ ji*
jof[…„i _]ihigc][g_hn_ [ncp[ hi m_nil aip_lh[g_hn[f &LA=a') ch^_*
j_h^_hn_ ^[ LA= nin[f _ ^[ _pifo…„i ^i jli^oni) g[m ^_j_h^_hn_ ^im
[t[l_m ^[ ]igj_nc…„i jifˆnc][+ =fn_lh[ncp[g_hn_) m_lc[[ch^[ ]igj[nˆ*
@_jicm ^im _r_l?f?fKO [\mnl[nim mi\l_ g_][hcmgim) fcgcn[…‹_m_
]ih^c]cih[hn_m _r‰a_him j _pifo…„i \oli]l‚nc][) † n_gji ^_ ^[l chˆ]ci
• [jl_m_hn[…„i^[m _pc^‡h]c[mh[]cih[cm+=]_cn[h^i i [laog_hni ^_ ko_ [
a‡h_m_^[m\oli]l[]c[m) _g j[lnc]of[l ^[ \l[mcf_cl[)mo[]igjimc…„i _ chm_l…„i
h[ml_^_m^[mchn_l[…‹_m ^_ ji^_l h[^[ n_g ^_ nlcpc[f)]ihncho[ _g ^cmjon[
[ bcj‰n_m_ ^_ ko_) h„i i\mn[hn_ [m[nlc\oˆ^[m ]igjf_rc^[^_m ^[ g[n†lc[)
h_hbog ]igjlip[hn_ `ic _rc\c^i ko_ ]ihnl[lc[mm_^cl_n[g_hn_ [ bcj‰n_m_
]fc_hn_fcmn[+
P_ilc][g_hn_) m[\_*m_ ko_ † jimmˆp_fko_ _f_)i ]fc_hn_fcmgi)h„i
_rcmn[m_h„i l_mc^o[fg_hn_ _g ]_ln[mmi]c_^[^_m)g[m b‚) jil ionli f[^i)
[\oh^[hn_m ]igjlip[…‹_m ^_ ko_ ^igch[ [ pc^[ ^_ [faog[m h[…‹_m+ Ji
>l[mcf)[ ]_ln_t[ ^_ ko_ [ jifˆnc][ h[]cih[f † ]ihnlif[^[ _ ]ih^otc^[)
g[dilcn[lc[g_hn_) jil jifˆnc]im ]fc_hn_fcmn[m) † og ^im chal_^c_hn_m^i
[f_cn[g_hni g[n_lhi) ]ill_c[ nl[hmgcmmil[^[ [j[l_hn_ cg_gilc[f h_]_mmc^[^_
^_ g_l][^_d[l [jicim) \_h_`ˆ]cim) pinim) ^_ h_]_mmc^[^_]ihp_lnc^[) jil
[^[jn[…„i) _g b‚\cni) _ ^im b‚\cnim • gon[…„i _mnlonol[f him [a_hn_m
l_mjihm‚p_cmj_f[ l_jfc][…„i ^im ch^cpˆ^oim+@_ og gi^i io ^_ ionli)
]ihnl[^ct_h^i io h„i [m_mj_]of[…‹_m [\mnl[n[m)jl_mog_*m_ko_ [ \oli]l[]c[
jŒ\fc][ \l[mcf_cl[ † \[mn[l^[) j_f[ `ilg[ ^_ chal_mmi)j_fi n[g[hbi) j_f[
]igjimc…„i _ j_f[ f_hc‡h]c[ _ ]ogjfc]c^[^_ ]ig .---,- ^im ncjim ^_
`l[o^[^il_m io jl_^[^il_m ^[ f_c+=im ^[^im) jicm+
?ig_…[h^i j_f[ ^cmnlc\oc…„i m_nilc[f^im ij_l[^il_m _mn[n[cm hi >l[*
mcf)im^[^im \[mn[hn_[al_a[^im mi\l_ [mjlijil…‹_m l_f[ncp[m[ LA=) LA=a)
LA=m)LA=n_ LA=m_]* ]odi ]‰^cai _h]ihnl[*m_ [ m_aocl* _mn„il_jli*
^otc^im h[ n[\_f[ _ hi al‚`c]i m_aochn_m+
 P=>AH= - ?ih`cl[) [hn_m^_ no^i) i chn_lp[fi n_gjil[f ^[m ]igj[l[…‹_m+ ?ogjlch*
Lijof[…„i _]ihigc][g_hn_ [ncp[ &LA=' ^i i [hŒh]ci ^_ ko_ m_jli]_^_lc[ [ ]igj[l[…‹_m chn_ln_gjil[cm [i fihai ^_
]igi # ^[ jijof[…„i nin[f8 LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f) mi]c[f) ^†][^[m) [ n[\_f[ jimn[ • ^cmjimc…„i^i f_cnil i`_l_]_ ]ch]i ^†][^[m) ]chk•_h*
n_l]c‚lc[ _ m_]oh^‚lc[ ]igi # ^[ LA= nin[f
n[ [him ^_ _mn[nˆmnc][m) ]ih]_hnl[^[m _g m_n_jihnim hi n_gji+ J„i m__mn‚
.61- .62- .63- .64- .65-
_mj_]of[h^i) h_mn[chp_mnca[…„i)mi\l_ l_mofn[^im _ gocni g_him n_h^‡h]c[m
.66- .666
[ j[lncl ^_ jio]i _rjl_mmcpim^icm jihnim hi n_gji &g_mgi _g m_nl[n[h^i
LA=,jij 2-)50 13)5/ 13)26 11)55 16)/1 10)6. 16)14
^_ jihnim ^_]_h[cm') j[l[ h[^[ ^ct_l ^[m ch`_l‡h]c[m chn_cl[g_hn_ pofh_l‚*
LA=afLA= /)41 /)66 0).0 0)6 0)65 1)50 1).5 p_cm)g_ni^ifiac][g_hn_) _g ko_ ^icmio nl‡m[him ]ihnˆaoim io) hi g‚rcgi)
LA=m,LA= .)26 /)00 0)0/ 2).5 3)54 5)1 5)21 ^o[m _f_c…‹_m) m„i [m Œhc][m_pc^‡h]c[m [ momn_hn[lgcl[\if[hn_m a_h_l[fct[*
LA=n,LA=
…‹_m+ Ahnl_ ][^[ ^icm jihnim mo]_mmcpim hi al‚`c]i _h]ihnl[g*m_ h„i ^o[m
.5)02 .6)31 /1)-3 /1)50 /6)43 00)10 00).1
_f_c…‹_m) g[m ^_t [him ^_ gipcg_hni g[n_lc[f ^[ mi]c_^[^_ _ † \[mn[hn_ cg*
LA=m_],LA= .-)1 .1)/ ./)6 .4)6 /1)6 /.)6 .4)1 jlip‚p_f ko_ og jli]_mmi ij_l[mm_ jil n[hnim [him m_g ^_cr[l g[l][m hcnc*
Bihn_m7Lijof[…„i) .66.7 ?_hmi @_gial‚`c]i) .66.+ ^[g_hn_ i\m_lp‚p_cm _ ^_ ch^cm]onˆp_fmcmn_g[nc]c^[^_+N_p_d[) jil i\m†koci)
Konlim ^[^im) .66-7 =ho‚lci Amn[nˆmnc]i
^i >l[mcf).66/+
[ n[\_f[ _ i al‚`c]i) _ []igj[hb_ [ chn_ljl_n[…„i ko_ jlijihbi j[l[ [g\im+
@[^im) .6667 qqq+c\a_+aip+\l &LJ=@) .666'+
Ag jlcg_cli foa[l) p_lc`c][*m_ko_) ]ihnl[lc[h^i [ n_m_^[ ^cmnlc\oc…„i^_
LJ=@7 ch]fomcp_[mj_mmi[m]ig c^[^_ cahil[^[+ Ar]fomcp_[ jijof[…„i ^_ ‚l_[m lol[cm^_7 NK) =?)
=I) NN) L=) =L+ _mj‰fcim) † i ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ jijof[…„i _]ihigc][g_hn_ [ncp[ ^i m_nil m_*
K\m_lp[…‹_mmi\l_ lo\lc][m7 LA=a* [^gchcmnl[…„ijŒ\fc][8 LA=m* mi]c[f8LA=n* n_l]c‚lci8 LA=m_] ]oh^‚lci ko_ p[lc[ ^_ g[h_cl[ og n[hni [f_[n‰lc[ &_g `oh…„i ^[m n[r[m ^_
* m_]oh^‚lci8 n_l]c‚lci7 ]ig†l]ci ^_ g_l][^ilc[m) jl_mn[…„i^_ m_lpc…im)
nl[hmjiln_ _ ]igohc][…„i+ _gjl_ai _ ^_m_gjl_ai') _hko[hni [ LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f _pifoc ]ih`ilg_
l_f[…„i \[mn[hn_ _mn‚p_f_g l_f[…„i • LA= nin[f+J„i m„i c^_hnc`c]‚p_cm[fn_l[*
CN|BE?K . …‹_m \lom][m h[ nl[d_n‰lc[^[m ko[hnc^[^_m l_f[ncp[m[i m_lpc…ijŒ\fc]i) i ko_
LA=,Lij8 LA= Cip_lh[g_hn[f8 LA= Oi]c[f8 LA= P_l]c‚lci m_lc[i ][mi m__mn[m ko[hnc^[^_m) ]igi momn_hn[gim [^pia[^im ^[ bcj‰n_m_
]fc_hn_fcmn[) _mncp_mm_g _rjimn[m [ chn_l`_l‡h]c[m _rnlˆhm_][m •mh_]_mmc^[^_m
3-
l_[cm^i mcmn_g[_]ihŠgc]i*mi]c[f+ K\m_lp[*m_)[i ]ihnl‚lci) ko_ i ]l_m]cg_hni
2-
[\mifoni ^[ LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f g[hn†g og[ ]ill_mjih^‡h]c[ mch]lŠhc][ •
_pifo…„i ^[ LA= ^i n_l]c‚lci) [ ko[f) jil m_onolhi) m_^‚ ^_ `ilg[ l_f[ncp[*
1- g_hn_ ch^_j_h^_hn_ ^i ]l_m]cg_hni ^i jli^oni chn_lhi \loni+
= \oli]l[]c[ ]_hnl[fct[^[ \l[mcf_cl[ j[l_]_ b[p_l []igj[hb[^i i ]l_m*
0-
]cg_hni ^i m_nil n_l]c‚lci) _g a_l[f) l_p_f[h^i l_^otc^[ m_hmc\cfc^[^_ •
/- _rj[hm„i ^i m_nil _mj_]c`c][g_hn_ mi]c[f+N_cn_l[h^i [ chn_ljl_n[…„i) [ail[
j_f[ pc[ h_a[ncp[) h„i nl[hmj[l_]_ him hŒg_lim [ _rcmn‡h]c[ ^_ _mm_h]c[f
.-
io `iln_ [mmi]c[…„i _hnl_ im []l†m]cgim g[lach[cm hi n[g[hbi nin[f ^[
\oli]l[]c[ ]_hnl[fct[^[ _ im [og_hnim+ g[lach[cm hi hŒg_li ^_ `oh]cih‚*
K
.61- .62- .63- lcim ^i m_nil ^_ [ncpc^[^_m mi]c[cm+Emni† [nˆjc]i) _g l_f[…‹_m^_ ]fc_hn_f[)
_g\il[ m_d[]igog • _rj_lc‡h]c[ ^_ j[ˆm_mko_ h„i m„i ]f[mmc`c][^im]igi
A)') LAJjij *i* LA=afLA= **+* LA=m,LA=*P* LA=n,LA= A ]fc_hn_fcmn[m)
]igi m_^_m]l_p_l‚ [ m_aocl+Km ch^c][^il_m l_jli^otc^im
 domnc`c][g)_g ]ihm_k•‡h]c[) [m^Œpc^[m_rjimn[m mi\l_ [ bcj‰n_m_ ^_ ko_ CN|BE?K /
[ \oli]l[]c[ m_n_hb[ _rj[h^c^i) hi >l[mcf)]igi og[ `oh…„i `cmcif‰ac][ +*) aip,mi]c[f _ LA= aip,n_l]c‚lci
^[ _rj[hm„i ^_ og Amn[^i ][lnilc[f _ j[n_lh[fcmn[) _mj_]c[fg_hn_ h[ [^*
gchcmnl[…„i^cl_n[ ^_ mo[mjifˆnc][m mi]c[cm+ /)-

Ag l_`il…i ^[m^Œpc^[m)hin_ ko_ [ n[\_f[ / [jihn[ j[l[ [ _mn[\cfc^[* .)5

^_ ^[ l_f[…„i jlijil]cih[f _hnl_ [ _pifo…„i ^[ LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f _ [ ^[ .)3

LA= ^i n_l]c‚lci) _hko[hni [ jlijil…„i ][c ko[h^i † [ LA= ^i mi]c[f ko_ .)1

† nig[^[ ]igi l_`_l‡h]c[+ Ko m_d[)i `oh]cih[fcmgi aip_lh[g_hn[f [o* .)/

g_hn[ m_aoh^i l_f[…„i _mn‚p_f]ig i m_nil n_l]c‚lci _) moljl__h^_h^i .)-

h_a[ncp[g_hn_ [ bcj‰n_m_ ^[ ^cmnlc\oc…„i ^_ _mj‰fcim)

_mm_ g_mgi ko[^li -)5

`oh]cih[f m_l_^ot) jlijil]cih[fg_hn_) ko[h^i i nin[f ^_ _gjl_a[^im him -)3

m_lpc…im mi]c[cm† [ g†nlc][ [^in[^[ j[l[ [p[fc[…„i+=al_a[^[g_hn_) cmni -)1

mcahc`c][ko_ i ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ LA= ^i m_nil mi]c[f ^i mcmn_g[)momj_cn[ -)/

jlch]cj[f ^i _hl_^i) h„i _mn‚nl[t_h^i _g\onc^i h_hbog ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ -)-
.61- .62-
LA= aip_lh[g_hn[f [ jl_n_rni ^_ [^gchcmnl[…„i ^_ hipim jlial[g[m
jijof[l_m+ K al‚`c]i /) ko_ cfomnl[_mm[m ^o[mjlijil…‹_m nilh[ g[cm ]f[li
i ko_ [ n[\_f[ jlcgcncp[ ^_m]l_p_+
P_h^i ]igi _pc^‡h]c[mim [al_a[^im ^_ al[h^_m ko[hnc^[^_m) h„i
/
P=>AH= _rcmn_momn_hn[…„i pcmˆp_f_ mcmn_g‚nc][j[l[ [ bcj‰n_m_ ]fc_hn_fcmn[)m_g
LA= ^[ [^gchcmnl[…„i jŒ\fc][ ]igi jlijil…„i ^[ _g\[lai ^_ m_ojl_mnˆaci bcmn‰lc]ih[ fcn_l[nol[ h[]cih[f _ chn_lh[]cih[f+
LA= ^i m_nilmi]c[f _ ^[ LA= ^i n_l]c‚lci $"% J„i i\mn[hn_) m_lc[^_ _rnl_g[ cha_hoc^[^_ cg[ach[l ko_ h„i _rcmn[hi
.61- .62- .63- .64- .65- .66- .666 mcmn_g[ [^gchcmnl[ncpi jŒ\fc]i \l[mcf_cli [kocfi ko_ † _h^‡gc]i h[mmi]c_*
LA=a,LA=m .)41 .)0 -)61
^[^_m gi^_lh[m) cmni†) l_f[ncp[ pofh_l[\cfc^[^_ ^i [j[l_fbi ^_ Amn[^i [
-)42 -)25 -)24 -)16
LA=a,LA=n -).2 -).2 -).0 -).6 -).0 -).1 -).0
ni^im im ncjim ^_ alojim ^_ jl_mm„i)[f†g ^_ l_cn_l[^im _r_gjfim ^_ nli*
Bihn_m7Lijof[…„i) .66.7 ?_hmi @_gial‚`c]i .66.+
][ ^_ `[pil_m _hnl_ [ _m`_l[jŒ\fc][ _ [ _m`_l[jlcp[^[+ I[m l_jcn[*m_)_h*
Konlim ^[^im) .66-7 =ho‚lci Amn[nˆmnc]i
^i >l[mcf .66/+ `[nc][g_hn_) ko_ h„i m„i i\d_…‹_m[i l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^_mn_`_hŠg_hi i
@[^im) .6667 qqq+c\a_+aip+\l &LJ=@) .666'+ ko_ m_[jl_m_hn[ h_mn[chp_mnca[…„i+ K ko_ b‚ ^_ ^cm]onˆp_fh[ bcj‰n_m_+
LJ=@7 ch]fomcp_[mj_mmi[m]ig c^[^_ cahil[^[+ Ar]fomcp_[ jijof[…„i ^_ ‚l_[m lol[cm ^_7 NK) cmnimcg)l_`_l_*m_• g[ahcno^_ _ fi][fct[…„i ^[ j_lp_lm„i \oli]l‚nc][ jil
=?) =I) NN) L=) =L+
K\m_lp[…‹_mmi\l_ lo\lc][m7 LA=a * [^gchcmnl[…„ijŒ\fc][8 LA=m* mi]c[f8 LA=n* ]ig†l]ci ^_
g[hcjof[…‹_m _f_cnil[cm+
g_l][^ilc[m) jl_mn[…„i^_ m_lpc…im)
nl[hmjiln_ _ ]igohc][…„i+ K _r*H_pc[n„\l[mcf_cli) i ko_ ]ig_…io [ m_lmo\mncnoˆ^ih[ ^†][^[ ^_
.66-) _rc\c[) m_g^Œpc^[)]_ln[ ch`f[…„i^_ j_mmi[f[^gchcmnl[ncpi_g ‚l_[m
_mj_]ˆ`c][m+Ag [faog[m ^_f[m)[ _r]l_m]‡h]c[ _l[ pcmˆp_f+ J[nol[fg_hn_) [
_rj_lc‡h]c[ ^cl_n[ ]ig m_lpc…im jŒ\fc]im^_ f[mncg‚p_fko[fc^[^_ jl_^cmj‹_
[mj_mmi[m[ ijchc‹_m l[^c][fg_hn_ h_a[ncp[m+ ?[mim^_ [j[^lchb[g_hnim _
 ^_ jl‚nc][m ]K`n^_h‚p_cmhi l_]lon[g_hni ^_ j_mmi[f m„i g[n†lc[m
`l_k•_hn_g _hn_l_f[n[^[mj_f[ cgjl_hm[) i ko_ † ch^cmj_hm‚p_f [i _r_l]ˆ]ci
^_ [faog ]ihnlif_) dolˆ^c]i j_fi g_him) ^[ ij_l[…„i ^c‚lc[ ^[mchmncnoc…‹_m
_mn[n[cm+Arj_lc‡h]c[ j_mmi[f _ ch`ilg[…„i mig[g*m_ j[l[ [nlc\ocl `iln_
]l_^c\cfc^[^_ j c^†c[^_ ko_ _rcmn_gpˆ]cimh[ [^gchcmnl[…„i^i aip_lhi+
K ^c[ah‰mnc]i† chn_cl[g_hn_ ]ill_ni+ Iocni fiha_) ni^[pc[) ]igi i
][jˆnofi .. ch^c]io) ^_ domnc`c][l i p_l_^c]ni ^_ ko_ ni^im im foa[l_m^[ \o*
li]l[]c[ ]_hnl[fct[^[ _h]ihnl[p[g*m_ ^cmjihˆp_cmj[l[ nli][m hi g_l][^i
^_ pinim+I_him []_ln[^i [ch^[ mojil ko_ [mch_a‚p_cm_ _hilg_m ^_`c]c‡h*
]c[mij_l[]cih[cm ^i Amn[^i _rjl_mm_g i j[l[^ir[f l_mofn[^i ^_ og[
jlipi][^[ _f_`[hnˆ[m_hi ko[^li ^i `oh]cih[fcmgi+ Qg[ ]igj[l[…„i ch*
n_lh[]cih[f ^_ [faog[m ^cg_hm‹_m^i _r*H_pc[n„\l[mcf_cli)[i `cg ^i j_lˆi^i
gcfcn[l) [do^[l‚ [ c^_hnc`c][l]ig g[cil jl_]cm„i [m‚l_[m _ [ _rn_hm„i _g
ko_ [ n_m_]fc_hn_fcmn[ [^kocl_ []_cn‚p_f]ihmcmn‡h]c[+ Lil `cg) m_l‚[jl_m_h*
n[^i og l_nl[ni hog†lc]i ^i >l[mcf\oli]l‚nc]i ]ihn_gjilƒh_i+
h \[mn[hn_ jlip‚p_f ko_ i f_cnil m__mj[hn_ [hn_m]ig [ _rn_hm„i ^[m
^_`c]c‡h]c[m^i ko_ ]ig im _r]_mmim^im hŒg_lim l_[cm+?ig `l_k•‡h]c[)
g[n†lc[ chncg[g_hn_ [mmi]c[^[ • _`c]c‡h]c[ ij_l[]cih[f ^i Amn[^i) ]odi
ˆh^c]_ ^_j_h^_ ^i n[g[hbi _ ko[fc`c][…„i ^i ko[^li `oh]cih[f) † ]ih*
`oh^c^[ ]ig jif‡gc][m jl_pc^_h]c‚lc[m) _g jl_doˆti ^i _hn_h^cg_hni ^_
[g\[m [mko_mn‹_m+ L[l[ g_fbil ]igjl__hm„i ^[ _mm‡h]c[ ^[ jl_m_hn_]ih*
nlip†lmc[) [\[h^ih[*m_ i _f_p[^i hˆp_f ^_ [al_a[…„i ^_ ko[hnc^[^_m _ m_
_r[gch[ [ mojimc…„i^_ ko_) him g_[h^lim ^_ ^[^im chi]_hn_g_hn_ [al_*
a[^im) ]igi im [jl_m_hn[^im [i chˆ]ci ^_mn_][jˆnofi) _m]ih^_*m__mjŒlc[
]igj_nc…„i jil l_g[h_d[g_hni _ i`_ln[ chn_l_mm_cl[ ^_ ][laim+
@_m^_.651 ko_ chmomj_cnim l_f[n‰lcim^_ [a‡h]c[mchn_lh[]cih[cmjli*
^ot_g ^[^im ]igjlip[h^i [\oh^[hn_g_hn_ ko_ i >l[mcfjimmocog Amn[8
^i g[cm j[l[ mipch[ ^i ko_ j[l[ j_l^of‚lci+. = ]ig_…[l j_fi pifog_ ^_
l_]olmim ^_mj_h^c^im+ K nin[f ^_ a[mnim^i m_nil jŒ\fc]i \l[mcf_cli
]ill_mjih^_o) _g .65.) [ .6)2# ^i Lli^oni J[]cih[f >loni &LJ>'+Ji
g_mgi [hi) [ g†^c[ ^im a[mnim^_ j[ˆm_m^_ l_h^[ ZO\ MKZS^K_hnl_ ^icm_
ko[nli gcf ^‰f[l_m&_hnl_im ko[cmm_ch]foˆ[ i >l[mcf'acl[p[ _g nilhi ^_
/4)3# ^im l_mj_]ncpimjli^onim h[]cih[cm \lonim+= ^c`_l_h…[_hnl_ [ jli*
jil…„i ^[ j[lnc]cj[…„i _mn[n[f\l[mcf_cl[ hi LJ> _ [ ^im ^_g[cm j[ˆm_m)h[
g_mg[ ]f[mm_^_ l_h^[) n[g\†g h„i m__rjfc][ j_f[ ^c`_l_h…[him a[mnim)
g[m l_mofn[hn_^[ ]igj[l[…„i ^cl_n[ _hnl_ [ml_h^[mZO\ MKZS^Kchnl[]f[mm_7
[ l_h^[ g†^c[ ZO\ MKZS^K^[ko_f_mj[ˆm_m_l[ ^_ QO" /+116 _ [ ^i >l[mcf)
QO" /+/1-+ J[ l_[fc^[^_) _rcmn_gijchc‹_m gocni \_g `oh^[^[m ^_ ko_ †
domn[g_hn_i l_^otc^i gihn[hn_ ^_ a[mni jŒ\fc]i i jlch]cj[f l_mjihm‚p_f
j_f[ l_mcmn_hn__mn[ah[…„i^[ _]ihigc[ \l[mcf_cl[ him [him l_]_hn_m+
?ihp†g l_acmnl[li ko_ [j[l_]_ ]ig g[cm `l_k•‡h]c[ h_mn[]igj[l[*
…„i^_ ch^c][^il_m _hnl_ j[ˆm_mg[n_lc[fg_hn_ g[cm \_g [`ilnoh[^im+
Jchao†g ^clc[ ko_ Amn[^imQhc^im)En‚fc[)Amj[hb[ _ Oo†]c[ n_hb[g j_l*
p_lnc^i i ][l‚n_l ^_gi]l‚nc]i ^_ m_oml_acg_m jil ]ihn[ ^_ _r[a_l[^[
j[lnc]cj[…„i _mn[n[fhi LJ>+ Ji _hn[hni [mjil]_hn[a_hm ]ill_mjih^_h*
^O]_l[g [mm_aochn_m7 /0)1# &AQ=')14)0# &En‚fc[')/4)0# &Amj[hb[' _
10)4# &Oo†]c['+@i goh^i lc]i) [j_h[m i F[j„i m_[mm_g_fb[p[ [i >l[mcf)
]ig og[ n[r[ ^_ .6# ^_ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^i m_nil_mn[n[fhi jli^oni \loni+
O_† p_l^[^_ ko_ [ Ooˆ…[[jl_m_hn[p[ j[l]im .5)0# ^_ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^i
m_niljŒ\fc]i _g m_oLJ>) n[g\†g † p_l^[^_) hi _rnl_gi ijimni) ko_ [
j[lnc]cj[…„i _mn[n[fbif[h^_m[ [f][h…[p[ _rnl[il^ch‚lcim 22)2#+
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jlcp[^i) † g[^ol[) m_g al[p_m ^_mpcim_n‚lcim_g ko[fko_l ^cl_…„i)_^o*
][]cih[fg_hn_ \_g ko[fc`c][^[) n_h^i) _g mo[p[mnˆmmcg[ g[cilc[) chal_m*
m[^i hi m_lpc…i jŒ\fc]i [nl[p†m^_ _r[g_) io m_d[)jil g†lcni) _ m_[jlijlc[
^_ ^cm]l_n[j[l]_f[ ^[ l_h^[ h[]cih[f) mi\ [ `ilg[ ^_ m[f‚lcimgi^_mnim)
jil ]igj[l[…‹_m chn_lh[]cih[cm+=ch^[ [mmcgm_lc[jimmˆp_f[lkocn_n[l [
i\d_…„i ^_ ko_ i j_][^i \oli]l‚nc]i ^i j[ˆm h„i _mn[lc[him hŒg_lim)
g[m _g `[fb[ [^[jn[ncp[) cmni†) i j_mmi[f_gjl_a[^i j_fi Amn[^ih„i m_lc[
[ko_f_ ^_g[h^[^i j_f[m ][l‡h]c[m ko_ i Amn[^i ^_p_lc[ _mn[lm[h[h^i+
Ag\il[ m_d[cll_[fˆmnc]imojil ko_ [faog Amn[^imi\l_pcp[ jil fihai n_gji
n_h^i m_om m_lpc^il_mi]oj[^im ]ig b‚\cnim jlcp[^im &nl_ch[l][hi[a_g)
jil _r_gjfi') _ cgjih^i [im h_]_mmcn[^im og ]f[gil m_g _]i) _rca_*m_
^_ og Amn[^i)m_g ^Œpc^[)ko_ m_d[gchcg[g_hn_ `oh]cih[f+
O[\_*m_ko_ [ g[ahcno^_ _ ]igjimc…„i ^i `oh]cih[fcmgi ^_j_h^_g
^i j[^l„i ^_ a[mnimjŒ\fc]im+Ko m_d[)og j[ˆm (KS]]Od&PKS\SKXY ]f‚mmc]i
jimmocl‚j_ko_hi hŒg_li ^_ `oh]cih‚lcim ]ih]_hnl[^im _g [ncpc^[^_m^_
^_`_m[_ [^gchcmnl[…„i)_hko[hni j[ˆm_m^_ ncji g[cm gi^_lhi n_h^_l„i)
_g jlcg_cli foa[l) [ _gjl_a[l g[cil hŒg_li ^_ j_mmi[m)^cmnlc\oˆ^[m_hnl_
[ncpc^[^_mmi]c[cm)_]ihŠgc][m) ^_ [^gchcmnl[…„i_ ^_`_m[)h_mn[il^_g)
io [fn_lh[h^i*m_ [j_h[m [m^_ [^gchcmnl[…„i_ _]ihŠgc][m+ K j[^l„i \l[*
mcf_clifca[*i j `[gˆfc[ ^_ j[ˆm_m]odim a[mnimil^_h[p[g*m_) ^_]l_m*
]_hn_g_hn_) ^[ m_aochn_`ilg[7 mi]c[cm)^_ [^gchcmnl[…„i)_]ihŠgc]im _
^_ ^_`_m[+Ko m_d[)i >l[mcf^_mj_h^c[ ]igj[l[ncp[g_hn_ g[cm l_]olmim
_g jifˆnc][ mi]c[f ^i ko_ _g ko[fko_l ionl[ al[h^_ lo\lc][ aip_lh[g_h*
n[f) ch]fomcp_[ lo\lc][ [^gchcmnl[ncp[+= _mn[`[gˆfc[ j_ln_h]_g) _hnl_
ionlim) ?[h[^‚) Dif[h^[) En‚fc[)Oo†]c[ _ Jip[ V_fƒh^c[+L[l[ _pcn[l ko_
_mn[fcmn[^_ j[ˆm_mlc]im ^_mj_ln_ [faog[ momj_cn[)_m]f[l_…[*m_ ko_ n[g*
\†g `[t_g j[ln_ ^[ `[gˆfc[ im ji\l_m AEO[fp[^il _ O_h_a[f+
@_mn_ aloji ^_ Amn[^im]ig i g_mgi j[^l„i [al_a[^i ^_ a[mnim)_l[
i Amn[^i\l[mcf_cli i ko_ g_him _gjl_a[p[ `il…[ ^_ nl[\[fbi h„i*[alˆ]i*
f[+K m_aoh^i g_g\li g[cm j[l]cgihcimi) i ?[h[^‚) _gjl_a[p[ .3)1#)
[ Dif[h^[) .6#) [ En‚fc[)/-#) [ Oo†]c[)01# _ [ Jip[ V_fƒh^c[) 03)2#+
=j[l_hn_g_hn_) h„i m_nl[n[ ^_ _gjl_aocmgi j_l^of‚lci) jl‰jlci ^_ j[ˆ*
m_m lc]im) jicm im Amn[^im^im g_h]cih[^im ji\l_m O_h_a[f _ AEO[fp[^il
i]oj[p[g) l_mj_]ncp[g_hn_) 13# _ 16# ^[ LA= h„i*[alˆ]if[+/ P[fp_t
[ch^[ _mn_d[g)_mn_m ^icmAmn[^im_m\[hd[^il_m) h[ `[m_[^gchcmnl[ncp[_g
ko_ [ i`_ln[ ^_ _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i l_jl_m_hn[ cgjiln[hn_ `[nil l_^cmnlc\oncpi
_ ^_ ]lc[…„i ^_ g_l][^i chn_lhi+O_d[]igi `il) [m_pc^‡h]c[m^_m[al_a[^[m
]ihncho[g ^_mg_hnch^i i ko_ m_lc[^_ _mj_l[l) `imm_[ n_m_^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi
p_l^[^_cl[ j[l[ i >l[mcf)_g ]ihnl[jimc…„i) jil _r_gjfi) • Oo†]c[_ • Jip[
V_fƒh^c[+
K jm_o^iaca[hncmgi _mn[n[f† og[ h†pi[ ko_ ^cmnil]_ [ ko_mn„i _m*
m_h]c[f7i Amn[^i \l[mcf_cli _mn[p[ih^_ h„i ^_pc[ [i jl_…i ^_ h„i _mn[l
[fc ih^_ [ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^_ mi]c[f ^_ og Amn[^i gi^_lhi ]ig[h^[lc[+
Lil _r_gjfi) _hko[hni i ?bcf_) ]ig l_h^[ ZO\ MKZS^K ch`_lcil • ^i >l[mcf)
^_mnch[p[.6)3# ^i LJ> [ jlial[g[m mi]c[cm)_ i Qloao[c) .2)1#) i >l[*
mcf[fi][p[ [j_h[m 6# ^_ m_oLJ> [ jlid_nim ^_ h[nol_t[ mi]c[f+Lil ionli
f[^i) [hin_*m_ko_ i Qloao[c a[mn[p[ /)3# ^_ m_oLJ> ]ig [^gchcmnl[*
…„i)i ?bcf_) 1). #) g[m i >l[mcfi ^i\li ^i Qloao[c &2)/#'+ K jli\f_g[
^i _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i) ]ihno^i) h„i m_fcgcn[ [i `[ni ^_ ko_ i Amn[^i _mn_d[
^_m[mmcmnc^i ^_ l_]olmimbog[him j[l[ ^_m_gj_hbi _`c][t _g ‚l_[m ^_ mo[
l_mjihm[\cfc^[^_) mi\l[h^i j_mmi[f_g `oh…‹_mmo\[fn_lh[mio moj†l`fo[m+
= l_[f g‚ ^cmnlc\oc…„i^i `oh]cih[fcmgi nilh[*m_ g[cm ‰\pc[ko[h^i m_
j_h_nl[ h[ chncgc^[^_ ^[m[a‡h]c[m jŒ\fc][m+
Pig_*m_ [ l_f[…„i _hnl_ ij_l[^il_m io j_mmi[f i]oj[^i _g [ncpc^[*
^_m*`cg)_ [^gchcmnl[^il_m) i]oj[^im _g [ncpc^[^_m*g_ci+=m [hnca[m
?_[m[m)jil _r_gjfi) h[ ‚l_[ ^i [\[mn_]cg_hni+ = ^i Nci ^_ F[h_cli
_gjl_a[p[ hip_ ij_l[^il_m j[l[ ][^[ \oli]l[n[ _) [ ^i AmjˆlcniO[hni)
m_n_j[l[ og) g[m [ ?_[m[ ^i L[l‚ _gjl_a[p[ nl‡m\oli]l[n[m j[l[ ][^[
^icm ij_l[^il_m) _hko[hni [ ^i I[l[hb„i ]b_a[p[ [i _rnl_gi ^_ ]ih*
nl[n[l og [^gchcmnl[^il j[l[ ][^[ ij_l[^il `ch[f+J[ ‚l_[ ^[mn_f_]igohc*
][…‹_ml_j_n_*m_[ g_mg[ [hig[fc[7 _h]ihnl[gim [ P_f_*L[l[h‚ i]oj[h^i
og [^gchcmnl[^il j[l[ ][^[ m_cm ij_l[^il_m) [i j[mmi ko_ [ P_f_*L_l*
h[g\o]i _gjl_a[p[ ko[nli \oli]l[n[m jil ij_l[^il+ J[ mc^_lolac[p_lc*
/?`+ Boh^i Iih_n‚lci Ehn_lh[]cih[f) 8WZ\OQYO]KVg\SY]
QY`O\XKWOX^KS]2
4VQ_WK]MYWZK\KjoO]
SX^O\XKMSYXKS]% _^c…„il_pcmn[)g[l…i ^_ .651+
`c][*m_ko_ [ Qmcgch[m_gjl_a[p[ icni ij_l[^il_m jil [^gchcmnl[^il) g[m
[ Qmch[Oc^_lŒlac][^[ >[bc[) ]igi i ?_[m[ g[l[hb_hm_) i]oj[p[ jl[nc*
][g_hn_ og \oli]l[n[ j[l[ ][^[ ij_l[^il+0
Eh_a[p_fg_hn_) h_mm_m m_ag_hnim^[ [^gchcmnl[…„im_^_mj_l^c…[p[g
%][laim] l_]olmim jŒ\fc]im) h„i i\mn[hn_ [ gi^†mnc[ ^i cgj[]ni ^_mm[
cll[]cih[fc^[^_ him al[h^_m _ l_f_p[hn_m[al_a[^im+ K aip_lhi FG `ic og
^im j_lˆi^im [ ko_ m_[nlc\oc _rn_hm[jl‚nc][ ^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi)ch`f[]cih[h^i
cll[]cih[fg_hn_ im ]omnim^_ ij_l[…„i ^i Amn[^i+Amn[† og[ n_m_\_g
[]igi^[^[ hi n_mioli ^i m_hmi]igog+ J„i i\mn[hn_)_ cao[fg_hn_ ]ih*
nl[lc[h^i i ko_ b‚ io b[pc[ ^_ `cmcif‰ac]i h[ jifˆnc][ \l[mcf_cl[)?_fmi H[`_l)
_g ]oc^[^im[ chp_mnca[…„i) ]ih]foc ko_ i al[o ^_ !g_lcnct[…„i! &`oh]ci*
h‚lcim jŒ\fc]im ]ih]olm[^im ]igi jlijil…„i ^i nin[f ^im `oh]cih‚lcim'
^[ \oli]l[]c[ \l[mcf_cl[ † ]l_m]_hn_)^_m^_.610) j[mm[h^i j_fi aip_lhi
FG _ ch^i [f†g+ =^_g[cm) i ko_ † [\mifon[g_hn_ l_f_p[hn_) i ko[^li ^_
h„i*]ih]olm[^im _l[ \[mc][g_hn_ ]ihmncnoˆ^ijil jiln_clim &23gcf') ao[l*
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1
`c][l[) ^_m^_im [him .61-) jl_m_lp[^[ ^[ [jlijlc[…„i ]fc_hn_fcmn[+ Pl‚`c*
]i ^_ ch`fo‡h]c[) ]igj[l[ncp[g_hn_ j_ko_hi) h„i domnc`c][p[i _mn_l_‰nc*
ji ^_ ko_ ni^i i Amn[^i \l[mcf_cli _mncp_mm_ [mmod_cn[^i[i mcmn_g[^_
_mj‰fcim+
L_mkocm[m chn_lh[]cih[cm g[cm l_]_hn_m ]ihncho[g ^_m[onilct[h^i
g[hc`_mn[…‹_m ^_ _m]ƒh^[fi ^c[hn_ ^im hŒg_lim h[]cih[cm+= j[lnc]cj[…„i
^i `oh]cih[fcmgi jŒ\fc]i \l[mcf_cli hi _gjl_ai nin[f ]ihncho[ mcahc`c][*
ncp[g_hn_ \[cr[) g_mgi ko[h^i m_nig[g ni^im im hˆp_cm^_ aip_lhi*
hi ][mi \l[mcf_cli) aip_lhi `_^_l[f) _mn[^o[f_ gohc]cj[f+ = KEP nl[hm]l_*
p_ ch`ilg[…‹_m j[l[ 4/ j[ˆm_m&ch_rcmnc[g ^[^im j[l[ ./ ^[ [gimnl[ ]ig*
jf_n[ * 51 j[ˆm_m'_) j[l[ i >l[mcf)[hin[ [ _rcmn‡h]c[^_ m_n_gcfb‹_m)
icni]_hnim _ ko[l_hn[ `oh]cih‚lcim &.663 † i [hi ^_ l_`_l‡h]c[') hŒg_li
_hilg_) g[m ko_ ]ill_mjih^c[ [ h„i g[cm ^i ko_ ..)2# ^i nin[f ^_ _g*
jl_a[^im h[ _]ihigc[+ Ag ]igj[l[…„i [ .0 j[ˆm_mlc]im) m‰i F[j„i
0Ichcmn†lci ^i Lf[h_d[g_hni) O_mn * 6KNK]^\YNK]8WZ\O]K]8]^K^KS]% *10)'
1?`+ ?_fmi H[`_l)FG Oi B\YQ\KWKNO?O^K] &.623*.63.' * B\YMO]]YNOZVKXOTKWOX^Y O]S]^OWK
ZYVm^SMY XY 5\K]SV%Nci ^_ F[h_cli) A^cnil[ BCR) /--/) jj+ 65) .-4) ...+
 _gjl_a[ l_f[ncp[g_hn_ g_hil hŒg_li ^_ j_mmi[mhi m_nil jŒ\fc]i+ J[
=g†lc][ H[nch[ _ =g†lc][ ?_hnl[f) ?ifŠg\c[ &5)1#' _ L[h[g‚ &2)/#'
jimmo_g og ko[^li ^_ `oh]cih‚lcim g_hil ^i ko_ i \l[mcf_cli+=f†g ^_
][mim_rnl_gim) ]igi i ^[ Anc‰jc[&/)4#') _g nl‡mionlim j[ˆm_mim ai*
p_lhim _gjl_a[p[g g_him ^i ko_ hi >l[mcf7|`lc][ ^i Oof &5)0#')
Ic[hg[l &2)2#' _ Bcfcjch[m&2)/#'+ Ji ni^i) mig_hn_ m_n_j•ˆm_m)_g 4/)
]ihn[g ]ig og ko[^li ^_ `oh]cih‚lcim ]od[ j[lnc]cj[…„i hi _gjl_ai
nin[f † ch`_lcil • n[r[ \l[mcf_cl[+O_g ]igjon[l im ^_higch[^im j[ˆm_m_g
nl[hmc…„i&[hncaimj[ˆm_mmi]c[fcmn[m') ]odim hŒg_lim h„i j_lgcn_g ]ig*
j[l[…„i mcahc`c][ncp[) _cmog[ fcmn[^_ j[ˆm_m]odi `oh]cih[fcmgi l_jl_m_h*
n[ og[ `[nc[ ^i _gjl_ai nin[f []cg[ ^i j_l]_hno[f ^i >l[mcf7=omnl‚fc[
&/.).#'8 ?[h[^‚ &/-).#'8 @ch[g[l][ &/3)/#'8 Bchfƒh^c[ &/5)2#'8 =f_*
g[hb[ &.6)/#'8 Jip[ V_fƒh^c[ &.5). #'8 Jilo_a[ &04)3#'8 Amj[hb[
&.4)4#'8 Oo†]c[ &04)6#'8 Ehaf[n_ll[ &.5)6#'8 Amn[^imQhc^im &.3)-#'+
?igi m_j_l]_\_) i ^_m`cf_† jil il^_g [f`[\†nc][) h„i j_f[ g[ahcno^_ ^[
^c`_l_h…[_g l_f[…„i [im hŒg_lim h[]cih[cm+2
Kmm_lpc…im mi]c[cm) ]igi m_gjl_) l_jl_m_hn[g i ncji ^_ [ncpc^[^_g[cm
momj_cn[_ _`_ncp[g_hn_ mod_cn[[ ^_p[mn[…‹_m ]fc_hn_fˆmnc][m+@_m[al_a[h*
^i i _gjl_ai nin[f _ jŒ\fc]i jil l[gi ^_ [ncpc^[^_) [ KEP _h]ihnlio)
h_mn[lo\lc][) im m_aochn_m hŒg_lim j[l[ [ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^i _gjl_ai jŒ*
\fc]i _g m_lpc…im mi]c[cm]igi jlijil…„i ^i _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i nin[f7Ako[*
^il &6/)5#'8 Lilni Nc]i &6.)3#'8 I†rc]i &6-)/#'8 ?[h[^‚ &55)/#'8
F[j„i &54)4#'8 @ch[g[l][ &54)/#'8 Jip[ V_fƒh^c[ &53)0#'8 >l[mcf
&52)3#') m_aoc^i _mn_)^_ j_lni) jil Bchfƒh^c[)Amn[^imQhc^im)Amj[hb[)
=omnl‚fc[_ Jilo_a[) _mn[]ig 5-)4#+
Kml_mofn[^im g[cm chn_l_mm[hn_m j[l[ [ jl_m_hn_ ^cm]omm„i^ct_g
l_mj_cni •m l_f[…‹_m_hnl_ ]l_m]cg_hni io ^_]l†m]cgi mcgofnƒh_i ^i
_gjl_ai nin[f &jŒ\fc]i _ jlcp[^i' _ ^i _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i _g j[lnc]o*
f[l+ Acm[faohm _r_gjfim cfomnl[ncpim[ gimnl[l ko_ _mm[m l_f[…‹_m_mn„i
fiha_ ^_ m_mo\g_n_l_g [ chn_ljl_n[…‹_m[jl_mm[^[m+Ahnl_ .652 _ .664)
i _gjl_ai nin[f hi ?[h[^‚ ]l_m]_o) g[m i ko[^li ^i `oh]cih[fcmgi
jŒ\fc]i ^_]l_m]_o _) h[nol[fg_hn_) [ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^i _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i
A 2,-# D[ggios[) 01# MS^Y
hi _gjl_ai nin[f n[g\†g ][co+ J[*Elf[h^[) _hnl_n[hni) _hnl_ .66- _
.663) i _gjl_ai nin[f ]l_m]_o) i _gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i n[g\†g ]l_m]_o)
g[m [ j[lnc]cj[…„i l_f[ncp[ ^i m_nil jŒ\fc]i hi _gjl_ai nin[f ^cgc*
hoco+Amn_j[^l„i) ]l_m]cg_hni [\mifoni ^i _gjl_ai nin[f _ ^i `oh]ci*
h[fcmgi jŒ\fc]i ]ig ^_]l†m]cgi jlijil]cih[f ^i Œfncgi hi jlcg_cli)
h„i † _r]_j]cih[f) _m]f[l_…[*m_) m_h^i _h]ihnl[^i n[g\†g him Amn[*
^im Qhc^im) _hnl_ .652 _ .664) _ _g Lilni Nc]i) hi g_mgi chn_lp[fi
^_ n_gji+
Arcmn_g j[^l‹_m _g ko_) jil _r_gjfi) i _gjl_ai nin[f ][c) i jŒ*
\fc]i n[g\†g) _g\il[ g_him) _ [ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^i m_nil jŒ\fc]i hi _g*
jl_ai nin[f io j_lg[h_]_ l_f[ncp[g_hn_ _mn‚p_fio m_l_^ot g_him ^i
ko_ m_l_^otco i _gjl_ai nin[f+ Ag ionl[ _rj_lc‡h]c[) [m n[r[m ^_
_gjl_ai) jŒ\fc]i _ nin[f) ][_g [ l[t‹_m &p_fi]c^[^_m' ^c`_l_hn_m)g[m
[ j[lnc]cj[…„i ^i m_nil jŒ\fc]i hi _gjl_ai nin[f ]ihncho[ g[cm _mn‚*
p_f ^i ko_ im ^_g[cm hŒg_lim [hn_]cj[lc[g+ = cgjfc][…„i ‰\pc[ ^_
ni^im im ^[^im chn_lh[]cih[cm † [ m_aochn_7j[l[ l_^otcl [ j[lnc]cj[…„i
^im ‰la„imjŒ\fc]im hi _gjl_ai nin[f h„i † h_]_mm‚lci ko_ m_d[p_l^[*
^_cl[ [ jlij[a[h^[ ^_ ko_ † _mn_ko[^li `oh]cih[f ko_ ]igjlig_n_
[m]ihn[m jŒ\fc][m _ h_g m_l_ko_l) _g ]ihm_k•‡h]c[) [ cgjf_g_hn[…„i
^_ ^l‚mnc][mjifˆnc][m ^_ ^_gcmm„i `oh]cih[f) mi\ [ domnc`c][ncp[c^_if‰*
ac][ ^_ ko_ m_nl[n[ ^_ og ]ihncha_hn_ ^_ _gjl_a[^im j[n_lh[*
fcmnc][g_hn_jlin_ac^im+ BK\KNSWSX_S\K ZK\^SMSZKjiYNKL_\YM\KMSK XK
PY\jK NO^\KLKVRY% LK]^K[_O i OWZ\OQY^Y^KVM\O]jKWKS]NY [_O i OW&
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WSK#NSWSX_mNY i XpWO\Y NOZO]]YK]YM_ZKNK]$WKSY\ K ZK\^SMSZKjiY
\OVK^S`K NY P_XMSYXKVS]WY ZpLVSMYXK B84' =i [p[fc[l [ _pifo…„i ^i
_gjl_ai jŒ\fc]i hi >l[mcf)jiln[hni) h„i † f_aˆncgi igcncl [m]igj[*
l[…‹_mchn_lh[]cih[cm h_g i _f_p[^ˆmmcgi hˆp_f ^_ ^_m_gjl_ai hi j[ˆm)
jicm † mi\l_no^i i ^_m_gjl_ai nin[f ko_ `[pil_]_ [ ^cmm_gch[…„i^[
bcj‰n_m_`[hn[mcim[ ^_ ko_ [ \oli]l[]c[ \l[mcf_cl[ † j[nifiac][g_hn_
^_mg_mol[^[ _ _mn‚]ih^_h[^[ jil mo[a‡h_m_]fc_hn_fˆmnc][+ = bcmn‰lc[
l_[f j[l_]_ b[p_l mc^i \[mn[hn_ ^c`_l_hn_+
K _r*H_pc[n„)j_f[m _pc^‡h]c[m[jl_m_hn[^[m [n† [ail[) h„i ]ihmncnoc
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t_l io cgj_^cl ko_ m_`[†[ [faog[ ]icm[ ko_ [`_n[lƒ n_l]_clim _r+ nc]i ^_gcolai) _r]_fmi ]lc[^il ^_ ˆrn[m_m_ ^_ ^_mn_llim,?j_m[l ^_ no^i)
nl[]iljil[†…i, Cg og[ j[f[pl[) i _mn‰gofi^i jlˆgci ^_ _r_l]_l ji^_l ‡ n…if[\cl‰hnc]i i j_l]olmi [n‡ i `l[o^of_hni ^_gcolai ko[hni [i
mi\l_ i j•\fc]i, Ni^_l ko_ ‡ mi\_l[hi _g l_f[†…i [i j•\fc]i) g[m cgjf[]ƒp_f J_pc[n…,Ncil) n[ni _ pcm…i lo^cg_hn[l_m big_h[a_c[g [ `l[o+
chchn_llojn[g_hn_ ]ihn_mn[^i mi\ [ `ilg[ ^_ ^cm]l_n[ m[\in[a_g ^[m ^_ ]igi m_`il[ [ fot, C ^[ `l[o^_ m_`[t_g ni^[m [mf_a_h^[m,
`[]†Œ_m_g ]cl]ohmn[h]c[f ^_m]l‡^cni, Cmn…im_gjl_ _g ]biko_) jil+ ?m h[ll[ncp[m ^i ko_ m_lc[g _r_gjfim ^_ l_f[†Œ_m_mj•lc[m + jil
n[hni) im ji^_l_m ^_ [†…i _ ^_ igcmm…i^[m \oli]l[]c[m) _r_l]c^im mi+ _r_gjfi) [ fc\_l[†…i ^_ p_l\[ j[l[ ]ihmnlo†…i ^_ _m]if[ + ^_mj_ln[g
\l_ ^cmnchnimi\d_nim ^_ ]ihnlip‡lmc[, Rig[^[ og[ ^_]cm…i)jil‡g) [ cg[a_g ^_ _h][jin[^im _h]ihnlim _hnl_ og ^_ g[h^[hn_) ^_ og f[^i)
l_nilh[ [ g[hc`_mn[ _ oh„hcg_ ]ih]il^„h]c[ ^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m) [ _rc+ _ og \oli]l[n[ ]illigjc^i) ^_ ionli, Sg[ _mj‡]c_ ^_ g_l][^i fcpl_)
\cl [ko_f_ [l m_hbilc[f ^_ ko_g [n_h^_ [ og ^cl_cni ]igi m_]ih]_+ h…i+][ln_fct[^i io ifcaijifct[^i) _g\il[ ]f[h^_mnchi) j[l[ _m][g\i
^_mm_og `[pil, ^_ p[fil_m _hnl_ ch^cp‰^oim_g f[^im ijimnim ^_ og aoc]bˆ cg[achƒ+
A[^[ ila[hct[†…i ^_]il[ [ml_al[m ^_ ]igjiln[g_hni ]iljil[ncpi lci ,,x m_g_fb[h†[ ^_ og g_l][^i fcpl_ _ f_a[f) no^i [‰m_ji^_ nli][l)
h[ mi]c[fct[†…i ]ig [m^_g[cm) c^_hnc`c][h^i fcgcn_m)[p[fc[h^i i p_l+ _mn[h^i [m nl[hm[†Œ_mmod_cn[m _r]fomcp[g_hn_ ‚ ^cmjimc†…i^_ ko_g
^[^_cli ji^_l ][om[f og[m ^[m ionl[m) h[ ^ojf[ pc[ ^_ `[t_l io ^_ p_h^_ _ ‚ [mjcl[†…i ^_ ko_g ]igjl[, L[ l_[fc^[^_) [mijilnohc^[^_m)
cgj_^cl ko_ m_`[†[) i ko_ mi\l_jŒ_ ‚ jlcg_cl[ og[ m_aoh^[ n_c[ ^_ n[hni ko[hni [m]ih^c†Œ_mj[l[ ko_ i][mcih[cm nl[hm[†Œ_mm_d[g \_g+
]ih_rŒ_m) l_al[m) ]i[fctŒ_m _ bc_l[lkoc[m) h…i l_mnlcn[[im [mmohniQ mo]_^c^[m)^_j_h^_g) [f‡g ^im ]igjl[^il_m _ ^im p_h^_^il_m) ^[ [^+
^ig‡mnc]im ^_ ][^[ og[) [hn_m_mn[\_f_]_h^i im []il^im _ nl[n[^im ^_ gchcmnl[†…iila[hct[]cih[f ^_mm[m ijilnohc^[^_m _ ^im g_][hcmgim ^_
nif_l„h]c[ g•no[ ko_ ^_p_g i\m_lp[l, L[nol[fg_hn_) ni^i _mm_ j[j_+ p[fc^[†…i ^[m nli][m _rnl[f_a[cm, P_al[m _ bc_l[lkoc[m ^_`ch_g i
fŠlci _ ]ihmncnoc†Œ_m h…i_m]lcn[m_mn…i mod_cnim ‚mg_mg[m n_hn[ncp[m^_ gi^i ^_ ij_l[†…i ^_ og[ \oli]l[]c[ jl_]cm[g_hn_ h[ g_^c^[ _g ko_)
pcif[†…i _ `l[o^_ ^_ chm[ncm`_cnim g_g\lim %]if_ncpim&^i ]ih]_lni [i `[tˆ+Gi) _lao_g [m\[ll_cl[m ]ihnl[ [mko[cm m_]bi][g im [^p_hn‰+
 ]cim ko_ [ _f[ ^_m_d_gn_l []_mmi, ? _mnlonol[ ^[ ila[hct[†…i ‡ og ^im jim ^_ chn_l_mm_ _ g_g\lim ch^cpc^o[cm^[ \oli]l[]c[) igcnch^i [ l_+
]igjih_hn_m ][om[cml_mjihmƒp_cmj_f[ ko[fc^[^_ ^i jli^oni `ch[f) [i f_p„h]c[ ^i ncji ^_ _mnlonol[ ]ig [ ko[f im alojim h_ai]c[g j[l[ i
ko[f cgjlcgco `ilg[ _ _mn[gj[ ^_ ][o†…i, L…i ‡) ^_ gi^i [faog) og l_mofn[^i ^[m nl[n[ncp[m,Cg a_l[f) im _mno^cimim^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m cahi+
ji^_l chi]_hn_, Sg ila[hial[g[ h…i ‡ og ilh[g_hni) g[m i ]Š^cai l[g im n_]hi]l[n[m _hko[hni im [h[fcmn[m^im alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_
^_ ^cmnlc\oc†…i^_ ji^_l h[ ila[hct[†…i, L[nol[fg_hn_) ko_g i ^_+ ^_m]ihmc^_l[g [ chn_lg_^c[†…i ila[hct[]cih[f, / Mmjliginil_m ^[
n‡g jl_n_h^_ g[hnˆ+Gi) ^_ ih^_ i lcm]i ^_ ifca[lkoct[†…i ^[m _mnlono+ bcjŠn_m_^[ _`c]ƒ]c[ ][om[f ^i nl‰jnc]i]fc_hn_f‰mnc]i) jif‰nc]im+\oli]l[+
l[m, RŠjc]i ][li [ Pi\_ln Kc]b_fm, n[m+alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_) ko_ i ^…i jil ch`[f‰p_f][l[]n_l‰mnc][^im j[‰+
m_m_g ^_m_hpifpcg_hni) [laog_hn[g ]igi m_h_g i ]ihdohni ^_
N[mm[^im]_g [him ^[m [^p_lnˆh]c[m ^_ Pi\_ln Kc]b_fm) i [`ilcmgi
\oli]l[n[m) h_g [mila[hct[†Œ_m _ h_g im alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_ ]ihnlc+
ko_) ]ih^_hm[h^i im [pcmim)]ihm[alio i [onil + [ f_c^_ `_lli ^[ ifc+
\o‰mm_g m_ko_l]ig g‰hcg[ j[l]_f[ ^_ _`c]ƒ]c[ ][om[f j[l[ ko_ m_]ih+
a[lkoc[8 ko_g ^ct ila[hct[†…i ^ct ifca[lkoc[ + mi\l_pcp_ _g ][ncp_c+
mog_ _ j_l^ol_ i g[nlcg‹hci `_fct _hnl_ i jon[ncpi jif‰nc]i `cmcifŠac]i
li l_nŠlc]i) og l_]olmi cfomnl[ncpi_hnl_ n[hnim ^_mnch[^im[ mom]cn[l ( • _ i ijilnohcmn[ _f_cnil l_]‡g+]ihnl[\[h^_[^i j[l[ ^_hnli ^[ gƒkoc+
h[ [o^cˆh]c[) n_gil j_fi jl_m_hn_) _hko[hni ionlim [^ƒacim [mmomn[g
h[ _mn[n[f,
i [o^cnŠlci ]ig n_llil_m `onol‰mnc]im8 [ko_f_ ko_ ]ig `_lli `_l_ ]ig Q_aoh^i i ^c[ahŠmnc]i) [ oncfct[†…i^im l_]olmim _ jimc†Œ_m^i Cmn[+
`_lli m_lƒ`_lc^i) jil _r_gjfi, Qoljl__h^_ [ h_afcaˆh]c[ ^[m $[hƒfcm_m ^i ]igi jl_\_h^[m) [ n‰nofi^_ l_]igj_hm[) `[pil io \_h_pifˆh]c[) m_
cfomnl[^[mjil l_`_lˆh]c[m !gc]b_fc[h[m! ko[hni [i _`_ncpi j_mi ][om[f _hl[‰t[hi @l[mcf)j[l[ h…il_]o[l gocni) ]ig [ ]ihmifc^[†…i ^i Q_aoh+
^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m h[ ^_`chc†…i^i ][lƒn_l g[cm io g_him ifcaƒlkoc]i ^i Ggj‡lci, ? [lkocn_nol[ chmncno]cih[f^_ _hn…i)`iln_g_hn_ ]_hnl[fct[^[
^[ [†…i _mn[n[f, K[cm ch^_m]ofjƒp_f m_gimnl[ [ fcn_l[nol[ mi\l_ [m _) mcgofn[h_[g_hn_) ij_l[h^i _mnlonol[mjilim[m _ ^_ \[cr[ jli^o+
chn_l[†Œ_m j•\fc]i+jlcp[^i ko[h^i) ^_jicm ^_ `ilg[fg_hn_ _mn[\_f_]c^[ ncpc^[^_)[mm_hn[^[_mm[[lkocn_nol[ _g _]ihigc[ _rnl[il^ch[lc[g_hn_
[ ^cm]cjfch[ ^_ _mno^imila[hct[]cih[cm) _ ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ mo]_mmc+ lo^cg_hn[l) `[pil_]c[ [ ^c`om…i^[m `ilg[m g[cm [hnca[m_ jlcgcncp[m ^_
p[mchp_mnca[†Œ_m mi\l_ bc_l[lkoc[m) _mnlonol[m_ n[g[hbi ^_mm[m ila[+ ^cmnlc\oc†…i j_lmih[fct[^[ ^_ jlcpcf‡acim, Cg _mnƒaci[ch^[ nim]i ^[ ^c+
hct[†Œ_m)m_i\ncp_l[g cgjiln[hn_m l_mofn[^immi\l_ [ ch`foˆh]c[ ][om[f pcm…i mi]c[f ^i nl[\[fbi _) jil ]ihm_aochn_) h[ [omˆh]c[ ^_ og g_l][^i
^[m\oli]l[]c[m mi\l_ i ^_m_gj_hbi ^[mohc^[^_m ]ill_mjih^_hn_m) m_g ^_ jli`cmmŒ_m [oni+momn_hnƒp_f) h…il_mn[p[ ` ^cgchon[ _fcn_cgj_lc[f m_+
ko_ m_ch^[a[mm_ko[cmm_lc[g [m cgjfc][†Œ_m ^_mm_m l_mofn[^im j[l[ [ h…i[ pc[ ^[ jif‰nc][ko_) _g gocnim ][mim)^_j_h^c[ ^[ \i[ pihn[^_ ^i
cgj_l[^il io [ ^i _gjl_ai j•\fc]i) _mn_nin[fg_hn_ ^_j_h^_hn_ ^i cg+
l_ko_lc^[ fcmol[h[ml_f[†Œ_m_hnl_ \oli]l[]c[m _ j•\fc]im [`chm,Nli]_+
j_l[^il _ [ko_f_m ^_ m_om]ihm_fb_clim gig_hn[h_[g_hn_ jl_m+
^_+m_]igi m_[m]ihm_kŽˆh]c[m ^[ _mnlonol[ _ ^ch„gc][ _h^Ša_h[ ^[u
ncac[^im,?f‡g ^[m[hƒfcm_m ko_ im]ihn_gjil„h_im dƒl_[fct[l[g ^_ ]igi
ila[hct[†Œ_m m__main[mm_ghi ]cl]ocni \oli]lƒnc]i chn_lhi) h…i[f][h+
`oh]cih[p[ i mcmn_g[)l_jiom[g _hnl_ im ]ihnim _ hip_f[m ]oln[m ^_
†[h^i [fn_l[l io ]ih^c]cih[l i j[^l…i ^_ l_f[]cih[g_hni ]ig i j•+
K[]b[^i ^_ ?mmcm + _f_ jlŠjlci) f_nl[^i) `oh]cihƒlci j•\fc]i + [mg[cm
\fc]i, B_ ionli f[^i) [ ]l_m]_hn_ fcn_l[nol[ mi\l_ [m[†Œ_mh_g m_gjl_
m[l]ƒmnc][m ^_m]lc†Œ_m ^i ][fpƒlci [ ko_ m_mo\g_nc[g im `cfbim ^_ `[g‰+
\_h‡`c][m ^_ og ^im [nil_m g[cm jn_mncac[^imj_f[m n_ilc[m ^_gi]lƒnc+ fc[) ch•n_cmj[l[ ko[fko_l ionl[ ]icm[ [ h…i m_lj_lg[h_]_l_g ch•n_cm‚
][m + im alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_ + cahil[) _g a_l[f) [ `cmcihigc[ ^[m il+ ASmn[^i _lƒlci j•\fc]i,
a[hct[†Œ_m ko_ m_g_fb[hn_m alojim jl_n_h^_g m_kŽ_mnl[l) [hn_m
jlcpcf_ac[h^i i _mno^i^[ml_f[†Œ_m^cl_n[m_hnl_ l_jl_m_hn[hn_m^im alo+ G$A`,
H[lh_m O, Ucfmih) >TQNYNHFQ
=WLFSN_FYNTSX#
Nlch]_lih) Nlch]_nih Shcp_lmcls Nl_mm)/773) j, 11,
 P_nl[ni `c^_^cahi ^[ ‡ji][, B_m^__hn…i)f_hn[g_hn_ ^ol[hn_ [ P_j•u
\fc][ T_fb[) _ _g p_lncachim[p_fi]c^[^_ [ j[lncl ^_ /71. %p_l][j‰nofi G&)
i Cmn[^i\l[mcf_cli nilhio+m_ [fn[g_hn_ ]igjf_ri) gofncjfc][h^i+m_ imchu
n_l_mm_m _h^Ša_him ^_ m_om ij_l[^il_m _mj_]c[fct[^im) _ ^cp_lmc`c][h^i+m_
[ _]ihigc[ ^_ n[f gi^i ko_) _g /723) _mn[p[]ih]fo‰^i og jlcg_cli ]c+
]fi ^_ gon[†…i _]ih‹gc][ hi j[‰m) [mmcg]igi pclƒ [ i]ill_l) ^_jicm) ]ig
i `cg ^i j_l‰i^i Hom]_fchiIo\cnm]b_e _) cgjimm‰p_f h_a[l) [i `ch[f ^i
chn_ll_ahi gcfcn[l ^_ /742 [ /763, Aigj[l[†Œ_m nl[hm+bcmnŠlc][m p[f_g
g[cm j_f[ cg[a‰mnc][ ^i ko_ j_f[ `c^_fc^[^_) g[m h…i m__mn[lc[pcif[h^i
_r]_mmcp[g_hn_i l_acmnli^_ i]illˆh]c[m m_m_]ih]fo‰mm_ ko_ [ ^c`_l_h]c[u
†…i_hnl_ i j[‰m^_cr[^i jil T[la[m) _g /723) jl[nc][g_hn_ h[^[ nchb[ [
p_l ]ig i ko_ `il[ [mm[fn[^i_g /71.) [mmcg]igi i @l[mcf^_ /74. mŠ
p[a[g_hn_ f_g\l[p[ [ko_f_ ^i ko[f Io\cnm]b_e [mmogcl[i aip_lhi, C m_g
]igjf[]ˆh]c[ io do‰tim̀[]]cimim) i g_mgi m_ji^_ [`clg[l ^im l_mofn[+
^im ^[ ^cn[^ol[ gcfcn[l,
L[^[ ^cmmi)]ihno^i) j[l_]_ n_l ]ihm_kŽˆh]c[m j[l[ i ncji ^_ jif‰nc][
^_ `[pil_m ^_hoh]c[^[ j_fim [^_jnim ^[ n_m_^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi+`cmcifiacmgi,
Ro^i m_j[mm[lc[) bid_) ]igi m_j[mm[p[ h[mbcmnŠlc[m ^_ K[]b[^i ^_ ?m+
mcm8og ^_m_gjl_a[^i _h]ihnl[ og \ig j[^lchbi) i ko[f [^gchcmnl[ \ig
l_f[]cih[g_hni ]ig ]_ln[ j_lmih[a_g) [ ko[f) ^ct+m_[ \i][ j_ko_h[) ‡
]ih`c^_hn_ ^_ g[^[g_ Dof[h[) [g[hn_ ^i m_h[^il) ^_jon[^i io ]ihm_+
fb_cli Qc]l[hi, ? ][^_c[ ^_ ]ih_rŒ_m‡ fiha[) ^_ ij_l[†…i ^_gil[^[) g[m
_`c]c_hn_,?i `cg ^_ og io ^icm [him) fƒ _mnƒi `cfbi+`[g‰fc[]ig [ pc^[
[mm_aol[^[ j[l[ ni^i i m_gjl_, B[‰[i ][m[g_hni _ ‚ a_l[†…i ^_ ionlim
ch•n_cmnig[ jio]i g[cm ^i ko_ i _mj[†i ^_ og j[lƒal[`i, C g[cm ^_ ou
][j‰nofi j[l[ [ bcmnŠlc[l_[f,
Dic l_f[n[^[ [ _rnl[il^chƒlc[ nl[hm`ilg[†…i ^i Cmn[^i h[]cih[f %mo[
]lc[†…i) _g p_l^[^_& [ j[lncl ^[ ^‡][^[ ^_ /71.) ko[h^i m_chc]c[ [ `il+
g[†…i) jil ]ih]olmi _ g‡lcni) _g mo[[p[mm[f[^il[ g[cilc[) ^i ko[^li
^_ `oh]cihƒlcim ko_ ^_p_lc[ ij_lƒ+G[, B_m^__hn…i)[ gƒkoch[ _mn[n[f\l[+
mcf_cl[h…i]_mmio^_ ]l_m]_l)[n‡ [ •fncg[ ^‡][^[ _ g_c[) l_jfc][h^i i ko_
mo]_^_l[ ]ig im j[‰m_m _olij_om _ ]ig im Cmn[^imShc^im hi pƒ]oi
cg[hn[^i _ cll_mcmn‰p_f ^[ Nlcg_cl[ P_pifo†…i Gh^omnlc[f,? ]igjf_rc^[^_
mi]c[f ^i j[‰m)[]igj[hb[h^i [ gi^_lhct[†…i _ ]l_m]cg_hni ^[ _]ihi+
gc[ + _ ^_ m_o_hilg_ g_l][^i chn_lhi +) ^_o foa[l [i [j[l_]cg_jni
^_mn__m]ill_a[^ci j[lnc]cj[hn_ ^i diai ^[m ch`foˆh]c[m)im alojim ^_ ch+
n_l_mm_) j[l[ imko[cm[ mcgjf_mg_h†…i ^_ ko_ n_hn[g ch`focl h[m^_]cmŒ_m
^[ \oli]l[]c[) \om][h^i i\n_l mch_]ol[mj[l[ [faohm^_milc_hn[^imj[l_h+
n_m)m_lc[nig[^[ ]igi cll_g_^c[p_fg_hn_ i`_hmcp[, Cg p_l^[^_) ‡ og[
mojimc†…i^_`chcncp[g_hn_lc^‰]of[,M ko_ jli]ol[g ‡ [fai mo\mn[h]c[f+
g_hn_ g[cm [g\c]cimi,
Mmh•g_lim ]ig ko_ m_nl[\[fb[ bid_) hi @l[mcf)m…i^_ g[ahcno^_
[ _rcacl gƒrcg[ [n_h†…i_ g‰hcg[ `lcpifc^[^_, P_f[nŠlcim l_aof[l_m ^_
G [aˆh]c[m chn_lh[]cih[cm chmcmn_g_g []_hno[l im [mj_]nim ^_`c]c_hn_m
io h_a[ncpim ^_mm[m g[ahcno^_m) m_h^i _mm[og[ ^_ mo[m`oh†Œ_m^_ pc+
acf„h]c[, L…i `[t_g ^_m[j[l_]_l) ^_ gi^i [faog) i _mnƒaci^_ _pifo+
†…i_]ih‹gc][ _ mi]c[f dƒ[nchac^i ko_) [n‡ jil cmmi)nilh[ chnif_lƒp_cm
im ch^c][^il_m l_f[ncpim [i n[hni ko_ [ch^[ _mnƒjil m_l l_[fct[^i,
K[hn_l ch[fn_l[^[ [ n_m_^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi _kocp[f_ [ ]ihmc^_l[l ko_
h_hbog[ ^[m nl[hm`ilg[†Œ_m i]illc^[m ][ll_a[ cgjiln„h]c[ j[l[ i
_r_l]‰]ci ^[ko_f_ ncji ^_ jif‰nc][ %]fc_hn_fcmn[&, | ijilnohi _hn…ich+
p_mnca[ljl_fcgch[lg_hn_ i ko_ n_lƒ i]illc^i h[m l_f[†Œ_m_hnl_ [ \o+
li]l[]c[) ko_ m__rj[h^c[) _ [ _mnlonol[ ila[hct[]cih[f ^i Cmn[^i) ko_
m_nilh[p[ f[\cl‰hnc][,
? _pifo†…i ^[ \oli]l[]c[ \l[mcf_cl[) [al_a[^[g_hn_ ]ihmc^_l[^[) h…i
_pc^_h]c[ h_hbog ]l_m]cg_hni j[nifŠac]i) ]igi m_pco) g[hn_h^i+m_
jlijil]cih[fg_hn_ mch]lihct[^[ ]ig i ]l_m]cg_hni ^i m_niln_l]cƒlci ^[
_]ihigc[ %m_nil ^_ m_lpc†im& + i ko_ _l[ l[tiƒp_f ^_ _mj_l[l h[ [omˆh]c[
^_ chip[†Œ_mila[hct[]cih[cm ^_ al[h^_ _hp_la[^ol[, Qomj_h^_h^i n_g+
jil[lc[g_hn_ i do‰timi\l_ i g‡lcni ^[mhig_[†Œ_m ch^cpc^o[cmj[l[ jim+
niml_f_p[hn_m)l_mn[g ^icmionlim [mj_]nim)cgj_lg_ƒp_cm ‚ [hn_lcil [hƒfcm_
[al_a[^[ %][j‰nofim GG_ GGG&)
jin_h]c[fg_hn_ ][j[t_m ^_ ch^c][l m_)jil og
f[^i) [ [^gchcmnl[†…i j•\fc][ n_lc[ mc^i i\d_ni ^_ _rn_hm[ j[lncfb[ j[+
nlcgihc[f _)^_ ionli) m_[ jlŠjlc[ _mnlonol[ila[hct[]cih[f ^i Cmn[^i `[]c+
fcn[p[og ]igjiln[g_hni [on‹higi _ jl_^[nŠlci jil j[ln_ ^[ \oli]l[]c[,
Cg []l‡m]cgi ` _mnlonol[ila[hct[]cih[f) nig[+m_ [ fiha_pc^[^_ ^_ j_l+
g[hˆh]c[ him ][laim ]igi cgjiln[hn_ ch^c][^il ^[ ][j[]c^[^_ \oli]lƒ+
nc][ ^_ l_mcmncl` ]iil^_h[†…i) hi g_fbil ^im ][mim)_ ^_ ch^_pc^[g_hn_
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? jimc†…il_f[ncp[ ^[ AQL m_[fn_l[ [j_h[m _g og[ ohc^[^_ %/3. foa[l hi
jlcg_cli ]ƒf]ofi9 /4. hi m_aoh^i&,? ch`_lˆh]c[ ]ill_n[) jiln[hni) ‡ ko_)
]igj[l[^[ ‚m^_g[cm [aˆh]c[m mcgcf[l_m)[ Aigj[hbc[ Qc^_l•lac][ L[]ci+
h[f) jil g[cm [hnca[) ji^_lc[ m_l[fai g_him ]igjf_r[) _g\il[ m_ch+
]fo[ hi g_mgi _m]iji ^_ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ l_f[ncp[, J_g\l[h^i i jli]_mmi
^_ jlcp[nct[†…i ko_ i]ojio [ ^‡][^[ ^_ /77.) c^_hnc`c][g+m_[koc [m_g+
jl_m[m ]od[ nl[hm`_lˆh]c[ [i m_nil jlcp[^i jlipi]io im g[cm []cll[^im
]ih`fcnim %[m ko_ _mn…i h[ ]_f[ 8"&Qchaof[lg_hn_) [ Aigj[hbc[ Qc^_l•l+
ac][ L[]cih[f) ^_mpc[hn_)_ h…ii\mn[hn_ m_o][lƒn_l mcg\Šfc]i n…i_hl[c+
t[^i ko[hni) jimmcp_fg_hn_) i ^[ N_nli\l[m) h…i a_lio jlin_mnim n…i
chn_hmim)_g m_ojli]_mmi ^_ jlcp[nct[†…i) ko[hni i ko_ biop_ ^_
gi\cfct[†…i [i mcgjf_mgolg•lci ^_ ko_ [ N_nli\l[m n[g\‡g ]ill_lc[ i
lcm]i ^_ m_ljlcp[nct[^[,
Cmn[g_mg[ N_nli\l[m ^_mpc[^[m [aˆh]c[m mcgcf[l_m)]f[mmc`c][^[m _g
8$jilko_ _rc\_ og al[o ^_ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[ moj_lcil [i
gƒrcgi ^i _m]iji hi ko[f m_ch]fo_g [m[aˆh]c[m ^_ 8&?fcƒm)[ N_nli\l[m
‡ og ^im ][mim`[m]ch[hn_mj[l[ ^_]cm…imi\l_ mo[ ]f[mmc`c][†…i _g og[
_m][f[ ^_ [onihigc[ ila[hct[]cih[f) ^_ []il^i ]ig [ ^_`chc†…i[koc onc+
fct[^[, Aihmncnoch^iog[ _gjl_m[ ^_ p[mn[]igjf_rc^[^_ %GA 5 M&)cmnŠ
‡) ^_ f[la[ ^cmj_lm…i_mnlonol[f^_ ji^_l) l_p_f[ n[g\‡g i gƒrcgi p[fil
h[ _m][f[ ^_ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[ %Al; /&,R_ilc][g_hn_) m_o
jin_h]c[f ^_ [onihigc[) ]igi moa_lc^i [hn_lcilg_hn_) ^_p_lc[ m_l`oh+
†…i^[ _mn[\cfc^[^_^_ mo[jimc†…i^_ niji) ^[^i i `_cr_ ^_ ji^_l bc_lƒl+
koc]i [‰]_hnl[fct[^i, ? jl_mc^ˆh]c[ ^_ _gjl_m[mmcgcf[l_m nilh[+m_og `cfnli
h_]_mmƒlcij[l[ ni^[m [m^_]cmŒ_m ^[ [aˆh]c[) i ko_ ko_l ^ct_l ko_) m_g[
[hoˆh]c[ ^_ m_ojl_mc^_hn_)io moj_lchn_h^_hn_)jio][ ]icm[ ji^_ m_lf_p[+
^[ [^c[hn_) og[ ][l[]n_l‰mnc][^_ ni^[m [m[aˆh]c[m ^[ ]_f[ H#h[ ko[f m_
[aloj[g jl[nc][g_hn_ ni^[m [mchmncnoc†Œ_m \[h]ƒlc[m ^[ [gimnl[, ? bcm+
nŠlc[ ^[ N_nli\l[m) ch]fomcp_mo[nl[d_nŠlc[[i fihai ^im [him /77.) ]ih+
`clg[ i _mj_]c[f‰mmcgi ][lƒn_l ^[ _gjl_m[) m‰g\ifi _ pcf…)\_h‡`c][ _
jl_^[^il[) pil[t _ `cf[hnlŠjc][,
Cmm[][l[]n_l‰mnc][)_hnl_n[hni) [ ^_ _f_p[^[ ]_hnl[f c^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][
l_f[ncp[) l_`f_n_ [j_h[m og ^im ][gchbim ^i jlb]_mmi ^_]cmŠlci) cmni‡)
[ko_f_ ko_ m_chc]c[him _m][fŒ_m g[cm \[crim ^[ bc_l[lkoc[ _ ko_ nˆg) hi
][mi) jio][ [onihigc[ _g `[]_ ^i niji ^[ _m][f[, Nil ionli f[^i) ^[^[ [
^cmj_lm…i chn_lh[ ^i ji^_l _mnlonol[f^[ _gjl_m[) [ jol[ mo\mncnoc†…i ^i
^_]cmil ^_ niji h…ia[l[hn_ go^[h†[ ^_ ilc_hn[†…i ^_ jif‰nc][)jicm h…i
• ‡ ]_lni ko_ mo[mil^_hm m_nl[hmgcncl…i[n‡ [mjihn[m ^_ _r_]o†…i, ? \[cr[
chn_al[†…i ^_ ]ihnlif_ m_lp_)[mmcg)]igi og[ ]igj_hm[†…i ^[ ]_h+
nl[fc^[^_) _ [ ^cp_laˆh]c[ _hnl_ [ jl_mc^ˆh]c[ _ im ^_g[cm _m][fŒ_m) ]ig
_mnlonol[m m_g_fb[hn_m)ji^_ _r[]_l\[l ]ih`fcnim) jlipi][h^i j[l[fcmc[ _
ch_`c]cˆh]c[) [hn_mko_ [ [fn_l[†…i ^_ jif‰nc][m,/1Nil ionli f[^i) ]ih`il+
g_ n_ilc[ml_]_hn_m)m_lc[g[cm `ƒ]cf [im alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_ chmcho[lgo+
^[h†[m _g jif‰nc][mdƒ _rcmn_hn_m ^i ko_ jlipi][l lojnol[m ^_ al[h^_
gihn[, ?mmcg)[ \[cr[ chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_ m_lc[[ ]ihnl[`[]_ chn_lh[
^[mila[hct[†Œ_m‚m^c`c]of^[^_mko_ imalojim ^_ chn_l_mm_ _h]ihnl[g j[l[
chmn[ol[lal[h^_m hipc^[^_m h[ jif‰nc][^_mm[m ila[hct[†Œ_m, B_ ko[fko_l
gi^i) [i ]ihnlƒlci ^[ AQL) [ N_nli\l[m [jl_m_hn[+m_]ig og al[o ^_
]_hnl[fc^[^_ l_f[ncp[ moj_lcil [i gƒrcgi ^i ko_ ‡ _h]ihnl[^i _g [aˆh+
]c[mko_ m_[mm_g_fb[g [ _f[ _g n_lgim ^_ chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_ _) j[lnc+
]of[lg_hn_) _g l_f[†…i[ _gjl_m[m cao[fg_hn_ l_mjihmƒp_cm j_f[ jli^o†…i
^_ \_hm _ m_lpc†im\ƒmc]im,
Monli j[^l…i l_f[ncp[g_hn_ bigiaˆh_i ko_ m_l_p_f[) UWNRF KFHiJ#
u_fi ]lot[g_hni ^[m ^o[m ^cg_hmŒ_m^ct l_mj_cni ‚m ila[hct[†Œ_m ^_
Ghn_lg_^c[†…i`ch[h]_cl[) _mn[m) mcg)]i_l_hn_g_hn_ []ifbc^[m h[ ]_f[ H%
B_ og nin[f ^_ m_n_\[h]im) ]ch]i %5/"& m_[mm_g_fb[g h[ \[cr[ g[ahcno^_
GHN[l[i ][mi _mj_]‰`c]i ^[ N_nli\l[m) [fcƒm)_mno^imgihialƒ`c]im dƒ b[pc[g l_p_f[^i i
`_h‹g_hi, T_l E_n•fci A[lp[fbi) >JYWTGWFX, 3T RTSTUjQNTFTXHTSYWFYTX IJ WNXHT Pci ^_
, Dil_hm_ Shcp_lmcnƒlc[)/755, $
H[h_fli)
^_ chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_) [mmi]c[^[ ‚ _f_p[^[ g[ahcno^_ h[ ]_hnl[fc^[^_
bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[, N_fi jlŠjlci ncji ^_ [ncpc^[^_) ^_m]_hnl[fct[^[) mom+
n_hn[^[ jil og[ gcl‰[^_^_ [aˆh]c[m _r_]onil[m) [ [ncpc^[^_ \[h]ƒlc[ _m+
n[lc[ ]ih^_h[^[ ‚ _mn[ah[†…i][mi chn_al[mm_ i ]ihnlif_ ^[ ila[hct[†…i
^_ n[f gi^i ko_ _mn[h…ijo^_mm_[\milp_l [mijilnohc^[^_m ^_ chip[†…i
ko_ m_om[a_hn_m)h[mjihn[m ^i mcmn_g[)ji^_g moa_lcl,Nil ionli f[^i (
ko[fko_l gi^c`c][†…i _mnl[n‡ac][ko_ _hpifp[ chn_al[fg_hn_ [ ila[hct[+
†…i_mnƒi\lca[^[ [ m_lm[h]cih[^[ j_f[ bc_l[lkoc[ ]_hnl[fct[^[,
Aihmc^_l[h^i [mko[fc`c][†Œ_m̀_cn[mko[hni ‚ml_f[†Œ_mjio]i ]f[l[m
_hnl_ [ chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_ _ [ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[) ]ih+
p‡g ko_ [ [hƒfcm_jli]_^[ ]ig ][on_f[ _ ko_ m_d[g _pcn[^[mch`_lˆh]c[m
[jl_mm[^[m,Nlo^_hn_g_hn_) ]ihno^i) _ ]ig \[m_ him l_mofn[^im[jl_m_h+
n[^im) j_fi g_him ]ch]i ]ih]fomŒ_mcgjiln[hn_m ji^_g m_l_rjimn[m8
/& [j[l_hn_g_hn_ [ ]igjf_rc^[^_ ^[m [aˆh]c[m `_^_l[cm ch^cl_n[mh…i
cgjfc][ gi^c`c][†Œ_mhi j[^l…i _mnlonol[f^[ ila[hct[†…i ko[h^i m_
j[mm[^i ]_hnli j[l[ [ j_lc`_lc[ ^[ ila[hct[†…i %]ill_f[†…i ^_ il^_g
_hnl_ im ^icm]ƒf]ofim ^i GA&9
0& chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_ _ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[mji^_g m_l
^o[m^cg_hmŒ_m ch^_j_h^_hn_m^[ _mnlonol[ila[hct[]cih[f ^[m[aˆh]c[m
`_^_l[cmch^cl_n[m)_g n_lgim ^_ [onihigc[9 cmnimcahc`c][ko_ g[cil
]ihnlif_ _rn_lhi) io chn_l`_lˆh]c[ jif‰nc][ch^‡\cn[)ji^_lc[ m_ln_hn[^i
j_f[ g[hcjof[†…i ^_ og[ io ionl[ ^[m^cg_hmŒ_m, ? ][jnol[ ^[ jimc†…i
^_ niji _g og[ _mnlonol[ ^_ _f_p[^[ chn_al[†…i ^_ ]ihnlif_) jil
_r_gjfi) m_lc[mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ mo\il^ch[l [ ila[hct[†…i [im alojim ^_
chn_l_mm_) [i J_acmf[ncpiio [i gchcmnli l_mjihmƒp_f j_f[ ][jnol[, _
jil ]ihn[ ^_mn[][l[]n_l‰mnc][ko_ m_n_mn_gohbio [i fihai ^_ ni^i i
j_l‰i^i chn_hm[]igj_nc†…i _hnl_ im`l[ag_hn[^im chn_l_mm_m jif‰nc]im
_ _]ih‹gc]im j_f[ ch^c][†…i^im ncnof[l_m^_ n[cmjimc†Œ_m, B_ ih^_ m_
m_ao_ko_) ko[hni g_hil [ [mmi]c[†…i_hnl_ [m ^o[m ^cg_hmŒ_m+
chn_al[†…i^i ]ihnlif_ _ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[+) [fai ko_
_`_ncp[g_hn_ p[lc[p[ ^_ m_nil j[l[ m_nil) g[cil io g_hil m_lc[ [
jli\[\cfc^[^_ ^_ ko_ [ [aˆh]c[ _mncp_mm_ mo\g_nc^[ ‚ fŠac][ ^i
m_kŽ_mnlìcmcifŠac]i,
1&m_)jil og f[^i) [ ch^_j_h^ˆh]c[ ^[m ^o[m ^cg_hmŒ_m[\lc[ g[cil_m
jimmc\cfc^[^_m ^_ ]ihnlif_ _rn_lhi _ ^_ m_kŽ_mnli `cmcifŠac]i)jil ionli
[og_hn[p[ [ jli\[\cfc^[^_ ^_ ]ih`fcni NSYWF$TWLFSN_FHNTSFQ _) jil [‰)
ch_`c]cˆh]c[ _ j[l[fcmc[) [nlc\onim jl_m_hn_m[i fihai ^_ ko[m_ ni^[ [
bcmnŠlc[^_ og ]ihdohni \_g _mj_]‰`c]i^_ [aˆh]c[m _mn[n[cm + jil
_r_gjfi) J_ac…i @l[mcf_cl[^_ ?mmcmnˆh]c[) Doh[\_g _ BLAMQ,
2&m_m_[^gcn_ [ bcjŠn_m_^_ nl[\[fbi ^_ ko_ g>hil chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_
[mmi]c[^i [ g_hil ]_hnl[f c^[^_ l_f[ncp[ cgjfc][ g[cil [onihigc[
ila[hct[]cih[f) `c][g ]f[l[m [ml[tŒ_mila[hct[]cih[cm ^[ [onihigc[ l_[f
_rc\c^[ j_f[m [aˆh]c[m ch^cl_n[ml_mjihmƒp_cm j_f[ jli^o†…i ^_ \_hm _
m_lpc†im\ƒmc]im)]ihmncnoch^ii mcmn_g[]lc[^i jil T[la[m [i fihai ^_
m_om^icm g[h^[nim) ^ol[hn_ i g_ci m‡]ofi ko_ p[c ^_ /72. [ /77.)
mig_hn_ ]ig nlˆm l_mofn[^iml_f[ncp[g_hn_ ^_mpc[hn_m%im][mim ^[
N_nli\l[m) Aigj[hbc[ Qc^_l•lac][ L[]cih[f _ Qc^_l\l[m)dƒ]ig_hn[^im
hi n_rni&,L…i jil [][mi) `[t_g j[ln_ ^i ]ihdohni ^_ _gjl_m[m _g
l_f[†…i‚mko[cm`il[g jio][m) m_[faog[) [m]l‰nc][m ^_ h_jincmgi io
]fc_hn_fcmgipofa[l,
3&[m[aˆh]c[m ^_ chn_lg_^c[†…i`ch[h]_cl[ [jl_m_hn[g j[^l…i mcgcf[l^_
chn_al[†…i^_ ]ihnlif_ _ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[,J[n_l[fg_hn_)
‡ jimm‰p_f _mj_]of[l ko_) himj[l„g_nlim ^_ mo[_mnlonol[ila[hct[]cih[f)
m_d[g[aˆh]c[m ]ig _f_p[^[ n_h^ˆh]c[ [i ]ih`fcni chnl[+ila[hct[]cih[f
_) jil [‰)[ _p_hno[f ko_^[ h[ p_fi]c^[^_ ^_ ij_l[†…i, Cmn[`ic og[
][l[]n_l‰mnc][ jl_m_hn_h[ bcmnŠlc[^[m[aˆh]c[m ]f[mmc`c][^[m _g ]) ]ig [
•hc][ ^cp_laˆh]c[ ^[ N_nli\l[m,
? _mnlonol[^[mila[hct[†Œ_m) mo[ml_al[m chn_lh[m^_ `oh]cih[g_hni)
mo[mbc_l[lkoc[m) [n‡ g_mgi mo[ ]ofnol[ ila[hct[]cih[f _ [ bcmnŠlc[
][lcmgƒnc][ _p_hno[fg_hn_ []ogof[^[) h…i m…i[mj_]nim cll_f_p[hn_mh[
l_f[†…i _hnl_ i jlcp[^i _ i j•\fc]i _ h_g g_mgi h[m l_f[†Œ_mchnl[ai+
p_lh[g_hn[cm, Fƒ fcgcn_m^_ chn_lp_h†…i^_ og ji^_l _g ionli) [ch^[ ko_
[jic[^i _g _fim ^_ mo\il^ch[†…i) ko_ mŠji^_g m_lofnl[j[mm[^im ]ig
mo\mn[h]c[f^_ma[mn_ jif‰nc]i)_ h…im…ini^[m [m^cm]l_j„h]c[m _hnl_ Cr_+
]oncpi io J_acmf[ncpi_ [faog[ ^_mm[m [aˆh]c[m ^_ al[h^_ ji^_l ^_ l_mcm+
nˆh]c[ [ g[hcjof[†Œ_m _mj•lc[mko_ p[f_g i jl_†i ^i ch_pcnƒp_f]ih`fcni

chn_laip_lh[g_hn[f, B_mfct[)jiln[hni) [ bcjŠn_m_]fc_hn_fcmn[) _g ^cl_†…i
[ chdomnc`c][^[mcgjfc`c][†…iko[h^i cahil[ [ _`c]ƒ]c[ ][om[f ^[m _mnlono+
l[m ila[hct[]cih[cm mi\l_ i ]igjiln[g_hni ^[ \oli]l[]c[,
M jlŠrcgi ][j‰nofi nl[n[lƒ ^[ ionl[ p[lcƒp_f l_f_p[hn_) [ _mn[\cfc^[^_
^[ _fcn_^_]cmŠlc[,>TZWRgRTNWJ#m_[ bcjŠn_m_^i Cmn[^i ][lnilc[f `imm_
a_h_l[fct[^[g_hn_ ]ill_n[) _ m_i Cmn[^i \l[mcf_cli _mncp_mm_ mo\g_nc^i [
m_g_fb[hn_ fŠac][) [faog[ l_f[†…i molaclc[ _hnl_ i lcngi ^[ mo\mncnoc†…i
^_ jl_mc^_hn_m_ j[lf[g_hnim _ [mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m_fcn_m \oli]lƒnc+
][m ^cmnlc\o‰^[m j_f[m [aˆh]c[m [koc _r[gch[^[m, Oo_g ^ct ila[hct[†…i
^ct \oli]l[]c[) _ ko_g ^ct \oli]l[]c[ ^ct _mn[\cfc^[^_ifcaƒlkoc][ ^_ m_om
f‰^_l_m, ?i ko_ j[l_]_) [ n_]hi]l[]c[ \l[mcf_cl[ m__h]ihnl[p[ _hnl_ [ ]lot
^[ ^_h•h]c[ ^_ ifca[lkoct[†…i _ [ ][f^_clchb[ ^[ ^_mihl[ ^i `cmcifiacmgi,
? m_aocl)_hnl_n[hni) h_g ]lot h_g ][f^_clchb[) g[m _pc^ˆh]c[m)[hƒfcm__
bcjŠn_m_m̀[]no[fg_hn_ momn_hn[^[m,
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Mla[hial[g[m
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?{MQ NGP?RGLG + ?†im DchimNcl[nchc%KGA&
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j[l[ [ Dilg[†…i Nli`cmmcih[f%KAC&
ACPML + A_hnl[cmCf‡nlc][m^_ Pih^‹hc[ %KGLRCP&
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ATPB + Aigj[hbc[ T[f_ ^i Pci Bi]_ %KKC&
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BLMAQ + B_j[ln[g_hni L[]cih[f ^_ M\l[m ]ihnl[ [mQ_][m%KGLRCP&
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CAR + Cgjl_m[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ Aill_cim _ R_f‡al[`im %KA&
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CK@P?CP + Cgjl_m[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ ?_lihƒonc][ %K,?_l,&
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R‡]hc][ %K?&
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DLBC + Doh^i L[]cih[f ^_ B_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ C^o][†…i %KCA&
DQCQN + Doh^[†…i Q_lpc†im^_ Q[•^_ N•\fc][ %KQ&
DSL?@CK + Doh^[†…i L[]cih[f ^i @_g+Cmn[l^i K_hil %KN?Q&
DSL?G + Doh^[†…i L[]cih[f ^i ~h^ci %KGLRCP&
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_ K_^c]ch[ ^i Rl[\[fbi %KR@&
DSLPSP?J + Doh^i ^_ ?mmcmnˆh]c[ [i Rl[\[fbi Pol[f %KN?Q&
DSLRCTC Z, Doh^[†…i A_hnli @l[mcf_cli^_ RT C^o][ncp[ %KAC&
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G?? + Ghmncnoni^i ?†•][l _ ^i yf]iif %KGA&
G@A+ Ghmncnoni @l[mcf_cli^i A[`‡ %KGA&
G@BD+ Ghmncnoni @l[mcf_cli^_ B_m_hpifpcg_hni Dfil_mn[f%K?&
G@EC+ Doh^[†…i Ghmncnoni@l[mcf_cli ^_ E_ial[`c[ _ ^_ Cmn[n‰mnc][
%QCNJ?L&
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GLAP? + Ghmncnoni L[]cih[f ^_ Aifihct[†…i _ P_`ilg[ ?alƒlc[ %K?&
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KM@P?J + Doh^[†…i Kipcg_hni @l[mcf_cli^_ ?f`[\_nct[†…i %KCA&
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QSBCAM + Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^i B_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ P_ac…i A_hnli+
M_mn_%KGLRCP&
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QSBFCTC? + Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^[ @ill[]b[ %KGA&
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QSQCN+ Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^_ Q_aolim Nlcp[^im %KGA&
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RCJC@P?Q + R_f_]igohc][†Œ_m @l[mcf_cl[m Q,?, %KA& ?aˆh]c[m K[nlct_m
RPG@,K?PGR, + Rlc\oh[f K[l‰ncgi %KK&
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@LAA+ @[h]i L[]cih[f ^_ Al‡^cni Aiij_l[ncpi %K?&
@LBC + @[h]i L[]cih[f ^i B_m_hpifpcg_hni C]ih‹gc]i %QCNJ?L&
@LF + @[h]i L[]cih[f ^[ F[\cn[†…i %KGLRCP&
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• ACD+ A[cr[ C]ih‹gc][ D_^_l[f %KD&
ACJK? + Ac[, Cf_nlig_]„hc][ ACJK? %K,?_l,&
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AG@P?XCK+ Aigj[hbc[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ ?lg[t_h[g_hni %K?&
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%QCNJ?L&
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AM@?J + Aigj[hbc[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ ?fcg_hn[†…i %K?&
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ANPK + Aigj[hbc[ ^_ N_mkocm[ ^_ P_]olmim Kch_l[cm %KKC&
AQL + Aigj[hbc[ Qc^_l•lac][ L[]cih[f %KGA&
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BLCP + B_j[ln[g_hni L[]cih[f ^_ Cmnl[^[m^_ Pi^[a_g %KR&
BLMAQ + B_j[ln[g_hni L[]cih[f ^_ M\l[m ]ihnl[ [mQ_][m%KGLRCP&
BLMQ + B_j[ln[g_hni L[]cih[f ^_ M\l[m ^_ Q[h_[g_hni %KGLRCP&
CAR + Cgjl_m[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ Aill_cim _ R_f‡al[`im %KA&
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CK@P?CP + Cgjl_m[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ ?_lihƒonc][ %K,?_l,&
CK@P?N? + Cgjl_m[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ N_mkocm[ ?ali+N_]oƒlc[ %K?&
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_ K_^c]ch[ ^i Rl[\[fbi %KR@& SQGKGL?Q+ Smch[mQc^_l•lac][m ^_ Kch[m E_l[cmQ,?, %KGA&
DSPL?Q + Dog[m A_hnl[cmCf‡nlc][mQ,?, %KKC&
ECGNMR+ Cgjl_m[ @l[mcf_cl[^_ Nf[h_d[g_hni ^_ Rl[hmjiln_m %KR&
/K + Ghmncnoni ^i ?†•][l _ ^i yf]iif %KGA&
G@A+ Ghmncnoni @l[mcf_cli^i A[`‡ %KGA&
G@EC+ Doh^[†…i Ghmncnoni@l[mcf_cli ^_ E_ial[`c[ _ ^_ Cmn[n‰mnc][
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?_l,&
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GLNQ+ Ghmncnoni L[]cih[f ^_ Nl_pc^ˆh]c[ Qi]c[f %KN?Q&
GN?QC+ Ghmncnoni ^_ Nl_pc^ˆh]c[ _ ?mmcmnˆh]c[
^im Q_lpc^il_m^i Cmn[^i
%KN?Q&
GP@+ Ghmncnoni ^_ P_mm_aolim^i @l[mcf%KGA&
JJMWB + Aigj[hbc[ ^_ L[p_a[†…i Jfis^ @l[mcf_cli%KR&
KM@P?J + Doh^[†…i Kipcg_hni @l[mcf_cli^_ ?f`[\_nct[†…i %KCA&
NCRPM@P?Q+ N_nlŠf_i @l[mcf_cliQ,?, %KKC&
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QGBCP@P?Q+ Qc^_lolac[ @l[mcf_cl[Q,?, %KGA&
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QSBCAM + Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^i B_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ P_ac…iA_hnli+
M_mn_%KGLRCP&
QSBCLC + Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^i B_m_hpifpcg_hni^i Lil^_mn_ %KGLRCP&
QSBCNC+ Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^i B_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ N_m][%K?&
QSBCQSJ + Qoj_lchn_h^ˆh]c[ ^i B_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ P_ac…i Qof
%KGLRCP&
 ?LCVM 1 NCRPMOSGQ?+ N_nli\l[m Oo‰gc][ Q,?, %NCRPM@P?Q + KKC&
?aˆh]c[m Qo\mc^cƒlc[m PBC + Pci Bi]_ Colij[ Gh], %ATPB+ KKC&
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)?E& KKC&
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QMRCAL? + Qi]c_^[^_ R‡]hc][ _ ?^gchcmnl[†…i _ Aill_n[a_g ^_
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+KKC&
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AMNCLC + N_nliko‰gc][^i Lil^_mn_ Jn^[, %NCRPM@P?Q + KKC&
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KKC&
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CNJ?L + Cgcmm…i _ Nf[h_d[g_hni ^_ Q_aolim Q,?, %AQL+ KGA&
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NCRPMOS~KGA? SLGzM Q,?, %NCRPM@P?Q + KKC&

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U ]ih]_cni ^_ ^_gi]l[]c[ molacon[l^c[g_hn_ hi pi][\ofƒlci jif‰nc]i
[n_hc_hm_) _g ]ihm_kŽˆh]c[ ^[ fon[ `[]]cih[f _g nilhi ^i p_l^[^_cli foa[l
mi]c[f_g ko_ m_lc[m_aoli m__h]ihnl[l [ pclno^_^[ _r]_fˆh]c[, Cr]_fˆh]c[)
†hn_h^[+m_)‡ [ g[cm [jlircg[^[ nl[^o†…i ^i ]ih]_cni ^_ ![l_n_!) cmni‡)
[ g[hc`_mn[†…igƒrcg[ ^i ^ig‰hci ^_ [faog[ ^[mpclno^_m]ihmc^_l[^[m
hi\l_m j_fim al_aim) _g j[lnc]of[l j_fim [n_hc_hm_m, B_ FWJYJ^_lcp[+m_
FWNXYTN [ko_f_mjimmoc^il_m^_
# FWJYJ $ h[ [ln_ ^[ g•mc][) ^[ _m]ofnol[)
^[ ao_ll[ io ^im ^_mnchim ^[ ]igohc^[^_, B_ FWNXYTN ]b_a[+m_
cg_^c[n[g_hn_ [ FWNXYTHWFYF# ]ih]_cni gi^_lhi ^_ ch^cp‰^oimko_ m_
jl_mog_g io m…ijl_mogc^im ^cmnchnim _ _g [faog m_hnc^imoj_lcil_m[im
^_g[cm, Nil _rn_hm…i)aip_lhi [lcmni]lƒnc]i) ]ih^otc^i jil [lcmni]l[n[m)
cmni‡) j_fim g_fbil_m) j_fim _r]_f_hn_m)‡ [fai ko_) l[]cih[fg_hn_) h…i
^_p_lc[ mom]cn[li\d_†…i jil j[ln_ ^im ko_ ^_p_l…i m_laip_lh[^im, C) _g
p_l^[^_) h…i _rcmn_gn_mn_gohbim]ihn_gjil„h_im ^_ ko_ im ]ih`fcnim
jif‰nc]im_ c^_ifŠac]im ko_ []igj[hb[l[g im m‡]ofimT _ ', ^[ ?n_h[m
]fƒmmc][_mncp_mm_g [fcg_hn[^im jil [^_jnim ^_ aip_lhim [lcmni]lƒnc]im%hi
m_hnc^i^_ _r]_fˆh]c[& _g j_lg[h_hn_ ao_ll[) fcn_lƒlc[io m[hal_hn[)]ihnl[
[^p_lmƒlcim _rjfc]cn[g_hn_ ^_`_hmil_m ^_ aip_lhim ]ihmncno‰^imjil
g_^ci]lc^[^_m, ? ch]igj[nc\cfc^[^_ _hnl_ imnl[^c]cih[cm [lcmni]l[n[m_ im
]l‰nc]im^[ [lcmni]l[]c[ m_]ih]_hnl[p[ _g ionl[ g[n‡lc[) [ m[\_l) h[
^_`chc†…i^i ]lcn‡lci) ^i mch[f)ko_ j_lgcnclc[ c^_hnc`c][l domn[g_hn_im
g_fbil_m) im _r]_f_hn_m)im FWNXYTN%
N[l[ im [lcmni]l[n[m c^_ifŠac]im _ nl[^c]cih[cm) jil [mmcg^ct_l) [
a_h_[fiac[ a[l[hnc[ [ _r]_fˆh]c[ ^_ ohm_ ]ih^_h[p[ ionlim [ jimc†Œ_m
mo\il^ch[^[m, Mm_r]_f_hn_m)im[lcmni]l[n[m)h[m]c[g [mmcgjilko_ h[m]c[g
_g `[g‰fc[m]od[milca_hm _ [^gclƒp_cm g_gŠlc[m [mg[l][p[g ^_`chcncp[+
 g_hn_ ]igi _r]_f_hn_m_) jicm _l[g _f[m)_mm[m̀[g‰fc[m)ko_ a_l[p[g _
a[l[hnc[g [ mo]_mm…i ^_ [lcmni]l[n[m)^cmnchnim _g g_ci [i ]igog ^im
[n_hc_hm_m, ?i l_]om[l_g og mch[fn…ijl_]ƒlci) _ ko_ dƒm_b[pc[ gimnl[+
^i) hi aip_lhi _ h[ ao_ll[) mod_cni[ `[fb[m ^_ _f_p[^i ]omni j[l[ [ ]c^[+
^_) im _hn…i ^_higch[^im ^_gi]l[n[m jlijom_l[g ko_ [ m_f_†…i^_
[lcmni]l[n[m)^_ _r]_f_hn_m)^im FWNXYTN# m_`ct_mm_jil dofa[g_hni jijof[l
mi\l_ i ^_m_gj_hbi) h…i mi\l_ [ ilca_g `[gcfc[l ^im ]ih]c^[^…im, Qo+
a_mn…i l_pifo]cihƒlc[) m_g ^•pc^[) g[m ko_ l_]f[g[ [ [n_h†…ij[l[ i _m+
m_h]c[f jihni ^_ ^cm]Šl^c[ _hnl_ im ^_gi]l[n[m _ im [lcmni]l[n[m, Mm
jlcg_clim h…i^_m_d[p[g ^cmj_hm[li m_lpc†i^_ ]igjlip[^im FWNXYTN#_g
l[t…i ^_ m_oh[m]cg_hni hi\l_) _g `[pil ^[ afilc`c][†…i ^[ jf_\_) mŠjil
m_ljf_\_) ch^_j_h^_hn_ ^i ko_ `imm_][j[t ^_ l_[fct[l, ? l[^c][fc^[^_ ^_
m_og‡ni^i ]ihmcmnc[_g momn_hn[lko_ mig_hn_ [ko_f_m[jlip[^im j_f[
jf_\_) m_g ^cmnch†Œ_m ^_ j[lnc]cj[†…i io bc_l[lkoc[ ^_ pinim %_mko_]_h+
^i) ‡ ]f[li) [ _r]fom…i^[mgofb_l_m) _m]l[pim_ g_n_]im&)‡ ko_ ^_p_lc[g
m_l]ihmc^_l[^im im g_fbil_m jilko_ + _ [koc i jihni pofh_lƒp_f ^[ [l+
aog_hn[†…i ^_gi]lƒnc][ ‚ ‡ji][ + i h•g_li %[g[cilc[& jli^ot [ p_l+
^[^_ _ h…im__kocpi][,
? g_ci ][gchbi _hnl_ im [lcmni]l[n[mjil \_l†i _ im [lcmni]l[n[m^[
jf_\_ m_chmcho[l[g im n_Šlc]im^[ ifca[lkoc[, Monl[ p_t) h…i m_nl[n[p[
^_ i\d_n[l ‚ n_m_^_ ko_ [ ]c^[^_ ^_p_lc[ m_laip_lh[^[ j_fim g_fbil_m _)
jil ]ihm_aochn_)j_fim FWNXYTN% Maip_lhi ^_pc[) h_mm_ m_hnc^i)m_aocl[lcm+
ni]lƒnc]i) g[m) m_im ifca[l][m ]ih]il^[p[g ]ig im^_gi]l[n[m h[ ]l‰nc][
[i ]lcn‡lci ^_ h[m]cg_hni j[l[ c^_hnc`c][†…i^im _r]_f_hn_m)^_f_m^cm]il+
^[p[g h[ jlijimn[ ^_ og[ [lcmni]l[]c[ jf_\‡c[) ^ca[gim [mmcg)a[l[hnc^[
j_fi h•g_li, N[l[ im ifca[l][m) i h•g_li ‡) jil h[nol_t[) pif•p_f) pifƒ+
ncf)_ ^_f_ + `[f[gim _g hug_lim ^_ pinim + mŠmolaclc[[ p_l^[^_ jil)
gcf[alimi [][mi, K[cm jlipƒp_f ‡ ko_) ^i h•g_li) molacmm_ i ^_m[mnl_,
?mmcg]igi Nf[n…ih…i`ic _r[n[g_hn_ og jlij[a[h^cmn[ ^[ ifca[lkoc[)
g[m ^[ [lcmni]l[]c[ [oni]lƒnc][) im ifca[l][m h…i`il[g [hnc^_gi]lƒnc]im
jil ihnifiac[) g[m jil g‡ni^i, Aih]il^[p[g _g ko_ [ _r]_fˆh]c[ m_
l_p_f[ hi ^_m_gj_hbi) h…i hi p_hnl_ _g ko_ [mj_mmi[mm…ia_l[^[m) _)
jiln[hni) h…i[jic[p[g aip_lhim [lcmni]lƒnc]imhi m_hnc^ijf[n‹hc]i) nl[+
^c]cih[f, Nil ionli f[^i) i g‡ni^i ^_ _m]ifb[ jil pin[†…i ^cl_n[ ^[ jf_+
\_) ]ih`ilg_ i ]lcn‡lci ^[ g[cilc[) h…ifb_mj[l_]c[ ]ihpch]_hn_, Q_aoh+
^i im bcmnilc][g_hn_ ]ihm[al[^im n_Šlc]im^[ ifca[lkoc[ + GmŠ]l[n_m _i
jm_o^i+V_hi`ihn_) jil _r_gjfi +) [ bcmnŠlc[_ i _r_gjfi m_lpclc[g]igi
`ihn_m^_ _hmchi j[l[ ko_ m_]lc[mm_gchmn„h]c[m chn_lg_^cƒlc[m_hnl_ im
`ilgof[^il_m ^_ jlijimn[m ^_ jif‰nc][mj[l[ [ ]ih^o†…i ^[ ]c^[^_) ^[m
`ch[h†[m)^[ domnc†[ _ ^[ ao_ll[) _ [ko_f_mko_ ^_]c^clc[g _g •fncg[ chm+
n„h]c[ + i jipi) _g pin[†…i ^cl_n[, Q_aoh^i _mm_m n_Šlc]im)_mm_]ihnch+
a_hn_ chn_lg_^cƒlci ^_ _r]_f_hn_mji^_lc[ m_l_h]ihnl[^i _g ko[fko_l
`l[†…i ^[ ]igohc^[^_) h…i mig_hn_ _hnl_ [mal[h^_m `[g‰fc[m)im ko[cm
pclc[g [ m_lpcl^_ `cfnli ‚m[fn_lh[ncp[m^_ _m]ifb[ ko_ m_lc[g f_p[^[m [m
[mm_g\f‡c[m,N_fi jlŠjlci ncji ^_ `oh†…i) _mm_m alojim chn_lg_^cƒlcim
jimmo‰[gfcgcn[†…i ^_ n[g[hbi) g[m h[^[ ko_ im c^_hnc`c][mm_ ]igi
• _mn[g_hni jlcpcf_ac[^i) _hko[hni ]c^[^…im)dohni [im ^_g[cm g_g\lim ^[
]igohc^[^_, Cmm_m jio]im) [ jl_j[l[l jl_fcgch[lg_hn_ [ j[on[ ^_ ko_m+
nŒ_m j[l[ [m[mm_g\f‡c[m) m_lc[g imifca[l][m, Fid_ ^cl+m_+c[ko_ ]ihmncno‰[g
og[ _fcn_,Cfcn_j[l_nc[h[,
Aih]_^i ko_ [ mogƒlc[ [jl_m_hn[†…iko_ `ct ^_ ]ihnlip_lmi n_g[ ^_
bcmnŠlc[_ n_ilc[ jif‰nc][_rc\[ [mj_]nim^_ chn_ljl_n[†…i][lc^im[ ^im n_r+
nim^_ GmŠ]l[n_m _ ^i Nm_o^i+V_hi`ihn_, _ ^_ l_acmnl[l)]ihno^i) _g jlc+
g_cli foa[l) ko_ [ [^gchcmnl[†…i^_gi]lƒnc][ ^_ ?n_h[m`ic jio]i [ jio]i
]lc[h^i jl_]cm[g_hn_ [mchmncnoc†Œ_m chn_lg_^cƒlc[mch]og\c^[m ^_ [jl_+
]c[l [m jlijimn[m ^_ ni^i ncji) ^_ t_f[l_g j[l[ ko_ `imm_g p_n[^[m [m
^_]cmŒ_m ^[ [mm_g\f‡c[ko_ ]ihnl[lc[mm_g f_cm̀oh^[g_hn[cm ^[ ]c^[^_) [f‡g
^_ ko_) ^_`chcncp[g_hn_)[ ]ih^o†…i ^im h_aŠ]cim _]ih‹gc]im h…i_mn[p[
mod_cn[ [ _f_c†…ih_g _l[g ima_h_l[cmjlic\c^im ^_ m_lpclh[ g_mg[ jimc†…i
^_ ji^_l _hko[hni [ jf_\_ i ^_m_d[mm_) [i ]ihnlƒlci ^_ ionl[m jimc†Œ_m
_g ko_ [ l__f_c†…i_l[ jlic\c^[,
Cg ko[fko_l ][mi) ‡ `f[al[hn_ [ m_g_fb[h†[ _hnl_ [ n_ilc[ ^i aip_lhi
jlijimn[ j_fim n_Šlc]im^[ ifca[lkoc[ _ i ^c[ahŠmnc]i ^_ N[l_ni ^_ ]igi
_`_ncp[g_hn_`oh]cih[p[g [m^_gi]l[]c[m, Log[ ^_gi]l[]c[ m[o^ƒp_f%_g
m_hnc^igocni j_]ofc[l [i ko_ N[l_ni _hn_h^c[ jil ^_gi]l[]c[& im foa[l_m
^_ ji^_l m…ii]oj[^im jil ^c`_l_hn_mncjim ^_ _fcn_)ko_ m_^_mn[][g ^[
jijof[†…i nin[f _ ko_ m…il_]ihb_]c^im jil _mn[]igi _`_ncp[g_hn_ _r]_+
f_hn_m,MmFWNXYTN ^_ N[l_ni) [mmcg]igi im ^_ GmŠ]l[n_m) m_l_p_f[g jil
 ^_m_gj_hbi _ ji^_g m_l[f†[^im [ j[lncl ^_ ko[fko_l jimc†…ih[ _m][f[
mi]ci_]ih‹gc][, Cg ionl[m j[f[pl[m) [ _r]_fˆh]c[ [lcmni]lƒnc][ ‡) [ lcail)
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g[†Œ_ml_f_p[hn_m‚ ^cm]omm…i _h]ihnl_g+m_ _]ihigc][g_hn_ ]igj[]n[^[m Sg[ jlcg_cl[ f_cnol[^[mn[\_f[m/ _ 0 ]ih`clg[ ko_) _g `f[al[hn_ g[ci+
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n_ljl_n[†…i ^[mn[\_f[m‡ mcgjf_m8ko[hni g[cil i p[fil hog‡lc]i ^[ n[r[) cao[cm_hnl_ im j_l‰i^im jl_mc^_h]c[cm)n[hni j[l[ i ]ihdohni a_l[f ^_ \o+
g[cil m_lƒ[ chmn[\cfc^[^_^[ \oli]l[]c[ _) jimmcp_fg_hn_)g[cil [ chn_l`_+
li]l[n[m ko[hni _g l_f[†…i [im mo\]ihdohnim ^cm]lcgch[^im jil jimc†…i,
lˆh]c[ ^_ chn_l_mm_m jlcp[^im h[ ch^c][†…i^im ij_l[^il_m ^i mcmn_g[ [^gc+
Cg 42 i\m_lp[†Œ_m)mig_hn_ icni %mo\fchb[^[m&) ]ill_mjih^_h^i [ /0)3#
hcmnl[ncpi%[_rjfc][†…i ^i ]ƒf]ofi ^[mn[r[m)`ilgof[^[ jil Joct F_hlcko_
^i nin[f) l_acmnl[g ^_mpcimcahc`c][ncpi^[ n_h^ˆh]c[ jl_pcmn[8ko[nli i\+
@[bc[)_h]ihnl[+m_ hi [h_ri g_ni^ifŠac]i&,
m_lp[†Œ_m h[ n[\_f[ / _ ionl[m ko[nli h[ n[\_f[ 0, Cg \l_p_ m__rjilƒ [
l[t…i ^_mm[m ^cm]l_j„h]c[m,Al_ci ko_ iml_mofn[^im[hn_]cj[^im j_f[m jli+
$K_^c[h[ ‡ [ g_^c^[ ko_ m_j[l[ i ]ihdohni ]ihmc^_l[^i _g ^icm mo\]ihdohnim cao[cm9!]iiln_! jimc†Œ_m/+1 _mn…i mo`c]/_hn_g_hn_ [jic[^im) m_h^i jiln[hni []_cnƒp_cm)
l_`_l_+m_ [i j_mmi[f ko_ chal_mm[ hi RJXRT FST hi `oh]cih[fcmgi, Ckocp[f_ [i ]ih]_cni ^_
-.,+* " ‚ `[fn[ ^_ _pc^ˆh]c[ ]ihnlƒlc[,
 )$%&($ 1
+->- 01 *167=-A@7 $ &779;1 )91:3016/3-4
!-4;- 1 .-3>- ]_hnl[f c^[^_ 2319?98<3/- 914-;3=-"

Nimc†…i - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

[' \' [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \

E_l[f .,02 .,01 .,02 .,1. .,/1 .,/5 .,16 .,16 .,05 .,05 .,1/ .,04 .,/6 .,03 .,/2 .,/6

Riji .,0/ .,01 .,07 .,1/ .,/3 .,0. .,06 .,02 .,21 .,17 .,05 .,10 .,05 .,07 .,// .,0/

K_ci .,/6 .,// .,/5 .,05 .,/. .,/0 SO .,0/ .,/6 .,0/ .,1. .,/6 .,/5 .,02 .,/3 .,/6

Dcg .,/3 .,03 .,.5 .,06 .,.2 .,/3 .,.. .,12 .,04 .,06 .,07 .,03 .,/6 .,01 .,/0 .,/4

Dihn_88GNIJR%
'[ ; [\[cri ^[ g_^c[h[9 '\ ; []cg[ ^[ g_^c[h[,

)$%&($ #
+->- 01 *167=-A@7 $ &779;1 )-94-516;-9
!-4;- 1 .-3>- /16;9-430-01 2319?98<3/- 914-;3=-"

Nimc†…i / 0 1 2 3 4 5

[' \' [ \ [ \ [ L [ \ [ \ [ \

E_l[f .,02 .,01 .,02 .,1. .,/5 .,/5 .,04 .,07 .,06 .,03 .,/5 .,02 .,/. .,/6

Riji .,0/ .,01 .,07 .,1/ .,00 .,02 .,05 .,10 .,07 .,07 .,04 .,1. .,.4 .,/3

K_ci B=**K* .,// .,/5 .,05 .,/0 .,/5 .,01 .,/5 .,04 .,/6 .,/5 .,01 .,// .,/1

Dcg .,/3 .,03 .,.5 .,06 .,.6 .,/6 .,/3 .,03 .,05 .,02 .,/3 .,0/ .,// .,/0

Dihn_88IJR# NGNIJR%
'[ ; [\[cri ^[ g_^c[h[9 '\ ; []cg[ ^[ g_^c[h[,
 ?m n[\_f[m1 _ 2 l_nig[g [m_pc^ˆh]c[m_ [m[jl_m_hn[g m_aoh^i [ ^cm+
mofn[h^i+[m ch]c^_hn[fg_hn_) ]ih`ilg_ i chn_l_mm_ ^_mj_ln[^i) i f_c+
]lcgch[†…i jlijimn[) [ m[\_l) n[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i \oli]lƒnc][ ^_m[al_a[^[
nil _mn[lƒ[^_mnl[^i j[l[ ]ih]il^[l io ^cp_lacl ^[m]ih]fomŒ_mko_ dofai
]ih`ilg_ [ ]f[mmc`c][†…i ^[m[aˆh]c[m ^_ []il^i ]ig i ]lcn‡lci ^_ g[cil
j_lnch_hn_ml_ncl[l ^[m bcjŠn_m_mmi\l_ i ko_ j[l_]_ b[p_l m_j[mm[^i)
io g_hil ]_hnl[fct[†…i bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[) ij_l[]cih[fct[^i _g nilhi
[i fihai ^_ ko[ln<hn[ [him %/723+/764&) h[m l_f[†Œ_m_hnl_ \oli]l[+
, ^[ g_^c[h[ %p[fil ko_ ^cpc^_i ]ihdohni ^_ ][mim_g ^icmmo\]ihdohnim
]c[) jif‰nc][ _ ncji ^_ l_acg_,
cao[cm&, Cg m_aoc^[)[ f_cnol[ ^im l_mofn[^im,
Mml_mofn[^im_mn[n‰mnc]im _ mo[mchn_ljl_n[†Œ_m)^cm]lcgch[^im hi [h_+
Cg 10 j[l_m ^_ ]igj[l[†…i _hnl_ [mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i _g [aˆh]c[m
ri) m…ili\omnim _ jin_h]c[fg_hn_ lc]im ^_ mcahc`c][^im,K[m _rca_g) j[l[
[]cg[ %[& io [\[cri %\&^[ g_^c[h[) h[ n[\_f[ 1) icni) ]ill_mjih^_h^i [
_`_cni j_lmo[mŠlci) i [or‰fci^im gi^_fim ko_ cl…iilc_hn[l [ [hƒfcm_)n_h+
03.-. ^i nin[f) gimnl[g ko_ [mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m [aˆh]c[m ^_ \[cr[
n[h^i _m]f[l_]_l [ ]ihnlip‡lmc[ mi\l_ [ml_f[†Œ_m_hnl_ j[lf[g_hn[l_m _
]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[ `il[g moj_lcil_m‚m^[m [aˆh]c[m ^_ _f_+
\oli]l[n[m) m_f_a‰ncg[m io _mj•lc[m)mi\ j[nli]‰hci io ]igjf[]ˆh]c[ ^im
p[^[ ]_hnl[fc^[^_, L[ n[\_f[ %#_g 10 j[l_m ^_ ]igj[l[†…i) m_cm) ]ill_m+
mo]_mmcpim l_acg_m^_ aip_lhi, ?koc) [m13 jlijimc†Œ_m fcmn[^[m hi [h_ri
jih^_h^i [ /7# ^i nin[f) `ic i h•g_li ^_ l_mofn[^im^_mpc[hn_m, Cg 42
0 m_l…i[aloj[^[m _ mcmn_g[nc][g_hn_ chn_ljl_n[^[m n_h^i _g pcmn[)
i\m_lp[†Œ_m)jiln[hni) og ]ihdohni ]igjf_ni ^_ /2 ][mim^_ p[fil_m ]ih+
jlcilcn[lc[g_hn_) i bcjin‡nc]i cgj[]ni ^_ jlƒnc][m ]fc_hn_fcmn[m h[mn[r[m
nlƒlcim [im jl_pcmnim,K[m og _r[g_ g_nc]ofimi ^_mm_m /2 l_mofn[^im
^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m _fcn_m \oli]lƒnc][m) m_g ^_cr[l ^_ mo\fchb[l ]_lni ]ih+
^_mpc[hn_m) _g ohcp_lmi ^_ 42 ][mim%]ill_mjih^_h^i) jiln[hni) [ 00#
dohni ^_ fcgcn[^[m)g[m cgjiln[hn_m ^_m]i\_ln[m mi\l_ [ml_f[†Œ_m_hnl_
^i nin[f ^_ ][mim&)gimnl[ ko_) h[ n[\_f[ 1) nlˆm][mim)jl[nc][g_hn_ [
[^gchcmnl[†…ij•\fc][) li^‰tci jl_mc^_h]c[f _ mo]_mmŒ_m f_acmf[ncp[m,
g_n[^_ ^i nin[f ^_ ^_mpcim)i]ill_l[g him aip_lhim H„hci _ H[hai, L[
M jlcg_cli ]ihdohni ^_ nŠjc]im [h[fcm[^im l_`_l_+m_‚m h_ai]c[†Œ_m
n[\_f[ %#ko[nli ^im m_cm ^_mpc[hn_m n[g\‡g i]ill_l[g him aip_lhim H„hci
_hnl_ i Cr_]oncpi _ i N[lf[g_hni) n[f ]igi cgjf‰]cnimh[ bcjŠn_m_^i Cm+
%1& _ H[hai %/&,?g\im im j_l‰i^im) [f‡g ^i ^_ T[la[m) m…icao[fg_hn_)
n[^i ][lnilc[f) ]ig [jici h[ ]igj[l[†…i _hnl_ im mo]_mmcpim j_l‰i^im
l_mjihmƒp_cmj_fim l_mofn[^im^_mpc[hn_m ^[m[hn_lcil_m n[\_f[m / _ 0, u_u
jl_mc^_h]c[cm]igjl__h^c^im _hnl_ /723 _ /752,
_r]_mmcp[]igjf[]ˆh]c[ ^_ [hƒfcm_)mojihbi) ‡ jimm‰p_f []ifb_l _mn_m ofnf+
B_ []il^i ]ig [ bcjŠn_m_]fc_hn_fcmn[+][lnilc[fi [j[l_fbi ^_ Cmn[^i
gim l_mofn[^im]igi l_`il†i ‚ jf[omc\cfc^[^_ ^[ n_m_^_ ko_ [ bcjŠn_m_
\l[mcf_cli m_lc[j[lncfb[^i j_fi Cr_]oncpi _hnl_ [m^cp_lm[m̀il†[m jif‰nc+
^i ]fc_hn_fcmgi_l[) ^_ `[ni) [j_h[m g[lach[fg_hn_ [^_ko[^[ [i _r+J_pc[n…
][m ]ig i i\d_ncpi ^_ ]ihm_aocl [ momn_hn[†…i j[lf[g_hn[l ch^cmj_hmƒp_f
\l[mcf_cli, M l_acmnli^[ ]ih]_hnl[†…i ^_ `l_kŽˆh]c[ ^_ ^_mpcimhim j_l‰i+
[i mo]_mmi ^_ m_om jlial[g[m ^_ [†…i,Ailifƒlci fŠac]i ^_mn[bcjŠn_m_m_lc[
^im H„hci _ H[hai domnc`c][+m_ j_f[m ]ih]fomŒ_m[onilct[^[m jil m_aoh^[ _
[ jl_pcm…i^_ ko_ i l_mofn[^i ^[m h_ai]c[†Œ_m^_p_lc[ `c][l nl[hmj[l_hn_
g_nc]ofim[ chn_ljl_n[†…i ^im l_mofn[^im,
[jŠm [m_f_c†Œ_m j[l[ [ A„g[l[ ^im B_jon[^im) ko[h^i m…ij_lci^c][g_hn_
Oo[nli ncjim^_ chn_ljl_n[†Œ_m l_f_p[hn_mm_i`_l_]_g [ j[lncl ^[ ^cmji+
l_pcmn[m [mjih^_l[†Œ_m ^_ ji^_l ^[m^cp_lm[m̀[]†Œ_mj[lnc^ƒlc[m, B_ _m+
mc†…i^im ^[^im8 og[ ]igj[l[†…i ^[m n[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i jil ]iiln_
j_l[l) jiln[hni) ko_ [mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m_fcn_m \oli]lƒnc][m ^[m[aˆh+
jl_mc^_h]c[f [NX$c$[NX ‚m]iiln_m j[lf[g_hn[l_m9 ]igj[l[†…i cun_l]=il+
]c[m ^_m]_hnl[fct[^[m) \[fct[^[m j_f[m ]iiln_m j[lf[g_hn[l_m) `imm_g
n_mjl_mc^_h]c[cm9]igj[l[†…i ^[mn[r[m jil jimc†Œ_m%niji) g_Gu _ `nu&9
moj_lcil_m ‚ko_f[m l_f[ncp[m‚m]iiln_m jl_mc^_h]c[cm,Ri^im im ^_jon[^im
_) `ch[fg_hn_) [ ]igj[l[†…i ^[mn[r[m nig[h^i _g ]ihmc^_l[†…i i nGjM
_f_cnimh[ g_mg[ _f_c†…ij_ln_h]_g ‚ g_mg[ ]iiln_ !<> nolg[& j[lf[g_h+
^_ _mnlonol[ila[hct[]cih[f ^[m[aˆh]c[m %g[cil io g_hil ]_hnl[fc^[^_
n[l) ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^_ c^[^_ io `cfc[†…ij[lnc^ƒlc[) _ [ _fcn_\oli]lƒ+
bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[&, M [h_ri 0 ^cm]lcgch[ [m jlijimc†Œ_m ko_ im
nc][ ko_ _hnl[) j_lg[h_]_ io m[c)^ol[hn_ [ko_f[ J_acmf[nol[) ]igjŒ_ i
h•g_lim _rjimnim h[mn[\_f[m [onilct[g, B_jicm ^_ ]ihmofnƒ+G[m io ]ih+
aloji \oli]lƒnc]i ]ill_mjih^_hn_ ‚ko_f[ ]iiln_ j[lf[g_hn[l, Mml_mof+
n[^im) _hnl_n[hni) ]ih`clg[h^i [ momj_cn[^_ ko_ [ n_m_]fc_hn_fcmn[ ‡ jl_+
]ƒlc[) ]ihnl[lc[g [ _rj_]n[ncp[,
Aig _`_cni) [mjlijimc†Œ_m /)00)01)02)03 _ 04 %p_l[h_ri 0&ch^c+
][g ko_ [mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m ]iiln_m jl_mc^_h]c[cm%_hnl[^[m_ m[‰+
^[m ^_ g_g\lim ^[ \oli]l[]c[ ^ol[hn_ ][^[ og ^im aip_lhim& `il[g
mcmn_g[nc][g_hn_moj_lcil_m‚mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m]iiln_m j[lf[g_h+
n[l_m,R[f l_mofn[^i ]igjlip[) [^_g[cm) ko_ [ jl_jih^_l„h]c[ ^i Cr_]o+
ncpi _g l_f[†…i [i J_acmf[ncpim_[`clg[p[ ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^i ncji ^_
_mnlonol[ila[hct[]cih[f ^[m [aˆh]c[m ]ihmc^_l[^[m) [mmcgn[g\‡g ]igi
m_[`clg[p[ ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^[mjimc†Œ_m [^gchcmnl[ncp[m%niji) [ncpc+
^[^_+g_ci _ [ncpc^[^_+`cg&^_hnli ^[mila[hct[†Œ_m, N[l_]_ ]ill_ni) jil+
n[hni) momn_hn[lko_ i jli\f_g[ ^[ ]iil^_h[†…i ^i [j[l_fbi _mn[n[f
^_m]_hnl[fct[^i) io) pcmnijil ionli „haofi) i jli\f_g[ ^i cgj[]ni ^[
]igj_nc†…i jif‰nc]i+j[lnc^ƒlc[ mi\l_ _mn_g_mgi [j[l_fbi) l_mifpc[+m_ hi
_mnlcni„g\cni ^[m l_f[†Œ_m_hnl_ i Cr_]oncpi _ i jlŠjlci ]ihdohni ^[
\oli]l[]c[) cmif[^[ _ pofh_lƒp_f [) ]igj[l[ncp[g_hn_) l_^otc^[ chn_l`_+
lˆh]c[ ^i J_acmf[ncpi,Cl[ j_f[ g_^c[†…i ^i Cr_]oncpi ko_ [ ch^_`chc†…i
^i ]ihnlif_ io [ [g_[†[ ^[ chmn[\cfc^[^_^i [j[l_fbi _mn[n[f^_m]_hnl[fc+
t[^i m_^_fch_[p[ + i ko_ l_p_f[ i ][lƒn_l ]lo]c[f ^[ ]igj[l[†…i _hnl_
j_l‰i^im jl_mc^_h]c[cm,
Aigj[l[h^i+im) p_lc`c][+m_ko_ i jlcg_cli l_mofn[^i l_f_p[hn_ l_`_+
l_+m_[i j_l‰i^i H„hci Oo[^lim, R_lc[ mc^i _mn_i j_l‰i^i g[cm chmnƒp_f)
cmni‡) i ko_ [jl_m_hn[lc[ [mg[cil_m n[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m _fcn_m [^gc+
hcmnl[ncp[m j[l[ i h‰p_fg[cm [al_a[^i %a_l[f&) n[hni ko[hni j[l[ [mjimc+
†Œ_m^_ [ncpc^[^_+g_ci _ ^_ [ncpc^[^_+`cg %pc^_jlijimc†…i 2) [h_ri 0&,
Chnl_n[hni) nl[n[h^i+m_ ^_ og j_l‰i^i ^_ ]oln‰mmcg[ ^ol[†…i) _ ko_ m_
ch[oaol[ ^_ ]ih`ilgc^[^_ [ og[ ^ch„gc][ ijimc]cihcmn[) h…i m_lc[mol+
jl_m[ _h]ihnl[l _f_p[^i cgj[]ni ^[ go^[h†[ ^_ aip_lhi mi\l_ [ _fcn_
\oli]lƒnc][) _g m_och‰]ci) \om][h^i ^cmnlc\ocli ]if‡aci ^_ m_aoc^il_mf_[cm
j_f[m jimc†Œ_m _mnl[n‡ac][m^[ [^gchcmnl[†…i+ i ko_ _`_ncp[g_hn_ i]il+
l_o +) m_h^i jl_]cjcn[^i) ni^[pc[) ch`_lcl ko_ [ g_mg[ n[r[ ^_ mo\mncnoc+
†…ig[hn_l+m_+c[him [him mo\m_kŽ_hn_m, Mm^[^im j[l[ i j_l‰i^i Oo[^lim)
[mmcg)^_p_g m_lchn_ljl_n[^im ]ig ][on_f[) j_fi g_him hi ko_ jimm[g
moa_lclko[hni [ [faog[ n_h^ˆh]c[ ^_ g[cm fihai jl[ti,
Hƒi g_mgi h…im_ji^_ [`clg[l _g l_f[†…i [i j_l‰i^i Hi…iEiof[ln,
D[]_ ‚mjlijimc†Œ_m 4) 0. _ 0/ %[h_ri 0&)`ic _mn[[ n_gjil[^[ ^_ g[cil
chmn[\cfc^[^_[^gchcmnl[ncp[hi [j[l_fbi _mn[n[f^_m]_hnl[fct[^i) [nchach+
^i) _mj_]c`c][g_hn_)[ jimc†…i^_ g[cil l_mjihm[\cfc^[^_ ^[mila[hct[†Œ_m)
cmni‡) [ jimc†…i^_ niji, Cmn_l_mofn[^i l_j_n_+m_^_ `ilg[ ]ihmcmn_hn_)
n[hni _g l_f[†…i [im ^[^im [al_a[^im) ko[hni _g l_f[†…i [im ^[^im ^cm+
]lcgch[^im ]ih`ilg_ [ _mnlonol[^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m, N_fi ko_ m_]ihb_]_
^i j_l‰i^i) ]ih`clg[+m_ [ ^_m]ih`c[h†[ ^_ ko_ al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ [^gchcm+
nl[†…i j•\fc][ `_^_l[f \l[mcf_cl[) ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^_ n_l mo[ [^gc+
hcmnl[†…i g[cmio g_him ]_hnl[fct[^[) _mn_p_ ^_ `[ni pofh_lƒp_f‚ j_h_nl[†…i
jif‰nc]i+j[lnc^ƒlc[ ][l[]n_l‰mnc][^[ a_mn…iEiof[ln,
? m_aoh^[ ƒl_[ ^_ ko_mnŒ_m [ail[ g[cm\_g cfogch[^[m l_`_l_+m_‚ ]ih+
nlip_lnc^[ ]ih_r…i _hnl_ g[cil [onilcn[lcmgi _ g[cil _mn[\cfc^[^_[^gc+
hcmnl[ncp[_) jil [‰)g[cil ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^_ jlial[g[m ^_ nl[\[fbi) _g
]ihnl[jimc†…i ‚ bcjŠn_m_^_ ko_ [ g[cil ^_gi]l[]c[ ]ill_mjih^_lc[ g[cil
chmn[\cfc^[^_\oli]lƒnc][ _) ]ihm_kŽ_hn_g_hn_) g_hil _`c]cˆh]c[ hi ^_+
m_gj_hbi aip_lh[g_hn[f,
Q_lc[ [g\c]cimi jl_mogcl ko_ og _mno^i n…i_rjfil[nŠlci _ l_mnlcni
ko[hni i jl_m_hn_jo^_mm__fo]c^[l ^_`chcncp[g_hn_[ g[n‡lc[, L…i i\m+
n[hn_)‡ `ƒ]cfp_lc`c][l ko_) ^_ []il^i ]ig [mjlijimc†Œ_m 0 _ 5 %[h_ri 0&)
[mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i m…i^_]fch[hn_m)[jŠm /742) n[hni j[l[ [m]iiln_m
jl_mc^_h]c[cmko[hni j[l[ [m]iiln_m j[lf[g_hn[l_m, ? m_[]_cn[l n[f l_mof+
n[^i) m_g ko[fc`c][†Œ_m_ ho[h]_m) m__mn[lc[[^gcnch^i ]igi p_l^[^_cl[
[ bcjŠn_m_ko_ jimnof[ [ _rcmnˆh]c[^_ og[ ]ih_r…i _hnl_ [onilcn[lcmgi _
g[cil _mn[\cfc^[^_[^gchcmnl[ncp[)]ig [jici h[ ko[f ]imnog[+m_jl_mo+
gcl g[cil ]ihnchoc^[^_ _ _`c]cˆh]c[ aip_lh[g_hn[cm, Ri^[pc[) [ jlijimc+
†…i3 %[h_ri 0&moa_l_][gchbi ijimni, M aip_lhi jlip[p_fg_hn_ g[cm
^_gi]lƒnc]i hi j_l‰i^i jl‡+/742) i ^_ Hom]_fchiIo\cnm]b_e) `ic [i g_mgi
n_gji i g[cm _mnƒp_f_g mo[[^gchcmnl[†…ich^cl_n[) j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ hi
ko_ m_l_`_l_ ‚mjimc†Œ_m ^_ [ncpc^[^_+g_ci _ [ncpc^[^_+`cg,K[cm_mnƒp_f ch+
]fomcp_^i ko_ i aip_lhi K‡^c]c) i g_him nol\of_hni ^im aip_lhim jŠm+42)
_ jl[nc][g_hn_ n…i_mnƒp_fko[hni _mn_hi ko_ ]ih]_lh_ ‚ jimc†…i^_ niji
^[mila[hct[†Œ_m, ?mmcg)]cl]ohm]lcn[ [ [hƒfcm_[i [mj_]ni [koc chp_mnca[+
^i) og[ _f_p[^[ n[r[ ^_ _mn[\cfc^[^_ [^gchcmnl[ncp[)m_[^gcnc^[ ]igi
 l_kocmcnih_]_mmƒlci‚ _`c]cˆh]c[ aip_lh[g_hn[f) h…i_rca_) h_]_mm[lc[g_h+
n_)mcmn_g[m jif‰nc]iml‰ac^im) m_h^i cao[fg_hn_ [/][h†[^[ _ _mn[h^i jl_+
m_hn__g l_acg_m [\_lnim,
? n_l]_cl[ ƒl_[ ^_ chn_l_mm_ l_`_l_+m_‚ _mn[\cfc^[^_ ]igj[l[^[ ^[m
jimc†Œ_m _mnl[n‡ac][m h[mila[hct[†Œ_m aip_lh[g_hn[cm) [koc [al_a[^[m _g
jimc†Œ_m ^_ niji) jimc†Œ_m ^_ [ncpc^[^_+g_ci _ jimc†Œ_m ^_ [ncpc^[^_+`cg,
Rl[n[+m_^_ [p[fc[l m_b[p_lc[ ^c`_l_h†[ mcmn_gƒnc][ _g mo[ml_mj_]ncp[m
jli\[\cfc^[^_m ^_ l_hip[†…i, B_m^_fiai) [mjlijimc†Œ_m 1 _ 6 %[h_ri 0&
ch^c][g ko_ [mjimc†Œ_m ^_ [ncpc^[^_+g_ci) cmni‡) [ko_f[m fca[^[m_mj_]c+
`c][g_hn_ ‚ [^gchcmnl[†…i)m_hmi_mnlcni)m…ig[cm cgj_lg_ƒp_cm ‚ mo\mnc+
noc†…i^i ko_ [mjimc†Œ_m ^_ niji _ ^i ko_ [ko_f[mfca[^[m‚m[ncpc^[^_m+`cg
%n‡]hc][m& ^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m, C _mn_l_mofn[^i p[f_ j[l[ [m]iiln_m jl_mc+
^_h]c[cmn[hni ko[hni j[l[ [m]iiln_m j[lf[g_hn[l_m, Mm^_g[cm l_mofn[+
^im) jli]_^_h^i+m_ [ ]ihnl[mn_m_hnl_ [m^c`_l_hn_mjimc†Œ_m) ^_j_h^_g
^[ ]ihmc^_l[†…i ^_ ionl[ p[lcƒp_f + [ _mnlonol[^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m + _
m_l…i)_g ]ihm_kŽˆh]c[) ^cm]onc^immcgofn[h_[g_hn_,
Nlcpcf_ac[h^i [ml_f[†Œ_m_hnl_ [ _mn[\cfc^[^_^[mjimc†Œ_m _ [ _mnlonol[
^[m [aˆh]c[m) mcahc`c][ncpim l_mofn[^imm…ij_l]_jn‰p_cm,?hn_m)l_acmnl_+m_
og[ i\m_lp[†…i) ko_ [koc [j[l_]_ cmif[^[) mi\l_ [ ]ih_r…i _hnl_ n[r[ ^_
l_hip[†…i ^[m_fcn_m [^gchcmnl[ncp[m_ [ _mnlonol[^[mila[hct[†Œ_m, ? jli+
jimc†…i -- %[h_ri 0&l_p_f[ ko_) _g a_l[f) [m ila[hct[†Œ_m ^_ g[cil
]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ l_f[ncp[ _rc\_g g[cil_m n[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i [i
h‰p_f g[cm [al_a[^i %a_l[f& ^i ko_ [mila[hct[†Œ_m ^_ g_hil ]_hnl[fc^[^_
bc_lƒlkoc][, Cmn[pofh_l[\cfc^[^_ g[cm []_hno[^[ ^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m `iln_+
g_hn_ ]_hnl[fct[^[m m_lƒ]illi\il[^[ jl[nc][g_hn_ _g ni^[m [m]cl]ohm+
n„h]c[m)f_p[h^i [ cgjiln[hn_m ]ih]fomŒ_m[i `ch[f ^i ][j‰nofi,
N_f[mjlijimc†Œ_m /0 _ /1 %[h_ri 0&i\n‡g+m_ ko_ [mjimc†Œ_m _mnl[n‡+
ac][m^_ niji _ ^_ [ncpc^[^_+`cg m…ig[cm chmnƒp_cm %g[cil_mn[r[m ^_ l_+
hip[†…i&h[mila[hct[†Œ_m ^_ g[cil ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ ^i ko_ h[m
ila[hct[†Œ_m ^_ g_hil ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][, Q_nig[gim [m]iiln_m
j[lf[g_hn[l_m ]igi jihni ^_ l_`_lˆh]c[) p_lc`c][+m_)j_f[m jlijimc†Œ_m
11 _ 13) ko_) ]ig _r]_†…i ^[ 3[ f_acmf[nol[%[f_acmf[nol[Eiof[ln+A[mn_ffi)
/740+/744&) n[g\‡g [mjimc†Œ_m ^_ niji _ ^_ [ncpc^[^_+`cgm…ig[cmchmnƒ+
p_cm_g ila[hct[†Œ_m ^_ g[cil ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][ ^i ko_ _g
ila[hct[†Œ_m ^_ g_hil ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][, Dch[fg_hn_) [mjlijimc+
†Œ_m /2 _ /3 %[h_ri 0&moa_l_g ko_ _g [g\im imncjim^_ _mnlonol[m) g[cil
io g_hil ]_hnl[fc^[^_ bc_lƒlkoc][) [ jimc†…i^_ niji ‡ [ g[cm chmnƒp_f
^[m nlˆmjimc†Œ_m,
Aihmifc^[h^i) [ail[) im l_mofn[^im^_mn[][^im)p_lc`c][+m__g l_nlim+
j_]ncp[ ko_ `ic [jl_m_hn[^[ og[ [hƒfcm_^[mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i ^[m _fcn_m
[^gchcmnl[ncp[m^i [j[l_fbi _mn[n[f^_m]_hnl[fct[^i _g mo[ml_f[†Œ_m]ig
[mgo^[h†[m ij_l[^[m hi l_acg_ jif‰nc]i %g[cm^_gi]lƒnc]i io g[cm [o+
nilcnƒlci&)]ig [ m‡lc_^_ Cr_]oncpim)]ig [ m‡lc_^_ J_acmf[nol[m)
\_g ]igi
`il[g c^_hnc`c][^[m_ [p[fc[^[m [mp[lc[†Œ_mh[mn[r[m ^_ l_hip[†…i [mmi+
]c[^[m ‚mjimc†Œ_m i]oj[^[m _ ‚ _mnlonol[^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m, N_fiml_mofn[+
^im) m…ijf[om‰p_cm [m]ih]fomŒ_mm_aochn_m8
[& Oo[hni ‚ h[nol_t[ ^i l_acg_8 h…ij[l_]_ m_aoli [`clg[l+m_ ko_ g[cil
_mn[\cfc^[^_ [^gchcmnl[ncp[ l_ko_cl[ _f_p[^[ ^im_ ^_ [onilcn[lcmgi
jif‰nc]i9
\& Oo[hni ‚ bcjŠn_m_^i Cmn[^i ][lnilc[f8 h…i j[l_]_ p_l^[^_cli ko_ i
mcmn_g[_mn[n[f^_m]_hnl[fct[^i \l[mcf_cli n_hb[ `c][^i _rjimni ‚ fŠac][
^[ ^cpcm…i ^_ _mjŠfcim)]ig _r]_†…i ^i j_l‰i^i Hi…iEiof[ln) ko_ ‡ i
ko_ g[cm m_[jlircg[ ^i gi^_fi9
]& Oo[hni ‚ _mn[\cfc^[^_ ^c`_l_h]c[^[ ^[m jimc†Œ_m[^gchcmnl[ncp[m
_mnl[n‡ac][m8[mjimc†Œ_m [^gchcmnl[ncp[mfca[^[m[ [ncpc^[^_m+g_ci^[m
ila[hct[†Œ_mm…ig[cml_mcmn_hn_m ‚ l_hip[†…i ^i ko_ [mjimc†Œ_m^_ niji
_ ^i ko_ [mjimc†Œ_mfca[^[m [ [ncpc^[^_m+`cg)ch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ ^[
_mnlonol[^[mila[hct[†Œ_m, Cg [g\im im ncjim^_ _mnlonol[)jil ionli
f[^i) [ jimc†…i^_ niji ‡ [ g[cm chmnƒp_f ^[mnlˆm9
^& Oo[hni ‚ _mnlonol[^[mila[hct[†Œ_m8_g a_l[f) ko[hni g[cm]_hnl[fct[^[
bc_l[lkoc][g_hn_ [ ila[hct[†…i) g[cil [ jli\[\cfc^[^_ ^_ mo\mncnoc†…i
^_ mo[m_fcn_m^_ niji _ n‡]hc][ _g m_hnc^i_mnlcni)cmni‡) [ko_f[mfca[^[m
‚m[ncpc^[^_m+`cg ^[ ila[hct[†…i) jl_m_lp[h^i+m_i j_mmi[f^[m[ncpc^[^_m+
g_ci) cmni‡) [ j_ko_h[ _ [ g‡^c[ \oli]l[]c[m,
?m ^o[m •fncg[m ch`_lˆh]c[m) H _ 8$j_lgcn_g ko_ m_l_nig_ i n_g[
]_hnl[f ^_mn__mno^i, M `_h‹g_hi ^[ n_]hi]l[]c[ ‡) m_g ^•pc^[) gi+
^_gi, Cmn[lƒ jimmcp_fg_hn_ fca[^i [i ^_m^i\l[g_hni ^[m `oh†Œ_m ^i hct[†…i ^[ \oli]l[]c[ ]_hnl[fct[^[ m__mn[lc[ jli]_mm[h^i jil gcg_ncmgi
Cmn[^i ko_) [i m__rj[h^cl _ \om][l _`c]cˆh]c[ ^_ []il^i ]ig im j[+ ^im j[^lŒ_m ^_ ]igj_nˆh]c[ _mn[\_f_]c^im j_f[ \oli]l[]c[ ^_m]_hnl[fct[^[,
^lŒ_m ^i g_l][^i) j[mm[ [ l_ko_l_l i ]ih]olmi ^_ ij_l[^il_m ][j[+ M [j[l_fbi ^_ Cmn[^i ^_m]_hnl[fct[^i _mn_p_)jiln[hni) ^_m^_ i ch‰+
t_m, ?mmcg ]igi h[ _m`_l[ jlcp[^[ [mal[h^_m _gjl_m[m ]ih]ill_g j_fim ]ci) mo\g_nc^i [ j[^lŒ_m ^_ ij_l[†…i ih^_ [ _`c]cˆh]c[ _ [ ]igj_nˆh]c[
g_fbil_m _r_]oncpim + `_h‹g_hi ]ihb_]c^i ]igi GWFNS$MZSYNSL $# _l[g ]lcn‡lcim `oh^[g_hn[cm ^_ [p[fc[†…i, B[‰`foco [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ ko_
n[g\‡g h[ _m`_l[ j•\fc][ m…icgj_lcimim i l_]lon[g_hni _ [ m_f_†…i im jimnim ^_ cgjiln„h]c[ _mnl[n‡ac][ `c][mm_g [ m[fpi ^[m h_ai]c[†Œ_m
^_ j_mmi[f ^in[^i ^_ b[\cfc^[^_m _mj_]‰`c][m)j_fi g_him ^i m_aoh^i jif‰nc][m]ihp_h]cih[cm, L[ g_^c^[ _g ko_ i jl__h]bcg_hni ^im jimnim
_m][f…i j[l[ \[cri, M jl__h]bcg_hni ^_ ][laim ^_ cgjiln„h]c[ _mnl[+ ^_g[h^[p[ ^_ m_omij_l[^il_m og[ ko[fc`c][†…i n‡]hc][ [jlijlc[^[) _m+
n‡ac][ ^_cr[ ^_ m_l i l_mofn[^i ^_ g_l[ j[lncfb[ ^_ _mjŠfcim j[l[ m_ n_mij_l[^il_m m_]ihp_lnc[g _g [nil_m jif‰nc]im ^_ hip[ _mj‡]c_) cmni‡)
nl[hm`ilg[l _g ^_fc][^[ h_ai]c[†…i jif‰nc][, Cmn_jihni _rca_ ]ig_h+ [ko_f_m ko_ ^_p_lc[g h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_ m_l ]ihmofn[^im ko[hni ‚m jif‰nc+
][m [ m_l_g m_aoc^[m)jil cmmig_mgi ko_ _l[g [mj_mmi[m][j[t_m ^_ [p[+
nƒlci jilg_hilct[^i,
?^gchcmnl[l i [j[l_fbi ^_ Cmn[^i ]igi og mcmn_g[^_ _mjŠfci) [ m_l fc[l jil ko_ logim i\n_l+m_+c[ _`c]cˆh]c[ ^_ ^_m_gj_hbi, Dic) jil
^cmnlc\o‰^i]igi \_h_mm_[ ^cp_lm[m`[]†Œ_mjif‰nc][mch^_j_h^_hn_g_hn_ •]ihm_aochn_) [ i\lca[†…i ^_ i\n_l l_mofn[^im _`c]c_hn_mh[ ij_l[†…i ^i m_nil
^i ^_m_gj_hbi _mj_l[^i) ‡ n_h^ˆh]c[ ]ihb_]c^[ _ [jihn[^[ j_f[ fcn_l[+ j•\fc]i ^_m]_hnl[fct[^i ko_ nl[hm`ilgio im l_mjihmƒp_cm j_f[m ^cp_lm[m
ohc^[^_m ^_mn_m_nil _g [nil_m jif‰nc]iml_f_p[hn_m,.
nol[ _mj_]c[fct[^[, Li @l[mcf)n[f `_h‹g_hi `ic _mncag[nct[^i ]ig i lŠno+
M l_]olmi jif‰nc]i `oh^[g_hn[f ^_ ko_ ^cmjŒ_g _mn_m [nil_m jif‰nc]im
fi ^_ Cmn[^i ][lnilc[f) ko_ n_lc[ jl_p[f_]c^i [n‡ l_]_hn_g_hn_, B_ []il^i
‡ i ]ihb_]cg_hni _mj_]c[fct[^i) [ ][j[]c^[^_ ^_ ]iil^_h[l alojim ^_
]ig [ bcjŠn_m_)i [j[l_fbi ^_ Cmn[^i \l[mcf_cli d[g[cm `ic ]ig[h^[^i m_d[
nl[\[fbi ^_ _f_p[^[ ]igj_nˆh]c[ n‡]hc][, ?f‡g ^cmmi)[^kocl_g mojf_g_h+
jil hilg[m _ jf[him ^_ fihai jl[ti) m_d[m_aoh^i [ ‡nc][ ko_ [ fcn_l[nol[
n[l_m al[om ^_ fc\_l^[^_ _g ]ill_mjih^ˆh]c[ ‚ [onihigc[ `ch[h]_cl[ ^[m
]fƒmmc][[nlc\o‰[ ‚ gi^_lh[ \oli]l[]c[) io m_d[)]igj_nˆh]c[) h_onl[fc^[+
ila[hct[†Œ_m ko_ ^clca_g, Cg n_l]_cli foa[l) nilh[g+m_ [ch^[ g[cm cg+
^_) cgj[l]c[fc^[^_, @_g [i ]ihnlƒlci) nl[n[l+m_+c[^_ l_j[lncl im l_]olmim
jiln[hn_m _g l[t…i ^[ _mnlonol[ ^[ ila[hct[†…i ko_ ]ig[h^[g) [ ko[f
_mn[n[cm_hnl_ [m ]ill_hn_m j[lnc^ƒlc[m ko_ jlijc]c[p[g [jici [i aip_lhi
ji^_ jlijc]c[l g[cil io g_hil jli\[\cfc^[^_ ^_ j_lg[hˆh]c[ him jim+
+ _h`cg) og[ jimm‰p_f_ omo[f `ilg[ ^_ j[a[g_hni [ n[f [jici, Cg ]ih+
nim) ]ihp_ln_h^i+m_ _mn[j_lg[hˆh]c[) jil mo[ p_t) _g [^c]cih[f l_]olmi
m_kŽˆh]c[) i ^_m_gj_hbi ^i Cmn[^i m_lc[ ch_`c]c_hn_) ]illojni _ ch]ig+
^_ ji^_l jil ]ihn[ ^[ _rj_lcˆh]c[ [^koclc^[, ?i ]ihnlƒlci ^i l_f[ncpi
j_n_hn_, Q_aoch^i [ fŠac][ ^[ bcjŠn_m_) _ _g [h[fiac[ ]ig [ _rj_lcˆh]c[
^_mjl_ti ko_ [m[\il^[a_hm bcmnŠlc]i+]fc_hn_fcmn[m g[hc`_mn[g j_f[ cgjil+
chn_lh[]cih[f) mojohb[+m_ ko_ ^i ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^i j[‰m_g_lacmm_ [
n„h]c[ ^[m _mnlonol[mila[hct[]cih[cm) i\m_lpio+m_ cgjiln[hn_ l_f[†…i) ^_
_rcaˆh]c[ ^[ ]ihmncnoc†…i ^_ og[ \oli]l[]c[ _mn[n[f ]ih`ilg_ j[^lŒ_m
]ih`ch[g_hni io g[cil f[ncno^_ ^_ [†…i) _hnl_ i goh^i ^[m ila[hct[†Œ_m
ncjc][g_hn_ c^_[cm,
_ [ _^o][†…i `oh]cih[f ^[ \oli]l[]c[, Dic _mn_[nil ko_ ^_`chco) _ [ch^[
N_fi ]ihdohni ^_ ch`ilg[†Œ_m dƒ [jl_m_hn[^[m) ni^[pc[) m[\_+m_ko_ [
_g al[h^_ j[ln_ ^_`ch_) _g jlcg_cl[ chmn„h]c[)[ml_al[m ^_ l_f[]cih[g_hni
bcjŠn_m_ ^i Cmn[^i ][lnilc[f h…i m_[jfc][ chn_cl[g_hn_ [i ][mi \l[mcf_cli,
]ig alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_)_]ih‹gc]im io ^[ ]f[mm_ jif‰nc][) _ ]ig i
Aig _`_cni) i ko_ j[l_]_ n_l i]illc^i `ic og[ _mj‡]c_ ^_ ^cpcm…i_hnl_
mch^c][fcmgi ij_lƒlci,
og[ j[ln_ ^i [j[l_fbi ^_ Cmn[^i ]_hnl[fct[^i) ih^_ i `_h‹g_hi m_gim+
nl[lc[ ]ig [faog[ pcmc\cfc^[^_) _ i [j[l_fbi ^_ Cmn[^i ^_m]_hnl[fct[^i) i
0} ]f[li ko_ h…imo\m]l_pi [ n_m_^_ ko_ _rcmn_gmifo†Œ_m jol[g_hn_ !n‡]hc][m! j[l[ jli\f_g[m
ko[f) ^[^im im gincpim jif‰nc]im ^[ mo[ chmncnoc†…i %p_l][j‰nofi G&)n_lc[ _]ih‹gc]im _ mi]c[cm,? ˆh`[m_ h[ ^cmnch†…i _hnl_ l_]lon[g_hni n_]hi]lƒnc]i _ l_]lon[g_hni
mc^i jlin_ac^i ^[ fŠac][ ][lnilc[G, ?mmcg) [ jl_mm…il_]_hn_ j[l[ [ gi^_l+ ]fc_hn_f‰mnc]im_]ih]_hnl[ him l_]olmim ^_ +ji^_l ko_ m…i^c`_l_hn_mhim ^icm ncjim ^_ jif‰nc][,
 ?LCVM /
? _pifo†…i ^im `ilg[nim ila[hct[]cih[cm ^im alojim _rnl[+_mn[n[cm ‡
?h_ri g_ni^ifŠac]i + ^_m]lc†…i^im jli]_^cg_hnim
p[lcƒp_f cao[fg_hn_ l_f_p[hn_ h[ ^_`chc†…i^i j[^l…i ij_l[ncpi ^i Cmn[^i,
oncfct[^im hi ]ƒf]ofi ^[m n[\_f[m
Linƒp_f) h[ fcn_l[nol[ ]fƒmmc][mi\l_ i jon[ncpi ]fc_hn_fcmgi^im Cmn[^im
^_ j[‰m_m _g ^_m_hpifpcg_hni) ‡ [ ^cl_†…i_r]fomcp[ ^i fc\_fi []om[nŠlci
_hpifp_h^i [ \oli]l[]c[ _ jif‰nc]im̀cmcifŠac]im,Elojim ^_ chn_l_mm_ [fn[+ ?m n[\_f[m _rjl_mm[g [faog[m _f[\il[†Œ_m _ ^c`_l_hn_m]ƒf]ofim _g
g_hn_ chn_al[^im _ ]od[ ij_l[†…i h…im_l_mnlchac[[ i\d_ncpim^_ ]oln‰mmcgi ]cg[ ^im ^[^im \lonim) j_lgcnch^i [ i\n_h†…i ^_ ]i_`c]c_hn_m][j[t_m
jl[ti) ]igi i ^im jif‰nc]iml_nl[n[^im) _mn…i ]igjf_n[g_hn_ [om_hn_m ^[m ^_ m_lpclj[l[ [ [hƒfcm_jl_n_h^c^[, Rilh[+m_) jiln[hni) h_]_mmƒlci_rjfc+
[hƒfcm_m ]ihp_h]cih[cm, _ ]igi m_)ch]fomcp_)h…i`imm_^i chn_l_mm_ l[]ci+ ]cn[l [mfŠac][mm_aoc^[mj[l[ i\n_h†…i ^im ]i_`c]c_hn_m_ j[l[ [ `ilg[†…i
h[f ^im alojim ^_ chn_l_mm_) [ko_f_mjlcpcf_ac[^im j[lnc]cj[hn_m) ko_ [faog ^[m n[\_f[m,
io [faohm m_nil_m^[ \oli]l[]c[ h…i m_]igjiln[mm_g q_\_lc[h[g_hn_,
Monlim)mcg,Chn_h^_l ]igi ij_l[p[) chn_al[fg_hn_) i _r+J_pc[n…\l[mc+
f_cli ‡ i ko_ m_]ig_†[ [ _m]f[l_]_l hi jlŠrcgi ][j‰nofi,
• Mmh•g_lim [jl_m_hn[^im h_mn[g[nlct nl[^ot_g im p[fil_m \lonim ^im
g_g\lim ^[ _fcn_[^gchcmnl[ncp[]ihmc^_l[^im hipim hi [j[l_fbi ^i Cm+
n[^i ^ol[hn_ i j_l‰i^i ^_ /723 [ /752) _ ko_ j_lg[h_]_g [i fihai ^i
n_gji, P_jl_m_hn[g i mig[nŠlci ^im ch^cp‰^oim ko_ i]oj[l[g ^_ og [
nlˆm][laim hi Cmn[^i,

M nin[f ^ol[hn_ i [hi ]ihmcmn_hi mig[nŠlci ^im !hipim! %_hnl[^imh_mn_

[hi& hi [hin g[cm im p[fil_m _rcmn_hn_m
h[ ]ifoh[ ^i [hinZR4

?mmo\mncnoc†Œ_m `il[g i\nc^[m [nl[p‡m^i mig[nŠlci ^i nin[f ^_ hipim hi

[hin g[cm [ ^c`_l_h†[ _hnl_ [mj_lg[hˆh]c[m ^i [hinZR_g l_f[†…i [i [hin8
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