Você está na página 1de 306

*$ ?

4@>6?DtB:@C
7#HA@C&D&F@C
H A G M N R BLWTHTKLX APHX DUVLX

&2NQIMSINR
2NLN QERNKUEQ CNMFKISNR MA 7GQEJA
GIEDFCHDF JJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
A   B D F ČBLWTHTKJX APHX DUVLX

&2NQ_MSINR
2NLN QERNKUEQ CNMFKISNR MA 7GQEJA
p '%%-­ 9Q^ZMZPQ_ 5UM_ =[\Q_

BQbU_j[
=VgV :\PTHYgLZ

4M\M
4[PZ 7LZPNU

2PM\`Mkj[ S^hRUOM
DHUKYH ASP]LPYH

8Q^QZ`Q QPU`[^UMX
=\HU 6HYSVZ ? HY[PULa

:M QPUkj[ " >M^k[ " '%%-­

4[[^PQZMP[^ PQ \^[Pakj[
D[P[_ [_ PU^QU`[_ PQ_`M QPUkj[ ^Q_Q^bMP[_ \M^M/
?H\YV F& ELYYLUN\P
<Y^idgV ?V\cdh

:Y\^Q__j[ Q MOMNMYQZ`[ 8k' AVX^cid A~a^d% /+)

<TWYLUZH KH M i )-1*.&*/) & Jud GVjad & JG &KZa(=Vm3 #**$ .//1&.//1


] V\c d h7 ] V\c d h'Xd b 'W g & l l l '] V\c d h'Xd b 'W g

8SVae =`fWd`SU[a`S[e VW 7SfS^aYSrqa `S DgT^[USrqa !7=D"


QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ !7p_SdS 6dSe[^W[dS Va @[hda$ GD$ 6dSe[^"QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

=[\Q_! 9Q^ZMZPQ_ 5UM_


:4[^mZ`U[_/ O[Y[ ^Q_[XbQ^ O[ZRXU`[_ ZM US^QVM $ 9Q^ZMZPQ_ 5UM_ =[\Q_# sCj[ AMaX[/ 9MSZ[_!
'%%-­#

3UNXU[S^MRUM
:C3? .,-­"-­*",,)'"%'("%

&# 3mNXUM# ?#D# 4[^UZ`U[_! &# 4[YQZ`h^U[_ '# :S^QVM " 5U_OU\XUZM
(# :S^QVM " >UZU_`l^U[_ )# FUPM O^U_`j :# Dm`aX[#

%-­"%%(*& 4 5 5 "')-­#)

mZPUOQ_ \M^M OM`hX[S[ _U_`QYh`UO[/


&# 4[ZRXU`[_ ZM :S^QVM/ C[Xakj[/ 6Z_UZ[
NmNXUO[/ A^h`UOM PQ bUPM O^U_`j ')-­#)
3EDICAS`QIA

8 9 8 =7 C 9GH9 Vd egZhWyiZgd
@ =J F C

?jYhdc GZncZVj Z hjV fjZg^YV ZhedhV


CZa^h DVg^hV 9dZX]Vi GZncZVj% ^gbudh
VbVYdh% Vb^\dh egZX^dhdh% XdbeVc]Z^í
gdh YZ XVb^c]VYV' <hhZ XVhVa ]dhe^iVí
aZ^gd iZb h^Yd jbV Wxcvud Zb b^c]V
k^YV% [Vbya^V Z b^c^hiwg^d'
=TL YQIN

A^QRhOU[

&# :S^QVM! [ \[b[ OTMYMP[ \[^ 5Qa_


"<6V )&)%+)#

*& 2_ SXn^UM_ P[ QbMZSQXT[


"<6V *&)%).#

(# 2_ UYMSQZ_ PM US^QVM
"<6V +&)%*+#

)# 2_ YM^OM_ P[ YUZU_`^[ PM US^QVM


"<6V ,&)%*)#

*# @ QdQ^OmOU[ PM PU_OU\XUZM ZM US^QVM


"<6V -&)%)+#

+# 4[Y[ XUPM^ O[Y M_ PQYMZPM_ UZ`Q^\Q__[MU_


Q M_ \MUdoQ_ UZ`^M\Q__[MU_
"<6V .&)%*(#

,# A^UZOm\U[_ PQ 5Qa_ \M^M [ OM_MYQZ`[


"<6V /&)%,(#

-­# 4[Y[ XUPM^ O[Y M XUNQ^PMPQ O^U_`j


"<6V 0&)%)+#
.# 2 XUNQ^PMPQ PM S^MkM
"<6V 1&)%*/#

&%# @ a_[ _hNU[ PM XUNQ^PMPQ O^U_`M


"<6V )(&)%++#

&&# 2 \[_`a^M PM US^QVM Z[ OaX`[


"<6V ))&)%+,#

&'# @ \^[\n_U`[ PQ 5Qa_ \M^M [_ P[Z_ Q_\U^U`aMU_


"<6V )*&)%+)#

&(# 2 _a\Q^U[^UPMPQ P[ MY[^ QY ^QXMkj[ M[_ P[Z_


"<6V )+&)%)+#

&)# FM^UQPMPQ PQ XmZSaM_ Q \^[RQOUM_ ZM US^QVM


"<6V ),&)%,(#

&*# 2 _a\^QYM UY\[^`iZOUM PM ^Q__a^^QUkj[ PQ 4^U_`[


"<6V )-&)%-0#

&+# 4[Y[ a_M^ _MNUMYQZ`Q M Y[^P[YUM O^U_`j


"<6V ).&)%*,#
:QEFYCIN

Zb
G =B H C % A 9 ;; F 5 B 8 9 A 9 B H 9 < C B F 5 8 C
egZ[VX^Vg ZhiV dWgV Yd IZk' ?ZgcVcYZh%
eVhidg YZ cdhhV ^\gZ_V' <b eg^bZ^gd
aj\Vg% edg hZg d XdbZcirg^d YV Gg^bZ^gV
:VgiV YZ GVjad Vdh :dgyci^dh% ed^h hdj
VeV^mdcVYd eZadh ZhXg^idh Yd VWcZ\VYd
Vezhidad' <b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% edgfjZ
iZc]d eZad cdhhd eVhidg jbV \gVcYZ
VYb^gVvud edg hjV XVeVX^YVYZ Y^Yri^XV
Zb Zmedg V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh% Xdb
hVWZYdg^V Z [^YZa^YVYZ% cud hz Zb hZjh
a^kgdh% bVh iVbWwb Zb hZjh hZgb}Zh'
EZhiV dWgV% d IZk' ?ZgcVcYZh% Xdbd
jb X^gjg\^ud oZadhd fjZ gZheZ^iV Vh
iwXc^XVh X^g~g\^XVh% Y^hhZXV V XVgiV Z cdh
VegZhZciV V g^fjZoV Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid
Y^k^cd% V XZgiZoV YV ^che^gVvud Yd
<heyg^id JVcid YVYV Vd Vezhidad GVjad Z d oZad YZ ;;Zjh
Xdb V ]Vgbdc^V Ydjig^crg^V Z hdX^Va YZ JjV @\gZ_V' MZbdh
V gZaZktcX^V eVgV dh cdhhdh Y^Vh% V Z[^XrX^V Z Vea^XVW^a^YVYZ
Zb egdWaZbVh fjZ V @\gZ_V iZb Zc[gZciVYd% Xdbd V [VaiV YZ
oZad eZaV dgYZb cd Xjaid% V hZXjaVg^oVvud YV k^YV Xg^hiV Z d
a^WZgVa^hbd% YZcigZ djigdh' 8 @\gZ_V YZ :g^hid egZX^hV kdaiVg
sh hjVh dg^\Zch Z hZg \j^VYV eZaV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh% eVgV cVd
XdbZiZg dh bZhbdh Zggdh% iVcid Yd eVhhVYd fjVcid Yd
egZhZciZ% dcYZ Vh de^c^}Zh eZhhdV^h ZhiVkVb Z Zhiud VX^bV
YVh kZgYVYZh WyWa^XVh'
=^cVabZciZ% ZhiZ w jb a^kgd ZaVWdgVYd eZad egZ\VYdg Z
eVhidg ?ZgcVcYZh ;;^Vh CdeZh% Z hz YZed^h ZY^iVYd eZad Zhí
ijY^dhd ?ZgcVcYZh ;;^Vh CdeZh' <mea^Xd bZa]dg3 V Gg^bZ^gV
:VgiV YZ GVjad Vdh :dg^ci^dh [d^ egZ\VYV cd e~ae^id YV
cdhhV ^\gZ_V cdh Xjaidh YZ fjVgiV&[Z^gV% YjgVciZ Vegdm^bVí
YVbZciZ jb hZbZhigZ' @hhd idgcV ZhiV dWgV eZXja^Vg% ed^h
VegZhZciV XVgVXiZgyhi^XVh eVhidgV^h YZ Va\jwb fjZ iZb \gVcí
YZ ZmeZg^xcX^V cVd hz cd e~ae^id YZ jbV ^\gZ_V% bVh iVbí
Wwb Zb idYd d iZgg^izg^d cVX^dcVa Z% V^cYV% eZaV >gVvV YZ
;;Zjh% cd ZmiZg^dg' GdhiZg^dgbZciZ d IZk' ?ZgcVcYZh gZhdaí
kZj gZk^hVg ZhhZh hZgb}Zh% Z edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ jb igVWVa]d
YZ Y^\^iVvud Z Y^V\gVbVvud% d a^kgd X]Z\V sh hjVh budh'
HjZ d JZc]dg edhhV VWZcvdVg \gVcYZbZciZ V kdXx%
egZoVYd Vb^\d% cV aZ^ijgV YZhiZ a^kgd% Yd bZhbd bdYd
fjZ <aZ VWZcvddj V b^c]V k^YV Z V k^YV YV b^c]V [Vbya^V'
< fjZ edhhVbdh XdadXVg Zb egri^XV Vh kZgYVYZh WyWa^XVh
VegZhZciVYVh cZhiZ a^kgd'

>aes HSVWg 7SdhS^Za ASdf[`e


A sV[Ua gda^aY[efS$ W DdWeTufWda VS Dd[_W[dS
=YdW\S DdWeT[fWd[S`S VW J[fvd[S&
CNWLQHĈ U VUÀU
JOHSHKU VUW ALZX
:4[ &#&"(&  

@:dgyci^dh
D 9H9F K 5 ;; B 9 F 8 =M E I 9
egdkVkZabZciZ iZb bV^h XdchZa]dh egrí
i^Xdh eVgV dh Xg^hiudh Yd cdhhd iZbed Yd
fjZ fjVafjZg a^kgd YV 9yWa^V'* <hijYVg
ZhhV XVgiV w [VoZg jb Y^V\czhi^Xd YV ^\gZí
_V XdciZbedgtcZV% w kZg hjVh kyhXZgVh Z
ZcigVc]Vh' < XdadXVg jb \gVcYZ ZheZa]d
Y^VciZ YZ czh bZhbdh'
F Vezhidad GVjad eaVcidj V ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid cd [^cVa YZ hjV hZ\jcYV k^V\Zb
b^hh^dcrg^V' <aZ eVhhdj jb Vcd Z hZ^h
bZhZh egZ\VcYd V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh cVí
fjZaV \gVcYZ X^YVYZ #8i *1'**$ Z% cZhhZ
iZbed% ZaZ \Zgdj ZhhZh XgZciZh Zb :g^hid
#-'*.$' ;;Zed^h% GVjad [d^ eVgV V X^YVYZ
YZ <[Zhd% cV çh^V DZcdg' ;;Z ar bVcYdj
ZhhV XVgiV eVgV V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid'
<hhV eg^bZ^gV XVgiV% XZgiVbZciZ% cVd [d^ V eg^bZ^gV XVgiV
fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZj Vdh Xdgyci^dh' <aZ ZhXgZkZj djigV XVgiV%
edgwb% cud iZbdh Xdc]ZX^bZcid Yd hZj eVgVYZ^gd' GVjad
[Vo gZ[ZgxcX^V V ZhhV eg^bZ^gV XVgiV fjZ ZhXgZkZgV3 àAr Zb
XVgiV kdh ZhXgZk^ fjZ cVd kdh VhhdX^rhhZ^h Xdb dh ^bejgdhâ
#.'2$'
<hhV XVgiV fjZ iZbdh% @:dgyci^dh% w V gZhedhiV YZ GVjad V
jbV XdchjaiV fjZ V ^\gZ_V [^oZgV V ZaZ' àHjVcid Vd fjZ bZ
ZhXgZkZhiZh% w Wdb fjZ d ]dbZb cud idfjZ Zb bja]Zgâ
#0'*$'
8 egdWaZbri^XV fjZ V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV k^kZcYd X]Z\dj Vd
Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ GVjad Zb <[Zhd% edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ jbV
^gbu YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid X]VbVYV :adZ' < fjVcYd :adZ
k^h^idj GVjad Zb <[Zhd% ZaV aZkdj V ZaZ V ^c[dgbVvud YZ
fjZ% cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% ]Vk^V bj^iV Xd^hV fjZ ZhiVkV Zb
YZhVXdgYd Xdb d fjZ ZaZ Zch^cVgV% ed^h ]Vk^V Y^k^h}Zh Z
XdciZcYVh cV ^\gZ_V' <ciud% GVjad% ZhXgZkZ ZhiV XVgiV% Xdbd
fjZ igVoZcYd gZhedhiV Z hdajvud YZ ;;Zjh eVgV dh egdWaZbVh
fjZ V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV k^kZcX^VcYd'

:NQ PTE :ATKN QERNKUET OKAMSAQ TLA IGQEJA EL 2NQIMSN0


GVjad ZgV jb b^hh^dcrg^d ZhigViZ\^hiV' <aZ ZhXda]^V Vh
X^YVYZh eVgV Vh fjV^h hZ Y^g^\^V Xdb bj^id Xg^iwg^d Z Xj^YVYd'
:dg^cid ZgV jbV YVh bV^dgZh Z bV^h ^bedgiVciZh X^YVYZh Yd
bjcYd Xdbd iVbWwb IdbV% <[Zhd Z 8aZmVcYg^V' Gdg fjZ
GVjad ZhXda]Zj :dg^cid6 Gdg fjZ ZaZ eZgbVcZXZj YZod^id
bZhZh cZhhV X^YVYZ6 CZkVciVgZ^ Vfj^ Va\jbVh gVo}Zh eZaVh
fjV^h d Vezhidad GVjad ZhXda]Zj V X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid% eVgV
eaVciVg jbV ^\gZ_V'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H YHagV NLVNYdMPJH& :dg^cid ZgV jbV
X^YVYZ \gZ\V% YZ \gVcYZ ^bedgitcX^V' <aV [^XVkV WZb egzí
m^bV YZ 8iZcVh% V \gVcYZ XVe^iVa YV >gwX^V% Z V XVe^iVa
^ciZaZXijVa Yd bjcYd' :dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ WVc]VYV
edg Yd^h bVgZh% d bVg <\Zj Z d bVg A|c^Xd' <b :dg^cid%
[^XVkV jb Ydh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh edgidh YV wedXV% d edgid
YZ :ZcXgw^V' GdgiVcid% V X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid gZXZW^V \ZciZ
YZ krg^Vh eVgiZh Yd bjcYd idYdh dh Y^Vh' <gV jbV X^YVí
YZ dcYZ eZhhdVh YZ Y^kZghVh XjaijgVh [Zgk^a]VkVb eZaVh gjVh
Z egVvVh Y^Vg^VbZciZ4 jbV X^YVYZ YZ ^ciZchd ^ciZgXtbW^d
XjaijgVa' :dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ Xdhbdeda^iV' F bjcYd
^ciZ^gd ZhiVkV YZcigd YZaV' <kVc\Za^oVg :dg^cid ZgV jb eaVí
cd ZhigViw\^Xd% ed^h d ZkVc\Za]d V eVgi^g YZ :dg^cid edYZg^V
hZ ZheVa]Vg Z VaXVcvVg d bjcYd ^ciZ^gd' <hhV [d^ jbV YVh
gVodZh edg fjZ GVjad hZ XdcXZcigdj cZhhV X^YVYZ'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V YHagV ZVJPHS& :dg^cid ZgV jbV \gVcYZ
Z ^bedgiVciZ X^YVYZ' <gV g^fjyhh^bV% Zb k^gijYZ Yd hZj
^ciZgXtbW^d XdbZgX^Va Xdb djigVh X^YVYZh ^bedgiVciZh Yd
bjcYd' N^aa^Vb 9VgXaVn Y^o fjZ idYd d igr[Z\d YV >gwX^V
eVhhVkV edg ZaV' 8 bV^dg eVgiZ Yd XdbwgX^d ZcigZ d Fg^ZciZ
Z d FX^YZciZ Yd DZY^iZggtcZd deiVkV eVhhVg edg :dg^cid'+
EVd VeZcVh d XdbwgX^d ZgV gdWjhid% bVh% iVbWwb% :dg^cid
ZgV jbV X^YVYZ [adgZhXZciZ Xdb gZheZ^id s XjaijgV' ?Vk^V jb
\gVcYZ VjY^izg^d bjh^XVa #VKLVU# adXVa^oVYd Zb :dg^cid%
Xdb XVeVX^YVYZ eVgV YZod^id b^a eZhhdVh hZciVYVh',
8 X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid [dgV YZhigjyYV Z idiVabZciZ VggVhVYV
eZadh gdbVcdh cd Vcd *-/ V':' =^Xdj XdWZgiV eZaVh X^coVh
Yd degzWg^d Z Yd VWVcYdcd edg XZb Vcdh' JdbZciZ edg
kdaiV Yd Vcd -/ V':' w fjZ :whVg 8j\jhid V gZXdchigj^j'-
;;Vk^Y Gg^dg Y^o fjZ V eVgi^g YZ -/ V':'% :dg^cid ZbZg\^j
eVgV jbV cdkV egdheZg^YVYZ% VYfj^g^cYd jb XVgriZg XVYV
kZo bV^h Xdhbdeda^iV'. HjVcYd GVjad X]Z\dj V :dg^cid%
ZaV _r ZgV jbV X^YVYZ cdkV' 8 eh^Xdad\^V YV gZa^\^ud h^cVa^oV
fjZ jbV ^\gZ_V cjbV X^YVYZ cdkV Z [adgZhXZciZ iZb bV^h
egdWVW^a^YVYZ YZ XgZhX^bZcid Yd fjZ Zb jbV X^YVYZ Vci^\V%
dcYZ V igVY^vud gZa^\^dhV _r ZhiZ_V VggV^\VYV' GVjad ZciZcYZj
fjZ d [adgZhX^bZcid YV X^YVYZ [VkdgZX^V V hZbZVYjgV Yd
ZkVc\Za]d Z eVk^bZciVkV d XVb^c]d eVgV V eaVciVvud YZ
jbV cdkV ^\gZ_V'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H YHagV J\S[\YHS& :dg^cid ZgV jbV YVh
X^YVYZh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh Yd bjcYd% cVfjZaV wedXV% Z ^hhd
edg igxh gVo}Zh3
BLSV ZL\ JVTiYJPV& :dg^cid% edg hZg jbV X^YVYZ bVgyi^bV
i^c]V jb edgid% Z% cVfjZaV wedXV% ZgV jbV gdiV XdbZgX^Va
^bedgiVciZ Z d XdbwgX^d Yd bjcYd eVhhVkV edg Va^'
@hhd [d^ k^hid edg GVjad Xdbd jbV edgiV VWZgiV eVgV V
egZ\Vvud' GaVciVg jbV ^\gZ_V Zb :dg^cid ZgV VWg^g _VcZaVh
YZ ZkVc\Za^oVvud eVgV d bjcYd' GZhhdVh ZcigVkVb Z hVyVb
YZ :dg^cid idYdh dh Y^Vh' <hhV X^YVYZ [Vo^V XdcZmud Xdb d
bjcYd ^ciZ^gd' GVjad ZciZcY^V fjZ d bV^dg àegdYjidâ V hZg
ZmedgiVYd YVfjZaV X^YVYZ Xdhbdeda^iV ZgV d ZkVc\Za]d YZ
:g^hid'
BLSH Z\H [YHKPhgV LZWVY[P]H& :dg^cid ZgV% iVbWwb% jbV
X^YVYZ ^bedgiVciyhh^bV cV rgZV Ydh ZhedgiZh' 8 egri^XV Ydh
_d\dh yhib^Xdh YZ :dg^cid hz ZgV hjeZgVYV eZadh _d\dh daybí
e^Xdh YZ 8iZcVh'/ :dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ fjZ VigVyV \ZciZ
Yd bjcYd ^ciZ^gd eVgV V egri^XV Zhedgi^kV' 8a^ V _jkZcijYZ
[Zgk^a]VkV Z V X^YVYZ ejahVkV k^YV' <% Zciud% GVjad ZciZcí
YZj fjZ VfjZaV ZgV jbV X^YVYZ fjZ egZX^hVkV hZg VaXVcvVYV
eZad ZkVc\Za]d YV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh' EV hjV k^hud b^hh^dcrg^V%
GVjad cud hjWZhi^bdj V ^bedgitcX^V Ydh _dkZch' JZ GVjad
k^kZhhZ ]d_Z% XZgiVbZciZ ZaZ ZcXdcigVg^V bZ^dh YZ ^c[ajZcí
X^Vg V _jkZcijYZ fjZ k^WgV Xdb d ZhedgiZ' <aZ WjhXVg^V
bZ^dh YZ ZcigVg Xdb V WdV&cdkV YV hVakVvud cdh ZhirY^dh%
cVh fjVYgVh% cdh VjizYgdbdh' GVjad XdchigjyV edciZh Zcí
igZ V kZgYVYZ gZkZaVYV YZ ;;Zjh Z V XjaijgV' <aZ a^V d iZmid
YVh <hXg^ijgVh Z ZhijYVkV d edkd' <aZ [Vo^V ZmZ\ZhZ iVcid
YV 9yWa^V fjVcid YV X^YVYZ' 8 XdciZmijVa^oVvud YZ GVjad%
edgwb% cVd ZgV eVgV Zc[gVfjZXZg d hZci^Yd YV kZgYVYZ% bVh
eVgV Vea^Xr&aV Xdb bV^h eZgi^cxcX^V' 8 kZgYVYZ YZ ;;Zjh w
^bjirkZa% bVh dh bwidYdh YZ VegZhZcir&aV edYZb kVg^Vg'
BLSH Z\H HILY[\YH H UV]HZ PKiPHZ& :dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVí
YZ VaiVbZciZ ^ciZaZXijVa' F eg^cX^eVa OVII` YV X^YVYZ ZgV
^g eVgV Vh egVvVh Z djk^g dh \gVcYZh [^azhd[dh Z eZchVYdgZh
ZmedgZb hjVh ^Yw^Vh' <gV jbV X^YVYZ fjZ igVche^gVkV XjaijgV
Z Xdc]ZX^bZcid' GVjad ZciZcY^V fjZ d ZkVc\Za]d edYZg^V
X]Z\Vg Va^ Z bjYVg V Xdhbdk^hud YV X^YVYZ' F ZkVc\Za]d
cud w Vci^^ciZaZXijVa^hiV% Vd Xdcigrg^d% ZaZ w Y^g^\^Yd s gVoud'
:dcXdgYVbdh Xdb Ad]c Jidii% fjVcYd Y^hhZ fjZ XgZg w iVbí
Wwb eZchVg' F ZkVc\Za]d egZX^hV ZcigVg cVh jc^kZgh^YVYZh%
^c[ajZcX^Vg V ^begZchV Z VaXVcvVg dh [dgbVYdgZh YZ de^c^ud
YV hdX^ZYVYZ' GgZX^hVbdh dgVg eVgV ;;Zjh aZkVciVg ZhXg^idgZh
ZkVc\wa^Xdh X]Z^dh Yd <heyg^id JVcid% Xdb iVaZcid Z Xdc]Zí
X^bZcid' GgZX^hVbdh gd\Vg V ;;Zjh fjZ YZheZgiZ eZhhdVh eVgV
jhVg dh gZXjghdh bdYZgcdh YV iZXcdad\^V Y^hedcykZ^h eVgV
idgcVg bV^h Z[^X^ZciZ d egdXZhhd YV ZkVc\Za^oVvud'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% H YHagV TVYHS& <bWdgV :dg^cid [dhhZ
jbV X^YVYZ VXZcijVYVbZciZ ^ciZaZXijVa% ZgV Vd bZhbd
iZbed egd[jcYVbZciZ YZegVkVYV bdgVabZciZ' ;;Vk^Y
Gg^dg Y^o fjZ% Xdbd V bV^dg^V Ydh edgidh bVgyi^bdh%
:dg^cid hZ idgcdj iud egzheZgV fjVcid a^XZcX^dhV'0KVakZo
:dg^cid iZc]V \Vc]VYd V [VbV YZ hZg jbV YVh X^YVYZh bV^h
YZegVkVYVh YV ]^hizg^V Vci^\V' 8 eVaVkgV RVYPU[OPHaLZ[OHP$
k^kZg Xdbd jb Xdgyci^d% X]Z\dj V hZg eVgiZ Yd ^Y^dbV
\gZ\d% Z h^\c^[^XVkV k^kZg WxWVYd Z cV Xdggjevud bdgVa'1
8 cdkV bdgVa^YVYZ fjZ ZhiVbdh kZcYd ]d_Z cVYV bV^h w
Yd fjZ V kZa]V bdgVa^YVYZ igVkZhi^YV Xdb gdjeV\Zb jb
edjfj^c]d Y^[ZgZciZ' 8 X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid ZgV Xdggdbe^YV
edg Va\jbVh gVo}Zh3
4 WYVZ[P[\PhgV& <b :dg^cid hZ Xdc[jcY^V gZa^\^ud Xdb
egri^XV hZmjVa' EVfjZaV X^YVYZ% V YZjhV 8[gdY^iZ ZgV VYdgVYV
Z i^c]V d hZj iZbead hZYZ cV 8XgzedaZ% jbV bdciVc]V Xdb
bV^h YZ ./) bZigdh YZ VaijgV% cV eVgiZ bV^h VaiV YV X^YVYZ'2
8[gdY^iZ ZgV Xdch^YZgVYV V YZjhV Yd Vbdg' GZiZg NV\cZg
V[^gbV fjZ Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ b^a hVXZgYdi^hVh igVWVa]VkVb
Xdbd egdhi^ijiVh XjaijV^h cZhhZ iZbead YZ 8[gdY^iZ'
D^a]VgZh YZ Xdgyci^dh VYdgVkVb hZjh YZjhZh àk^h^iVcYdâ
ZhhVh àhVXZgYdi^hVhâ'*) JZ cud WVhiVhhZ ^hhd% ZhhVh egdhi^ijiVh
XjaijV^h% s cd^iZ% YZhX^Vb eVgV V X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid Z hZ
ZcigZ\VkVb Vdh bj^idh bVg^c]Z^gdh Z ijg^hiVh fjZ Va^
X]Z\VkVb YZ idYdh dh XVcidh Yd bjcYd' <% Zciud% d Xa^bV
YV X^YVYZ ZgV egd[jcYVbZciZ bVgXVYd eZaV egdb^hXj^YVYZ
hZmjVa'
A OVTVZZL_\HSPZTV& :dg^cid ZgV V X^YVYZ dcYZ [^XVkVb
dh eg^cX^eV^h bdcjbZcidh YZ 8ed^d' <hhZ YZjh \gZ\d
gZegZhZciVkV d ^YZVa YV WZaZoV bVhXja^cV'** 8 VYdgVvud
V 8ed^d ^cYjo^V V _jkZcijYZ YZ :dg^cid WZb Xdbd V
_jkZcijYZ \gZ\V Zb \ZgVa V hZ ZcigZ\Vg Vd ]dbdhhZmjVa^hbd'
KVakZo :dg^cid [dhhZ d XZcigd ]dbdhhZmjVa Yd bjcYd cV
wedXV' JZ kdXx fjZg iZg jbV kV\V ^Yw^V Yd fjZ h^\c^[^XVkV
:dg^cid% aZbWgZ&hZ fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZj hjV XVgiV Vdh
gdbVcdh YZhhV X^YVYZ' GVgZXZ fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZj IdbVcdh
*'+-&+1 VWg^cYd V _VcZaV YV hjV XVhV Z da]VcYd eVgV V
X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid' 8 X^YVYZ ZhiVkV ZcigZ\jZ sh egri^XVh
]dbdhhZmjV^h hZb cZc]jb ejYdg' Dj^idh bZbWgdh YV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% VciZh YV hjV XdckZghud% i^c]Vb k^k^Yd
cV egri^XV Yd ]dbdhhZmjVa^hbd #@:d /'2&**$'
4 JHYUHSPKHKL& ?Vk^V cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid Y^k^h}Zh Z egri^í
XVh hZmjV^h YZhgZ\gVYVh' Fh egzeg^dh XgZciZh ZhiVkVb ZcigVcí
Yd Zb XdciZcYVh Z aZkVcYd hjVh fjZgZaVh Vdh ig^WjcV^h Yd
bjcYd' ?Vk^V h^cV^h YZ Xdc[jhud V gZheZ^id Yd XVhVbZcid
Z ^cXdbegZZchud V gZheZ^id YV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' Fh XgZciZh
g^Xdh hZ ZbWg^V\VkVb cV XZ^V Z dh edWgZh eVhhVkVb [dbZ'
?Vk^V Xdc[jhud Xdb gZheZ^id Vdh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h% s gZhhjgí
gZ^vud Ydh bdgidh Z sh d[ZgiVh' KjYd ^hhd [d^ Y^V\cdhi^XVYd
edg GVjad cVfjZaV ^\gZ_V' 8 ^\gZ_V i^c]V Xdc]ZX^bZcid% bVh
cud Vbdg4 i^c]V XVg^hbV% bVh cud XVgriZg' EV kZgYVYZ% ZgV
jbV ^\gZ_V ^c[Vci^a Z XVgcVa'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% H YHagV LZWPYP[\HS& :dg^cid ZgV jbV
X^YVYZ Xdb bj^idh YZjhZh Z bj^idh yYdadh' 8iw ]d_Z% fjVcYd
hZ k^h^iV :dg^cid% edYZ hZ k^hjVa^oVg ZcdgbZh ZhirijVh Z
bdcjbZcidh fjZ [dgVb YZY^XVYdh Vdh YZjhZh' Gdg kZg V
X^YVYZ eZgY^YV cd X^edVa YZ jbV ^c[^c^YVYZ YZ YZjhZh% GVjad
ZciZcYZj fjZ ZaZh ZhiVkVb egZX^hVcYd Yd ;;Zjh kZgYVYZ^gd'
GVjad hZbegZ ZhiZkZ ViZcid s XjaijgV Yd edkd fjZ fjZg^V
VaXVcvVg' FcYZ ZaZ ZcXdcigVkV jbV h^cV\d\V% Vy ZaZ ^c^X^VkV
d hZj igVWVa]d YZ ZkVc\Za^oVvud' GZiZg NV\cZg Y^o fjZ%
Xdbd Zb idYd d ^bewg^d gdbVcd% ]Vk^V cV h^cV\d\V igxh
i^edh YZ eZhhdVh3 _jYZjh% egdhwa^idh% Z iZbZciZh V ;;Zjh'*+8
h^cV\d\V ZgV jbV edciZ' GVjad jhdj ZhhV edciZ eVgV aZkVg d
ZkVc\Za]d eVgV idYV V X^YVYZ'
GVjad egZX^hdj igVWVa]Vg Zb :dg^cid eVgV d egzeg^d hjhí
iZcid% ed^h V ^\gZ_V cud ZhiVkV Y^hedhiV V hjhiZcir&ad' Cd\d
fjZ X]Z\dj V :dg^cid% GVjad XdbZvdj V [VWg^XVg iZcYVh
Xdb V V_jYV Ydh ^gbudh Gg^hX^aV ZçfÄ^aV% YZ^mVcYd YZ ^ckZhí
i^g idiVabZciZ hZj iZbed cV egZ\Vvud Yd ZkVc\Za]d' DV^h
iVgYZ% GVjad Zmdgidj dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid% Y^oZcYd fjZ
egZX^hdj YZhed_Vg djigVh ^\gZ_Vh eVgV edYZg hZgk^&adh #+:d
**'1%2$ Z cZhhZ eVgi^XjaVg V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid [d^ ^c[Zg^dg V
idYVh Vh YZbV^h ^\gZ_Vh #+:d *+'*,$' GVjad X]Z\dj bZhbd
V jhVg jbV a^c\jV\Zb YZ ^gdc^V% Y^oZcYd3 GZgYdZb&bZ edg
iZg h^Yd ^c_jhid Xdb kdXxh% cVd Zm^\^cYd d fjZ ZgV YZkZg YZ
kdXxh% d bZj hjhiZcid #+:d *+'*,$'
GVjad XdbZvV ZhhV XVgiV Xdbd jb eVhidg hZchykZa% [VoZcYd
Zad\^dh s ^\gZ_V' KVakZo hZ cVd [dhhZb dh eg^bZ^gdh kZghyXjadh
Yd XVeyijad *% XVWZg^V Vd aZ^idg V hZ\j^ciZ eZg\jciV3 hZgr
fjZ dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid ZgVb kZgYVYZ^gVbZciZ XgZciZh6
JZgr fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV bZhbd Xg^hiu6
NVggZc N^ZghWZ V[^gbV fjZ cd XVeyijad *% GVjad Zhir
[VaVcYd hdWgZ V kdXVvud Yd Xg^hiud' GVjad [VaV hdWgZ igxh
X]VbVYdh3 *$ :]VbVYd s hVci^YVYZ #*'+$4 +$ :]VbVYd
s Xdbjc]ud #*'2$4 ,$ :]VbVYd eVgV \adg^[^XVg V ;;Zjh
#*'+2$'*,

1 IGQEJA ] TL ONUN CHALADN Z RAMSIDADE &#& ".


F Vezhidad GVjad cdh VegZhZciV Yd^h gZigVidh YV ^\gZ_V3
Gg^bZ^gd% V ^\gZ_V Xdbd ;;Zjh V kx #*'*&2$4 hZ\jcYd% V ^\gZ_V
Xdbd czh V kZbdh #*'*)&,*$' Ed eg^bZ^gd gZigVid% GVjad
YZhXgZkZ d fjZ czh hdbdh Zb :g^hid% V hVci^[^XVvud edh^X^dí
cV^' Ed hZ\jcYd gZigVid% GVjad YZhXgZkZ d fjZ czh hdbdh
Zm^hiZcX^VabZciZ% V hVci^[^XVvud egd\gZhh^kV' F fjZ czh hdí
bdh Zb :g^hid YZkZ hZg Zk^YZcX^VYd eZad fjZ egVi^XVbdh
cV k^YV Y^rg^V'*- 8WgVbdh ZhhZ raWjb YV ^\gZ_V Z kZ_Vbdh
hjV WZaZoV Vdh da]dh Yd egzeg^d ;;Zjh% Zb Va\jch edcidh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H PNYLQH i \T WV]V ZLWHYHKV W V Y 7L\Z
L WHYH 7L\Z #*'*&,$' 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V LRRSLZPH$ ^\gZ_V% h^\c^í
[^XV jb àedkd X]VbVYd eVgV [dgVâ' 8 ^\gZ_V w d edkd i^gVí
Yd Yd bjcYd Z hZeVgVYd eVgV ;;Zjh eVgV jhd Z egdezh^idh
hV\gVYdh'*. :VYV ^\gZ_V iZb Yd^h ZcYZgZvdh3 jb ZcYZgZvd
\Zd\gr[^Xd #Zb :dg^cid$ Z djigd ZcYZgZvd Zhe^g^ijVa #Zb
:g^hid$'*/ 8 ^\gZ_V w jbV VhhZbWaw^V adXVa% bVh% iVbWwb%
Zhir a^\VYV s @\gZ_V jc^kZghVa% d Xdged YZ :g^hid' 8 ^\gZ_V hZ
bdkZ cZhhVh YjVh Y^bZch}Zh' Jdbdh X^YVYudh YZ Yd^h bjcí
Ydh' 8d bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ iZbdh jb ZcYZgZvd cV iZggV
Z hdbdh eZhhdVh fjZ ixb hdc]dh% ajiVh% YdgZh% Z [gjhigVv}Zh4
hdbdh iVbWwb eZhhdVh fjZ k^kZb cjbV Y^bZchud Zhe^g^í
ijVa \adg^dhV' <hiVbdh VhhZciVYdh Xdb :g^hid cVh gZ\^}Zh
XZaZhiZh% VX^bV YZ idYd eg^cX^eVYd Z ediZhiVYZ #<[ +'/$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H PNYLQH [LT \T KVUV& 8 ^\gZ_V w
YZ ;;Zjh' <aV cud w b^c]V% cud w hjV% cZb cdhhV4 ZaV w YZ
;;Zjh' GVjad X]Z\V V Y^oZg Vdh egZhWyiZgdh YV ^\gZ_V Zb <[Zhd
fjZ V ^\gZ_V w YZ ;;Zjh edgfjZ ZaZ V Xdbegdj Xdb d hVc\jZ
Yd JZj =^a]d #8i +)'+1$' Eud hZ igViV% edgiVcid% YV ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid% bVh YV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh Zb :dg^cid' ;;Zjh cjcXV
eVhhdj egdXjgVvud eVgV czh% igVch[Zg^cYd&cdh d Y^gZ^id YZ
edhhZ YV ^\gZ_V' 8 ^\gZ_V hz iZb jb Ydcd% AZhjh
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H PNYLQH i JOHTHKH WHYH H ZHU[PKHKL& 4
hVci^[^XVvud iZb Yd^h VheZXidh ^bedgiVciZh3
DHU[PMPJHhgV WVZPJPVUHP& KdYd XgZciZ w hVci^[^XVYd Zb
:g^hid' àQ'''R s ^\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh fjZ Zhir Zb :dg^cid% Vdh hVcí
i^[^XVYdh Zb :g^hid AZhjhâ #*'+$' KdYV eZhhdV fjZ Xgx Zb
AZhjh w hVciV' <hhV w V hVci^[^XVvud edh^X^dcV^' 8 iZdad\^V
XViza^XV Y^o fjZ jbV eZhhdV hVciV w VfjZaV fjZ YZed^h YZ
bdgiV w XVcdc^oVYV' Eud w ^hhd d fjZ V 9yWa^V cdh Zch^í
cV' 8 XVcdc^oVvud ZXaZh^rhi^XV cud iZb edYZg YZ [VoZg jbV
eZhhdV hVciV' JZg hVcid w ZhiVg Zb :g^hid' <hiV w V hVci^[^XVí
vud edh^X^dcV^' < jb Vid Z cud jb egdXZhhd' JVci^[^XVvud
Zb :g^hid w edh^X^dcV^' MdXx Zhir Zb :g^hid% Z [d^ hZeVgVYd
eVgV ;;Zjh% eVgV hZbegZ' =g^io I^ZcZX`Zg Y^o fjZ dh Xg^hiudh
XdbeVgi^a]Vb jbV hVci^YVYZ Xdbjb edgfjZ ZaZh ixb jb
JZc]dg Xdbjb'*0
DHU[PMPJHhgV WYVJLZZ\HS& GVjad egdhhZ\jZ3 àQ'''R Vdh
hVci^[^XVYdh Zb :g^hid AZhjh% X]VbVYdh eVgV hZg hVcidh'''â
#*'+$' GVgZXZ XdcigVY^izg^d% ed^h hZ _r w hVcid% Zciud edg fjZ
hZg X]VbVYd eVgV hZg hVcid6 q fjZ V eg^bZ^gV hVci^[^XVvud w
edh^X^dcV^ Z V hZ\jcYV w egdXZhhjVa' HjZb Zhir Zb :g^hid
w X]VbVYd eVgV VcYVg Xdb :g^hid' HjZb Zhir Zb :g^hid
egZX^hV hZg igVch[dgbVYd XdciycjV Z egd\gZhh^kVbZciZ s
^bV\Zb YZ :g^hid' <hhV w V hVci^[^XVvud egdXZhhjVa' <hhV
hVci^[^XVvud w egd\gZhh^kV Z hz iZgb^cVgr Xdb V \adg^[^XVvud'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% H PNYLQH i \THMHT kSPH \UP]LYZHS& GZgiZcí
XZg s @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh w jb [Vid bVgVk^a]dhd' ;;^o d Vezhidad
GVjad3 àQ'''R Xdb idYdh dh fjZ Zb idYd aj\Vg ^ckdXVb d
cdbZ YZ cdhhd JZc]dg'''â #*'+$' < jb \gVkZ Zggd iZdaz\^Xd
da]Vgbdh eVgV d cdhhd \gjed% eVgV V cdhhV YZcdb^cVvud
dj eVgV V cdhhV ^\gZ_V adXVa Z iZg V egZiZchud% V kV^YVYZ% V
eZijatcX^V YZ VX]Vgbdh fjZ czh hdbdh dh ~c^Xdh hVakdh Z
dh ~c^Xdh fjZ ]ZgYVgud d Xwj' =dbdh X]VbVYdh eVgV hZg
hVcidh Xdb idYdh dh fjZ Zb idYd aj\Vg ^ckdXVb d cdbZ
Yd JZc]dg' 8 @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh w bV^dg Yd fjZ V cdhhV YZcdí
b^cVvud% bV^dg Yd fjZ V cdhhV ^\gZ_V adXVa' <aV w XdbedhiV
edg idYdh VfjZaZh fjZ ^ckdXVb d cdbZ Yd JZc]dg Zb idYd
aj\Vg% Z Zb idYd d iZbed' 8 @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh w jc^kZghVa' JZ
kdXx Zhir Zb :g^hid% eZgiZcXZ V jbV [Vbya^V fjZ Zhir ZheVa]Ví
YV edg idYd d bjcYd' AZhjh cud w egdeg^ZYVYZ ZmXajh^kV YZ
cZc]jbV ^\gZ_V adXVa' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd V^cYV cd kZghyXjad
+ d hZ\j^ciZ3 àQ'''R JZc]dg YZaZh #dh fjZ ^ckdXVb d cdbZ
Yd JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hid$ Z cdhhdâ% dj hZ_V% AZhjh :g^hid cud
w egdeg^ZYVYZ ZmXajh^kV YZ ^\gZ_V cZc]jbV' < JZc]dg YZaZh
Z JZc]dg cdhhd% w JZc]dg cdhhd Z w JZc]dg YZaZh' EZc]jbV
^\gZ_V edYZ iZg V ZmXajh^k^YVYZ cV Vegdeg^Vvud YZ AZhjh'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% H PNYLQH i \T WV]V LUYPX\LJPKV WLSH NYHhH
KL 7L\Z #*'-&/$' 8 ^\gZ_V cud w VeZcVh hZeVgVYV edg ;;Zjh Z
eVgV ;;Zjh% bVh iVbWwb w Zcg^fjZX^YV eZaV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh'
;;^o d Vezhidad GVjad3 àJZbegZ Ydj \gVvVh V QbZjR ;;Zjh V
kdhhd gZheZ^id% V egdezh^id YV hjV \gVvV% fjZ kdh [d^ YVYV
Zb :g^hid AZhjh4 edgfjZ% Zb ijYd% [dhiZh Zcg^fjZX^Ydh cZaZâ
#*'-%.V$' 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V eajidXgVX^V% àZcg^fjZX^Ydâ gZ[ZgZ&
hZ V jbV eZhhdV bj^id g^XV' F XgZciZ cud w jbV eZhhdV
edWgZ4 ZaZ w jbV eZhhdV bj^id g^XV' GVjad Y^o Zb <[wh^dh3
à9ZcY^id d ;;Zjh Z GV^ YZ cdhhd JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hid% fjZ
cdh iZb VWZcvdVYd Xdb idYV hdgiZ YZ Wxcvud Zhe^g^ijVa
cVh gZ\^}Zh XZaZhi^V^h% Zb :g^hidâ #<[ *',$' 8\dgV% GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ dh XgZciZh Zb :dg^cid [dgVb Zcg^fjZX^Ydh Zb
idYV eVaVkgV% Zb idYd Xdc]ZX^bZcid% Xdb idYdh dh Ydch
Zhe^g^ijV^h #*'04 +:d 1'0$' HjVcYd hdbdh hVakdh gZXZWZbdh
Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV jbV ^\gZ_V g^XV
cV eVaVkgV% cd Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z cV XVeVX^iVvud Ydh Ydch'
K^c]V idYdh dh gZXjghdh eVgV gZVa^oVg V dWgV YZ ;;Zjh' KjYd
^hhd YZkZg^V bdi^kVg V ^\gZ_V V jbV k^YV YZ hVci^YVYZ'
<b hZmid aj\Vg% H PNYLQH i \T W V]V X\L LZWLYH H ZLN\UKH
]PUKH KL 6YPZ[V #*'0$' F fjZ bV^h bdi^kV V ^\gZ_V V hZg hVciV6
GVjad Y^o fjZ w V ZmeZXiVi^kV YV kdaiV YZ AZhjh' 8 ZmeZXiVi^kV
YV kdaiV YZ :g^hid aZkV V ^\gZ_V V hZ hVci^[^XVg' HjVcYd d
XgZciZ V\jVgYV AZhjh% fjVcYd ZaZ k^kZ cZhhV ZmeZXiVi^kV YZ
fjZ AZhjh kV^ kdaiVg% ZaZ hZ hVci^[^XV'
F Vezhidad Adud Y^o fjZ VfjZaZ fjZ iZb ZhhV ZheZgVcvV
hZ hVci^[^XV% hZ idgcV ejgd Xdbd <aZ #AZhjh$ w ejgd #@Ad
,'*&,$' LbV eZhhdV fjZ eZgYZ YZ k^hiV V kZgYVYZ hdWgZ
V hZ\jcYV k^cYV YZ :g^hid iZb V iZcYxcX^V YZ XV^g cjb
bVgVhbd% cV bZhb^XZ Z hZ YZhXj^YVg YV hjV k^YV Zhe^g^ijVa'
Ezh YZkZgyVbdh ZhiVg Xdb dh da]dh ZaZkVYdh% V\jVgYVcYd
V kdaiV Yd JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hid' HjVcYd d XgZciZ V\jVgYV
V k^cYV YZ :g^hid% ZaZ k^kZ jbV k^YV hVciV #*'04 ,'*,4 -'.4
*.'+,%+-%.*%.+4 */'++4 @Ad ,'*&,$'
<b hwi^bd aj\Vg% H PNYLQH i \T W V]V X\L [LT KLWLUKjUJPH
KH MPKLSPKHKL KL 7L\Z #*'1%2$' GVjad Y^o fjZ V [^YZa^YVYZ YZ
;;Zjh YZkZ cdh aZkVg V jbV k^YV YZ hVci^YVYZ' Edh kZghyXjadh
1 Z 2% aZbdh fjZ AZhjh :g^hid iVbWwb cdh Xdc[^gbVgr Viw
d [^b eVgV hZgbdh ^ggZegZZchykZ^h cd Y^V YZ cdhhd JZc]dg
AZhjh :g^hid'
8 cdhhV hVakVvud YZeZcYZ YV [^YZa^YVYZ YZ ;;Zjh #*'1%2$'
8 eZghZkZgVcvV Ydh hVcidh% V hZ\jgVcvV Z V XZgiZoV YV
hVakVvud cud Zhiud [^gbVYVh Zb cdhhVh budh' <b ~ai^bV
^chitcX^V% fjZb eZghZkZgV w d egzeg^d ;;Zjh% ed^h VfjZaZ fjZ
XdbZvdj WdV dWgV Zb czh ]r YZ XdbeaZir&aV Viw d Y^V YZ
:g^hid AZhjh #=e *'/$' GVjad Y^o fjZ w d egzeg^d AZhjh fjZb
cdh Xdc[^gbVgr Viw d [^b' 9db w hVWZg fjZ V cdhhV k^YV Zhir
cVh budh YZ :g^hid AZhjh% Z YVh JjVh budh c^c\jwb edYZ
cdh i^gVg #Ad *)'+1$' < Wdb hVWZg fjZ dh egdWaZbVh YV k^YV
cud edYZb cdh i^gVg YVh budh YZ ;;Zjh cZb cdh V[VhiVg Yd
JZj Vbdg #Ib 1',.&,2$' < d JZc]dg fjZb cdh Xdc[^gbV
Viw d [^b' 8 cdhhV hVakVvud w \VgVci^YV edg ;;Zjh Viw d [^cVa'
8 eZghZkZgVcvV YV hVakVvud w YZ ;;Zjh' <aZ _r cdh X]Vbdj s
Xdbjc]ud Xdb :g^hid'

1 IGQEJA ] TL ONUN CHALADN Z CNLTMH[N FQASEQMAK


.#&%"'*
;;Zed^h fjZ GVjad Zad\^dj V ^\gZ_V Z [Vadj YV hjV edh^í
vud Zb :g^hid% XdbZvdj V igViVg Ydh egdWaZbVh YZ Y^k^hud
fjZ V V[a^\^Vb' 8 ^\gZ_V a^Ydj YZhYZ d ^cyX^d Xdb Vh iZch}Zh
egdkdXVYVh eZaVh Y^k^h}Zh' <hiVbdh k^kZcYd jbV wedXV [Ví
iyY^XV cZhiZ hZci^Yd% dcYZ iVciVh ^\gZ_Vh hZ Y^k^YZb' 8h eZhí
hdVh cud ixb bV^h Xdbegdb^hhd Xdb V kZgYVYZ cZb Xdb
V Va^VcvV YZ Vbdg' <aVh [^gbVb jb Xdbegdb^hhd ]d_Z Z
VbVc]u _r Zhiud YZh[VoZcYd ZhhZ eVXid' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg aVbZcí
iV fjZ d ig^hiZ w fjZ dh bZbWgdh ^chVi^h[Z^idh bj^iVh kZoZh
ixb d eZchVbZcid ^c\xcjd YZ fjZ djigV ^\gZ_V cV gZ\^ud
hZg^V jbV devud jb edjXd bZa]dg' ;;ZhhV ^cfj^ZiVvud hjgí
\Z d ]rW^id Xdbjb Yd àigdXV&igdXVâ YZ ^\gZ_Vh'*1 N^aa^Vb
DVX;;dcVaY VhhZkZgV fjZ GVjad gZegdkV [^gbZbZciZ d hZXí
iVg^hbd Zb :dg^cid #*'*,$ bdhigVcYd eVgV V ^\gZ_V fjZ ZaZ
cud ZhiVkV egdXjgVcYd \Vc]Vg XdckZgi^Ydh eVgV ZaZ dj eVgV
ZmVaiVg hZj cdbZ' JZj ~c^Xd egdezh^id ZgV aZkVg ]dbZch Z
bja]ZgZh V :g^hid'*2
GVjad [Vo igxh eZg\jciVh gZizg^XVh cd XVeyijad *'*,'
NVggZc N^ZghWZ Y^o fjZ ZhhVh eZg\jciVh hud eVaVkgVh&X]VkZ%
eVgV igViVg d Vhhjcid YV Y^k^hud YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V'+)
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% LZ[d 6YPZ[V KP]PKPKV3 #*'*)&*,V$' GVjad
cud egZ\V jb :g^hid% 8ed^d djigd Z GZYgd djigd V^cYV' <m^hiZ
VeZcVh jb JVakVYdg Z jb ZkVc\Za]d #>* *'/&2$'+* à8XVhd
Zhir :g^hid Y^k^Y^Yd6â GVjad Y^o fjZ Vh Y^k^h}Zh cV ^\gZ_V
hud VWhjgYVh% edgfjZ ZaVh Zhiud aZkVcYd dh XgZciZh V eZchVg
fjZ GVjad Zhir egZ\VcYd jb :g^hid% 8ed^d Zhir egZ\VcYd
djigd :g^hid Z :Z[Vh Zhir egZ\VcYd V^cYV djigd :g^hid' ?r
hdbZciZ jb JVakVYdg' ?r hdbZciZ jb <kVc\Za]d' 8 ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid XdbZvdj V hZ Y^k^Y^g ^ciZgcVbZciZ' Gdg fjx6
GdgfjZ Zb kZo YZ V ^\gZ_V ^c[ajZcX^Vg d bjcYd% d bjcYd w
fjZ ZhiVkV ^c[ajZcX^VcYd V ^\gZ_V'
F fjZ ZhiVkV VXdciZXZcYd6 8 hdX^ZYVYZ YZ :dg^cid
ZhiVkV bjai^[VXZiVYV Xdb Vh hjVh ^Yw^Vh% ayYZgZh% [^azhd[dh
Z eZchVYdgZh' HjVcYd Vh eZhhdVh ^Vb sh egVvVh Z djk^Vb
jb eZchVYdg dj [^azhd[d% ZaVh Y^o^Vb3 Zj hdj eVgi^Yrg^d YZ
[jaVcd YZ iVa4 djigd V[^gbVkV3 Zj hdj hZ\j^Ydg Yd [^azhdí
[d iVa Z djigd V^cYV3 Zj hdj hZ\j^Ydg Yd eZchVYdg iVa' <
ZhhV ^c[ajxcX^V bjcYVcV Zcigdj cV ^\gZ_V' q bj^id ig^hiZ
fjVcYd d bjcYd ^ckVYZ V ^\gZ_V' 8 ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV hZ\j^cYd
jb bdYZad bjcYVcd' < fjZ bdYZad ZgV ZhhZ6 F Xjaid s
eZghdcVa^YVYZ 8 ^\gZ_V ZkVc\wa^XV WgVh^aZ^gV k^kZ d eZXVí
Yd YV i^ZiV\Zb' GgZ\VYdgZh Z XVcidgZh hud k^hidh Z igViVYdh
Xdbd Vhigdh% Xdbd VidgZh fjZ hdWZb cjb eVaXd eVgV YVg
jb h]dl' <hhV Vi^ijYZ w jb h^cVa Zk^YZciZ YZ ^bVijg^YVYZ
Z YZXVYxcX^V Zhe^g^ijVa'
8 eg^bZ^gV XVgiV YZ GVjad Vdh Xdg^ci^dh cjcXV [d^ iud VijVa
fjVcid ]d_Z' Dj^iVh ^\gZ_Vh VijVabZciZ YZ^mVb YZ da]Vg
eVgV V bZchV\Zb eVgV ZcVaiZXZg d bZchV\Z^gd' GgZX^hVbdh
gZhhVaiVg fjZ d bV^h ^bedgiVciZ cVd w d bZchV\Z^gd% bVh
V bZchV\Zb' GVjad egZX^hV eZg\jciVg s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3
fjZb w GVjad6 HjZb [d^ 8ed^d6 J^beaZhbZciZ hZgkdh edg
bZ^d YZ fjZb kdXxh XgZgVb Lb eaVcidj% d djigd gZ\dj%
bVh d XgZhX^bZcid kZ^d YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad Y^o s ^\gZ_V3 Eud
XdadfjZb V ViZcvud Zb kdXxh% Zb ayYZgZh ]jbVcdh' Eud
edc]Vb d eVhidg YZ kdXxh cjb eZYZhiVa' Eud XdadfjZb jb
]dbZb cjbV edh^vud Zb fjZ ZaZ cud edhhV ZhiVg Jz AZhjh
:g^hid YZkZ hZg ZmVaiVYd cV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh' < idYVh Vh kZoZh
fjZ V ^\gZ_V XdbZvV V YVg bV^h ^bedgitcX^V Vd egZ\VYdg%
Vd eVhidg% Vd bZchV\Z^gd fjZ s egzeg^V bZchV\Zb% ZaV Zhir
egZhiVcYd Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ% Z ^hid w eZXVYd'
8 cVijgZoV ]jbVcV \dhiV YZ hZ\j^g ayYZgZh XVg^hbri^Xdh'
Fh Xdgyci^dh Zc[Vi^oVgVb bV^h dbZchV\Z^gd fjZ VbZchV\Zb'
Gdg XdchZ\j^ciZ% egdkdXVgVb Y^k^hud YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' <aZh
i^gVgVb dh da]dh Yd JZc]dg Z dh XdadXVgVb cdh hZgkdh Yd
JZc]dg Z ^hhd dh aZkdj s XdbeZi^vud' GVjad egZX^hdj Y^oZg
V ZhhV ^\gZ_V fjZ d Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ w gZ[aZmd YZ Yd^h
eZXVYdh3 ^c[Vci^a^YVYZ Zhe^g^ijVa Z XVgcVa^YVYZ !,'* % ," ' GVjad
Zc[Vi^oV fjZ ZaZh ZgVb Xg^VcvVh Z iVbWwb XVgcV^h% eZad [Vid
YZ ZhiVgZb hZ\j^cYd V ]dbZch' F Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ w
jb h^cVa YZ XVgcVa^YVYZ Z ^bVijg^YVYZ !, & *% ,"&
GVjad Xj^YV Yd Vhhjcid YZ [dgbV igVcheVgZciZ ! *& **"&
Dj^iVh kZoZh fjVcYd fjZgZbdh igViVg Ydh egdWaZbVh YV
^\gZ_V% cud igViVbdh YZ bVcZ^gV hZbZa]VciZ' GVjad [^Xdj
hVWZcYd YVh XdciZcYVh cV ^\gZ_V #* & *)4 0 & *3 */'*)%**$ *+$ *0"&
<aZ ^c[dgbdj V ^\gZ_V hdWgZ d egdWaZbV Z YZj d cdbZ YZ
fjZb a]Z igdjmZ d egdWaZbV'
?d_Z% w Xdbjb djk^g XdbZcirg^dh Vhh^b3 àKZb Va\jwb
Y^oZcYd ^hhd dj Vfj^ad ]V ^\gZ_Vâ' Fjigdh Y^oZb3 àF eZhhdí
Va VcYV XdbZciVcYd ^hhd Z Vfj^adâ' ?r V^cYV VfjZaZh fjZ
XdbZciVb3 à8a\jbVh eZhhdVh Zhiud YZhXdciZciZhâ' 8a\jbVh
eZhhdVh% Va\jwb% d eZhhdVa hVd iZgbdh \Zcwg^Xdh Z ^cYZ[^c^í
Ydh fjZ cud YZkZb hZg jhVYdh' GVjad V\^j Y^[ZgZciZ' <aZ
Y^o fjZ dh ^gbudh YV XVhV YZ :adZ d ^c[dgbVgVb fjZ ZhiVí
kV VXdciZXZcYd Y^k^hud YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad w ZheZXy[^Xd
fjVcid s ^c[dgbVciZ Z fjVcid s ^c[dgbVvud' <hhV igVcheVí
gxcX^V cZjigVa^oV V bVaZY^XxcX^V YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' HjVcYd
Vh Xd^hVh hud igVWVa]VYVh Zb jb VbW^ZciZ YZ VWZgijgV Z YZ
igVcheVgxcX^V% d bVa w igViVYd Z gZhdak^Yd hZb YZ^mVg [Zg^í
YVh% br\dVh Z gVcvdh'
;;Zed^h YZ VedciVg d egdWaZbV% GVjad gd\V Vdh ^gbudh fjZ
Zb cdbZ YZ AZhjh [VaZb V bZhbV Xd^hV' HjZ cud ]V_V ZcigZ
ZaZh Y^k^h}Zh' 8 eVaVkgV àY^k^hudâ w V eVaVkgV \gZ\V JPZTH$ Xj_d
h^\c^[^XVYd w gVh\Vg jb iZX^Yd' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd w
fjZ ]Vk^V cV ^\gZ_V Va\d Xdbd jb iZX^Yd gVh\VYd' < ^hhd fjZ
ZaZh ZhiVkVb [VoZcYd3 gVh\VcYd V ^\gZ_V F Vezhidad dgYZcV
s ^\gZ_V3 àQ'''R VciZh% hZ_V^h ^ciZ^gVbZciZ jc^Ydh% cV bZhbV
Y^hedh^vud bZciVa Z cd bZhbd eVgZXZgâ #*'*)W$'
GVjad bZcX^dcV fjVigd eVgi^Ydh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid3 à<j hdj YZ GVjad% Z Zj% YZ 8ed^d% Z Zj% YZ :Z[Vh%
Z Zj% YZ :g^hidâ #*'*+$' Gdg fjZ fjVigd eVgi^Ydh YZcigd YV
^\gZ_V6 HjV^h ZgVb ZhhZh eVgi^Ydh6
8_PZ[PH V WHY[PKV SPILYHS KL BH\SV$ V B>B& F eVgi^Yd a^WZgVa
YZ GVjad ZgV XZgiVbZciZ d eVgi^Yd Ydh [jcYVYdgZh YV
^\gZ_V' <bWdgV dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid i^kZhhZb i^Yd bj^idh
egZXZeidgZh% [d^ GVjad fjZb dh aZkdj V :g^hid #-'*.$' GVjad
[d^ d ZkVc\Za^hiV Z d [jcYVYdg YV ^\gZ_V' <aZ \Vc]dj XVYV
jb YZaZh eVgV :g^hid' <ciud% XZgiVbZciZ VfjZaZh eg^bZ^gdh
bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V XdbZvVgVb V Y^oZg3 Eud GVjad [d^ fjZb
XdbZvdj ijYd edg Vfj^' <aZ [d^ d [jcYVYdg YV ^\gZ_V' Ezh
[dbdh dh e^dcZ^gdh YZhiV ^\gZ_V Z czh ZhiVbdh a^\VYdh ZaZ' Ezh
hdbdh Yd eVgi^Yd YZ GVjad' KVakZo dh fjZ Zc\gdhhVkVb ZhhZ
eVgi^Yd [dhhZb iVbWwb VfjZaZh ^cY^kyYjdh fjZ hZ\j^Vb V
a^c]V YV egZ\Vvud YZ GVjad% edg ZmZbead% YV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu%
cud [^XVcYd VigZaVYdh Vd aZ\Va^hbd fjZ dh _jYZjh fjZg^Vb
^bedg' < WZb egdkrkZa V^cYV fjZ dh bZbWgdh YZhhZ eVgi^Yd
[dhhZb eZhhdVh fjZ XdcigdaVkVb V ZhigjijgV YV ^\gZ_V Z%
edhh^kZabZciZ% cud YZ^mVkVb dh cdkVidh eVgi^X^eVg YZaV'++
N^aa^Vb 9VgXaVn ZhXaVgZXZ fjZ ZhhZ \gjed ZgV jb eVgi^Yd
[dgbVYd eg^cX^eVabZciZ edg \Zci^dh' < bj^id egdkrkZa fjZ
ZhhZ eVgi^Yd fj^hZhhZ XdckZgiZg V a^WZgYVYZ Zb a^WZgi^cV\Zb
Z ji^a^oVhhZ hZj Xg^hi^Vc^hbd Xdbd jbV YZhXjaeV eVgV [VoZg
d fjZ WZb fjZg^V'+, Eud ^bedgiV fjZ bVi^o iZc]V ZhhZ
\gjed% ZaZ cud dWZYZX^V Vd Zch^cd YZ GVjad' < ^ciZgZhhVciZ
fjZ d eVgi^Yd hZ\j^Ydg YZ GVjad XdcigVg^V Z YZhdWZYZXZ
Vdh egzeg^dh Zch^cVbZcidh YZ GVjad' F Vezhidad cud ]Vk^V
Vjidg^oVYd VfjZaZh ^gbudh V XdadXr&ad cjbV edh^vud YZ
YZhiVfjZ fjZ ZaZ _VbV^h eZY^gV dj _VbV^h edYZg^V dXjeVg'
8_PZ[PH V WHY[PKV MPSVZlMPJV KL 4WVPV$ V B94& Ezh edYZgyí
Vbdh X]Vbr&ad YZ eVgi^Yd [^adhz[^Xd YZ 8ed^d' < edg fjZ
ZgV d eVgi^Yd [^adhz[^Xd YZ 8ed^d6 GdgfjZ 8ed^d ZgV YV X^í
YVYZ YZ 8aZmVcYg^V% V hZ\jcYV bV^dg X^YVYZ Yd bjcYd'
8aZmVcYg^V ZgV d XZcigd YV Vi^k^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa Yd bjcYd'
Fh VaZmVcYg^cdh ZgVb Zcijh^VhbVYdh Xdb Vh ZaZ\tcX^Vh a^í
iZgrg^Vh' =dgVb ZaZh fjZ ^ciZaZXijVa^oVgVb d Xg^hi^Vc^hbd'
Fh fjZ Y^o^Vb eZgiZcXZg V 8ed^d ZgVb% hZb Y~k^YV% dh ^cí
iZaZXijV^h fjZ ZhiVkVb ajiVcYd eVgV fjZ d Xg^hi^Vc^hbd hZ
XdckZgiZhhZ gVe^YVbZciZ cjbV [^adhd[^V Zb aj\Vg YZ jbV
gZa^\^ud'+-<b 8aZmVcYg^V [adgZhXZj V \gVcYZ ZhXdaV YV ^ciZgí
egZiVvud VaZ\zg^XV' 8a^ ZhiVkV jbV YVh bV^dgZh W^Wa^diZXVh
Yd bjcYd' @c[ajZcX^VYd eZad Xa^bV YZ hjV X^YVYZ% 8ed^d
idgcdj&hZ jb \gVcYZ dgVYdg% jb ]dbZb YZ [ajxcX^V cV
eVaVkgV #8i *1'+-$' DV^h iVgYZ% 8ed^d [d^ Y^hX^ejaVYd edg
çfÄ^aV Z Gg^hX^aV% dh XdbeVc]Z^gdh YZ GVjad #8i *1'+/$' q
bj^id egdkrkZa% edgiVcid% fjZ d \gjed YZ 8ed^d iZc]V h^Yd
d \gjed Ydh ^ciZaZXijV^h% YVfjZaZh fjZ \dhiVkVb YZ jb Y^hí
Xjghd WZb ZaVWdgVYd% ZadfÄZciZ% Z X]Z^d YZ WZaZoV gZizg^XV'
8fjZaZ \gjed [dgbdj jbV Za^iZ XjaijgVa YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V'
8_PZ[PH V WHY[PKV JVUZLY]HKVY KL BLKYV$ V B6B& F eVgi^Yd
XdchZgkVYdg YZ GZYgd ZgV Xdbedhid% edhh^kZabZciZ% eZadh
_jYZjh Z eZadh egdhwa^idh fjZ hZ idgcVgVb _jYZjh edg bZ^d
YV X^gXjcX^hud' Dj^idh \Zci^dh VYZg^Vb s [w _jY^V Z ZgVb
X]VbVYdh YZ eZhhdVh iZbZciZh V ;;Zjh' <hhVh eZhhdVh ^Vb
s h^cV\d\V% ZhijYVkVb V aZ^ Z dWhZgkVkVb dh g^idh _jYZjh'
GVjad hZbegZ k^h^idj Vh h^cV\d\Vh eVgV Va^ VcjcX^Vg d
ZkVc\Za]d% ed^h ZciZcY^V fjZ ZhhVh eZhhdVh _r i^c]Vb
XdbZvVYd jb egdXZhhd YZ WjhXV Zhe^g^ijVa' Fh bZbWgdh
YV h^cV\d\V% cdgbVabZciZ% ZgVb XdchZgkVYdgZh Z \dhiVkVb
YZ dWhZgkVg dh g^idh Z Vh XZg^b|c^Vh _jY^Vh' :dbd d
VedhidaVYd YZ GZYgd [d^ Y^gZX^dcVYd ZheZX^VabZciZ Vdh YV
X^gXjcX^hud% ]Vk^V YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid jb \gjed
fjZ hZ\j^V hjV a^YZgVcvV' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg V[^gbV fjZ% YZ bdYd
\ZgVa% idYdh XdcXdgYVb fjZ àYZ Va\jbV [dgbV% d \gjed YZ
:Z[Vh gZegZhZciVkV d Xg^hi^Vc^hbd _jYZjâ'+.N^aa^Vb 9VgXaVn
ZhXaVgZXZ fjZ dh bZbWgdh Yd eVgi^Yd YZ GZYgd ZgVb VfjZaZh
fjZ Zch^cVkVb fjZ d ]dbZb YZk^V dWhZgkVg V aZ^ eVgV V
hVakVvud' <gVb dh aZ\Va^hiVh fjZ ZmVaiVkVb V aZ^% Z fjZ Vd
[Vox&ad% VeZfjZcVkVb V \gVvV'+/
8_PZ[PH V WHY[PKV JYPZ[gV KL =LZ\Z$ V B6=& < WZb egdkrkZa
fjZ ZhhZ eVgi^Yd% Xdb d cdbZ bV^h Wdc^id% [dhhZ d bV^h
egdWaZbri^Xd' KVakZo ZhhZ [dhhZ d eVgi^Yd ZmXajh^k^hiV' Fh
bZbWgdh YZhhZ \gjed Zk^YZcX^VkVb jb dg\ja]d Zhe^g^ijVa
hji^a% YVcYd V ZciZcYZg fjZ ZaZh ZgVb dh ~c^Xdh Xg^hiudh
kZgYVYZ^gdh'+0KVakZo ZhhZ eVgi^Yd Y^hhZhhZ d hZ\j^ciZ3 HjZb
cud Zhi^kZg Yd cdhhd aVYd% Zhir [dgV' HjZb cud Zhi^kZg cd
cdhhd \gjed cud iZb hVakVvud' HjZb cud _d\Vg cd cdhhd
i^bZ cZb YZ[ZcYZg V cdhhV WVcYZ^gV% cud eZgiZcXZ s ^\gZ_V
kZgYVYZ^gV' KVakZo [dhhZ ZhhZ d \gjed Ydh fjZ hZ Xdch^YZgVí
kVb dh ^ajb^cVYdh% dh Zhe^g^ijV^h% Xdb fjZb ;;Zjh [VaVkV
Y^gZiVbZciZ' <hhZ \gjed cud hZ hjWbZi^V V fjVafjZg ayí
YZg ]jbVcd' EZhhV bZhbV a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid% N^aa^Vb
9VgXaVn ZhXgZkZ3
8WhW fWd Wj[ef[Va g_S bWcgW`S eW[fS duY[VS W XSd[eS[US Ug\ae _W_Tdae
bdWfW`V[S_ eWd ae y`[Uae Ud[efqae hWdVSVW[dae VW 7ad[`fa& GgS
hWdVSVW[dS XS^fS `qa WefShS W_ V[lWd cgW bWdfW`U[S_ S 7d[efa$ _Se
W_ SY[d Ua_a eW 9^W bWdfW`UWeeW ea_W`fW S W^We& HS^hWl eW\S WefS S
VWeUd[rqa VW g_ bWcgW`a Ydgba [`fa^WdS`fW W eS`fSddqa&*0

MdXx Xdc]ZXZ eZhhdVh Vhh^b ]d_Z6 GZhhdVh fjZ cud hZ


hjWbZiZb s a^YZgVcvV Z fjZ eZchVb iZg jb XVcVa YZ Xdí
bjc^XVvud Y^gZid Xdb ;;Zjh6 GZhhdVh fjZ _ja\Vb cud bV^h
egZX^hVg YV 9yWa^V% edgfjZ V\dgV ;;Zjh gZkZaV ijYd V ZaVh6
GVjad bdhigV% edgwb% fjZ ZhhV Vi^ijYZ w XVgcVa' GZg\jciV
d Vezhidad3 à8XVhd :g^hid Zhir Y^k^Y^Yd6â Eud :g^hid cud
Zhir Y^k^Y^Yd' <aZ cud edYZ hZg Y^k^Y^Yd'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ]VJjZ MVYHT IH[PaHKVZ LT UVTL KL
BH\MV3 #*'*,W&*0$' GVjad igViV d egdWaZbV YV Y^k^hud cV
hZ\jcYV eZg\jciV gZizg^XV Yd kZghyXjad *,3 MdXxh [dgVb
WVi^oVYdh Zb cdbZ YZ GVjad6 GVjad cud Zhir Y^b^cj^cYd
d kVadg Yd WVi^hbd% bVh XdadXVcYd&d cd hZj YZk^Yd aj\Vg'
Fh Xdgyci^dh ZhiVkVb YVcYd xc[VhZ ZmV\ZgVYV Vd WVi^hbd' F
fjZ ZhiVkV VXdciZXZcYd cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid w fjZ dh ^gbudh
fjZ ]Vk^Vb h^Yd WVi^oVYdh edg GVjad hZ ZcX]^Vb YZ kV^YVYZ%
YZhegZoVkVb Z ]jb^a]VkVb dh djigdh Xg^hiudh% hZ _ja\VcYd
bZa]dg Yd fjZ ZaZh' Ed ZciVcid% WVi^oVg cud [d^ d eg^cX^eVa
b^c^hiwg^d YZ AZhjh cZb YZ GVjad' E^c\jwb hZ idgcV bV^h
Zhe^g^ijVa eZad [Vid YZ iZg gZXZW^Yd d g^id Yd WVi^hbd% edg
ZhiZ dj VfjZaZ eVhidg' <hhV bZciVa^YVYZ w ^c[Vci^a'
Fjigdh ZhiVkVb hZ dg\ja]VcYd YZ iZgZb h^Yd WVi^oVYdh
Zb cdbZ YZ 8ed^d' MdXx Xdc]ZXZ eZhhdVh fjZ VX]Vb fjZ
ixb bV^h eg^k^aw\^dh Zhe^g^ijV^h% edg iZgZb h^Yd WVi^oVYVh
eZad eVhidg [jaVcd dj cVh r\jVh Yd g^d AdgYud6 GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ ^hhd cud w ^bedgiVciZ' < ZggVYd kdXx ^YZci^[^XVg
fjVafjZg cdbZ YZ ]dbZb cd hZj WVi^hbd Vawb Yd cdbZ
YZ AZhjh' 8hh^b% Zb kZo YZ ]dcgVg V AZhjh Z egdbdkZg V jc^í
YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V% ZhhVh eZhhdVh ZmVaiVkVb dh ]dbZch Z Xg^VkVb
V YZhjc^ud YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad cud i^c]V jbV a^hiV YZ
fjVcidh WVi^hbdh ]Vk^V [Z^id' F ^bedgiVciZ w hZg WVi^oVYd
Zb cdbZ YZ AZhjh' F hZj WVi^hbd cud k^cXjaV kdXx Xdb V
eZhhdV fjZ d WVi^odj% bVh k^cXjaV kdXx Xdb :g^hid'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% M V P BH\SV JY\JPMPJHKV W V Y ]VJjZ3 #*'*,&
+.$' GVjad [Vo V iZgXZ^gV eZg\jciV3 à=d^ GVjad XgjX^[^XVYd
edg kzh6â GVjad% V\dgV% aZkVciV jb Ydh \gVcYZh iZbVh YZhhZ
XVeyijad% V Xgjo YZ :g^hid' 8 Xgjo dXjeV jb aj\Vg XZcigVa
cV egdXaVbVvud Yd ZkVc\Za]d' < iVcid d edcid Xa^bri^Xd
YZ jbV k^YV YZ Vjid&gZc~cX^V fjVcid d ^chigjbZcid
YZh^\cVYd YZ hVakVvud'+2GVjad ^cigdYjo jb XdcigVhiZ ZcigZ
d edYZg Yd ZkVc\Za]d Z V [gVfjZoV YV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV'
<aZ bdhigV fjZ dh \gjedh fjZ Zm^hi^Vb YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V
da]VgVb eVgV V Xgjo Zb igxh eZgheZXi^kVh Y^[ZgZciZh' GVjad
Y^o3 àQ'''R bVh czh egZ\Vbdh V :g^hid XgjX^[^XVYd% ZhXtcYVad
eVgV dh _jYZjh% adjXjgV eVgV dh \Zci^dh4 bVh eVgV dh fjZ
[dgVb X]VbVYdh% iVcid _jYZjh Xdbd \gZ\dh% egZ\Vbdh V
:g^hid% edYZg YZ ;;Zjh Z hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjhâ #*'+,%+-$'
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ Va\jch igdeZvVgVb cV Xgjo'
HjZb w fjZ igdeZvdj cV Xgjo6
AZ Q\KL\Z #*'+,V$' DVh edg fjZ dh _jYZjh igdeZvVgVb
cV Xgjo6 GdgfjZ ZaZh V\jVgYVkVb jb b^aV\gZ' Edh ZkVcí
\Za]dh% dh _jYZjh Zhiud hZbegZ X]Z\VcYd eZgid YZ AZhjh
eZY^cYd b^aV\gZh' < AZhjh cjcXV [Zo b^aV\gZ eVgV V\gVYVg
V c^c\jwb' <aZh ZhiVkVb VXdhijbVYdh V jbV ]^hizg^V YZ
\gVcYZh b^aV\gZh% Z ZaZh V\jVgYVkVb jb DZhh^Vh kZcXZYdg
fjZ ^g^V fjZWgVg d _j\d Ydh hZjh ^c^b^\dh' EV eaZc^ijYZ Ydh
iZbedh kZ^d d DZhh^Vh hd[gZYdg% VfjZaZ fjZ hZ [Zo XVgcZ Z
bdggZj cjbV Xgjo' Eud ZgV ^hhd fjZ dh _jYZjh ZheZgVkVb'
Gdg ^hhd% ZaZh igdeZvVgVb cV Xgjo' Eud k^gVb cZaV d edYZg
cZb V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh' Fh _jYZjh cud k^gVb cV Xgjo
jb ^chigjbZcid YZ hVakVvud eVgV ZaZh' 8 xc[VhZ YZaZh ZgV
Zb b^aV\gZh edYZgdhdh Z V Xgjo ZgV jb h^cVa YZ [gVfjZoV'
<aZh V\jVgYVkVb jb DZhh^Vh kZcXZYdg Z AZhjh kZ^d Xdbd
d DZhh^Vh hd[gZYdg' GdgfjZ dh _jYZjh ZheZgVkVb h^cV^h% ZaZh
igdeZvVgVb cV Xgjo' :dcijYd% V [gVfjZoV YZ ;;Zjh% V Xgjo%
w bV^h [dgiZ Yd fjZ dh ]dbZch #*'+.$'
AZ NYLNVZ #*'+,W$' F bV^dg egdWaZbV Ydh \Zci^dh ZgV Zb
gZaVvud s Xgjo' GVgV dh \gZ\dh% V Xgjo ZgV jbV ida^XZ% edgfjZ
ZaZh Zc[Vi^oVkVb V hVWZYdg^V' <aZh ZhXVgcZXZgVb YV Xgjo'
DVh GVjad eZg\jciV3 àFcYZ Zhir d hrW^d6 FcYZ% d ZhXg^&
WV6 FcYZ% d ^cfj^g^Ydg YZhiZ hwXjad6â #k' +)$' GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ V hVWZYdg^V Yd ]dbZb cud XdchZ\j^j Vi^c\^g
d Xdc]ZX^bZcid eZhhdVa YZ ;;Zjh% Z cud aZkdj d ]dbZb Vd
Xdc]ZX^bZcid YV hVakVvud' F iZbed rjgZd Ydh \gZ\dh Z Ydh
gdbVcdh% Z V [^adhd[^V YZ JzXgViZh% GaViud Z 8g^hiziZaZh cud
a]Zh igdjmZgVb ^ajb^cVvud Zhe^g^ijVa' F Ved\Zj YV [^adhd[^V
\gZ\V% cV ^YVYZ YZ djgd% d hwXjad YZ Gwg^XaZh% [d^ Xdch^YZí
gVYd edg GVjad Xdbd iZbed YZ ^\cdgtcX^V Z XZ\jZ^gV "]LQH
8i *0',)$' 8 hVWZYdg^V YZaZh cud dh ]VW^a^idj V Xdc]ZXZg V
;;Zjh cZb V gZXZWZg V hVakVvud' GVjad Y^o fjZ ;;Zjh YZj jb
\gVcYZ oZgd eVgV V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV% ed^h ZaV cud XdchZí
\j^j XdcYjo^g d ]dbZb s hVakVvud'
:]VgaZh ?dY\Z bZcX^dcV fjVigd gVo}Zh edg fjZ GVjad
Xdch^YZgdj cjaV V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV Xdbd ^chigjbZcid YZ
hVakVvud3 *$ ;;Zjh YZj d JZj kZgZY^Xid YZ fjZ V hVWZYdg^V
]jbVcV cud eVhhV YZ ida^XZ #*'*2%+)$4 +$ 8 ZmeZg^xcX^V
egdkdj V ^chj[^X^xcX^V YV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV eVgV XdcYjo^g
Vh eZhhdVh Vd Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ ;;Zjh #*'+*$4 ,$ ;;Zjh
ZhiVWZaZXZj d ZkVc\Za]d eVgV hZg d \gVcYZ ^chigjbZcid YV
hVakVvud #*'+*&+.$4 -$ 8 ZmeZg^xcX^V Ydh Xdg^ci^dh gZkZadj
fjZ V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV cud e|YZ XdcYjo^&adh s hVakVvud
cZb a]Zh YVg XZgiZoV YZaV' <aZh ZhiVkVb Zb :g^hid cud
edgfjZ ZgVb bV^h hrW^dh Yd fjZ djigdh% bVh h^beaZhbZciZ
edgfjZ ;;Zjh dh ]Vk^V ZhXda]^Yd Z X]VbVYd #*'+/&,)$' F
eaVcd YZ ;;Zjh Zb idYVh ZhhVh Xd^hVh ZgV ]jb^a]Vg d ]dbZb
àQ'''R eVgV fjZ% Xdbd Zhir ZhXg^id3 8fjZaZ fjZ hZ \adg^V%
\adg^Z&hZ cd JZc]dgâ #*',*$',)
8a\jch% edgwb% XgZgVb Z ZaZh ZmeZg^bZciVgVb d edYZg
Z V hVWZYdg^V YV Xgjo #*'+-%+.$' HjVcYd Va\jwb da]V eVgV
AZhjh% kx cZaZ d edYZg YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad [VaV eVgV dh _jYZjh
Z eVgV fjZ VfjZaZh fjZ Zhiud fjZgZcYd b^aV\gZh% fjZ AZhjh
w d bV^dg b^aV\gZ' <aZ w d edYZg YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad da]V
eVgV dh \gZ\dh fjZ Zhiud WjhXVcYd hVWZYdg^V Z Y^o3 AZhjh
w V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh' AZhjh w fjZb gZkZadj ;;Zjh' AZhjh
w V hyciZhZ YV hVWZYdg^V' EZaZ Zhiud ZhXdcY^Ydh idYdh dh
iZhdjgdh YV hVWZYdg^V #:a +',$' 8 hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh Zhir
cd ZkVc\Za]d' Fh \gZ\dh cud da]VgVb eVgV V Xgjo Yd edcid
YZ k^hiV YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad eZg\jciV Vd hrW^d% Vd ZhXg^WV Z Vd
[^azhd[d hZ ZaZh Xdc]ZXZgVb V ;;Zjh edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ hZjh
ZhijYdh #*'+)%+*$6 Eud <aZh Xdc]ZXZgVb V ;;Zjh edg bZ^d
Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
GVjad hz iZb jbV bZchV\Zb #*'+*%+-$3 :g^hid XgjX^[^í
XVYd w d edYZg YZ ;;Zjh eVgV dh _jYZjh Z V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh
eVgV dh \gZ\dh' Ezh hdbdh X]VbVYdh s Xdbjc]ud edg XVjhV
YV cdhhV jc^ud Xdb :g^hid3 <aZ bdggZj edg czh' Ezh [dbdh
WVi^oVYdh Zb JZj cdbZ' Ezh ZhiVbdh ^YZci^[^XVYdh Xdb
JjV Xgjo' HjZ bVgVk^a]dhV WVhZ eVgV V jc^YVYZ Zhe^g^ijVa
1 IGQEJA ] TL ONUN CHALADN OAQA GKNQIFICAQ A 3ETR
&#'+"(﴾&
F \gVcYZ egdWaZbV Ydh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid w fjZ ZaZh
i^c]Vb V iZcYxcX^V YZ hZg dg\ja]dhdh% Z sh kZoZh% hZ j[VcVí
kVb YZ Xd^hVh fjZ YZkZg^Vb [Vox&adh X]dgVg Fh Xdgyci^dh
i^c]Vb V iZcYxcX^V YZ [^XVg ^cX]VYdh YZ dg\ja]d #-'/4 .'+4
1'*$' DVh d ZkVc\Za]d cVd YZ^mV ZheVvd eVgV V hdWZgWV dj
V kV^YVYZ' :dbd GVjad a^YV Xdb ZhhV fjZhiud6
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV YLSLTIYH VZ JYLU[LZ KL 6VYPU[V
X\LT LSLZ OH]PHT ZPKV #*'+/$' <aZh ZhiVkVb X]Z^dh YZ kV^í
YVYZ' GVjad Xdgg^\Z d egdWaZbV YV kV^YVYZ ]jbVcV% bjí
YVcYd d [dXd YZhhV kV^YVYZ eVgV V \adg^[^XVvud Yd cdbZ YZ
;;Zjh' F JZc]dg X]Vbdj&dh cud edg XVjhV Yd fjZ ZgVb%
bVh V YZheZ^id Y^hhd' <aZh ZgVb iZggykZ^h eZXVYdgZh #/'2&
*)$' GVjad dh XdadXV cd hZj YZk^Yd aj\Vg #*'+/$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV YLSLTIYH VZ JYLU[LZ KL 6VYPU[V d
bdi^kd fjZ ;;Zjh dh X]VbVgV' GVjad aZbWgV dh Xdgyci^dh V
gVoud YZ ;;Zjh ix&adh X]VbVYd' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ à;;Zjh
ZhXda]Zj Vh Xd^hVh adjXVh Yd bjcYd eVgV ZckZg\dc]Vg dh
hrW^dh Z ZhXda]Zj Vh Xd^hVh [gVXVh Yd bjcYd eVgV ZckZg\dc]Vg
Vh [dgiZh4 Z ;;Zjh ZhXda]Zj Vh Xd^hVh ]jb^aYZh Yd bjcYd% Z
Vh YZhegZoVYVh% Z VfjZaVh fjZ cud hud% eVgV gZYjo^g V cVYV Vh
fjZ hud4 V [^b YZ fjZ c^c\jwb hZ kVc\adg^Z cV egZhZcvV YZ
;;Zjhâ #k' +0&+2$' ;;Zjh ZhXda]Z d idad% d [gVXd% d ]jb^aYZ
Z d YZhegZoVYd eVgV gZhhVaiVg d dg\ja]d Yd bjcYd Z V hjV
cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ \gVvV' F bjcYd eZgY^Yd VYb^gV d WZgvd YZ
djgd% d Z[H[\Z hdX^Va% d hjXZhhd [^cVcXZ^gd% d edYZg edayi^Xd%
d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid hdX^Va' DVh cZc]jbV YZhhVh Xd^hVh edYZ
cdh gZXdbZcYVg ;;Zjh dj cdh \VgVci^g V k^YV ZiZgcV' F fjZ
w fjZ Vh eZhhdVh Yd bjcYd Yud kVadg6 <aVh Yud kVadg Vd
WZgvd ^ajhigZ% Vd cdbZ YV [Vbya^V% Vd aj\Vg dcYZ V eZhhdV
bdgV% V [VXjaYVYZ fjZ ZaV Xjghdj% V edh^vud fjZ V eZhhdV
dXjeV cV hdX^ZYVYZ' Jud ZhhVh Xd^hVh fjZ d bjcYd VbV Z
kVadg^oV < GVjad Y^o fjZ ;;Zjh cud Yr kVadg V cVYV Y^hhd'
Gd^h ;;Zjh ZhXda]Z Vh Xd^hVh fjZ cud hud% eVgV ZckZg\dc]Vg
Vh fjZ hud' ;;Zjh cud eZgb^iZ fjZ c^c\jwb hZ kVc\adg^Z cV
JjV egZhZcvV'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV YLSLTIYH VZ JYLU[LZ KL 6VYPU[V H
OLYHUhH KLSLZ LT 6YPZ[V& ;;^o d Vezhidad3 àDVh kzh hd^h YZaZ%
Zb :g^hid AZhjhâ #*',)%,*$' AZhjh hZ idgcdj YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh%
hVWZYdg^V Z_jhi^vV ZhVci^[^XVvud Z gZYZcvud' 8 hVakVvud widYV
eZaV \gVvV Z edg ^hhd cud edYZbdh cdh \adg^Vg Zb ]dbZch
V^cYV fjZ hZ_Vb ]dbZch Xdbd GVjad% GZYgd Z 8ed^d' AZhjh
w V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh #*'+-$ Z cdhhV hVWZYdg^V' q <aZ fjZb
VWgZ V Xdgi^cV eVgV ZciZcYZgbdh V k^YV' JZ cud da]Vgbdh
eVgV V k^YV VigVkwh YVh aZciZh YZ AZhjh% cud ZciZcYZgZbdh
hZj h^\c^[^XVYd' AZhjh cdh gZkZaV ;;Zjh' <aZ w V ZmZ\ZhZ YZ
;;Zjh' ;;Z ^\jVa [dgbV% AZhjh w eVgV kdXx _jhi^vV% ed^h <aZ w
fjZb gZhiVjgV V hjV gZaVvud Xdb ;;Zjh' Gdg bZ^d YV [w Zb
:g^hid kdXx w _jhi^[^XVYd Z YZXaVgVYd a^kgZ YZ XjaeV eZgVciZ
d ig^WjcVa YZ ;;Zjh' Ad]c CZ^i] V[^gbV fjZ V _jhi^[^XVvud
i d XdgVvud YV bZchV\Zb Xg^hiu Zb idYd d iZbed Z Zb
idYd d aj\Vg' q V Ydjig^cV eZaV fjVa V ^\gZ_V hZ bVciwb
Zb ew dj XV^',* AZhjh w eVgV kdXx% ^\jVabZciZ% hVci^[^XVvud%
edgfjZ w VigVkwh ;;ZaZ fjZ kdXx w hZeVgVYd eVgV hZgk^g V
;;Zjh' <b :g^hid kdXx w edh^X^dcVabZciZ hVcid Z edg JZj
edYZg kdXx w igVch[dgbVYd YZ jb YZ\gVj YZ hVci^[^XVvud V
djigd' =^cVabZciZ% AZhjh w eVgV kdXx gZYZcvud edgfjZ [d^
<aZ fjZb eV\dj d egZvd eVgV fjZ kdXx [dhhZ hVakd Z w <aZ
fjZb k^gr Zb \azg^V eVgV aZkVg kdXx eVgV V :VhV Yd GV^%
dcYZ kdXx gZ^cVgr Xdb <aZ eVgV hZbegZ',+
MZbdh Vfj^ dh igxh iZbedh YV cdhhV hVakVvud' F iZbed
eVhhVYd3 Ezh [dbdh hVakdh% edgfjZ AZhjh w V cdhhV _jhi^í
vV' =dbdh _jhi^[^XVYdh' F iZbed egZhZciZ3 <hiVbdh hZcYd
hVakdh% edgfjZ AZhjh w V cdhhV hVci^[^XVvud' F iZbed [jijgd3
Ezh hZgZbdh hVakdh% edgfjZ AZhjh w V cdhhV gZYZcvud',,Ezh
V\jVgYVbdh ZhhZ Y^V% fjVcYd d cdhhd Xdged hZgr gZY^b^Yd
YV egZhZcvV Z Yd edYZg Yd eZXVYd'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ &

)G 2 8 ? 6 B ! DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& 9V[fadS @gl W J[VS& 7gd[f[TS$ DF&

)10+2 b& */&


* 3 2B4=2I ! K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& 9V[fad[S^ @S 5gdadS& 6gW`ae 5[dWe&
)1/+2 b& ),&
+ B :6 ? 6 4 < 6 B ! :d[fl$ W B @ 8 6 B C ! 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V ELZ[H{
T LU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& +*)&
, G 2 8 ? 6 B ! DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& )+&
- A B :@ B ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )*&
. A B:@B! 5MbUP# 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& 56I 6PU`[^M# Cj[ AMaX[! CA#
)11+2 b& ))&
/ A B :@ B ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& ))&
1 3 M ^ O X M e ! K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 \ # ),&
2 A ^ U [ ^ ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& ))&
*) G M S Z Q ^ ! DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& )*&
** A ^ U [ ^ ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 \ # )*&
*+ G M S Z Q ^ ! DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& )-&
)+ G :6 B C 3 6 ! KSddW` K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& ;;WaYdnX[US
9V[fadS& GS`fa 5`Vds$ GD& *((.2 b& /,*%/,/&
), G :6 B C 3 6 ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& *((.2 b& /,*&
)- B :6 ? 6 4 < 6 B ! :d[fl W B @ 8 6 B C ! 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V ELZ[H{
T LU[V NYLNV& 9V[rxWe J[VS BahS& Gqa DSg^a$ GD& )10-2 b& *0,&
). G :6 B C 3 6 ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& *((.2 b& /,*&
)/ B :6 ? 6 4 < 6 B ! :d[fl$ W B @ 8 6 B C ! 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V ELZ[H{
T LU[V NYLNV& 9V[rxWe J[VS BahS& Gqa DSg^a$ GD& )10-2 b& *0,&
)0 A B :@ B ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,&
)1 > 2 4 5 @ ? 2 = 5 ! K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYZ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& HZa_Se BW^ea`
DgT^[eZWde& BSeZh[^^W$ HB& )11-2 b& )/,1&
*( G :6 B C 3 6 ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /,+&
*) G :6 B C 3 6 ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /,+&
** G 2 8 ? 6 B ! DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& +-&
*+ 3 2 B4=2I ! K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& *.&
*, 3 2 B4=2I ! K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& */&
*- A B :@ B ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& ++&
*. 3 2 B4=2I ! K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& */&
*/ G 2 8 ? 6 B ! DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& +/&
*0 3 2 B4=2I ! K[^^[S_& '` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& *0&
+2 B U Q Z Q O W Q ^ ! :d[fl$ W B [ S Q ^ _ ! 7^Wa`& 6OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V ELZ[H{
T LU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *0.&
,) 9 [ P S Q ! 7ZSd^We& =` EOL JSHZZPJ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& 9V& 6k CiW`
7a^^[`e& 7daeeiSk 6aa]e& KZWSfa`$ =@& )1112 b& )*)1&
,* = Q U ` T ! >aZ` 9 # 5HZL JOYPZ[PHU KVJ[YPUL& KWef_[`efWd'>aZ` ?`aj DdWee&
@ag[eh[^^W$ ?W`fgU]k& )11+2 b& )0-&
,+ > M O 5 [ Z M X P ! K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYZ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11-2 b& )/-)&
,, G U Q ^ _ N Q ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /,/&
2AO_STKN '

X NRǺWPHX KU
LÀHTNLROU
&4[ '#&"&+  

8 =BH9;;F=8589 8C 9J5B;;9@<C ZhiVkV


hZcYd ViVXVYV Zb :dg^cid' F ZkVc\Za]d
hZ b^hijgVkV Xdb V [^adhd[^V' Fh Xdg^ci^dh
fjZg^Vb jb ZkVc\Za]d ]yWg^Yd% b^hijí
gVYd Xdb V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV' HjZg^Vb
d ZkVc\Za]d Z bV^h Va\jbV Xd^hV'
<hiVbdh kZcYd ZhhV bZhbV iZcYxcX^V
cV ^\gZ_V XdciZbedgtcZV% V iZcYxcX^V YZ
fjZgZg d ZkVc\Za]d Z Va\jbV Xd^hV bV^h%
V iZcYxcX^V YZ gZ_Z^iVg V h^bea^X^YVYZ
Z V ejgZoV Yd ZkVc\Za]d' Ed hwXjad
*2 ]djkZ jbV \gVcYZ iZcYxcX^V YZ
b^hijgVg ZkVc\Za]d Xdb V [^adhd[^V% Xdb
d hVWZg ]jbVcd% Z Xdb Vh WdbWrhi^XVh
YZhXdWZgiVh YV X^xcX^V' @hhd YZhV\jdj
cd a^WZgVa^hbd fjZ iZb bViVYd bj^iVh
^\gZ_Vh'
Ed hwXjad +) ]djkZ V b^hijgV Yd ZkVc\Za]d Xdb V
^YZdad\^V edayi^XV% hdWgZijYd% cV 8bwg^XV CVi^cV% YZhZbí
WdXVcYd cV X]VbVYV iZdad\^V YV a^WZgiVvud' 8 ZhhxcX^V
Yd ZkVc\Za]d [d^ bjYVYV Z d hZj Z^md hZ YZhadXdj eVgV
jb VheZXid ejgVbZciZ hdX^Va% V edcid YZ CZdcVgYd 9d[[
V[^gbVg fjZ XdckZghud cVYV bV^h w Yd fjZ _jhi^vV hdX^Va'
EV iZdad\^V YV a^WZgiVvud cud Zm^hiZ d ZaZbZcid YV gZaVvud
kZgi^XVa Xdb ;;Zjh% bVh VeZcVh YV ]dg^odciVa^YVYZ YV
[w'
<b :dg^cid d ZkVc\Za]d ZhiVkV V^cYV b^hijgVYd Vd Zm&
eZg^ZcX^Va^hbd hjW_Zi^k^hiV Z ]ZiZgdYdmd' ;;Z ^\jVa [dgbV%
]d_Z% cdh VaWdgZh Yd hwXjad +*% Vh eZhhdVh cud hZ hVi^h[Ví
oZb VeZcVh Xdb d ZkVc\Za]d4 ZaVh fjZgZb Va\d bV^h% ZaVh
fjZgZb ZmeZg^xcX^Vh VggZWViVYdgVh' @hhd YZhZbWdXdj cd
hjg\^bZcid YZ Va\jch hZ\bZcidh cZdeZciZXdhiV^h fjZ hZ
VeVgiVgVb YV Ydjig^cV cV WjhXV YV ajo ^ciZg^dg dj YVh Zmí
eZg^xcX^Vh ^ci^b^hiVh Z hjW_Zi^kVh'
=^cVabZciZ% Zb :dg^cid% d ZkVc\Za]d ZhiVkV b^hijgVYd
Vd egV\bVi^hbd' ?d_Z% iVbWwb iZbdh V b^hijgV Yd ZkVcí
\Za]d Xdb d egV\bVi^hbd' <hir [adgZhXZcYd jb Xg^hi^Vc^hí
bd YZ bZgXVYd' F ZkVc\Za]d Zhir hZ igVch[dgbVcYd cjb
egdYjid YZ ajXgd' 8h ^\gZ_Vh Zhiud V\^cYd Xdbd ZbegZhVh
fjZ [VoZb YZ ijYd eVgV V\gVYVg V [gZ\jZh^V' 8 ^\gZ_V d[ZgZXZ
d fjZ Vh eZhhdVh fjZgZb' 8 kZgYVYZ cud w bV^h V gZ[ZgxcX^V%
bVh Vfj^ad fjZ [jcX^dcV' Fh e~ae^idh Zhiud d[ZgZXZcYd jb
ZkVc\Za]d Vd \dhid YV [gZ\jZh^V% Xdbd hZ d ZkVc\Za]d [dhhZ
jb egdYjid fjZ hZ XdadXV cV egViZaZ^gV Z hZ d[ZgZXZ Vd [gZí
\jxh fjVcYd ZaZ YZhZ_V'
GVgV Xdgg^\^g ZhhZ egdWaZbV% GVjad Zme}Z cZhhZ XVeyijad
dh [jcYVbZcidh Wrh^Xdh YV bZchV\Zb Yd ZkVc\Za]d' <aZ
aZkVciV igxh XdajcVh fjZ hjhiZciVb V kZgYVYZ^gV bZchV\Zb
Yd ZkVc\Za]d3 F ZkVc\Za]d XZcigVa^oV&hZ cV bdgiZ YZ :g^hid%
i eVgiZ Yd eaVcd ZiZgcd YZ ;;Zjh Z w gZkZaVYd eZad <heyg^id
JVcid edg ^ciZgbwY^d YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
F ZkVc\Za]d ZckdakZ Vh igxh eZhhdVh YV JVciyhh^bV Kg^cí
YVYZ' Edh kZghyXjadh * V .% GVjad [VaV hdWgZ V dWgV YZ :g^hid
cV Xgjo' ;;dh kZghyXjadh / Vd 2% ZaZ [VaV Yd ZiZgcd eaVcd YZ
;;Zjh GV^' < Ydh kZghyXjadh *) Vd */% ZaZ [VaV YV Vvud Yd
<heyg^id JVcid',-

9 EUAMGEKHN ERSY CEMSQAKIWADN MA LNQSE DE 2QIRSN MA CQTW


'#&"*
GVjad gZaZbWgV fjVigd \gVcYZh kZgYVYZh s ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% YLSLTIYH%VZ HJLYJH KV JVU[LoKV KV
L]HUNLSOV& ;;^o d Vezhidad3 àGdgfjZ YZX^Y^ cVYV hVWZg ZcigZ
kzh% hZcud V AZhjh :g^hid Z ZhiZ XgjX^[^XVYdâ #+'+$' 8 Xgjo
VedciV eVgV V _jhi^vV Z eVgV d Vbdg YZ ;;Zjh' F ZkVc\Za]d
XZcigVa^oV&hZ cV bdgiZ YZ :g^hid' EV XVe^iVa YV [^adhd[^V%
GVjad YZX^YZ egZ\Vg V bZchV\Zb YV Xgjo YZ :g^hid' 8 bdgiZ
YZ :g^hid cud w jbV Ydjig^cV eZg^[wg^XV Yd Xg^hi^Vc^hbd%
bVh hjV egzeg^V ZhhxcX^V' 8 Xgjo cud w jb VexcY^XZ% ZaV
w d c~XaZd% d XZcigd% d Z^md% Z V ZhhxcX^V Yd Xg^hi^Vc^hbd'
8 bdgiZ hjWhi^iji^kV YZ :g^hid cV Xgjo w d edcid XZcigVa
Z Xjab^cVciZ Yd ZkVc\Za]d' Eud ]r djigd ZkVc\Za]d V hZg
egZ\VYd V cud hZg àAZhjh :g^hid Z ZhiZ XgjX^[^XVYdâ'
< ^ciZgZhhVciZ fjZ GVjad cud Zhir egZ\VcYd :g^hid% VegZ&
hZciVcYd&F Xdbd jb ]dbZb eZg[Z^id% dj jb ^ajhigZ bZhí
igZ YV gZa^\^ud% dj bZhbd Xdbd d hjegZbd ZmZbead YV
Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ' 8ciZh% GVjad Zhir egZ\VcYd àAZhjh :g^hid Z
ZhiZ XgjX^[^XVYdâ',.Fj hZ_V% GVjad Zhir VcjcX^VcYd V bdgiZ
YZ :g^hid' KdYVh Vh kZoZh fjZ V ^\gZ_V eZgYZ YZ k^hiV V XZc&
igVa^YVYZ YV bdgiZ YZ :g^hid% ZaV eZgYZ V ZhhxcX^V Yd egzí
eg^d ZkVc\Za]d' 8 bZhbV Xgjo% fjZ ZgV ZhXtcYVad eVgV dh
_jYZjh Z adjXjgV eVgV dh \gZ\dh% ZgV d XdciZ~Yd YV egZ\Vvud
YZ GVjad' GVjad hZ \adg^VkV YVfj^ad fjZ dh _jYZjh Z \gZ\dh
hZ ZckZg\dc]VkVb'
GVjad ZhXVcYVa^oV V X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid Vd Y^oZg fjZ w cd
:g^hid XgjX^[^XVYd fjZ hZ ZcXVgcV V kZgYVYZ^gV hVWZYdg^V
YZ ;;Zjh' GVgV GVjad d ZkVc\Za]d w VWhdajiVbZciZ Xg^hid&
Xxcig^Xd' :dbd czh ZhiVbdh ]d_Z egZX^hVcYd djk^g ^hhd 8
bV^dg^V Ydh egd\gVbVh ZkVc\wa^Xdh fjZ X^gXjaVb cV byY^V
Zhir eZgYZcYd V XZcigVa^YVYZ YV Xgjo Z XZcigVa^oVcYd&hZ cd
]dbZb' F ZkVc\Za]d% edgwb% cud w VcigdedXxcig^Xd% bVh
Xg^hidXxcig^Xd
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% YLSLTIYH%VZ KL Z\H KLKPJHhgV L_JS\ZP]H
HV L]HUNLSOV #+'*%+%-$' GVjad gZaZbWgV Vdh Xdg^ci^dh V
hjV gZhdajvud YZ hZ YZY^XVg ZmXajh^kVbZciZ Vd ZkVc\Za]d'
à<j% ^gbudh% fjVcYd [j^ iZg XdckdhXd% VcjcX^VcYd&kdh d
iZhiZbjc]d YZ ;;Zjh% cud d [^o Xdb dhiZciVvud YZ a^c\jV\Zb
Z YZ hVWZYdg^Vâ #+'*$' GVjad Zhir bdhigVcYd fjZ ZaZ cud [d^
V :dg^cid Xg^Vg jb [u&XajWZ' <aZ cud [d^ V :dg^cid Xdbd
jb [^azhd[d% eVgV VegZhZciVg bV^h jbV ^Yw^V' <aZ [d^ V
:dg^cid eVgV \adg^[^XVg V ;;Zjh egZ\VcYd d ZkVc\Za]d YZ
AZhjh :g^hid' GVjad w XViZ\zg^Xd fjVcYd idbV jbV [^gbZ
YZX^hud Zb :dg^cid3 àGdgfjZ YZX^Y^ cVYV hVWZg ZcigZ kzh'''â
#+'+$' <hhV YZX^hud w gZhjaiVYd YZ jb eZchVbZcid XaVgd%
XViZ\zg^Xd% Z VbVYjgZX^Yd' < Xdbd hZ GVjad Y^hhZhhZ3 à<j
idbZ^ V YZX^hud Z cud kdaid Vigrh' <j cud fjZgd igViVg YZ
djigV bViwg^V% V cud hZg äAZhjh :g^hid Z ZhiZ XgjX^[^XVYdãâ'
Gdg fjZ V eV^mud YZ GVjad w d ZkVc\Za]d6 GdgfjZ ZciZcí
YZj fjZ :g^hid w ijYd Z Zb idYdh' Eud ]r djigV bZchV\Zb
cZb djigd ZkVc\Za]d' Gdayi^XV% [^adhd[^V cZb Y^c]Z^gd edí
YZb dXjeVg cV k^YV Z cV egZ\Vvud YZ GVjad d aj\Vg YV Xgjo
YZ :g^hid' 8 k^YV eVgV GVjad ZgV VcjcX^Vg :g^hid' <hhV w V
\gVcYZ cZXZhh^YVYZ Ydh egZ\VYdgZh' 8 egZ\Vvud Yd ZkVc\Za]d
i V bV^dg cZXZhh^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V Z V bV^dg cZXZhh^YVYZ Yd
bjcYd' GgZX^hVbdh YZ egZ\VYdgZh fjZ iZc]Vb eV^mud eZad
ZkVc\Za]d' HjZ cud iZc]Vb djigV bZchV\Zb V cud hZg d
ZkVc\Za]d' HjZ cud iZc]Vb djigd hdc]d V cud hZg d ZkVcí
\Za]d' HjZ cud iZc]Vb djigV WVcYZ^gV Vawb Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
HjZ cud iZc]Vb djigV VigVvud V cud hZg d ZkVc\Za]d' ?d_Z%
V egZ\Vvud Yd ZkVc\Za]d idgcdj&hZ [dciZ YZ ajXgd' Dj^idh
egZ\VYdgZh egZ\Vb cud eVgV \adg^[^XVg V :g^hid cZb bZhbd
eVgV V hVakVvud Ydh eZgY^Ydh Z V ZY^[^XVvud Ydh hVakdh% bVh
egZ\Vb eVgV Vj[Zg^gZb ajXgd' Jud ^cY^kyYjdh ^cZhXgjejad&
hdh fjZ [VoZb Yd ZkVc\Za]d jb egdYjid% Yd e~ae^id jb
WVaXud% YV ^\gZ_V jbV ZbegZhV Z Ydh XgZciZh Xdchjb^YdgZh'
Dj^idh egZ\VYdgZh Zc\gVcYZXZb V h^ bZhbdh Z dh hZjh
Ydch YZ iVa bVcZ^gV fjZ aVcvVb hdbWgV hdWgZ AZhjh' EZí
c]jb cdbZ YZkZ hZg YVYd ZcigZ dh ]dbZch eZad fjVa ^bí
edgiV fjZ hZ_Vbdh hVakdh #8i -'*+$' EZc]jbV bZchV\Zb
edYZ dXjeVg d aj\Vg YV bZchV\Zb YV Xgjo'
?Vk^V Zb XZgiV ^\gZ_V jb egZ\VYdg bj^id Vaid% ]dbZb
YZ \gVcYZ ZhiVijgV% fjZ Ydb^c^XVabZciZ hZ aZkVciVkV eVgV
egZ\Vg' 8igrh Yd e~ae^id [^XVkV jb k^igVa bj^id Wdc^id%
dcYZ i^c]V jbV Xgjo YZhZc]VYV' < YZ gZeZciZ cjb Xjaid
ZheZX^Va% VfjZaV ^\gZ_V Xdck^Ydj djigd egZ\VYdg eVgV jbV
Xdc[ZgxcX^V% jb ]dbZb YZ VaijgV bZY^VcV' HjVcYd d
eVhidg YV ^\gZ_V hZ aZkVciVkV Vh eZhhdVh cud XdchZ\j^Vb kZg
d k^igVa Xdb V Xgjo' DVh cZhhZ Y^V% Xdb d cdkd egZ\VYdg% dh
XgZciZh k^gVb V WZaZoV YV Xgjo ZhiVbeVYV cd k^igVa Vigrh Yd
e~ae^id' ;;Z gZeZciZ% jbV b[Zc^c^c]V X]Vbdj V ViZcvud YZ
hjV buZ% Y^oZcYd3 àDVbuZ dcYZ Zhir VfjZaZ egZ\VYdg fjZ
fjVcYd ZaZ hZ aZkVciV V \ZciZ cud edYZ kZg V Xgjo6â,/ < V
eZg\jciV YVfjZaV bZc^cV gZegZhZciV jbV kZgYVYZ% bj^iVh
kZoZh% Zb cdhhdh Y^Vh' ?r jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d Yd egZ\VYdg
hZ aZkVciVg Z ^beZY^g fjZ Vh eZhhdVh kZ_Vb V Xgjo YZ AZhjh4
Yd egZ\VYdg hZ aZkVciVg Z YVg bV^h xc[VhZ Vdh hZjh iVaZcidh%
Vdh hZjh Ydch% V hjV XVeVX^YVYZ Yd fjZ egZ\Vg AZhjh% Z ZhiZ
XgjX^[^XVYd' Dj^idh egZ\VYdgZh Zc\gVcYZXZb V h^ bZhbdh
Z dh hZjh Ydch YZ iVa [dgbV fjZ cud edYZbdh kZg AZhjh'
;;ZkZbdh cdh \adg^Vg VeZcVh cV Xgjo YZ :g^hid #>* /'*-$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% YLSLTIYH%VZ HJLYJH KH Z\H THULPYH KL
WYLNHY V L]HUNLSOV& GVjad bdhigV jbV iZgXZ^gV Xd^hV s ^\gZ_V' <
dWhZgkZb fjZ cd kZghyXjad * ZaZ Y^o fjZ Vd X]Z\Vg V :dg^cid%
ZaZ cud VcjcX^dj d iZhiZbjc]d YZ ;;Zjh Xdb dhiZciVvud YZ
a^c\jV\Zb% dj YZ hVWZYdg^V% dj hZ_V% ZaZ cud hZ idgcdj jb
[^azhd[d dj jb dgVYdg% bVh X]Z\dj V :dg^cid Xdbd jbV
iZhiZbjc]V' GVjad Y^o fjZ iZb YjVh bVcZ^gVh YZ egZ\Vg
d ZkVc\Za]d3 Gg^bZ^gd ZaZ bZcX^dcV d VheZXid cZ\Vi^kd3
à8 b^c]V eVaVkgV Z V b^c]V egZ\Vvud cud Xdch^hi^gVb Zb
a^c\jV\Zb eZghjVh^kV YZ hVWZYdg^V'''â #+'-$' < edhhykZa d
egZ\VYdg XdbZiZg ZhhZ \gVkZ Zggd' ;;Vg bV^h xc[VhZ s [dgbV
Yd fjZ Vd XdciZ~Yd' < fjVcYd V [dgbV eVhhV V hZg bV^h
^bedgiVciZ Yd fjZ d XdciZ~Yd% XV^&hZ cd Zggd Ydh [^azhd[dh
fjZ ^Vb sh egVvVh Z Y^hejiVkVb fjZb [VaVkV bV^h Wdc^id'
8 hZ\jcYV bVcZ^gV w edh^i^kV3 à< [d^ Zb [gVfjZoV% iZbdg Z
\gVcYZ igZbdg fjZ Zj Zhi^kZ ZcigZ kzhâ #+',%-4 +:d **',)$'
GVjad cud Zhir [VaVcYd Vfj^ YZ jbV [gVfjZoV Z YZW^a^YVYZ
[yh^XV' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ d ZkVc\Za]d w Va\d iud
hjWa^bZ Z bVgVk^a]dhd fjZ fjVcYd ZaZ [d^ V :dg^cid% [d^ cV
idiVa YZeZcYxcX^V YZ ;;Zjh' <aZ cud [d^ Xdb j[Vc^hbd dj
Xdb VjidXdc[^VcvV4 ZaZ cud [d^ Xdb hdWZgWV dj kVc\adg^V%
bVh [d^ Xdb bj^iV ]jb^aYVYZ% edg ZciZcYZg V \gVcYZoV Z
V bV_ZhiVYZ YV bZchV\Zb fjZ ZaZ ZhiVkV egZ\VcYd' <hhV w V
Vi^ijYZ fjZ d egZ\VYdg YZkZ iZg' <aZ YZkZ hjW^g Vd e~ae^id
Xdb iZbdg Z igZbdg' <bWdgV GVjad [dhhZ jb Vezhidad% ZaZ
kZ^d V :dg^cid hZb egZhjcvud% hZb VjidXdc[^VcvV% bVh
Xdb ]jb^aYVYZ% hVWZcYd YV hjWa^b^YVYZ Yd hZj b^c^hiwg^d
Z YV \gVcYZoV YV hjV bZchV\Zb #8i *1'24 +:d *)'*)$' JZb
d edYZg Yd <heyg^id% cVd ]r egZ\Vvud',0 GgZ\Vvud w az\^XV
Z iZdad\^V Zb [d\d' DVginc CadnY&AdcZh Y^o XaVgVbZciZ3
àGgZ\Vvud w az\^XV Zb [d\d GgZ\Vvud w gVoud ZadfÄZciZ
GgZ\Vvud w iZdad\^V Zb [d\d% w iZdad\^V k^cYV edg ^ciZgbwY^d
YZ jb ]dbZb fjZ Zhir Zb [d\dâ',1 < Xdc]ZX^YV V [VbdhV
[gVhZ YZ Adud NZhaZn3 àGdc]V [d\d cd hZj hZgbud dj edc]V
d hZgbud cd [d\dâ' Jz d <heyg^id JVcid edYZ VXZcYZg jbV
[d\jZ^gV cd e~ae^id' Adud :Vak^cd Y^o3 à8 GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh
cjcXV YZkZ hZg hZeVgVYV Yd <heyg^idâ',2 :dcXdgYd Xdb <'
D' 9djcYh fjVcYd Y^o3 àF <heyg^id JVcid cud [aj^ edg
bZ^d YZ bwidYdh% bVh YZ ]dbZch' <aZ cud kZb hdWgZ
brfj^cVh% bVh hdWgZ ]dbZch' <aZ cud jc\Z eaVcdh% bVh
]dbZch & ]dbZch YZ dgVvudâ'-) :]VgaZh Jejg\Zdc hZbegZ
hjW^V dh fj^coZ YZ\gVjh Yd hZj e~ae^id Y^oZcYd3 à<j XgZ^d
cd <heyg^id JVcidâ'-*
GVjad w Zc[ri^Xd3 à8 b^c]V eVaVkgV Z V b^c]V egZ\Vvud
cud Xdch^hi^gVb Zb a^c\jV\Zb eZghjVh^kV YZ hVWZYdg^V%
bVh Zb YZbdchigVvud Yd <heyg^id Z YZ edYZgâ #+'-$' F fjZ
w YZbdchigVvud Yd <heyg^id6 8 eVaVkgV àYZbdchigVvudâ% cV
ayc\jV dg^\^cVa% HWVKLP_PZ$ igVo V ^Yw^V YZ jbV egdkV aZ\Va
VegZhZciVYV Y^VciZ YZ jbV XdgiZ'-+ CZdc Ddgg^h Y^o fjZ
HWVKLP_PZ i V egdkV bV^h g^\dgdhV'-, < fjVa ZgV V egdkV aZ\Va
fjZ GVjad igVo^V6 <gV VegZhZciVg k^YVh igVch[dgbVYVh eZaV
egZ\Vvud edYZgdhV Yd ZkVc\Za]d JjV egZ\Vvud cud ZgV jbV
eZvV YZ dgVizg^V% bVh ZgV ejgV YZbdchigVvud Yd <heyg^id Z YZ
edYZg' <aZ VegZhZciVkV Y^VciZ YV XdgiZ k^YVh igVch[dgbVYVh%
kZgYVYZ^gdh b^aV\gZh Yd Xwj' GVjad cud ZhiVkV egZdXjeVYd
Zb [VaVg Wdc^id% bVh Zb bdhigVg d gZhjaiVYd Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
GVjad Y^hhZ Vdh Xdgyci^dh3 DZjh ^gbudh fjVcYd Zj X]Z\jZ^
Viw kdXxh% Zj cud fj^h hZg jb [^azhd[d dj jb dgVYdg% VciZh
Zj gZhdak^ VcjcX^Vg d ZkVc\Za]d fjZ igVch[dgbV k^YVh' <j
fj^h egZ\Vg jbV bZchV\Zb fjZ gZVa^oV bjYVcvV cV k^YV
YVh eZhhdVh'
<hhZ w d ZkVc\Za]d fjZ egZX^hVbdh% cud jb ZkVc\Za]d
WZhjciVYd YV egZiZchV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV% bVh d ZkVc\Za]d
YV h^bea^X^YVYZ% YV ejgZoV Z Yd edYZg Yd <heyg^id JVcid'
HjZb igVch[dgbV d XdgVvud Yd ]dbZb cud w V WZaZoV YV
gZizg^XV ]jbVcV% bVh d edYZg Yd <heyg^id JVcid YZ ;;Zjh'
GVjad cud Zhir YZhZcXdgV_VcYd d egZeVgd eVgV egZ\Vg% bVh
Zc[Vi^oVcYd hdWgZ fjZb dh ]dad[diZh YZkZb ZhiVg' GVjad
cud Zhir XdcigV d jhd YV dgVizg^V% bVh YV dgVizg^V hZb V
jcvud Yd <heyg^id' F egZ\VYdg YZkZ jhVg hjV gZizg^XV eVgV
VegZhZciVg :g^hid Z cud eVgV ZmVaiVg V h^ bZhbd'
Ed hwXjad *2% jb ijg^hiV X]Z\dj V CdcYgZh' ;;Z bVc]u
ZaZ [d^ V jbV \gVcYZ ^\gZ_V eVgV djk^g jb Ydh bV^h [Vbdhdh
egZ\VYdgZh YVfjZaZ hwXjad' HjVcYd ZaZ hV^j YV ^\gZ_V%
ZmXaVbdj YZ bVcZ^gV ^ciZchV3 fjZ \gVcYZ egZ\VYdg czh
djk^bdh cZhiV bVc]u < s cd^iZ ZaZ [d^ s ^\gZ_V YZ :]VgaZh
Jejg\Zdc% Z Vd hV^g YVfjZaV ^\gZ_V% iVbWwb [Zo jbV \gVcYZ
ZmXaVbVvud3 HjZ \gVcYZ ;;Zjh ZhiZ egZ\VYdg egZ\dj cZhiV
cd^iZ <hhV w V Y^[ZgZcvV Lb egZ\dj eVgV ^begZhh^dcVg d
VjY^izg^d4 d djigd egZ\dj eVgV gZhhVaiVg V \gVcYZoV YZ ;;Zjh
Z V \gVvV YZ AZhjh' < ^hhd fjZ GVjad fjZg^V Zch^cVg eVgV V
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% YLSLTIYH%VZ KV ZL\ WYVWlZP[V KL WYLNHY V
L]HUNLSOV& GVjad YZ^mV XaVgd d egdezh^id eVgV d fjVa ZaZ egZí
\VkV d ZkVc\Za]d3 àQ'''R eVgV fjZ V kdhhV [w cud hZ Ved^VhhZ
Zb hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV Z h^b cd edYZg YZ ;;Zjhâ #+'.$' KZí
bdh YZ egZ\Vg d ZkVc\Za]d Xdb h^bea^X^YVYZ% gZhhVaiVcYd d
hZj XdciZ~Yd eVgV fjZ Vh eZhhdVh cud YxZb bV^h ^bedgitcí
X^V Vd egZ\VYdg fjZ V bZchV\Zb' <hhZ ZgV d egdWaZbV YV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' CZbWgVb6 <aZh ZhiVkVb Y^k^Y^cYd V ^\gZí
_V Z edg fjx6 GdgfjZ ZhiVkVb YVcYd bV^h ^bedgitcX^V Vd
egZ\VYdg Yd fjZ s bZchV\Zb' GVjad egZX^hV Zch^cVg V ZhhV
^\gZ_V fjZ d kVhd% d bZchV\Z^gd% w YZ WVggd #+:d -'0$' F
^bedgiVciZ cVd w d kVhd YZ WVggd% d ^bedgiVciZ w d edYZg%
w d XdciZ~Yd fjZ Zhir YZcigd Yd kVhd' <hhZ XdciZ~Yd i d
edYZg YZ ;;Zjh' <hhZ XdciZ~Yd w d ZkVc\Za]d' < w ZhhZ Xdcí
iZ~Yd fjZ iZb YZ hZg gZhhVaiVYd' GVjad X]Z\V V eZg\jciVg s
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3 fjZb w GVjad6 HjZb w 8ed^d6 8eZcVh
hZgkdh edg bZ^d YZ fjZb kdXxh XgZgVb' GVjad fjZg fjZ ZaZh
Xdc[^Zb Zb ;;Zjh Z cVd cd bZchV\Z^gd' F egdezh^id YV
egZ\Vvud cud w ZcVaiZXZg d egZ\VYdg% bVh d AZhjh fjZ d egZí
\VYdg VcjcX^V' KdYVh Vh kZoZh fjZ V ^\gZ_V XdbZiZ d eZXVYd
Yd Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ% YVcYd bV^h xc[VhZ Vd egZ\VYdg
fjZ s egZ\Vvud% Xdche^gV XdcigV AZhjh% ZhkVo^V d ZkVc\Za]d%
Z idgcV&hZ jb dWhirXjad eVgV d eZXVYdg k^g V :g^hid'

9 EUAMGEKHN FNI CNMCEBIDN MA ESEQMIDADE E FAW OAQSE DN


OKAMN ESEQMN DE 3ETR '#+".
Kgxh kZgYVYZh hjWa^bZh hud Vfj^ YZhiVXVYVh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H VYPNLT KH ]LYKHKLPYH ZHILKVYPH #+'0$'
AZhjh :g^hid XgjX^[^XVYd w V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh' 8 kZgYVYZ^gV
hVWZYdg^V% DVMPH$ cud w V [^adhd[^V% bVh d ZkVc\Za]d' 8
hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh cud Zhir cV DVMPH$ cV [^adhd[^V ]jbVcV%
bVh cd ZkVc\Za]d' 8 hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh w àAZhjh :g^hid Z
ZhiZ XgjX^[^XVYdâ'
HjVa w V dg^\Zb YV kZgYVYZ^gV hVWZYdg^V6 8 hVWZYdg^V
cud egdXZYZ YZ ]dbZch% egdXZYZ YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad Y^o3 àQ'''R
bVh [VaVbdh V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh Zb b^hiwg^d'''â #+'0$'
<hhV hVWZYdg^V cud w egdYjid YV ajXjWgVvud ]jbVcV% cZb
Yd eZchVbZcid gZ[^cVYd Ydh Xdg^[Zjh YV [^adhd[^V' <hhV
hVWZYdg^V kZb YZ ;;Zjh Z cud Ydh ]dbZch' GVjad X]Z\V
V Y^oZg3 à<cigZiVcid% Zmedbdh hVWZYdg^V ZcigZ dh ZmeZg^í
bZciVYdh'''â #+'/$' F iZgbd àZmeZg^bZciVYdhâ w jb iVcid
Y^[yX^a YZ ZciZcYZg edgfjZ w V eVaVkgV [LSLPVZ$ YZ dcYZ kZb
V eVaVkgV bVYjgd' GVjad cVd Zhir [VaVcYd YZ XZgiV XViZ\dg^V
YZ XgZciZ% bVh Zhir [VoZcYd jbV Y^hi^cvud ZcigZ dh hrW^dh
Yd bjcYd Z VfjZaZh fjZ hud XdckZgi^Ydh' <hhZh ZmeZg^bZcí
iVYdh hud cV kZgYVYZ dh fjZ hud XdckZgi^Ydh% fjZ ixb d
<heyg^id JVcid Z hud cdkVh Xg^VijgVh' <b djigVh eVaVkgVh%
GVjad Zhir XdbeVgVcYd dh hVakdh Xdb dh eZgY^Ydh'
GVjad dg^ZciV fjZ ZhhV hVWZYdg^V cud XdbZvdj cV
?^hizg^V% bVh cV ZiZgc^YVYZ' <aZ Y^o3 àQ'''R V hVWZYdg^V YZ
;;Zjh Zb b^hiwg^d% djigdgV dXjaiV% V fjVa ;;Zjh egZdgYZcdj
YZhYZ V ZiZgc^YVYZ'''â #+'0$' FjigdgV ZhXdcY^YV% bVh V\dgV
eaZcVbZciZ VWZgiV% gZkZaVYV V djigVh eZhhdVh' 8 kZgYVYZ^gV
hVWZYdg^V cud egdXZYZ Ydh ]dbZch% bVh YZ ;;Zjh' EdhhV
hVakVvud [d^ eaVcZ_VYV edg ;;Zjh cV ZiZgc^YVYZ' 8iw bZhbd
V bdgiZ YZ :g^hid ZhiVkV cdh eaVcdh YZ ;;Zjh #8i +'++%+,4
aGZ *'*1&+)$' F ZkVc\Za]d cud w jbV ^Yw^V iVgY^V% jb
eaVcd YZ ~ai^bV ]dgV% bVh Va\d eaVcZ_VYd cV bZciZ YZ
;;Zjh YZhYZ V ZiZgc^YVYZ'
< cZhhZ hZci^Yd fjZ Adud :Vak^cd X]Z\dj V Y^oZg fjZ
czh hz Xdc]ZXZbdh V ;;Zjh edgfjZ ;;Zjh hZ gZkZadj V czh'
F Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ ;;Zjh cud w egdYjid YV ^ckZhi^\Vvud
]jbVcV% bVh YV gZkZaVvud Y^k^cV' Ezh cud F Xdc]ZXZbdh
eZaV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV' 8ciZh% F Xdc]ZXZbdh edgfjZ <aZ hZ
gZkZadj V czh' ;;Zjh hZ gZkZadj cV cVijgZoV% cV XdchX^xcX^V%
cVh <hXg^ijgVh Z Zb AZhjh :g^hid'
HjVa [d^ d egdezh^id YZ ;;Zjh VWg^g Vh Xdgi^cVh Z cdh bdhí
igVg V kZgYVYZ^gV hVWZYdg^V% fjZ w AZhjh6 ;;Zjh egZdgYZcdj
ZhhVh XdjhVh eVgV V cdhhV \azg^V #+'0$' F fjZ w fjZ GVjad Zhir
fjZgZcYd Y^oZg Xdb ^hhd6 HjZ V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh dW_Zi^kV
cud VeZcVh V hjV egzeg^V \azg^V% bVh% iVbWwb% V \azg^V YV
^\gZ_V' 8 hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh ^cXaj^ kdXx cV bZY^YV Zb fjZ
ZaV dW_Zi^kV V hjV \adg^[^XVvud% V hjV ZcigVYV cd Xwj% V hjV
gZYZcvud Zb AZhjh :g^hid' F egdezh^id YZhhV hVWZYdg^V cud
w VeZcVh V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh% bVh iVbWwb V \azg^V Ydh gZb^Ydh'
F eaVcd YZ ;;Zjh hZbegZ dW_Zi^kV V eaZcV \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh
#<[ *'/%*+%*-$% bVh iVbWwb Xjab^cVgr Zb cdhhV \azg^V%
Zb cdhhV XdbeaZiV gZYZcvud #Ad *0'++&+-4 Ib 1'+1&,)$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V JVUOLJPT LU[V KH ]LYKHKLPYH ZHIL{
KVYPH& :dbd w fjZ edYZbdh Xdc]ZXZg ZhhV hVWZYdg^V fjZ
cVhXZj cV ZiZgc^YVYZ% fjZ cVhXZj Zb ;;Zjh6 F Vezhidad
GVjad Y^o3 àQ'''R hVWZYdg^V ZhhV fjZ cZc]jb Ydh edYZgdhdh
YZhiZ hwXjad Xdc]ZXZjâ #+'1$' F ]dbZb cud gZ\ZcZgVYd
cud Xdc]ZXZ V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh' GZaV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVí
cV% d ]dbZb cud Xdc]ZXZj V ;;Zjh% bVh eZaV hVWZYdg^V YZ
;;Zjh% d ]dbZb [d^ hVakd eZaV Xgjo' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ
ZhhV hVWZYdg^V% cZc]jb Ydh edYZgdhdh YZhiZ hwXjad Xdc]Zí
XZj' HjZb hud dh edYZgdhdh YZhhZ hwXjad6 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V
fjZ VeVgZXZ Vfj^ YZhXgZkZ Vh Vjidg^YVYZh gdbVcVh Z _jY^Vh
fjZ XgjX^[^XVgVb d JZc]dg YV >azg^V' < ZaZ Y^o fjZ ZaZh cud
V Xdc]ZXZgVb àQ'''R edgfjZ% hZ V i^kZhhZb Xdc]ZX^Yd% _VbV^h
iZg^Vb XgjX^[^XVYd d JZc]dg YV \azg^Vâ'
Gdg fjZ Vh Vjidg^YVYZh _jY^Vh eZY^gVb V XgjX^[^XVvud
YZ AZhjh6 Gdg fjZ Vh Vjidg^YVYZh gdbVcVh F XgjX^[^XVgVb6
GdgfjZ cud Xdc]ZX^Vb VAZhjh GdgfjZ hZi^kZhhZb Xdc]ZX^Yd
YZ [Vid fjZb AZhjh :g^hid ZgV% _VbV^h iZg^Vb XgjX^[^XVYd
d JZc]dg YV >azg^V' Fh ^ciZaZXijV^h Yd bjcYd hud XZ\dh
Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ% ZaZh cud ixb Y^hXZgc^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa
cZb ZciZcY^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa' Gdg ^hhd% fjVcYd AZhjh ZhiVkV
cV Xgjo Y^hhZ3 àGV^% eZgYdV&a]Zh% edgfjZ cud hVWZb d fjZ
[VoZbâ #CX +,',-$'
GgZhiZ ViZcvud Zb jb YZiVa]Z bVgVk^a]dhd Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ V ^\cdgtcX^V Zhe^g^ijVa w V XVjhV YZ
jb ^bZchd bVa Z iVbWwb w dXVh^ud YZ jb ^bZchd WZb'
< V XVjhV YZ jb ^bZchd bVa edgfjZ ZaZh XgjX^[^XVgVb d
JZc]dg YV >azg^V' <hhV [d^ V bV^h iZggykZa ^c_jhi^vV% ed^h
AZhjh ZgV ^cdXZciZ' =d^ V bV^h egd[jcYV ^c\gVi^Yud% edgfjZ
AZhjh VcYdj [VoZcYd d WZb' =d^ V bV^h iZggykZa XgjZaYVYZ%
edgfjZ XgjX^[^XVgVb d JZc]dg YV >azg^V' < V^cYV% [d^
V bV^h eZgkZghV ^be^ZYVYZ% ed^h XgjX^[^XVgVb d =^a]d YZ
;;Zjh% d JVakVYdg Yd bjcYd' MZ_V fjZ jb Vid fjZ XVjhV
bVa% jb ^bZchd bVa% edYZ YZhV\jVg Zb jbV dXVh^ud eVgV
jb ^bZchd WZb' GVjad a^\V d [Vid YZ XgjX^[^XVgZb d JZc]dg
YV >azg^V Xdb d kZghyXjad 23 àQ'''R bVh% Xdbd Zhir ZhXg^idâ%
dj hZ_V% V XgjX^[^XVvud YZ AZhjh kV^ VWg^g Vh edgiVh eVgV Va\d
ZmigZbVbZciZ \adg^dhd àEZb da]dh k^gVb% cZb djk^Ydh
djk^gVb% cZb _VbV^h eZcZigdj Zb XdgVvud ]jbVcd d fjZ
;;Zjh iZb egZeVgVYd eVgV VfjZaZh fjZ d VbVbâ' =Vcirhi^Xd
^hhd =d^ V XgjX^[^XVvud Yd JZc]dg YV >azg^V fjZ VWg^j
Vh XdbedgiVh YV >azg^V' =d^ V XgjX^[^XVvud Yd JZc]dg YV
>azg^V fjZ VWg^j d XVb^c]d eVgV ;;Zjh' =d^ V XgjX^[^XVvud
Yd JZc]dg YV >azg^V fjZ VWg^j V edgiV YZ ZcigVYV eVgV d
eVgVyhd% eVgV V WZb&VkZcijgVcvV ZiZgcV' GdgfjZ AZhjh [d^
XgjX^[^XVYd Zb cdhhd aj\Vg% ;;Zjh egZeVgdj eVgV czh d Xwj
Z V WZb&VkZcijgVcvV ZiZgcV' 8aZaj^V
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% VZ KVUZ KH ]LYKHKLPYH ZHILKVYPH #+'2$'
< V\dgV% GVjad cdh bdhigV dh Ydch YV kZgYVYZ^gV hVWZYdg^V'
<aZ Y^o fjZ ZhhV hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh w AZhjh' F =^a]d YZ ;;Zjh
XdchZ\j^j eVgV czh Ydch iud bVgVk^a]dhdh fjZ V eZgXZevud
]jbVcV% VigVkwh Yd hZj da]Vg% YV hjV VjY^vud% Z Yd hZj
hZci^bZcid cjcXV edYZ ZciZcYZg dj VaXVcvVg'
JZ d ]dbZb ejYZhhZ VaXVcvVg V >azg^V eZaV eZgXZevud
[yh^XV Yd da]Vg% djk^g% Z hZci^g idYVh Vh eZhhdVh VWgVvVg^Vb
d ZkVc\Za]d' DVh GVjad Y^o fjZ d ]dbZb cud XdchZ\jZ
VaXVcvVg d Ydb YV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh% d Xwj% Vh WZb&
VkZcijgVcvVh ZiZgcVh edg Vfj^ad fjZ ZaZ kx% djkZ Z hZciZ'
F ]dbZb cud edYZ VaXVcvVg V \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh eZadh hZjh
hZci^Ydh' <aV w jbV gZkZaVvud Zhe^g^ijVa' @hhd cdh aZkV Vd
iZgXZ^gd Z ~ai^bd edcid YZhiV Zmedh^vud' F ZkVc\Za]d w
gZkZaVYd eZad <heyg^id JVcid% edg ^ciZgbwY^d YV GVaVkgV YZ
;;Zjh #+'*)&*/$' 8 cdhhV hVakVvud ZckdakZ V Kg^cYVYZ' F
ZkVc\Za]d ^cXaj^ V ZhXda]V ZiZgcV Z hdWZgVcV Yd GV^ #+'0$%
V bdgiZ k^Xrg^V Yd =^a]d #+'+$ Z V Vvud gZ\ZcZgVYdgV Yd
<heyg^id JVcid #+'*+$'
F fjZ V eZgXZevud ]jbVcV cud edYZ VaXVcvVg #da]dh%
djk^Ydh% hZci^bZcid$% ;;Zjh cd&ad gZkZadj eZad JZj <heyg^id'
;;Zjh egZeVgdj ZhhVh Xd^hVh bVgVk^a]dhVh eVgV V cdhhV \azg^V
#+'0$' <hhV hVWZYdg^V hz [d^ YZhXdWZgiV VigVkwh YV gZkZaVvud
YZ ;;Zjh Z cud YV ^ckZhi^\Vvud ]jbVcV'

9 EUAMGEKHN ] QEUEKADN OEKN 4RO_QISN =AMSN ONQ


IMSEQL]DIN DA :AKAUQA DE 3ETR '#&%"&+
;;ZhiVXVbdh fjVigd egZX^dhVh kZgYVYZh cd iZmid Zb
VegZvd3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V 8ZWkYP[V DHU[V OHIP[H UVZ ZHS]VZ&
8[^gbV d Vezhidad GVjad3 àFgV% czh cud iZbdh gZXZW^Yd d
Zheyg^id Yd bjcYd Z h^b d <heyg^id fjZ kZb YZ ;;Zjh% eVgV
fjZ Xdc]ZvVbdh d fjZ edg ;;Zjh cdh [d^ YVYd \gVij^iVbZcí
iZâ #+'*+$' HjZ Xd^hV bVgVk^a]dhV GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ
czh cud cdh idgcVbdh hrW^dh cV bZY^YV Zb fjZ gZXZWZbdh
jbV ^c[dgbVvud YZ [dgV eVgV YZcigd' Ezh cdh idgcVbdh
hrW^dh fjVcYd d <heyg^id JVcid% d V\ZciZ YV kZgYVYZ^gV hVí
WZYdg^V kZb ]VW^iVg Zb czh' < d <heyg^id JVcid fjZb cdh
Xdbjc^XV :g^hid% V kZgYVYZ^gV hVWZYdg^V
Ed bdbZcid Zb fjZ kdXx Xgx Zb AZhjh% d hZj Xdged w
igVch[dgbVYd Zb iZbead Yd <heyg^id JVcid #/'*2%+)$' MdXx
w hZaVYd eZad <heyg^id JVcid #<[ *'*,%*-$% WVi^oVYd eZad
<heyg^id JVcid cd Xdged YZ :g^hid #*+'*,$ Z <aZ eZgbVcZXZ
eVgV hZbegZ Zb kdXx #Ad *-'*/$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V 8ZWkYP[V DHU[V ZVUKH [HU[V VZ ZHS]VZ
X\HU[V HZ JVPZHZ WYVM\UKHZ KL 7L\Z #+'*)%**$' F <heyg^id
JVcid cVd hz ]VW^iV cdh XgZciZh% bVh d <heyg^id JVcid
iVbWwb hdcYV dh XgZciZh Z hdcYV hZbZa]VciZbZciZ Vh
egd[jcYZoVh Yd hZg YZ ;;Zjh' Edh kZghyXjadh *) Z **% GVjad
[Vo jbV XdbeVgVvud bj^id Wdc^iV' :dbd w fjZ d ]dbZb
ZciZcYZgr ;;Zjh6 :dbd kdXx edYZ ZciZcYZg ;;Zjh6 GVjad
Y^o fjZ c^c\jwb ZciZcYZ d ]dbZb V cud hZg d Zheyg^id
fjZ Zhir YZcigd Yd ]dbZb' <j da]d eVgV kdXx% bVh Zj cud
hVWZgZ^ Y^oZg d fjZ Zhir YZcigd Yd hZj XdgVvud' <j cud hVWZgZ^
Y^oZg d fjZ Zhir cV hjV bZciZ' <j cud hVWZgZ^ Y^oZg fjV^h
dh hZjh hZci^bZcidh' EZc]jb YZ czh iZb V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ
eZghXgjiVg% hdcYVg% Z ^ckZhi^\Vg cV eaZc^ijYZ d fjZ d djigd
Zhir hZci^cYd% eZchVcYd dj YZhZ_VcYd YZcigd YZ hZj XdgVvud'
GVjad cZ\V dh XdcXZ^idh YZ =^ad% YZ fjZ d Zheyg^id ]jbVcd
edYZ Xdc]ZXZg d Y^k^cd% Z V[^gbV fjZ hdbZciZ d <heyg^id
Y^k^cd edYZ idgcVg Xdc]ZX^YVh Vh Xd^hVh YZ ;;Zjh'--
<j cud edhhd hVWZg d fjZ kV^ YZcigd Yd hZj XdgVvud%
bVh d hZj Zheyg^id hVWZ' E^c\jwb edYZ hVWZg gZVabZciZ d
fjZ hZ eVhhV cd ^ciZg^dg YZ jb ]dbZb' E^c\jwb% ZmXZid d
Zheyg^id YZhhZ bZhbd ]dbZb' ;;Z [dgV% dh djigdh ]dbZch
edYZb VeZcVh [VoZg Xdc_ZXijgVh' DVh d Zheyg^id Yd ]dbZb
cud [Vo Xdc_ZXijgVh' <aZ hVWZ' ;;Z ^\jVa bVcZ^gV% gVX^dX^cV
GVjad% c^c\jwb YZ [dgV YZ ;;Zjh edYZ hVWZg d fjZ VXdciZXZ
YZcigd YZ ;;Zjh' Jz d <heyg^id JVcid% fjZ w ;;Zjh% Xdc]ZXZ
V ;;Zjh eaZcVbZciZ Z gZkZaV ;;Zjh eVgV czh edg ^ciZgbwY^d
YV JjV GVaVkgV'-.
GVjad Y^o fjZ c^c\jwb Xdc]ZXZ d ]dbZb V cud hZg
d Zheyg^id fjZ Zhir YZcigd Yd ]dbZb' 8\dgV% Zj edhhd
Xd\^iVg VXZgXV Yd fjZ kdXx Zhir eZchVcYd% bVh Zj cud
edhhd iZg XZgiZoV' Ed ZciVcid% kdXx hVWZ ZmViVbZciZ d fjZ
Zhir eZchVcYd Z hZci^cYd' 8a\jwb [dgV YZ kdXx cud edYZ
Y^hXZgc^g d fjZ kdXx Zhir eZchVcYd Z hZci^cYd' GVjad Zmea^XV
fjZ Vhh^b iVbWwb w Xdb ;;Zjh' E^c\jwb YZ [dgV YZ ;;Zjh
XdchZ\jZ hdcYVg d JZg YZ ;;Zjh' E^c\jwb YZ [dgV YZ ;;Zjh
XdchZ\jZ Xdc]ZXZg d JZg YZ ;;Zjh V cud hZg d <heyg^id JVcid
YZ ;;Zjh' < ZaZ Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d <heyg^id JVcid w jbV
eZghdcVa^YVYZ% edgfjZ <aZ iZb Xdc]ZX^bZcid eVgV hdcYVg'
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d <heyg^id JVcid w dc^hX^ZciZ%
edgfjZ <aZ w XVeVo YZ hdcYVg Vh egd[jcYZoVh YZ ;;Zjh' <aZ
Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ w d <heyg^id JVcid% fjZb ]VW^iV Zb czh%
w fjZb Xdc]ZXZ Vh egd[jcYZoVh YZ ;;Zjh% V eZhhdV YZ ;;Zjh%
dh Vig^Wjidh YZ ;;Zjh% V >azg^V YZ ;;Zjh% Z d egd_Zid YZ ;;Zjh'
< ZhhZ <heyg^id JVcid fjZb cdh gZkZaV V eZhhdV YZ ;;Zjh' <
edg ^hhd fjZ egZX^hVbdh YZeZcYZg Yd <heyg^id JVcid eVgV
Xdc]ZXZgbdh V 9yWa^V% d ZkVc\Za]d' <j cud edhhd egZ\Vg d
ZkVc\Za]d [^VYd Zb Xdc]ZX^bZcid ]jbVcd% Zb hVWZYdg^V
]jbVcV% edgfjZ w d <heyg^id JVcid fjZb cdh gZkZaV ZhhVh
kZgYVYZh'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% V 8ZWkYP[V DHU[V i X\LT LUZPUH VZ ZHS{
]VZ& F Vezhidad GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àQ'''R d <heyg^id fjZ kZb YZ
;;Zjh% eVgV fjZ Xdc]ZvVbdh d fjZ edg ;;Zjh cdh [d^ YVYd
\gVij^iVbZciZ' ;;^hid iVbWwb [VaVbdh% cud Zb eVaVkgVh Zcí
h^cVYVh eZaV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV% bVh Zch^cVYVh eZad <heyí
g^id'''â #+'*+W%*,$' ;;Z fjZ bVcZ^gV d <heyg^id cdh Zch^cV6
Eud w YZ jbV [dgbV hjW_Zi^kV% bVh YZ jbV bVcZ^gV dW_Zí
i^kV' GVjad Y^o fjZ ZaZ cdh Zch^cV Xdc[Zg^cYd XdjhVh Zhe^g^í
ijV^h Xdb Zhe^g^ijV^h' F fjZ hZg^Vb ZhhVh XdjhVh Zhe^g^ijV^h6
8 egzeg^V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
JZ kdXx fjZg Xdc]ZXZg V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh egZX^hV
ZhijYVg V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ V 9yWa^V
^ciZgegZiV V 9yWa^V' MdXx Xdc[ZgZ XdjhVh Zhe^g^ijV^h Xdb
XdjhVh Zhe^g^ijV^h' MdXx ax jb iZmid Z d ^ciZgegZiV s ajo YZ
djigd iZmid' MdXx iZb YZ XdbeVgVg V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh Xdb
V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' AZhjh egdbZiZj fjZ d <heyg^id JVcid cdh
Zch^cVg^V #Ad *-'+/$% cdh \j^Vg^V #Ad */'*,$' <aZ cdh Zch^cV
edg ^ciZgbwY^d YV GVaVkgV #Ad *0'1$'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V 8ZWkYP[V DHU[V SL]H VZ ZHS]VZ e TH{
[\YPKHKL LZWPYP[\HS "*&),%).#& Ed kZghyXjad *-% GVjad Y^o
àFgV% d ]dbZb cVijgVa QcVd gZ\ZcZgVYd dj d ]dbZb hrí
W^d hZ\jcYd ZhiZ bjcYdR cud VXZ^iV Vh XdjhVh Yd <heyg^id
YZ ;;Zjh% edgfjZ a]Z hud adjXjgV4 Z cud edYZ ZciZcYx&aVh%
edgfjZ ZaVh hZ Y^hXZgcZb Zhe^g^ijVabZciZâ' F ]dbZb cVí
ijgVa cud ZciZcYZ Z cud VXZ^iV Vh XdjhVh YZ ;;Zjh' GdgfjZ
hjV bZciZ cud VaXVcvV% ZaZ cud VXZ^iV' JjV bZciZ Z hjV kdcí
iVYZ Zhiud Zb dedh^vud sh Xd^hVh YZ ;;Zjh' Eud ZciZcYZ edg
fjZ ZaVh hZ Y^hXZgcZb Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ Z cud VXZ^iV edgfjZ
d ZkVc\Za]d eVgZXZ adjXjgV eVgV ZaZ'
Gdg fjZ w fjZ d ]dbZb cVijgVa cud ZciZcYZ Vh XdjhVh YZ
;;Zjh6 GdgfjZ d ZkVc\Za]d cud w ZciZcY^Yd eZaV hVWZYdg^V
]jbVcV' Lb X^Zci^hiV edYZ cud ZciZcYZg d ZkVc\Za]d Z jb
VcVa[VWZid ZciZcYx&ad' EVd w jbV fjZhiud YZ ]VW^a^YVYZ dj
YZ \^crhi^XV bZciVa' Eud hZ igViV YZ hZg jbV eZhhdV Vg\jiV%
YZ bZciZ Vi^aVYV% YZ jbV VaiV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ eZgfj^g^vud'
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d ]dbZb cVijgVa% d hrW^d hZ\jcYd
ZhiZ bjcYd% cud ZciZcYZ Vh XdjhVh YZ ;;Zjh edgfjZ Vh Xd^hVh
Zhe^g^ijV^h hZ Y^hXZgcZb Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ% Z ZaZ cud Vh VXZ^iV
edgfjZ dh kVadgZh Yd ZkVc\Za]d hud adjXjgV eVgV ZaZ'
F fjZ d bjcYd VeaVjYZ% d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh gZ_Z^iV4 Vfj^ad
fjZ d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh ZcVaiZXZ% d bjcYd cud Yr kVadg' F
ZkVc\Za]d w adjXjgV eVgV d bjcYd' < cd kZghyXjad *.% GVjad
Y^o3 àGdgwb d ]dbZb Zhe^g^ijVa _ja\V idYVh Vh XdjhVhâ' 8
eVaVkgV à_ja\Vgâ [^XV jb edjXd Xdc[jhV eVgV czh% hdWgZijYd%
fjVcYd Y^o cd [^cVa Yd kZghyXjad àQ'''R bVh ZaZ bZhbd cud i
_ja\VYd edg c^c\jwbâ' Dj^iVh eZhhdVh jhVb ZhhZ kZghyXjad
eVgV ZcX]Zg d eZ^id Z Y^oZg3 Zj hdj XgZciZ Z cud VXZ^id fjZ
c^c\jwb bZ _ja\jZ' Eud w ^hhd fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd'
8 eVaVkgV à_ja\Vgâ edYZ hZg hjWhi^ijyYV edg Y^hXZgc^g' F
fjZ ZaZ Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ d ]dbZb Zhe^g^ijVa% d ]dbZb
XdckZgi^Yd% Y^hXZgcZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh3 Vh Xd^hVh Yd ]dbZb Z
Vh YZ ;;Zjh4 Vh Xd^hVh YZhiV k^YV Z Vh YV ZiZgc^YVYZ'
F Vezhidad GVjad XdcXaj^% eZg\jciVcYd3 àGd^h fjZb
Xdc]ZXZj V bZciZ Yd JZc]dg% fjZ d edhhV ^chigj^g6 Ezh%
edgwb iZbdh V bZciZ YZ :g^hidâ #+'*/$' 8 bZchV\Zb fjZ
GVjad egZ\dj Zb :dg^cid w egdYjid YV bZciZ YZ ;;Zjh' F
ZkVc\Za]d [d^ ZaVWdgVYd cV bZciZ YZ ;;Zjh cV ZiZgc^YVYZ'
GVjad Y^o fjZ czh iZbdh V bZciZ YZ :g^hid% edgfjZ czh
ZhiVbdh egZ\VcYd d egdYjid YV bZciZ YZ :g^hid% fjZ w d
ZkVc\Za]d' GdgiVcid% fjVcYd Va\jwb gZ_Z^iV d ZkVc\Za]d
Zhir gZ_Z^iVcYd V egzeg^V bZciZ YZ :g^hid' EZhhV bZhbV
a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid% =g^io I^ZcZX`Zg Y^o fjZ V bZciZ YZ
:g^hid hud dh eZchVbZcidh% dh XdchZa]dh% dh eaVcdh Z d
Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ :g^hid% Xdc]ZX^Ydh eZad ]dbZb bZY^VciZ
V Vvud Yd <heyg^id JVcid'-/
8 bZchV\Zb YV Xgjo cud w YZhiZ bjcYd' <aV kZ^d
YZ ;;Zjh% Yd Xwj4 cud w YZhXdWZgiV ]jbVcV% w gZkZaVvud
Y^k^cV'
8 bZchV\Zb YV Xgjo [d^ dgYZcVYV VciZh YZhiZ bjcYd'
<aV cud [d^ jbV bZchV\Zb YZ ~ai^bV ]dgV' ;;Zjh cud V
Xg^dj edgfjZ d eaVcd à8â [gVXVhhdj' F ZkVc\Za]d [d^ egZdg&
YZcVYd VciZh Ydh iZbedh ZiZgcdh'
8 bZchV\Zb YV Xgjo cdh igVo Wxcvudh eVgV Vawb YZhiZ
bjcYd' 8fj^ad fjZ cZc]jb da]d k^j Z cZc]jb djk^Yd
djk^j cZb _VbV^h hjW^j Vd XdgVvud Yd ]dbZb% ^hid w d fjZ
;;Zjh egZeVgdj eVgV VfjZaZh fjZ F VbVb'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ '

+, G :6 B C 3 6 ! KSddW` K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2


b& /,0%/-+&
,. 9 [ P S Q ! 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
K[^^[S_ 6& 9WdV_S`e DgT^[eZ[`Y 7a_bS`k& ;;dS`V FSb[Ve$ A=&
)11,2 b& +(&
+. G :6 B C 3 6 ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /,0&
+/ = @ A 6 C ! <Wd`S`VWe 8[Se& 4 PT WVY[fUJPH KH WYLNH hgV L_WVZP[P]H WHYH V
JYLZJPT LU[V KH <NYLQH& 9V[fadS 7S`VW[S& Gqa DSg^a$ GD& *((,2 b& ))(&
,1 = X [ e P " ;; [ Z Q _ ! ASdfk`& B YLHJOPUN BYLHJOLYZ& Ma`VWdhS` DgT^[eZ[`Y
<ageW& ;;dS`V FSb[Ve$ A=& )1/)2 b& 1/&
,2 A M ^ W Q ^ H& <& @& 6 HS]PUZWYLHJOPUN& KWef_[`efWd >aZ` ?`ai DdWee&
@ag[eh[^^W$ ?W`fgU]k& )11*2 b& *1&
,( 3 @ E ? 5 C ! 9& A& B\YWVZL PU WYH`LY& =` 8& ?& 5V\UKZ VU BYH`LY& KZ[fS]Wd
<ageW& BWi ?W`e[`Yfa`$ DW``ek^hS`[S !,./%-*)"2 b& ,.0&
,) 2 J E B 5 :2 ===$ 5dfgda& DWPYP[ LT WV^ LYLKWYLHJOPUN& AW`fad& :WSd`$ ;;dq%
6dWfS`ZS& )1102 b& ))*&
,* G :6 B C 3 6 ! G M ^ ^ Q Z G # 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /,1&
,+ > @ B B :C ! @Wa`& )6VYPU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& 9V[rxWe J[VS
BahS& Gqa DSg^a$ GD& )10+2 b& ,*&
,, B :6 ? 6 4 < 6 B ! :d[fl$ W B @ 8 6 B C ! 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *01&
,- 3 2B4=2I ! K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYPU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& ,(&
,. B :6 ? 6 4 < 6 B ! :d[fl$ W B @ 8 6 B C ! 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1(&
X PSHNLTX KH
PNWLQH
:4[ (#&"'(  

[VaV hdWgZ V
B 9GG9 7 5 D ÅH I @ C D 5 I @ C
^\gZ_V' <aZ jhV igxh bZir[dgVh Y^[ZgZciZh3
[Vbya^V% XVbed Z iZbead' GVgV GVjad% V
^\gZ_V w jbV [Vbya^V% Xj_d Vakd w V bVijí
g^YVYZ4 jb XVbed Xj_d Vakd w V fjVcí
i^YVYZ Z jb iZbead% Xj_d egdezh^id i
V fjVa^YVYZ% V[^gbV NVggZc N^ZghWZ'-0
MVbdh ZmVb^cVg bV^h YZ eZgid ZhhVh [^í
\jgVh'

1 IGQEJA ] A FAL_KIA DE 3ETR (﴾#&")﴿


GVjad cVd Zhir Zch^cVcYd fjZ Zm^hiZb
YjVh XViZ\dg^Vh YZ XgZciZh3 dh XgZciZh
XVgcV^h Z dh Zhe^g^ijV^h% dh bVYjgdh Z
dh ^bVijgdh' <hhV iZhZ YZ fjZ d XgZciZ
XVgcVa gZXZWZj V :g^hid Xdbd JVakVYdg%
bVh V^cYV cud d gZXZWZj Xdbd JZc]dg4
fjZ ZaZ Zhir _jhi^[^XVYd% bVh V^cYV cVd Zhir hZ hVci^[^XVcYd
Z fjZ ZaZ w hVakd% bVh V^cYV cVd dWZYZXZ V :g^hid w jbV
[VarX^V' <hhZ Zch^cd \ZgV cdh XgZciZh jbV [VahV Xdck^Xvud
YZ eZXVYd Z jbV [VahV hZ\jgVcvV YZ hVakVvud' 8fjZaZ fjZ
V^cYV cud gZXZWZj V :g^hid Xdbd JZc]dg cjcXV d gZXZWZj
Xdbd JVakVYdg' 8 \gVcYZ xc[VhZ Yd Edkd KZhiVbZcid w
d hZc]dg^d YZ :g^hid' :g^hid cud w JVakVYdg YZ fjZb <aZ
V^cYV cud w d JZc]dg'
<cigZiVcid% edg fjZ GVjad X]VbV dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid
YZ JHYUHPZ3 4 PT H[\YPKHKL Z V XVgcVa^YVYZ Ydh XgZciZh YZ
:dg^cid ZgVb gZhjaiVciZh YZ Yd^h [VidgZh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H PTH[\YPKHKL i JVUZLXpjUJPH KL UgV
ZL [LY HWL[P[L LZWPYP[\HS& 4 eg^bZ^gV gVoud YV ^bVijg^YVYZ ZgV
gZkZaVYV eZaV Y^ZiV Zhe^g^ijVa' GVjad [VaV fjZ ZhiVkV YVcYd
aZ^iZ eVgV ZaZh% edgfjZ cud edY^Vb gZXZWZg Va^bZcid hza^Yd'
?r Va\jch fjZ eZchVb fjZ V Y^[ZgZcvV ZcigZ aZ^iZ Z XVgcZ w
fjZ Va\jbVh eZhhdVh YV ^\gZ_V edYZb gZXZWZg YZiZgb^cVYd
i^ed YZ Zch^cd Z Ydjig^cV ZcfjVcid djigVh cud' JZgr fjZ
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ Va\jbVh eZhhdVh edYZb gZXZWZg
jb i^ed YZ Zch^cd Z fjZ hz bV^h iVgYZ% ZaVh edYZb gZXZWZg
djigd i^ed YZ Ydjig^cV6 Eud w ^hhd fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd
8 Y^[ZgZcvV w YZ Vegd[jcYVbZcid' MdXx Zch^cV Vh bZhbVh
Ydjig^cVh eVgV jbV XaVhhZ YZ Xg^VcvVh Z eVgV jbV XaVhhZ
YZ YdjidgVYd' Eud Zm^hiZb Ydjig^cVh hZXgZiVh YZhi^cVYVh
VeZcVh Vdh ^c^X^VYdh Z ZmeZg^bZciVYdh' @hhd w \cdhi^X^hbd
Z cud Xg^hi^Vc^hbd'-1 Fh bZhbdh iZbVh igViVYdh cjbV
XaVhhZ YZ cZz[^idh hud iVbWwb ZhijYVYdh eZadh XgZciZh bV^h
bVYjgdh' LbV bZhbV kZgYVYZ w aZ^iZ Z XVgcZ% ZhXaVgZXZ
:]VgaZh ?dY\Z'-2 Adud :Vak^cd Y^o^V fjZ :g^hid w aZ^iZ
eVgV dh WZWxh Z XVgcZ eVgV dh VYjaidh'.)MdXx edYZ Zch^cVg
eVgV V Xg^VcvV hdWgZ AZhjh YZ iVa bVcZ^gV fjZ ZaV ZciZcYV
Z kdXx edYZ Zch^cVg cjb Xjghd YZ ezh&YdjidgVYd hdWgZ
AZhjh Vegd[jcYVcYd Vh bZhbVh kZgYVYZh' 8 bZhbV kZgYVYZ
fjZ Zch^cVbdh eVgV dh iZzad\dh Zch^cVbdh eVgV Vh Xg^VcvVh
bV^h iZcgVh'
F fjZ VXdciZX^V Xdb V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV fjZ
]Vk^V eVhhVYd bj^id iZbed% Z dh XgZciZh V^cYV ZhiVkVb
cdh gjY^bZcidh YV [w' <aZh cud YZbdchigVkVb h^cV^h YZ
bVijg^YVYZ cd Xdc]ZX^bZcid cZb cV egri^XV YV GVaVkgV'
Gdg ^hhd% GVjad dh X]VbV YZ Xg^VcvVh Zhe^g^ijV^h' F iZmid
YZ ?ZWgZjh .'**&*- gZkZaV fjZ V bVijg^YVYZ cud w VeZcVh
jbV fjZhiud YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid% bVh% hdWgZijYd% YZ egri^XV'
?r XgZciZh fjZ cjcXV YZ^mVb dh gjY^bZcidh YV [w Xg^hiu'
Eud hZ YZhZckdakZb' Eud hZ Vegd[jcYVb' <hiud hZbegZ
WZWZcYd aZ^iZ' 8 bVijg^YVYZ cud w VaXVcvVYV VeZcVh eZad
Xdc]ZX^bZcid YV GVaVkgV' ;;^o d Vjidg Vdh ?ZWgZjh fjZ d
Va^bZcid hza^Yd w eVgV dh VYjaidh% fjZ eZaV egri^XV i^kZgVb
hjVh [VXjaYVYZh ZmZgX^iVYVh #?W .'*-$' Gdg fjZ w fjZ dh
XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid ZgVb WZWxh6 GdgfjZ ZaZh djk^Vb Z cud
XdadXVkVb Zb egri^XV' Gdg ^hhd% GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ
w egZX^hd fjZ Va\jwb X]Z\jZ Z Zch^cZ hZbegZ Vh bZhbVh
Xd^hVh V ZaZh' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid cud ZmZgX^iVkVb d fjZ
djk^Vb4 edg XdchZ\j^ciZ% ZgVb Xg^VcvVh'
Lb XgZciZ ^bVijgd Zhir hZbegZ Zbeda\VYd Xdb dh gjí
Y^bZcidh% edgwb% cud YZbdchigV ^ciZgZhhZ Zb hZ Vegd[jcí
YVg cV GVaVkgV' <aZ cud iZb VeZi^iZ edg Va^bZcid hza^Yd' <aZ
cud iZb \dhid eZad ZhijYd bZi^Xjadhd YVh <hXg^ijgVh' Eud
iZb egVoZg cV aZ^ Yd JZc]dg cZb hZ V[VY^\V cd ZhijYd YV
GVaVkgV'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H PTH[\YPKHKL i JVUZLXpjUJPH KL
YLSHJPVUHTLU[VZ T HS VYPLU[HKVZ& 8 ^bVijg^YVYZ w Xdc]ZX^YV
fjVcYd dh XgZciZh YZ^mVb YZ k^kZg Zb jc^ud eVgV
[dgbVgZb eVgi^Ydh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V #,',%-$' Lb XgZciZ
^bVijgd Zb kZo YZ Xdchigj^g edciZh YZ Xdbjc]ud XVkV
VW^hbd cdh gZaVX^dcVbZcidh' <b kZo YZ hZg jb b^c^higd
YV gZXdcX^a^Vvud% Zhir hZbegZ hZ ZckdakZcYd Zb ^cig^\Vh Z
XdciZcYVh% [dgbVcYd eVgi^Ydh Z \gjedh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V'
<aZ Xg^V dj hZ\jZ [VXv}Zh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V Zb kZo YZ aVWdgVg
eZaV eVo' GVjad jhV V eVaVkgV UiWPVZ$ àXg^VcvVâ eVgV YZh^\cVg
dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid' F Xg^hiud XVgcVa w VfjZaZ Xj_V k^YV
cud w Y^g^\^YV eZad <heyg^id4 VfjZaZ fjZ cud Y^hXZgcZ idYVh
Vh Xd^hVh Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ' KVakZo hZ gZ[^gV Vd [Vid YZ ZaZh
egdkdXVgZb Y^k^h}Zh cV ^\gZ_V% hZ\j^cYd ayYZgZh ]jbVcdh%
cud Y^hXZgc^cYd V kdciVYZ YZ ;;Zjh Vd ji^a^oVg Y^[ZgZciZh
^chigjbZcidh cV JjV dWgV'.*
8 eVaVkgV jhVYV edg GVjad eVgV àXVgcV^hâ cd kZghyXjad *
w ZHYRPUVP$ à[Z^id YZ XVgcZâ% bVh V eVaVkgV jhVYV cd kZghyXjad
, i ZHYRPRVP$ àYdb^cVYd eZaV XVgcZâ'.+CZdc Ddgg^h Y^o fjZ
d hj[^md PUVZ h^\c^[^XV% à[Z^id YZ'''â4 Vhh^b% Zb +:dgyci^dh
,',% irWjVh à[Z^iVh YZ eZYgVâ% SP[OPUVZ$ hud XdcigVhiVYVh Xdb
Vh à[Z^iVh YZ XVgcZâ% ZHYRPUVZ& <b kZo Y^hhd% d hj[^md PRVZ
h^\c^[^XV% àXVgVXiZg^oVYd edg'''â'.,
JZ cV eg^bZ^gV eVaVkgV% ZaZh ZgVb XVgcV^h edgfjZ cud
]Vk^Vb XgZhX^Yd eZaV [VaiV YZ Va^bZcid hza^Yd% cV hZ\jcYV
eVaVkgV ]r jbV XZchjgV bdgVa' <aZh ZgVb XVgcV^h edgfjZ
VcYVkVb hZ\jcYd V kdciVYZ YV XVgcZ' =g^io I^ZcZX`Zg
Y^o fjZ ZHYRPRVP YZcdiV jbV gZaVvud wi^XV Z Y^ctb^XV' < d
edcid YZ k^hiV dg^ZciVYd eVgV d Z\d% Vfj^ad fjZ eZghZ\jZ
dh egzeg^dh Vakdh cjbV ^cYZeZcYxcX^V Vjid&hj[^X^ZciZ YZ
;;Zjh'.-
GVjad X]VbV dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid YZ XVgcV^h% ed^h ZaZh
ZhiVkVb Xg^VcYd eVgi^Ydh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V Z hZ\j^cYd V
[^adhd[^V Yd bjcYd Zb kZo YZ hZ\j^g V dg^ZciVvud YV GVaVkgV'
<aZh ^bedgiVgVb ZhhZ i^ed YZ eZchVbZcid bjcYVcd eVgV
YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' <aZh Y^o^Vb3 <j hdj YZ GVjad% YZ 8ed^d%
YZ :Z[Vh dj YZ :g^hid' GVjad% Zciud% a]Zh Y^o3 MdXxh hud
XVgcV^h cV bZY^YV Zb fjZ kdXxh [VoZb \gjedh YZcigd YV
^\gZ_V' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg% ^ciZgegZiVcYd ZhhV gZVa^YVYZ cV ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid% Y^o fjZ cVfjZaV ^\gZ_V ]Vk^V edjXd Vbdg Z
bj^iV XdbeZi^i^k^YVYZ'..
Fh eVgi^Ydh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V hud h^cVa YZ ^bVijg^YVYZ
Z YZ XVgcVa^YVYZ' ?d_Z% ]r bj^idh X^hbVh Z gVX]Vh YZcigd
YVh ^\gZ_Vh edgfjZ dh XgZciZh hud ^bVijgdh' Dj^idh eVhidgZh%
VijVabZciZ% hZ idgcVb XVjY^a]dh YVh ^\gZ_Vh edgfjZ hud
XVgcV^h Z VcYVb hZ\jcYd dh ]dbZch Z cud hZ\jcYd d
<heyg^id YZ ;;Zjh' ?r dWgZ^gdh ^bedhidgZh fjZ hZ Vggd\Vb
Xdbd Ydcdh YV ^\gZ_V Z igViVb V cd^kV Yd :dgYZ^gd Xdbd
hjV egdeg^ZYVYZ eZhhdVa' <hhV Vi^ijYZ w jbV WaVh[ZbV
jhjgeVvud'
Ezh egZX^hVbdh ZhiVg bj^id ViZcidh V ^hhd' F Vakd YZ
;;Zjh eVgV V ^\gZ_V w V bVijg^YVYZ' F fjZ ;;Zjh ZheZgV Ydh
bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V w V bVijg^YVYZ' Ezh cud iZbdh YZ hZ\j^g
V ]dbZch' Ezh iZbdh YZ hZ\j^g d JZc]dg YV @\gZ_V' Ezh
cud iZbdh YZ XdadXVg cZc]jb ayYZg YV ^\gZ_V cjb eZYZhiVa'
Eud iZbdh YZ egdbdkZg d Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ' AZhjh w
d [jcYVbZcid% d ZY^[^XVYdg% d Ydcd Z d egdiZidg YV ^\gZ_V
#Di */'*1$' JdbZciZ <aZ w Y^\cd YZ gZXZWZg V ]dcgV Z V
\azg^V cV ^\gZ_V'

1 IGQEJA ] A KAUNTQA DE 3ETR (﴾#*".


8 ^\gZ_V w jb XVbed Z d hZj Vakd w V fjVci^YVYZ' GVjad
bdhigV V\dgV fjZ V ^\gZ_V w d XVbed dcYZ ;;Zjh hZbZ^V'
:g^hid XdbeVgdj d XdgVvud ]jbVcd V jb iZggZcd dcYZ V
hZbZciZ YV GVaVkgV w hZbZVYV #Di *,'*)%*1&+,$' 8 ^\gZ_V w
Xdbd jb XVbed fjZ YZkZ egdYjo^g [gjid eVgV ;;Zjh' AZhjh
Y^hhZ fjZ XVYV jb YZ czh w gVbd YV k^YZ^gV kZgYVYZ^gV
#Ad *.'*$' F egdezh^id Yd gVbd i egdYjo^g [gjidh' JZ ZaZ
cud egdYjo^g [gjidh w XdgiVYd Z aVcvVYd [dgV' 8 iVgZ[V Yd
b^c^hiwg^d w Xjai^kVg d hdad% hZbZVg V hZbZciZ% gZ\Vg V eaVciV
Z [VoZg V Xda]Z^iV Ydh [gjidh'
Ezh hdbdh Xdbd dh dWgZ^gdh fjZ igVWVa]Vb cZhhZ XVbed%
Z ZhhZ XVbed w V egzeg^V ^\gZ_V' EV ^\gZ_V ]r Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ
b^c^hiwg^dh' ?r VfjZaZh fjZ egZeVgVb d iZggZcd% dh fjZ
gZ\Vb d fjZ [d^ hZbZVYd% Z VfjZaZh fjZ Xda]Zb d [gjid
cV ]dgV YV Xda]Z^iV' HjV^h hud Vh a^v}Zh fjZ GVjad Zhir
Zch^cVcYd6
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV LZ]HaPH H JVU[YV]iYZPH ZVIYL V
J\S[V e WLYZVUHSPKHKL& HjVcYd GVjad eZg\jciV3 àHjZb w
8ed^d6 < fjZb w GVjad6â <aZ bZhbd gZhedcYZ3 àJZgkdh
edg bZ^d YZ fjZb XgZhiZhâ #,'.$' 8hh^b% GVjad YZcjcX^V
V ^c[Vci^a^YVYZ Z V XVgcVa^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V #,'-$% ed^h hZjh
bZbWgdh ZhiVkVb VcYVcYd hZ\jcYd dh ]dbZch'
GVjad ZaVWdgV Vg\jbZcidh eVgV ZhkVo^Vg V Xdcigdkwgh^V
hdWgZ d Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ cd kZghyXjad .' F fjZ ZaZ Zhir
Y^oZcYd w fjZ V xc[VhZ YZkZ gZXV^g hdWgZ ;;Zjh Z cud hdWgZ
d dWgZ^gd' ;;ZkZbdh i^gVg dh cdhhdh da]dh Ydh ^chigjbZcidh
Z XdadXr&adh Zb AZhjh'./HjZb w GVjad6 HjZb w 8ed^d6 Ed
iZmid dg^\^cVa V eZg\jciV cud w fjZb% bVh d fjx6 Ed iZmid
\gZ\d d iZgbd Zhir cd cZjigd' GVjad cud eZg\jciV fjZb w
GVjad dj fjZb w 8ed^d4 ZaZ eZg\jciV3 F fjZ w GVjad Z d
fjZ w 8ed^d6
HjVcYd GVjad [Vo ZhhV eZg\jciV% jhVcYd d cZjigd%
ZaZ YZhk^V V ViZcvud Ydh XgZciZh YV eZhhdV Ydh egZ\VYdgZh
Z XdcXZcigV V ViZcvud YZaZh Zb hjVh [jcv}Zh'.0 F Xjaid s
eZghdcVa^YVYZ w jb \gVkZ YZhk^d YV ^\gZ_V cZhiZ hwXjad'
8ijVabZciZ Vh eZhhdVh Zhiud YVcYd bj^id bV^h xc[VhZ Vd
bZchV\Z^gd Yd fjZ s bZchV\Zb4 Zhiud [dXVcYd bV^h d edgí
iVYdg Yd ZkVc\Za]d Yd fjZ d ZkVc\Za]d Zb h^ bZhbd' GVjad
ZhiVkV Y^oZcYd s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3 Eud eZchZb fjZ Zj hdj
jb Ydcd YZ ^\gZ_V' Eud bZ XdadfjZb cjb eZYZhiVa' <j
hdj VeZcVh jb hZgkd% 8ed^d iVbWwb w VeZcVh jb hZgkd' 8
eVaVkgV àhZgkdâ% jhVYV Vfj^% w KPdJVUVZ VfjZaZ fjZ hZgkZ'.1 <
ZggVYd XdcXZcigVg V ViZcvud cd hZgkd Yd JZc]dg% YZkZbdh
da]Vg eVgV d JZc]dg Ydh hZgkdh'
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd Xdb ^hhd fjZ cV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh cud
]r Ydcdh% X]Z[Zh cZb XVjY^a]dh' Eud ]r c^c\jwb fjZ
edhhV hZg XdadXVYd cd eZYZhiVa' 8 @\gZ_V hz iZb jb Ydcd
Z jb JZc]dg Z ZhhZ JZc]dg w AZhjh :g^hid' GVjad cud Zhir
fjZgZcYd bZcdhegZoVg d dWgZ^gd% bVh ZmVaiVg V AZhjh' <aZ
YZhiVXV V ^bedgitcX^V Yd hZgkd% fjVcYd eZg\jciV3 àF
fjZ w GVjad6 F fjZ w 8ed^d6 JZgkdh edg bZ^d YZ fjZb
XgZhiZhâ'
GVjad Z 8ed^d [dgVb jhVYdh edg ;;Zjh eVgV aZkVg d
ZkVc\Za]d Vdh Xdg^ci^dh' Gdg bZ^d YZaZh w fjZ d ZkVc\Za]d
X]Z\dj Viw V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' GdgiVcid% d fjZ Zhir Zb
YZhiVfjZ w d ZkVc\Za]d Z cud dh ^chigjbZcidh fjZ ;;Zjh
jhdj eVgV VcjcX^Vg d ZkVc\Za]d' 8bWVh Vh [jcv}Zh hud
^bedgiVciZh% iVcid V YZ GVjad #eaVciVg$ fjVcid V YZ 8ed^d
#gZ\Vg$% bVh hud ^c~iZ^h% hZ ;;Zjh cud YZg d XgZhX^bZcid'.2
:dbZiZbdh jb \gVkZ eZXVYd XdcigV ;;Zjh% fjVcYd
YVbdh bV^h ^bedgitcX^V Vdh bZchV\Z^gdh Yd fjZ s
bZchV\Zb% fjVcYd YZhiVXVbdh bV^h VfjZaZh fjZ egZ\Vb d
ZkVc\Za]d Yd fjZ d egzeg^d XdciZ~Yd Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV LUZPUH H KP]LYZPKHKL KL TPUPZ{
[iYPVZ UH PNYLQH& ;;^o d Vezhidad GVjad3 à<j eaVciZ^% 8ed^d
gZ\dj4 bVh d XgZhX^bZcid kZ^d YZ ;;Zjh' ;;Z bdYd fjZ cZb
d fjZ eaVciV w Va\jbV Xd^hV% cZb d fjZ gZ\V% bVh ;;Zjh%
fjZ Yr d XgZhX^bZcidâ #,'/%0$' ;;Zjh X]VbV jch eVgV egZeVí
gVg d iZggZcd% djigdh eVgV hZbZVg% djigdh eVgV gZ\Vg Z V^cYV
djigdh eVgV Xda]Zg'
?r krg^dh b^c^hiwg^dh cV ^\gZ_V Z cZc]jb w bV^h ^bedgí
iVciZ Yd fjZ d djigd' 8 xc[VhZ cud gZXV^ cdh dWgZ^gdh% bVh Zb
;;Zjh fjZ Yr d XgZhX^bZcid' 8 ^\gZ_V w Xdbd jb Xdged fjZ
iZb Y^kZghdh bZbWgdh% Xdb Y^kZghdh b^c^hiwg^dh Z Y^kZghdh
Ydch' 8 k^YV Z d XgZhX^bZcid YV ^\gZ_V hud jb b^aV\gZ fjZ
hz ;;Zjh edYZ gZVa^oVg' F XgZhX^bZcid cjbwg^Xd edYZ Viw hZg
[VWg^XVYd% bVh d XgZhX^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa hz ;;Zjh d egdYjo'
CZdc Ddgg^h YZhiVXV d [Vid YZ fjZ d kZgWd jhVYd edg
GVjad eVgV àYVg XgZhX^bZcidâ Zhir cd iZbed Xdciycjd% Vd
eVhhd fjZ dh kZgWdh àeaVciVgâ Z àgZ\Vgâ Zhiud cd Vdg^hid'
GVjad Z 8ed^d [^oZgVb V dWgV fjZ a]Zh XdbeZi^V% V fjVa w
k^hiV Xdbd XdchjbVYV' DVh V Vi^k^YVYZ YZ ;;Zjh% YZ YVg d
XgZhX^bZcid% ZgV XdciycjV'/)
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV LUZPUH H PU[LYKLWLUKjUJPH
KVZ TPUPZ[iYPVZ UH PNYLQH #,'1$' GVjad% 8ed^d Z GZYgd cud
ZhiVkVb XdbeZi^cYd cV ^\gZ_V ZcigZ h^4 Vd Xdcigrg^d% XVYV
jb ZhiVkV [VoZcYd d hZj igVWVa]d hdW d hZc]dg^d YZ :g^hid'
?r Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ b^c^hiwg^dh% bVh jc^YVYZ YZ egdezh^idh'
F eaVciVg Z d gZ\Vg hud iVgZ[Vh k^iV^h Z XVYV jbV YZeZcYZ
YV djigV' Eud ZhiVbdh XdbeZi^cYd cV dWgV% ZhiVbdh
igVWVa]VcYd idYdh eVgV d JZc]dg YV dWgV' Eud hdbdh g^kV^h%
hdbdh eVgXZ^gdh% XddeZgVYdgZh YZ ;;Zjh' Ezh cud ZhiVbdh
Wg^\VcYd eVgV iZg jb ZheVvd Vd hda cV ^\gZ_V' Ezh hdbdh
jb' Ezh ZhiVbdh cd bZhbd WVgXd% cd bZhbd i^bZ% cV
bZhbV dWgV Z Xdb d bZhbd dW_Zi^kd'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% BH\SV LUZPUH X\L UgV Od LZWHhV WHYH
]HPKHKLZ WLZZVHPZ UV TPUPZ[iYPV KH PNYLQH& 8 \gVcYZ xc[VhZ
YZ GVjad w hdWgZ ;;Zjh Z cud hdWgZ d ]dbZb' HjVcYd V
^\gZ_V XdbZvV V XdadXVg d hZj [dXd Z ]dad[diZh cd ]dbZb%
YZbdchigV ^bVijg^YVYZ Zhe^g^ijVa' GVjad Y^o3 àFgV% d fjZ
eaVciV Z d fjZ gZ\V hud jb4 Z XVYV jb gZXZWZgr dhZj \VaVgYud%
hZ\jcYd d hZj egzeg^d igVWVa]dâ #,'1$' HjVcYd V ^\gZ_V
XdadXV dh ]dad[diZh hdWgZ d dWgZ^gd% ZaV hjWigV^ V \azg^V fjZ w
YZ ;;Zjh' 8fjZaZh fjZ egdbdkZb d Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ dj
WjhXVb \azg^Vh eVgV h^ bZhbdh Z hZ XdadXVb cjb eZYZhiVa
Zhiud jhjgeVcYd V \azg^V fjZ hz V ;;Zjh eZgiZcXZ' GVjad Y^o
fjZ hz ;;Zjh edYZ YVg d XgZhX^bZcid3 à<j eaVciZ^% 8ed^d
gZ\dj4 bVh d XgZhX^bZcid kZ^d YZ ;;Zjh' ;;Z bdYd fjZ cZb
d fjZ eaVciV w Va\jbV Xd^hV% cZb d fjZ gZ\V% bVh ;;Zjh%
fjZ Yr d XgZhX^bZcidâ #,'/%0$' F igVWVa]d ]jbVcd hZb
V Vvud YZ ;;Zjh cud egdYjo gZhjaiVYdh' E^c\jwb [VWg^XV
XdckZghud' :dckZghud cud w jb Z[Z^id eh^Xdaz\^Xd YZ bVhhV'
Eud w egdYjid YZ Va\jb ^beVXid iZVigVa% Zb fjZ kdXx Xg^V
jb Z[Z^id eh^Xdaz\^Xd hdWgZ d VjY^izg^d' :dckZghud w dWgV
hdWZgVcV Z b^aV\gdhV Yd <heyg^id JVcid YZ ;;Zjh' Jz ;;Zjh
edYZ gZVa^oVg d XgZhX^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa YV ^\gZ_V' KVbWwb
VeZcVh ;;Zjh edYZ gZXdbeZchVg dh dWgZ^gdh #,'1$'
8 gZXdbeZchV Yr&hZ eZaV [^YZa^YVYZ Yd dWgZ^gd' F Xg^iwg^d
eVgV V gZXdbeZchV cud w d gZhjaiVYd% bVh d igVWVa]d [^Za3
àFgV% d fjZ eaVciV Z d fjZ gZ\V hud jb4 Z XVYV jb gZXZWZgr
d hZj \VaVgYud% hZ\jcYd d hZj egzeg^d igVWVa]dâ' < Wdb hZgí
bdh ZcXdgV_VYdh' < cZXZhhrg^d hZgbdh ZcXdgV_VYdgZh' GVjad
gZXdbZcYV V ^\gZ_V V Zhi^bjaVg Z V [dgiVaZXZg jch Vdh djigdh'
:dbZiZgyVbdh jb \gVkZ eZXVYd% edgwb% hZ YZeZcYxhhZbdh
YZ gZXdbeZchVh% gZXdc]ZX^bZcidh Z VeaVjhdh ]jbVcdh eVgV
[VoZgbdh V dWgV YZ ;;Zjh' 8 gZXdbeZchV kZb YZ ;;Zjh' q
edg ^hhd fjZ V 9yWa^V Y^o fjZ V gZXdbeZchV w edg XVjhV YV
[^YZa^YVYZ cd igVWVa]d3 àDj^id WZb% hZgkd Wdb Z [^Za4 [dhiZ
[^Za cd edjXd% hdWgZ bj^id iZ XdadXVgZ^â #Di +.'+*$'

1 IGQEJA ] N RAMSTYQIN DA HABISA\[N DE 3ETR (﴾#.B"'(﴾


Ed kZghyXjad 2 GVjad eVhhV YZ jbV bZir[dgV V\gyXdaV
eVgV jbV Vgfj^iZi|c^XV'/* 8 ^\gZ_V w jb iZbead Z d hZj
Vakd w V fjVa^YVYZ' GVjad jhV V bZir[dgV Yd ZY^[yX^d eVgV
YZhXgZkZg V ^\gZ_V' 8 ^\gZ_V w d iZbead YZ ;;Zjh edgfjZ w V
hdX^ZYVYZ cV fjVa d <heyg^id JVcid ]VW^iV% egZXZ^ijVN^aa^Vb
9VgXaVn'/+ :VYV eZhhdV hVakV w jb iZbead YV ]VW^iVvud YZ
;;Zjh #/'*2%+)$' 8 ^\gZ_V adXVa% YZ ^\jVa [dgbV w iZbead YZ
;;Zjh #,'*/%*0$' 8 @\gZ_V jc^kZghVa iVbWwb w XdbeVgVYV
Vd iZbead YZ ;;Zjh #<[ +'*2&++$'/,;;ZhhV bVcZ^gV edYZbdh
V[^gbVg fjZ ;;Zjh ]VW^iV Zb XVYV XgZciZ hVakd% ;;Zjh ]VW^iV
cdh XgZciZh YZ jbV ^\gZ_V adXVa Z ;;Zjh ]VW^iV cV ^\gZ_V Xdbd
d hdbVizg^d YZ idYdh dh XdckZgi^Ydh YZ idYdh dh aj\VgZh Yd
bjcYd'
EV ZY^[^XVvud YZhhV ^\gZ_V Xdbd ZY^[yX^d YZ ;;Zjh w egZX^hd
ZhiVg VeZgXZW^Yd YV ^bedgitcX^V YV fjVa^YVYZ' Ezh fjZ
ZhiVbdh ZY^[^XVcYd ZhhV XVhV YV bdgVYV YZ ;;Zjh hZgZbdh
_ja\VYdh Zb cdhhd igVWVa]d' Lb Y^V ;;Zjh _ja\Vgr d cdhhd
igVWVa]d #,'*,$' ;;Zjh Zhir ^ciZgZhhVYd Zb fjZ XdchigjVbdh
Xdb fjVa^YVYZ'
8 ^\gZ_V cud w Yd egZ\VYdg cZb YV Xdc\gZ\Vvud' <aV w V
@\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh' Jdbdh ZY^[yX^d YZ ;;Zjh #,'2$' ?VkZgr jb
_ja\VbZcid eVgV czh' 8 9yWa^V Y^o3 àQ'''R bVc^[ZhiV hZ idgcVgr
V dWgV YZ XVYV jb4 ed^h d ;;^V V YZbdchigVgrâ #,'*,$' <hhZ
Y^V w d Y^V Yd _jyod% d Y^V YV hZ\jcYV k^cYV YZ :g^hid%
fjVcYd <aZ hZ bVc^[ZhiVgr Zb X]VbVh YZ [d\d #+Kh *'/&1$'
8 bVcZ^gV fjZ kdXx Zhir Xdchigj^cYd hZgr _ja\VYV Z egdkVYV
eZad [d\d' GgZX^hVbdh Xdchigj^g ZhhZ ZY^[yX^d YZ ;;Zjh Xdb
fjVa^YVYZ' ;;Zjh cud Zhir egdXjgVcYd VeZcVh c~bZgdh' <aZ
fjZg fjVa^YVYZ' GgZX^hVbdh% edgiVcid% Zk^iVg Yd^h \gVcYZh
ZmigZbdh cV Xdchigjvud YZhhZ ZY^[yX^d Zhe^g^ijVa'
F eg^bZ^gd ZmigZbd fjZ egZX^hVbdh Zk^iVg w V U\TLYVSH%
[YPH& ?d_Z% czh ZhiVbdh kZcYd ^\gZ_Vh WxWVYVh eZad hjXZhhd'
<aVh Zhiud ZbWg^V\VYVh eZadh gZhjaiVYdh' <aVh fjZgZb fjVcí
i^YVYZ V fjVafjZg Xjhid' GVgV ZcX]Zg dh iZbeadh% dh egZ\Ví
YdgZh bjYVb V bZchV\Zb Z d[ZgZXZb jb ZkVc\Za]d hZb
Zm^\xcX^Vh' 8 g^fjZoV Yd ZkVc\Za]d w hdcZ\VYV Z iVbWwb
hjWhi^ijyYV eZaVh cdk^YVYZh Yd bZgXVYd YV [w' 8h Xg^VcvVh
\dhiVb YZ ZheZirXjad Z \dhiVb YZ cdk^YVYZh' <aVh cud ixb
Y^hXZgc^bZcid eVgV ^YZci^[^XVg dh eZg^\dh Z dh g^hXdh YVh
]ZgZh^Vh fjZ ZcigVb Y^h[VgvVYVbZciZ YZcigd YVh ^\gZ_Vh' q
cZhhZ XdciZmid fjZ GVjad bdhigV fjZ V ^\gZ_V egZX^hV Xdchí
igj^g Z hZ ZY^[^XVg% bVh Xdb fjVa^YVYZ' ;;Zjh cud Zhir ^ciZí
gZhhVYd VeZcVh Zb c~bZgd% ZaZ fjZg k^YV'
F hZ\jcYd ZmigZbd w V U\TLYVMVIPH& <hhV w V Vi^ijYZ YV
VXdbdYVvud' <aV VXdciZXZ fjVcYd V ^\gZ_V hZ Xdc[dgbV Xdb
V ZhiZg^a^YVYZ Z Xg^V _jhi^[^XVi^kVh eVgV iZciVg iVeVg d hda Xdb
V eZcZ^gV Z _jhi^[^XVg V hjV [VaiV YZ [gjidh Zhe^g^ijV^h' JZ UlZ
YZkZbdh Xdchigj^g V ^\gZ_V Yd bdYd fjZ ;;Zjh fjZg% iZbdh
YZ da]Vg fjVigd eg^cXye^dh ^bedgiVciZh fjZ GVjad Zch^cV'
NVggZc N^ZghWZ XdadXV ZhhZh eg^cXye^dh Vhh^b3 d Va^XZgXZ
Vegdeg^VYd% dh bViZg^V^h Vegdeg^VYdh% d egd_Zid Vegdeg^VYd
Z d bdi^kd Vegdeg^VYd'/-
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% KL]LTVZ JVUZ[Y\PY ZVIYL VM\UKHT LU[V
JLY[V #,'*)%**$' F Vezhidad w XaVgd3 àJZ\jcYd V \gVvV YZ
;;Zjh fjZ bZ [d^ YVYV% aVcXZ^ d [jcYVbZcid Xdbd egjí
YZciZ Xdchigjidg4 Z djigd ZY^[^XV hdWgZ ZaZ' Gdgwb XVYV
jb kZ_V Xdbd ZY^[^XV' GdgfjZ c^c\jwb edYZ aVcvVg djigd
[jcYVbZcid% Vawb Yd fjZ [d^ edhid% d fjVa w AZhjh :g^hidâ
#,'*)%**$' F [jcYVbZcid% d Va^XZgXZ Z V eZYgV [jcYVbZciVa
YV ^\gZ_V cud w d eVeV% cud w d eVhidg% cud w jb b^hh^dcrg^d
cZb w jbV a^YZgVcvV adXVa' GVhidgZh Z egZ\VYdgZh bjYVb%
eVhhVb Z bdggZb4 hdbZciZ V ^\gZ_V ZY^[^XVYV Zb AZhjh hdí
WgZk^kZ'/.
AZhjh :g^hid w d [jcYVbZcid YV @\gZ_V #@h +1'*/4 8i -'**4
<[ +'+)4 aGZ +'/$' <aZ w V eZYgV hdWgZ V fjVa V @\gZ_V Zhir
ZY^[^XVYV #Di */'*1$' 8 @\gZ_V cud edYZg^V hZg ZY^[^XVYV
hdWgZ GZYgd cZb hdWgZ GVjad% edgfjZ iVcid GZYgd fjVcid
GVjad bdggZgVb' <aZh eVhhVgVb% bVh :g^hid eZgbVcZXZ
eVgV hZbegZ'
EVd edYZbdh VWVcYdcVg V bZchV\Zb YV Xgjo ZbWdí
gV ZhhV bZchV\Zb hZ_V ZhXtcYVad eVgV dh _jYZjh Z adjXjgV
eVgV dh \gZ\dh' GVjad Y^o3 <j Zhidj YZiZgb^cVYd V egZ\Vg hz
AZhjh' < d [jcYVbZcid YV ^\gZ_V w AZhjh #,'**$' GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ fjVcYd d XgZciZ YZ^mV YZ ZY^[^XVg hdWgZ d [jcí
YVbZcid% ZaZ XdbZvV cVj[gV\Vg cV k^YV' JZg^V adjXjgV Xdchí
igj^g jbV XVhV hZb aVcvVg d [jcYVbZcid XZgid' KVbWwb
hZg^V jbV ^ggZhedchVW^a^YVYZ Xdchigj^g jbV XVhV% aVcvVcYd
d [jcYVbZcid ZggVYd'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% WYLJPZHTVZ JVUZ[Y\PY JVT V T H[LYPHS
JLY[V #,'*+&*0$' GVjad jhV YjVh XViZ\dg^Vh YZ bViZg^V^h3
Fjgd% egViV Z eZYgVh egZX^dhVh eZgiZcXZb V jbV XViZ\dg^V YZ
bViZg^Va eZgbVcZciZ% WZad% kVadgdhd Z Y^[yX^a YZ hZg dWi^Yd'
;;Zed^h ZaZ X^iV djigdh igxh i^edh YZ bViZg^Va3 bVYZ^gV%
[Zcd Z eVa]V' <hhZh eZgiZcXZb V jbV ZhewX^Z YZ bViZg^Va
iZbedgrg^d% WVgVid Z [rX^a YZ dWiZg' < d fjZ gZegZhZciV idYd
ZhhZ bViZg^Va6 <hhZ bViZg^Va cud Zhir [VaVcYd YZ eZhhdVh%
bVh YZ Ydjig^cVh% YZ kZgYVYZh'
Dj^iVh eZhhdVh ZhiVkVb iZciVcYd Xdchigj^g V ^\gZ_V Xdb
jb ZkVc\Za]d ^b^hXjyYd Z b^hijgVYd Xdb V [^adhd[^V eV\V'
Lb ZkVc\Za]d hZXjaVg^oVYd% XZcigVYd cd ]dbZb' GVgV
GVjad% ZhhZ i^ed YZ egZ\Vvud ZgV bVYZ^gV% eVa]V Z [Zcd'
EZhhV bZhbV a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid% :]VgaZh ?dY\Z
V[^gbV3 à<b Xdch^hixcX^V Xdb d XdciZmid% djgd% egViV
Z eZYgVh egZX^dhVh% edYZ hdbZciZ h^\c^[^XVg V kZgYVYZ4 Z
bVYZ^gV% eVa]V Z [Zcd% d Zggdâ'//
;;ZkZbdh Xdchigj^g Xdb bViZg^Va cdWgZ% YjgVYdjgd% Z
eZgbVcZciZ4 jb bViZg^Va fjZ gZh^hiV Vd [d\d Yd _ja\VbZcid'
< egZX^hd fjZ d dWgZ^gd XVkZ eVgV ZcXdcigVg ZhhZh bViZg^V^h%
edgfjZ djgd% egViV Z eZYgVh egZX^dhVh cud hud ZcXdcigVYdh
cV hjeZg[yX^Z' < egZX^hd XVkVg cV GVaVkgV% bZg\ja]Vg cVh
egd[jcYZoVh YVh g^fjZoVh YZ :g^hid% Z hZ Va^bZciVg YZhhVh
[^cVh ^\jVg^Vh' JZ d dWgZ^gd [^XVg hZbegZ cV hjeZg[yX^Z hZb
_VbV^h hZ Vegd[jcYVg% ZaZ VXVWVgr Xdchigj^cYd Xdb eVa]V%
[Zcd Z bVYZ^gV' <hhZh bViZg^V^h hud ZcXdcigVYdh Zb fjVafjZg
aj\Vg YV hjeZg[yX^Z'
F a^kgd YZ GgdkwgW^dh #,'*,&*.4 +'*&.4 1'*)%**$ VegZhZcí
iV V hVWZYdg^V YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh Xdbd iZhdjgd fjZ egZX^hV
hZg egdXjgVYd% egdiZ\^Yd Z ^ckZhi^Yd cV k^YV Y^rg^V' Fh Xdí
gyci^dh iZciVkVb Xdchigj^g V ^\gZ_V Xdb V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV%
V hVWZYdg^V YZhiZ bjcYd% fjVcYd YZkZg^Vb iZg YZeZcY^Yd
YV hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh Zb :g^hid% gZkZaVYV cV GVaVkgV'
< ^bedgiVciZ gZhhVaiVg fjZ Zb XVYV jbV YVh [^\jgVh
jhVYVh eVgV V ^\gZ_V% GVjad YZj YZhiVfjZ s GVaVkgV3 8 GVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh w Va^bZcid eVgV V [Vbya^V% hZbZciZ eVgV d XVbed
Z bViZg^Va eVgV d iZbead' KVcid eVgV ZY^[^XVg V [Vbya^V%
fjVcid eVgV eaVciVg d XVbed% dj eVgV Xdchigj^g d iZbead%
d bViZg^Va% V dWgV&eg^bV w V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
GgZ\VYdgZh Z egd[ZhhdgZh egZ\j^vdhdh kud kZg jbV \gVcYZ
[jbVXZ^gV cd Y^V Yd _ja\VbZcid' F bViZg^Va fjZ ZaZh jhVí
gVb eVgV ZY^[^XVg cud gZh^hi^gr Vd [d\d cZb ZaZh kud gZXZWZg
gZXdbeZchV' ;;Zjh cdh VYkZgiZ fjZ hZ czh YZhigj^gbdh d
hZj hVcijrg^d% jhVcYd bViZg^Va ^begzeg^d% <aZ cdh YZhigj^gr
#^hhd cud w XdcYZcVvud ZiZgcV% bVh w V eZgYV YV gZXdbí
eZchV$ #,'*.$' Ed ~ai^bd Y^V% bj^idh b^c^hiwg^dh kud hZ
igVch[dgbVg Zb X^coV' 8 @\gZ_V cud edYZ hZg YZhigjyYV hZb
hZkZgV ejc^vud #Ck *.',*4 Eb *2'+)$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% KL]LTVZ JVUZ[Y\PY KL HJVYKV JVT VWSHUV
JVYYL[V #,'*1&+)$' JZ fj^hZgbdh Xdchigj^g Yd _Z^id fjZ ;;Zjh
fjZg% YZkZbdh Xdchigj^g YZ VXdgYd Xdb d eaVcd XdggZid'
GVjad Y^o fjZ ]r jbV hVWZYdg^V Yd bjcYd fjZ [jcX^dcV
cd bjcYd% bVh cud cV ^\gZ_V' 8 hVWZYdg^V Yd bjcYd cud
[jcX^dcV eVgV V ^\gZ_V% edgfjZ V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh w Y^[ZgZciZ
YV hVWZYdg^V Yd bjcYd' 8fj^ad fjZ d bjcYd kVadg^oV% d
IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh YZhegZoV' F fjZ d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh YZhegZoV% d
bjcYd kVadg^oV' F IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh Zhir Zb edh^vud ^ckZgi^YV
Z YZ edciV&XVWZvV' F IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh iZb kVadgZh ^ckZgi^Ydh'
8 ^\gZ_V cud w jbV ZbegZhV hZXjaVg'
8 @\gZ_V eg^b^i^kV cud i^c]V cZc]jb Ydh hZ\gZYdh YZ
hjXZhhd Yd bjcYd3 *$ <aZh cud i^c]Vb g^XVh egdeg^ZYVYZh4
+$ <aZh cud i^c]Vb ^c[ajxcX^V cdh \dkZgcdh4 ,$ <aZh cud
i^c]Vb iZhdjgdh4 -$ 8 bV^dg^V Ydh hZjh dWgZ^gdh cud ZgV
XdbedhiV YZ \gVcYZh ^ciZaZXijV^h4 .$ 8 bV^dg^V Ydh bZbWgdh
cud ZgV XdbedhiV YZ \gVcYZh XZaZWg^YVYZh' :dcijYd% ZaZh
XdadXVgVb d bjcYd YZ XVWZvV eVgV WV^md'
NVggZc N^ZghWZ Y^o fjZ d bjcYd YZeZcYZ YZ Y^c]Z^gd%
egdbdvud% egZhiy\^d% Z eZhhdVh YZ ^c[ajxcX^V% bVh V ^\gZ_V
YZeZcYZ YZ dgVvud% Yd edYZg Yd <heyg^id% ]jb^aYVYZ% hVí
Xg^[yX^d Z hZgk^vd'/0 F WZb&VkZcijgVYd cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh w
d ]jb^aYZ YZ Zheyg^id Z cud d Vggd\VciZ' 9Zb&VkZcijgVYd
w d bVchd Z cud d WgVkd fjZ iZciV Ydb^cVg dh djigdh eZaV
[dgvV Z XgjZaYVYZ' F WZb&VkZcijgVYd cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh w
d fjZ X]dgV% Z cud d fjZ [Vo dh djigdh X]dgVgZb' F WZb&
VkZcijgVYd cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh w d ejgd YZ XdgVvud Z cud d
Xdcfj^hiVYdg' F bV^dg cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh w d fjZ hZgkZ% Z
cud VfjZaZ fjZ w XdadXVYd cjb eZYZhiVa eVgV hZg WV_jaVYd'
JZ czh ZhiVbdh fjZgZcYd Xdchigj^g V XVhV YZ ;;Zjh%
YZkZbdh jhVg d eaVcd XZgid' 8 ^\gZ_V fjZ ^b^iV d bjcYd
edYZ iZg hjXZhhd cd iZbed% bVh hZ XdWg^gr YZ X^coVh cV
ZiZgc^YVYZ% edgfjZ hjV dWgV cud gZh^hi^gr Vd [d\d'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% KL]LTVZ JVUZ[Y\PY JVT H TV[P]HhgV
JLY[H #,'+*&+,$' JZ fj^hZgbdh Xdchigj^g Yd _Z^id fjZ ;;Zjh
fjZg% YZkZbdh Xdchigj^g Xdb V bdi^kVvud XZgiV' < fjVa
w V bdi^kVvud XZgiV YZ igVWVa]Vg cV ^\gZ_V Z YZ ZY^[^XVg d
hVcijrg^d YZ ;;Zjh6 < V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh KdYV kZo fjZ Zj
Zhidj WjhXVcYd V \azg^V YZ ]dbZch dj fjZgZcYd V \azg^V YZ
]dbZch Z XdadXVcYd d ]dbZb cd XZcigd% Zj Zhidj i^gVcYd
V \azg^V fjZ w YZ ;;Zjh' <ciud% V eg^bZ^gV bdi^kVvud iZb
YZ hZg V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh Z fjVcYd V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh w V cdhhV
bdi^kVvud% cud kV^ Zm^hi^g eVgi^Yd% cud kud Zm^hi^g Y^hejiVh
cZb fjZgZaVh% cud kV^ Zm^hi^g c^c\jwb fjZgZcYd hZg bV^h
^bedgiVciZ fjZ d djigd YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V'
Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid [dgbVkVb eVgi^Ydh Z XdbeVgVkVb
]dbZch #-'/$ Z Vhh^b Y^k^Y^Vb V ^\gZ_V' DVh hZ ZaZh Zhi^kZhí
hZb WjhXVcYd jc^XVbZciZ V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh% ajiVg^Vb eZaV
jc^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V'
GVjad Zc[Vi^oV fjZ V ^\gZ_V w ]ZgYZ^gV YZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh
Zb :g^hid' GVjad VeZaV eVgV V Y^\c^YVYZ Z d YZhi^cd YV ^\gZ_V
Xdbd XdggZiV bdi^kVvud eVgV hZ [VoZg V dWgV' JZ czh idYdh
hdbdh edhhj^YdgZh YZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh Zb :g^hid% edgfjZ w
fjZ kVbdh ZcigVg cjbV Y^hejiV YZ eVgi^YVg^hbd YZcigd YV
^\gZ_V6 KdYVh Vh Xd^hVh eZgiZcXZb V idYdh dh Xg^hiudh'
EVd w V ^\gZ_V fjZ w cdhhV4 czh w fjZ hdbdh YV ^\gZ_V'
Eud w V ^\gZ_V fjZ eZgiZcXZ Vd b^c^higd% bVh d b^c^higd
fjZ eZgiZcXZ s ^\gZ_V% V[^gbV :]VgaZh ?dY\Z'/1 8 ^\gZ_V w
g^fjyhh^bV% ZaV w ]ZgYZ^gV YZ ;;Zjh' KjYd fjZ d GV^ iZb w
Yd =^a]d' :VYV XgZciZ iZb idYVh Vh Xd^hVh Zb :g^hid' Hjud
g^Xdh czh hdbdh Zb :g^hid
F eV^ Y^hhZ eVgV d [^a]d bV^h kZa]d% d ^gbud Yd [^a]d
egzY^\d3 àDZj [^a]d ijYd d fjZ Zj iZc]d w hZjâ' GVjad
V[^gbV3 àKjYd w kdhhd Z kzh YZ :g^hid Z :g^hid YZ ;;Zjhâ'
KjYd w kdhhd3 *$ F bjcYd & eVgV ]VW^iVg% ZhijYVg% jhVg%
YZaZ^iVg% Xdcfj^hiVg' +$ 8 k^YV áXdbd jb Ydb Y^rg^d YZ
;;Zjh% Xdbd jbV egZeVgVvud eVgV V ZiZgc^YVYZ' ,$ 8 bdgiZ
& eVgV e|g [^b Vd cdhhd hd[g^bZcid% eVgV cdh XdcYjo^g Vd
Xwj' -$ F egZhZciZ áV egdk^YxcX^V% d Xj^YVYd% V Y^gZvud'
.$ F [jijgd & V k^cYV YZ :g^hid% V gZhhjggZ^vud Yd Xdged% d
Y^V Yd _ja\VbZcid% d Xwj% V k^YV ZiZgcV'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ (

,/ K [ W d e T W $ KSddW` K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& -& *((.2


b& /-,&
,0 6 S d f a ` $ 6dgUW 6& Wf S^[& >PML HWWSPJH[PVU 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY` VU
BOPSPWWPHUZ$ 6VSVZZPHUZ BOPSLT VU& Hk`VS^W <ageW DgT^[eZWde&
KZWSfa`$ =@& )11-2 b& )/0&
,1 < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
)11,2 b& ,1&
-( 7[fSVa bad < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL
6VYPU[OPHUZ& )11,2 b& ,1&
.* F [W ` W U ] W d $ :d[fl$ W F a Y W d e $ 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1(&
.+ 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYPU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& ,*&
., A a d d [ e $ @ W a ` & <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& -(&
.- F [W ` W U ] W d $ :d[fl$ W F a Y W d e $ 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1(&
.. D d [ a d $ 8 S h [V & 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& -0&
./ 8 W < S S ` $ A& F& D[\KPLZ PU 9PYZ[ 6VYPU[OPHUZ& Ma`VWdhS` DgT^[eZ[`Y
<ageW& ;;dS`V FSb[Ve$ A=& )1..2 b& +-&
-/ A a d d [ e $ @ W a ` & <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& -*&
-0 < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
)11,2 b& -)&
-1 D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& .(&
.( A a d d [ e $ @ W a ` & <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& -*&
.) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& .)&
.* 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYPU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& ,.&
.+ K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /-/&
., K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /-/%/-1&
.- D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& .*&
.. < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
)11,2 b& -.&
./ K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /-0&
.0 < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
)11,2 b& .*&
X SHWJHX KU
SPTPXYWU KH PNWLQH
&4[ )#&"'&  

igxh ^bV\Zch
2 CC:> 4 @ > @ A 2 E = @ E C @ E
eVgV V ^\gZ_V cd XVeyijad ,% iVbWwb ji^í
a^oV igxh [^\jgVh eVgV YZhXgZkZg d b^c^hí
igd Xg^hiud' F dWgZ^gd w jb bdgYdbd
fjZ k^kZ Xdb [^YZa^YVYZ% jb ZheZirXjad
Vd bjcYd fjZ gZkZaV ]jb^aYVYZ Z jb
eV^ fjZ YZbdchigV VbVW^a^YVYZ'/2
< hdWgZ ZhhZh igxh VheZXidh fjZ kVbdh
Y^hXdggZg cZhiZ XVeyijad'

9 LIMIRSQN ] TL LNQDNLN FIEK )﴿#&"+


GVjad V^cYV Zhir Xdgg^\^cYd d bZhbd
egdWaZbV ^YZci^[^XVYd YZhYZ d XVeyijad *%
V Y^k^hud cV ^\gZ_V Zb k^gijYZ Yd Xjaid s
eZghdcVa^YVYZ' F bjcYd ZhiVkV ZcigVcYd
cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid Z V [^adhd[^V Yd bjcí
Yd XdcYjo^V dh hZjh Vhhjcidh ^ciZgcdh'
:dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ \gZ\V Z d \gVcYZ OVII` YZhhV
X^YVYZ ZgV ^g eVgV V egVvV% V dNVYH$ V [^b YZ ZhXjiVg dh \gVcí
YZh [^azhd[dh Z eZchVYdgZh Y^hXji^gZb hjVh ^Yw^Vh Z Zmedí
gZb V bVcZ^gV Xdbd k^Vb d bjcYd Vd hZj gZYdg' <aZh hZ
^YZci^[^XVkVb Xdb jb dj djigd ayYZg% Xdb ZhhZ dj VfjZaZ
[^azhd[d' <aZh VXVWVkVb hZ idgcVcYd hZ\j^YdgZh YZ ]dbZch'
:ZcigVcYd&hZ Zb hZjh ayYZgZh% dh Xdgyci^dh ZhiVkVb egZhiVcí
Yd [^YZa^YVYZ V ]dbZch4 ]dbZch YZ ;;Zjh w kZgYVYZ% bVh
VeZcVh ]dbZch' <hhV ZgV V bVcZ^gV fjZ d bjcYd hZ Xdbí
edgiVkV Z Zch^cVkV' JZbegZ fjZ V ^\gZ_V hZ\jZ dh \gVcYZh
cdbZh Z \^gV Zb idgcd YZ ]dbZch% Zhir ^b^iVcYd d bjcí
Yd'0) LbV kZo fjZ ZaZh ZhiVkVb VXdhijbVYdh V k^kZcX^Vg
^hhd cd bjcYd% fjZg^Vb% V\dgV% [VoZg d bZhbd YZcigd YV
^\gZ_V' Gdg ^hhd% Y^o^Vb3 <j hdj YZ GVjad% Zj YZ 8ed^d% Zj
YZ :Z[Vh Z Zj YZ :g^hid'
:dbd GVjad XdbWViZ ZhhV ^Yw^V Yd Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ6
8ezh V[^gbVg fjZ dh dWgZ^gdh YV ^\gZ_V hud VeZcVh hZgkdh dj
Y^rXdcdh% ZaZ egdhhZ\jZ Zb hZj Vg\jbZcid% Y^oZcYd fjZ
ZaZh hud ZhXgVkdh XdcYZcVYdh s bdgiZ fjZ igVWVa]Vb hdW
Vh dgYZch YZ jb hjeZg^dg #-'*$' MVbdh ZmVb^cVg Va\jch
edcidh ^bedgiVciZh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V VIYLPYV i \T LZJYH]V ZLU[LUJPHKV e
TVY[L& GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 à8hh^b% ed^h% ^bedgiV fjZ dh ]dbZch
cdh Xdch^YZgZb Xdbd b^c^higdh YZ :g^hidâ #-'*$' 8 eVaVkgV &
àb^c^higdâ cV ayc\jV edgij\jZhV gZegZhZciV d eg^bZ^gd
ZhXVaud Yd \dkZgcd' F b^c^higd w jbV eZhhdV fjZ dXjeV jbV
VaiV edh^vud edayi^XV% YZ \gVcYZ egd_Zvud cV a^YZgVcvV% Z iZb
Zb hjVh budh jb \gVcYZ edYZg Z Vjidg^YVYZ' JZ da]Vgbdh V
eVaVkgV àb^c^higdâ cd XVbed gZa^\^dhd% ZhiVgZbdh [VaVcYd YZ
Va\jwb fjZ ZmZgXZ V [jcvud YZ ayYZg cV ^\gZ_V adXVa' KdYVk^V%
V eVaVkgV jhVYV eZad Vezhidad GVjad eVgV YZ[^c^g d b^c^higd
cdh Yr jbV ^Yw^V idiVabZciZ Xdcigrg^V' 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V
jhVYV w O\WLYL[LZ$ fjZ h^\c^[^XV jb gZbVYdg YZ \Vawh'0*<hhV
eVaVkgV ZgV ji^a^oVYV eVgV V XaVhhZ bV^h h^beaZh YZ hZgkdh'
Fh b^c^higdh hud bZgdh hZgkdh YZ :g^hid' <aZh cud ixb
Vjidg^YVYZ egdXZYZciZ YZaZh bZhbdh'0+8 eVaVkgV O\WLYL[LZ
hz VeVgZXZ Vfj^ Zb idYd d Edkd KZhiVbZcid' Edh \gVcYZh
cVk^dh gdbVcdh Zm^hi^Vb Vh \Vawh% fjZ ZgVb edg}Zh dcYZ
igVWVa]VkVb dh ZhXgVkdh hZciZcX^VYdh s bdgiZ' 8fjZaZh Zhí
XgVkdh hZciZcX^VYdh s bdgiZ egZhiVkVb jb hZgk^vd VciZh
YZ bdggZg' <aZh i^c]Vb dh hZjh ewh VbVggVYdh Xdb \gdhhVh
XdggZciZh Z igVWVa]VkVb s ZmVjhiud hdW d [aV\Zad Ydh X]^í
XdiZh Viw s bdgiZ' GVjad Y^o fjZ d b^c^higd cud YZkZ hZg
XdadXVYd cd eZYZhiVa Xdbd d Ydcd YV ^\gZ_V dj Xdbd d
XVe^iud Yd cVk^d% VciZh YZkZ hZg k^hid Xdbd jb ZhXgVkd fjZ
hZgkZ Vd XVe^iud Viw s bdgiZ' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd eVgV cud
XdadXVgbdh dh ]dad[diZh hdWgZ jb ]dbZb% edgfjZ ^bedgiV
fjZ dh ]dbZch cdh Xdch^YZgZb Xdbd O\WLYL[LZ Z cud Xdbd
XVe^iuZh Yd cVk^d' F dWgZ^gd YV ^\gZ_V w jb ZhXgVkd _r hZcí
iZcX^VYd s bdgiZ% fjZ YZkZ dWZYZXZg Vh dgYZch Yd XVe^iud
Yd cVk^d% d JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hid'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V VIYLPYV i\ T TVYKVTV X\L VILKLJL HZ
VYKLUZ KV ZL\ DLUOVY #-'*$' GVjad jhV V\dgV jbV cdkV [^\jgV'
<aZ Y^o fjZ d dWgZ^gd w jb YZheZchZ^gd dj bdgYdbd' 8
eVaVkgV \gZ\V jhVYV edg GVjad w VPRVUVTVZ$ YZ dcYZ kZb
V cdhhV eVaVkgV bdgYdbd' F b^c^higd w jb YZheZchZ^gd%
VfjZaZ fjZ idbV XdciV YV XVhV Yd hZj hZc]dg' <b gZaVvud
Vd Ydcd YV XVhV% d bdgYdbd ZgV jb ZhXgVkd% bVh Zb
gZaVvud Vdh djigdh hZgk^vV^h% ZaZ ZgV d hjeZg^ciZcYZciZ' JjV
[jcvud ZgV Xj^YVg Ydh ^ciZgZhhZh Yd hZj hZc]dg' <aZ Xj^YVkV
YV Va^bZciVvud YV XVhV' <aZ egZhiVkV XdciVh% cud Vdh hZjh
XdaZ\Vh% bVh Vd hZj hZc]dg'0,
Fh b^hiwg^dh YZ ;;Zjh gZegZhZciVb Vfj^ d ZkVc\Za]d% V
GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' F bdgYdbd dj VPRVUVTVZ ZgV V eZhhdV
fjZ Xj^YVkV YV YZheZchV% YV Y^ZiV% YV Va^bZciVvud YZ idYV
V [Vbya^V' F VPRVUVTVZ ZgV jb VYb^c^higVYdg% bdgYdbd%
Y^g^\ZciZ YZ jbV XVhV% Xdb [gZfÄxcX^V jb ZhXgVkd YZ
Xdc[^VcvV fjZ ZgV ZcXVggZ\VYd YZ idYdh dh cZ\zX^dh Yd
aVg' 8 eVaVkgV Zc[Vi^oV fjZ V eZhhdV gZXZWZ jbV \gVcYZ
gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ% eZaV fjVa YZkZ egZhiVg XdciVh'0- F fjZ
^hhd cdh hj\ZgZ6
V$ Eud ZgV XdbeZixcX^V Yd bdgYdbd egdkZg d Va^bZcid
eVgV V [Vbya^V4 ZhhV ZgV jbV gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ Yd Ydcd%
Yd hZc]dg YV XVhV' F b^c^higd Yd ZkVc\Za]d cud iZb YZ
egdkZg d Va^bZcid% edgfjZ ZhhZ _r [d^ egdk^YZcX^VYd' <hhZ
Va^bZcid w V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' :dbeZiZ Vd b^c^higd YVg
V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh Vd edkd' F b^c^higd cud i d egdkZYdg%
ZaZ w d \Vgvdb fjZ hZgkZ Vh bZhVh' <aZ cud XdadXV Va^bZcid
cV YZheZchV% bVh egZeVgV d Va^bZcid Z d hZgkZ' <aZ cud
edYZ hdcZ\Vg d Va^bZcid fjZ Zhir cV YZheZchV% dj VYjaiZgr&
ad cZb hjWhi^ijy&ad edg djigd'0. <aZ egZX^hV hZg yciZ\gd Z
[^Za% YVcYd Vd edkd d bZhbd Va^bZcid fjZ d Ydcd YV XVhV
egdkZj eVgV V [Vbya^V'
JVWZbdh% edgwb% fjZ w edhhykZa iZg cV YZheZchV dh bZí
a]dgZh Va^bZcidh Z% bZhbd Vhh^b% iZg cV bZhV V e^dg gZ[Z^í
vud' 8 XdbeZixcX^V Yd bdgYdbd ZgV eZ\Vg V g^fjZoV Yd
Va^bZcid fjZ ZhiVkV cV YZheZchV% fjZ w V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh% Z
egZeVgVg jbV gZ[Z^vud \dhidhV% hVWdgdhV% Z WVaVcXZVYV3 CZ^í
iZ eVgV V Xg^VcvV% Va^bZcid hza^Yd eVgV VfjZaZh fjZ edYZb
hjedgir&ad' Eud w XdckZc^ZciZ egZeVgVg V bZhbV gZ[Z^vud
idYdh dh Y^Vh' F b^c^higd egZX^hV Zch^cVg idYd d YZhy\c^d
YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad Y^o3 àKdYV V <hXg^ijgV w ^che^gVYV edg ;;Zjh
w ~i^a eVgV d Zch^cd% eVgV V gZegZZchud% eVgV V XdggZvud%
eVgV V ZYjXVvud cV _jhi^vV% V [^b YZ fjZ d ]dbZb YZ ;;Zjh
hZ_V eZg[Z^id Z eZg[Z^iVbZciZ ]VW^a^iVYd eVgV idYV WdV dWgVâ
#+Kb ,'*/% *0$'
W$ EVd ZgV [jcvud Yd bdgYdbd WjhXVg cdkV egdk^hud dj
hZgk^g fjVafjZg Va^bZcid fjZ cud [dhhZ egdk^Yd eZad hZc]dg'
8 GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh YZkZ hZg Zch^cVYV YZ [dgbVh kVg^VYVh'
GVjad Y^o eVgV Zch^cVgbdh idYd d XdchZa]d YZ ;;Zjh #8i
+)'+0$' ?d_Z% cud iZbdh bV^h egd[ZiVh cZb Vezhidadh Xdbd
i^c]Vb Vh ^\gZ_Vh eg^b^i^kVh <aZh egZ\VkVb bZchV\Zch YZ
gZkZaVvud' HjVcYd dh egd[ZiVh Y^o^Vb 4ZZPT KPa V DLUOVY$
ZaZh ZhiVkVb gZXZWZcYd jbV bZchV\Zb ^che^gVYV% ^cwY^iV%
Z cdkV YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh' < ZhhV bZchV\Zb ^g^V [VoZg eVgiZ
Yd Xtcdc YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
Edh Y^Vh VijV^h% edgwb% cZc]jb ]dbZb Z cZc]jbV
bja]Zg gZXZWZ bZchV\Zch cdkVh YZ ;;Zjh' KjYd d fjZ ;;Zjh
iZb eVgV czh _r Zhir cVh <hXg^ijgVh' DZhbd fjZ jb Vc_d
YZhXZhhZ Yd Xwj Z egZ\VhhZ djigV bZchV\Zb fjZ kr Vawb
YVfjZaV fjZ Zhir cVh <hXg^ijgVh% YZkZ hZg egdciVbZciZ
gZ_Z^iVYV Z Xdch^YZgVYV Xdbd VcriZbV #>**'/&2$' 8 9yWa^V
_r iZb jbV XVeV edhiZg^dg' <aV _r Zhir XdcXajyYV% [ZX]VYV
Z w edg ^hhd fjZ cd a^kgd Yd 8edXVa^ehZ Y^o fjZ czh cud
edYZbdh VXgZhXZciVg dj gZi^gVg bV^h cVYV Yd fjZ cZaV Zhir
ZhXg^id #8e ++'*1%*2$' 8 egZ\Vvud ]d_Z cud w gZkZarkZa%
bVh Zmedh^i^kV' MdXx cud VXgZhXZciV bV^h cVYV Vd fjZ
Zhir cV GVaVkgV% bVh Zme}Z VeZcVh d fjZ Zhir cV GVaVkgV'
EVd gZXZWZbdh bZchV\Zch cdkVh% bVh YVbdh Vd edkd d
XdciZ~Yd YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh _r gZkZaVYV'
X$ 8 [jcvud Yd bdgYdbd ZgV hZgk^g Vh bZhVh Xdb ^cí
iZ\g^YVYZ' F b^c^higd cVd w jb [^azhd[d fjZ Xg^V V hjV
egzeg^V [^adhd[^V' Eud w Vhh^b d YZheZchZ^gd' <aZ cud Xg^V
jbV Ydjig^cV% jbV iZdad\^V dj jbV ^Yw^V V [^b YZ Vea^Xr&
aV Z Zch^cr&aV' :VWZ V ZaZ igVchb^i^g d fjZ gZXZWZj' < GVjad
hZbegZ jhV ZhhV ZmegZhhud3 àQ<jR kdh ZcigZ\jZ^ d fjZ iVbí
Wwb gZXZW^â #@:d *.',$' F YZheZchZ^gd cud edYZ ZcigZ\Vg
d fjZ cud gZXZWZj' < d fjZ w fjZ ZaZ gZXZWZj6 < d fjZ Zhir
cV GVaVkgV JZcYd Vhh^b% d YZheZchZ^gd cVd edY^V bjYVg
d Va^bZcid' ;;Z ^\jVa [dgbV% czh cud edYZbdh bjYVg V
bZchV\Zb' KVbWwb d YZheZchZ^gd cud edY^V VYjaiZgVg d
Va^bZcid% dj hZ_V% ZaZ cud edY^V bjYVg d XdciZ~Yd% V hjWhí
itcX^V% Z V ZhhxcX^V Yd Va^bZcid'
Ezh cud edYZbdh bjYVg cZb Y^aj^g V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
8^cYV% d YZheZchZ^gd cud edY^V VXgZhXZciVg cZc]jb Va^í
bZcid cd XVgYre^d Vawb YVfjZaZ fjZ ZhiVkV cV YZheZchV'
Ezh cud edYZbdh egZ\Vg d ZkVc\Za]d Z bV^h Va\jbV Xd^hV'
< d ZkVc\Za]d% hdbZciZ d ZkVc\Za]d Z% idYd d ZkVc\Za]d'
=^cVabZciZ% d YZheZchZ^gd cud edY^V gZiZg Vh ^\jVg^Vh fjZ
d hZc]dg YV XVhV ]Vk^V egdk^Yd eVgV idYV V XVhV% eVgV idYV
V [Vbya^V' <aZ i^c]V YZ Y^hig^Wj^g idYd d Va^bZcid fjZ d hZj
hZc]dg egdk^YZcX^VgV eVgV V [Vbya^V Z eVgV d gZhiVciZ YV
XVhV' < ^hhd h^\c^[^XV Y^oZg fjZ d YZheZchZ^gd egZX^hV egZ\Vg
eVgV V ^\gZ_V idYd d XdchZa]d YZ ;;Zjh' Eud edYZ egZ\Vg
VeZcVh Vh Ydjig^cVh YV hjV egZ[ZgxcX^V' 8 bZa]dg bVcZ^gV
YZ [VoZg ^hhd w egZ\VcYd Zmedh^i^kVbZciZ% a^kgd edg a^kgd'
<hhV w V bVcZ^gV bV^h VYZfjVYV YZ hZ XdadXVg cV bZhV idYVh
Vh ^\jVg^Vh egdk^YZcX^VYVh eZad JZc]dg'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% V KLZWLUZLPYV WYLJPZH ZLY HIZVS\[HTLU[L
MPL S UV L_LYJkJPV KV ZL\ [YHIHSOV& 8 [jcvud Yd bdgYdbd cud
ZgV V\gVYVg sh YZbV^h eZhhdVh YV XVhV% cZb bj^id bZcdh Vdh
djigdh hZgkdh% bVh Vd hZj hZc]dg'0/ ;;^o d Vezhidad GVjad3
àFgV% Vawb Y^hhd% d fjZ hZ gZfjZg Ydh YZheZchZ^gdh w fjZ
XVYV jb YZaZh hZ_V ZcXdcigVYd [^Zaâ #-'+$' ;;Z VXdgYd Xdb
V [^adhd[^V Ydh \gZ\dh Z V hVWZYdg^V Yd bjcYd% Vh eZhhdVh
kVadg^oVb V edejaVg^YVYZ Z d hjXZhhd' DVh ;;Zjh gZfjZg Ydh
YZheZchZ^gdh [^YZa^YVYZ' JjXZhhd hZb [^YZa^YVYZ w XdchjbVí
Yd [gVXVhhd' Ed Y^V Zb fjZ [dgbdh egZhiVg XdciVh YV cdhhV
VYb^c^higVvud% d fjZ ;;Zjh kV^ eZhVg cud w d Xg^iwg^d Yd hjí
XZhhd cZb d YV edejaVg^YVYZ% bVh d Xg^iwg^d YV [^YZa^YVYZ'
F fjZ ;;Zjh gZfjZg Yd YZheZchZ^gd cVd w hjXZhhd cZb edí
ejaVg^YVYZ% bVh [^YZa^YVYZ3 [^YZa^YVYZ Vd JZc]dg% [^YZa^YVYZ
s b^hhud Z [^YZa^YVYZ Vd edkd'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V KLZWLUZLPYV LZ[d L_WVZ[V HV Q\SNHT LU[V
#-',&/$' F b^c^higd% cV fjVa^YVYZ YZ bdgYdbd% eVhhV
edg igxh Xg^kdh YZ _ja\VbZcid3 F _ja\VbZcid Ydh ]dbZch
#-',V$% d _ja\VbZcid egzeg^d #-',W%-V$ Z d _ja\VbZcid YZ
;;Zjh #-'-W$'00
V$ F _ja\VbZcid Ydh ]dbZch' ;;^o d Vezhidad3 àKdYVk^V%
V b^b bj^ edjXd hZ bZ Yr hZg _ja\VYd edg kzh% dj edg
ig^WjcVa ]jbVcdâ #-',V$' F _ja\VbZcid Ydh ]dbZch cud
w d bV^h ^bedgiVciZ% edgfjZ czh cud ZhiVbdh hZgk^cYd V
]dbZch% bVh hZgk^cYd V ;;Zjh' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ hZ
ZaZ [dhhZ hZgkd YZ ]dbZch dj egdXjgVhhZ V\gVYVg V ]dbZch%
ZaZ cud hZg^V hZgkd YZ :g^hid #>**'*)$' F \gVcYZ egd_Zid Yd
b^c^higd YZ ;;Zjh cud w hZg edejaVg Vdh da]dh Ydh ]dbZch%
bVh [^Za Y^VciZ YZ ;;Zjh'
W$ F _ja\VbZcid YV XdchX^xcX^V #-',W&-$' Fh [^azhd[dh
\gZ\dh Z gdbVcdh #GaViud Z JxcZXV% edg ZmZbead$ Xdch^YZí
gVkVb V XdchX^xcX^V Xdbd d _j^o brm^bd Yd ]dbZb' GVgV
GVjad% VeZcVh ;;Zjh edYZ hx&ad'01 F Vezhidad GVjad Xdci^í
cjV3 àQ'''R cZb Zj iVbedjXd _ja\d V b^b bZhbd' GdgfjZ
YZ cVYV bZ Vg\~^ V XdchX^xcX^V4 XdcijYd% cZb edg ^hhd bZ
Ydj edg _jhi^[^XVYdâ #-',W&-$' GVjad Y^o fjZ dh \gZ\dh Z dh
gdbVcdh ZhiVkVb ZggVYdh fjVcid V ZhhV bViwg^V' GaViud Z
JxcZXV ZhiVkVb Zfj^kdXVYdh Xdb gZheZ^id Vd _ja\VbZcid
YV XdchX^xcX^V' F cdhhd hjegZbd _j^o cud w V cdhhV Xdchí
X^xcX^V' Ezh edYZbdh hZg VegdkVYdh eZaV cdhhV XdchX^xcX^V
Z gZegdkVYdh edg ;;Zjh' 8 cdhhV XdchX^xcX^V cud w idiVaí
bZciZ Xdc[^rkZa'
X$ F _ja\VbZcid YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad XdcXaj^% Y^oZcYd3 àQ'''R
ed^h fjZb bZ _ja\V w d JZc]dgâ #-'-W$' Gdg fjZ w fjZ d
_ja\VbZcid YZ ;;Zjh w d _ja\VbZcid eZg[Z^id6 GdgfjZ ;;Zjh
w d ~c^Xd fjZ Xdc]ZXZ idYVh Vh X^gXjchitcX^Vh Z idYVh Vh
bdi^kVv}Zh' F _ja\VbZcid YZ ;;Zjh w [^cVa Z eZg[Z^id'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% H PNYLQH WYLJPZH [LY J\PKHKV WHYH UgV
Q\ SNH Y VZ TPUPZ[YVZ HWYLZZHKHTLU[L #-'.%/$' GVjad igVo eVgV
V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid igxh i^edh YZ gZegZZch}Zh ZggVYVh Zb
gZaVvud Vdh b^c^higdh3 _ja\Vg cV ]dgV ZggVYV #-'.$% eZad
Xg^iwg^d ZggVYd #-'/$ Z eZad bdi^kd ZggVYd #-'/W$'02
V$ F eg^bZ^gd Xj^YVYd fjZ V ^\gZ_V egZX^hV iZg w YZ cud
_ja\Vg dh hZgkdh YZ ;;Zjh cd iZbed ZggVYd #-'.$' GVjad Y^o
fjZ w ZggVYd _ja\Vg dh hZgkdh YZ ;;Zjh [dgV Yd iZbed dj
VciZX^eVYVbZciZ' GVjad Y^o fjZ hdbZciZ cV hZ\jcYV k^cí
YV YZ :g^hid w fjZ hZ iZgr d _ja\VbZcid [^cVa Z XdbeaZid'
JdbZciZ ;;Zjh edYZ _ja\Vg Z Xdc]ZXZg d XdgVvud ]jbVcd%
ed^h hz <aZ kx d XdgVvud #@Jb */'0$ Z cud VeZcVh V VeVgxcí
X^V' GVjad Zhir XdbWViZcYd V ^Yw^V YZ ZmZgXZgbdh _jyod Z
_ja\VbZcid egZX^e^iVYd YZcigd YV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh'
W$ F hZ\jcYd Xj^YVYd fjZ V ^\gZ_V egZX^hV iZg w YZ cud
_ja\Vg dh hZgkdh YZ ;;Zjh eZad Xg^iwg^d ZggVYd #-'/$' Fh
XgZciZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkVb _ja\VcYd edg bZ^d
YZ Xg^iwg^dh bjcYVcdh egdkZc^ZciZh YV hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV%
ed^h jch Y^o^Vb hZg YZ GVjad% eZad [Vid YZ ZaZ iZg h^Yd d
[jcYVYdg YVfjZaV ^\gZ_V4 Z djigdh YZ 8ed^d% edg hZg ZhhZ jb
\gVcYZ Z ZadfÄZciZ egZ\VYdg4 Z V^cYV djigdh YZ :Z[Vh% eZad
[Vid YZ hZgZb ZaZh _jYZjh egdhwa^idh Z \dhiVkVb Yd g^\dg YV
aZ^ _jY^V' Fh Xdgyci^dh _ja\VgVb GVjad% 8ed^d Z GZYgd edg
hjVh egZ[ZgxcX^Vh Z egZXdcXZ^idh' <cigZiVcid% GVjad Y^o fjZ
cud YZkZbdh _ja\Vg jch Vdh djigdh edg ZhhZh Xg^iwg^dh' MZ_V
d fjZ Y^o d Vezhidad GVjad3 à<hiVh XdjhVh% ^gbudh% Vea^fjZ^&
Vh [^\jgVYVbZciZ V b^b bZhbd Z V 8ed^d edg kdhhV XVjhV%
eVgV fjZ edg cdhhd ZmZbead VegZcYV^h ^hid3 cud jaigVeVhhZ^h
d fjZ Zhir ZhXg^id4 V [^b YZ fjZ c^c\jwb hZ ZchdWZgWZvV V
[Vkdg YZ jb Zb YZig^bZcid YZ djigdâ #-'/$' F fjZ h^\c^[^XV
jaigVeVhhVg d fjZ Zhir ZhXg^id6 JZ kdXx iZb YZ ZmVb^cVg
Va\jwb% a^b^iZ&hZ Vd Zch^cd YVh <hXg^ijgVh' 8 ~c^XV WVhZ YZ
VkVa^Vvud w V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh Z cud cdhhVh de^c^}Zh' Eud
hjeZgZhi^bZ dh b^c^higdh Vawb YV bZY^YV YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
X$ F iZgXZ^gd Xj^YVYd fjZ V ^\gZ_V egZX^hV iZg w YZ cud
_ja\Vg dh hZgkdh YZ ;;Zjh Xdb V bdi^kVvud ZggVYV #-'/W$'
F \gjed YZ GVjad ZhiVkV YZhegZoVcYd d \gjed YZ 8ed^d Z
d \gjed YZ 8ed^d d \gjed YZ GZYgd' 8 bVcZ^gV bV^h k^a YZ
bZ egdbdkZg w Xg^i^XVg d bZj ^gbud' JZbegZ fjZ Zj Xg^i^í
Xd Va\jwb Zhidj egdbdkZcYd V b^b bZhbd' JZbegZ fjZ
XdbZvd V bVXjaVg V ^bV\Zb Yd djigd Zhidj egd_ZiVcYd V
b^c]V ^bV\Zb Z ZhhV bVcZ^gV YZ V\^g iZb jbV bdi^kVvud
ZggVYV' Ezh cud ZhiVbdh cV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh XdbeZi^cYd
jch Xdb dh djigdh' Eud ZhiVbdh Y^hejiVcYd eg^bVo^V'
Eud ZhiVbdh Y^hejiVcYd fjZb w bV^h ^bedgiVciZ' <hhV
bdi^kVvud Zb fjZgZg YZggjWVg jch V [^b YZ Zg\jZg djigdh
w idiVabZciZ XVgcVa Z bjcYVcV Z _VbV^h hZgr VegdkVYV edg
;;Zjh' Eud WVhiV VeZcVh V ^ciZ\g^YVYZ cV Ydjig^cV% w egZí
X^hd iVbWwb [^YZa^YVYZ cdh gZaVX^dcVbZcidh'

9 LIMIRSQN ] TL EROESYCTKN DIAMSE DN LTMDN )﴿#,"&(﴾


F b^c^higd w jb ZheZirXjad eVgV d bjcYd #-'2$' Gdg
fjZ GVjad jhV ZhhV [^\jgV6 <hhV ZgV jbV ^bV\Zb bj^id
[Vb^a^Vg eVgV d edkd Yd ^bewg^d gdbVcd'
GVgV d ^beZgVYdg gdbVcd bVciZg V ]Z\Zbdc^V Yd hZj
\dkZgcd WVhiVkV YVg Vd edkd eud Z X^gXd' Fh ^beZgVYdgZh
egdXjgVkVb igVoZg ZcigZiZc^bZcid Z Y^kZghud eVgV d edkd'
:g^dj&hZ% Zciud% Zb fjVhZ idYVh Vh X^YVYZh Yd ^bewg^d gdí
bVcd Vc[^iZVigdh dcYZ hZ egdbdk^Vb ZheZirXjadh eVgV V
edejaVvud' F \dkZgcd ZcigZi^c]V d edkd% VegZhZciVcYd Zhí
eZirXjadh cdh Vc[^iZVigdh cVh krg^Vh X^YVYZh Yd ^bewg^d' <
fjVcYd jb \ZcZgVa ^V eVgV V \jZggV Z gZidgcVkV k^idg^dhd%
ZaZ VXdggZciVkV eZad eZhXdvd dh kZcX^Ydh Z ZcigVkV cV hjV
X^YVYZ% bdciVYd Zb hjV XVggjV\Zb cjbV \gVcYZ egdX^hhud
igVoZcYd dh YZggdiVYdh fjZ ZgVb hZciZcX^VYdh s bdgiZ Z aZí
kVYdh Vd Vc[^iZVigd eVgV hZgZb aVcvVYdh sh [ZgVh dj eVhhVYdh
Vd [^d YV ZheVYV' MZ_Vbdh d fjZ Y^o d Vezhidad GVjad3 àGdgí
fjZ V b^b bZ eVgZXZ fjZ ;;Zjh cdh e|h V czh% dh Vezhidadh%
Zb ~ai^bd aj\Vg% Xdbd hZ [|hhZbdh XdcYZcVYdh s bdgiZ4
edgfjZ cdh idgcVbdh ZheZirXjad Vd bjcYd'''â #-'2$'
8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V [LH[YVU$ àZheZirXjadâ Yr dg^\Zb s cdhhV
eVaVkgV àiZVigdâ' GVjad Y^o fjZ d b^c^higd Xg^hiud w d iZVigd
Yd bjcYd% Z fjZ V hjV k^YV hZ YZhZcgdaV cjb eVaXd Z cjbV
VgZcV YZ bdgiZ' F Xda^hZj gdbVcd hZ idgcdj d XZcigd YZhí
hZh ZheZirXjadh% dcYZ dh Xg^hiudh ZgVb XdadXVYdh eVgV ajiVg
XdcigV [ZgVh Z Zmedhidh s bdgiZ' <hhV w V [^\jgV fjZ GVjad
ZkdXV eVgV dh Vezhidadh YZ :g^hid' Fh b^c^higdh cud Zhiud
cd ezY^d eVgV dh VeaVjhdh Ydh ]dbZch% bVh cV VgZcV Yd iZí
Vigd% eVgV hZgZb ZcigZ\jZh s bdgiZ' =g^io I^ZcZX`Zg Zch^cV
fjZ GVjad jhV V ^ajhigVvud eVgV V ]jb^a]Vvud Z V ^cY^\c^í
YVYZ V fjVa dh Vezhidadh hud hj_Z^iVYdh' ;;Zjh w VfjZaZ fjZ
XdbVcYV d ZheZirXjad Z ji^a^oV Vh [gVfjZoVh YZ hZjh hZgkdh V
[^b YZ YZbdchigVg JZj edYZg Z [dgvV'1)
GVjad [Vo fjVigd XdcigVhiZh eVgV gZkZaVg V hjV ^gdc^V
Xdb V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3 gZ^h&eg^h^dcZ^gdh #-'0&2$% hrW^dh&
adjXdh #-'*)V$% [dgiZh&[gVXdh #-'*)W$ Z cdWgZh&YZhegZoVYdh
#-'*)X&*,$'1*
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% YLPZ L WYPZPVULPYVZ #-'0&2$' M^hid fjZ
V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV X]Z^V YZ kVc\adg^V% GVjad ^gdc^oV dh XgZciZh
YZ :dg^cid% Y^oZcYd3 àAr ZhiV^h [Vgidh% _r ZhiV^h g^Xdh4
X]Z\VhiZh V gZ^cVg hZb czhâ #-'1$' GVjad Y^o eVgV ZaZh3 MdXxh
Zhiud [Vgidh Z g^Xdh YZbV^h <aZh ZhiVkVb Xdbd V ^\gZ_V YZ
CVdY^Xw^V% hVi^h[Z^idh Xdb V hjV Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ' GZchVkVb
fjZ i^c]Vb ijYd' <hiVkVb X]Z^dh YZ kVc\adg^V' <aZh i^c]Vb
jb Vaid XdcXZ^id YZ h^ bZhbdh' Fh Xdg^ci^dh eZchVkVb fjZ
ZaZh ZgVb jbV ^\gZ_V YZ bj^id hjXZhhd% bj^id bVYjgV Z
Z[^X^ZciZ' DVh GVjad V[^gbV fjZ Vfj^ad fjZ kdXx iZb% w d
fjZ kdXx gZXZWZj' àGd^h fjZb w fjZ iZ [Vo hdWgZhhV^g6 < fjZ
iZch ij fjZ cud iZc]Vh gZXZW^Yd6 <% hZ d gZXZWZhiZ% edg fjZ
iZ kVc\adg^Vh Xdbd hZ d cud i^kZgVh gZXZW^Yd6â #-'0$' GVjad
Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ cud ]r bVg\Zb eVgV V kV^YVYZ% eVgV V
hdWZgWV Z eVgV d dg\ja]d Zhe^g^ijVa' JZ ;;Zjh a]Z YZj jb
b^c^hiwg^d YZ egd_Zvud% kdXx cud iZb YZ [^XVg kV^Ydhd Xdb
^hhd% ^hhd cud w hZj' Eud w YZk^Yd Vdh hZjh bwg^idh% cud w
YZk^Yd s hjV ^ciZa^\xcX^V dj XVeVX^YVYZ ]jbVcV' < \gVvV
YZ ;;Zjh' < edg fjZ% Zciud% kdXx hZ kVc\adg^V Xdbd hZ [dhhZ
bwg^id hZj6
GVjad XdbZvV V bdhigVg eVgV VfjZaV ^\gZ_V fjZ V iZdad\^V
YV \azg^V w egZXZY^YV eZaV iZdad\^V YV Xgjo' < V \gVcYZ
WVcYZ^gV Yd Xg^hiud w V iZdad\^V YZ Adud 9Vi^hiV fjZ Y^o^V3
à:dckwb fjZ ZaZ QAZhjhR XgZhvV Z fjZ Zj Y^b^cjVâ #Ad
,',)$' ;;Zjh XdadXdj dh Vezhidadh Zb eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg cV
^\gZ_V% bVh d bjcYd XdadXV dh Vezhidadh Zb ~ai^bd aj\Vg'
?r igxh eg^cXye^dh cV bZir[dgV gZ^h&ZhXgVkdh XdcYZcVYdh'
JZ czh ZhiVbdh hZcYd VWZcvdVYdh% djigdh Zhiud hZcYd
ZhWd[ZiZVYdh4 hZ czh ZhiVbdh hZcYd ZhWd[ZiZVYdh% ^hhd kV^
VWZcvdVg djigVh eZhhdVh4 idYdh dh Xg^hiudh hud% Vd bZhbd
iZbed% gZ^h Z eg^h^dcZ^gdh hZciZcX^VYdh s bdgiZ' Jdbdh iVcid
gZ^h fjVcid ZhXgVkdh' Jdbdh g^Xdh Zb :g^hid Z YZhegZoVYdh
eZad bjcYd' AVbV^h VaXVcvVgZbdh V WZb&VkZcijgVcvV eaZcV
Vfj^' 8^cYV hdbdh ]jbVcdh' 8^cYV ZhiVbdh cd bjcYd'
8^cYV hdbdh bdgiV^h' 8^cYV ZhiVbdh Zmedhidh Vd eZXVYd%
Vd bjcYd Z Vd Y^VWd'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ZdIPVZ L SV\JVZ& F Vezhidad Y^o3 àEzh
hdbdh adjXdh edg XVjhV YZ :g^hid% Z kzh hrW^dh Zb :g^hidâ
#-'*)W$' GVjad jhV jbV a^c\jV\Zb YZ ^gdc^V% ed^h idYdh d
Xdch^YZgVkVb jb adjXd% eZad [Vid YZ iZg YZ^mVYd d _jYVyhbd
Z d gVW^cVYd% jbV XVggZ^gV egdb^hhdgV YZ \gVcYZh kVciV\Zch%
Xdb bj^id Y^c]Z^gd Z hjXZhhd% Xdb bj^iV egd_Zvud% eVgV hZ
idgcVg jb ]dbZb VcYVg^a]d% jb ^i^cZgVciZ fjZ cud i^c]V
bdgVYV XZgiV% fjZ eVhhVkV [dbZ% hZci^V [g^d% ZgV Vvd^iVYd
Z egZhd' @bV\^cd fjZ Y^o^Vb eVgV ZaZ3 Kj wh adjXd GVjad
?djkZ jb bdbZcid Zb hjV k^YV Zb fjZ ZaZ VX]VkV fjZ hZg
hrW^d ZgV hZ \adg^Vg cVh Xd^hVh fjZ i^c]V #=e ,'-&1$' DVh ZaZ
Xdch^YZgdj idYVh ZhhVh \azg^Vh Yd hZj eVhhVYd Xdbd ZhiZgXd%
Xdbd a^md% edg XVjhV YV hjWa^b^YVYZ Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ
:g^hid #=e ,'1$' GVjad ZgV adjXd YZ VXdgYd Xdb d Xg^iwg^d
Ydh ]dbZch' <aZ VWVcYdcdj hZj Z[H[\Z$ hjV edh^vud Z
hjVh kVciV\Zch' :dcijYd% cV kZgYVYZ% dh Xdgyci^dh fjZ hZ
Xdch^YZgVkVb hrW^dh Vdh egzeg^dh da]dh% ZgVb idadh Vdh
da]dh YZ ;;Zjh'
GVjad Y^o3 àE^c\jwb hZ Zc\VcZ V h^ bZhbd4 Z hZ Va\jwb
YZcigZ kzh hZ iZb edg hrW^d cZhiZ hwXjad% [VvV&hZ Zhijaid
eVgV hZ idgcVg hrW^d' GdgfjZ V hVWZYdg^V YZhiZ bjcYd w
adjXjgV Y^VciZ YZ ;;Zjhâ #,'*1%*2$' F XVb^c]d eVgV hZ
idgcVg Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ hrW^d w idgcVg&hZ idad Vdh da]dh Yd
bjcYd' F brgi^g Yd Xg^hi^Vc^hbd% A^b <aa^di Y^hhZ3 àEud
w idad VfjZaZ fjZ Yr d fjZ cud edYZ gZiZg% eVgV \Vc]Vg d
fjZ cud edYZ eZgYZgâ' ?djkZ jb bdbZcid Zb fjZ GVjad
Xdc[^dj cV hjV [dgvV% bVh YZed^h fjZ :g^hid d hVakdj% ZaZ
eVhhdj V \adg^Vg&hZ VeZcVh Zb hjV [gVfjZoV #+:d *+'0&*)$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg%MYHJVZ LMVY[LZ& ;;^o d kZiZgVcd Vezhidad3
àQ'''R czh [gVXdh% Z kzh [dgiZhâ #-'*)W$' 8dh da]dh YZ ;;Zjh
dh Vezhidadh hud dh eg^bZ^gdh #@:d *+'+1$% bVh Vdh da]dh
Yd bjcYd% ZaZh hud dh ~ai^bdh' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid hZ
Xdch^YZgVkV [dgiZ% edYZgdhV Z GVjad X]Z\dj V Y^oZg fjZ
iZkZ jb iZbed Zb hjV k^YV Zb fjZ ZaZ hZ VX]VkV [dgiZ Z
edYZgdhd' EZhhZ iZbed ZaZ eZghZ\j^j V ^\gZ_V' DVh V\dgV%
ZaZ hZ Xdch^YZgV [gVXd Z hZ \adg^V cV hjV [gVfjZoV' 8hh^b%
GVjad bdhigV s ^\gZ_V fjZ d Vaid XdcXZ^id fjZ ZaV edhhjyV
YZ h^ bZhbV ZgV jbV Xdgi^cV YZ [jbVvV Z jbV brhXVgV'
Fh Xdg^ci^dh ZhiVkVb X]Z^dh YZ dg\ja]d edg XVjhV YV hjV
Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ% bVh ^hhd ZgV [gVfjZoV Vdh da]dh YZ ;;Zjh'
EVd ]r edYZg dcYZ ;;Zjh cud gZXZWZ V \azg^V'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% OVUYHKVZ L KLZWYLaHKVZ #-'*)X&*,$'
Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid fjZg^Vb \azg^V k^cYV Ydh ]dbZch'
<aZh hZ Xdch^YZgVkVb ^bedgiVciZh edg ZhiVgZb VhhdX^VYdh V
]dbZch [Vbdhdh' DVh GVjad a]Zh Y^o fjZ dh Vezhidadh cud
hud cdWgZh% bVh YZhegZoVYdh' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid [^XVkVb
idYdh ZbeVkdcVYdh% Y^oZcYd3 àEzh hdbdh YZ GVjad'
Fj czh hdbdh Yd \gjed YZ 8ed^d' Fj V^cYV czh hdbdh
^bedgiVciZh edgfjZ eZgiZcXZbdh Vd \gjed YZ GZYgdâ' GVjad
Y^o fjZ czh cud YZkZbdh VX]Vg fjZ hdbdh ^bedgiVciZh edg
eZgiZcXZgbdh Vd \gjed YZ ]dbZch [Vbdhdh' Fh Vezhidadh
cud hud [Vbdhdh% Y^hhZ GVjad4 dh Vezhidadh hud YZhegZoVYdh3
àQ'''R kzh cdWgZh% Z czh YZhegZoykZ^hâ #-'*)X$' <aZ Y^o fjZ dh
Vezhidadh Zc[gZciVb eg^kVv}Zh3 àQ'''R hd[gZbdh [dbZ% Z hZYZ%
Z cjYZoâ #-'**$' < dh Vezhidadh V^cYV hd[gZb bVjh&igVidh3
àQ'''R Z hdbdh ZhWd[ZiZVYdh% Z cud iZbdh bdgVYV XZgiVâ
#-'**$' < GVjad XdcXaj^3 àQJdbdhR XVajc^VYdh% egdXjgVbdh
XdcX^a^Vvud4 Viw V\dgV% iZbdh X]Z\VYd V hZg Xdch^YZgVYdh a^md
Yd bjcYd% ZhXzg^V YZ idYdhâ #-'*,$' GVjad Y^o Vdh XgZciZh
YZ :dg^cid eVgV cud XdadXVgZb dh ]dad[diZh cdh ]dbZch%
edgfjZ Vhh^b Xdbd dh ]dbZch igViVgVb AZhjh% d =^a]d YZ
;;Zjh% Z F egZcYZgVb Z a]Z Xjhe^gVb% aZkVcYd&F V Xgjo%
Vhh^b iVbWwb igViVgud dh Vezhidadh' EdhhV k^YV Zhir hZcYd
dWhZgkVYV edg ]dbZch Z Vc_dh' Ezh hdbdh _d\VYdh cVh
VgZcVh eVgV Zc[gZciVgbdh V egzeg^V bdgiZ% Xdbd ZhXgVkdh
XdcYZcVYdh'
9 LIMIRSQN ] TL OAI ALNQNRN )﴿#&)﴿"'&
8 ~ai^bV [^\jgV fjZ GVjad jhV cZhhZ XVeyijad w V [^\jgV YZ
jb eV^ fjZ egZX^hV ZmZgXZg YdvjgV Z iZbdg' GVjad _r i^c]V
XdbeVgVYd V ^\gZ_V adXVa V jbV [Vbya^V #,'*&-$% bVh V\dgV hjV
xc[VhZ w hdWgZ d b^c^higd Xdbd jb eV^ Zhe^g^ijVa' GVjad Yr
jbV \j^cVYV YZ *1) \gVjh% hV^cYd YZ jbV hZkZg^YVYZ ^bZchV%
dcYZ jhdj YZ ^gdc^V% eVgV jbV [^\jgV gZeaZiV YZ YdvjgV% V
[^\jgV YZ jb eV^' 8 hZkZg^YVYZ YZ GVjad Yr aj\Vg s iZgcjgV'
<aZ V\dgV hZ Y^g^\Z s ^\gZ_V Xdbd jb eV^ Vdh hZjh [^a]dh'
EdgbVabZciZ fjVcYd iZbdh YZ jhVg V kVgV eVgV Y^hX^í
ea^cVg cdhhdh [^a]dh% X]dgVbdh bV^h Yd fjZ ZaZh' Jd[gZbdh
Z hZci^bdh bV^h Yd fjZ ZaZh' GVgZXZ fjZ w ^hhd fjZ GVjad
Zhir hZci^cYd% ed^h ZaZ VXVWVgV YZ Y^hX^ea^cVg hZkZgVbZciZ
V ^\gZ_V% X]VbVcYd V ViZcvud Ydh XgZciZh YZ bVcZ^gV YjgV'
8\dgV% ZaZ hZ kdaiV X]Z^d YZ iZgcjgV% YdvjgV% bVch^Yud Z
XVg^c]d Y^g^\^cYd&hZ s ^\gZ_V Xdbd [^a]dh VbVYdh' MZ_Vbdh
Xdbd ZaZ ZhXgZkZ3 àEud kdh ZhXgZkd ZhiVh XdjhVh eVgV kdh
ZckZg\dc]Vg4 eZad Xdcigrg^d% eVgV kdh VYbdZhiVg Xdbd V
[^a]dh bZjh VbVYdhâ #-'*-$' F fjZ w jb eV^ Zhe^g^ijVa6
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V W H P i HX\LSL X\L NLYH VZ MPSOVZ WLSV
L]HUNLSOV #-'*-%*.$' GVjad [VaV Yd eV^ Zhe^g^ijVa3 àGdgfjZ%
V^cYV fjZ i^kwhhZ^h b^a]VgZh YZ egZXZeidgZh Zb :g^hid% cud
iZgyZ^h% XdcijYd% bj^idh eV^h4 ed^h Zj eZad ZkVc\Za]d kdh
\ZgZ^ Zb :g^hizâ #-'*.$' 8 eVaVkgV àegZXZeidgâ Vfj^ wWHPKH%
NVNVZ& < d ZhXgVkd fjZ i^c]V V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ YZ Xj^YVg YZ
jbV Xg^VcvV Z XdcYjo^&aV s ZhXdaV' <aZ cud ZgV d egd[Zhhdg%
bVh VfjZaZ fjZ aZkVkV d [^a]d s ZhXdaV Z d YZ^mVkV Vdh ewh
Yd bZhigZ' < GVjad Y^o3 MdXxh edYZb iZg bj^idh fjZ aZkVb
^chigjvud Viw kdXxh dj% aZkVb kdXxh s ^chigjvud' Gdgwb% kdí
Xxh hz ixb jb eV^' 8 b^c]V gZaVvud Xdb kdXxh w ZhigZ^iV%
hZci^bZciVa% [Vb^a^Vg% Z yci^bV' < jbV gZaVvud YZ XdgVvud Z
YZ VabV' <j hdj d eV^ YZ kdXxh <j \ZgZ^ kdXxh
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V W H P i HX\LSL X\L i \T L_LTWSV WHYH
VZ MPSOVZ #-'*/%*0$' GVjad Y^o3 à8YbdZhid&kdh% edgiVcid% V
fjZ hZ_V^h bZjh ^b^iVYdgZhâ #-'*/$' 8 eVaVkgV à^b^iVYdgZhâ%
cd \gZ\d% w TPTL[HP$ YZ dcYZ kZb V eVaVkgV b^bZi^hbd%
byb^XV' Fj hZ_V% kdXx Zch^cV d [^a]d cud VeZcVh edg Vfj^ad
fjZ kdXx Y^o% bVh% hdWgZijYd% edg Vfj^ad fjZ kdXx [Vo' Fh
[^a]dh VegZcYZb eg^bZ^gd eZad ZmZbead% YZed^h eZaV Ydjig^í
cV' 8aWZgi JX]lZ^ioZg% jb \gVcYZ eZchVYdg VaZbud% YZXaVgV
fjZ d ZmZbead cud w VeZcVh jbV [dgbV YZ Zch^cVg% bVh V
~c^XV [dgbV Z[^XVo' GVjad edY^V hZg ZmZbead eVgV dh hZjh
[^a]dh Z dh hZjh [^a]dh edY^Vb ^b^ir&ad edgfjZ ZaZ ^b^iVkV V
:g^hid' <aZ Y^o3 àJZYZ bZjh ^b^iVYdgZh% Xdbd iVbWwb Zj
hdj YZ :g^hidâ #**'*$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% V W H P i HX\LSL X\L i MPL S LT KPZJPWSPUHY
VZMPSOVZ #-'*1&+*$' F eV^ w VfjZaZ fjZ \ZgV% fjZ Zch^cV eZad
ZmZbead Z iVbWwb% d fjZ Y^hX^ea^cV Xdb Vbdg' MZ_V d fjZ
Y^o d Vezhidad GVjad3 à8a\jch hZ ZchdWZgWZXZgVb% Xdbd hZ
Zj cud i^kZhhZ YZ ^g iZg XdckdhXd4 bVh% Zb WgZkZ% ^gZ^ k^h^iVg&
kdh% hZ d JZc]dg fj^hZg% Z% Zciud% Xdc]ZXZgZ^ cud V eVaVkgV%
bVh d edYZg Ydh ZchdWZgWZX^Ydh' GdgfjZ d gZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh
Xdch^hiZ cud Zb eVaVkgV% bVh Zb edYZg' HjZ egZ[Zg^h6 @gZ^ V
kzh djigdh Xdb kVgV dj Xdb Vbdg Z Zheyg^id YZ bVch^Yud6â
#-'*1&+*$'
?r jb bdbZcid Zb fjZ V ^cidaZgtcX^V egZX^hV iZg jb
[^b' ?r jb bdbZcid Zb fjZ V ~c^XV [dgbV YZ VaXVcvVg
d XdgVvud Yd [^a]d w d ZmeZY^ZciZ YV Y^hX^ea^cV' IZiZg V
kVgV Yd [^a]d w eZXVg XdcigV ZaZ' 8WdggZXZ V VabV Yd [^a]d
d eV^ fjZ gZiwb V Y^hX^ea^cV' :]Z\V jb bdbZcid Zb fjZ
jb eV^ gZhedchrkZa egZX^hV Y^hX^ea^cVg dh hZjh [^a]dh' Lb
eV^ fjZ VbV cud edYZ hZg ^cYja\ZciZ Xdb dh [^a]dh' F eV^
cud VeZcVh Yr ZmZbead Z Zch^cV% bVh iVbWwb Y^hX^ea^cV dh
[^a]dh fjVcYd ZaZh hZ idgcVb gZWZaYZh'
GVjad Y^o fjZ Zm^hi^V YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V jbV Y^Xdidb^V%
jb ]^Vid% jb VW^hbd ZcigZ d fjZ dh Xg^hiudh [VaVkVb Z d
fjZ ZaZh k^k^Vb' GVjad XdcigVhiV Y^hXjghd Z edYZg% eVaVkgVh Z
dWgVh #-'*2%+)$' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid cud i^c]Vb egdWaZí
bV Xdb Y^hXjghdh edbedhdh% bVh ZaZh cud i^c]Vb edYZg'
=VaVkVb% bVh cud k^k^Vb' ?Vk^V jb VW^hbd ZcigZ d fjZ
[VaVkVb Z d fjZ egVi^XVkVb' <aZh ZgVb jbV ^\gZ_V [VaVciZ Z
ZadfÄZciZ% bVh cud egVi^XVciZ' <ciud GVjad a]Zh Y^o fjZ d
egdWaZbV cud w [VaVg% bVh k^kZg% ed^h d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh cud
Xdch^hiZ Zb eVaVkgV% bVh Zb edYZg Eud VY^VciV kdXx [VaVg
Wdc^id% iZg jb Y^hXjghd Wdc^id% cud VY^VciV hZg ZadfÄZciZ%
[Vc[Vggud% idXVg igdbWZiV F IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh w edYZg% w k^YV%
w igVch[dgbVvud'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V W H P i HX\LSL X\L Kd HML[V L JHYPUOV
HVZ MPSOVZ #-'*-%+*$' F eV^ \ZgV% Yr ZmZbead% Y^hX^ea^cV% Z
iVbWwb Yr XVg^c]d' F [^a]d fjZ hz VeVc]V [^XV gZkdaiVYd
Z gZXVaXVYd' F [^a]d fjZ hz gZXZWZ XVg^c]d [^XV b^bVYd Z
^bVijgd' GgZX^hVbdh YdhVg Y^hX^ea^cV Xdb iZgcjgV' KZb d
iZbed XZgid YZ jhVg V kVgV Z d iZbed XZgid YZ eZ\Vg d [^a]d
cd Xdad' GgZX^hVbdh Zfj^a^WgVg XdggZvud Xdb ZcXdgV_VbZcid'
GVjad eZg\jciV3 àHjZ egZ[Zg^h6 @gZ^ V kzh djigdh Xdb kVgV%
dj Xdb Vbdg% Z Zheyg^id YZ bVch^Yud6â GVjad ZgV VfjZaZ
]dbZb YZ XdgVvud YdXZ Z X]Z^d YZ iZgcjgV% jb eV^ fjZ
i^c]V kdciVYZ YZ XdadXVg dh [^a]dh cd Xdad' GgZX^hVbdh
YZhZckdakZg ZhhZ hZci^bZcid YZ egdm^b^YVYZ% YZ ^ci^b^YVYZ
Z YZ VbVW^a^YVYZ cV ^\gZ_V'
MZ_V V ^ciZch^YVYZ Ydh hZci^bZcidh YZhhZ Vezhidad kZiZgVí
cd' HjVcYd ZaZ ZhXgZkZ Vdh \raViVh% V[^gbV3 àQ'''R bZjh [^a]dh%
edg fjZb% YZ cdkd% hd[gd Vh YdgZh YZ eVgid% Viw hZg :g^hid
[dgbVYd Zb kzhâ #>* -'*2$' 8 [^\jgV fjZ ZaZ jhV w V YZ jbV
buZ YVcYd V ajo' ;;Zed^h ZaZ Y^o Vdh egZhWyiZgdh YZ <[Zhd%
fjZ ZaZ ZgV VfjZaZ eV^ fjZ ZmdgiVkV Y^V Z cd^iZ Xdb ar\g^bVh
V XVYV jb #8i +)',*$' <aZ V^cYV Y^hhZ Vdh iZhhVadc^XZchZh fjZ
ZaZ ZgV Xdbd jbV VbV% fjZ VXVg^X^V dh [^a]dh #aKh +'0$'

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ )

.1 K [ W d e T W $ G M^^QZ G# 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& F[X# -& *((.2


b& /.(%/.-&
0) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& .-&
0* 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& ,0&
0+ < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
)11,2 b& .,&
0, D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& .-&
7^U`f! Q F a Y W d e $ 4XQ[Z# 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
0- F [W ` W U ] W d $
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1*&
/- < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
)11,2 b& .-&
/. G :6BC36! GM^^QZ G 6VTLU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& F[X# -& *((.2 b& /.(&
// G :6BC36! GM^^QZ G# 6VTLU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& F[X# -& *((.2 b& /.(&
/0 D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& ..&
/1 G :6BC36! G M^^QZ G# 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& F[X# -& *((.2
b& /.)&
0( F [W ` W U ] W d $ 7^U`f! Q F a Y W d e $ 4XQ[Z# 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1+&
0) G :6BC36! G M^^QZ G# 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& F[X# -% *((.2
b& /.*&
E LÁLWJĂJPU KH
KPXJPVRPTH TH PNWLQH
&4[*#&"&(  

Ed 4 2 A uD E = @ .% A 2 E = @ 72 =2 hdWgZ V
Ydjig^cV YV Y^hX^ea^cV cV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ
cVd w jb Vhhjcid [rX^a cZb edejaVg%
bVh w cZXZhhrg^d' FcYZ cud ]r Xdgí
gZvud cZb Y^hX^ea^cV% cud ]r Vbdg gZhí
edchrkZa'
F [gVXVhhd YV Y^hX^ea^cV ]d_Z edYZ hZg
Zmea^XVYd Zb eVgiZ edgfjZ ZhiVbdh a^í
\VcYd d VaVgbZ XdcigV d ^cXxcY^d YZed^h
fjZ d [d\d _r hZ VaVhigdj' CZbWgV&hZ Yd
hVXZgYdiZ <a^% fjZ _ja\dj @hgVZa fjVgZciV
Vcdh6 <aZ w YZcjcX^VYd edg ]dcgVg bV^h
hZjh [^a]dh Yd fjZ V ;;Zjh #@Jb +'+2$'
F Vbdg YZ <a^ edg ?d[c^ Z =^cw^Vh% hZjh
[^a]dh% [d^% iVakZo% jb Vbdg ^ciZchd% bVh
cud gZhedchrkZa' Gdg ^hhd% hZjh [^a]dh hZ
eZgYZgVb'
CZbWgV&hZ YZ ;;Vk^6 <aZ VbVkV dh hZjh [^a]dh' <aZ [d^
XVeVo YZ X]dgVg VbVg\VbZciZ Xdb V bdgiZ YZ 8WhVaud% bVh
cVd i^c]V Y^hedh^vud YZ Y^hX^ea^cr&ad YZ bVcZ^gV XdggZiV'
Jdbdh ^c[dgbVYdh fjZ ;;Vk^ cjcXV XdcigVg^dj d hZj [^a]d
8Ydc^Vh #aIh *'/$'
Adud :Vak^cd X]Z\dj V Y^oZg fjZ jbV YVh bVgXVh YV
kZgYVYZ^gV ^\gZ_V w V XdggZiV Vea^XVvud YV Y^hX^ea^cV WyWa^XV'
GgZX^hVbdh da]Vg eVgV ZhhZ Vhhjcid Xdb bj^id Xj^YVYd
Z oZad% edgfjZ% k^V YZ gZ\gV% V fjZhiud YV Y^hX^ea^cV iZb
h^Yd bVa ZbegZ\VYV cV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh' ?r Yd^h ZmigZbdh
eZg^\dhdh fjVcid s fjZhiud YV Y^hX^ea^cV cV ^\gZ_V3 <aV w
Vea^XVYV Xdb Y^hea^XxcX^V dj Xdb g^\dg YZhbZhjgVYd'
<b Va\jch aj\VgZh dh ayYZgZh [VoZb k^hiV \gdhhV Vd
eZXVYd% idaZgVcYd&d dj eVhhVcYd edg X^bV YZ h^ijVv}Zh fjZ
igVoZb YZhdcgV Vd cdbZ YZ ;;Zjh Z ZhXtcYVad Vdh da]dh Yd
bjcYd' <hhZ [d^ d Zggd YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' DVh Zm^hiZ
iVbWwb d g^hXd YZ hZ Vea^XVg V Y^hX^ea^cV hZb Vbdg Z Xdb
g^\dg ZmXZhh^kd% egd^W^cYd Viw bZhbd Vfj^ad fjZ V GVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh cud XdcYZcV' Dj^id YV Y^hX^ea^cV fjZ w Vea^XVYV
cVh ^\gZ_Vh% ]d_Z% w Vea^XVYV Zb X^bV YZ jhdh Z XdhijbZh% Z
cud Zb fjZhi}Zh k^iV^h YZ YZhdWZY^xcX^V% YZ gZWZaY^V Z YZ

F jhd YV Y^hX^ea^cV cud edYZ hZg VWjh^kd' I^XVgYd >dc&


Y^b% cd hZj a^kgd 8WYVPIPKV% cVggV jbV ]^hizg^V bj^id ig^hiZ
YZ jb eVhidg fjZ i^c]V jb b^c^hiwg^d gZXdc]ZX^Yd Z idbVkV
XdciV YZ krg^Vh ^\gZ_Vh' :Zgid Y^V gZXZWZj Zb hjV XVhV krg^dh
dWgZ^gdh eVgV jbV gZjc^ud YZ a^YZgVcvV' <cfjVcid XdckZgí
hVkV Vc^bVYVbZciZ Xdb dh ayYZgZh% hjV ZhedhV X]Z\dj Z ^cí
iZggdbeZj V gZjc^ud% hjhhjggVcYd Zb hZj djk^Yd Va\jbVh
eVaVkgVh3 à8 cdhhV [^a]V Xdgidj d XVWZadâ' F eVhidg% ^bZY^Ví
iVbZciZ% YZ^mdj dh dWgZ^gdh cV hVaV% Y^g^\^j&hZ Vd fjVgid
YV [^a]V idbVYd edg [~g^V' JjV [^a]V% YZ YZod^id Vcdh ]Vk^V
idhVYd Vh edciVh Yd XVWZad' F eVhidg% ^gVYd% Z hZb fjVafjZg
XdcigdaZ ZbdX^dcVa% kdX^[Zgdj eVgV V [^a]V VhhjhiVYV3 àF fjZ
w fjZ kdXx fjZg [VoZg Xdb^\d% bZc^cV6 MdXx fjZg YZhigj^g
bZj b^c^hiwg^d6â 9gjhXVbZciZ VggVcXdj d X^cid YV XVavV
Z XdbZvdj V WViZg cV [^a]V YZhXdcigdaVYVbZciZ% YZ^mVcYd
kZg\}Zh ZchVc\ÄZciVYdh cd Xdged YZaV' 8ezh XVhi^\r&aV Xdb
dh Vvd^iZh% da]dj eVgV ZaV Z Y^hhZ3 à<cfjVcid kdXx Zhi^kZg
YZWV^md Yd bZj iZid% Zj cVd idaZgd iVbVc]d ^chjaid Z iud
\gVkZ eZXVYdâ' ;;Zed^h YZhhV kZg\dc]dhV XZcV% YZ^mdj V [^í
a]V bVX]jXVYV cd fjVgid Z kdaidj eVgV V gZjc^ud eVgV igVí
iVg Ydh Vhhjcidh YV ^\gZ_V' Hj^coZ b^cjidh bV^h iVgYZ hjV
ZhedhV kdaidj% cdkVbZciZ% V\dgV% YZhZheZgVYV eVgV a]Z YVg
djigV cdiyX^V' 8 bdvV YZ YZod^id Vcdh ]Vk^V _d\VYd raXdda
Zb h^ bZhbV Z ^cXZcY^VYd d egzeg^d Xdged' GVgV ZheVcid Yd
eVhidg% bZ^V ]dgV YZed^h% hjV [^a]V ZhiVkV bdggZcYd Zb jb
egdcid&hdXdggd YZ jb ]dhe^iVa' <hhZ w d i^ed YZ Y^hX^ea^cV
fjZ cud iZb WVhZ cV 9yWa^V' Dj^iVh kZoZh% hZ Vea^XV jbV
Y^hX^ea^cV g^\dgdhV% hZb Vbdg% XdcYZcVcYd jbV egri^XV fjZ
cud eVhhV YZ jhdh Z XdhijbZh'
MVbdh dWhZgkVg Va\jbVh a^v}Zh ^bedgiVciZh cd iZmid Zb
iZaV'

1 IGQEJA MTLA CTKSTQA EL DECAD^MCIA *#&


8 ^\gZ_V Zhir ^chZg^YV cjbV XjaijgV Zb YZXVYxcX^V' <hhV
cud ZgV VeZcVh jbV gZVa^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% bVh%
iVbWwb w V XdcY^vud YV ^\gZ_V XdciZbedgtcZV' 8 ^\gZ_V
w jbV XdcigVXjaijgV YZcigd YZ jbV XjaijgV YZXVYZciZ' 8
hdX^ZYVYZ hZXjaVg cud Xdc]ZXZ dh eg^cXye^dh YZ ;;Zjh% cud
VbV dh kVadgZh VWhdajidh YZ ;;Zjh cZb Zhir hj_Z^iV s aZ^ YZ
;;Zjh' MVbdh YZhiVXVg Va\jch edcidh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V ZLUZ\HSPKHKL KLZYLNYHKH #.'*$'
:dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ bdgVabZciZ YZXVYZciZ' N^aa^Vb
9VgXaVn Y^o fjZ Zb bViwg^V hZmjVa dh eV\udh cud Xdc]ZX^Vb
d h^\c^[^XVYd YV XVhi^YVYZ' Fh Xg^hiudh ZgVb Xdbd jbV
eZfjZcV ^a]V YZ Xg^hi^Vc^hbd gdYZVYV edg idYdh dh aVYdh
edg jb bVg YZ eV\Vc^hbd'1+ <b :dg^cid ZhiVkV jb Ydh
eg^cX^eV^h iZbeadh Ydh Xjaidh \gZ\dh' 8a^ [^XVkV d iZbead YZ
8[gdY^iZ% V YZjhV \gZ\V Yd Vbdg Z Yd hZmd' EZhhZ iZbead
]Vk^V XZgXV YZ b^a egdhi^ijiVh XjaijV^h fjZ egZhiVkVb jbV
ZhewX^Z YZ hZgk^vd a^i~g\^Xd sfjZaV Y^k^cYVYZ eV\V edg
bZ^d YV egdhi^ij^vud' 8 a^WZgi^cV\Zb Z V egdb^hXj^YVYZ
egZkVaZX^Vb cV X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid' 8fjZaVh egdhi^ijiVh
YZhX^Vb Yd iZbead eVgV d XV^h% dcYZ cVk^dh VedgiVkVb%
Z bVci^c]Vb gZaVv}Zh hZmjV^h Xdb dh bVg^c]Z^gdh fjZ
X]Z\VkVb Y^Vg^VbZciZ YZ idYVh Vh eVgiZh Yd bjcYd' ;;V
X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid hZ aZkVciVkV d bVj X]Z^gd YV egdhi^ij^vud
Z YZ idYV hdgiZ YZ YZ\gVYVvud hZmjVa' Cr Zb :dg^cid%
iVbWwb% [^XVkV d bV^dg bdcjbZcid YZ 8ed^d% jbV [^\jgV
fjZ ZmegZhhVkV V WZaZoV Yd Xdged bVhXja^cd Z hj\Zhi^dcVkV
d edkd s egri^XV Yd ]dbdhhZmjVa^hbd' :dg^cid ZgV jbV
X^YVYZ egd[jcYVbZciZ bVgXVYV eZaV ]dbdhhZmjVa^YVYZ Z
GVjad iZhiZbjc]V fjZ bj^idh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V ]Vk^Vb
h^Yd VggVcXVYdh YVh \VggVh Yd ]dbdhhZmjVa^hbd eZad edYZg
Yd ZkVc\Za]d #/'2%*)$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ]LQHTVZ [YjZ Uk]LPZ KL KLNYHKHhgV
#.'2%*)$' :dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ bVgXVYV eZad VYjaiwg^d
Z Viw bZhbd eZaV X]VciV\Zb hZmjVa YZcigd Yd XVhVbZcid
#0',&.$' 8 hZchjVa^YVYZ YZhgZ\gVYV ZgV YZ XZgiV [dgbV d
eVcd YZ [jcYd YZhhZ \gVkZ ZhXtcYVad YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V'

îîî ?r djigd VheZXid fjZ fjZgd gZhhVaiVg' MZ_V d fjZ


GVjad Y^o3 àAr Zb XVgiV kdh ZhXgZk^ fjZ cud kdh
VhhdX^rhhZ^h Xdb dh ^bejgdh4 gZ[^gd&bZ% Xdb ^hid%
cud egdeg^VbZciZ Vdh ^bejgdh YZhiZ bjcYd% dj
Vdh VkVgZcidh% dj gdjWVYdgZh% dj ^YzaVigVh4 ed^h
cZhiZ XVhd% iZgyZ^h YZ hV^g Yd bjcYdâ #.'2%*)$'
MdXx eZgXZWZ Vy igxh cykZ^h YZ YZ\gVYVvud'
îîî F eZXVYd XdcigV h^ bZhbd% w d eZXVYd YV ^bejí
gZoV'
îîî F eZXVYd XdcigV d egzm^bd% w d eZXVYd YV VkVí
gZoV Z Yd gdjWd'
îîî F eZXVYd XdcigV ;;Zjh% w d eZXVYd YV ^YdaVig^V'

MZ_V fjZ V hdX^ZYVYZ YZ :dg^cid cud i^c]V gZ[ZgZcX^Va


Zb gZaVvud V h^ bZhbV% Zb gZaVvud Vd egzm^bd Z Zb gZaVvud
V ;;Zjh' <gV jbV hdX^ZYVYZ hZb gjbd Z hZb VWhdajidh' 8
^\gZ_V k^k^V cjbV XjaijgV Zb YZXVYxcX^V'

;TAMDN N OECADN IMUADE A IGQEJA *#&


;;Zjh X]Vbdj V ^\gZ_V Yd bjcYd eVgV ^c[ajZcX^Vg d
bjcYd Z hZg ajo cd bjcYd' F \gVcYZ egdWaZbV w fjVcí
Yd V ^\gZ_V w hZYjo^YV Z ^c[ajZcX^VYV eZad bjcYd V edcid
YZ eZgYZg hjV ^c[ajxcX^V Z hZjh kVadgZh' <gV ^hhd fjZ ZhiVkV
VXdciZXZcYd cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' MZ_Vbdh Va\jch edcidh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV KLU\UJPH V WLJHKV KV PUJLZ[V
#.'*$' F ^cXZhid w XdcYZcVYd eZaV aZ^ YZ ;;Zjh #Ck *1'.$' Lb
]dbZb ZhiVkV iZcYd gZaVv}Zh hZmjV^h Xdb V bja]Zg Yd hZj
eV^ Z V ^\gZ_V Zb kZo YZ Y^hX^ea^cVg ZhhZ [Vaidhd hZ dg\ja]VkV
YZhhV adjXjgV' Eud edYZbdh hVWZg s ajo YZhhZ iZmid hZ ZhhV
bja]Zg V^cYV ZhiVkV XVhVYV Xdb d eV^ YZhhZ gVeVo dj hZ _r
d ]Vk^V YZ^mVYd dj bZhbd hZ ZgV V k^~kV Yd hZj eV^' ;;Z
fjVafjZg bVcZ^gV ]Vk^V jb egZXZ^id cV aZ^ YZ Dd^hwh% fjZ
jb ]dbZb cud edY^V hZ YZ^iVg Xdb V bja]Zg YZ hZj eV^4
[dhhZ ZaV hjV buZ dj bVYgVhiV' KVcid V aZ^ gVWyc^XV fjVcid
V aZ^ gdbVcV iVbWwb egd^W^Vb iV^h XVhVbZcidh' @hhd ZgV
VWdb^crkZa Vdh da]dh YZ ;;Zjh'1, F iZbed egZhZciZ Yd
kZgWd àedhhj^gâ Zc[Vi^oV V edhhZhhud XdciycjV' <aZh ZhiVkVb
k^kZcYd Xdbd bVg^Yd Z bja]Zg hZb ZhiVgZb XVhVYdh'1-
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V PUJLZ[V ]PVSH]H VZ WYlWYPVZ WYPUJkWPVZ
KV T\UKV #.'*$' 8 ^bdgVa^YVYZ% WVYUiPH$ YZcjcX^VYV edg
GVjad cZhhZ kZghyXjad *% cud w VeZcVh d VYjaiwg^d% bVh%
hdWgZijYd% d ^cXZhid'1.GVjad gZXg^b^cV V ^\gZ_V Z YZcjcX^V d
eZXVYd YZ ^cXZhid YZhhZ _dkZb% Y^oZcYd fjZ cZb dh eV\udh
djhVkVb XdbZiZg iVbVc]V idgeZoV' GVjad Y^o fjZ d ^cXZhid
w XdcYZcrkZa cud VeZcVh eZaV aZ^ YZ ;;Zjh% bVh iVbWwb%
eZadh eg^cXye^dh Yd bjcYd' ;;^o d Vezhidad3 à>ZgVabZciZ% hZ
djkZ fjZ ]r ZcigZ kzh ^bdgVa^YVYZ Z ^bdgVa^YVYZ iVa% Xdbd
cZb bZhbd ZcigZ dh \Zci^dh% ^hid w% ]VkZg fjZb hZ VigZkV
V edhhj^g V bja]Zg YZ hZj egzeg^d eV^â #.'*$' EZb bZhbd
V hdX^ZYVYZ [gdjmV Z eZgb^hh^kV YZ :dg^cid VegdkVkV ZhhZ
eZXVYd YZ ^cXZhid' EZb bZhbd V hdX^ZYVYZ eZgb^hh^kV Z
egdbyhXjV YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkV VXdhijbVYV Xdb ZhhZ i^ed YZ
eZXVYd YZ jb ]dbZb X]Z\Vg V edhhj^g V bja]Zg YZ hZj
egzeg^d eV^'
Gdg fjZ w fjZ GVjad YZcjcX^V d ]dbZb Z cud V bja]Zg6
<bWdgV d iZmid cud cdh YZ^mZ XaVgd ^hhd% bVh% idYdh dh
^ciwgegZiZh egVi^XVbZciZ VXZ^iVb d [Vid YZ fjZ GVjad cud
Zhir XZchjgVcYd ZhhV bja]Zg edgfjZ ZaV cud ZgV bZbWgd YV
^\gZ_V' 8^cYV ZgV jbV eV\V Z cud [Vo^V eVgiZ YV [Vbya^V YV
[w' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV ZXaZh^rhi^XV cud w eVgV dh YZ [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' 8
^\gZ_V cud iZb _jg^hY^vud hdWgZ VfjZaZh fjZ cud [VoZb eVgiZ
YV [Vbya^V YV [w'1/ ;;^hX^ea^cV w eVgV dh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V'
GVjad Y^o3 àFh YZ [dgV% edgwb% ;;Zjh dh _ja\Vgrâ #.'*,$'
:VWZ&cdh _ja\Vg VfjZaZh fjZ Zhiud YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% Z hud
bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V'
F fjZ GVjad bdhigV cZhhZ kZghyXjad w fjZ d XgZciZ fjVcí
Yd eZXV% eZXV XdcigV jbV ajo bV^dg' F eZXVYd Yd XgZciZ w
jb eZXVYd bV^h ]^ezXg^iV% bV^h YVcdhd% Z bV^h XdcYZcrí
kZa' HjVcYd jb XgZciZ eZXV% Zhir eZXVcYd XdcigV d Xdc]Zí
X^bZcid' F XgZciZ hVWZ fjZ d eZXVYd w ZggVYd% gZegdkVYd
edg ;;Zjh Z YVcdhd s hV~YZ Zhe^g^ijVa YV ^\gZ_V' GdgiVcid%
fjVcYd jb XgZciZ hZ ZcigZ\V Vd eZXVYd% d _ja\VbZcid hdí
WgZ ZaZ hZgr bV^h hZkZgd'

1 ASISTDE EQQADA DA IGQEJA EL QEKA\[N AN OECADN *#&!'!+


GVjad YZhiVXV fjVigd Vi^ijYZh ZggVYVh Zb gZaVvud Vd
eZXVYd'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% MHaLY JVUJLZZgV HV WLJHKV #.'*$' ;;jVh
Xd^hVh Zhiud egdkdXVcYd ig^hiZoV cd Vezhidad GVjad' Gg^bZ^gd
w d [Vid YV XdcXZhhud Vd eZXVYd' Lb bZbWgd YV ^\gZ_V X]Zí
\dj V edcid YZ XdbZiZg jb eZXVYd e^dg Yd fjZ d eZXVYd
XdbZi^Yd cd bjcYd' Ed ZciVcid% V bV^dg ig^hiZoV YZ GVjad
[d^ V gZVvud Z V Vi^ijYZ YV ^\gZ_V Zb gZaVvud Vd eZXVYd Yd
_dkZb ^cXZhijdhd' ;;^o GVjad3 à<% XdcijYd% VcYV^h kzh Zchd&
WZgWZX^Ydh Z cud X]Z\VhiZh V aVbZciVg% eVgV fjZ [dhhZ i^gVYd
Yd kdhhd bZ^d fjZb iVbVc]d jaigV_Z egVi^Xdj6â #.'+$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% UgV SHTLU[HY ULT JOVYHY WLSV WLJHKV
#.'+$' F \gVcYZ egdWaZbV fjZ GVjad k^j cV ^\gZ_V [d^ fjZ dh
XgZciZh cud aVbZciVgVb d \gVkZ eZXVYd YZ ^cXZhid XdbZi^Yd
edg ZhhZ bdvd' 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V WLU[OLPU$ àaVbZciVgâ Vfj^
w V eVaVkgV X]dgVg d X]dgd VbVg\d YZ jb [jcZgVa'10 GVjad
Zhir Y^oZcYd3 :dbd kdXxh X]dgVb cdh [jcZgV^h% YZkZg^Vb
iVbWwb X]dgVg eZad eZXVYd' <hhZ eZXVYd YZkZg^V egdkdXVg
Zb kdXxh jbV Ydg iud V\jYV Z iud [dgiZ fjVcid V Ydg fjZ
kdXxh Zc[gZciVb cV ]dgV Yd ajid' Gdgwb% Zb kZo YZ X]dgVg%
V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV ZchdWZgWZX^YV' <aV hZ VkVa^VkV Z YVkV cdiV
brm^bV V h^ bZhbV' Aja\VkV&hZ jbV ^\gZ_V YZ bZciZ VWZgiV%
dcYZ Vh eZhhdVh i^c]Vb eaZcV a^WZgYVYZ Z cZc]jbV ZhewX^Z
YZ gZhig^vud' EVYV YZ ^bedh^v}Zh% cVYV YZ gZ\gVh% cVYV YZ
eg^cXye^dh Z cVYV YZ [^hXVa^oVg V k^YV Va]Z^V% Y^o^Vb ZaZh'
?d_Z% iVbWwb% czh hz X]dgVbdh cdh [jcZgV^h% bVh cVd
YZggVbVbdh cZc]jbV ar\g^bV eZadh ZhXtcYVadh Z ZhigV\dh
fjZ d eZXVYd [Vo cd bZ^d YV ^\gZ_V'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg$MPJH Y LUZVILYILJPKV WLSV WLJHKV #.'+%/$'
F fjZ ZhiVkV VXdciZXZcYd w fjZ V ^\gZ_V cVd VeZcVh idaZgVkV
d eZXVYd% bVh% iVbWwb ZhiVkV kV^YdhV edg XVjhV YZaZ' GVjad
gZegdkV V ^\gZ_V% Y^oZcYd3 àEud w WdV V kdhhV _VXitcX^Vâ
#.'/$' HjZ Xd^hV ZhigVc]V cZhhV ^\gZ_V <aV cud ZhiVkV cZjigV
cZb ^cY^[ZgZciZ Zb gZaVvud Vd eZXVYd% bVh ZchdWZgWZX^YV
Z _VXiVcYd&hZ edg XVjhV YZaZ'
8 cdhhV hdX^ZYVYZ% YZ bdYd hZbZa]VciZ s hdX^ZYVYZ
YZ :dg^cid% cud idaZgV VWhdajidh' :VYV jb fjZg k^kZg V
hjV k^YV' :VYV jb w Ydcd YVh hjVh YZX^h}Zh' :VYV jb
[Vo hjVh ZhXda]Vh' F bjcYd w eajgVa' EZhhZ bjcYd% V
Y^hX^ea^cV Zhir XVYV kZo bV^h Y^[yX^a' MdXx X]VbV V ViZcvud
YZ jb bZbWgd [Vaidhd YV ^\gZ_V Z ZaZ Y^o3 à<j cud fjZgd
fjZ c^c\jwb bZ ^cXdbdYZ' Jdj Ydcd YV b^c]V k^YV Z
cud eZgb^id fjZ c^c\jwb ^ciZg[^gV cVh b^c]Vh ZhXda]Vh'
JZ kdXxh cud Zhiud hVi^h[Z^idh Xdb b^c]V XdcYjiV Vfj^%
Zj kdj eVgV djigV ^\gZ_Vâ' < d e^dg% cV djigV ^\gZ_V% ZhhZ
bZbWgd [Vaidhd% hZb cZc]jb h^cVa YZ VggZeZcY^bZcid% w
gZXZW^Yd Xdb [ZhiV
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% UgV HWSPJHY H KPZJPWSPUH #.'+$' GVjad
bdhigV s ^\gZ_V fjZ V XdcXZhhud Vd eZXVYd w jbV Vi^ijYZ
ZggVYV' <b kZo YZ ZhiVgZb X]dgVcYd Z aVbZciVcYd eZad
eZXVYd% ZaZh ZhiVkVb ZchdWZgWZX^Ydh' Gdg XVjhV YV Vi^ijYZ
ZggVYV YV ^\gZ_V% ZaV YZ^mdj YZ Vea^XVg V Y^hX^ea^cV Vd
bZbWgd [Vaidhd' àQ'''R Z cud X]Z\VhiZh V aVbZciVg% eVgV fjZ
[dhhZ i^gVYd Yd kdhhd bZ^d fjZb iVbVc]d jaigV_Z egVi^Xdj6â
#.'+$' JZbegZ fjZ V ^\gZ_V iZb jbV k^hud Zfj^kdXVYV Yd
eZXVYd% ZaV [Va]V cV Vea^XVvud YV Y^hX^ea^cV'
9 OEQIGN DN OECADN MA IGQEJA *#+
HjVa w d eZg^\d Yd eZXVYd cV ^\gZ_V6 HjZgd YZhiVXVg
YjVh Xd^hVh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H JVU[HTPUHhgV PU[LYUH& GVjad Y^o3
àEVd w WdV V kdhhV _VXitcX^V' Eud hVWZ^h fjZ jb edjXd YZ
[ZgbZcid aZkZYV V bVhhV idYV6â #.'/$' GVjad jhV Vfj^ V [^\jgV
Yd [ZgbZcid' Lb edjXd YZ [ZgbZcid iZb V XVeVX^YVYZ
YZ eZcZigVg Zb idYV V bVhhV Z [VoZg idYV V bVhhV XgZhXZg'
F [ZgbZcid eZcZigV Z ^c[ajZcX^V idYV V bVhhV' GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ d eZXVYd iZb d bZhbd Z[Z^id Yd [ZgbZcid'
8 idaZgtcX^V Xdb d eZXVYd YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V iZb d bZhí
bd Z[Z^id Yd [ZgbZcid' 8hh^b Xdbd d [ZgbZcid% d eZXVYd
iVbWwb kV^ eZcZigVcYd% hZ ZcgV^oVcYd% hZ ^c[^aigVcYd% ^cí
[ajZcX^VcYd Z XdciVb^cVcYd idYV V bVhhV' Üh kZoZh% eZchVí
bdh d Xdcigrg^d' LbV aVgVc_V edYgZ cjb hVXd YZ aVgVc_Vh
hVjYrkZ^h edYZ VedYgZXx&aVh idYVh' :dcijYd% Vh aVgVc_Vh
hVjYrkZ^h cud edYZgud gZhiVjgVg V aVgVc_V VedYgZX^YV' JZ V
fjZhiud Yd eZXVYd cud [dg igViVYV YZ bVcZ^gV XdggZiV% ZhhZ
eZXVYd kV^ XdciVb^cVg Z [ZgbZciVg idYV V ^\gZ_V' GVja Y^o
fjZ d eZXVYd w hdWgZbVcZ^gV bVa^\cd Z ZaZ edYZ XdciVb^í
cVg idYV V bVhhV #Ib 0'*,$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V LUMYHX\LJPTLU[V L_[LYUV #.'0$' GVjad
Y^o3 àCVcvV^ [dgV d kZa]d [ZgbZcid% eVgV fjZ hZ_V^h cdkV
bVhhV% Xdbd hd^h% YZ [Vid% hZb [ZgbZcid' Gd^h iVbWwb
:g^hid% cdhhd :dgYZ^gd eVhXVa% [d^ ^bdaVYdâ #.'0$' F fjZ
GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd6 F fjZ ZaZ Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ VfjZaZh
^gbudh XdckZgi^Ydh Zb :g^hid ZgVb bVhhV hZb [ZgbZcid'
GdgiVcid% ZaZh YZk^Vb aVcvVg [dgV d kZa]d [ZgbZcid fjZ
ZhiVkV VbZVvVcYd V ^\gZ_V' Gdg fjZ w fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZkZg^V
_d\Vg [dgV d kZa]d [ZgbZcid6 GdgfjZ fjVcYd V ^\gZ_V idaZgV
d eZXVYd% ZaV eZgYZ V hVci^YVYZ% V Vjidg^YVYZ Z d edYZg' F
eZXVYd YZhigz^ d iZhiZbjc]d YV ^\gZ_V'
2NLN A IGQEJA DEUE ADLIMIRSQAQ A DIRCIOKIMA
;;ZhiVXVbdh hZ^h edcidh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H KPZJPWSPUH i \T H[V PTWLYH[P]V
#.'+%*,$' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV w jb Vid ^beZgVi^kd4 Z cVd jbV deí
vud' < edg ^hhd fjZ d gZ[dgbVYdg Adud :Vak^cd XdbegZZcY^V
fjZ jbV ^\gZ_V dcYZ V Y^hX^ea^cV ZgV cZ\a^\ZcX^VYV [Va]VkV
Zb hZg jbV ^\gZ_V \ZcjycV' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV w jbV dgYZb YZ
;;Zjh' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àQ'''R Z cud X]Z\VhiZh V aVbZciVg% eVgV
fjZ [dhhZ i^gVYd Yd kdhhd bZ^d fjZb iVbVc]d jaigV_Z egVí
i^Xdj6â #.'+$' K^gVYd Yd bZ^d GVjad w V^cYV bV^h Zc[ri^í
Xd3 àFh YZ [dgV% edgwb% ;;Zjh dh _ja\Vgr' <mejahV^% ed^h% YZ
ZcigZ kzh d bVa[Z^idgâ #.'*,$' <hhZ XVhd Vfj^ w jb XVhd YZ
ZmXdbjc]ud% YZ i^gVg YV Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V% YZ cud [VoZg
XdcXZhhud'
<b DViZjh *1'*0 kZbdh dh eVhhdh YV Y^hX^ea^cV cV ^\gZ_V3
d Xdc[gdcid eZhhdVa% d Xdc[gdcid edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ YjVh
iZhiZbjc]Vh Z d Xdc[gdcid XdaZi^kd edg idYV V ^\gZ_V' Gdgwb%
hZ d [Vaidhd cud hZ VggZeZcYZg% YZkZ hZg Xdch^YZgVYd Xdbd
\Zci^d Z ejWa^XVcd% dj hZ_V% YZkZ hZg i^gVYd YV Xdbjc]ud
YV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ w d egdXZhhd YV Y^hX^ea^cV WyWa^XV'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H KPZJPWSPUH i \T H[V JVSL[P]V #.',&
.$' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV cud edYZ hZg VeZcVh jb Vid YV a^YZgVcvV%
bVh YZ idYV V Xdbjc^YVYZ' JZ dh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V cud
gZ[ZgZcYVgZb V Y^hX^ea^cV% ZaV \ZgV bV^h YdZcvV Yd fjZ XjgV
"-&,#&
8 Y^hX^ea^cV egZX^hV hZg [Z^iV Zb cdbZ YZ AZhjh Z cd
edYZg YZ AZhjh #.'-$' 8 ^\gZ_V Vd hZ gZjc^g eVgV Y^hX^ea^cVg
jb XgZciZ [Vaidhd YZkZ ZhiVg gZjc^YV Zb cdbZ YZ AZhjh Z cd
edYZg YZ AZhjh' < YZcigd YZhhV VbW^xcX^V fjZ V Y^hX^ea^cV w
Vea^XVYV' 8\dgV ^bV\^cZb hZ GVjad YZhhZ jbV dgYZb eVgV
Y^hX^ea^cVg ZhhZ bZbWgd [Vaidhd Z V ^\gZ_V Y^hhZhhZ fjZ ZaZ
cud YZkZg^V hZg Y^hX^ea^cVYd'
@bV\^cZ hZ dh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V XdbZvVhhZb V Y^oZg
fjZ GVjad ZhiVkV ZggVYd% Z fjZ cVd edYZg^Vb Ved^r&ad cZhhZ
egdezh^id' F fjZ VXdciZXZg^V cV ^\gZ_V6 :ZgiVbZciZ d XgZciZ
[Vaidhd cVd hZ ]jb^a]Vg^V Z idYV V ^\gZ_V hZg^V XdciVb^cVYV
eZad [ZgbZcid Yd hZj eZXVYd' < ^bedgiVciZ ZciZcYZg ZhhZ
eg^cXye^d YV XdaZi^k^YVYZ cV Vea^XVvud YV Y^hX^ea^cV' 8
Y^hX^ea^cV egZX^hV hZg [Z^iV Zb cdbZ YZ AZhjh% cd edYZg YZ
AZhjh Z Xdb V eVgi^X^eVvud YZ idYV V ^\gZ_V'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H KPZJPWSPUH i \T H[V YLZ[YP[P]V LWYL]LU {
[P]V #.'2&**$' GgZhiZ ViZcvud Zb jb edcid ^bedgiVciZ
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkV Y^k^Y^YV fjVcYd YZkZg^V ZhiVg
jc^YV4 Z ZhiVkV jc^YV fjVcYd YZkZg^V ZhiVg Y^k^Y^YV' <aV
ZhiVkV Y^k^Y^YV fjVcYd YZkZg^V ZhiVg egd[jcYVbZciZ jc^YV'
EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^V fjVigd eVgi^Ydh3 F YZ GVjad% d
YZ 8ed^d% d YZ :Z[Vh Z d YZ :g^hid' GVjad Y^hhZ fjZ :g^hid
cud ZhiVkV Y^k^Y^Yd' KZbdh YZ hZg jb hz' <aV ZhiVkV Y^k^Y^YV
fjVcYd egZX^hVkV ZhiVg jc^YV'
Ed ZciVcid% V\dgV% V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV jc^YV cV XdcXdgYtcX^V
Xdb d eZXVYd' <aV ZhiVkV jc^YV fjVcYd cud edY^V ZhiVg
jc^YV' F bjcYVc^hbd Y^k^Y^j fjVcYd YZkZg^V jc^g Z jc^j
fjVcYd YZkZg^V Y^k^Y^g #.'2&**$' GVjad _r ]Vk^V dg^ZciVYd
dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid V cVd hZ VhhdX^VgZb Xdb dh ^bejgdh'
FWk^VbZciZ% ZaZ cud hZ gZ[Zg^j Vdh ^bejgdh Yd bjcYd%
edgfjZ cZhhZ XVhd% ZaZh iZg^Vb YZ hV^g Yd bjcYd' F fjZ
GVjad Y^hhZ w fjZ ZaZh cud edY^Vb hZ VhhdX^Vg Xdc^ bZbWgdh
YV ^\gZ_V fjZ ZhiVkVb k^kZcYd YZ bVcZ^gV YZhgZ\gVYV'
MZ_Vbdh d fjZ Zch^cV d Vezhidad3 àDVh% V\dgV% kdh ZhXgZkd
fjZ cud kdh VhhdX^Z^h Xdb Va\jwb fjZ% Y^oZcYd&hZ ^gbud% [dg
^bejgd% dj VkVgZcid% dj ^YzaVigV% dj bVaY^oZciZ% dj WZWZg&
gud% dj gdjWVYdg4 Xdb ZhhZ iVa% cZb V^cYV XdbV^hâ #.'**$'
GVjad [VaV fjZ ]r jb bdbZcid Zb fjZ V ^\gZ_V egZX^hV
ZmZgXZg jb Vid egZkZci^kd YZ Y^hX^ea^cV' Fj hZ_V% cud hZ
VhhdX^Vg% cud hZ b^hijgVg% cud hZ idgcVg eVgXZ^gV Xdb \ZciZ
fjZ Zhir YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% bVh Zhir k^kZcYd jbV k^YV
idiVabZciZ YZhgZ\gVYV% Zb YZhVXdgYd Xdb Vh <hXg^ijgVh
JV\gVYVh' 8 hZeVgVvud cud h^\c^[^XV hZg Vci^&hdX^Va #.'2%*)$'
GdYZbdh iZg Vb^\dh [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' Eud egZX^hVbdh XdgiVg
cdhhd gZaVX^dcVbZcid Xdb ZaZh' GgZX^hVbdh ^c[ajZcX^r&adh
Z \Vc]r&adh eVgV :g^hid' AZhjh X]dXdj dh [Vg^hZjh Z ZhXg^WVh%
edgfjZ ZcigVkV cV XVhV YZ ejWa^XVcdh Z eZXVYdgZh Z Xdb^V
Xdb ZaZh' Gdgwb% GVjad w XViZ\zg^Xd Zb dgYZcVg dh XgZciZh V
hZ V[VhiVgZb YVfjZaZh fjZ Zhiud YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% Z Vd bZhbd
iZbed fjZgZb k^kZg jbV k^YV YZhgZ\gVYV' @hhd w Y^hX^ea^cV
egZkZci^kV 8 ^\gZ_V egZX^hV hZ edh^X^dcVg XdcigV d eZXVYd Z hZ
cud ]djkZg VggZeZcY^bZcid% egZX^hV V\^g Y^hX^ea^cVgbZciZ'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% H KPZJPWSPUH i \T H[V KL Q\kaV #.'.$'
:dbd w fjZ V Y^hX^ea^cV YZkZ hZg [Z^iV cV ^\gZ_V6 8 Y^hX^ea^cV
w jb Vid YZ _jyod' GVjad Y^o3 àQ'''R Zb cdbZ Yd JZc]dg
AZhjh% gZjc^Ydh kzh Z d bZj Zheyg^id% Xdb d edYZg YZ AZhjh%
cdhhd JZc]dg% ZcigZ\jZ V JViVcrh eVgV V YZhigj^vud YV XVgcZ%
V [^b YZ fjZ d Zheyg^id hZ_V hVakd cd Y^V Yd JZc]dg QAZhjhRâ
#.'-%.$' F kZgWd àZcigZ\Vgâ jhVYd edg GVjad iZb d hZci^Yd
_jgyY^Xd' GVgZXZ jbV ZmXdbjc]ud Xdb ZheZX^Va gZ[ZgxcX^V
s V[a^vud Yd Xdged edg JViVcrh'11GVjad cud Zhir bVcYVcYd
V ^\gZ_V Vea^XVg V Y^hX^ea^cV cV XVgcZ' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV YZkZ hZg
[Z^iV Zb cdbZ YZ AZhjh Z Zb jc^ud Xdb dh XgZciZh' 8hh^b%
V Y^hX^ea^cV w jb Vid hZg^yhh^bd% \gVkZ% Z fjZ hZ YZkZ Vea^XVg
Xdb XVjiZaV' <aV YZkZ hZg Vea^XVYV cd edYZg YZ AZhjh% Z Zb
cdbZ YZ AZhjh Z cud cV XVgcZ'
GVjad Y^o eVgV ZcigZ\Vg d [Vaidhd V JViVcrh eVgV V YZhí
igj^vud YV XVgcZ #.'.$' F fjZ w ^hhd6 <hhZ kZghyXjad iZb h^Yd
jbV Zhe^c]V cV \Vg\VciV Ydh ZmZ\ZiVh Z Ydh ^ciwgegZiZh'
F fjZ hZg^V ZcigZ\Vg ZhhV eZhhdV àQ'''R V JViVcrh eVgV V
YZhigj^vud YV XVgcZ% V [^b YZ fjZ d Zheyg^id hZ_V hVakd cd
Y^V Yd JZc]dg QAZhjhRâ6 Fh bZa]dgZh ^ciwgegZiZh ZciZcYZb
fjZ ^hhd h^\c^[^XV ZmXajhud YV Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V'
8 ^\gZ_V w dcYZ egZYdb^cV d \dkZgcd YZ ;;Zjh' F bjcYd
w d gZ^cd YZ JViVcrh' <cigZ\Vg V JViVcrh h^\c^[^XV i^gVg V
eZhhdV YV _jg^hY^vud% YV Xdbjc]ud Z YV egdiZvud YV ^\gZ_V'
8 Xdbjc]ud cV ^\gZ_V iZb jb kVadg bj^id ^bedgiVciZ
edgfjZ V ^\gZ_V w jb ^chigjbZcid Z jbV V\xcX^V Yd IZ^cd
YZ ;;Zjh' < d fjZ w d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh6 < d \dkZgcd YZ ;;Zjh
hdWgZ Vh eZhhdVh'
HjVcYd jbV eZhhdV ZcigV cV Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V% ZaV
ZcigV cd IZ^cd% cVhXZ YZ cdkd% cVhXZ YZ X^bV% cVhXZ Yd
<heyg^id' < d fjZ VXdciZXZ6 8 eVgi^g YVy% ZaV Zhir YZWV^md Yd
\dkZgcd YZ :g^hid Z YVh Wxcvudh Yd eVXid YZ ;;Zjh' <aV Zhir
cjbV X^YVYZ gZ[~\^d% egdiZ\^YV YZ bj^idh bVaZh VaZ^kdhdh
YZ JViVcrh' 8 ^\gZ_V w jbV \gVcYZ egdiZidgV YV cdhhV k^YV
GZgiZcXZg s ^\gZ_V w jbV Wxcvud' Gdg ^hhd% cud ]r XgZciZ
^hdaVYd' Jdbdh bZbWgdh Yd Xdged YZ :g^hid' GVjad Y^o fjZ
V ^\gZ_V w egdiZidgV' Gdg ^hhd% fjVcYd jb XgZciZ w Y^hX^ea^í
cVYd Z ZmXajyYd YV ^\gZ_V% ZaZ kdaiV s ^c[ajxcX^V YVfjZaZ fjZ
Zhir gZ^cVcYd Z \dkZgcVcYd ar [dgV' JViVcrh w d egycX^eZ
YV ediZhiVYZ Yd Vg' <aZ w d YZjh YZhiZ hwXjad' JViVcrh Zhir
gZ^cVcYd cVh igZkVh' 8 ZmXajhud YV ^\gZ_V Zme}Z d bZbWgd
[Vaidhd s Vvud YZ JViVcrh'
EZhhV bZhbV a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid Ad]c N]^iZ Z BZc
9ajZ V[^gbVb3
AW_Tdae Va Uadba VW 7d[efa VWeXdgfS_ bdafWrqa VW`fda VWeeW Uadba&
5 [YdW\S aXWdWUW bdafWrqa o _S^uU[S VW GSfS`ne& Bqa WefS_ae [_g`We
Sae eWge SfScgWe$ _Se fS_Ts_ `qa WefS_ae Wjbaefae W VWeS_bSdSVae
V[S`fW VW^W& 9^W baVW SfSUSd$ _Se W^W `ae SfSUS Ua_a _W_Tdae VW
g_ WjsdU[fa [`[_[Ya$ a WjsdU[fa Va 7d[efa h[fad[aea& GWd W`fdWYgW S
GSfS`ne e[Y`[X[US `qa _SdUZSd _S[e `S X[^S VWeeW WjsdU[fa& 5a [`hse
V[eea$ X[USd [ea^SVa$ VW eadfW cgW S bdafWrqa s dW_ah[VS&01
q ^bedgiVciZ gZhhVaiVg fjZ JViVcrh% Vawb YZ cVd iZg idYd
d edYZg% V^cYV Zhir YZWV^md YV hdWZgVc^V YZ ;;Zjh' @hhd w
bVgVk^a]dhd JViVcrh Zhir hZcYd jb ^chigjbZcid YV hdWZí
gVc^V YZ ;;Zjh cd ZmZgXyX^d YV Y^hX^ea^cV YZhhZ bZbWgd [Vaí
idhd' F dW_Zi^kd YV Y^hX^ea^cV w V gZhiVjgVvud Z V hVakVvud
Yd bZbWgd [Vaidhd' JViVcrh VXVWV Xjbeg^cYd dh egdezh^í
idh hdWZgVcdh YZ ;;Zjh' F bZbWgd [Vaidhd cud eZgYZ V hVaí
kVvud Xdb V Y^hX^ea^cV' 8 ^\gZ_V cud VYb^c^higV V hVakVvud'
8 hVakVvud w Ydb YZ ;;Zjh Z w ;;Zjh fjZb Yr Z fjVcYd <aZ V
Yr% cud i^gV' F egdezh^id YV Y^hX^ea^cV cud w V XdcYZcVvud
Yd bZbWgd% bVh hjV gZhiVjgVvud'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% H KPZJPWSPUH i \T H[V WYL]LU[P]V
#.'0%1%*+%*,$' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV w jb Vid egZkZci^kd' <aV egdiZ\Z
dh YZbV^h bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àCVcvV^ [dgV
d kZa]d [ZgbZcid% eVgV fjZ hZ_V^h cdkV bVhhV'''â #.'0$' JZ
kdXx cud aVcvVg d kZa]d [ZgbZcid [dgV% kdXx cud kV^ hZg
cdkV bVhhV' 8 bVhhV kV^ hZg XdciVb^cVYV' GVjad Xdci^cjV3
àGdg ^hhd% XZaZWgVbdh V [ZhiV cud Xdb d kZa]d [ZgbZcid%
cZb Xdb d [ZgbZcid YV bVaYVYZ Z YV bVayX^V Z h^b Xdb dh
Vhbdh YV h^cXZg^YVYZ Z YV kZgYVYZâ #.'1$' GVjad egdhhZ\jZ3
àGd^h Xdb fjZ Y^gZ^id ]VkZg^V Zj YZ _ja\Vg dh YZ [dgV6 Eud
_ja\V^h dh YZ YZcigd6â #.'*+$' 8 ^\gZ_V YZkZ _ja\Vg dh hZjh
bZbWgdh Z cud dh YZ [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad XdcXaj^3 àFh YZ
[dgV% edgwb% ;;Zjh dh _ja\Vgr' <mejahV^% ed^h% YZ ZcigZ kzh d
bVa[Z^idgâ #.'*,$'
F fjZ w i^gVg d [ZgbZcid6 K^gVg d [ZgbZcid cud w VeZcVh
i^gVg d eZXVYdg' < i^gVg d eZXVYd' CZbWgV fjVcYd GZYgd
fjZg^V V[VhiVg AZhjh YV Xgjo6 AZhjh Y^hhZ d hZ\j^ciZ3 à8ggZYV
JViVcrh Q'''R edgfjZ cud Xd\^iVh YVh Xd^hVh YZ ;;Zjh Z h^b YVh
Ydh ]dbZchâ #Di */'+,$' F ^ciZgZhhVciZ w fjZAZhjh bVcYdj
VggZYVg JViVcrh Z cud GZYgd' AZhjh cud Y^hhZ3 8ggZYV GZYgd%
Z [^XV JViVcrh =d^ d Xdcigrg^d' 8ggZYV JViVcrh% bVh GZYgd
[^XV' GZYgd ZgV Y^hXyejad Z cZaZ AZhjh Xdci^cjVg^V ^ckZhi^cYd'
F \gVcYZ egdWaZbV w fjZ hZ cVd ]djkZg Y^hXZgc^bZcid% V
^\gZ_V edYZ bVcYVg d bZbWgd [Vaidhd ^g ZbWdgV Z JViVcrh
[^XVg' F bZbWgd [Vaidhd kV^ ZbWdgV Z d eZXVYd [^XV' GVjad
w XaVgd3 < egZX^hd i^gVg d [ZgbZcid' < [ZgbZcid w hybWdad Yd
eZXVYd' EV Y^hX^ea^cV% V ^\gZ_V igViV YV fjZhiud Yd eZXVYd'
KZb YZ _d\Vg [dgV d eZXVYd% edgfjZ cV bZY^YV Zb fjZ d
[ZgbZcid w VggVcXVYd YV bVhhV% Zciud d eZXVYdg edYZ hZg
gZhiVjgVYd'
GVjad YZ^mV bj^id XaVgd cdh kZghyXjadh *+ Z *,% fjZ V
^\gZ_V YZkZ eVgVg YZ da]Vg eVgV d bjcYd' Üh kZoZh [^XVbdh
da]VcYd eVgV d bjcYd Z Y^oZbdh Vhh^b3 à< d bjcYd Zhir
edYgZ bZhbd' F bjcYd Zhir bj^id gj^b bZhbd' 8 h^ijVí
vud Yd bjcYd Zhir YZhZheZgVYdgV' <hiZ bjcYd Zhir YZ bVa
V e^dg bZhbdâ' F Vezhidad GVjad aZbWgV3 ;;Z^mV d bjcYd
eVgV ;;Zjh _ja\Vg' Aja\jZ dh YZ YZcigd YZ XVhV' Fa]V eVgV
YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' MVbdh _ja\Vg V czh bZhbdh' JZ _ja\rhí
hZbdh V czh bZhbdh% cud hZg^Vbdh _ja\VYdh edg ;;Zjh' JZ
eVgrhhZbdh eVgV ZmVb^cVg cdhhV egzeg^V k^YV% cud iZgyVbdh
iZbed eVgV ^ckZhi^\Vg V k^YV Ydh djigdh' KZgyVbdh iVciV
Xd^hV eVgV X]dgVg% aVbZciVg Z VXZgiVg Y^VciZ YZ ;;Zjh fjZ
cud iZgyVbdh iZbed eVgV [^XVg ^ckZhi^\VcYd V k^YV Va]Z^V'
Fh YZ [dgV% ;;Zjh dh _ja\Vgr4 _ja\jZb kdXxh dh YZ YZcigd'
<b hZmid aj\Vg% H KPZJPWSPUH LU]VS]L \T H[V KL WLYKgV
#+:d +'/&1$' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV iZb YZ ^cXaj^g V Y^hedh^vud eVgV d
eZgYud' < bj^id ^bedgiVciZ ZciZcYZg d [^cVa YZhhV ]^hizg^V'
F fjZ VXdciZXZj Xdb ZhhZ bZbWgd fjZ [d^ Zmejahd YV ^\gZ_V6
CZbWgZ fjZ d egdezh^id YZ GVjad ZgV V hjV gZhiVjgVvud #.'.$'
8 Y^hX^ea^cV [d^ Vea^XVYV Z d egdezh^id [d^ Xjbeg^Yd' F
_dkZb [Vaidhd VggZeZcYZj&hZ' 8\dgV% GVjad dg^ZciV V ^\gZ_V V
eZgYdr&ad Z gZhiVjgr&ad' MZ_Vbdh d fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZ cV hjV
hZ\jcYV XVgiV Vdh Xdgyci^dh3
CdS$ eW S^Ygs_ USgeag fd[efWlS$ `qa a XWl SbW`Se S _[_$ _Se$ bSdS cgW
Wg `qa eW\S VW_Se[SVS_W`fW nebWda$ V[Ya cgW W_ bSdfW S faVae hve3
TSefS%^ZW S bg`[rqa bW^S _S[ad[S& 8W _aVa cgW VWhW[e$ bW^a Ua`fdnd[a$
bWdVaSd%^ZW W Ua`Xadfn%^a$ bSdS cgW `qa eW\S a _We_a Ua`eg_[Va bad
WjUWee[hS fd[efWlS& DW^a cgW hae daYa cgW Ua`X[d_W[e bSdS Ua_ W^W a
haeea S_ad& 9 Xa[ bad [eea fS_Ts_ cgW hae WeUdWh[$ bSdS fWd bdahS
VW cgW$ W_ fgVa$ ea[e aTWV[W`fWe& 5 cgW_ bWdVaS[e S^Yg_S Ua[eS$
fS_Ts_ Wg bWdVwa3 badcgW$ VW XSfa$ a cgW fW`Za bWdVaSVa$ eW S^Yg_S
Ua[eS fW`Za bWdVaSVa$ bad USgeS VW hve a X[l `S bdWeW`rS VW 7d[efa3
bSdS cgW GSfS`ne `qa W`Ua`fdW hS`fSYW_ eaTdW `ve$ ba[e `qa ^ZW
[Y`adS_ae ae VWeuY`[ae !*7a *&-%))"&

8 Y^hX^ea^cV egZX^hV hZg Vea^XVYV% VXdbeVc]VYV Z XdcXajyYV


Xdb ar\g^bVh' F fjZ GVjad gZXdbZcYV V\dgV% jbV kZo fjZ
]djkZ VggZeZcY^bZcid6 8 ^\gZ_V YZkZ VbVg% XdchdaVg Z eZgí
YdVg ZhhZ ]dbZb Z gZXZWx&ad YZ kdaiV s Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V'
Ezh hdbdh X]VbVYdh eVgV dY^Vg d eZXVYd Z cud d eZXVYdg'
GVgV igViVg Xdb YjgZoV d eZXVYd Z cud idaZgr&ad' :dcijYd%
eVgV gZXZWZg Xdb bj^iV iZgcjgV d eZXVYdg VggZeZcY^Yd'

9 OQNO`RISN DA DIRCIOKIMA MA IGQEJA


HjVa w d egdezh^id YV Y^hX^ea^cV cV ^\gZ_V6 GVjad cdh
d[ZgZXZ Yd^h edcidh ^bedgiVciZh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H JVYYLhgV KVMHS[VZV #.'.4 +:d +'/%0$'
F egdezh^id YV Y^hX^ea^cV w Xdgg^\^g Z gZhiVjgVg d [Vaidhd'
Eud WVhiV V ^\gZ_V Y^hX^ea^cVg' ;;^hX^ea^cV cud w ejc^vud%
bVh gZhiVjgVvud' ;;^o d Vezhidad3 àQ'''R V [^b YZ fjZ d Zheyí
g^id hZ_V hVakd'''â #.'.$' 8 ^\gZ_V egZX^hV VXdbeVc]Vg V eZhí
hdV fjZ [d^ Y^hX^ea^cVYV eVgV fjZ ZaV edhhV hZg gZhiVjgVYV%
XjgVYV% Z igVch[dgbVYV eZad edYZg YZ ;;Zjh Z gZXdcfj^hiVYV
eVgV V Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV ZbWdgV YdadgdhV%
w WZcw[^XV Z iZgVexji^XV'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H WYV[LhgV KH PNYLQH #.'/%0$' Fjigd
egdezh^id YV Y^hX^ea^cV w V egdiZvud YV ^\gZ_V' F Vezhidad
ZhXgZkZ3 àEud w WdV V kdhhV _VXitcX^V' Eud hVWZ^h fjZ jb
edjXd YZ [ZgbZcid aZkZYV V bVhhV idYV6 CVcvV^ [dgV d kZí
a]d [ZgbZcid% eVgV fjZ hZ_V^h cdkV bVhhV% Xdbd hd^h YZ [Vid
hZb [ZgbZcid' Gd^h iVbWwb :g^hid% cdhhd :dgYZ^gd eVhXVa%
[d^ ^bdaVYd' Gdg ^hhd% XZaZWgZbdh V [ZhiV% cud Xdb d kZa]d
[ZgbZcid% cZb Xdb d [ZgbZcid YV bVaYVYZ Z YV bVayX^V4
Z% h^b% Xdb dh Vhbdh YV h^cXZg^YVYZ Z YV kZgYVYZâ #.'/&1$'
8 Y^hX^ea^cV egdiZ\Z dh bZbWgdh YV XdciVb^cVvud Z iVbí
Wwb egdiZ\Z d iZhiZbjc]d YV ^\gZ_V Vdh da]dh YV hdX^ZYVYZ
#.'0$' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZkZ k^kZg cjb Xa^bV
YZ [ZhiV' 8 k^YV YV ^\gZ_V iZb YZ hZg jbV [ZhiV YZ VaZ\g^V%
YZ ZmVaiVvud Z YZ XZaZWgVvud' Ed ZciVcid% ]r jb bdbZcid
fjVcYd d eZXVYd ZcigV cV ^\gZ_V Z ZhhV [ZhiV hZ igVch[dgbV
Zb jb [jcZgVa' GVjad Y^o fjZ d [ZgbZcid edYZ VoZYVg ZhhV
[ZhiV' ;;ZkZbdh% Zciud% _d\Vg [dgV d kZa]d [ZgbZcid eVgV
XZaZWgVg V GrhXdV Xdb VaZ\g^V' Eud Xdb d [ZgbZcid YV
bVaYVYZ% bVh Xdb dh Vhbdh YV h^cXZg^YVYZ Z YV kZgYVYZ'
HjVcYd kdXx Y^hX^ea^cV% kdXx cud VeZcVh Xdgg^\Z Z dW_Zi^kV
V gZhiVjgVvud Yd [Vaidhd% bVh iVbWwb egZk^cZ V ^\gZ_V% Z
^hhd \ZgV iZbdg Z dWZY^xcX^V ZcigZ hZjh bZbWgdh'
:dcXaj^cYd% GVjad gZXdbZcYV igxh Vi^ijYZh Zb gZaVvud Vd
eZXVYd% hZ\jcYd NVggZcN^ZghWZ3 aVbZciVg d eZXVYd #.'*%+$%
_ja\Vg d eZXVYd #.',&.$ Z Zmejg\Vg d eZXVYd #.'/&*,$'2)
V$ 8 ^\gZ_V YZkZ X]dgVg edg XVjhV Yd eZXVYd #.'*%+$' <b
kZo YZ [^XVg X]Z^d YZ dg\ja]d edg XVjhV Yd eZXVYd% YZkZgyVbdh
X]dgVg edg XVjhV YZaZ' 8 k^YV Xg^hiu fjZ w jbV [ZhiV #.'1$%
igVch[dgbV&hZ cjb [jcZgVa fjVcYd d eZXVYd XdciVb^cV V
^\gZ_V' LbV ^\gZ_V bVYjgV X]dgV edg XVjhV Yd eZXVYd'
W$ 8 ^\gZ_V YZkZ _ja\Vg d eZXVYd #.',&.$' GVjad jhdj fjVí
igd ZmegZhh}Zh [dgiZh% eVgV bdhigVg fjZ d [Vaidhd egZX^hVkV
hZg i^gVYd YV Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V3 *$ K^gV^ Yd kdhhd bZ^d
#.'+$4 +$ <cigZ\jZ V JViVcrh #.'.$4 ,$ CVcvV^ [dgV #.'0$4 -$
<mejahV^ YZ ZcigZ kzh #.'*,$'
X$ 8 ^\gZ_V YZkZ gZbdkZg d eZXVYd #.'/&*,$' 8 ^bV\Zb
Vfj^ w YV GrhXdV _jY^V' F XdgYZ^gd [d^ ^bdaVYd% d hVc\jZ
[d^ Vea^XVYd cVh k^\Vh YVh edgiVh% Z ZaZh i^c]Vb YZ gZjc^g&hZ
YZcigd YZ XVhV eVgV XdbZg d XdgYZ^gd Z dh euZh Vhbdh' Kdí
YVk^V% Y^o V 9yWa^V fjZ idYdh ZaZh i^c]Vb YZ ^ckZhi^\Vg V XVhV
YjgVciZ hZiZ Y^Vh' Eud edYZg^V iZg aZkZYjgV cZb [ZgbZcid'
JZ Va\jwb XdbZhhZ V erhXdV Xdb [ZgbZcid% ZhhV eZhhdV hZg^V
bdgiV Z Za^b^cVYV Yd VggV^Va YZ @hgVZa' :g^hid w d cdhhd :dgí
YZ^gd eVhXVa' MdXx YZkZ k^kZg V k^YV Xg^hiu [VoZcYd jbV [Vm^cV
Z jbV a^beZoV Y^rg^V cV hjV k^YV' Eud XZaZWgZ V GrhXdV% cud
XZaZWgZ Xjaid V ;;Zjh hZ ]r [ZgbZcid% eZXVYd Zb hjV k^YV' IZí
bdkV d [ZgbZcid Yd eZXVYd YV hjV k^YV eVgV fjZ kdXx edhhV
XZaZWgVg V GrhXdV Xdb dh Vhbdh YV kZgYVYZ Z YV h^cXZg^YVYZ'

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ *

< ` < < 6VYPU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& -.&


1+ 6 S d U ^S k $ K [ ^^[S _ &
;;& >& Wf S^[& @ L^ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& =`fWd%JSdeSfk DdWee&
1, K W ` Z S _ $
8ai`Wde ;;dahW& =@& )11,2 b& )).0&
:d[fl$ W F a Y W d e $ 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
0, F [W ` W U ] W d $
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1,&
1. < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& =` EOL JSHZZPJ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& 9V& 6 k CiW`
7a^^[`e& )1112 b& )**/&
1/ A S U 8 a ` S ^ V $ K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYZ 5 PISL JVT TLU[HY`& )11-2 b& )/-1&
10 K [W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b & /..3 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& -.&
11 F [W ` W U ] W d $ :d[fl$ W F a Y W d e $ 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& *1-&
1, K Z [ f W $ >aZ` W 6 ^g W $ ?W`& C LZ[H\YHUKV V MLYPKV& 9V[fadS J[VS&
8WWdX[W^V$ :@& )11*2 b& 10$11&
2) K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /..%/./&
2AO_STKN +

 USU RPKHW JUS


HX KLSHTKHX
PTYLWVLXXUHPX
L HX VHPÁĄLX
PTYWHVLXXUHPX
#*:d/'*&+)$

A 2 E = @ D B 2 D 2 ? 6 C C 6 4 2 A uD E = @ YZ [dgí
bV bV^h egd[jcYV hdWgZ dh Yd^h egdWaZí
bVh Wrh^Xdh fjZ kZb igViVcYd Viw V\dgV3
8h iZch}Zh Ydh gZaVX^dcVbZcidh ^ciZgeZhí
hdV^h Z Vh eV^m}Zh ^cigVeZhhdV^h'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkV hZcYd ^cí
[ajZcX^VYV eZad bZ^d Zb fjZ k^k^V Zb
kZo YZ ^c[ajZcX^r&ad' 8 ^\gZ_V [d^ XdadXVí
YV cd bjcYd eVgV ^c[ajZcX^r&ad Z cud
eVgV hZg ^c[ajZcX^VYV edg ZaZ' Gdgwb% cV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid d bjcYd ZhiVkV Y^iVcí
Yd Vh cdgbVh Z dh gjbdh Yd XdbedgiVí
bZcid YV ^\gZ_V'
<b :dg^cid dh XgZciZh ZhiVkVb hZcYd
^c[ajZcX^VYdh eZaV Xdhbdk^hud YVfjZaZh
fjZ k^k^Vb [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' 8 X^YVYZ YZ
:dg^cid ZgV X]Z^V YZ krg^dh eVgi^Ydh Z
iVbWwb egd[jcYVbZciZ egdbyhXjV' 8h Y^hejiVh VXVadgVYVh
Z V ^bejgZoV hZmjVa ZcigVgVb cV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ XVeyijad [d^
ZhXg^id eVgV Xdgg^\^g ZhhZ Zggd'
GVjad ZmdgiV V ^\gZ_V hdWgZ ZhhVh fjZhi}Zh jhVcYd hZ^h kZoZh
V ZmegZhhud3 àEud hVWZ^h'''â #/'+%,$2$*.%*/%*2$' GVjad hZ^h
kZoZh [VaV V bZhbV Xd^hV% Xdgg^\^cYd d bZhbd egdWaZbV% d
egdWaZbV YVh Y^hejiVh Z YVh Wg^\Vh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% WZb
Xdbd% d egdWaZbV YV ^bdgVa^YVYZ eZhhdVa'
8h igxh eg^bZ^gVh ZmdgiVv}Zh Zhiud a^\VYVh sh XdciZcYVh Z
Vh igxh ~ai^bVh s fjZhiud Yd Xdged'

9 OQNBKELA DAR DELAMDAR IMSEQOERRNAIR +#&"&&


?r Va\jbVh kZgYVYZh fjZ kVbdh YZhiVXVg cV Zmedh^vud
YZhiZ iZmid3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H YLHSPKHKL KHZ KLTHUKHZ PU[LYWLZZVHPZ&
F Vezhidad GVjad Y^o3 à8kZcijgV&hZ Va\jb YZ kzh% iZcYd
fjZhiud XdcigV djigd% V hjWbZix&ad V _jyod eZgVciZ dh
^c_jhidh Z cud eZgVciZ dh hVcidh6â #/'*$' GVjad cdh Yr V
ZciZcYZg Vfj^ fjZ Vh XdciZcYVh Zm^hiZb' < jb [Vid' < w
jb \gVcYZ [Vid edgfjZ dh XgZciZh cud hud eZg[Z^idh' <aZh
[dgbVb jbV Xdbjc^YVYZ YZ eZhhdVh fjZ V^cYV cud Zhiud
egdciVh Z VXVWVYVh' 8a\jwb _r Y^hhZ fjZ V ^\gZ_V w jbV
[rWg^XV YZ gZX^XaV\Zb YZ a^md% dcYZ ;;Zjh Zhir igVWVa]VcYd'
;;Zjh Zhir igVch[dgbVcYd \ZciZ Xdbea^XVYV% idgiV% Z YdZciZ
Zm^hiZcX^VabZciZ% Zb \ZciZ hVciV' Ezh YZXZeX^dcVbdh Vh
eZhhdVh Z Vh eZhhdVh cdh YZXZeX^dcVb' @hhd w jb [Vid3 Ezh
bVX]jXVbdh Vh eZhhdVh Z ZaVh cdh bVX]jXVb' 8h iZch}Zh Z
Vh XdciZcYVh hZbegZ Zm^hi^gVb' < ZaVh V^cYV Zm^hiZb YZcigd
YV egzeg^V ^\gZ_V' Ezh iZbdh fjZ^mVh jch XdcigV dh djigdh
#:a ,'*,$'
8h XdciZcYVh Zm^hiZb iVbWwb YZcigd Yd aVg' <m^hi^j
ZcigZ :V^b Z 8WZa% ZcigZ <hV~ Z AVXz% ZcigZ 8WhVaud Z
8bcdc% ZcigZ JVgV Z ?V\Vg' <m^hiZ ]d_Z ZcigZ bVg^Yd Z
bja]Zg% ZcigZ eV^h Z [^a]dh% [^a]dh Z eV^h% ^gbudh Z ^gbuh'
@hhd w jb [Vid'
?r XdciZcYVh ZcigZ Vh cVv}Zh Z ]r iZch}Zh Z XdciZcYVh
YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' 8 9yWa^V gZ\^higV Va\jch ZmZbeadh' EV ^\gZí
_V YZ =^a^edh Zm^hi^Vb YjVh bja]ZgZh3 <kzY^V Z Jyci^fjZ%
fjZ cud eZchVkVb XdcXdgYZbZciZ cd JZc]dg #=e -'+$' Fh
egzeg^dh ayYZgZh% GVjad Z 9VgcVWw% Zb jb YVYd bdbZcí
id YV XVb^c]VYV b^hh^dcrg^V% i^kZgVb YZhVXdgYd Z egZX^í
hVgVb hZ hZeVgVg% ed^h _r cud edY^Vb XVb^c]Vg _jcidh #8i
*.',/&-)$' 8 h^ijVvud Zb :dg^cid ZgV iud \gVkZ% fjZ Vawb
YVh XdciZcYVh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% ZaZh ZhiVkVb VggVhiVcYd dh
egzeg^dh ^gbudh eVgV dh ig^WjcV^h Yd bjcYd% eVgV _ja\Vg
hjVh XVjhVh ^ciZgcVh Z Ydbwhi^XVh YZ bVcZ^gV hZXjaVg' <hhV
w V gZVa^YVYZ fjZ GVjad XdchiViV cV ^\gZ_V' Kg^hiZ gZVa^YVYZ%
edgwb jb [Vid ^cZ\rkZa'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% HZ JVUZLXpjUJPHZ KHZ JVU[LUKHZ UH
PNYLQH #/'*%-%.%/$'
V$ Fh XgZciZh ZhiVkVb YVcYd jb ewhh^bd iZhiZbjc]d
Vdh eZgY^Ydh #/'*%/$' GZg\jciV d Vezhidad3 à8kZcijgV&hZ Vaí
\jb YZ kzh% iZcYd fjZhiud XdcigV djigd% V hjWbZix&aV V
_jyod eZgVciZ ^c_jhidh Z cud eZgVciZ dh hVcidh6â #/'*$' GVjad
cud hZ gZ[ZgZ Vd XVgriZg Ydh _j^oZh Yd bjcYd' 8h eVaVkgVh3
à^c_jhidhâ Z àhVcidhâ cud YZcdiVb Vfj^ egdeg^VbZciZ d
XVgriZg Ydh _j^oZh' F fjZ GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd Vfj^ w Zb PU{
Q\Z[VZ Z ZHU[VZ Xdb gZaVvud V XgZciZh Z cud&XgZciZh% hVakdh Z
cud hVakdh' Eud w fjZ GVjad ZhiZ_V XdadXVcYd Zb Y~k^YV V
^YdcZ^YVYZ bdgVa Ydh ig^WjcV^h Yd bjcYd cZb d XVgriZg
Ydh hZjh _j^oZh% bVh d [Vid YV ^\gZ_V aZkVg hZjh Vhhjcidh Ydí
bwhi^Xdh eVgV [dgV Ydh hZjh edgi}Zh eVgV hZgZb gZhdak^Ydh
cd bjcYd w jb ewhh^bd iZhiZbjc]d' CZkVg dh egdWaZbVh
^ciZgcdh YV ^\gZ_V eVgV dh ig^WjcV^h YZ [dgV YV ^\gZ_V w jb
[gVXd iZhiZbjc]d Yd ZkVc\Za]d' F aj\Vg YZ igViVg Ydh Vhí
hjcidh Ydbwhi^Xdh w Zb XVhV' GVjad eZg\jciV3 àDVh ^gr jb
^gbud V _jyod XdcigV djigd ^gbud% Z ^hid eZgVciZ dh ^cXgwí
Yjadh6â #/'/$'
W$ Fh XgZciZh aZkVkVb hZjh egdWaZbVh ^ciZgcdh Z hZjh
gZaVX^dcVbZcidh bVX]jXVYdh eVgV gZhdakx&adh [dgV YV ^\gZ_V%
ed^h ZaZh ZhiVkVb [gVXVhhVcYd Zb k^kZg V hjV edh^vud Zb
:g^hid #/'+%,$' 8 ^\gZ_V cud ZhiVkV ZciZcYZcYd V edh^vud
fjZ ZaV dXjeVkV Vdh da]dh YZ ;;Zjh' F Vezhidad GVjad
eZg\jciV3 àFj cud hVWZ^h fjZ dh hVcidh ]ud YZ _ja\Vg d
bjcYd6 FgV% hZ d bjcYd YZkZgr hZg _ja\VYd edg kzh% hd^h%
VXVhd% ^cY^\cdh YZ _ja\Vg Vh Xd^hVh byc^bVh6 Eud hVWZ^h fjZ
]VkZbdh YZ _ja\Vg dh egzeg^dh Vc_dh6 HjVcid bV^h Vh XdjhVh
YZhiV k^YV â #/'+%,$' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ V ^\gZ_V
kV^ _ja\Vg d bjcYd cd Y^V Yd _jyod [^cVa' < V ^\gZ_V fjZ
_ja\V Vh Xd^hVh YZhiV k^YV' <aV _ja\Vgr ^cXajh^kZ dh Vc_dh% dj
hZ_V% Vh Xd^hVh Yd bjcYd Zhe^g^ijVa' 8 ^\gZ_V kV^ ZhiVg cjbV
edh^vud YZ _jyoV Z cud YZ gw' HjVcYd V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid hZ
XdadXdj cjbV edh^vud YZ gw eVgV hZg _ja\VYV eZad bjcYd
^ckZgiZj dh eVew^h' 8 ^\gZ_V cud ZhiVkV ZciZcYZcYd fjZ ZaV
[dgV XdadXVYV edg ;;Zjh cjbV edh^vud eVgV _ja\Vg d bjcYd%
Z eVgV _ja\Vg dh Vc_dh XVyYdh' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cud ZhiVkV
idbVcYd edhhZ YV VaiV edh^vud fjZ dXjeVkV Zb :g^hid'
X$ 8 ^\gZ_V aZkVg hjVh XdciZcYVh eVgV dh ig^WjcV^h Yd
bjcYd w fjZ V\^cYd Vhh^b% ZaV VXVWVkV XdbZiZcYd krg^dh
Zggdh' 8cVa^hZbdh Va\jch VheZXidh3
*' <hhV Vi^ijYZ ZckZg\dc]VkV V ^\gZ_V' ;;^o d Vezhidad
àGVgV kZg\dc]V kd&ad Y^\d' Eud ]r% edgkZcijgV% cZb Vd
bZcdh jb hrW^d ZcigZ kzh% fjZ edhhV _ja\Vg cd bZ^d YV
^gbVcYVYZ6â #/'.$' 8 Vi^ijYZ YV ^\gZ_V YZhigjyV d hZj iZhiZí
bjc]d' HjVcYd V ^\gZ_V% Vawb YZ Xg^Vg d egdWaZbV YVh Xdcí
iZcYVh% V^cYV d aZkV eVgV [dgV Ydh hZjh edgi}Zh% ZmedcYd hZjh
ZhXtcYVadh% [Zg^YVh Z cjYZo Y^VciZ Ydh ig^WjcV^h Yd bjcYd%
igVo degzWg^d hdWgZ h^ bZhbV' GVjad Y^o fjZ ^hhd ZgV jbV
kZg\dc]V eVgV V ^\gZ_V Z gdjWVkV V hjV Vjidg^YVYZ Zhe^g^ijí
Va' <hhV Vi^ijYZ VggVc]VkV V bV^dg Zk^YxcX^V Yd Xg^hi^Vc^hí
bd% d Vbdg' LbV ^\gZ_V YZhe^YV Y^VciZ Yd bjcYd eZgYZ V
hjV Vjidg^YVYZ YZ egZ\Vg d ZkVc\Za]d' GZgYZ d edYZg eVgV
Y^oZg Vd bjcYd fjZ d ZkVc\Za]d igVch[dgbV' HjVcYd jbV
^\gZ_V% Vawb YZ cVd gZhdakZg dh egzeg^dh egdWaZbVh% V^cYV dh
aZkV eVgV dh ig^WjcV^h Yd bjcYd% ZckZg\dc]V d ZkVc\Za]d Z
hZ idgcV V kZg\dc]V Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
+' :dchi^ij^&hZ jbV egd[jcYV [VaiV YZ hVWZYdg^V aZkVg
dh egdWaZbVh Ydbwhi^Xdh YV ^\gZ_V eVgV dh ig^WjcV^h YZ
^cXgwYjadh' F Vezhidad GVjad Vg\jbZciV3 àDVh ^gr jb
^gbud V _jyod XdcigV djigd ^gbud% Z ^hid eZgVciZ ^cXgwYjadh6â
#/'/$' JZgr fjZ cud iZb c^c\jwb hrW^d cd bZ^d YV ^\gZ_V6
JZgr fjZ cud Zm^hiZ jb XdchZa]Z^gd cV ^\gZ_V% XVeVo YZ
XdcidgcVg ZhhV h^ijVvud6 JZgr fjZ cud ]r VXdchZa]VbZcid
eVhidgVa YZcigd YZhhV ^\gZ_V XVeVo YZ gZkZgiZg ZhhV h^ijVvud6
8iVXVg jb ^gbud w ViVXVg&hZ V h^ bZhbd' HjVcYd jb
^gbud aZkV djigd eZgVciZ d ig^WjcVa Ydh ^cXgwYjadh% ZaZ Zhir
YZhigj^cYd V h^ bZhbd' @hhd w jb Vid hj^X^YV Yd edcid YZ
k^hiV YV Xdbjc]ud Xg^hiu'
,' < jbV XdbeaZiV YZggdiV eVgV V ^\gZ_V aZkVg hjVh Xdcí
iZcYVh eVgV d bjcYd' GVjad hZciZcX^V3 àF hz Zm^hi^g ZcigZ
kzh YZbVcYVh _r w XdbeaZiV YZggdiV eVgV kzh djigdhâ #/'0$'
@g V _jyod XdcigV jb ^gbud w ^cXdggZg Zb XdbeaZiV YZggdiV%
hZ_V fjVa [dg d gZhjaiVYd Yd egdXZhhd aZ\Va' FWiZg V k^izg^V
cd kZgZY^Xid edjXd h^\c^[^XV' Ar hZ eZgYZj V XVjhV% fjVcYd
jb Xg^hiud VWgZ jb egdXZhhd XdcigV d djigd' F YVcd w Vd
Xdged YZ :g^hid Z cud Vdh ZhigVc]dh' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^í
oZcYd w fjZ fjVcYd hjg\Z d egdWaZbV Z ZaZ cud w gZhdak^Yd
s ajo YV GVaVkgV% ^hhd w jbV YZggdiV eVgV V ^\gZ_V'
-' q jbV \gVcYZ ^c_jhi^vV d Xg^Vg XdciZcYVh Z egdkdXVg
YVcdh Z YZed^h aZkr&adh eVgV hZgZb _ja\VYdh Zb ig^WjcV^h
Yd bjcYd' GVjad w Zc[ri^Xd3 àDVh kzh bZhbdh [VoZ^h
V ^c_jhi^vV Z [VoZ^h d YVcd% Z ^hid Vdh egzeg^dh ^gbudh â
#/'1$' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ Zm^hi^V jbV egri^XV
^c_jhiV% eZXVb^cdhV% Z YVcdhV ZcigZ dh XgZciZh YVfjZaV
^\gZ_V' Eud egZkVaZX^V V kZgYVYZ% V _jhi^vV% V XVg^YVYZ% Z
d Vbdg cZb bj^id bZcdh d eZgYud' Gdg ^hhd% GVjad Y^hhZ
fjZ Vawb YZ egdkdXVg d YVcd% ZaZh V^cYV aZkVkVb ZhhZ YVcd
Z ^c_jhi^vV eVgV [dgV Ydh edgi}Zh YV ^\gZ_V' Fh XgZciZh YZ
:dg^cid ZhiVkVb [Zg^cYd&hZ jch Vdh djigdh% fjZWgVcYd dh
aVvdh YZ Xdbjc]ud Z aZkVcYd V XdciZcYV YZaZh eVgV [dgV
YV ^\gZ_V'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% HZ ZVS\hnLZWHYH VWYVISLT H KHZ JVU[LUKHZ
UH PNYLQH&
V$ 8 eg^bZ^gV hdajvud VedciVYV edg GVjad w Zk^iVg dh
YVcdh Z XdciZcYVh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad VYkZgiZ3 àF
hz Zm^hi^g ZcigZ kzh YZbVcYVh _r w XdbeaZiV YZggdiV eVgV
kzh djigdhâ' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd d hZ\j^ciZ3 DZjh ^gbudh
czh cud edYZbdh Xg^Vg ZhhZ ZheVvd% iZg ZhhV ^bVijg^YVYZ
Zhe^g^ijVa YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% V edcid YZ k^kZg Wg^\VcYd
jch Xdb dh djigdh% [^XVg WViZcYd XVWZvV% VWg^cYd [Zg^YVh%
bVX]jXVcYd jch Vdh djigdh' 8 edhijgV YZ jbV k^YV Xg^hiu
bVYjgV w Zk^iVg XdciZcYVh V fjVafjZg Xjhid'
W$ 8 hZ\jcYV hdajvud VedciVYV edg GVjad w fjZ XVhd
hjg_Vb XdciZcYVh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% ZaVh cud YZkZb hZg
aZkVYVh eVgV ig^WjcV^h [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' MZ_Vbdh V dg^ZciVvud
YZ GVjad3 à8kZcijgV&hZ Va\jb YZ kzh% iZcYd fjZhiud XdcigV
djigd% V hjWbZix&ad V _jyod eZgVciZ ^c_jhidh Z cud eZgVciZ
dh hVcidh6 Q'''R <cigZiVcid% kzh% fjVcYd iZcYZh V _ja\Vg
cZ\zX^dh iZggZcdh% Xdchi^ij^h jb ig^WjcVa YVfjZaZh fjZ cud
ixb cZc]jbV VXZ^iVvud cV ^\gZ_V â #/'*%-$'
X$ 8 iZgXZ^gV hdajvud w WjhXVg YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V V hdajvud
Yd egdWaZbV edg bZ^d YZ jb hrW^d VXdchZa]VbZcid' MZ_Vb
d fjZ d Vezhidad ZhXgZkZ3 àGVgV kZg\dc]V kd&ad Y^\d' Eud
]r% edgkZcijgV% cZb Vd bZcdh jb hrW^d ZcigZ kzh% fjZ
edhhV _ja\Vg cd bZ^d YV ^gbVcYVYZ6 DVh ^gr jb ^gbud
V _jyod XdcigV djigd ^gbud% Z ^hid eZgVciZ ^cXgwYjadh6â
#/'.%/$' GVjad Y^o fjZ XVhd hjg_V d egdWaZbV% ZaZ YZkZ hZg
gZhdak^Yd ^ciZgcVbZciZ'
Y$ 8 fjVgiV hdajvud w Y^hedg V hd[gZg d YVcd #/'0$' 8
egdedhiV YZ GVjad cud Zhir [dXVYV cd Y^gZ^id Z cV _jhi^vV%
bVh cd ZmZgXyX^d Yd eZgYud Z YV b^hZg^XzgY^V' GVjad Y^o
fjZ hd[gZg d YVcd w bZa]dg Yd fjZ \Vc]Vg jbV XVjhV Z
ZckZg\dc]Vg d cdbZ Yd ZkVc\Za]d' CZdc Ddgg^h Zc[Vi^oV
fjZ d edcid fjZ GVjad Vhh^cVaV w fjZ ^g V _jyod Xdb jb
^gbud _r w ^cXdggZg Zb YZggdiV% hZ_V fjVa [dg d gZhjaiVYd Yd
egdXZhhd aZ\Va' FWiZg V k^izg^V cd kZgZY^Xid edjXd h^\c^[^XV'
Ar hZ eZgYZj V XVjhV fjVcYd jb Xg^hiud VWgZ jb egdXZhhd'2*
;;^o d Vezhidad3 àF hz Zm^hi^g ZcigZ kzh YZbVcYVh _r w
XdbeaZiV YZggdiV eVgV kzh djigdh' Gdg fjZ cud hd[gZ^h VciZh
V ^c_jhi^vV6 Gdg fjZ cud hd[gZ^h VciZh d YVcd6â #/'0$' Ezh
cud \dhiVbdh YZhhV egdedhiV' ;;Z[^c^i^kVbZciZ fjZ cud
Fh Xdg^ci^dh cud ZhiVkVb egdcidh eVgV hd[gZg V ^c_jhi^vV%
bVh ZaZh ZhiVkVb Vi^kVbZciZ [VoZcYd V ^c_jhi^vV jch Vdh
djigdh' 8hh^b% ZaZh ZhiVkVb XdbZiZcYd jb Yjead eZXVYd4
eZXVYd XdcigV dh eVYg}Zh wi^Xdh Z eZXVYd XdcigV d Vbdg
[gViZgcVa'2+
F VaZgiV YZ GVjad eVgV czh w ZhiZ3 :j^YVYd Xdb dh
hZjh Y^gZ^idh MdXx Xdc]ZXZ VfjZaZ i^ed YZ \ZciZ fjZ Y^o3
à< bZa]dg eVhhVg edg X^bV Yd bZj XVYrkZg Yd fjZ edg
X^bV Ydh bZjh Y^gZ^idh â :dc]ZXZ \ZciZ Vhh^b6 GVjad Y^o
eVgV cud Wg^\Vgbdh eZadh cdhhdh Y^gZ^idh' AZhjh iVbWwb
gZXdbZcYdj hd[gZg d YVcd' 8 cdhhV Vi^ijYZ w YVg V djigV
[VXZ% VcYVg V hZ\jcYV b^a]V Z YVg iVbWwb V XVeV #Di .',1&
-+$' M^kZg WZb Xdb Vh eZhhdVh fjVcYd ZaVh cdh igViVb WZb
cVd w bj^iV Xd^hV' ;;Zjh ZheZgV YZ czh gZVvud igVchXZcYZciVa
8WgVud V\^j Vhh^b' HjVcYd ]djkZ V XdciZcYV ZcigZ dh hZjh
eVhidgZh Z dh eVhidgZh YZ Cz% 8WgVud hZ Y^he|h V hd[gZg d
YVcd' <aZ Xdbd d \gVcYZ ayYZg YVfjZaV XVgVkVcV eZgb^i^j
V Cz ZhXda]Zg Xdb eg^bVo^V' CZbWgV&hZ YV edhijgV YZ ;;Vk^
Vd hZg eZghZ\j^Yd edg JVja6 ;;Vk^ iZkZ% Va\jbVh kZoZh% V
k^YV YZ JVja Zb hjVh budh' <aZ cud hZ k^c\dj% cud gZk^Ydj
jaigV_Z Xdb jaigV_Z' GgZX^hVbdh ZciZcYZg fjZ w bZa]dg
eZgYZg Y^c]Z^gd Yd fjZ eZgYZg jb ^gbud Z d iZhiZbjc]d
Xg^hiud' 8 ~c^XV eZhhdV fjZ \Vc]V cd bZ^d YZ jbV fjZgZaV
ZcigZ d edkd YZ ;;Zjh w JViVcrh Z bV^h c^c\jwb'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% HZ JVU[LUKHZ KLU[YV KH PNYLQH KL]LT
SL]HY H PNYLQH H \TH H\[V%H]HSPHhgV #/'2&**$' GVjad bdhigV
s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid fjZ d [Vid YZ Zm^hi^g XdciZcYVh ZcigZ
dh XgZciZh% YZkZ aZkVg&cdh V jbV Vjid&VkVa^Vvud' MZ_Vbdh V
dg^ZciVvud Yd Vezhidad3
Cg `qa eSTW[e cgW ae [`\gefae `qa ZWdVSdqa a dW[`a VW 8Wge4 Bqa
hae W`YS`W[e2 `W_ [_bgdae$ `W_ [Vv^SfdSe$ `W_ SVy^fWdae$ `W_
WXW_[`SVae$ `W_ eaVa_[fSe$ `W_ ^SVdxWe$ `W_ ShSdW`fae$ `W_
TtTSVae$ `W_ _S^V[lW`fWe$ `W_ dagTSVadWe ZWdVSdqa a dW[`a VW
8Wge& HS[e XaefWe S^Yg`e VW hve3 _Se hve hae ^ShSefWe$ _Se XaefWe
eS`f[X[USVae$ _Se XaefWe \gef[X[USVae W_ a `a_W Va GW`Zad >Wege
7d[efa W `a 9ebud[fa Va `aeea 8Wge !.&1%))"&

8 ^\gZ_V egZX^hVkV iZg XaVgVh Xdck^Xv}Zh fjVcid Vd [jijgd


#/'2%*)$' GVjad w dW_Zi^kd3 àFj cud hVWZ^h fjZ dh ^c_jhidh
cud ]ZgYVgud d gZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh6â #/'2$' MZ_V fjZ V ^\gZ_V
ZhiVkV [VoZcYd V ^c_jhi^vV Z d YVcd #/'1$' < GVjad Y^o fjZ d
^cY^kyYjd fjZ egVi^XV ^c_jhi^vV YZ bVcZ^gV XdchiVciZ iZb
YZ kZg^[^XVg hZ YZ [Vid w hVakd' GVjad a^hiV djigdh eZXVYdh'
àEVd kdh Zc\VcZ^h3 cZb ^bejgdh'''â8 eVaVkgV à^bejgdâ
YZhXgZkZ idYV V hdgiZ YZ eZXVYdh hZmjV^h' àQ'''R cZb ^YzaVí
igVh'''â KgViV&hZ YZ Va\jwb fjZ iZb fjVafjZg yYdad% [yh^Xd
dj ^bViZg^Va4 k^hykZa dj hjW_Zi^kd% cd aj\Vg YZ ;;Zjh' àQ'''R
cZb VY~aiZgdh'''â 8 ^Yw^V Vfj^ w YVfjZaV eZhhdV fjZ w ^c[^Za
Vd X|c_j\Z% fjZ bVXjaV d aZ^id Xdc_j\Va' àQ'''R cZb Z[Zí
b^cVYdh'''â 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V THSHRVZ h^\c^[^XV a^iZgVabZciZ
àhjVkZ% bVX^d% [Zb^c^cdâ'2, F Z[Zb^cVYd w V eVgiZ eVhh^kV
cjbV gZaVvud ]dbdhhZmjVa' à''' cZb hdYdb^iVh'''â F hdYd&
b^iV% HYZLUVRVP[HP$ i d ]dbdhhZmjVa Vi^kd'2- EZhhV bZhbV
a^c]V% ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg% X^iVcYd 9VggZi% Y^o fjZ ZhhVh YjVh eVaVí
kgVh hud gZ[ZgxcX^Vh V àeVgXZ^gdh gZheZXi^kVbZciZ eVhh^kdh Z
Vi^kdh cV gZaVvud ]dbdhhZmjVa bVhXja^cVâ'2. GVjad YZhXgZkZ
dh Yd^h aVYdh Yd ]dbdhhZmjVa^hbd' àQ'''R cZb aVYg}Zh'''â 8
eVaVkgV aVYgud w JSLW[jZ$ YZ dcYZ kZb V eVaVkgV XaZeidbVc^V%
bVc^V YZ [jgiVg' < VfjZaZ aVYgud WVgVid fjZ eZ\V ZhXdcY^Yd
Ydh djigdh' àQ'''R cZb VkVgZcidh'''â KgViV&hZ YVfjZaV eZhhdV
\VcVcX^dhV% fjZ VbV bV^h d Y^c]Z^gd fjZ V ;;Zjh' àQ'''R cZb
WxWVYdh'''â < VfjZaV eZhhdV Ydb^cVYV eZad raXdda% fjZ cud
iZb XdcigdaZ hdWgZ ZaZ' àQ'''R cZb bVaY^oZciZh'''â q V eZhhdV
bVa^X^dhV fjZ ZheVa]V XdciZcYVh' KgViV&hZ YVfjZaV eZhhdV
fjZ [VaV bVa Ydh djigdh' àQ'''R cZb gdjWVYdgZh'''â' <hhV eVí
aVkgV Vfj^ _r cud w JSLW[jZ& DVh w VfjZaV eZhhdV fjZ idbV
Yd djigd YZ bVcZ^gV dhiZch^kV' 8h eZhhdVh% fjZ k^kZb cV
egri^XV YZhhZh eZXVYdh% cud ]ZgYVgud d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh'
MdaiVcYd s fjZhiud YV ]dbdhhZmjVa^YVYZ% N^aa^Vb
9VgXaVn [Vo jbV YZhXg^vud hdbWg^V YV gZVa^YVYZ Yd ]dbdhhZí
mjVa^hbd cd bjcYd \gZXd&gdbVcd cdh hZ\j^ciZh iZgbdh3
C bWUSVa Va Za_aeeWjgS^[e_a ZSh[S eW WjbS`V[Va Ua_a g_S [`XWUrqa
`S h[VS YdWYS$ W _S[e fSdVW eW bdabSYag W_ Fa_S& AWe_a g_ Za_W_
`afnhW^ cgS`fa GvUdSfWe a bdSf[UShS2 a V[n^aYa VW D^Sfqa A ZPT WlZPV
Xa[ See[`S^SVa Ua_a g_S VSe _S[adWe aTdSe eaTdW a S_ad3 _Se eWg
fW_S `qa WdS a S_ad `SfgdS^$ _Se a S`f[`SfgdS^& EgSfadlW Vae cg[`lW
[_bWdSVadWe da_S`ae bdSf[USdS_ WeeW huU[a& EgS`Va DSg^a WeUdWhWg
WeeS USdfS$ BWda WdS a [_bWdSVad& BWda fa_SdS S g_ \ahW_ UZS_SVa
9ebada W a USefdSdS& 7SeSdS%eW Ua_ W^W W_ g_S YdS`VW UWd[_w`[S W a
^WhSdS bSdS a eWg bS^nU[a W_ bdaU[eeqa W h[h[S Ua_ W^W Ua_a eW W^W XaeeW
g_S WebaeS& BWda S[`VS USeag%eW Ua_ g_ Za_W_ UZS_SVa D[fnYadSe
W a UZS_ShS eWg Webaea& EgS`Va BWda _addWg W Cfa egT[g Sa fda`a$
S bd[_W[dS Ua[eS cgW XWl Xa[ eW SbaeeSd VW 9ebada& Ag[fa _S[e fSdVW a
`a_W Va [_bWdSVad 5Vd[S`a SeeaU[ag%eW bSdS eW_bdW Ua_ a VW g_
\ahW_ VW 6[f[`[S UZS_SVa 5`fa`[a& J[hWg Ua_ W^W [`eWbSdShW^_W`fW$
W cgS`Va a \ahW_ _addWg$ W^W a VW[X[Uag W UaTd[g a _g`Va Ua_ egSe
WefnfgSe W [_adfS^[lag a eWg bWUSVa$ UZS_S`Va S g_S WefdW^S Ua_
a eWg `a_W& 9eeW huU[a$ W_ WebWU[S^$ `S sbaUS VS =YdW\S bd[_[f[hS$
UaTd[g a _g`Va VW hWdYa`ZS3 W Wj[efW_ bagUSe Vyh[VSe VW cgW Xa[
WeeW bWUSVa$ g_S VSe USgeSe bd[`U[bS[e VW egS VWYW`WdSrqa$ W VS USuVS
X[`S^ VW egS U[h[^[lSrqa&1.

GVjad Y^o s ^\gZ_V3 MdXxh egZX^hVb [VoZg jb Y^V\czhi^Xd


cV k^YV YZ kdXxh' <mVb^cZb Z VkVa^Zb V k^YV YZ kdXxh%
edgfjZ hZ kdXxh Zhiud k^kZcYd cV egri^XV YZhhZh eZXVYdh%
kdXxh cud ]ZgYVgud d IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh'
<cigZbZciZh% V ^\gZ_V egZX^hVkV iVbWwb iZg bj^iV XZgiZoV
fjVcid Vd eVhhVYd' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àKV^h [dhiZh Va\jch YZ
kzhâ #/'**$' GVjad Yr jb iZhiZbjc]d YZ XdckZghud \ZcjycV
cVfjZaV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' <hhVwjbV [gVhZ b^aV\gdhV' ?djkZ
jb b^aV\gZ YV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh cd ^c[Zgcd bdgVa YV X^YVYZ
YZ :dg^cid' GVjad X]VbV&dh YZ à^gbudhâ k^ciZ kZoZh cZhhV
XVgiV' HjVcYd kdXx XdbZvV V aZg ZhhV XVgiV% XdvV V XVWZvV Z
eZg\jciV3 àJZgr fjZ ZhhZ edkd ZgV XgZciZ bZhbd6 JZgr fjZ
ZhhZ edkd ZgV XdckZgi^Yd bZhbd6â GVjad iZb d Xj^YVYd YZ
X]Vbr&adh k^ciZ kZoZh YZ ^gbudh' GVjad Yr ZhhZ iZhiZbjc]d3
àKV^h [dhiZh Va\jch YZ kzh'''â3 @c_jhidh% ^bejgdh% ^YzaVigVh%
VY~aiZgdh% ]dbdhhZmjV^h% aVgre^dh% VkVgZcidh% WZWZgg}Zh%
bVaZY^XZciZh Z VhhVaiVciZh' Gdgwb% GVjad VXgZhXZciV3 ?djkZ
jb bdbZcid Zb fjZ AZhjh igVch[dgbdj V k^YV YZ kdXxh Z
kdXxh [dgVb bjYVYdh'

9 OQNBKELA DAR OAIVaER IMSQAOERRNAIR +#&'"'%


GVjad eVhhV Ydh egdXZhhdh aZ\V^h eVgV d gZaVmVbZcid hZí
mjVa20 Z YVh XdciZcYVh ^ciZgeZhhdV^h eVgV Vh eV^m}Zh ^cigVí
eZhhdV^h' DVg` 9jWZX ZhXgZkZj Zb hZj a^kgd% 4]P]HTLU[V
ZH[fUPJV% fjZ ZhiVbdh k^kZcYd jbV gZk^iVa^oVvud YV kZa]V
Z YZXVYZciZ bdgVa^YVYZ Yd bjcYd Vci^\d' EV YwXVYV YZ
*2/) ]djkZ jbV \j^cVYV kZgi^\^cdhV cd XVbed YV ejgZoV
bdgVa cd bjcYd' Fh 9ZViaZh% YZ C^kZgedda% i^kZgVb jbV
\gVcYZ ^c[ajxcX^V cZhhV gZkdajvud' KVakZo cZc]jb \gjed
]jbVcd iZc]V ^c[ajZcX^VYd bV^h d eZchVbZcid YV _jkZcí
ijYZ dX^YZciVa Yd fjZ ZhhZh fjVigd XVcidgZh YZ C^kZgedda'
:dbZvV Xdb ZaZh jbV ZhigZ^iV gZaVvud ZcigZ gdX` Z hZmd4
b^hi^X^hbd Z Ygd\Vh' F bdk^bZcid ]^ee^Z hZ ^cXjbW^j YZ
Y^kja\Vg Z ZheVa]Vg ZhhV gZkdajvud eVgV d bjcYd ^ciZ^gd'
8 _jkZcijYZ ZhiVkV gZkdaiVYV Z k^kZcYd jbV \gVcYZ gZhhVí
XV' Fh eV^h ZhiVkVb eVgi^cYd eVgV d XVbed YZ igVWVa]d fjZí
gZcYd hZ Zcg^fjZXZg% ZcXVciVYdh Xdb dh WZch YZ Xdchjbd Z
_r cud i^c]Vb bV^h iZbed eVgV dh [^a]dh' Fh eV^h iZciVgVb
hjWhi^ij^g egZhZcvV edg egZhZciZh' KZciVgVb iVeVg V WgZX]V YV
VjhxcX^V Xdb fj^cfj^a]Vg^Vh ZaZig|c^XVh' Fh eV^h XdWg^gVb
dh [^a]dh YZ g^Xdh egZhZciZh% bVh cud egZZcX]ZgVb d kVo^d
YZ hZjh XdgVv}Zh' <hhV \ZgVvud egd[jcYVbZciZ YZhZcXVciVYV
Xdb V k^YV bZg\ja]dj cVh Ygd\Vh% cd hZmd% cd gdX` Z hZ
eZgYZj' 8^cYV ZhiVbdh k^kZcYd d YgVbV YV gZhhVXV YZhhV
hdX^ZYVYZ YZXVYZciZ bdgVabZciZ'
Ü ajo YZ *:dgyci^dh /'*+&+)% edYZbdh VegZcYZg Va\jbVh
egZX^dhVh a^v}Zh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% ]LQHTVZ HZ K\HZ WYLTPZZHZ X\L
Z\Z[LU[H]HT H WLYT PZZP]PKHKL KVZ JVYPU[PVZ #/'*+%*,$'
V$ 8 eg^bZ^gV egZb^hhV YZaZh ZgV3 àKdYVh Vh Xd^hVh bZ hud
ayX^iVhâ' EV X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid YZ[ZcY^V&hZ jbV a^WZgYVYZ
idiVa% ^ggZhig^iV% Z ^cXdcY^X^dcVa' <aZh ZhiVkVb igVch[dgbVcí
Yd V a^WZgYVYZ Zb a^WZgi^cV\Zb' GVjad% Zciud% XdadXV jbV
VYkZghVi^kV' <aZ jhV jb àbVhâ% jb àedgwbâ' @hhd% edgfjZ
eVgV V hdX^ZYVYZ Z eVgV V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid idYVh Vh Xd^hVh
ZgVb ayX^iVh'
8fjZaV ^\gZ_V cud i^c]V a^b^iZh' <aZh X]Z\VgVb V VeaVjY^g
d eZXVYd YZ ^cXZhid Z hZ _VXiVgVb YZhhV edh^vud eZgb^hh^kV'
8 aZ^ fjZ gZ\^V V k^YV YZaZh ZgV3 < egd^W^Yd egd^W^g <aZh
Xdch^YZgVkVb idYVh Vh Xd^hVh ^cY^hi^ciVbZciZ Xdbd ayX^iVh%
hZb cZc]jbV gZhig^vud' <aZh cud hjedgiVkVb gZhig^v}Zh%
aZ^h% dj egd^W^v}Zh' CZdc Ddgg^h VaZgiV eVgV d [Vid YZ fjZ
ZbWdgV d XgZciZ cud ZhiZ_V XZgXVYd edg jbV bjai^Yud YZ
gZhig^v}Zh% ]r d eZg^\d YZ fjZ% Vd gZXaVbVg V hjV a^WZgYVYZ
Xg^hiu% d ]dbZb edYZ XdadXVg&hZ cV ZhXgVk^Yud YVh Xd^hVh
fjZ egVi^XV'21
W$ 8 hZ\jcYV egZb^hhV YZaZh ZgV3 àF Va^bZcid w eVgV d
Zhi|bV\d Vhh^b Xdbd d hZmd w eVgV d Xdgedâ' 8 brm^bV YV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid eVgV ^cXZci^kVg V ^bdgVa^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V
ZgV3 àF Va^bZcid w eVgV d Zhi|bV\d Vhh^b Xdbd d hZmd w
eVgV d Xdgedâ' DVh GVjad Zch^cV3 àFh Va^bZcidh hud eVgV
d Zhi|bV\d% Z d Zhi|bV\d eVgV dh Va^bZcidh4 bVh ;;Zjh
YZhigj^gr iVcid ZhiZh Xdbd VfjZaZ' Gdgwb d Xdged cud w
eVgV V ^bejgZoV% bVh% eVgV d JZc]dg% Z d JZc]dg% eVgV d
Xdgedâ #/'*,$'
Fh Xdg^ci^dh eZchVkVb fjZ Vhh^b Xdbd d VeZi^iZ w cVí
ijgVa Z d Xdged egZX^hV YZ Va^bZcid% iVbWwb d hZmd ZgV jb
YZhZ_d cVijgVa Z egZX^hVkV hZg hVi^h[Z^id' GVgV ZaZh jbV eZhhdV
cud edY^V gZeg^b^g hZjh VeZi^iZh hZmjV^h' <aZh ZciZcY^Vb
fjZ Vhh^b Xdbd d Va^bZcid w egZeVgVYd eVgV d Zhi|bV\d%
d Xdged ZgV egZeVgVYd eVgV d hZmd' ;;ZhhV bVcZ^gV ZaZh cVd
YZkZg^Vb iZg fjV^hfjZg gZhig^v}Zh' GVjad% Zciud% dh Xdc[gdcí
iV' DdhigV&a]Zh fjZ ZaZh ZhiVkVb ZggVYdh' F Va^bZcid w eVgV
d Zhi|bV\d Z d Zhi|bV\d w eVgV d Va^bZcid' Gdgwb% d Xdged
cud w eVgV d hZmd' F Xdged w eVgV d JZc]dg Z d JZc]dg w
eVgV d Xdged' F Xdged w eVgV d JZc]dg Z cud eVgV V egdhí
i^ij^vud' F Xdged w eVgV d JZc]dg Z cud eVgV V ^bejgZoV'
EVd ]r ZcigZ d Xdged Z dh YZhZ_dh hZchjV^h% XdcZmud Xdbd
V fjZ ]r ZcigZ d Zhi|bV\d Z d Va^bZcid' <b kZo Y^hhd% V
XdcZmud w ZcigZ d Xdged Z d JZc]dg'
GVjad Zch^cV fjZ d hZmd w jbV Wxcvud% bVh edYZ hZ idgcVg
jbV bVaY^vud' <aZ w jbV Wxcvud YZcigd Yd XVhVbZcid%
bVh jb hwg^d egdWaZbV [dgV YZaZ' NVggZc N^ZghWZ V[^gbV
fjZ d hZmd [dgV Yd XVhVbZcid w Xdbd d VhhVaid V jb WVcXd3
d aVYgud [^XV Xdb Va\jbV Xd^hV fjZ cud a]Z eZgiZcXZ Z eZaV
fjVa iZgr YZ eV\Vg jb Y^V' F hZmd YZcigd Yd XVhVbZcid
edYZ hZg Xdbd YZedh^iVg Y^c]Z^gd cjb WVcXd3 ]r \VgVci^Vh%
hZ\jgVcvV Z Y^k^YZcYdh'*))
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ]LQHTVZ HZ WYLTPZZHZ ]LYKHKLPYHZ X\L
KLZHMPHT e ZHU[PKHKL KV ZL_V #/'*+&+)$' ?r YjVh \gVcYZh
kZgYVYZh V hZgZb YZhiVXVYVh3
8 eg^bZ^gV YZaVh w d Xdbegdb^hhd YV Kg^cYVYZ Xdb d
cdhhd Xdged'*)* @hhd w jbV Xd^hV [Vcirhi^XV' GVjad Y^o fjZ d
egzeg^d ;;Zjh GV^ Zhir XdbegdbZi^Yd Xdb d cdhhd Xdged'
GdgfjZ ;;Zjh Xg^dj d cdhhd Xdged% iVbWwb d gZhhjhX^iVgr
#/'*+&*-$' 8 [^adhd[^V \gZ\V cud YVkV cZc]jb kVadg Vd
Xdged' F Xdged ZgV VeZcVh V eg^hud YV VabV' Gdg ^hhd% dh
\gZ\dh eZchVkVb fjZ ijYd Vfj^ad fjZ kdXx [Vo Xdb d Xdged
cud XdciV' GVjad% edgwb% gZX]VvV V [^adhd[^V \gZ\V Z Y^o
fjZ ;;Zjh Xg^dj d Xdged' F Xdged w iud ^bedgiVciZ eVgV
;;Zjh fjZ <aZ kV^ gZhhjhX^ir&ad' <hhZ Xdged iZb jbV dg^\Zb
bVgVk^a]dhV% ed^h ;;Zjh d Xg^dj Z iZgr jb [^b \adg^dhd% ed^h
;;Zjh d gZhhjhX^iVgr' Gdg XdchZ\j^ciZ% d Xdged cud edYZ hZg
jhVYd eVgV V ^bejgZoV' <aZ YZkZ hZg jhVYd eVgV V \azg^V YZ
;;Zjh
GVjad Y^o iVbWwb fjZ AZhjh :g^hid Xdbegdj Z gZb^j d
cdhhd Xdged #/'*.&*1$' ;;Zjh GV^ Xg^dj d Xdged Z kV^ gZhhjhí
X^ir&ad' AZhjh :g^hid Xdbegdj d Xdged Z d gZY^b^j' ;;Zjh
GV^ Xg^dj d hZj Xdged Z AZhjh :g^hid d Xdbegdj' <hhZ Xdged
V\dgV cud eZgiZcXZ bV^h V kdXx% eZgiZcXZ V AZhjh :g^hid' Fh
bZbWgdh Yd hZj Xdged Zhiud a^\VYdh V :g^hid' JZj Xdged w
jb bZbWgd YZ :g^hid'
Gdgwb% GVjad XdcXaj^ Y^oZcYd fjZ d <heyg^id JVcid ]Ví
W^iV cZhhZ Xdged #/'*2$' F cdhhd Xdged w d iZbead k^kd
Yd <heyg^id JVcid' HjVcYd GVjad jhV V [^\jgV Yd iZbead
ZbegZ\V V eVaVkgV UHlZ$ d JVcid Ydh JVcidh% d aj\Vg hVciyhí
h^bd dcYZ V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh hZ bVc^[ZhiV' CZdc Ddgg^h Y^o
fjZ VdcYZ fjZg fjZ kVbdh% hdbdh edgiVYdgZh Yd <heyg^id
JVcid% iZbeadh Zb fjZ VegVo V ;;Zjh ]VW^iVg' @hhd YZkZ Za^í
b^cVg idYV [dgbV YZ XdcYjiV fjZ cud hZ_V Vegdeg^VYV eVgV
d iZbead YZ ;;Zjh' EVYV fjZ hZ_V ^cXdckZc^ZciZ cd iZbead
YZ ;;Zjh w YZXZciZ cd Xdged Yd [^a]d YZ ;;Zjh'*)+
<b hyciZhZ% GVjad cdh Zch^cV fjZ ;;Zjh GV^ Xg^dj d cdhhd
Xdged Z kV^ gZhhjhX^ir&ad' F cdhhd Xdged iZb jb XdbZvd Z
jb [^b \adg^dhd' AZhjh :g^hid% V hZ\jcYV eZhhdV YV Kg^cYVYZ%
Xdbegdj Z gZY^b^j d cdhhd Xdged Z d <heyg^id JVcid% V
iZgXZ^gV eZhhdV YV Kg^cYVYZ% ]VW^iV cZhhZ Xdged Z [Vo YZhhZ
Xdged jb hVcijrg^d eVgV V hjV ]VW^iVvud'
8 hZ\jcYV \gVcYZ kZgYVYZ fjZ GVjad YZhiVXV w d ZaZkVYd
egdezh^id Y^k^cd eVgV d cdhhd Xdged' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg bZcX^dcV
X^cXd [Vidh egZX^dhdh hdWgZ d Xdged3*),
V$ F egdezh^id Yd Xdged cd JZc]dg' GVjad V[^gbV3 àQ'''R
d Xdged cud w eVgV V ^bejgZoV% bVh% eVgV d JZc]dg% Z d
JZc]dg% eVgV d Xdgedâ #/'*,$' F egdezh^id YZ ;;Zjh iZg
a]Z YVYd jb Xdged w eVgV fjZ kdXx edhhV k^kZg eVgV AZhjh'
JZgk^g V AZhjh edg ^ciZgbwY^d Yd hZj Xdged'
W$ 8 gZhhjggZ^vud Yd Xdged cd JZc]dg #/'*-$' GVgV dh
Xdgyci^dh% ;;Zjh cud YVkV cZc]jbV ^bedgitcX^V Vd Xdged'
F Xdged ZgV VeZcVh jbV eg^hud YV VabV' Ed ZciVcid% ;;Zjh
kVadg^oV d Xdged' ;;Zjh Xg^dj d Xdged Z d gZhhjhX^iVgr'
X$ 8 ^ciZgVvud Yd Xdged Xdb d JZc]dg #/'*.&*0$' F
cdhhd Xdged w bZbWgd YZ :g^hid' MdXx cud edYZ jc^g jb
bZbWgd YZ :g^hid V jbV bZgZig^o' Jz d eZchVg c^hhd w jbV
WaVh[xb^V' JZ d hZj Xdged w bZbWgd YZ :g^hid Z hZ kdXx
hZ ZcigZ\V s ^bejgZoV Z s egdhi^ij^vud% kdXx Zhir _jciVcYd
:g^hid s egdhi^ij^vud' @hhd w jbV WaVh[xb^V' Fh cdhhdh
Xdgedh hud bZbWgdh YZ :g^hid' Eud edYZbdh jc^g d Xdged
YZ :g^hid s ^bejgZoV' Fh fjZ hZ jcZb Vd JZc]dg hZ idgcVb
jb hz Zheyg^id Xdb <aZ'
Y$ 8 ]VW^iVvud Yd Xdged eZad JZc]dg #/'*2$' F hZj
Xdged w hVcijrg^d Yd <heyg^id' KjYd Vfj^ad fjZ cud w Y^\cd
Yd hVcijrg^d YZ ;;Zjh cud w Y^\cd Yd hZj Xdged' EVYV fjZ
hZ_V ^cXdckZc^ZciZ cd iZbead YZ ;;Zjh w YZXZciZ cd hZj
Xdged' Jdbdh V bdgVYV YZ ;;Zjh' F cdhhd Xdged w aj\Vg
hVciyhh^bd% d JVcid Ydh JVcidh% dcYZ V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh hZ
bVc^[ZhiV' ;;ZkZbdh Za^b^cVg Yd cdhhd Xdged idYV [dgbV YZ
XdcYjiV fjZ cud hZ_V Vegdeg^VYV eVgV d iZbead YZ ;;Zjh'
Z$ 8 gZYZcvud Yd Xdged eZad JZc]dg #/'+)$' MdXx w YZ
;;Zjh edg YjVh gVo}Zh3 MdXx w YZ ;;Zjh edgfjZ ;;Zjh Xg^dj
kdXx Z kdXx w YZ ;;Zjh edgfjZ ;;Zjh Xdbegdj kdXx YZ kdaiV
eVgV <aZ'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% VZ KVPZ PTWLYH[P]VZ KL 7L\Z LT YLSHhgV
HV UVZZV JVYWV& GVjad% V\dgV Yr Yd^h XdchZa]dh eVgV V ^\gZ_V'
Lb cZ\Vi^kd Z djigd edh^i^kd' F cZ\Vi^kd w3 à=j\^ YV ^bí
ejgZoVâ #/'*1$' F kZgWd Zhir cd egZhZciZ Xdciycjd' < jb
Vid Xdciycjd' GgZX^hVbdh [j\^g hZbegZ YV ^bejgZoV' à=VoZ^
kdhhd ]rW^id [j\^g'â*)-<b gZaVvud sh iZciVv}Zh hZmjV^h V 9yí
Wa^V cjcXV cdh bVcYV gZh^hi^g% bVh [j\^g' JZg [dgiZ w [j\^g
< jb aZYd Zc\Vcd eZchVg fjZ kdXx Xdc]ZXZ hZjh a^b^iZh Z
hVWZ Viw dcYZ edYZ ^g Z fjVcYd YZkZ eVgVg' 8 bZhbV 9yWa^V
fjZ cdh bVcYV gZh^hi^g Vd Y^VWd% cdh bVcYV [j\^g YV ^bí
ejgZoV' HjVcid Vd Zc[gZciVbZcid YVh iZciVv}Zh hZmjV^h V
dgYZb YZ ;;Zjh w [j\^g% YVg d [dgV% YVg cd ew% XdggZg
F XdchZa]d YZ GVjad w3 Eud fjZ^gV hZg [dgiZ' IZXdc]ZvV V
hjV [gV\^a^YVYZ Z kr ZbWdgV' Eud Wg^cfjZ Xdb ZhhV h^ijVvud'
=j_V 8 ~c^XV Vi^ijYZ hZ\jgV Zb gZaVvud Vd hZmd w [j\^g'
Eud [^fjZ [aZgiVcYd Xdb d eZXVYd' Eud [^fjZ eVfjZgVcYd
V iZciVvud' 8fjZaZ fjZ odbWV Yd eZXVYd w adjXd'
F ^ciZgZhhVciZ w fjZ d kZgWd jhVYd edg GVjad eVgV [j\^g
Zhir cd egZhZciZ Xdciycjd' < jb Vid Xdciycjd' =j_V ]d_Z%
[j_V VbVc]u% [j_V d bxh fjZ kZb% [j_V d Vcd fjZ kZb' =VvV
Xdbd Adhw Yd <\^id' 8 bja]Zg [VaVkV eVgV ZaZ idYd Y^V3
à;;Z^iV&iZ Xdb^\dâ' Ed Y^V hZ\j^ciZ ZaV gZeZi^V3 à;;Z^iV&iZ
Xdb^\d'â Ed bxh hZ\j^ciZ ZaV kdaiVkV Z Y^o^V&a]Z3 à;;Z^iV&
iZ Xdb^\dâ' Ed Vcd hZ\j^ciZ% V bZhbV aVYV^c]V3 à;;Z^iV&
iZ Xdb^\dâ' Gdgwb% Adhw [j\^j YV hZYjvud YV hjV eVigdV%
Y^oZcYd&a]Z hZbegZ V bZhbV Xd^hV3 àEud Eud Eud â <
fjVcYd V bja]Zg iZcidj V\Vggr&ad% ZaZ [j\^j% egZ[Zg^cYd ^g
eVgV V XVYZ^V Xdb V XdchX^xcX^V a^beV% Yd fjZ [^XVg a^kgZ Z
egZhd cd X^edVa YV XjaeV Z Yd eZXVYd'
F XdchZa]d edh^i^kd fjZ GVjad Y^o w3 à8\dgV% ed^h%
\adg^[^XV^ V ;;Zjh cd kdhhd Xdgedâ #/'+)$' F <heyg^id JVcid
cdh [d^ YVYd Xdb d egdezh^id YZ \adg^[^XVgbdh V :g^hid
#Ad */'*-$' F <heyg^id JVcid jhV d cdhhd Xdged eVgV
\adg^[^XVgbdh V AZhjh #=e *'+)%+*$' >adg^[^XVbdh V ;;Zjh
cd cdhhd Xdged fjVcYd d jhVbdh Zb hVci^YVYZ Z ejgZoV'
>adg^[^XVbdh V ;;Zjh cd cdhhd Xdged fjVcYd ZcigZ\Vbdh
cdhhdh bZbWgdh Xdbd ^chigjbZcidh YZ _jhi^vV Z cVd Xdbd
hZgkdh Yd eZXVYd #Ib /'*+&*-$' >adg^[^XVbdh V ;;Zjh cd
cdhhd Xdged fjVcYd ZbegZ\Vbdh cdhhVh [dgvVh% ZcZg\^Vh%
Ydch Z iVaZcidh eVgV hZgk^gbdh Vd JZc]dg Z [VoZgbdh V JjV
kdciVYZ'

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ +

1) A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# ,+#


1* A a d d [ e $ @ W a ` & <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# ,,#
1+ 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& &.,(/ \# +)#
1, K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& -& '%%+/
\# ,+.#
1- D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& &..(/ \# .(#
1. 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYPU[PVZ& &.,(/ \# ++#
1/ A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# ,.#
10 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# ,.#
11 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# -­%#
)(( K [W d e T W $ K S ddW ` K 6VTLU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& -& '%%+/ \# ,+.#
)() K [W d e T W $ K S ddW ` K & 6VTLU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& -& '%%+/ \# ,+.#
)(* A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# -­'!-­(#
)(+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& &..(/ \# &%("&%,#
)(, A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# -­'#
2AO_STKN ,

FWPTJĂVPUX KL ALZX
VHWH U JHXHSLTYU
&4[ ,#&")%  

C 75DÅHI@C / 89 w V
= 7 CFÅBH=CG
bV^h adc\V Y^hXjhhud hdWgZ hZmjVa^YVYZ
Z Vhhjcidh XdggZaVidh Zb idYVh Vh XVgiVh
YZ GVjad' <aZ Xdciwb ^c[dgbVv}Zh k^iV^h
hdWgZ d Vhhjcid% ^c[dgbVv}Zh ZhhVh cud
ZcXdcigVYVh Zb cZc]jbV eVgiZ YZ
hZjh ZhXg^idh'*). ;;ZhiVXd X^cXd edcidh
^bedgiVciZh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV JVTLhH
H YLZWVUKLY HZ WLYN\U[HZ KH PNYLQH KL
6VYPU[V& GVjad cud hZ egde}Z V [VoZg
jb igViVYd iZdaz\^Xd XdbeaZid hdWgZ
XZa^WVid Z XVhVbZcid' F fjZ cV kZgYVYZ
ZaZ [Vo Vfj^ cZhhZ XVeyijad w gZhedcYZg V
Va\jbVh eZg\jciVh Y^gZiVh Z ZheZXy[^XVh
fjZ V ^\gZ_V a]Z ]Vk^V [Z^id' àHjVcid
Vd fjZ bZ ZhXgZkZhiZh'''â #0'*$' F fjZ
GVjad ZhXgZkZ cZhhZ XVeyijad w jbV gZhedhiV sh eZg\jciVh YV
^\gZ_V'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV UgV LZNV[H ZL\ LUZPUV ZVIYL
JHZHTLU[V ULZZL JHWk[\SV& Dj^idh Xgyi^Xdh% Vd ZhijYVgZb ZhhZ
XVeyijad% ixb jbV k^hud eZhh^b^hiV Zb gZaVvud Vd XVhVbZcid'
:dcijYd% ZhhZ cud w idYd d Zch^cd WyWa^Xd hdWgZ d Vhhjcid
cZb bZhbd w idYd d Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ V bViwg^V'
CZbdh Zb >xcZh^h +'*13 àEud w Wdb fjZ d ]dbZb ZhiZ_V
hzâ' CZbdh Zb ?ZWgZjh *,'-3 à;;^\cd YZ ]dcgV ZcigZ idYdh
hZ_V d bVig^b|c^d% WZb Xdbd d aZ^id hZb brXjaVâ' GVjad
Zb <[wh^dh .'++&,, ZcVaiZXZ d XVhVbZcid V iVa edcid YZ
jhr&ad Xdbd ZmZbead YV gZaVvud byhi^XV ZcigZ :g^hid Z V
@\gZ_V'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% HSN\UZ JYk[PJVZ HJ\ZHT BH\SV KL UgV ZLY
\T H\[VY PUZWPYHKV #0'/%*)%*+%+.%-)$' F fjZ GVjad fjZg
Y^oZg% fjVcYd V[^gbV3 à8dh bV^h Y^\d Zj% cud d JZc]dg3'''â
#0'*+$' :dbd ZciZcYZg ^hhd6 JZgr fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd
jbV Xd^hV Z d JZc]dg djigV6 JZgr fjZ ZaZh Zhiud Y^kZg\^cYd
dj hZ XdcigVY^oZcYd6 FWhZgkZb d fjZ GVjad Y^o3 à:db
gZheZ^id sh k^g\Zch% cud iZc]d bVcYVbZcid Yd JZc]dg4
edgwb Ydj b^c]V de^c^ud% Xdbd iZcYd gZXZW^Yd Yd
JZc]dg V b^hZg^XzgY^V YZ hZg [^Zaâ #0'+.$' JZgr fjZ ZhhZ iZmid
w VeZcVh jbV de^c^ud YZ GVjad dj w jb iZmid ^che^gVYd
eZad <heyg^id JVcid Xdb Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV6 MZ_V V^cYV
d fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àKdYVk^V% hZgr bV^h [Za^o hZ eZgbVcZXZg
k^~kV% hZ\jcYd V b^c]V de^c^ud4 Z eZchd iVbWwb fjZ Zj
iZc]d d <heyg^id YZ ;;Zjhâ #0'-)$'
HjVa w d h^\c^[^XVYd YZhhVh eVaVkgVh6 Fh a^WZgV^h ZmeadgVb
ZhhVh ZmegZhh}Zh eVja^cVh eVgV Y^oZg fjZ ZhhZ iZmid cud gZXZí
WZ d hZad YV ^che^gVvud Y^k^cV' JZgr fjZ w ^hhd fjZ GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd Vfj^6 Eud GVjad [Vo cZhhZ XVeyijad jbV Y^hi^cvud
ZcigZ d fjZ :g^hid Zch^cdj Z d fjZ ZaZ Zhir Zch^cVcYd' F
fjZ :g^hid Zch^cdj ZaZ cud kV^ igViVg cdkVbZciZ% ed^h% d
Vhhjcid _r Zhir YZX^Y^Yd' Gdgwb% Vfj^ad fjZ AZhjh cud Zcí
h^cdj% ZaZ kV^ igViVg% YVcYd dg^ZciVvud Vedhiza^XV Z ^che^gVí
YV eVgV V ^\gZ_V' Eud Zm^hiZ Xdc[a^id ZcigZ :g^hid Z GVjad%
cZb GVjad Zhir YVcYd VeZcVh jbV de^c^ud eZhhdVa hdWgZ d
Vhhjcid Zb iZaV' N^aa^Vb DVX;;dcVaY XdggdWdgV Xdb ZhiZ
eZchVbZcid3
Bqa baVW Wj[ef[d cgS^cgWd Vyh[VS SUWdUS VS [`eb[dSrqa Va cgW DSg^a
Wefn V[lW`Va `WefS badrqa& 9^W Wefn geS`Va [da`[S Scg[& GWg Sbaefa^SVa
W eWg W`e[`a f[`ZS_ WefSVa eaT SfScgW bad S^Yg`e W_ 7ad[`fa& 9^We
bdaXWeeShS_ fWd S _W`fW Va GW`Zad `Scg[^a cgW V[l[S_& DSg^a$ W`fqa$
SX[d_S2 |GW\S a cgW Xad cgW S^Ygs_ WefW\S XS^S`Va S _Wg dWebW[fa$
Wg bW`ea cgW Wg fS_Ts_ fW`Za a 9ebud[fa GS`fa VW 8Wge& 9^We
bdaXWeeS_ ft%^a$ _Se eWYgdS_W`fW `qa ft_ g_ _a`abv^[a eaTdW a
9ebud[fa GS`fa}&)(.

<b fjVgid aj\Vg% BH\SV [PUOH KL SPKHY JVT HSN\THZWLYN\U{


[HZ X\L =LZ\Z UgV OH]PH [YH[HKV& HjVcYd jbV fjZhiud aZkVcí
iVYV eZaV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid _r i^c]V h^Yd igViVYV edg :g^hid%
GVjad hZ gZ[Zg^V sh JjVh eVaVkgVh' DVh hZ V eZg\jciV Ydh Xd&
gyci^dh XdciZbeaVkV jb iZbV fjZ AZhjh cud i^c]V VWdgYVYd%
GVjad gZhedcY^V s ^\gZ_V Xdb Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV'
?r Va\jch Vhhjcidh fjZ AZhjh cud igVidj cdh ZkVc\Za]dh'
Fh Vhhjcidh fjZ AZhjh igVidj hdWgZ XVhVbZcid Z Y^kzgX^d
Zhiud gZ\^higVYdh Zb DViZjh .',*%,+% DViZjh *2'*&*+%
DVgXdh *)'*&*+ Z CjXVh */'*1' HjVcYd GVjad hZ gZ[ZgZ Vd
JZc]dg% d fjZ d JZc]dg Y^o Z cud ZaZ Zhir hZ gZ[Zg^cYd Vd
fjZ AZhjh Zch^cdj hdWgZ V bViwg^V' HjVcYd Y^o fjZ V\dgV
cud w d JZc]dg% bVh ZaZ w edgfjZ VfjZaZ Vhhjcid AZhjh cud
]Vk^V igViVYd% Z V\dgV ZaZ ^g^V igViVg'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% BH\SV LUKLYLhV\ ZL\Z JVUZLSOVZ ZVIYL
JHZHTLU[V H [YjZ NY\WVZ KPMLYLU[LZ& NVggZc N^ZghWZ ZhXaVgZXZ
fjZ GVjad hZ Y^g^\Z Vdh Xg^hiudh XVhVYdh Xdb Xg^hiudh #0'*&
**$4 Vdh Xg^hiudh XVhVYdh Xdb cud&Xg^hiudh #0'*+&+-$ Z Vdh
Xg^hiudh cud&XVhVYdh #0'+.&-)$'*)0

2QIRS[NR CARADNR CNL CQIRS[NR ,#&"&&


EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^V Yd^h ZmigZbdh' F eg^bZ^gd
\gjed eZchVkV fjZ d hZmd w eZXVYd% bZhbd cd XVhVbZcid'
<hhZ \gjed YZ[ZcY^V fjZ d XZa^WVid w jb ZhiVYd bdgVabZciZ
hjeZg^dg Vd XVhVbZcid' F hZ\jcYd \gjed% iVakZo [dgbVYd
eZaV bV^dg^V Ydh _jYZjh% _ja\VkV fjZ d XVhVbZcid cud ZgV
deX^dcVa% bVh dWg^\Vizg^d' GVgV ZaZh% d XZa^WVid ZgV jbV
edh^vud bdgVabZciZ ^c[Zg^dg Vd XVhVbZcid'
GVjad Zc[gZcidj ZhhVh YjVh [VXv}Zh% ZhhZh Yd^h ZmigZbdh
cV ^\gZ_V Z XdbWViZj V VbWdh' GVgV GVjad iVcid d XVhVí
bZcid fjVcid d XZa^WVid hud Ydch YZ ;;Zjh' F fjZ w XZgid3
[^XVg hdaiZ^gd dj XVhVg&hZ6 F fjZ w bZa]dg3 d XVhVbZcid
dj d XZa^WVid6 F fjZ w XdggZid3 d XZa^WVid dWg^\Vizg^d dj
d XVhVbZcid Xdbejahzg^d6 GVjad Y^o fjZ Vh YjVh edh^v}Zh
gVY^XV^h Zhiud ZggVYVh' ;;ZeZcYZ Yd Ydb' HjZb gZXZWZj
d Ydb eVgV XVhVg&hZ% YZkZ hZ XVhVg' HjZb gZXZWZj d X]Ví
bVYd% d Ydb YZ ;;Zjh eVgV d XZa^WVid% YZkZ eZgbVcZXZg
hdaiZ^gd'
;;d^h Vhhjcidh hud Vfj^ VWdgYVYdh edg GVjad3 Gg^bZ^gd%
V ejgZoV Yd XVhVbZcid #0'*&2$' JZ\jcYd% V YjgVvud Yd
XVhVbZcid #0'*)%**$'*)1
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% HW\YLaH KV JHZHTLU[V #0'*&2$' MVbdh
YZhiVXVg Va\jch edcidh ^bedgiVciZh3
V$ GVjad egdyWZ V eda^\Vb^V cd XVhVbZcid #0'+$' ;;^o d
Vezhidad3 àQ'''R bVh% edg XVjhV YV ^bejgZoV% XVYV jb iZc]V
V hjV egzeg^V ZhedhV% Z XVYV jbV% d hZj egzeg^d bVg^Ydâ
#0'+$' GVjad XdadXV d VheZXid h^c\jaVg YZ fjZ V eda^\Vb^V
cud w d eVYgud bdgVa YZ ;;Zjh eVgV d JZj edkd' :VYV jb
YZkZ iZg V hjV ZhedhV% Z XVYV jbV d hZj bVg^Yd' KVcid V
eda^\^c^V% jb ]dbZb iZg bV^h YZ jbV bja]Zg% fjVcid V
eda^VcYg^V% jbV bja]Zg iZg bV^h YZ jb bVg^Yd% Zhiud Zb
YZhVXdgYd Xdb d Zch^cd YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
W$ GVjad egdyWZ V jc^ud ]dbdhhZmjVa #0'+$' HjVcYd
GVjad Y^o fjZ XVYV jb iZc]V V hjV ZhedhV Z XVYV jbV iZc]V
d hZj bVg^Yd% [^XV XaVgV V ^Yw^V YZ jbV gZaVvud ]ZiZgdhhZmjVa'
<bWdgV V jc^ud ]dbdhhZmjVa [dhhZ Va\d Xdbjb cd iZbed YZ
GVjad% ZaZ YZ[^cZ ZhhV egri^XV Xdbd jbV eV^mud ^c[VbZ% jb
Zggd% jbV Y^hedh^vud bZciVa gZegdkrkZa% jbV VWdb^cVvud
eVgV ;;Zjh'*)2 8 gZaVvud ]dbdhhZmjVa edYZ X]Z\Vg V hZg
VegdkVYV eZaVh aZ^h Ydh ]dbZch% edg XVjhV YV Xdggjevud Ydh
XdhijbZh% bVh _VbV^h hZgr X]VcXZaVYV eZaVh aZ^h YZ ;;Zjh'
LbV YZX^hud cud w wi^XV% VeZcVh edg hZg aZ\Va' 8^cYV fjZ V
gZaVvud ]dbdhhZmjVa hZ idgcZ aZ\Va eZaVh aZ^h Ydh ]dbZch%
_VbV^h hZgr VegdkVYV edg ;;Zjh% ed^h [ZgZ [gdciVabZciZ V
JjV CZ^'
X$ GVjad egdyWZ d XZa^WVid Xdbejahzg^d #0'*$' GVjad ZhXgZí
kZ3 àHjVcid Vd fjZ bZ ZhXgZkZhiZh w Wdb fjZ d ]dbZb cud
idfjZ Zb bja]Zgâ #0'*$' <hhV ZmegZhhud àidXVg Zb bja]Zgâ
w jb Zj[Zb^hbd' < h^c|c^bd YZ XVhVg&hZ' < gZaVX^dcVg&hZ
^ci^bVbZciZ% [^h^XVbZciZ% hZmjVabZciZ% gZ\jaVgbZciZ Xdb
jbV bja]Zg' GVjad egdyWZ d XZa^WVid Xdbejahzg^d' <aZ Y^hí
hZ fjZ d XZa^WVid w Wdb% bVh cud w Xdbejahzg^d' F XZa^WVid
w eZgb^i^Yd% bVh cud dgYZcVYd' EZb idYdh ixb d Ydb Yd
XZa^WVid #0'0&2$' < edg ^hhd fjZ V @\gZ_V IdbVcV Zc[gZciV
iVcidh egdWaZbVh Xdb V hZmjVa^YVYZ YZ hZjh hVXZgYdiZh' F
XZa^WVid Xdbejahzg^d cud iZb WVhZ WyWa^XV' F XZa^WVid hz
iZb hZci^Yd Z kVadg fjVcYd w gZhjaiVYd YZ jb Ydb Zhe^g^í
ijVa' <aZ cud edYZ hZg ^bedhid dWg^\Vidg^VbZciZ' <hhZ w d
Zch^cd YZ :g^hid #Di *2'*)&*+$' <hhZ w d egZXZ^id ZhiVWZaZí
X^Yd edg ;;Zjh YZhYZ d eg^cXye^d #>c +'*1$'
Y$ GVjad YZhiVXV V XdbeaZiV bjijVa^YVYZ Ydh Y^gZ^idh
Xdc_j\V^h #0',%-$' GVjad k^k^V Zb jbV hdX^ZYVYZ YZ egdí
[jcYV ^c[ajxcX^V bVX]^hiV% bVh ZaZ fjZWgV ZhhZh eVgVY^\bVh
YV XjaijgV egZkVaZXZciZ Z V[^gbV V ^\jVaYVYZ Ydh Y^gZ^idh
Xdc_j\V^h' ;;^o GVjad3 àF bVg^Yd XdcXZYV s ZhedhV d fjZ
a]Z w YZk^Yd% Z iVbWwb% hZbZa]VciZbZciZ% V ZhedhV% Vd hZj
bVg^Ydâ #0',$' F ^beZgVi^kd egZhZciZ àXdcXZYVâ ^cY^XV d
YZkZg ]VW^ijVa'**) GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd Yd gZaVX^dcVbZcid
hZmjVa' 8 bZhbV 9yWa^V fjZ XdcYZcV d hZmd VciZh Yd XVí
hVbZcid% d eZXVYd YV [dgc^XVvud% Z iVbWwb d hZmd [dgV
Yd XVhVbZcid% d eZXVYd Yd VYjaiwg^d% Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ V
VjhxcX^V YZ hZmd cd XVhVbZcid w eZXVYd' F bVg^Yd YZkZ
XdcXZYZg s ZhedhV d fjZ a]Z w YZk^Yd Z hZbZa]VciZbZciZ
s ZhedhV Vd hZj bVg^Yd' 8bWdh% bVg^Yd Z bja]Zg% ixb Y^í
gZ^idh VhhZ\jgVYdh edg ;;Zjh YZ YZh[gjiVgZb V eaZc^ijYZ YV
hVi^h[Vvud hZmjVa cd XdciZmid hVXgdhhVcid Yd bVig^b|c^d'
GVjad V^cYV egdhhZ\jZ3 à8 bja]Zg cud iZb edYZg hdWgZ
d hZj egzeg^d Xdged% Z h^b d bVg^Yd4 Z iVbWwb% hZbZa]Vcí
iZbZciZ% d bVg^Yd cud iZb edYZg hdWgZ d hZj Xdged% Z h^b
V bja]Zgâ #0'-$' GVjad YZ[^cZ fjZ d hZmd w jb Y^gZ^id Yd
X|c_j\Z% jb Y^gZ^id aZ\yi^bd' 8 hVi^h[Vvud hZmjVa w jb Y^í
gZ^id aZ\yi^bd Yd bVg^Yd Z jb Y^gZ^id aZ\yi^bd YV bja]Zg'
8 X]VciV\Zb hZmjVa cd XVhVbZcid w jb eZXVYd' F bVg^Yd
cud iZb edYZg hdWgZ d hZj Xdged cZb V bja]Zg iZb edYZg
hdWgZ d hZj Xdged' F Xdged YZ jb eZgiZcXZ Vd djigd' LhVg
d hZmd Xdbd jbV VgbV eVgV X]VciV\ZVg d X|c_j\Z Zhir Zb
YZhVXdgYd Xdb d Zch^cd YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
GVjad hZ idgcV V^cYV bV^h Zc[ri^Xd% fjVcYd ZhXgZkZ3
àEud kdh eg^kZ^h jb Vd djigdâ #0'.V$' 8 egri^XV Yd hZmd cd
XVhVbZcid w jbV dgYZb Vedhiza^XV' 8 VjhxcX^V YV gZaVvud
hZmjVa cd XVhVbZcid w jb eZXVYd' ;;Zcigd YV cdgbVa^YVYZ
Yd XVhVbZcid% V gZaVvud hZmjVa egZX^hV Zm^hi^g' < jb Y^gZ^id
hV\gVYd Yd X|c_j\Z :]VgaZh ?dY\Z Y^o fjZ cVYV edYZ hZg
bV^h ZhigVc]d s bZciZ Yd Vezhidad GVjad Yd fjZ d Zheyg^id
fjZ ZcX]Zj dh bdhiZ^gdh Z XdckZcidh YV ^\gZ_V bZY^ZkVa'***
Z$ GVjad V[^gbV V XVeVX^YVYZ Ydh XVhV^h hZ VWhiZgZb iZbí
edgVg^VbZciZ YVh gZaVv}Zh hZmjV^h #0'.W$' HjVcYd w fjZ
jb XVhVa edYZ hZ VWhiZg Yd hZmd6 HjVcYd VbWdh Zhiud Zb
idiVa ]Vgbdc^V Z h^cidc^V V gZheZ^id YV YZX^hud' F ]dbZb
cud edYZ X]Z\Vg eVgV V ZhedhV Z Y^oZg&a]Z3 à<hiV hZbVcV
dj ZhiZ bxh Zj cud Zhidj Y^hedcykZa eVgV V gZaVvud hZmjVaâ'
EZb V bja]Zg edYZ Xdbjc^XVg Vd hZj bVg^Yd fjZ ZaV Zhir
^cY^hedcykZa eVgV ZaZ' JZ ]r YZ hZ idbVg ZhhV YZX^hud% dh Yd^h
egZX^hVb ZhiVg Zb VWhdajid VXdgYd' Üh kZoZh% bj^idh XVhV^h
XdbZiZb Zggdh \gVkyhh^bdh fjVcYd XdbZvVb V YVg YZhXjaí
eVh ^c[jcYVYVh eVgV [j\^g YV gZaVvud hZmjVa% VaZ\VcYd XVcí
hVvd% Ydg YZ XVWZvV Z djigVh YZhXjaeVh YZhXVW^YVh' 8 9yWa^V
Y^o fjZ ZhhV Vi^ijYZ YZ Wd^XdiZ hZmjVa cd XVhVbZcid i jb
eZXVYd' < jbV YZhdWZY^xcX^V V jb bVcYVbZcid WyWa^Xd'
DVh V VWhi^cxcX^V hZmjVa ZcigZ d XVhVa cud YZkZ hZg edg
jb adc\d iZbed' GVjad ZhXaVgZXZ3 àEud kdh eg^kZ^h jb Vd
djigd% hVakd iVakZo edg b~ijd XdchZci^bZcid% edg Va\jb
iZbed'''â #0'.V$' <hhV eVaVkgV iZbed w RHPYlZ Z cud RYVUVZ&
Lb XVhVa hrW^d cud YZa^b^iV iZbed Xgdcdaz\^Xd eVgV hZ
eg^kVg YV gZaVvud% bVh VeZcVh hZ eg^kV YV gZaVvud edg jb
bdbZcid ZheZXy[^Xd% edg jbV cZXZhh^YVYZ ZheZXy[^XV% hZ_V
eZhhdVa% hZ_V [Vb^a^Vg% hZ_V cV ^\gZ_V% hZ_V cd hZj eVyh'
GVjad Zch^cV fjZ V VWhi^cxcX^V Yd hZmd cd XVhVbZcid
iZb YZ iZg V ^ciZcvud ZmegZhhV YZ hZ YZY^XVg s dgVvud'
GVjad edcijV3 àQ'''R eVgV kdh YZY^XVgYZh s dgVvud'''â #0'.$'
8 VWhi^cxcX^V hZmjVa cud edYZ hZg edg fjVafjZg bdi^kd'
KZb YZ hZg edg jbV gVoud Zhe^g^ijVa' Eud edYZ hZg edg XVcí
hVvd cZb edYZ hZg edg bj^id igVWVa]d' Eud edYZ hZg edg
Ydg YZ XVWZvV dj ^cY^hedh^vud ZbdX^dcVa' 8 fjZhiud w edg
jbV gVoud Zhe^g^ijVa' q ^ciZgZhhVciZ fjZ GVjad cud gZXdí
bZcYV jb adc\d eZgydYd YZ dgVvud cZhhZ XVhd' <aZ Y^o3
àQ'''R Z% cdkVbZciZ% kdh V_jciVgYZhâ #0'.$' ?r eZhhdVh fjZ
hZ ZhXdcYZb Vigrh YZ jbV egZiZchV Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ eVgV hdí
cZ\Vg Vd X|c_j\Z V hVi^h[Vvud hZmjVa' @hhd Zhir Zb YZhVXdgYd
Xdb d Zch^cd WyWa^Xd'
[$ GVjad Y^o fjZ hz edYZ Zm^hi^g VWhi^cxcX^V cd XVhVbZcid
fjVcYd ]djkZg d Xdbegdb^hhd YZa^WZgVYd YZ gZidgcVg s
gZaVvud hZmjVa% fjVcYd d RHPYlZ i^kZg eVhhVYd'**+ Gdg fjZ
GVjad w iud Zc[ri^Xd cZhhV fjZhiud YV gZaVvud hZmjVa ZcigZ
bVg^Yd Z bja]Zg6 <edgfjZ hZ d XVhVa VWg^g WgZX]V cZhhV rgZV%
JViVcrh kV^ ZcigVg Zb XVbed Xdb hjV eZgkZghV Vi^k^YVYZ'
FcYZ ]r X]VciV\Zb hZmjVa cd XVhVbZcid% JViVcrh ZcigV
Zb Vvud' GVjad XdcXaj^% Y^oZcYd3 àQ'''R eVgV fjZ JViVcrh
cud kdh iZciZ edg XVjhV YV ^cXdci^cxcX^Vâ #0'.$' HjVcYd
jb XVhVa Wg^cXV Xdb ZhhV VgbV Yd hZmd cd XVhVbZcid Z
X]VciV\Z^V d X|c_j\Z% eg^kVcYd&d YV hVi^h[Vvud V fjZ iZb
Y^gZ^id% JViVcrh ZcigV cZhhV ]^hizg^V eVgV XdadXVg jbV
iZgXZ^gV eZhhdV cV _d\VYV Z VggZWZciVg Xdb d XVhVbZcid'
:VWZ Vfj^ VaZgiVg hdWgZ jbV \gVcYZ VbZVvV s k^YV hZmjVa
Ydh XVhV^h3 V edgcd\gV[^V 8 GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh YZiZgb^cV fjZ
d aZ^id Xdc_j\Va YZkZ hZg hZb brXjaV #?W *,'-$' ?r bj^idh
]dbZch% bZhbd Xg^hiudh% fjZ Zhiud hZ idgcVcYd k^X^VYdh
Zb edgcd\gV[^V' Jud eg^h^dcZ^gdh YZ jb kyX^d VkVhhVaVYdg'
8a^bZciVb hjVh bZciZh Xdb d a^md cVjhZVWjcYd fjZ hV^
Ydh Zh\didh e~ig^Ydh YZhhV ^cY~hig^V edgcd\gr[^XV fjZ
YZhigz^ k^YVh Z VggZWZciV [Vbya^Vh' ?r bj^idh ]dbZch
fjZ% VYdZX^Ydh edg ZhhZ kyX^d YZ\gVYVciZ% V^cYV Vk^aiVb
hjV bja]Zg fjZgZcYd ^bedgiVg eVgV d aZ^id Xdc_j\Va ZhhVh
egri^XVh Vk^aiVciZh'
C^ XZgiV [Z^iV fjZ ]djkZ jbV \gZkZ Ydh \Vg^h Zb
EdkV Odg`% V XVe^iVa bjcY^Va Yd Xdchjbd' ;;Zed^h YZ
krg^dh Y^Vh hZb d gZXda]^bZcid Yd a^md% V X^YVYZ [^Xdj
hj_V Z ZbedgXVa]VYV' Lb ]dbZb iZkZ jbV ^Yw^V eVgV hZ
YZhkZcX^a]Vg Yd a^md YV hjV XVhV' :dadXdj idYd d a^md YZcigd
YZ jbV XV^mV% XdWg^j&V Xdb jb WZad eVeZa YZ egZhZciZ% Z
ZhigViZ\^XVbZciZ% YZ^mdj V XV^mV YZcigd Yd edgiV&bVaVh
VWZgid Yd hZj XVggd cjbV gjbV bdk^bZciVYV' Mrg^Vh
eZhhdVh eVhhVkVb Z da]VkVb eVgV V XV^mV Xdb XdW^vV' 8iw fjZ
X]Z\dj jb ZheZgiVa]ud Z eZ\dj V XV^mV Z hV^j XdggZcYd Xdb
ZaV% aZkVcYd&V eVgV XVhV' HjVcYd VWg^j V XV^mV% ZaV ZhiVkV
X]Z^V YZ a^md' ?r bj^iVh eZhhdVh aZkVcYd a^md eVgV YZcigd YZ
XVhV' C^md X]Z^gV bVa Z YZ^mV d VbW^ZciZ YZhV\gVYrkZa' C^md
egdYjo YdZcvVh' 8 9yWa^V Y^o fjZ d hZmd w Wdb Z egVoZgdhd%
bVh iVbWwb Y^o fjZ ZaZ egZX^hV hZg ejgd Z hVcid
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H K\YHhgV KV JHZHTLU[V #0'*)%**$'
Fg^ZciV d Vezhidad3 àFgV% Vdh XVhVYdh% dgYZcd% cud Zj% bVh
d JZc]dg% fjZ V bja]Zg cud hZ hZeVgZ Yd bVg^Ydâ #0'*)$'
Gdg fjZ GVjad Y^o ^hhd6 FgYZcd cud Zj% bVh d JZc]dg6
GdgfjZ d JZc]dg _r ]Vk^V igViVYd YZhhZ Vhhjcid Yd Y^kzgX^d
#Di *2',&*+$' < hZ d JZc]dg _r igViVgV cud w egZX^hd igViVg
cdkVbZciZ' GVjad Y^o fjZ d XVhVbZcid YZkZ YjgVg ZcfjVcid
YjgV V k^YV #0',2%-)$' Ad]c Jidii ZhXaVgZXZ ZhhZ edcid3
5 S`fufWeW cgW DSg^a WefSTW^WUW W`fdW ae hWdeuUg^ae )( W )* `qa abxW
a eWg W`e[`a Sa W`e[`a VW 7d[efa& C Ua`fdSefW `qa s W`fdW a W`e[`a
V[h[`a [`XS^uhW^ !VW 7d[efa" W a W`e[`a Zg_S`a XS^uhW^ !VW DSg^a"$ _Se
W`fdW VgSe Xad_Se VW W`e[`a V[h[`a W [`XS^uhW^$ g_S bdaUWVW`fW Va
GW`Zad W S agfdS Sbaefv^[US&))+

GVjad V\dgV gZhedcYZ V YjVh eZg\jciVh fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ


:dg^cid [Zo V ZaZ'
V$ 8 eg^bZ^gV eZg\jciV3 àF fjZ [VoZg hZ Zj Zhi^kZg
VggZeZcY^Yd YZ iZg XVhVYd6â <hhV w V h^ijVvud YZ bj^idh
XVhV^h V^cYV ]d_Z' ?r bj^idh XVhV^h cZhhV h^ijVvud Viw
bZhbd YZcigd YVh ^\gZ_Vh' ?r bj^iVh eZhhdVh fjZ hZ XVhVgVb
Z YZed^h hZ VggZeZcYZgVb% gZXdc]ZXZcYd fjZ [^oZgVb jbV
\gVcYZ WZhiZ^gV' Ed ZciVcid% V\dgV% d fjZ [VoZg6 GVjad
gZhedcYZ% [VoZcYd jb YZhV[^d ^cZfjykdXd Vdh XVhV^h fjZ
kxZb edjXVh ZheZgVcvVh Zb hZj XVhVbZcid3 àFgV% Vdh
XVhVYdh% dgYZcd% cVd Zj% bVh d JZc]dg% fjZ V bja]Zg cVd
hZ hZeVgZ Yd bVg^Ydâ #0'*)%**$' :Vhdj&hZ% V\ÄZciZ [^gbZ
EVd YZhVc^bZ CZkZ Zb [gZciZ d hZj XVhVbZcid' Eud ejaZ
[dgV YV gZaVvud'
W$ 8 hZ\jcYV eZg\jciV fjZ V ^\gZ_V [Zo3 àF fjZ hZ
YZkZ [VoZg fjVcYd V h^ijVvud hZ idgcV ^chjhiZcirkZa6â ?r
XVhVbZcidh fjZ VYdZXZb V iVa edcid fjZ V YZX^hud YZ
[^XVgZb _jcidh edYZ hZg bV^h Vgg^hXVYV Yd fjZ hZ hZeVgVgZb'
EZhhZ XVhd GVjad d[ZgZXZ YjVh hdajv}Zh eVhidgV^h' 8 eg^bZ^gV
hdajvud3 hZeVgZ Z [^fjZ hdo^c]d #0'* aV$' 8 hZ\jcYV hdajvud3
[VvV V YZk^YV gZXdcX^a^Vvud #0'**W$' :dcijYd% YZ bVcZ^gV
Va\jbV d Vezhidad Vez^V V ]^eziZhZ Yd Y^kzgX^d'**-
GVjad gZV[^gbV% Vhh^b% d Zch^cd YZ AZhjh YZ fjZ d
Y^kzgX^d hz w aZ\yi^bd Z eZgb^i^Yd eVgV d X|c_j\Z fjZ [d^
kyi^bV YV ^c[^YZa^YVYZ Xdc_j\Va YZ hZj XdchdgiZ #Di *2'2$'
F Zch^cd WyWa^Xd w fjZ àQ'''R d fjZ ;;Zjh V_jcidj cVd d
hZeVgZ d ]dbZbâ #Di *2'/$' ;;Zjh XdadXdj bjgdh Vd gZYdg
Yd XVhVbZcid cud eVgV [VoZg YZaZ jbV eg^hud% bVh jb aj\Vg
hZ\jgd'

2QIRS[NR CARADNR CNL M[N"CQIRS[NR ,#&'"')﴿


GVjad cud Zhir igViVcYd cZhhZ iZmid YZ XVhVbZcid b^hid'
F Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ ^hhd w XaVgd' F XVhVbZcid YZkZ hZg
cd JZc]dg #0',2$' GVgV GVjad% cVbdgd b^hid hZ Xdchi^ij^
jb Vid YZ YZhdWZY^xcX^V Vdh egZXZ^idh Y^k^cdh' ;;^o ZaZ3
àEud kdh edc]V^h Zb _j\d YZh^\jVa Xdb dh ^cXgwYjadh4
edgfjVcid fjZ hdX^ZYVYZ edYZ ]VkZg ZcigZ V _jhi^vV Z V
^c^fÄ^YVYZ6 Fj fjZ Xdbjc]ud% YV ajo Xdb Vh igZkVh6 HjZ
]Vgbdc^V% ZcigZ :g^hid Z d DVa^\cd6 Fj fjZ jc^ud Yd
XgZciZ Xdb d ^cXgwYjad6â #+:d /'*-%*.$'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV jbV ^\gZ_V cdkV' 8a\jbVh eZhí
hdVh hZ XdckZgiZgVb Vd ZkVc\Za]d YZed^h YZ XVhVYVh' ;;Z
gZeZciZ% VeZcVh V bja]Zg hZ XdckZgiZj Z d bVg^Yd eZgí
bVcZXZj ^cXgwYjad dj VeZcVh d bVg^Yd hZ XdckZgiZj Z V
bja]Zg eZgbVcZXZj ^cXgwYjaV' <hhV w V egdWaZbri^XV fjZ
GVjad igViV Vfj^'
8 ^\gZ_V aZkVciV jbV cdkV eZg\jciV eVgV GVjad3 à;;ZkZbdh
czh eZgbVcZXZg XVhVYdh Xdb X|c_j\Zh ^cXgwYjadh6â GVjad
gZhedcYZ Xdb jb \gVcYZ Z hdcdgd G =A q XaVgd fjZ kdXxh
YZkZb eZgbVcZXZg XVhVYdh à8dh bV^h Y^\d Zj% cud d
JZc]dg'''â #0'*+%*,$' Gdg fjZ w fjZ ZaZ Y^o ^hhd6 CZbWgV&hZ
Yd fjZ Y^hhZbdh cd ^cyX^d6 AZhjh cud igVidj YZhhV bViwg^V
YZ jb X|c_j\Z hZ XdckZgiZg YZed^h YZ XVhVYd' <hhV bViwg^V
w cdkV ZAZhjh cud VWdgYdj ZhhZ Vhhjcid cdh ZkVc\Za]dh' Gdg
^hhd% GVjad Y^o fjZ V\dgV kV^ igViVg Yd Vhhjcid' GVjad Y^o3
àQ'''R hZ Va\jb ^gbud iZb bja]Zg ^cXgwYjaV% Z ZhiV XdchZciZ
Zb bdgVg Xdb ZaZ% cud V VWVcYdcZ4 Z V bja]Zg fjZ iZb
bVg^Yd ^cXgwYjad% Z ZhiZ XdchZciZ Zb k^kZg Xdb ZaV% cud
YZ^mZ d bVg^Ydâ #0'*+%*,$'
< jb Vid YZ YZhdWZY^xcX^V jb Xg^hiud XVhVg&hZ Xdb jb
^cXgwYjad' DVh hZ V eZhhdV hZ idgcV Xg^hiu YZed^h YZ iZg hZ
XVhVYd% ZaV cud edYZ jhVg ZhhZ VXdciZX^bZcid Xdbd WVhZ
eVgV hZeVgVvud' 8d Xdcigrg^d <aV egZX^hV ZmZgXZg V ^c[ajxcX^V
fjZ iZb Xdbd Xg^hiu eVgV bjYVg Z igVch[dgbVg d hZj aVg Z
V^cYV aZkVg d hZj X|c_j\Z s XdckZghud #0'*0&+-$' GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ V XdckZghud cud VaiZgV Vh cdhhVh dWg^\Vv}Zh
hdX^V^h'
GVjad igViV YZ Yd^h \gVcYZh iZbVh Vfj^3 d edYZg Yd XVhVí
bZcid Z V Y^hhdajvud Yd XVhVbZcid'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% VW VK LYg V JHZHTLU[V #0'*+&*/$' GVjad
a^hiV igxh [VidgZh YZ ZcXdgV_VbZcid eVgV hZ ^ckZhi^g cjb
XVhVbZcid b^hid Zb fjZ jb Ydh X|c_j\Zh hZ XdckZgiZj
YZed^h YZ XVhVYd' 8 eZg\jciV Ydh Xdgyci^dh ZgV3 à;;ZkZbdh
hV^g Yd XVhVbZcid edg ZhiVgbdh k^kZcYd Xdb jb X|c_j\Z
^cXgwYjad6â GVjad gZhedcYZ3 Eud 8ciZh% kdXxh YZkZb
^ckZhi^g cZhhZ XVhVbZcid Z ^hhd edg igxh bdi^kdh'
V$ F eg^bZ^gd bdi^kd eVgV hZ ^ckZhi^g cd XVhVbZcid w
V gZVa^YVYZ YV hVci^[^XVvud' ;;^o GVjad3 àGdgfjZ d bVg^Yd
^cXgwYjad w hVci^[^XVYd cd Xdckyk^d YV ZhedhV% Z V ZhedhV
^cXgwYjaV w hVci^[^XVYV cd Xdckyk^d Yd bVg^Yd XgZciZâ
#0'*-$' GVjad cud Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d bVg^Yd ^cXgwYjad
w XdckZgi^Yd Z hVakd eZad [Vid YZ ZhiVg XVhVYd Xdb jbV
bja]Zg XgZciZ dj k^XZ&kZghV' F XVhVbZcid cud w jb bZ^d
YZ XdckZghud' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ d bVg^Yd
XgZciZ hVci^[^XV% dj hZ_V% igVo WZcZ[yX^dh eVgV V hjV [Vbya^V'
<hhZ X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad [^XV% Vhh^b% Zmedhid s ^c[ajxcX^V
WZcw[^XV Yd ZkVc\Za]d'
HjVcYd V [w Xg^hiu ZcigV Zb jb aVg YZhXgZciZ% ZaV YZkZ hZg
jbV edciZ YZ cdkVh Wxcvudh Z cud YZ cdkVh YZhVkZcvVh' F
[Vid YZ jb X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad k^kZg Xdb jb X|c_j\Z XgZciZ
edhh^W^a^iV V ZhhZ X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad Xdc]ZXZg d ZkVc\Za]d Z
hZg VWZcvdVYd edg ZaZ' F X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad w igVo^Yd eVgV
bV^h eZgid YZ ;;Zjh Vd Xdck^kZg Xdb jb Xg^hiud cV bZhbV
XVhV' 9VggZi% X^iVcYd Adud :Vak^cd% YZ^mV ZhhZ edcid bV^h
XaVgd3 à8 e^ZYVYZ YZ jb Xdcig^Wj^ bV^h eVgV V ähVci^[^XVvudã
Yd XVhVbZcid% Yd fjZ V ^be^ZYVYZ Yd djigd eVgV idgcr&ad
^bejgdâ'**ÅJ
W$ F hZ\jcYd bdi^kd eVgV ^ckZhi^g cd XVhVbZcid w V
^cXajhud Ydh [^a]dh cd eVXid' GVjad V[^gbV3 à;;djigV hdgiZ%
dh kdhhdh [^a]dh hZg^Vb ^bejgdh4 edgwb% V\dgV% hud hVcidhâ
#0'*-$' GVjad cud Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ dh [^a]dh YZ eV^h XgZciZh
hud hVakdh VjidbVi^XVbZciZ eZad h^beaZh [Vid YZ cVhXZgZb
cjb aVg Xg^hiud' KdYVk^V% h^\c^[^XV fjZ ZhhZh [^a]dh cVhXZb
YZWV^md Yd eVXid% hud [^a]dh YV egdbZhhV% Z Zhiud YZWV^md YV
^c[ajxcX^V Yd <kVc\Za]d' J^\c^[^XV fjZ YZhYZ d cVhX^bZcid
ZaZh Zhiud Zmedhidh Vd Zch^cd Z Vd ZmZbead YV [w Xg^hiu'
8 9yWa^V egZXZ^ijV3 à<ch^cV V Xg^VcvV cd XVb^c]d Zb
fjZ YZkZ VcYVg Z% V^cYV fjVcYd [dg kZa]d% cud hZ YZhk^Vgr
YZaZâ #Gk ++'/$' 8 9yWa^V VhhZkZgV fjZ dh cdhhdh [^a]dh
hud ]ZgVcvV YZ ;;Zjh #J@ *+0',$' <aZh Zhiud YZWV^md Yd
eVXid' HjZ eVXid w ZhhZ6 <j hZgZ^ d kdhhd ;;Zjh Z d ;;Zjh
YZ kdhhdh [^a]dh YZ \ZgVvud Zb \ZgVvud #>c *0'0$' <hhV w
jbV egdbZhhV \adg^dhV' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd3 Eud hV^V Yd
XVhVbZcid% V^cYV fjZ d hZj X|c_j\Z cud hZ_V XgZciZ' JZjh
[^a]dh hud hVci^[^XVYdh cZhhV gZaVvud% ed^h ;;Zjh w d cdhhd
;;Zjh Z d ;;Zjh Ydh cdhhdh [^a]dh' 8 egdbZhhV w eVgV czh Z
eVgV dh cdhhdh [^a]dh' Edhhdh [^a]dh hud [^a]dh YV egdbZhhV'
<aZh Zhiud YZWV^md Yd eVXid YV gZYZcvud' Fh eV^h ixb d
eg^k^aw\^d Z d YZkZg YZ aZkVg hZjh [^a]dh V :g^hid'
X$ F iZgXZ^gd bdi^kd eVgV ^ckZhi^g cd XVhVbZcid w V
edhh^W^a^YVYZ YV XdckZghud Yd X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad' GVjad
Vg\jbZciV3 àGd^h% Xdbd hVWZh% z bja]Zg% hZ hVakVgrh iZj
bVg^Yd6 Fj% Xdbd hVWZh% z bVg^Yd% hZ hVakVgrh ijV bja]Zg6â
#0'*/$' MdXx cud hVWZ% bVh kdXx edYZ iZg ZheZgVcvV' MdXx
edYZ [VoZg ^ckZhi^bZcid eVgV ^hhd Z igVWVa]Vg cZhhV Y^gZvud'
EZhhV bZhbV a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid d Vezhidad GZYgd Y^o3
àDja]ZgZh% hZYZ kzh% ^\jVabZciZ% hjWb^hhVh V kdhhd egzeg^d
bVg^Yd% eVgV fjZ% hZ ZaZ V^cYV cud dWZYZXZ s eVaVkgV% hZ_V
\Vc]d% hZb eVaVkgV Va\jbV% edg bZ^d Yd egdXZY^bZcid YZ
hjV ZhedhV% Vd dWhZgkVg d kdhhd ]dcZhid XdbedgiVbZcid
X]Z^d YZ iZbdgâ #aGZ ,'*%+$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H KPZZVS\hgV KV JHZHTLU[V #0'*.$' ?r
XVhdh Zb fjZ d X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad hZ gZXjhV iZgb^cVciZbZciZ
V Xdck^kZg Xdb d X|c_j\Z XgZciZ' :Vhd d X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad
idbZ V ^c^X^Vi^kV YZ VWVcYdcVg YZ[^c^i^kVbZciZ d X|c_j\Z
XgZciZ% ZhiZ [^XV a^kgZ Yd _j\d Xdc_j\Va #0'*.$' JZ d X|c_j\Z
^cXgwYjad cud fj^hZg eZgbVcZXZg cd XVhVbZcid% V edgiV eVgV
V Y^hhdajvud Yd XVhVbZcid w VWZgiV3 àDVh% hZ d YZhXgZciZ
fj^hZg VeVgiVg&hZ% fjZ hZ VeVgiZ4 Zb iV^h XVhdh% cud [^XV
hj_Z^id s hZgk^Yud cZb d ^gbud% cZb V ^gbu4 ;;Zjh kdh iZb
X]VbVYd s eVoâ #0'*.$' Ad]c Jidii ZhXaVgZXZ3 àJZ d X|c_j\Z
^cXgwYjad YZhZ_Vg eZgbVcZXZg XVhVYd% Zciud d XgZciZ cud
YZkZ gZXdggZg Vd Y^kzgX^d' DVh hZ d X|c_j\Z ^cXgwYjad cud
fj^hZg [^XVg Z YZX^Y^g eVgi^g% Zciud d djigd [^XVgr a^kgZ eVgV
hZ Y^kdgX^Vg Z XVhVg cdkVbZciZâ'**/
GVjad igVo V ajbZ V hZ\jcYV XarjhjaV ZmXZei^kV eVgV d
Y^kzgX^d% fjZ w d VWVcYdcd ^ggZYjiykZa% XdcijbVo% Z ^ggZ&
XdcX^a^rkZa' Jz ]r YjVh XarjhjaVh ZmXZei^kVh eVgV d Y^kzgX^d3
@c[^YZa^YVYZ #Di *2'2$ Z VWVcYdcd #0'*.$' 8 :dc[^hhud YZ
=w YZ NZhib^chiZg gVi^[^XV V ^c[^YZa^YVYZ Z d VWVcYdcd Xdbd
dh ~c^Xdh bdi^kdh eVgV d Y^kzgX^d Z jb cdkd XVhVbZcid3
Ba USea VW SVg^fsd[a VWba[e Va USeS_W`fa$ o bSdfW [`aUW`fW s ^uU[fa
bdabad V[hvdU[a !Af -&+)$+*"$ W$ VWba[e VW aTfWd a V[hvdU[a$ USeSd
Ua_ agfdW_$ Ua_a eW S bSdfW [`X[W^ XaeeW _adfS !Af )1&13 F_ /&*$+"&
Daefa cgW S Uaddgbrqa Va Za_W_ eW\S fS^ cgW a [`U^[`W S bdaUgdSd
SdYg_W`fae S X[_ VW [`VWh[VS_W`fW eWbSdSd ScgW^We cgW 8Wge g`[g
W_ _Sfd[_w`[a$ Ua`fgVa `SVS$ eW`qa a SVg^fsd[a$ s USgeS egX[U[W`fW
bSdS V[eea^hWd ae ^Srae Va _Sfd[_w`[a$ S `qa eWd cgW ZS\S VWeWdrqa
fqa aTef[`SVS cgW `qa baeeS eWd dW_WV[SVS `W_ bW^S =YdW\S `W_ bW^a
_SY[efdSVa U[h[^ !Af )1&03 =7a /&)-"&))/

Ad]c ?' >ZghicZg aZkVciV jbV fjZhiud ^bedgiVciyhh^bV3


V XarjhjaV ZmXZei^kV Yd VYjaiwg^d% Zch^cVYV edg :g^hid% cud
cZ\dj% edg ^bea^XVvud% d Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ d VWVcYdí
cd Z GVjad edh^i^kVbZciZ Zch^cdj d fjZ :g^hid cud cZ\dj'
EVd ]r Y^hXdgYtcX^V ZcigZ d Zch^cd YZ AZhjh Z d Zch^cd YZ
GVjad'**1 8 gZhig^vud YZ :g^hid hdWgZ ^c[^YZa^YVYZ Xdc_j\Va
Xdbd [jcYVbZcid eVgV d Y^kzgX^d cud w ^cXdch^hiZciZ Xdb
V VYb^hhud YZ GVjad hdWgZ d VWVcYdcd Xdbd djigd [jcYVí
bZcid eVgV d Y^kzgX^d' F Zch^cd YZ GVjad cud XdcigVY^o
d Zch^cd YZ :g^hid' GVjad Z :g^hid cud Zhiud Zb Xdc[a^id
hdWgZ ZhiV fjZhiud' :g^hid Zhir [VaVcYd YV WVhZ edh^i^kV eVgV
d Y^kzgX^d Z GVjad YV WVhZ eVhh^kV' :g^hid Zhir [VaVcYd fjZ
d X|c_j\Z igVyYd edYZ YVg XVgiV YZ Y^kzgX^d' 8 ^c^X^Vi^kV
Yd Y^kzgX^d w Yd X|c_j\Z ^cdXZciZ' GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd fjZ
d X|c_j\Z VWVcYdcVYd Zhir a^kgZ Yd _j\d Xdc_j\Va' ;;ZhhZ
bdYd% V ^c^X^Vi^kV Yd Y^kzgX^d cud w Yd X|c_j\Z VWVcYdcVí
Yd% bVh YVfjZaZ fjZ VWVcYdcdj' F X|c_j\Z VWVcYdcVYd
edYZ VeZcVh gZXdc]ZXZg d [Vid Yd hZj VWVcYdcd' Ed Zch^cd
YZ GVjad w V eVgiZ XjaeVYV fjZ idbV V ^c^X^Vi^kV YV YZhZgvud
dj Yd Y^kzgX^d' Ed Zch^cd YZ AZhjh w V eVgiZ ^cdXZciZ fjZ
idbV V ^c^X^Vi^kV Yd Y^kzgX^d' :g^hid [Vadj YZ jbV hZeVgVí
vud kdajcirg^V% GVjad YZ jbV hZeVgVvud XdcigV V kdciVYZ
Yd X|c_j\Z VWVcYdcVYd'**2

2QIRS[NR M[N CARADNR ,#'*")﴿%


GVjad igVo jbV eVaVkgV eVgV dh hdaiZ^gdh% k^~kdh Z k^~kVh'
<aZ _r ]Vk^V idXVYd cZhiZ Vhhjcid3 à< Vdh hdaiZ^gdh Z k^~kdh
Y^\d fjZ a]Zh hZg^V Wdb hZ eZgbVcZXZhhZb cd ZhiVYd Zb fjZ
iVbWwb Zj k^kd' :Vhd% edgwb% cud hZ Ydb^cZb% fjZ hZ XVí
hZb4 edgfjZ w bZa]dg XVhVg Yd fjZ k^kZg VWgVhVYdâ #0'1%2$'
< ^bedgiVciZ gZaZbWgVg fjZ cZhhZ XVeyijad GVjad cud [Vo jb
igViVYd iZdaz\^Xd XdbeaZid hdWgZ XZa^WVid Z XVhVbZcid' <aZ
Zhir VeZcVh gZhedcYZcYd V eZg\jciVh ZheZXy[^XVh YV ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid' <aZh YZk^Vb ZhiVg eZg\jciVcYd Va\d Vhh^b3 àF
fjZ kdXx VX]V GVjad% Xdbd cdhhd eVhidg% jb Xg^hiud YZkZ hZ
XVhVg dj YZkZ eZgbVcZXZg hdaiZ^gd6â GVjad gZhedcYZ V ZhhV
eZg\jciV iZcYd Zb k^hiV Yd^h \gjedh3 8h k^g\Zch Z Vh k^~kVh'
< bj^id ^bedgiVciZ egZhiVgbdh ViZcvud c^hhd% edgfjZ hZcud
XdggZbdh d g^hXd YZ ^ciZgegZiVg bVa d Vezhidad GVjad'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% ]LQHTVZ V X\L BH\SV LUZPUH ZVIYL
HZ ]PYNLUZ #0'+.&,1$' 8 egZ[ZgxcX^V YZ GVjad eZad XZa^WVí
id #0'*%+/%,+%,1%-)$ iZb [dgiZh gVo}Zh X^gXjchiVcX^V^h
#0'+/%+1%+2%,+$' FWhZgkZ XaVgVbZciZ fjZ d Vezhidad GVjad
eVgZXZ iZg jbV egZY^aZvud eZad XZa^WVid Zb gZaVvud Vd XVí
hVbZcid3 àHjVcid Vd fjZ bZ ZhXgZkZhiZh% w Wdb fjZ d ]dí
bZb cud idfjZ Zb bja]Zgâ #0'*$' <aZ VedciV Vh gVo}Zh3
à:dch^YZgd% edg XVjhV YV Vc\jhi^dhV h^ijVvud egZhZciZ% hZg
Wdb eVgV d ]dbZb eZgbVcZXZg Vhh^b Xdbd Zhirâ #0'+/$'
GVjad V^cYV Vg\jbZciV3 àF fjZ gZVabZciZ Zj fjZgd% w fjZ
ZhiZ_V^h a^kgZh YZ egZdXjeVv}Zh' HjZb cud w XVhVYd Xj^YV
YVh XdjhVh Yd JZc]dg% YZ Xdbd V\gVYVg Vd JZc]dgâ #0',+$'
GVjad VXdchZa]V dh eV^h3 à<% Vhh^b% fjZb XVhV V hjV [^a]V
k^g\Zb [Vo WZb4 fjZb cud V XVhV [Vo bZa]dgâ #0',1$' GVjad
VXdchZa]V Vh k^~kVh3 àKdYVk^V% hZgr bV^h [Za^o hZ eZgbVcZXZg
k^~kV% hZ\jcYd V b^c]V de^c^ud'''â #0'-)$' Gdg fjZ GVjad
VYdiV ZhhV edh^vud% ZbWdgV iZc]V XdbWVi^Yd V ^Yw^V YVfjZí
aZh fjZ VX]VkVb fjZ d XZa^WVid ZgV bdgVabZciZ hjeZg^dg Vd
XVhVbZcid6 Gdg fjZ ZaZ eVgZXZ iZg jbV XaVgV Z XZgiV egZY^aZí
vud eZad XZa^WVid6 Gdg fjZ GVjad idbV ZhhZ eVgi^Yd jbV kZo
fjZ Zch^cdj fjZ iVcid d XZa^WVid fjVcid d XVhVbZcid hud
Ydch YZ ;;Zjh6 Ezh iZbdh YZ ZciZcYZg ^hhd% XVhd Xdcigrg^d
kVbdh X]Z\Vg V jbV XdcXajhud Zfj^kdXVYV' KZbdh YZ Zcí
iZcYZg fjZ GVjad Zhir bdhigVcYd ^hhd edg XVjhV YZ [VidgZh
X^gXjchiVcX^V^h YVfjZaZh Y^Vh Zb fjZ ZhiVkV k^kZcYd'
HjZ [VidgZh hud ZhhZh6
V$ 8 Vc\jhi^dhV h^ijVvud egZhZciZ' GVjad Vg\jbZciV3
àQ'''R edg XVjhV YV Vc\jhi^dhV h^ijVvud egZhZciZ'''â #0'+/$'
à8^cYV Vhh^b% iV^h eZhhdVh hd[gZgud Vc\~hi^V cV XVgcZ% Z Zj
fj^hZgV edjeVg&kdhâ #0'+1$' à@hid% edgwb% kdh Y^\d% ^gbudh3
d iZbed hZ VWgZk^V4 d fjZ gZhiV w fjZ cud hz dh XVhVYdh hZí
_Vb Xdbd hZ d cud [dhhZb'''â #0'+2$' àF fjZ gZVabZciZ Zj
fjZgd% w fjZ ZhiZ_V^h a^kgZh YZ egZdXjeVv}Zhâ #0',+$' GVjad
aZkVciV igxh [Vidh X^gXjchiVcX^V^h hwg^dh eVgV YZhXgZkZg ZhhV
fjZhiud YZ fjZ XVhVg w Wdb% bVh eZgbVcZXZg hdaiZ^gd% k^~í
kd dj k^~kV w bZa]dg' HjZ Vc\jhi^dhV h^ijVvud egZhZciZ ZgV
ZhhV YZhXg^iV cdh kZghyXjadh +/ Z +16 GVjad Zhir hZ gZ[Zg^cYd
Vd iZbed iZcZWgdhd YZ ^beaVXrkZa eZghZ\j^vud fjZ V ^\gZ_V
ZhiVkV egZhiZh V Zc[gZciVg'
GVjad ZhiVkV Zb <[Zhd fjVcYd ZhXgZkZj ZhhV XVgiV'
FWhZgkZb d fjZ ZaZ Y^hhZ3 àGdgfjZ cud fjZgZbdh% ^gbudh%
fjZ ^\cdgZ^h V cVijgZoV YV ig^WjaVvud fjZ cdh hdWgZkZ^d cV
çh^V% edgfjVcid [d^ VX^bV YVh cdhhVh [dgvVh% V edcid YZ
YZhZheZgVgbdh Viw YV egzeg^V k^YVâ #+:d *'1$' <hhZ ZgV d
Xa^bV fjZ ZhiVkV hjg\^cYd cd ]dg^odciZ' 8h cjkZch ZhiVkVb
[^XVcYd YZchVh% ZhXjgVh% Z igZkdhVh' GgZcjcX^VkV&hZ V X]Z\VYV
YZ jbV iZggykZa iZbeZhiVYZ' AZgjhVawb ZhiVkV egZhiZh V hZg
XZgXVYV' 8h bjgVa]Vh YZ AZgjhVawb hZg^Vb fjZWgVYVh' AZhjh
_r ]Vk^V [VaVYd Zb hZj hZgbud egd[wi^Xd3 à8^ YVh \grk^YVh Z
YVh fjZ VbVbZciVgZb cVfjZaZh Y^Vhâ #Di +-'*2$' Gdg fjZ
AZhjh Y^hhZ ^hhd cd hZgbud egd[wi^Xd6
Ed Vcd 0) Y':'% fjVcYd K^id MZheVh^Vcd Zcigdj Zb AZí
gjhVawb Z fjZWgdj dh hZjh bjgdh% hZjh hdaYVYdh gVh\VgVb
Vh ZcigVc]Vh YVh \grk^YVh Xdb V ZheVYV' 8h bja]ZgZh \grk^í
YVh cud edY^Vb XdggZg eVgV hZ a^kgVgZb' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd
fjZ fjZb w XVhVYd cjbV ]dgV YZ ig^WjaVvud% YZ \jZggV% YZ
eZghZ\j^vud% YZ [j\V% hd[gZ iZgg^kZabZciZ'
Ar ^bV\^cdj jb eV^ [j\^cYd Z YZ^mVcYd jb [^a]d eVgV
igrh6 Ar ^bV\^cdj jbV buZ [j\^cYd YV \jZggV Z YZ^mVcYd
jbV [^a]V ^cYZ[ZhV eVgV igrh6 Ar ^bV\^cdj jb bVg^Yd
[j\^cYd Z YZ^mVcYd hjV bja]Zg eVgV igrh6 GVjad Zhir
bdhigVcYd fjZ d Xa^bV egZcjcX^VkV jb iZbed YZ \jZggV
Z ZhhV \jZggV ZhiVkV X]Z\VcYd' EZgd _r YZhedciVkV Xdb hjV
^chVc^YVYZ' F XZcrg^d eVgV V eZghZ\j^vud ^beaVXrkZa Vdh
Xg^hiudh ZhiVkV bdciVYd' IdbV hZg^V ^cXZcY^VYV Zb /-
Y':'% Z dh Xg^hiudh hZg^Vb XVvVYdh% eZghZ\j^Ydh Z bdgidh
edg idYdh dh XVcidh Yd ^bewg^d'
F fjZ GVjad Y^o% Zciud6 F XdciZmid ^bZY^Vid [VaV YV
YZhigj^vud YZ AZgjhVawb Z V ^bZY^ViV eZghZ\j^vud Ydh
_jYZjh Z Xg^hiudh' 8 adjXjgV XgZhXZciZ Yd ^beZgVYdg EZgd
ZhiVkV k^cYd s idcV' <b k^hiV YZhhZ iZbed iZcZWgdhd YZ
degZhhud Z eZghZ\j^vud w fjZ GVjad VX]V bZa]dg dh ]dbZch
eZgbVcZXZgZb Xdbd ZhiVkVb'*+) HjVcYd dh bVgZh hZ
ZcXVeZaVb cud w ]dgV YZ bjYVg YZ cVk^d'*+* q cZhhZ
XdciZmid fjZ GVjad igVo ZhhV eVaVkgV eVgV V ^\gZ_V' GZgXZWV
fjZ cd kZghyXjad +/ GVjad Y^o fjZ VfjZaZ ZgV jb iZbed YZ
egd[jcYV ig^WjaVvud' Ed kZghyXjad ,+% GVjad Y^o fjZ ZgV jb
iZbed YZ egZdXjeVvud' :dadfjZ&hZ cd aj\Vg Yd Vezhidad
GVjad' ;;^VciZ YVh hjVh b~ai^eaVh k^V\Zch Z eZg^\dh% hZcYd
egZhd Vfj^ Z Vvd^iVYd Va^% YZ XVYZ^V Zb XVYZ^V% XVhd [dhhZ
XVhVYd Z i^kZhhZ [^a]dh% hZj hd[g^bZcid iZg^V h^Yd bj^id
bV^dg' <aZ bZhbd Y^hhZ fjZ fjZb hZ XVhV YZkZ Xj^YVg Yd hZj
XVhVbZcid' < cZhhZ XdciZmid fjZ GVjad XdadXV ZhhV fjZhiud'
W$ 8fjZaZ ZgV jb iZbed YZ bjYVcvV' GVjad VXdchZa]V3
à@hid% edgwb% kdh Y^\d% ^gbudh3 d iZbed hZ VWgZk^V4 d fjZ
gZhiV w fjZ cud hz dh XVhVYdh hZ_Vb Xdbd hZ cud d [dhhZ4
bVh iVbWwb dh fjZ X]dgVb% Xdbd hZ cud X]dgVhhZb4 Z
dh fjZ hZ VaZ\gVb% Xdbd hZ cud hZ VaZ\gVhhZb4 Z dh fjZ
XdbegVb% Xdbd hZ cVYV edhhjyhhZb4 Z dh fjZ ji^a^oVb d
bjcYd% Xdbd hZ YZaZ cud jhVhhZb4 edgfjZ V VeVgxcX^V
YZhiZ bjcYd eVhhVâ #0'+2&,*$'
Ejb iZbed YZ \jZggV% eZghZ\j^vud% XZgXd% Z [j\V% cud
hZ edYZ ZhiVg egZhd V cVYV' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ V Xg^hZ
ZhiVkV eVgV XdbZvVg' Fh XgZciZh cVd edY^Vb hZ VeZ\Vg V
cVYV YZhiZ bjcYd' <gV jb iZbed Y^[yX^a Z V Xg^hZ ZhiVkV
X]Z\VcYd' GVjad gZXdbZcYV3 JZ kdXx cud Zhir XVhVYd% cud
hZ XVhZ' 8\dgV% hZ kdXx cud V\ÄZciV% Zciud XVhZ' MdXx cVd
eZXV hZ XVhVg' DVh GVjad Y^o3 <j fjZg^V edjeVg kdXx YZhhZ
egdWaZbV% YZhhV egZdXjeVvud% YZhhV Vc\~hi^V'
X$ 8 VeVgxcX^V YZhiZ bjcYd eVhhV' GVjad XdcXaj^3 àQ'''R
Z dh fjZ hZ VaZ\gVb% Xdbd hZ cud hZ VaZ\gVhhZb4 Z dh fjZ
XdbegVb% Xdbd hZ cVYV edhhjyhhZb4 Z dh fjZ hZ ji^a^oVb
Yd bjcYd% Xdbd hZ YZaZ cud jhVhhZb4 edgfjZ V VeVgxcX^V
YZhiZ bjcYd eVhhVâ #0',)%,*$' 8 eVaVkgV VeVgxcX^V cV ayc\jV
\gZ\V i ZJOLTH& <hhV eVaVkgV [VaV YZ jbV [dgbV ZmiZgcV fjZ
Zhir bjYVcYd hZbegZ' < idad VfjZaZ fjZ ^ckZhiZ Zb jb
ZJOLTH fjZ Zhir Zb gre^YV YZh^ciZ\gVvud'
Gdg ^hhd% GVjad iZb Vfj^ X^cXd gZXdbZcYVv}Zh3 Gg^bZ^gV
gZXdbZcYVvud3 GZgbVcZvV Xdbd kdXx Zhir' JZ kdXx Zhir
hdaiZ^gd% [^fjZ hdaiZ^gd4 hZ kdXx Zhir XVhVYd cud hV^V Yd
XVhVbZcid #0'+/$' JZ\jcYV gZXdbZcYVvud3 Eud egdXjgZ
XVhVbZcid #0'+0$' KZgXZ^gV gZXdbZcYVvud3 <hiZ_V egZkZc^Yd
eVgV d [Vid YZ fjZ hZ XVhVg kV^ hd[gZg Vc\~hi^V cV XVgcZ
#0'+1$' HjVgiV gZXdbZcYVvud3 MdXx kV^ iZg egZdXjeVv}Zh
VY^X^dcV^h hZ kdXx hZ XVhVg #0',+$' Hj^ciV gZXdbZcYVvud3
MdXx kV^ ZhiVg Xdb d XdgVvud Z d iZbed Y^k^Y^Ydh hZ kdXx
hZ XVhVg #0',-$' F XdgVvud Yd XVhVYd Zhir [gV\bZciVYd'
F X|c_j\Z iZb YZ Xj^YVg YVh Xd^hVh Yd bjcYd YZ Xdbd
V\gVYVg V ZhedhV Z YZ Xdbd V\gVYVg d bVg^Yd' < ZaZ cud kV^
iZg iZbed ^ciZ\gVa eVgV Xj^YVg YVh Xd^hVh Yd JZc]dg cjb
iZbed YZ eZghZ\j^vud Z YZ [j\V'
JZ czh cud ZciZcYZgbdh ZhhZ XdciZmid% kVbdh eZchVg fjZ
GVjad w d bV^dg YZ[Zchdg Yd XZa^WVid Z jb \gVcYZ Xgyi^Xd
Yd XVhVbZcid' < cud w ZhhZ d Zch^cd \ZgVa Yd Vezhidad'
:]Vbd V ViZcvud gZeZi^YVbZciZ eVgV ^hhd% edgfjZ% fjVcYd
ZhijYVbdh dh djigdh iZmidh YZ GVjad hdWgZ XVhVbZcid Z
[Vbya^V% ZaZ cdh XdcYjo eZadh XVb^c]dh bV^h ZcXVciVYdgZh
YZhhV hVXgdhhVciV gZaVvud' F fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZ cd iZmid
Zb iZaV w Zb gZhedhiV sh eZg\jciVh dW_Zi^kVh YV ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid' GgZX^hVbdh aZkVg ^hhd Zb Xdch^YZgVvud eVgV cud
X]Z\Vgbdh V XdcXajh}Zh VegZhhVYVh Z Zfj^kdXVYVh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ]LQHTVZ V X\L BH\SV LUZPUH ZVIYL HZ
]Po]HZ& =^cVabZciZ GVjad igVo jbV eVaVkgV sh k^~kVh Z Vdh
k^~kdh3 à8 bja]Zg Zhir a^\VYV ZcfjVcid k^kZ d bVg^Yd4 Xdcí
ijYd% hZ [VaZXZg d bVg^Yd% [^XV a^kgZ eVgV XVhVg Xdb fjZb
fj^hZg% bVh hdbZciZ cd JZc]dg' KdYVk^V% hZgr bV^h [Za^o hZ
eZgbVcZXZg k^~kV% hZ\jcYd V b^c]V de^c^ud4 Z eZchd fjZ
iVbWwb Zj iZc]d d <heyg^id YZ ;;Zjhâ #0',2%-)$' LbV kZgí
YVYZ ^bedgiVciZ V YZhiVXVg w fjZ d XVhVbZcid w eVgV idYV
V k^YV' F XVhVbZcid YZkZ YjgVg ZcfjVcid YjgV V k^YV Ydh
X|c_j\Zh' <cfjVcid k^kZg d bVg^Yd4 ZcfjVcid k^kZg V Zhí
edhV YjgV d XVhVbZcid' GVjad cZb Xd\^iV d Y^kzgX^d Vfj^'
:VhVbZcid cud w jb XdcigVid YZ ZmeZg^xcX^V4 ZaZ w eVgV V
k^YV idYV'
FjigV kZgYVYZ V YZhiVXVg w fjZ d XVhVbZcid w hz eVgV
ZhiV k^YV Z cud eVgV V ZiZgc^YVYZ' 8 iZdad\^V bzgbdc Yd
XVhVbZcid ZiZgcd Zhir Zb idiVa YZhVXdgYd Xdb V GVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh' KZb \ZciZ fjZ VXgZY^iV fjZ kV^ Xdci^cjVg XVhVYd
cd Xwj' @hhd w ida^XZ' MdXx cud kV^ hZg bVg^Yd YV hjV ZhedhV
cZb ZhedhV Yd hZj bVg^Yd cd Xwj' F XVhVbZcid VXVWV Xdb
V bdgiZ' :ZgiV [Z^iV dh Xgyi^Xdh YZ eaVciud fj^hZgVb eZ\Vg
AZhjh cd XdcigVew Xdb jbV eZg\jciV YZ Va\^WZ^gV VXZgXV Yd
aZk^gVid' =VaVgVb VXZgXV YV bja]Zg fjZ hZ XVhdj Xdb hZiZ
^gbudh' ;;Zed^h fjZ idYdh bdggZgVb% ZaV iVbWwb bdggZj'
<ciud% eZg\jciVgVb eVgV AZhjh3 HjZb kV^ hZg bVg^Yd YZaV
ar cd Xwj% jbV kZo fjZ idYdh dh hZiZ V YZhedhVgVb6 AZhjh
gZhedcYZj3 à<ggV^h% cud Xdc]ZXZcYd Vh <hXg^ijgVh cZb d
edYZg YZ ;;Zjh' GdgfjZ% cV gZhhjggZ^vud% cZb XVhVb% cZb hZ
Yud Zb XVhVbZcid4 hud% edgwb% Xdbd dh Vc_dh cd Xwjâ #Di
++'+2%,)$' GdgiVcid% d XVhVbZcid w eVgV V k^YV idYV% bVh
cud eVgV V ZiZgc^YVYZ' < ^bedgiVciZ Y^oZg fjZ cd XVhVbZcid%
]dbZb Z bja]Zg hZ idgcVb jbV hz XVgcZ% bVh cud hZ idgcVb
jb hz Zheyg^id' Jdbdh jb hz Zheyg^id Xdb d JZc]dg #/'*0$'
JZ [|hhZbdh jb hz Zheyg^id Xdb d cdhhd X|c_j\Z% Zciud% V
bdgiZ cVd edYZg^V Y^hhdakZg dh aVvdh Xdc_j\V^h'
GVjad Yr igxh XdchZa]dh eVgV Vh k^~kVh cVfjZaZ XdciZmid'
Gg^bZ^gd XdchZa]d3 =^fjZb Xdbd kdXxh Zhiud' JZ\jcYd
XdchZa]d3 JZ kdXx cud V\ÄZciV% XVhZ&hZ' KZgXZ^gd XdchZa]d3
:VhZ&hZ% bVh hdbZciZ cd JZc]dg'
GZiZg NV\cZg Va^hiV X^cXd Vea^XVv}Zh egri^XVh YZhiZ
iZmid3*++

Ç CZkZ d Ydb Yd XZa^WVid V hwg^d' :Za^WVid w Ydb' JZ


kdXx VchZ^V eZad XVhVbZcid w edgfjZ cud iZb Ydb YZ
XZa^WVid #0'1$'
Ç JZ kdXx cud iZb d Ydb Yd XZa^WVid% XVhZ&hZ' F XVhVí
bZcid w jbV Wxcvud Z Y^\cd YZ ]dcgV ZcigZ idYdh'
DZa]dg w hZgZb Yd^h Yd fjZ jb #<X -'2$' < d egzeg^d
Xg^VYdg fjZb Y^hhZ3 àEud w Wdb fjZ d ]dbZb ZhiZ_V
hzâ #>c +'*1$' GVjad Y^o fjZ w bZa]dg XVhVg Yd fjZ
k^kZg VWgVhVYd #0'2$'
Ç JZ kdXx Zhir eVgV hZ XVhVg% XZgi^[^fjZ&hZ fjZ d hZj [jijgd
bVg^Yd dj ZhedhV hZ_V jbV eZhhdV XdckZgi^YV #0',2$'
Ç JZ kdXx Zhir XVhVYd Xdb jbV eZhhdV ^cXgwYjaV% [VvV
idYdh dh Zh[dgvdh cZXZhhrg^dh eVgV bVciZg d hZj XVhVí
bZcid #0'*/$'
Ç JZ kdXx fjZg fjZ d hZj XVhVbZcid hZ_V [Za^o% cjcXV
YZ^mZ YZ YVg V hZj X|c_j\Z idYV V hVi^h[Vvud hZmjVa fjZ
ZaZ egZX^hV Z iZb Y^gZ^id #0',&.$'
? @ D 2 C Y d 4 2 A uD E = @ ,

)(- K W ` Z S _ $ ;;& >& Wf S^[& @ L^ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11,2 b& ))/(&
)(. A S U 8 a ` S ^ V $ K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYZ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11-2 b& )//*&
)(/ K [W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& //*%//.&
)(0 K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& --$-.&
)(1 Fa_S`ae )&)0%+*3 =7adu`f[ae .&1%))3 @Whuf[Ua )0&**&
))( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6VYkU[PVZ& 9V[fadS J[VS BahS& Gqa DSg^a$ G9 &.-­./
\# -­*#
))) < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& =` EIL JSHZZPJ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& 9V& Tk CiW`
7a^^[`e& )1112 b& )*+)&
**+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & )*-&
))+ G f a f f $ >aZ`& :YHUKLZ X\LZ[nLZ ZVIYL V ZL_V& J[`VW 7a_g`[USrxWe&
B[fWdv[$ F>& )11+2 b& 00%1)&
)), D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & )+)&
))- 6 S d d W f $ 7& ?& 4 JVT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
6^SU]e BWi 7a__W`fSd[We& 5 7& 6^SU]& )1.02 b& ).-&
)). G f a f f $ >aZ`& :YHUKLZ X\LZ[nLZ ZVIYL ZL_V& )11+2 b& 00%1)&
))/ 7a`X[eeqa VW :s VW KWef_[`efWd$ USbufg^a *,$ eWrxWe J W J=&
))0 ;; W d e f ` W d $ >aZ` < & EOL LHYS` ^YP[PUNZ& Ja^& )& AadYS`$ DW``ek^hS`[S&
Ga^[ 8Wa ;;^ad[S DgT^[USf[a`e& )11/2 b& 1,&
))1 ;; W d e f ` W d $ >aZ` < & EOL LHYS` ^YP[PUNZ& Ja^& )& )11/2 b& 1.&
)*( D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& ),($),)&
)*) A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ& )1012 b& 1+&
)** K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b & .(&
 USU RPKHW JUS H
RPILWKHKL JWPXYÄ
:4[ -­#&"&(  

H C8CG BÇG H9A CG 7 C A WVhiVciZ XaVí


gZoV% Zb cdhhV bZciZ% fjZ ]r XZgiVh Xd^í
hVh cV k^YV Xg^hiV fjZ hud VWhdajiVbZciZ
XaVgVh Z ^cZfjykdXVh' <b fjVafjZg aj\Vg
Z wedXV VbVg d egzm^bd w jbV Xd^hV
XZgiV' KdYVk^V% iVbWwb ]r Xd^hVh fjZ
hud ZhhZcX^VabZciZ ZggVYVh' :dbZiZg
VYjaiwg^d% VhhVhh^cVg% Z dY^Vg Vh eZhhdVh
hud egri^XVh gZegdkrkZ^h Zb idYd iZbed
Z aj\Vg' Gdgwb% ]r YZiZgb^cVYVh Xd^hVh
fjZ V ^\gZ_V [^XV ^bV\^cVcYd3 < XZgid6
< ZggVYd6 GdYZ [VoZg6 Eud edYZ [VoZg6
;;ZkZbdh [VoZg6 Eud YZkZbdh [VoZg6 Gdg
ZmZbead3 F XgZciZ edYZ _d\Vg cV adiZg^V
Zhedgi^kV% cV bZ\VhZcV dj Zb fjVafjZg
_d\d YZ VoVg6 F XgZciZ edYZ ^g s egV^V cd
Ydb^c\d6 F XgZciZ edYZ WZWZg XZgkZ_V%
_d\Vg WVgVa]d dj [jbVg X]Vgjid6 GdYZ eVgi^X^eVg YZ h]dlh6
<hhVh fjZhi}Zh% sh kZoZh% cVd Zhiud iud XaVgVh cV bZciZ YV
bV^dg^V YVh eZhhdVh'
EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid d egdWaZbV cud ZgV ^g s egV^V cd
Ydb^c\d% jhVg gdjeV hjbrg^V Z egdkdXVciZ% eVgi^X^eVg YZ
_d\dh YZ VoVg dj WZWZg XZgkZ_V' <hhZh cud ZgVb dh egdWaZí
bVh fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid Zc[gZciVkV' :dcijYd% V ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid Zc[gZciVkV djigd egdWaZbV' Fh XgZciZh edY^Vb
XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh6 GVgV czh cud ]r cZc]jb
egdWaZbV Zb XdbZg XVgcZ' :dbZg XVgcZ ]d_Z cud kV^ bdgí
YZg hjV XdchX^xcX^V% bVh h^b d hZj Wdahd' Fh egdWaZbVh
fjZ V[a^\^Vb V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgVb Y^[ZgZciZh Ydh cdhhdh%
bVh dh eg^cXye^dh eVgV gZhdakx&adh hud dh bZhbdh eVgV czh'
F egdWaZbV Ydh yYdadh cV X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid cud ZgV
jbV fjZhiud iud h^beaZh' 8 X^YVYZ idYV ZhiVkV ^c[ZhiVYV
YZ yYdadh' 8 gZa^\^ud d[^X^Va YVfjZaZ edkd ZgV V ^YdaVig^V'
HjVcYd GVjad X]Z\dj V 8iZcVh% jbV X^YVYZ egzm^bV YZ
:dg^cid% hZj Zheyg^id [^Xdj gZkdaiVYd edg XVjhV YV ^YdaVig^V
gZ^cVciZ cV X^YVYZ #8i *0'*/$' :dg^cid ZgV jbV [adgZhiV YZ
yYdadh Z jbV hZakV YZ ^bV\Zch Ydh YZjhZh Yd eVciZud \gZXd&
gdbVcd' GVgV XVYV XVhV% ezgi^Xd dj YZeVgiVbZcid e~Wa^Xd
]Vk^V jbV Y^k^cYVYZ Z jb VaiVg' ?Vk^V jb iZbead YZ 8[gd&
Y^iZ cV VXgzedaZ% cd edcid bV^h Vaid YV X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid%
dcYZ dh yYdadh egda^[ZgVkVb' Fh XgZciZh XdckZgi^Ydh Zb
:dg^cid ZgVb Z\gZhhdh YV ^YdaVig^V' <aZh ZgVb VYdgVYdgZh
YZ yYdadh'
<ciud% hjg\^V jbV Y~k^YV cV bZciZ YZaZh3 GdYZbdh
XdbZg XVgcZ fjZ dh eV\udh d[ZgZXZb Vdh yYdadh6 q eZXVYd
[VoZg ^hhd6 8 eZg\jciV YZaZh ZgV3 :dbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh
yYdadh w V bZhbV Xd^hV fjZ VYdgVg V jb yYdad6 8 gZhedhiV
YZ GVjad V ZhhVh fjZhi}Zh aVcvV ajo cZhhZ bV\cd Vhhjcid YV
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu'
GVjad Y^o fjZ XdbZg XVgcZ ZgV jb Vhhjcid VbdgVa' Eud
ZgV k^gijdhd cZb eZXVb^cdhd' <aZ ZhXaVgZXZ3 àEud w V Xdí
b^YV fjZ cdh gZXdbZcYVgr V ;;Zjh% ed^h cVYV eZgYZgZbdh%
hZ cud XdbZgbdh% Z cVYV \Vc]VgZbdh% hZ XdbZgbdhâ #1'1$'
MdXx cud hZ idgcV bV^h Zhe^g^ijVa dj bZcdh Zhe^g^ijVa edg
XdbZg XVgcZ dj YZ^mVg YZ XdbZg' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d
Vid YZ XdbZg XVgcZ cud ZgV bdgVa% Xdbd VbVg d egzm^bd
cZb ^bdgVa Xdbd XdbZiZg VYjaiwg^d' Gdgwb% YZeZcYZcí
Yd YZ XZgiVh X^gXjchitcX^Vh XdbZg XVgcZ edYZg^V idgcVg&hZ
^bdgVa' 8fj^ Zhiud Va\jch VheZXidh fjZ kVbdh Xdch^YZgVg
cd YZhZckdak^bZcid YZhiZ iZmid'

9 OQNBKELA/ 2AQME RACQIFICADA ANR _DNKNR -‐#&!'


HjZgd YZhiVXVg X^cXd edcidh ^bedgiVciZh cd iZmid3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% [VKH H WVW\SHhgV KL 6VYPU[V WYH[PJH]H
H PKVSH[YPH$ L_JL[V H WLX\LUH JVSmUPH Q\KPH& 8 ^YdaVig^V ZgV V
gZa^\^ud cVX^dcVa' :dbd Y^hhZbdh% d iZbead YZ 8[gdY^iZ
ZhiVkV X]Z^d YZ yYdadh' 8 VYdgVvud Vdh yYdadh ZhiVkV cd hVcí
\jZ Ydh Xdgyci^dh' JdbZciZ dh bZbWgdh YV Xda|c^V _jY^V%
fjZ [Vo^Vb eVgiZ YV h^cV\d\V% cud ZhiVkVb XdbegdbZi^Ydh
Xdb V ^YdaVig^V YZ :dg^cid'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% VZ JVU]LY[PKVZ LU[LUKLYHT X\L H PKV{
SH[YPH ]PVSH]H V WYPT LPYV THUKHTLU[V KH SLP KL 7L\Z #1'-$'
Fh XgZciZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid k^ZgVb Yd eV\Vc^hbd% YV
^YdaVig^V Z hZ XdckZgiZgVb Vd ZkVc\Za]d' 8a\jch YZaZh ZhiVí
kVb Xdb V iZdad\^V bj^id XaVgV VXZgXV Yd fjZ ZgV jb yYdad3
àEd idXVciZ s Xdb^YV hVXg^[^XVYV V yYdadh% hVWZbdh fjZ d
yYdad% YZ h^ bZhbd% cVYV w cd bjcYd Z fjZ cud ]r hZcud
jb hz ;;Zjhâ' #1'-$' Fh XdckZgi^Ydh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid
i^c]Vb XaVgZoV YZ fjZ jb yYdad ZgV h^beaZhbZciZ WVggd%
eZYgV% bVYZ^gV dj \Zhhd% Z cVYV Vawb Y^hhd' F yYdad cud
iZb k^YV Zb h^ bZhbd' 8 iZdad\^V YZaZh ZhiVkV XdggZiV' DVh
dh VheZXidh hdX^V^h YV ^YdaVig^V igVo^Vb egdWaZbVh' EZb
ìhZbegZ ZgV [rX^a eVgV ZaZh hZeVgVg V fjZhiud gZa^\^dhV YV k^YV
hdX^Va dj XjaijgVa'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% OH]PH [YjZ S\NHYLZ VUKL ZL LUJVU[YH]H
JHYUL ZHJYPMPJHKH HVZ kKVSVZ LT 6VYPU[V& EZhhZh aj\VgZh dh
XgZciZh egZX^hVkVb hZ VXVjiZaVg' HjV^h ZgVb ZhhZh aj\VgZh6
V$ F egzeg^d iZbead Ydh yYdadh #1'*)$' GVjad Vg\jbZciV3
àGdgfjZ% hZ Va\jwb iZ k^g V i^% fjZ wh YdiVYd YZ hVWZg% s
bZhV% Zb iZbead YZ yYdad% cud hZgr V XdchX^xcX^V Yd fjZ w
[gVXd ^cYjo^YV V eVgi^X^eVg YZ Xdb^YVh hVXg^[^XVYVh V yYdadh6â
#1'*)$' Fh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^Vb h^Yd
XdckZgi^Ydh% bVh fjVcYd Va\jwb w XdckZgi^Yd% cud gdbeZ
dh gZaVX^dcVbZcidh Xdb Vh eZhhdVh fjZ V^cYV Xdci^cjVb
cud XdckZgi^YVh' 8h eZhhdVh XdckZgi^YVh Vd ZkVc\Za]d V^cYV
bVcixb aVvdh YZ Vb^oVYZ Xdb eZhhdVh fjZ V^cYV Zhiud cd
bjcYd' GVjad _r ]Vk^V Zch^cVYd fjZ hZg XgZciZ cud w k^kZg
cjb \jZid' JZg XgZciZ cud w ZcigVg cjbV ^cXjWVYdgV Z
cjbV Zhij[V Zhe^g^ijVa Z XdgiVg idYdh dh kycXjadh YZ Vb^oVYZ
Xdb dh eV\udh' ;;d Xdcigrg^d iZgyVbdh YZ hV^g Yd bjcYd%
Y^o GVjad #.'*)$'
Ed iZbead Ydh yYdadh eV\udh ]Vk^V bj^iVh [ZhiVh Z dh XgZcí
iZh ZgVb Xdck^YVYdh V eVgi^X^eVg YZhhVh XZaZWgVv}Zh [Zhi^kVh%
Z bj^idh YZaZh eVgi^X^eVkVb' 8a^% hVXg^[^XVkV&hZ Vdh yYdadh' 8
XVgcZ fjZ ZgV hVXg^[^XVYV cZhhZ iZbead eV\ud ZgV Y^k^Y^YV Zb
igxh eVgiZh' LbV eVgiZ ZgV hVXg^[^XVYV cd VaiVg YZhhZ iZbead
eV\ud% V jb yYdad eV\ud' 8 djigV eVgiZ [^XVkV Xdb d hVXZgí
YdiZ eV\ud Z V iZgXZ^gV eVgiZ YV XVgcZ ZgV ZcigZ\jZ Vd VYdí
gVYdg Yd yYdad' <hhZ VYdgVYdg cZb hZbegZ Xdchjb^V idYV
ZhhV XVgcZ' GVgiZ YZaV% ZaZ V kZcY^V eVgV d bZgXVYd% eVgV dh
Vvdj\jZh e~Wa^Xdh% Z d gZhiVciZ ZaZ aZkVkV eVgV V hjV XVhV'
:ZgiVbZciZ% GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd% fjZ dh XgZciZh cud
YZk^Vb XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh cdh iZbeadh YZ
yYdadh' :dbZg XVgcZ% fjZ w jb Vid VbdgVa% cZhhZ XdciZmid%
hZ idgcV ^bdgVa' :dbZg XVgcZ w ayX^id% bVh XdbZg XVgcZ Zb
iZbead YZ yYdad cVd Xdckwb'
W$ 8 XVhV Ydh Vb^\dh ^YzaVigVh #*)'+0%+1$' <hhZ ZgV d
hZ\jcYd aj\Vg dcYZ Vh eZhhdVh edYZg^Vb ZcXdcigVg XVgcZ
hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh% cV XVhV YZ Va\jb Vb^\d ^cXgwYjad'
GVjad Zch^cV3 àJZ Va\jb YZcigZ dh ^cXgwYjadh kdh Xdck^YVg%
Z fj^hZgYZh ^g% XdbZ^ YZ ijYd d fjZ [dg edhid Y^VciZ YZ kzh%
hZb cVYV eZg\jciVgYZh edg bdi^kd YZ XdchX^xcX^V' Gdgwb%
hZ Va\jwb kdh Y^hhZg3 @hid w Xd^hV hVXg^[^XVYV V yYdad% cud
XdbV^h% edg XVjhV YVfjZaZ fjZ kdh VYkZgi^j Z edg XVjhV YV
XdchX^xcX^Vâ #*)'+0%+1$' 8a\jbVh eZhhdVh igVo^Vb V XVgcZ
eVgV XVhV YZed^h Yd hVXg^[yX^d Z Xdck^YVkVb hZjh Vb^\dh
eVgV XdbZg' 8 [ZhiV cud igVchXdgg^V cV [gZciZ Yd yYdad% bVh
V XVgcZ hZgk^YV ZgV V bZhbV d[ZgZX^YV Vd yYdad ar cd iZbead
eV\ud' F fjZ d XgZciZ YZkZg^V [VoZg cZhiZ XVhd3 XdbZg dj
cud XdbZg6 GVjad dg^ZciV fjZ hZ d XgZciZ k^ZhhZ V hVWZg fjZ
V XVgcZ ]Vk^V h^Yd hVXg^[^XVYV% cud YZkZg^V XdbZg' Gdgwb% hZ
cud hdjWZhhZ% cud ]Vk^V egdWaZbV Zb XdbZg'
X$ Edh bZgXVYdh e~Wa^Xdh #*)'+.$' GVjad VXdchZa]V3
à:dbZ^ YZ ijYd d fjZ hZ kZcYZ cd bZgXVYd% hZb cVYV
eZg\jciVgYZh edg bdi^kd YZ XdchX^xcX^Vâ #*)'+.$' KVcid dh
hVXZgYdiZh fjVcid dh VYdgVYdgZh XdhijbVkVb kZcYZg V XVgí
cZ fjZ hdWgVkV Ydh hVXg^[yX^dh eVgV dh Vvdj\jZ^gdh' 8\dgV
kZ_V YjVh ^c[dgbVv}Zh ^bedgiVciZh3
Gg^bZ^gV3 Fh Vc^bV^h hVXg^[^XVYdh i^c]Vb YZ hZg eZg[Z^í
idh% edgiVcid% V XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh ZgV V bZa]dg
XVgcZ' <ciud V YdcV&YZ&XVhV fjZ cud i^kZhhZ cZc]jb Zhí
Xg~ejad Zb gZaVvud Vd Vhhjcid ^V Viw d Vvdj\jZ Z egdXjgVkV
hVWZg fjVa V XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh' K^c]V egZ[ZgxcX^V
edg ZhhV XVgcZ' JZ\jcYV3 Fh ZhijY^dhdh Y^oZb fjZ V eVgiZ
fjZ hdWZ_VkV YZhhV XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV cd iZbead ZgV kZcY^YV
edg egZvd bZcdg Vd XdbZgX^Va^oVYd cd bZgXVYd YZ XVgcZh'
GdgiVcid% XdbegVkV&hZ jbV XVgcZ YZ bZa]dg fjVa^YVYZ edg
jb egZvd bZcdg' :dbd i fjZ hZ YZhZcgdaV V fjZhiud YV
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu cZhhZ XVhd6 MZ_Vbdh Xdbd GVjad dg^ZciV
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% UH PNYLQH KL 6VYPU[V MVYT HYHT %ZL KVPZ
NY\WVZ VWVZ[VZ& HjZ \gjedh ZgVb ZhhZh6
V$ Fh VWhi^cZciZh Z aZ\Va^hiVh' 8a\jbVh eZhhdVh% fjZ
GVjad ^YZci^[^XV Xdbd dh YZ XdchX^xcX^V bV^h [gVXV% Y^o^Vb3
àEzh cud edYZbdh XdbZg XVgcZ Zb ]^eziZhZ cZc]jbV%
ed^h XdggZbdh d \gVkZ g^hXd YZ XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV V
byYdadhâ' GVgV cVd XdggZg g^hXdh% ZaZh YZX^Y^gVb XdgiVg V XVgcZ
Yd XVgYre^d' KdgcVgVb&hZ kZ\ZiVg^Vcdh eVgV cud XVygZb cd
SeZg^\d YZ XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh'
W$ Fh eZgb^hh^kdh Z a^WZgi^cdh' GVjad dh X]VbV YZ [dgiZh'
<aZh Y^o^Vb3 àEud F yYdad w cVYV Eud eVhhV YZ jb eZYVvd
YZ WVggd dj bVYZ^gV Z ZaZ cud iZb kVadg Va\jb% kVbdh Xdí
bZg XVgcZ V kVaZg Eud ^bedgiV d aj\Vg dj V X^gXjchitcX^V%
kVbdh XdbZg XVgcZ hZb fjVafjZg YgVbV YZ XdchX^xcX^Vâ'
Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid Y^k^Y^gVb% Xdb V hjV ^bVijg^YVYZ%
V ^\gZ_V Zb fjVigd eVgi^Ydh4 V\dgV XdbZiZb bV^h jb eZXVYd
Zb cdbZ Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid3 =Zg^g V Xdbjc]ud YV ^\gZ_V 8
^\gZ_V hZ Y^k^Y^j Zb Yd^h \gjedh3 Lch VX]VcYd fjZ cud edí
Y^Vb XdbZg XVgcZ YZ bVcZ^gV cZc]jbV4 djigdh VX]VcYd fjZ
edY^Vb XdbZg Zb fjVafjZg X^gXjchitcX^V' <% Vhh^b% V ^\gZ_V
bV^h jbV kZo hd[gZj jb VWVad YV fjZWgV YZ Xdbjc]ud'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% BH\SV JOHTH VZ KVPZ NY\WVZ KL MYHJVZ
L MVY[LZ& F \gjed fjZ GVjad WVi^odj YZ MYHJVZ$ dh fjZ hZ
VWhi^c]Vb idiVabZciZ YZ XdbZg XVgcZ% X]VbVkV d \gjed
YZcdb^cVYd YZMVY[LZ$ fjZ Xdb^Vb XVgcZ Zb fjV^hfjZg X^gí
XjchitcX^Vh% YZ XgZciZh bjcYVcdh' < ZhhZhMVY[LZ X]VbVkVb
dh VWhi^cZciZh% VZMYHJVZ$ YZ [Vcri^Xdh% eZhhdVh hZb ZciZcY^í
bZcid YV kZgYVYZ'
HjVa w d eg^cXye^d fjZ YZkZ gZ\Zg V fjZhiud YV a^WZgYVYZ
Xg^hiu6 F eg^cXye^d \ZgVa YZ GVjad ZgV3 àQ'''R fjZb XdbZ cud
YZhegZoZ d fjZ cud XdbZ4 Z d fjZ cud XdbZ cud _ja\jZ d
fjZ XdbZ% edgfjZ ;;Zjh d VXda]Zjâ #Ib *-',$' 8 dg^ZciVí
vud YZ GVjad w fjZ cud YZkZbdh hZg [^hXV^h YV k^YV Va]Z^V'
< egZX^hd fjZ d XgZciZ iZc]V hVWZYdg^V eVgV VYdiVg jbV
edhijgV XdZgZciZ YZcigd YV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu'

9 OQIMC_OIN/ 9 ALNQ DEUE CNMSQNKAQ N CNMHECILEMSN -‐#(﴾"+


GVjad Zad\^V d Xdc]ZX^bZcid Ydh Xg^hiudh MVY[LZ fjZ cVd
i^c]Vb egdWaZbVh Xdb V XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh3 àEd
idXVciZ s Xdb^YV hVXg^[^XVYV V yYdadh% hVWZbdh fjZ d yYdad%
YZ h^ bZhbd% cVYV w cd bjcYd Z fjZ cud ]r hZcud jb
hz ;;Zjhâ #1'-$' 8 iZdad\^V ZhiVkV XZgiV% bVh d egdWaZbV
w fjZ ZhhZh Xg^hiudh cud ZhiVkVb VhhdX^VcYd XdggZiVbZciZ
ZhhV iZdad\^V Xdb jbV Vi^ijYZ XZgiV' Eud ZhiVkVb gZ\ZcYd
ZhhV iZdad\^V eZad Vbdg' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àEd fjZ hZ gZ[ZgZ sh
Xd^hVh hVXg^[^XVYVh V yYdadh% gZXdc]ZXZbdh fjZ idYdh hdbdh
hZc]dgZh Yd hVWZgâ #1'*$' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid i^c]Vb
jbV kV^YVYZ bj^id \gVcYZ YZk^Yd Vd hZj kVhid Xdc]ZX^í
bZcid' GVjad _r dh ]Vk^V Zad\^VYd edg ^hhd3 àQ'''R edgfjZ%
Zb ijYd% [dhiZh Zcg^fjZX^Ydh cZaZ% Zb idYV V eVaVkgV Z Zb
idYd d Xdc]ZX^bZcidâ #*'.$' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid i^c]Vb
jbV [dgiZ iZcYxcX^V eVgV V kV^YVYZ% dg\ja]d% Z Vai^kZo' <aZh
ZhiVkVb X]Z^dh Xdbd jb WVaud' GVjad% Zciud% ZmdgiV&dh Y^í
oZcYd fjZ d hVWZg ZchdWZgWZXZ% bVh d Vbdg ZY^[^XV' àJZ
Va\jwb _ja\V hVWZg Va\jbV Xd^hV% Xdb Z[Z^id% cud VegZcYZj
V^cYV Xdbd Xdckwb hVWZg' DVh% hZ Va\jwb VbV V ;;Zjh%
ZhhZ w Xdc]ZX^Yd edg ZaZâ #1'+%,$'
CZdc Ddgg^h YZhiVXV d [Vid YZ fjZ V Xd^hV gZVabZciZ
^bedgiVciZ cud w fjZ Xdc]ZXZbdh V ;;Zjh% bVh fjZ
<aZ cdh Xdc]ZXZ'*+, GVjad ZciZcYZ fjZ d Vbdg dNHWL
egZX^hV XdcigdaVg d Xdc]ZX^bZcid% NUVZPZ& :dc]ZX^bZcid
hZb Vbdg cud igVo ZY^[^XVvud% bVh igdeZvd' JZb Vbdg
[VX^abZciZ eZXVbdh XdcigV d ^gbud' ;;Z fjZ bVcZ^gV
czh XdggZbdh d g^hXd YZ eZXVg XdcigV d U V ZZV ^gbud6
< edhhykZa \daeZVg V XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV Yd ^gbud #1'*+$'
GVjad VaZgiV3 à< YZhiZ bdYd% eZXVcYd XdcigV dh ^gbudh%
\daeZVcYd&a]Zh V XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV% w XdcigV :g^hid fjZ
eZXV^hâ #1'*+$'
Eud hdbdh jbV ^a]V' EdhhVh eVaVkgVh% Vv}Zh Z gZVv}Zh
V[ZiVb Vh eZhhdVh s cdhhV kdaiV' M^kZbdh Zb Xdbjc^YVYZ%
edg ^hhd% cdhhVh Vi^ijYZh cjcXV hud cZjigVh' <aVh V_jYVb
dj ZhidgkVb Vh eZhhdVh' EdhhV XdcYjiV cud YZkZ hZg gZ\^YV
VeZcVh edg cdhhVh de^c^}Zh' GgZX^hVbdh aZkVg Zb XdciV%
iVbWwb% Vh eZhhdVh fjZ Zhiud eZgid YZ czh'
EdhhV wi^XV w \dkZgcVYV eZad Vbdg Z cud VeZcVh eZad
Xdc]ZX^bZcid' EZb idYdh cV Xdbjc^YVYZ ixb d bZhbd
Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z V bZhbV XdchX^xcX^V fjZ iZbdh' 8fj^ad
fjZ edYZ hZg XZgid eVgV kdXx% edYZ hZg ZggVYd eVgV d hZj
^gbud' F fjZ eVgV kdXx cud w igdeZvd% eVgV d hZj ^gbud
edYZ hZg XVjhV YZ ZhXtcYVad' F fjZ cud ZhXVcYVa^oV kdXx
edYZ ZhXVcYVa^oVg d hZj ^gbud' F fjZ w cdgbVa Vdh hZjh
da]dh edYZ hZg ZmigZbVbZciZ X]dXVciZ eVgV d hZj ^gbud'
8 wi^XV Xg^hiu w gZ\^YV cVd hz eZad Xdc]ZX^bZcid fjZ kdXx
iZb% bVh eZad Vbdg fjZ kdXx cjigZ eZad hZj ^gbud' JZ V
hjV Vi^ijYZ egdkdXV Z ZhXVcYVa^oV V hZj ^gbud% kdXx Zhir
eZXVcYd XdcigV ZaZ% \daeZVcYd&a]Z V XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV'
F eg^cXye^d YZ GVjad w fjZ d Vbdg YZkZ gZ\Zg V cdhhV
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu3 à<% edg ^hhd% hZ Xdb^YV hZgkZ YZ ZhXtcYVad
V bZj ^gbud% cjcXV bV^h XdbZgZ^ XVgcZ% eVgV fjZ cud
kZc]V V ZhXVcYVa^or&adâ #1'*,$' < egZX^hd VWg^g bud YZ jb
Y^gZ^id hZj% edgfjZ V k^YV Yd hZj ^gbud w bV^h ^bedgiVciZ
fjZ d hZj Y^gZ^id' @hhd w wi^XV Xg^hiu F Vbdg YZkZ cdh gZ\Zg'
F eg^cXye^d fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd w fjZ d Vbdg Vd
hZj ^gbud YZkZ gZ\Zg V hjV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' GVgV Vh eZhhdVh
MYHJHZ$ V XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh ZgV XdciVb^cVYV'
:dbx&aV% edgiVcid% ZgV eZXVYd3 à<cigZiVcid% cud ]r ZhhZ
Xdc]ZX^bZcid Zb idYdh4 edgfjZ Va\jch% edg Z[Z^id YV
[Vb^a^Vg^YVYZ Viw V\dgV Xdb d yYdad% V^cYV XdbZb YZhhVh
Xd^hVh Xdbd V ZaZ hVXg^[^XVYVhâ #1'0$'
GVjad XdcXaj^ ^YZci^[^XVcYd&hZ Xdb d \gjed MVY[L& :dcí
ijYd% ZaZ Zhir Y^hedhid V VWg^g bud Yd eg^k^aw\^d YZ XdbZg
XVgcZ eVgV cud ZhXVcYVa^oVg dh ^gbudh MYHJVZ& F XgZciZ bVí
Yjgd cud w gZ\^Yd eZadh hZjh Y^gZ^idh% bVh eZad Vbdg'
GVjad bdhigV fjZ d egdWaZbV Yd \gjed MV Y[L ZgV d Xdí
c]ZX^bZcid hZb Vbdg' HjZgd VWdgYVg igxh Xd^hVh V ZhhZ
gZheZ^id3
V$ F eZg^\d Yd [Vahd Xdc]ZX^bZcid' <m^hiZ jb \gVcYZ
eZg^\d cV k^YV Xg^hiu YZ hZ YZhZckdakZg jbV Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ
VeZcVh Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid' KZb bj^iV \ZciZ fjZ eZchV fjZ
jb XgZciZ bVYjgd w VfjZaZ fjZ Xdc]ZXZ V 9yWa^V Z ZhijYV
iZdad\^V' <ciud% hZ V eZhhdV Xdc]ZXZ WZb V 9yWa^V Z ZhijYV
egd[jcYVbZciZ iZdad\^V% hZ ZaV Xdc]ZXZ WZb Vh XdggZciZh
iZdaz\^XVh% Z Ydb^cV Vh aZ^h YV ]ZgbZcxji^XV hV\gVYV% ZaV
hZ _ja\V bVYjgV cV [w' q XaVgd fjZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid w [jcí
YVbZciVa' Eud ]r bVijg^YVYZ Xg^hiu hZb Xdc]ZX^bZcid'
Gdgwb% w edhhykZa jbV eZhhdV iZg Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z cud hZg
bVYjgV'
8 9yWa^V hZbegZ [Vo ZhhZ WVaVcXZVbZcid ZcigZ Xdc]ZX^í
bZcid Z Vbdg% ZcigZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z ZmeZg^xcX^V' GVjad
VaZgiV eVgV d eZg^\d YZ jb Xdc]ZX^bZcid hZeVgVYd Yd Vbdg'
F Xdc]ZX^bZcid cud edYZ hZg hZeVgVYd YV ZmeZg^xcX^V #+GZ
,'*14 Di ++',24 Ad *'*-4 @:d *-'.$' ?r eZhhdVh fjZ hVWZb
bj^id% bVh cud VbVb% Xdc]ZXZb bj^id% bVh cud k^kZb'
Kxb ^ciZgZhhZ VeZcVh eZad Xdc]ZX^bZcid iZzg^Xd% bVh ixb
jb XdgVvud kVo^d YZ ;;Zjh' <hhVh eZhhdVh edYZb Xdc]ZXZg
V gZheZ^id YZ ;;Zjh% bVh cud Xdc]ZXZb V ;;Zjh'
W$ Fh h^cV^h Z Vh ^cY^XVv}Zh Yd [Vahd Xdc]ZX^bZcid' F
Vezhidad VYkZgiZ3 àF hVWZg ZchdWZgWZXZ'''â #1'*$' F egdWaZbV
w fjZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid hZb Vbdg ^cX]V Vh eZhhdVh YZ kV^YVYZ'
<hhZ w d \gVcYZ eZg^\d YZ jbV eZhhdV eZchVg fjZ hVWZ YZbV^h
Z w YdcV YV kZgYVYZ' <aV XdbZvV V VggdiVg d hZj ^ciZaZXijV&
a^hbd iZdaz\^Xd Z V da]Vg dh djigdh YZ X^bV eVgV WV^md' <aV
YZhegZoV Vh eZhhdVh edg XVjhV Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid fjZ iZb' <hí
hVh eZhhdVh hZ idgcVb Vggd\VciZh Z hZXiVg^hiVh% ed^h ^bV\^cVb
fjZ VfjZaZh fjZ eZchVb Y^[ZgZciZ YZaVh cud hud Zhe^g^ijV^h
Xdbd ZaVh' GVjad Y^o fjZ ZhhZ i^ed YZ hVWZg ZchdWZgWZXZ'
8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V fjZ GVjad jhV eVgV ZchdWZgWZX^bZcid w
jb WVaud' Lb WVaud Zhir X]Z^d YZ kZcid% YZ Vg% bVh hZ kdXx
ZheZir&ad Xdb jb Va[^cZiZ% ZaZ ZhkVo^V' Lb WVaud hz iZb Vg%
bVh cZc]jb XdciZ~Yd' F kZgYVYZ^gd Xdc]ZX^bZcid cud w
Vggd\VciZ' HjZb hVWZ cud idXV igdbWZiVh' HjZb hVWZ cud
iZciV hZg [^hXVa YV k^YV Va]Z^V' F kZgYVYZ^gd Xdc]ZX^bZcid
egdYjo ]jb^aYVYZ Z' cud Vggd\tcX^V' CViV kVo^V w fjZ [Vo
WVgja]d' Jz gZhida]d [^XV Zbe^cVYd% Vh Zhe^\Vh X]Z^Vh hZ
YdWgVb' F fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd w fjZ dcYZ ]r egZhjcvud
Z eVigja]VbZcid Va]Z^d d hVWZg w WVad[d Xdb jb WVaud X]Z^d
YZ Vg% bVh cud igVo cZc]jbV ZY^[^XVvud eVgV Vh eZhhdVh'
8 hdWZgWV ^ciZaZXijVa Zc\VcV' àJZ Va\jwb _ja\V hVWZg Vaí
\jbV Xd^hV% Xdb Z[Z^id% cud VegZcYZj V^cYV Xdbd Xdckwb
hVWZgâ #1'+$' GVjad Y^o fjZ hZ kdXx VX]V fjZ hVWZ bj^id%
kdXx V^cYV cud hVWZ cVYV' MdXx cud YZkZ [^XVg hdWZgWd edg
Vfj^ad fjZ hVWZ% bVh bj^id ]jb^aYZ edg Vfj^ad fjZ V^cYV
cud hVWZ' F fjZ kdXx hVWZ w VeZcVh jb \gud Y^VciZ YVfj^ad
fjZ V^cYV cud hVWZ' MdXx Zhir VeZcVh VggVc]VcYd V hjeZg[yí
X^Z Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid' Gdg ^hhd% d hrW^d cud idXV igdbWZiV'
<aZ hVWZ fjZ cud hVWZ' 8 dg^ZciVvud YZ GVjad w3 Eud hZ
ZchdWZgWZvV F Xdc]ZX^bZcid egZX^hV VcYVg YZ budh YVYVh
Xdb V ]jb^aYVYZ% ed^h fjVcid bV^h hVWZbdh% iVcid bV^h
hVWZbdh fjZ cud hVWZbdh' CZdc Ddgg^h X^iVcYd N' BVn
Y^o3 àF Xdc]ZX^bZcid dg\ja]V&hZ YZ iZg VegZcY^Yd iVcid'
8 hVWZYdg^V ]jb^a]V&hZ edg cud hVWZg bV^hâ'*+-
8 hdWZgWV ^ciZaZXijVa cdh V[VhiV Yd yci^bd Xdc]ZX^bZcid
YZ ;;Zjh' àDVh% hZ Va\jwb VbV V ;;Zjh% ZhhZ w Xdc]ZX^Yd edg
ZaZâ #1',$' E^c\jwb edYZ X]Z\Vg Y^VciZ Yd ;;Zjh 8aiyhh^bd
Xdb hdWZgWV' HjZb edYZ hZ _VXiVg Y^VciZ YZ ;;Zjh6 F
edcid cZkgra\^Xd aZkVciVYd edg GVjad cud w hz V fjZhiud YZ
Xdc]ZXZg V ;;Zjh% bVh YZ hZg Xdc]ZX^Yd edg ;;Zjh' JZ kdXx
Xdc]ZXZ Z hz Xdc]ZXZ Z cud VbV% ^hhd w WVaud YZ kZcid' DVh
hZ kdXx VbVg% kdXx w Xdc]ZX^Yd edg ;;Zjh' GdYZ Va\jwb hZ
dg\ja]Vg YZ Xdc]ZXZg bj^id d 8aiyhh^bd% d ^chdcYrkZa% d
egd[jcYd6 HjZb edYZ _VXiVg&hZ Y^VciZ Yd KdYd&GdYZgdhd6
JZ jbV eZhhdV YZ [Vid Xdc]ZXZ V ;;Zjh% hZ gZcYZgr Vdh JZjh
ewh Zb VYb^gVvud Z adjkdg Z VbVgr dh hZjh ^gbudh'
X$ 8h kVciV\Zch Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid gZ\^Yd eZad Vbdg #1'*$'
GVjad X]VbV V ViZcvud VXZgXV YVh kVciV\Zch Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcí
id gZ\^Yd eZad Vbdg3 àQ'''R d Vbdg ZY^[^XV'''â #1'*$' 8d bZhbd
iZbed Zb fjZ GVjad Y^o fjZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid ZchdWZgWZXZ%
Y^o fjZ d Vbdg ZY^[^XV% Xdchigz^% Z ZaZkV' F Vbdg ZY^[^XV Vdh
djigdh Z V h^ bZhbd' GVjad Y^o fjZ fjVcYd d Xdc]ZX^bZcid
w gZ\^Yd eZad Vbdg hdbdh aZkVYdh V VbVg V ;;Zjh Z Vd cdhhd
egzm^bd' HjVcYd hdbdh gZ\^Ydh eZad Vbdg% eZchVbdh cud
Zb czh bZhbdh% bVh cdh ^gbudh' M^kZbdh% Zciud% cud eVgV
czh bZhbdh% bVh eVgV d JZc]dg Z eVgV d egzm^bd'

9 OQNBKELA DA CNMRCI^MCIA CQIRS[ " AOKICA\aER OQYSICAR


-‐#,"&(﴾
GVjad igViV V\dgV YZ jb hwg^d egdWaZbV YV k^YV Xg^hiu%
d egdWaZbV YV XdchX^xcX^V' F fjZ w V cdhhV XdchX^xcX^V6
8 cdhhV XdchX^xcX^V w jb ig^WjcVa fjZ d egzeg^d ;;Zjh
^chiVadj YZcigd YZ czh' GZaV XdchX^xcX^V iZbdh jbV cdvud
Yd fjZ w XZgid Z ZggVYd'
<bbVcjZa BVci% [^azhd[d VaZbud% Y^o^V fjZ YjVh Xd^hVh
d ZcXVciVkVb3 d Xwj ZhigZaVYd VX^bV YZaZ Z V aZ^ bdgVa
YZcigd YZaZ' ;;Zjh XdadXdj ZhhV aZ^ bdgVa YZcigd YZ czh'
<hhZ ig^WjcVa YV XdchX^xcX^V cdh YZ[ZcYZ Z cdh VXjhV #Ib
+'*-%*.$' HjVcYd kdXx [Vo jbV Xd^hV ZggVYV VXZcYZ&hZ jbV
ajo kZgbZa]V YZcigd YZ kdXx' LbV h^gZcZ idXV Z d VaVgbZ
Y^heVgV' < V XdchX^xcX^V fjZ d egzeg^d ;;Zjh XdadXdj Zb
kdXx igVWVa]VcYd'
8 XdchX^xcX^V w d ig^WjcVa ^ciZgcd dcYZ Vh cdhhVh Vv}Zh
hud _ja\VYVh% VegdkVYVh dj XdcYZcVYVh #Ib +'*-%*.$' 8
XdchX^xcX^V cud w V aZ^4 ZaV egdYjo jb iZhiZbjc]d Y^VciZ
YV aZ^ YZ ;;Zjh' 8 XdchX^xcX^V YZeZcYZ Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid'
HjVcid bV^h Xdc]ZXZbdh V ;;Zjh Z JjV GVaVkgV% iVcid bV^h
[dgiZ w V cdhhV XdchX^xcX^V% aZbWgV NVggZc N^ZghWZ'*+.
F ejg^iVcd I^X]VgY J^WWZh ^bV\^cV V XdchX^xcX^V Xdbd
jb ig^WjcVa cd XdchZa]d Yd XdgVvud ]jbVcd' EV hjV ^bVí
\^cVvud% V XdchX^xcX^V VhhjbZ d eVeZa YZ XVYV ^ciZ\gVciZ Yd
YgVbV Yd ig^WjcVa' < d Vgfj^k^hiV \gVkV Xdb YZiVa]Zh ZmVidh
ijYd d fjZ [d^ [Z^id #Ag *0'*$' < d VXjhVYdg fjZ VegZhZciV
jbV YZc~cX^V XdcigV d XjaeVYd% Z d YZ[Zchdg fjZ Vez^V d
^cdXZciZ #Ib +'*.$' <aV iVbWwb VijV Xdbd jbV iZhiZbjí
c]V XdcigV dj V [Vkdg #+:d +'*+$' < d _j^o% fjZ XdcYZcV dj
VWhdakZ #a_d ,'+)%+*$' < d XVggVhXd fjZ XVhi^\V d XjaeVYd
Xdb ig^hiZoV fjVcYd V XjaeV w YZhXdWZgiV #aJb +-'.$'*+/
GVjad Y^o fjZ Va\jch XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid i^c]Vb jb
egdWaZbV YZ XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV' Ad]c DVX8gi]jg Ag' XdggZí
iVbZciZ V[^gbV fjZ XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV w ]^eZghZchykZa Z ZmV&
\ZgVYVbZciZ Vi^kV fjVcid sh fjZhi}Zh fjZ cud hud eZXVYd'
<hhV XdchX^xcX^V w X]VbVYV YZ [gVXV cVh <hXg^ijgVh edgfjZ
ZaV hZ gZhhZciZ bj^ [VX^abZciZ' LbV XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV iZcYZ
V hZ V[a^\^g edg Xd^hVh fjZ cVd igVg^Vb XjaeV eVgV Xg^hiudh
bVYjgdh fjZ Xdc]ZXZb V kZgYVYZ YZ ;;Zjh'
LbV XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV i V gZhjaiVYd YZ jbV [w ^bVijgV
dj [gr\^a'*+0<aZ jhV igxh kZoZh V fjZhiud YV XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV'
MZ_V d fjZ GVjad Y^o3 à<cigZiVcid% cud ]r ZhhZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid
Zb idYdh4 edgfjZ Va\jch% edg Z[Z^id YV [Vb^a^Vg^YVYZ Viw
V\dgV Xdb d yYdad% V^cYV XdbZb YZhhVh Xd^hVh Xdbd V ZaZ
hVXg^[^XVYVh4 Z V XdchX^xcX^V YZhiZh% edg hZg [gVXV% kZb V
XdciVb^cVg&hZâ #1'0$' GVjad V^cYV Y^o3 àGdgfjZ% hZ Va\jwb
iZ k^g V i^% fjZ wh YdiVYd YZ hVWZg% s bZhV% Zb iZbead YZ
yYdad% cud hZgr V XdchX^xcX^V Yd fjZ w [gVXd ^cYjo^YV V
eVgi^X^eVg YZ Xdb^YVh hVXg^[^XVYVh V yYdadh6â #1'*)$'
GVjad XdcXaj^3 à< YZhiZ bdYd% eZXVcYd XdcigV dh ^gbudh%
\daeZVcYd&a]Zh V XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV% w XdcigV :g^hid fjZ
eZXV^hâ #1'*+$' Gdg fjZ ZhhZh ^gbudh i^c]Vb XdchX^xcX^V
[gVXV6 KVakZo edg hZgZb V^cYV cZz[^idh cV [w% dj hZ_V% cdkdh
XdckZgi^Ydh' Eud i^c]Vb V^cYV d Ydjig^cVbZcid cZXZhhrg^d
eVgV hVWZg fjZ d yYdad ZgV cVYV' KVakZo ZgVb V^cYV WZWxh
dj ^bVijgdh Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ edg cud jhVg dh gZXjghdh YV
\gVvV YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad _r ]Vk^V ^YZci^[^XVYd Z YZcjcX^VYd
ZhhZ egdWaZbV #,'*&,$' Fh XgZciZh V^cYV ZhiVkVb idbVcYd
aZ^iZ% k^kZcYd cdh gjY^bZcidh YV [w% fjVcYd YZkZg^Vb iZg
VbVYjgZX^Yd eVgV XdbZg XVgcZ Z Va^bZcid hza^Yd' <aZh
i^c]Vb iZbed YZ k^YV Xg^hiu% bVh cud i^c]Vb bVijg^YVYZ
Xg^hiu' < edhhykZa ^hhd VXdciZXZg' < edhhykZa iZg YZcigd YV
^\gZ_V jbV eZhhdV Xdb krg^dh Vcdh YZ XdckZgi^YV Z V^cYV hZg
jb WZWx Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ' q edhhykZa fjZ ]V_V cV ^\gZ_V jb
XgZciZ fjZ iZc]V [gZfÄZciVYd b^a]VgZh YZ VjaVh YV <hXdaV
9yWa^XV ;;db^c^XVa Z djk^Yd b^a]VgZh YZ hZgb}Zh% bVh V^cYV
hZ_V jb WZWx cV [w' ?r eZhhdVh fjZ eVhhVb V k^YV ^ciZ^gV cV
^\gZ_V Z cjcXV YZ^mVb YZ hZg Xg^VcvVh egZX^hVcYd YZ aZ^iZ'
EjcXV XgZhXZb% cjcXV VbVYjgZXZb' <hiud hZbegZ cdh
eg^bZ^gdh gjY^bZcidh YV [w' Gdg ^hhd hZbegZ kud iZg jbV
XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV' HjVafjZg Xd^h^c]V Vh ZhXVcYVa^oV'
GVjad Y^o fjZ Va\jch Xg^hiudh ixb XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV
#1'0%*)%*+$ edgfjZ hud cdkdh cV [w% dj edgfjZ cud XgZhXZgVb
Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ #,'*&-$% dj edgfjZ ixb bZYd YV a^WZgYVYZ'
8 XdchX^xcX^V YZ jb Xg^hiud [gVXd w [VX^abZciZ XdciVb^cVYV
#1'0$% \daeZVYV #1'*+$ Z ZhXVcYVa^oVYV #1'*+%*,$' Gdg ^hhd%
GVjad X]VbV V ViZcvud cud eVgV d XgZciZ [gVXd% bVh eVgV
d XgZciZ [dgiZ' F XgZciZ [dgiZ egZX^hV iZg Xj^YVYd Xdb hjVh
Vi^ijYZh eVgV cud ZhXVcYVa^oVg dh XgZciZh [gVXdh #1'2$'
F XgZciZ bVYjgd fjZ iZb Xdc]ZX^bZcid% Z w gZ\^Yd eZad
Vbdg% egZX^hV V_jYVg d XgZciZ [gVXd' < d XgZciZ bVYjgd fjZ
iZb YZ Xj^YVg Yd XgZciZ [gVXd eVgV ZaZ cud cVj[gV\Vg' 8hh^b%
GVjad Y^o fjZ cZc]jb Xg^hiud iZb a^WZgYVYZ YZ VhhZ\jgVg
dh hZjh Y^gZ^idh hZ ^hhd h^\c^[^XVg YVcd sh djigVh eZhhdVh'
GVjad% V\dgV% bdhigV d fjZ edYZ Z d fjZ cud edYZ cV
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' <aZ Xg^V Vh igxh X^gXjchitcX^Vh _r bZcX^dcVí
YVh% [VoZcYd Vh YZk^YVh Vea^XVv}Zh egri^XVh'
*$ HjVcYd XdbZg Z fjVcYd cud XdbZg6 F XgZciZ edYZ
XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vd yYdad cd iZbead Yd yYdad6 GVjad
Y^o fjZ cud' :dbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vd yYdad cud w d egdí
WaZbV' MdXx cVd iZb V dWg^\Vvud YZ [VoZg jbV ^ckZhi^\Vvud
YV egdXZYxcX^V YZ ijYd Vfj^ad fjZ XdbegV cd hjeZgbZgí
XVYd' < jbV ida^XZ d XgZciZ [^XVg eZgijgWVYd Xdb ^hhd' @hhd
w XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV' @hhd w ^bVijg^YVYZ Zhe^g^ijVa' Gdgwb%
GVjad Y^o d hZ\j^ciZ3 àFa]V bZjh ^gbudh% d [Vid YZ kdXxh
^gZb V jb iZbead eV\ud% Y^VciZ YZ jb yYdad eV\ud% cjbV
[ZhiV eV\u Z XdbZg XVgcZ hVW^YVbZciZ hVXg^[^XVYV Vd yYdad
w ^g adc\Z YZbV^h' 8WhiZc]Vb&hZ Y^hhdâ' :dbZg XVgcZ cd
iZbead Yd yYdad w ^g adc\Z YZbV^h' <hhZ w jb jhd VWjh^kd
YV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' &
:dcijYd% edg fjZ kdXx YZkZ hZ VWhiZg6 GVjad Y^o fjZ d
yYdad w cVYV cZhiZ bjcYd #1'-$' Gdgwb% iVbWwb% V[^gbV3
EgW V[Ya$ ba[e4 EgW a eSUd[X[USVa Sa uVa^a s S^Yg_S Ua[eS4 Cg cgW
a bdvbd[a uVa^a fW_ S^Yg_ hS^ad4 5`fWe$ V[Ya cgW Se Ua[eSe cgW W^We
eSUd[X[US_$ i S VW_w`[ae cgW Se eSUd[X[US_ W `qa S 8Wge3 W Wg `qa
cgWda cgW hae fad`W[e SeeaU[SVae Sae VW_w`[ae& Bqa baVW[e TWTWd a
Un^[UW Va GW`Zad W a Un^[UW Vae VW_w`[ae3 `qa baVW[e eWd bSdf[U[bS`fWe
VS _WeS Va GW`Zad W VS _WeS Vae VW_w`[ae& Cg bdahaUSdW_ae lW^ae
`a GW`Zad4 Ga_ae$ SUSea$ _S[e XadfWe Va cgW W^W4} !)(&)1%**"&

GVjad Y^o fjZ% ZbWdgV d yYdad cVd hZ_V cVYV% jbV kZo
fjZ cVd iZb k^YV Zb h^ bZhbd Z w [Z^id YZ WVggd% \Zhhd%
eZYgV% djgd% bVYZ^gV% d fjZ Zhir edg igrh YZhhZ yYdad hud
YZb|c^dh' <bWdgV d yYdad hZ_V bViZg^Va% d fjZ Zhir edg igrh
YZaZ w Zhe^g^ijVa'
:dbZg XVgcZ% jb Vid VbdgVa% hZ idgcV ^bdgVa fjVcYd
w [Z^id cjb iZbead YZ yYdad' ;;ZeZcYZcYd YV h^ijVvud% d
bZhbd Vid edYZ iZg XdcdiVv}Zh Y^[ZgZciZh' :dbZg XVgcZ w
VbdgVa% bVh XdbZg XVgcZ XdchV\gVYV Vd yYdad% cd iZbead
Yd yYdad% hZ idgcV ^bdgVa' JZ d Xg^hiud eVgi^X^eV YZ jbV
[ZhiV cV egZhZcvV Yd yYdad% bZhbd hVWZcYd fjZ d yYdad w
cVYV cd bjcYd% ZaZ VigVkZhhdj V a^c]V fjZ hZeVgV jbV Vvud
VbdgVa #XdbZg XVgcZ$ YZ jb eZXVYd #^YdaVig^V$' <bWdgV%
d yYdad hZ_V cVYV% bVh fjZb Zhir Vigrh YZaZ hud YZb|c^dh
#*)'*2&++$'
F Zckdak^bZcid Xdb ^YdaVig^V w jb Zckdak^bZcid Xdb
YZb|c^dh #;;i ,+'*.&*0$' Gdg ^hhd% XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV
Vdh yYdadh% jbV Xd^hV VbdgVa eVgV GVjad% hZ idgcV ^bdgVa
cd iZbead eV\ud' <hhZ eg^cXye^d kVaZ eVgV dh [gVXdh Z eVgV
dh [dgiZh
@bV\^cZbdh fjZ jb XgZciZ Zb :dg^cid [dhhZ Xdck^YVí
Yd s XVhV YZ jb ^cXgwYjad eVgV jbV [ZhiV' GVjad Y^o fjZ d
XgZciZ edYZ ^g s [ZhiV cV XVhV YZ jb Vb^\d eV\ud' AZhjhZc&
igdj cV XVhV YZ ejWa^XVcdh Z eZXVYdgZh Z ^hhd ZhXVcYVa^odj
dh [Vg^hZjh' AZhjh Viw WZWZj k^c]d Z dh Xgyi^Xdh YZ eaVciud d
X]VbVkVb YZ WZWZggud' Fh bV^h gVY^XV^h Z aZ\Va^hiVh X]Zí
\VgVb V eZchVg fjZ AZhjh WaVh[ZbVkV Z Viw ZhiVkV ZcYZbd&
c^c]VYd' GVjad Y^o fjZ czh cud YZkZbdh XdgiVg dh cdhhdh
kycXjadh Xdb Vh eZhhdVh cud&Xg^hiuh' KZbdh YZ iZg Vb^\dh
[dgV YV ^\gZ_V iVbWwb' :dbd kVbdh ^c[ajZcX^Vg Vh eZhhdVh
hZ cud cdh gZaVX^dcVgbdh Xdb ZaVh6 :dbd kVbdh ZkVc\Z&
a^or&aVh hZ cud ZcXdcigVgbdh Xdb ZaVh6 GgZX^hVbdh hZg ajo
eVgV VfjZaZh fjZ V^cYV cud Xdc]ZXZb V ajo'
Eud edYZbdh hZg hVa VeZcVh YZcigd Yd hVaZ^gd' Gdg ^hhd%
GVjad Y^o fjZ dh XgZciZh edY^Vb ^g sh [ZhiVh Ydh Vb^\dh cud
XgZciZh Z XdbZg YZ ijYd fjZ [dhhZ XdadXVYd cV bZhV% hZb
[^XVg [VoZcYd ^ciZggd\Vizg^d VXZgXV YV egdXZYxcX^V YV XVgcZ'
Gdgwb% hZ d Vc[^ig^ud d ^c[dgbVhhZ fjZ VfjZaV XVgcZ [d^
hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh% d XgZciZ YZkZg^V hZ VWhiZg YZ XdbZg
eVgV cud hZg Xdc^kZciZ Xdb V ^YdaVig^V'
:dbZg XVgcZ ZgV VbdgVa% bVh V eVgi^g Yd bdbZcid
fjZ d XgZciZ idbVkV Xdc]ZX^bZcid fjZ V XVgcZ ZhiVkV
XdchV\gVYV Vd yYdad% d fjZ ZgV VbdgVa hZ idgcVkV ^bdgVa'
CZbWgV&hZ YZ ;;Vc^Za cV 9VW^a|c^V6 <aZ cud ZgV kZ\ZiVg^Vcd%
bVh gZhdakZj [^gbZbZciZ cd hZj XdgVvud cud hZ XdciVb^cVg
Xdb Vh ^\jVg^Vh YV bZhV Yd gZ^ #;;c *'1$' Gdg fjZ ZaZ cud
fj^h XdbZg Vh ^\jVg^Vh YV bZhV Yd gZ^6 GdgfjZ ZhhVh ^\jVg^Vh
ZgVb d[ZgZX^YVh Vdh yYdadh' <ciud% ZhiV YZkZ hZg V edhijgV
Yd Xg^hiud3 hZ Zj hZ^% Zj cud Xdbd'
+$ HjVcYd XdbegVg Z fjVcYd cud XdbegVg6 FjigV X^gí
XjchitcX^V fjZ Zm^\^V XVjiZaV ZgV ^g Vd bZgXVYd' GVgiZ YV XVgí
cZ hVXg^[^XVYV cd iZbead k^c]V eVgV dh Vvdj\jZh' KVakZo V
bZa]dg XVgcZ% eZad egZvd bV^h WVgVid' GVjad dg^ZciV3 à:dbZ^
YZ ijYd d fjZ hZ kZcYZ cd bZgXVYd% hZb cVYV eZg\jciVgYZh
edg bdi^kd YZ XdchX^xcX^Vâ #*)'+.$' F XgZciZ edYZ ^g Vd
bZgXVYd% XdbegVg V XVgcZ Z Xdbx&aV6 GVjad gZhedcYZ3 J^b%
cud Z iVakZo :dbZg YZ ijYd fjZ kZcYZ cd bZgXVYd6 J^b'
Ed iZbead Yd yYdad6 Eud' EV XVhV Yd Vb^\d6 J^b dj cud'
;;ZeZcYZ YV ^c[dgbVvud fjZ kdXx i^kZg' JZ [dg s XVhV Yd
Vb^\d% cud eZg\jciZ V egdXZYxcX^V YV XVgcZ #*)'+0$' JZ
hdjWZg fjZ w hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh% cud XdbV #*)'+1$'
Ed bZgXVYd e~Wa^Xd ]Vk^V XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV V yYdadh
cdh \VcX]dh Yd Vvdj\jZ Z XVgcZ cud hVXg^[^XVYV #*)'+.$'
8 VeVgxcX^V YV XVgcZ ZgV V bZhbV' :g^hiudh [gVXdh Y^o^Vb
fjZ cud hZ YZk^V XdbegVg XVgcZ YZ ZhewX^Z Va\jbV edgfjZ
hZbegZ ]Vk^V V edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ XdbegVg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV'
GVgV GVjad% ZaZh ZhiVkVb aZkVcYd hZjh ZhXg~ejadh adc\Z YZí
bV^h #*)'+.$' <hiVcYd cd bZgXVYd% d h^bWda^hbd gZa^\^dhd
YV XVgcZ cud i^c]V bV^h ^bedgitcX^V' 8 iZdad\^V YZ GVjad
cud ZhiVkV cZjgdi^oVYV eZad YZbdc^hbd' GVjad cud k^V YZí
b|c^dh Zb ijYd' :VgcZ cd bZgXVYd w VbdgVa Z dh [gVXdh
i^c]Vb YZ eVgVg YZ Y^oZg fjZ ZgV ^bdgVa'
,$ HjVcYd XdbZg Z fjVcYd cud XdbZg3 F XVhd fjZ
GVjad igViV V\dgV w YZcigd Yd XdciZmid YZ jb XgZciZ hZcYd
Xdck^YVYd eVgV XdbZg XVgcZ cV XVhV YZ jb Vb^\d eV\ud'
<hhV ZgV V h^ijVvud bV^h XdbeaZmV' LbV Xd^hV VbdgVa edYZ
hZ idgcVg ^bdgVa YZeZcYZcYd YV h^ijVvud' MdXx edYZ XdbZg
YZ ijYd fjZ hZ XdadXV cV bZhV' AZhjh Y^hhZ fjZ cud w d fjZ
ZcigV eZaV WdXV fjZ XdciVb^cV d ]dbZb% bVh d fjZ hV^ Yd
hZj XdgVvud #DX 0'*1&+,$' 8\dgV hZ kdXx hVWZ V egdXZYxcí
X^V Yd fjZ a]Z w d[ZgZX^Yd% hZ a]Z w eVhhVYd d fjZ [d^ [Z^id
Xdb VfjZaV Xdb^YV% Zciud% _r YZ^mdj YZ hZg VbdgVa eVgV hZg
^bdgVa'
@g Vd X^cZbV w VbdgVa' 8\dgV% ^g Vd X^cZbV eVgV kZg jb
[^abZ edgcd\gr[^Xd w ^bdgVa' 9ZWZg k^c]d w VbdgVa% bVh%
[Vox&ad cjb WVg edYZ ZhXVcYVa^oVg bj^iV \ZciZ' 8 eZhhdV
fjZ eVhhV cV gjV cVd hVWZ hZ kdXx Zhir WZWZcYd jb Xded%
jbV \VggV[V dj jb WVgg^a' < V wi^XV Xg^hiV w ZhhV3 Xj^YVYd
àMZYZ% edgwb% fjZ ZhiV kdhhV a^WZgYVYZ cVd kZc]V% YZ Va\jb
bdYd% V hZg igdeZvd eVgV dh [gVXdhâ #1'2$' MdXx iZb YZ gZ\Zg
V hjV XdchX^xcX^V cVd VeZcVh eZad !Zj Xdc]ZX^bZcid% bVh
iVbWwb% Z% hdWgZijYd% eZad Vbdg' < egZX^hd Y^hXZgc^bZcid'
F Vbdg Xg^hiud iZb egZ[ZgxcX^r hdWgZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid
Xg^hiud'
Fh Vg\jbZcidh jhVYdh edg GVjad #1'2&*,$ hdWgZ V
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu cdh Zch^cVb Va\jch eg^cXye^dh egri^Xdh3

V$ 8 a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu% hZ cud [dg Y^g^\^YV eZad Xdc]ZX^í


bZcid Z eZad Vbdg edYZ hZ idgcVg eZYgV YZ igdeZvd
eVgV d Xg^hiud [gVXd #1'*)$'

W$ ;;ZkZbdh hZbegZ da]Vg eVgV XVYV Xg^hiud Xdbd jb


^gbud eZad fjVa :g^hid bdggZj #1'**$' <hhZ ^gbud w
bj^id kVadgdhd eVgV ;;Zjh% ed^h :g^hid bdggZj edg
ZaZ'

X$ HjVcYd eZXVbdh XdcigV jb ^gbud% [Zg^cYd V hjV


XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV% ZhiVbdh cr gZVa^YVYZ eZXVcYd
XdcigV :g^hid #1'*+$' < [rX^a ^\cdgVg V egZhZcvV gZVa YZ
AZhjh Zb cdhhd ^gbud' HjVcYd kdXx eZXV XdcigV hZj
^gbud% iVbWwb Zhir eZXVcYd XdcigV :g^hid' HjVcYd
GVjad eZghZ\j^j V @\gZ_V% AZhjh eZg\jcidj&a]Z3 àJVjad%
JVjad% edg fjZ bZ eZghZ\jZh6â #8i 2'-$' HjVcYd
kdXx [ZgZ jb bZbWgd YV ^\gZ_V% kdXx Zhir Vi^c\^cYd
iVbWwb d XVWZvV YV @\gZ_V% fjZ w :g^hid'

Y$ =VoZg àXd^hVh Yjk^YdhVhâ VeZcVh edg Zm^W^X^dc^hbd


cjcXV w jbV YZbdchigVvud YV kZgYVYZ^gV a^WZgYVYZ
Xg^hiu #1'*,$' JZ XdbZg XVgcZ kV^ ZhXVcYVa^oVg bZj ^gí
bud% cjcXV bV^h Zj kdj XdbZg XVgcZ' JZ WZWZg k^c]d
kV^ ZhXVcYVa^oVg bZj ^gbud% Zj cjcXV bV^h kdj WZWZg
k^c]d' <hhZ w d eg^cXye^d fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd
#Ib *.'*%+$'

:dcXaj^cYd% GVjad cdh d[ZgZXZ V aZ^ rjgZV eVgV cdh


XdcYjo^g Xdb hZ\jgVcvV eZadh XVb^c]dh YV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu3
àGdgiVcid% fjZg XdbV^h% fjZg WZWV^h dj [VvV^h djigV Xd^hV
fjVafjZg% [VoZ^ ijYd eVgV V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjhâ #*)',*$' <hhZ w
d eg^cXye^d brm^bd YV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' GVgV fjVafjZg Xd^hV
fjZ kdXx [dg [VoZg% eVgZ eVgV eZchVg3 < edg fjZ Zj \dhid6 <
edg fjZ bZ [Vo WZb6 < edg fjZ bZ Yr egVoZg6 < edg fjZ w
bZj OVII`k 8 eZg\jciV bV^h VYZfjVYV YZkZg^V hZg3 < eVgV
V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh6

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ -­

*+, A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )((&
*+- A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )((& h
*+. K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& //0&
*+/ G[TTWe$ F[UZSdV& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU *6VYPU[OPHUZ& 6S``Wd a X HdgfZ&
9V[_TgdYa& )10)2 b& *)($*))&
*+0 A S U 5 d f Z g d > d & $ >aZ`& DVJPLKHKL ZLT WLJHKV& 9V[fadS 7g^fgdS 7d[efq&
Gqa DSg^a$ GD& *((*2 b& ,)&
RPILWKHKL KH
NWHĀH
:4[ .#&"',  

Ar 9 L 5 A =B 5 A C G C 7 5 D ÅH I @ C 1 fjZ [VaV
hdWgZ V a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' M^bdh fjZ V
5a^WZgYVYZ Yd Xg^hiud cud w gZ\^YV edg hZjh
% Y^gZ^idh% bVh eZad Vbdg Vd egzm^bd'
Ed XVeyijad 2% GVjad VegZhZciV d hZj
sP% ZmZbead% igVoZcYd s WV^aV V fjZhiud Yd
hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd Ydh dWgZ^gdh' <b
eg^cXye^d eVgZXZ fjZ ZaZ Zhir ^ciZggdbí
eZcYd d iZbV fjZ XdbZvdj cd XVeyijad
1% hdWgZ Xdb^YV hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh'
:dcijYd% adc\Z YZhhZ XVeyijad hZg jbV
^ciZggjevud Yd iZbV igViVYd cd XVey&
4 ijad VciZg^dg% w jbV ^ajhigVvud eZhhdVa
YZaZ'*+1 Ed XVeyijad 2% GVjad ^ajhigV
d fjZ egZ\dj cd XVeyijad 1% YVcYd d
hZj ZmZbead% ZajX^YVcYd d fjZ w V a^í
WZgYVYZ YV \gVvV' 8egZhZciVcYd d hZj
iZhiZbjc]d% GVjad bdhigdj s ^\gZ_V fjZ egVi^XVkV Vfj^ad
fjZ egZ\VkV'
F XVeyijad 2 a^YV Xdb d Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ d hjedgiZ
[^cVcXZ^gd Ydh dWgZ^gdh' 8fj^% GVjad Yr jb ZmZbead edh^i^í
kd% ZcfjVcid cd XVeyijad *) VedciV jb ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd'
@hgVZa jhdj bVa V hjV a^WZgYVYZ'
GVjad Zch^cdj hdWgZ d hZj Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg d hjhiZcid
[^cVcXZ^gd YV ^\gZ_V' F hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd ZgV Y^gZ^id hZj Z
gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V' <bWdgV hZ_V eg^cXye^d XaVgd YVh
<hXg^ijgVh fjZ d igVWVa]VYdg w Y^\cd Yd hZj hVarg^d% GVjad
VWg^j bud YZhhZ Y^gZ^id% edg jb egdezh^id bV^h ZaZkVYd'
;;ZhhV bVcZ^gV% ZaZ ^ajhigV Xdbd hZ igVWVa]V Xdb V a^WZgYVYZ
Xg^hiu' IZXZWZg hVarg^d YV ^\gZ_V ZgV jb Y^gZ^id hZj% bVh ZaZ
VWg^j bud YZhhZ Y^gZ^id'
GVjad VegZhZciV Yd^h Vg\jbZcidh Zb YZ[ZhV YV hjV
edayi^XV hdWgZ d hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd YVfjZaZh fjZ igVWVa]Vb
cV dWgV YZ ;;Zjh3 d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg hjhiZcid YV ^\gZ_V
#2'*&*-$ Z d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXjhVg ZhhZ bZhbd hjhiZcid #2'*.&
+0$'*+2

:ATKN DEFEMDET N RET DIQEISN DE QECEBEQ RTONQSE


FIMAMCEIQN DA IGQEJA .#&"&)﴿
GVjad YZ[ZcYZj d Y^gZ^id Yd dWgZ^gd YZ hZg hjhiZciVYd
eZaV ^\gZ_V Z d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXjhVg d hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd'
Gg^bZ^gd ZaZ Xdchigj^j V WVhZ eVgV Y^oZg fjZ w Y^gZ^id hZj%
fjZ w aZ\Va Z WyWa^Xd gZXZWZg d hVarg^d YV ^\gZ_V' ;;Zed^h% ZaZ
jhdj djigd Vg\jbZcid% V a^WZgYVYZ Z d Y^gZ^id fjZ iZb YZ
VWg^g bud Yd hZj hjhiZcid edg jbV XVjhV bV^dg'
NVggZc N^ZghWZ Y^o fjZ cdh kZghyXjadh *&*- GVjad Zk^í
YZcX^V X^cXd Vg\jbZcidh eVgV egdkVg hZj Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg
d hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3 JZj VedhidaVYd
#2'*&/$% hjV ZmeZg^xcX^V #2'0$% V aZ^ Yd 8ci^\d KZhiVbZcid
#2'1&*+$% V egri^XV Yd 8ci^\d KZhiVbZcid #2'*,$ Z d Zch^cd "
YZ AZhjh #2'*-$'*,)MZ_Vbd&adh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% ZL\ HWVZ[VSHKV #2'*&/$' F eg^bZ^gd
Vg\jbZcid fjZ ZaZ jhdj eVgV YZ[ZcYZg d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg
d hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd [d^ d hZj VedhidaVYd' F fjZ ZhiVkV
VXdciZXZcYd w fjZ Va\jch XgZciZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid fjZhí
i^dcVkVb V VjiZci^X^YVYZ Yd VedhidaVYd YZ GVjad' 8a\jch
d Xdch^YZgVkVb jb ^bedhidg' GVjad% Zciud% YZ[ZcYZ hZj
VedhidaVYd bdhigVcYd fjZ ZaZ ZgV Vjixci^Xd Z cud Zhe~g^d'
GVjad XdbZvV aZkVciVcYd V hZ\j^ciZ fjZhiud3 HjVa w V egdí
kV YZ jb kZgYVYZ^gd Vezhidad6 GVgV hZg jb Vezhidad% jbV
eZhhdV egZX^hVkV edhhj^g YjVh XgZYZcX^V^h3 KZg k^hid V AZhjh
'#@:d 2'*4 8i *'+*%++$ Z gZVa^oVg h^cV^h #+:d 2'*%+4 *+'*+$'
Lb Vezhidad ZgV jbV iZhiZbjc]V YV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid
#8i +',+4 ,'*.4 .',+4 *)',2&-,$'
GVjad i^c]V ZhhVh YjVh XgZYZcX^V^h #@:d *.'14 +:d
*+'*+$' <aZ k^j d AZhjh gZhhjggZid cV ZhigVYV YZ ;;VbVhXd'
<aZ bZhbd V[^gbV s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3 àQ'''R Z% V[^cVa% YZed^h
YZ idYdh% [d^ k^hid iVbWwb edg b^b% Xdbd edg jb cVhX^Yd
[dgV YZ iZbedâ #@:d *.'1$' J^b% ZaZ k^j AZhjh cd XVb^c]d
YZ ;;VbVhXd% d :g^hid gZhhjggZid' GVjad ZgV jbV iZhiZbjc]V
YV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid'
HjVa ZgV V hZ\jcYV XgZYZcX^Va YZ jb Vezhidad6 Lb b^í
c^hiwg^d gZXZW^Yd YZ :g^hid Z Xdc[^gbVYd edg h^cV^h' F Zcí
h^cd YZ GVjad [d^ gZXZW^Yd YZ :g^hid6 =d^' <aZ iZhiZbjc]V
ZhhZ [Vid Xdb XaVgZoV #>* *'**%*+$' < hdWgZ dh h^cV^h6 GVjad
edYZg^V Xjbeg^g ZhhZ gZfj^h^id YZ jb kZgYVYZ^gd Vezhidad6
J^b MZ_V d hZj iZhiZbjc]d3 àGd^h Vh XgZYZcX^V^h Yd Vedhí
idaVYd [dgVb VegZhZciVYVh cd bZ^d YZ kzh% Xdb idYV V eZgí
h^hixcX^V% edg h^cV^h% egdYy\^dh Z edYZgZh b^gVXjadhdhâ #+:d
*+'*+$' GVjad i^c]V idYVh Vh XgZYZcX^V^h YZ jb kZgYVYZ^gd
Vezhidad' <aZ ZgV jb Vezhidad \Zcjycd'
GVjad V^cYV Vg\jbZciV fjZ fjVafjZg eZhhdV edYZg^V
fjZhi^dcVg V \Zcj^c^YVYZ Yd hZj VedhidaVYd% bZcdh dh
bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' @hhd% edgfjZ V XdckZghud
YZaZh ZgV jbV egdkV YV Z[^XrX^V Yd hZj b^c^hiwg^d Z d hZad Yd
hZj VedhidaVYd #2'*%+$' 8fjZaZh fjZ ZhiVkVb fjZhi^dcVcYd
V aZ\^i^b^YVYZ Yd hZj VedhidaVYd cud YZkZg^Vb fjZhi^dcVg'
Gdg fjx6 Gdg YjVh gVo}Zh3
V$ F eg^bZ^gd Vg\jbZcid YZ GVjad w XdadXVYd edg bZ^d
YZ jbV V[^gbVi^kV3 àJZ cud hdj Vezhidad eVgV djigZb%
XZgiVbZciZ% d hdj eVgV kzh djigdh4 edgfjZ kzh hd^h d hZad
Yd bZj VedhidaVYd cd JZc]dgâ #2'+$' Fj hZ_V% VfjZaV ^\gZ_V
ZgV [^a]V Yd Vezhidad GVjad' <aZ \Zgdj VfjZaZh ^gbudh Zb
:g^hid AZhjh' GVjad Y^o3 àQ'''R V^cYV fjZ i^kwhhZ^h b^a]VgZh YZ
egZXZeidgZh Zb :g^hid% cud iZgyZ^h% XdcijYd% bj^idh eV^h4
ed^h Zj% eZad ZkVc\Za]d% kdh \ZgZ^ Zb :g^hid AZhjhâ #-'*.$'
W$ F hZ\jcYd Vg\jbZcid YZ GVjad w djigV V[^gbVi^kV
Zc[ri^XV3 àQ'''R kzh hd^h d hZad Yd bZj VedhidaVYd cd JZí
c]dgâ #2'+$' < d fjZ w jb hZad6 8a\jbV Xd^hV fjZ Yr Vd
djigd d Y^gZ^id YZ edhhZ' HjVcYd hZ bVgXVkV Va\jbV Xd^í
hV dj dW_Zid Xdb d hZad% c^c\jwb edYZg^V k^daVg VfjZaZ
dW_Zid4 ZgV egdeg^ZYVYZ ZmXajh^kV Z ^cVa^ZcrkZa Yd Ydcd' 8
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid i^c]V egdkVh YZ hdWZ_d YV aZ\^i^b^YVYZ Yd
VedhidaVYd YZ GVjad'
GVjad bZcX^dcV Yd^h Y^gZ^idh ZhhZcX^V^h YZ jb Vezhidad
#2'-&/$3
*$ Gg^bZ^gd% d Y^gZ^id YZ XVhVg&hZ Z aZkVg Xdch^\d jbV
ZhedhV4 YZ hZg VXdbeVc]VYd YZ jbV bja]Zg ^gbu cd
b^c^hiwg^d ^i^cZgVciZ% Xdbd [^oZgVb dh YZbV^h Vezhidadh% dh
^gbudh Yd JZc]dg Z :Z[Vh #2'.$'
+$ F hZ\jcYd Y^gZ^id fjZ ZaZ i^c]V Xdbd Vezhidad ZgV d
Y^gZ^id YZ cud iZg YZ igVWVa]Vg hZXjaVgbZciZ ZcfjVcid Zhí
i^kZhhZ igVWVa]VcYd cV dWgV Yd b^c^hiwg^d' 8iZciZbdh eVgV
d hZj Vg\jbZcid3 à8 b^c]V YZ[ZhV eZgVciZ dh fjZ bZ ^cí
iZgeZaVb w ZhiV3 cVd iZbdh czh d Y^gZ^id YZ XdbZg Z WZWZg6
Q'''R Fj hdbZciZ Zj Z 9VgcVWw cud iZbdh Y^gZ^id YZ YZ^mVg
YZ igVWVa]Vg6â #2',%-%/$' 8hh^b% jb Vezhidad i^c]V Yd^h Y^í
gZ^idh3 F Y^gZ^id YZ XVhVg&hZ Z d Y^gZ^id YZ hZg hjhiZciVYd
eZaV ^\gZ_V' GVjad% edgwb% VWg^j bud YZhhZh Yd^h Y^gZ^idh'
<aZ cud hZ XVhdj cZb [d^ hjhiZciVYd eZaV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid%
VciZh igVWVa]dj Xdb Vh egzeg^Vh budh eVgV d hZj hjhiZcid
eZhhdVa' DVh GVjad YZ^mdj XaVgd d hZj Y^gZ^id3 àJZ djigdh
eVgi^X^eVb YZhhZ Y^gZ^id hdWgZ kzh% cud d iZbdh czh Zb
bV^dg bZY^YV6 <cigZiVcid% cud jhVbdh YZhhZ Y^gZ^id4 VciZh%
hjedgiVbdh ijYd% eVgV cud Xg^Vgbdh fjVafjZg dWhirXjad Vd
ZkVc\Za]d YZ :g^hidâ #2'*+$'
?Vk^V dWgZ^gdh fjZ ZhiVkVb hZcYd hjhiZciVYdh eZaV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% ZcfjVcid GVjad egZX^hdj igVWVa]Vg eVgV d
egzeg^d hjhiZcid' GVjad cud Wg^\VkV edg hVarg^d' <aZ ZhXgZkZj3
àQ'''R Zj% edgwb% cud bZ iZc]d hZgk^Yd YZ cZc]jbV YZhiVh
Xd^hVh Z cud ZhXgZkd ^hid eVgV fjZ Vhh^b hZ [VvV Xdb^\d'''â
#2'*.$' <b djigVh eVaVkgVh% GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd3 à<j cud
jhZ^ d Y^gZ^id YZ hZg hjhiZciVYd cZb Zhidj ZhXgZkZcYd ZhiV
XVgiV eVgV fjZ kdXxh bZ hjhiZciZbâ' GVgV VggZbViVg d hZj
Vg\jbZcid% GVjad jhV jbV ZmegZhhud ZmigZbVbZciZ [dgiZ3
àQ'''R edgfjZ bZa]dg bZ [dgV bdggZg% VciZh fjZ Va\jwb bZ
VcjaZ ZhiV \azg^Vâ #2'*.W$' GVjad cud hz igVWVa]dj eVgV hZj
hjhiZcid Zb :dg^cid% bVh iVbWwb Zb KZhhVa|c^XV #aKh
+'2$3 àGdgfjZ% kdh gZXdgYV^h% ^gbudh% Yd cdhhd aVWdg Z [VY^\V4
Z YZ Xdbd% cd^iZ Z Y^V aVWjiVcYd eVgV cud k^kZgbdh s XjhiV
YZ cZc]jb YZ kzh% kdh egdXaVbVbdh d ZkVc\Za]d YZ ;;Zjhâ
#aKh +'2$' <gV Y^gZ^id hZj hZg hjhiZciVYd eZaVh ^\gZ_Vh% bVh%
GVjad igVWVa]dj iVbWwb Zb <[Zhd ZcfjVcid eVhidgZdj
VfjZaV ^\gZ_V igxh Vcdh' MZ_Vbdh hZj iZhiZbjc]d3 à;;Z
c^c\jwb XdW^XZ^ egViV% cZb djgd% cZb kZhiZh4 kzh bZhbdh
hVWZ^h fjZ ZhiVh budh hZgk^gVb eVgV d fjZ bZ ZgV cZXZhhrg^d
V b^b Z Vdh fjZ ZhiVkVb Xdb^\dâ #8i +)',,%,-$'
;;^gZ^idh% Y^gZ^idh% Y^gZ^idh GVjad i^c]V bj^idh Y^gZ^idh%
bVh cVd gZXaVbVkV ZhhZh Y^gZ^idh' GVjad gZcjcX^dj kdajciVí
g^VbZciZ Vdh Y^gZ^idh fjZ i^c]V YZ hZg hjhiZciVYd eZaV ^\gZ_V
edg jbV XVjhV bV^dg' HjZ XVjhV bV^dg ZgV ZhhV6 <hhV XVjhV
Zhir bj^id XaVgVbZciZ YZa^cZVYV cdh kZghyXjadh *+% *2 Z ++'
<aZ Vg\jbZciV3 àJZ djigdh eVgi^X^eVb YZhhZ Y^gZ^id hdWgZ
kzh% cud d iZbdh czh Zb bV^dg bZY^YV6 <cigZiVcid% cud
jhVbdh YZhhZ Y^gZ^iF_ VciZh hjedgiVbdh ijYd eVgV cud Xg^Vgí
bdh fjVafjZg dWhirXjad Vd ZkVc\Za]d YZ :g^hidâ #2'*+$'
8 eVaVkgV àdWhirXjadâ w jbV [ZcYV cd hdad% jb dWhirXjad
cd XVb^c]d' GVjad cud fjZg Xg^Vg ^beZY^bZcid eVgVdVkVcvd
Yd ZkVc\Za]d' <b hZ\j^YV ZaZ V[^gbV3 àGdgfjZ% hZcYd a^kgZ
YZ idYdh% [^o&bZ ZhXgVkd YZ idYdh% V [^b YZ \Vc]Vg d bV^dg
c~bZgd edhhykZaâ #2'*2$' JZjh dW_Zi^kdh ZgVb XaVgdh3 cud
Xg^Vg dWhirXjad eVgV d ZkVc\Za]d Z \Vc]Vg d bV^dg c~bZgd
edhhykZa YZ eZhhdVh eVgV :g^hid' GVjad XdcXaj^ hZj Vg\jbZcid
Y^oZcYd3 à=^o&bZ [gVXd eVgV Xdb dh [gVXdh% Xdb d [^b YZ
\Vc]Vg dh [gVXdh' =^o&bZ ijYd eVgV Xdb idYdh% Xdb d [^b
YZ% edg idYdh dh bdYdh% hVakVg Va\jchâ #2'++$' F egdezh^id
YZaZ Zb VWg^g bud Ydh hZjh Y^gZ^idh% ^cXajh^kZ d Y^gZ^id YZ hZg
hjhiZciVYd eZaV ^\gZ_V ZgV V hVakVvud Ydh eZgY^Ydh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H L_WLYPjUJPH O\THUH #2'0$' F
hZ\jcYd Vg\jbZcid fjZ GVjad jhV w d hZ\j^ciZ3 àHjZb
_VbV^h kV^ s \jZggV s hjV egzeg^V XjhiV6 HjZb eaVciV jbV
k^c]V Z cud XdbZ Yd hZj [gjid6 Fj fjZb VeVhXZciV jb
gZWVc]d Z cud hZ Va^bZciV Yd aZ^iZ Yd gZWVc]d6â #2'0$'
GVjad ji^a^oV igxh bZir[dgVh Xdbjch eVgV YZhXgZkZg jb
b^c^higd Xg^hiud' F b^c^higd w jb hdaYVYd% jb V\g^Xjaidg
Z jb eVhidg' < ZaZ Y^o d hZ\j^ciZ3 HjZ hdaYVYd kV^ s \jZggV
sh egzeg^Vh XjhiVh6 HjVa w d V\g^Xjaidg fjZ Xda]Z d [gjid YV
aVkdjgV Z cVd iZb d Y^gZ^id YZ XdbZg YZhhZ [gjid6 HjVa w d
eVhidg fjZ Xj^YV Yd gZWVc]d Z cud hZ Va^bZciV Yd aZ^iZ Yd
gZWVc]d6
GVjad jhV V a^c\jV\Zb YV ZmeZg^xcX^V ]jbVcV cZhhVh
igxh [^\jgVh eVgV Y^oZg fjZ ZaZ i^c]V d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg d
hjhiZcid YV ^\gZ_V' <aZ ji^a^oV iVbWwb igxh [^\jgVh eVgV V
^\gZ_V' 8 ^\gZ_V w Xdbd jb ZmwgX^id% jb XVbed Z jb gZí
WVc]d' 8 a^vud ZgV XaVgV3 F b^c^higd Xg^hiud iZb d Y^gZ^id
YZ ZheZgVg dh WZcZ[yX^dh Yd hZj aVWdg' JZ ^hhd w kZgYVYZ cd
tbW^id hZXjaVg% fjVcid bV^h cd tbW^id Zhe^g^ijVa
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H SLP KV 4U[PNV ELZ[HTLU[V #2'1&*+$' F
iZgXZ^gd Vg\jbZcid fjZ GVjad jhV eVgV gZV[^gbVg d Y^gZ^id
YZ gZXZWZg hjhiZcid YV ^\gZ_V w V aZ^ Yd 8ci^\d KZhiVbZcid'
8iZciZbdh bV^h jbV kZo Vd fjZ d Vezhidad ZhXgZkZ3
DadhW`fgdS$ XS^a [efa Ua_a Za_W_ ag `qa a V[l fS_Ts_ S ^W[4 DadcgW
`S ^W[ VW Aa[ese Wefn WeUd[fa2 Bqa SfSdne S TaUS Sa Ta[$ cgS`Va b[eS a
fd[Ya& 5USea$ s Ua_ Ta[e cgW 8Wge eW bdWaUgbS4 Cg s$ eWYgdS_W`fW$
bad `ve cgW W^W a V[l4 7Wdfa cgW s bad `ve cgW Wefn WeUd[fa3 ba[e a
cgW ^ShdS Ug_bdW XSlt%^a Ua_ WebWdS`rS3 a cgW b[eS a fd[Ya XSrS%a `S
WebWdS`rS VW dWUWTWd S bSdfW cgW ^ZW s VWh[VS& GW `ve hae eW_WS_ae
Se Ua[eSe Web[d[fgS[e$ eWdn _g[fa dWUa^ZWd_ae VW hve TW`e _SfWd[S[e4 GW
agfdae bSdf[U[bS_ VWeeW V[dW[fa eaTdW ]lZ$ `qa a [LT V Z U l Z LT _S[ad
_WV[VS4 !1&0%)*"&

<gV bj^id Xdbjb jhVg d Wd^ eVgV YZWja]Vg d ig^\d' <


;;Zjh egdkZj bZ^dh cV JjV GVaVkgV eVgV Xj^YVg Viw Ydh Vc^í
bV^h' JZ d Vc^bVa YZkZ XdbZg YZed^h YZ igVWVa]Vg% fjVcid
bV^h dh hZjh dWgZ^gdh :dbd ;;Zjh w bVgVk^a]dhd 8iw Ydh
Vc^bV^h <aZ iZb Xj^YVYd' ;;Zjh ^beZY^j fjZ hZ ViVhhZ V
WdXV Yd Wd^ cV ]dgV fjZ ZhiVkV igVWVa]VcYd' GVjad eZ\V
ZhhZ eg^cXye^d Z Vea^XV&d Vd hjhiZcid eVhidgVa' GVjad Y^o3
JZgr fjZ w Xdb Wd^h fjZ ;;Zjh Zhir egZdXjeVYd6
F eg^cXye^d Zhir cV GVaVkgV cVd edg XVjhV YZ Wd^h% bVh
edg XVjhV YZ hZjh hZgkdh' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d dWgZ^gd
fjZ igVWVa]V cV dWgV YZ ;;Zjh iZb d Y^gZ^id YZ ZhiVg hZcYd
hjhiZciVYd eZaV dWgV' :dggdWdgVcYd Xdb ZhhZ Vg\jbZcid%
GVjad V^cYV ZhXgZkZ3 à;;ZkZb hZg Xdch^YZgVYdh bZgZXZYdgZh
YZ YdWgVYdh ]dcdgrg^dh dh egZhWyiZgdh fjZ egZh^YZb WZb%
Xdb ZheZX^Va^YVYZ dh fjZ hZ V[VY^\Vb cV eVaVkgV Z cd Zch^cd'
Gd^h V <hXg^ijgV YZXaVgV3 Eud VbdgYVXZh d Wd^% fjVcYd
e^hV d \gud' < V^cYV3 F igVWVa]VYdg w Y^\cd Yd hZj hVarg^dâ
#aKb .'*0%*1$' 8 az\^XV Yd Vezhidad w V hZ\j^ciZ3 àJZ czh
pkdh hZbZVbdh Vh Xd^hVh Zhe^g^ijV^h% hZgr bj^id gZXda]Zgbdh
YZ kzh WZch bViZg^V^h6â #2'**$'
@hhd edYZ hZg ^ajhigVYd Xdb V ZmeZg^xcX^V Yd edkd _jYZj'
8hh^b Xdbd dh _jYZjh hZbZVgVb Wxcvudh Zhe^g^ijV^h cV k^YV
Ydh \Zci^dh% dh \Zci^dh% V\dgV% YZkZg^Vb gZig^Wj^g Vdh _jYZjh
Vh Wxcvudh bViZg^V^h' FWhZgkZ bV^h jbV kZo Vh eVaVkgVh Yd
Vezhidad GVjad3 àGdgfjZ VegdjkZ s DVXZY|c^V Z V 8XV^V
aZkVciVg jbV XdaZiV Zb WZcZ[yX^d Ydh edWgZh YZcigZ dh
hVcidh fjZ k^kZb Zb AZgjhVawb' @hid a]Zh eVgZXZj WZb% Z
bZhbd a]Zh hud YZkZYdgZh4 edgfjZ% hZ dh \Zci^dh ixb h^Yd
eVgi^X^eVciZh Ydh kVadgZh Zhe^g^ijV^h Ydh _jYZjh% YZkZb
iVbWwb hZgk^&adh Xdb WZch bViZg^V^hâ #Ib *.'+/%+0$' <hhZ
w d eg^cXye^d fjZ GVjad Zhir igVWVa]VcYd Z ZaZ d gZeZiZ cV
XVgiV Vdh >raViVh3 àDVh VfjZaZ fjZ Zhir hZcYd ^chigjyYd cV
eVaVkgV [VvV eVgi^X^eVciZ YZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh WdVh VfjZaZ fjZ
d ^chigj^â #>* /'/$'
GVjad gZXZWZj hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd YZ djigVh ^\gZ_Vh eVgV
edYZg hZgk^g V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid #=e -'*.%*/4 +:d **'1%24
*+'**&*,$' EV egzeg^V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% djigdh dWgZ^gdh
gZXZWZgVb hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd #2'*+$% bVh GVjad VWg^j bud
YZhhZ Y^gZ^id eVgV cud Xg^Vg dWhirXjad Vd ZkVc\Za]d #2'*+4
+Kh ,'/&2$'
8 a^c\jV\Zb fjZ GVjad jhdj eVgV dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid
[d^ [dgiZ3 à;;Zhed_Z^ djigVh ^\gZ_Vh% gZXZWZcYd hVarg^d% eVgV
kdh edYZg hZgk^g% Z% ZhiVcYd ZcigZ kzh% Vd eVhhVg eg^kVv}Zh%
cVd bZ [^o eZhVYd V c^c\jwb4 ed^h dh ^gbudh% fjVcYd k^ZgVb
YV DVXZY|c^V% hjeg^gVb d fjZ bZ [VaiVkV4 Z% Zb ijYd% bZ
\jVgYZ^ Z bZ \jVgYVgZ^ YZ kdh hZg eZhVYdâ #+:d **'1%2$'
GVjad X]Z\dj V eVhhVg eg^kVv}Zh ZcfjVcid eVhidgZdj V ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid% bVh bZhbd cZhhVh X^gXjchitcX^Vh VYkZghVh% ZaZ
cud Zm^\^j dh hZjh Y^gZ^idh' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cud [d^
^cdXZciVYV eZaV hjV db^hhud% GVjad YZ^mdj ^hhd WZb XaVgd3
HW`Za%_W fad`SVa [`eW`eSfa3 S [efa _W Ua`efdS`YWefWe& 9g VWh[S fWd
e[Va ^aghSVa bad hve3 badcgS`fa W_ `SVS Xg[ [`XWd[ad S WeeWe fS[e
Sbvefa^ae$ S[`VS cgW `SVS eag& Da[e Se UdWVW`U[S[e Va Sbaefa^SVa
XadS_ SbdWeW`fSVSe `a _W[a VW hve$ Ua_ faVS S bWde[eft`U[S$ bad
e[`S[e$ bdaVuY[ae W baVWdWe _[dSUg^aeae& DadcgW$ W_ cgW fW`VWe hve
e[Va [`XWd[adWe oe VW_S[e [YdW\Se$ eW`qa `WefW XSfa VW `qa hae fWd e[Va
bWeSVa4 DWdVaS[%_W WefS [`\gef[rS} !*7a )*&))%)+"&

<b fjVgid aj\Vg% H WYd[PJH KV 4U[PNV ELZ[HTLU[V #2'*,$'


GVjad X^iV djigd ZmZbead eVgV aZ\^i^bVg d hZj Y^gZ^id
YZ gZXZWZg hjhiZcid YV ^\gZ_V' F Vg\jbZcid V\dgV Zhir
[jcYVbZciVYd cV egri^XV Yd 8ci^\d KZhiVbZcid' àEud
hVWZ^h kzh fjZ dh fjZ egZhiVb hZgk^vdh hV\gVYdh Yd egzeg^d
iZbead hZ Va^bZciVb6 < fjZb hZgkZ Vd VaiVg Yd VaiVg i^gV d
hZj hjhiZcid6â #2'*,$'
JZ kdXx aZg ViZciVbZciZ d XVeyijad 2 YZ @:dgyci^dh
eZgXZWZgr fjZ fjVhZ idYd ZaZ Zhir Zb [dgbV YZ eZg\jciVh' <j
^bV\^cd GVjad Xdbd jb dgVYdg cd ig^WjcVa% YZ[ZcYZcYd V
hjV XVjhV' <aZ Zhir [VoZcYd eZg\jciVh gZizg^XVh' <aZ gZXdgYV
d hVXZgYdiZ Z d aZk^iV cd 8ci^\d KZhiVbZcid fjZ Xj^YVkVb
Yd iZbead% Yd b^c^hiwg^d% Z Yd VaiVg' HjVcYd Va\jwb
igVo^V V d[ZgiV% d Yyo^bd Z d hVXg^[yX^d% d aZk^iV Z d hVXZgYdiZ
gZXZW^Vb eVgV d hZj hjhiZcid Vh eg^byX^Vh YZ ijYd Vfj^ad
fjZ ZgV igVo^Yd s XVhV YZ ;;Zjh'
Fh hVXZgYdiZh Z dh aZk^iVh gZXZW^Vb d hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd
Ydh hVXg^[yX^dh Z d[ZgiVh fjZ ZgVb igVo^Ydh Vd iZbead' 8
gZ\jaVbZciVvud fjZ \dkZgcVkV V eVgiZ YZaZh cVh d[ZgiVh Z
cdh Yyo^bdh Zhir Zb E~bZgdh *1'1&,+4 CZkyi^Xd /'*-&0',/4
CZkyi^Xd +0'/&,,' 8 Vea^XVvud [Z^iV eZad Vezhidad GVjad w
XaVgV3 JZ dh b^c^higdh Yd 8ci^\d KZhiVbZcid% fjZ ZhiVkVb
hdW V aZ^% gZXZW^Vb hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd Yd edkd V fjZb
ZaZh b^c^higVkVb% cud YZkZg^Vb dh b^c^higdh YZ ;;Zjh% cd
Edkd KZhiVbZcid% hdW V \gVvV% gZXZWZgZb iVbWwb hjedgiZ
[^cVcXZ^gd6
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% V LUZPUV KL =LZ\Z #2'*-$' F ~ai^bd Vgí
\jbZcid fjZ GVjad jhV w egdkVkZabZciZ d bV^h [dgiZ% ed^h
hZ igViV YZ jbV eVaVkgV Yd egzeg^d JZc]dg AZhjh3 à8hh^b
dgYZcdj iVbWwb d JZc]dg Vdh fjZ egZ\Vb d ZkVc\Za]d%
fjZ k^kVb Yd ZkVc\Za]dâ #2'*-$' KVakZo GVjad ZhiZ_V X^iVcí
Yd d fjZ AZhjh bZcX^dcdj Zb DViZjh *)'*) Z CjXVh *)'0
& àQ'''R Y^\cd w d igVWVa]VYdg Yd hZj hVarg^dâ' GVjad Y^o fjZ
ZhhZ w jb eg^cXye^d [jcYVbZciVa fjZ V ^\gZ_V cud edYZ cZí
\a^\ZcX^Vg' <hhV cud w jbV dgYZb fjVafjZg% bVh jb bVcí
YVbZcid Y^gZid Yd JZc]dg AZhjh' 8fjZaZ fjZ igVWVa]V cd
b^c^hiwg^d YZkZ k^kZg Yd b^c^hiwg^d' 8 dgYZb w gZkZhi^YV
YV bV^h VaiV Vjidg^YVYZ% k^hid fjZ kZ^d YZ :g^hid' ;;ZhhV
bVcZ^gV% GVjad [ZX]V d hZj Vg\jbZcid Y^oZcYd fjZ gZXZWZg
hjhiZcid YV ^\gZ_V ZgV jb Y^gZ^id aZ\yi^bd Z WyWa^Xd fjZ a]Z
eZgiZcX^V Xdbd Vezhidad'

4KE DEFEMDET RET DIQEISN DE QECTRAQ N RTONQSE FIMAMCEIQN


DA IGQEJA .#&*"',
GVjad i^c]V d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd YV
^\gZ_V% bVh hZcYd jb Xg^hiud bVYjgd% YZh^hi^j YZ hZjh
Y^gZ^idh' HjV^h [dgVb dh bdi^kdh aZkVciVYdh edg GVjad fjZ
d aZkVgVb V VWg^g bud Ydh hZjh Y^gZ^idh6 NVggZc N^ZghWZ
cdbZ^V igxh bdi^kdh3 Vbdg Vd ZkVc\Za]d #2'*.&*1$% Vbdg
Vdh eZXVYdgZh #2'*2&+,$ Z Vbdg V h^ bZhbd #2'+-&+0$'*,*
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% LSL YLJ\ZV\ V Z\WVY[L MPUHUJLPYV KH
PNYLQH W V Y HT VY HV L]HUNLSOV #2'*.&*1$' F Vezhidad GVjad
Xdchigz^ hZj Vg\jbZcid Xdb Vh hZ\j^ciZh eVaVkgVh3
N&&&O Wg$ bads_$ `qa _W fW`Za eWdh[Va VW `W`Zg_S VWefSe Ua[eSe W
`qa WeUdWha [efa bSdS cgW See[_ eW XSrS Ua_[Ya3 badcgW _W^Zad _W
XadS _addWd$ S`fWe cgW S^Ygs_ _W S`g^W WefS Y^vd[S& GW S`g`U[a a
WhS`YW^Za$ `qa fW`Za VW cgW _W Y^ad[Sd$ ba[e eaTdW _[_ bWeS WeeS
aTd[YSrqa3 badcgW S[ VW _[_ eW `qa bdWYSd a WhS`YW^Za GW a XSra
VW ^[hdW ha`fSVW$ fW`Za YS^SdVqa3 _Se$ eW Ua`efdS`Y[Va$ s$ W`fqa$ S
dWeba`eST[^[VSVW VW VWebW`eW[da cgW _W Wefn Ua`X[SVS& BWeeW USea$
cgS^ s a _Wg YS^SdVqa4 m cgW$ WhS`YW^[lS`Va$ bdaba`ZS$ VW YdSrS$ a
WhS`YW^Za$ bSdS `qa _W hS^Wd Va V[dW[fa cgW W^W _W Vn} !1&)-%)0"&

GVjad cud YZhZ_V hZg jb dWhirXjad Vd ZkVc\Za]d #2'*+$'


<aZ cud kx d b^c^hiwg^d Xdbd jbV [dciZ YZ ajXgd cZb
d ZkVc\Za]d Xdbd jb egdYjid YZ bZgXVYd' GVjad cud
ZgV jb bZgXVYZ_VYdg Yd ZkVc\Za]d #+:d +'*0$' <aZ cud
hZ hZgk^V Yd ZkVc\Za]d% ZaZ hZgk^V Vd ZkVc\Za]d' <aZ cud
ZhiVkV cd b^c^hiwg^d eVgV adXjeaZiVg&hZ% bVh eVgV \VhiVg&hZ
V [Vkdg YVh VabVh' GVjad cud k^V V ^\gZ_V Xdbd jb WVaXud
YZ cZ\zX^d'
8 ^\gZ_V cud ZgV eVgV d kZiZgVcd Vezhidad jbV ZbegZhV
[Vb^a^Vg' GVjad cud ZgV d Ydcd YV ^\gZ_V' ?r ayYZgZh% VijVaí
bZciZ% fjZ [VoZb YV ^\gZ_V jbV ZbegZhV eVgi^XjaVg% dcYZ d
ZkVc\Za]d w jb egdYjid% d e~ae^id w jb WVaXud% d iZbead
jbV egVvV YZ cZ\zX^dh Z dh XgZciZh Xdchjb^YdgZh' ?r eVhí
idgZh fjZ ZbWdahVb idYd d Y^c]Z^gd VggZXVYVYd cV ^\gZ_V
eVgV [^ch eZhhdV^h Z hZ idgcVb \gVcYZh ZbegZZcYZYdgZh%
VXjbjaVcYd [dgijcVh Z k^kZcYd cd [Vjhid' ?r bj^idh egZí
\VYdgZh ^cZhXgjejadhdh fjZ Zcg^fjZXZb Zb cdbZ Yd ZkVcí
\Za]d' GVjad i^c]V jb XdbedgiVbZcid Y^[ZgZciZ' <aZ hZ
gZXjhdj V VXZ^iVg Y^c]Z^gd YVfjZaZh eVgV fjZb ZaZ b^c^hí
igVkV' <aZ fjZg^V fjZ d ZkVc\Za]d Zhi^kZhhZ a^kgZ YZ fjVafjZg
dWhirXjad eVgV VkVcvVg'
GVjad cud ZhXgZkZ ZhhV XVgiV eVgV eZY^g hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd
s ^\gZ_V #2'*.$' <aZ X]Z\V V Y^oZg fjZ egZ[Zg^V bdggZg V iZg
YZ [VoZg ^hhd' 8 gZXdbeZchV YZ GVjad cud ZgV [^cVcXZ^gV'
JjV VaZ\g^V ZgV egZ\Vg d ZkVc\Za]d' <aZ Y^o3 àQ'''R ed^h hdWgZ
b^b eZhV ZhhV dWg^\Vvud4 edgfjZ V^ YZ b^b hZ cud egZ\Vg
d ZkVc\Za]d â #2'*/$'
q aVbZcirkZa fjZ ]V_V ]d_Z iVciVh ^\gZ_Vh fjZ eVgZXZb
bV^h jbV ZbegZhV [^cVcXZ^gV Yd fjZ jbV V\xcX^V Yd
IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh4 fjZ ]V_V iVcidh eVhidgZh Xdb bdi^kVv}Zh
Yjk^YdhVh cd b^c^hiwg^d4 fjZ ]V_V iVciVh eZhhdVh Zc\VcVYVh%
VWVhiZXZcYd V \VctcX^V ^chVX^rkZa YZ ayYZgZh VkVgZcidh Z
^cZhXgjejadhdh' < ig^hiZ kZg fjZ Vh ^cYja\xcX^Vh YV @YVYZ
DwY^V ZhiZ_Vb gZhhjg\^cYd Xdb gdjeV\Zch cdkVh YZcigd
YZ Va\jbVh ^\gZ_Vh X]VbVYVh ZkVc\wa^XVh' 8 hVakVvud Zhir
hZcYd kZcY^YV Z XdbZgX^Va^oVYV' 8 gZa^\^ud Zhir hZcYd jhVYV
Xdbd jb ^chigjbZcid YZ ZmeadgVvud Ydh ^cXVjidh Z eVgV d
Zcg^fjZX^bZcid Ydh ^cZhXgjejadhdh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV YLJ\ZV\ V Z\WVY[L MPUHUJLPYV
KH PNYLQH W VY HTVY HVZ WLJHKVYLZ #2'*2&+,$' GVjad Yr d hZj
iZhiZbjc]d3
DadcgW$ eW`Va ^[hdW VW faVae$ X[l%_W WeUdSha VW faVae$ S X[_ VW YS`ZSd
a _S[ad `y_Wda baeeuhW^ N&&&O& 5ae eW_ ^W[$ Ua_a eW Wg _We_a a XaeeW$
`qa WefS`Va eW_ ^W[ bSdS Ua_ 8Wge$ _Se VWTS[ja VS ^W[ VW 7d[efa$
bSdS YS`ZSd ae cgW h[hW_ XadS Va dWY[_W VS ^W[& :[l%_W XdSUa bSdS
Ua_ ae XdSUae$ Ua_ a X[_ VW YS`ZSd ae XdSUae& :[l%_W fgVa bSdS Ua_
faVae$ Ua_ a X[_ VW$ bad faVae ae _aVae$ eS^hSd S^Yg`e& HgVa XSra
bad USgeS Va WhS`YW^Za$ Ua_ a X[_ VW _W fad`Sd UaabWdSVad Ua_ W^W
.#&.!'&"'(  #

GVjad cVd ZhiVkV egZhd edg c^c\jwb% bVh% kdajciVg^Ví


bZciZ ZaZ hZ [Zo ZhXgVkd YZ idYdh' :db fjZ egdezh^id6 8
[^b YZ \Vc]Vg d bV^dg c~bZgd edhhykZa' C^kgZ YZ idYdh dh
]dbZch Z V^cYV hZgkd YZ idYdh dh ]dbZch #2'*2$' GdgfjZ
GVjad ZgV a^kgZ% ZaZ ZhiVkV XVeVX^iVYd V hZgk^g Vdh djigdh Z
gZcjcX^Vg Vdh egzeg^dh Y^gZ^idh edg Vbdg V ZaZh'
Dj^idh Xgyi^Xdh _ja\Vb Zfj^kdXVYVbZciZ V Vi^ijYZ YZ
GVjad% eZchVcYd fjZ ZaZ Zhi^kZhhZ egdXZYZcYd ^\jVa V jb
XVbVaZud% bjYVcYd hjVh Vi^ijYZh Z bZchV\Zb V XVYV cdkV
h^ijVvud' Eud w ^hhd d fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd' GVjad cud
Zhir [VaVcYd YZ k^YV YjeaV' F fjZ ZaZ Zhir YZ[ZcYZcYd w
jbV bVaZVW^a^YVYZ% jbV [aZm^W^a^YVYZ% Z jbV VYVeiVW^a^YVí
YZ bZidYdaz\^XV eVgV VegZhZciVg d ZkVc\Za]d Zb Y^kZghdh
XdciZmidh' N^aa^Vb 9VgXaVn% XdggdWdgVcYd Xdb ZhhV ^Yw^V%
Y^o fjZ GVjad cud ZhiVkV VYdiVcYd jbV eZghdcVa^YVYZ ]^í
ezXg^iV YZ YjVh XVgVh% hZcYd jbV Xd^hV eVgV jch Z djigV
eVgV djigdh'*,+
GVjad cud Vez^V V ^Yw^V YZ V_jhiVg V bZchV\Zb eVgV
V\gVYVg Vd VjY^izg^d' GVjad ZgV jb ZbWV^mVYdg Z cud jb
edayi^Xd edeja^hiV' <aZ% edgwb% Zch^cVkV fjZ egZX^hVbdh
hZg hZchykZ^h s XjaijgV YVh eZhhdVh V fjZb egZ\Vbdh V [^b
YZ cud Xg^Vgbdh dWhirXjad Vd egd\gZhhd Yd ZkVc\Za]d' ?r
Yd^h eZg^\dh fjVcid s ZkVc\Za^oVvud3 d eg^bZ^gd w bjYVg V
bZchV\Zb% d hZ\jcYd w Zc\ZhhVg dh bwidYdh'
GVjad kVg^dj hZjh bwidYdh eVgV VaXVcvVg dh bZa]dgZh gZhjaí
iVYdh' HjVcYd ZaZ egZ\VkV eVgV dh _jYZjh% cdgbVabZciZ%
XdbZvVkV d hZj hZgbud Xdb dh eVig^VgXVh% k^cXjaVcYd Vh
WdVh&cdkVh Yd ZkVc\Za]d Xdb V ]^hizg^V Yd edkd _jYZj'
Gdgwb% fjVcYd GVjad egZ\VkV Vdh \Zci^dh% ZaZ i^c]V djigV
VWdgYV\Zb' HjVcYd ZaZ ZhiVkV cd 8gZzeV\d% [VaVcYd eVgV
dh \gZ\dh% ZaZ XdbZvdj Xdb d ;;Zjh YV Xg^Vvud' @hhd w hZg
hZchykZa Z jhVg hVWZYdg^V' <aZ cVd VYjaiZgdj d XdciZ~Yd Yd
ZkVc\Za]d% bVh VegZhZcidj&d YZ [dgbV VYZfjVYV Vdh hZjh
djk^ciZh' F egZ\VYdg egZX^hV Xdc]ZXZg d iZmid Z d XdciZmid'
GgZX^hV Xdc]ZXZg V GVaVkgV Z Vh eZhhdVh eVgV fjZb egZ\V'
AZhjh iVbWwb VYdidj jb bwidYd [aZmykZa Zb JjVh VWdgí
YV\Zch' GVgV E^XdYZbdh% jb Ydjidg YV aZ^% AZhjh Y^hhZ3 MdXx
egZX^hV cVhXZg YZ cdkd' GVgV V bja]Zg hVbVg^iVcV% egdhXg^iV
YV hdX^ZYVYZ Z fjZ hZ hZci^V ZhXdggVvVYV% AZhjh eZYZ jb [Ví
kdg3 ;;r&bZ YZ WZWZg' GVgV PVfjZj% jb ejWa^XVcd dY^VYd%
AZhjh Y^hhZ3 <j fjZgd ^g s hjV XVhV ]d_Z' GVgV jb eVgVayi^Xd
YZhVc^bVYd% AZhjh eZg\jcidj3 MdXx fjZg hZg XjgVYd6 AZhjh i^í
c]V Y^[ZgZciZh VWdgYV\Zch eVgV eZhhdVh Y^[ZgZciZh' <aZ cjcXV
bjYdj V bZchV\Zb% bVh hZbegZ kVg^dj dh bwidYdh'
F \gVcYZ egdezh^id YV [aZm^W^a^YVYZ bZidYdaz\^XV YZ
GVjad ZgV V hVakVvud Ydh _jYZjh% Ydh \Zci^dh Z Yd bV^dg
c~bZgd YZ eZhhdVh #2'*2&+,$' LbV VWdgYV\Zb [aZmykZa
Xdchigz^ edciZh Zb kZo YZ Zg\jZg bjgdh' 8 hZch^W^a^YVYZ
XjaijgVa VWgZ XVb^c]d eVgV V ZkVc\Za^oVvVd Z[^XVo'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV YLJ\ZV\ V Z\WVY[L MPUHUJLPYV KH
PNYLQH W V Y HTVY H ZP TLZTV #2'+-&+0$' MZ_Vbdh hjVh eVaVkgVh3
Bqa# eSTW[e hve cgW ae cgW UaddW_ `a WefnV[a$ faVae$ `S hWdVSVW$
UaddW_$ _Se g_ ev ^WhS a bdt_[a4 7addW[ VW fS^ _S`W[dS cgW a
S^US`UW[e& HaVa Sf^WfS W_ fgVa eW Va_[`S3 ScgW^We$ bSdS S^US`rSd g_S
UadaS UaddgbfuhW^3 `ve$ bads_$ S [`UaddgbfuhW^& 5ee[_ Uadda fS_Ts_
Wg$ `qa eW_ _WfS3 See[_ ^gfa$ `qa Ua_a VWeXWd[`Va Ya^bWe `a Sd& ASe
We_gdda a _Wg Uadba W a dWVgla o WeUdSh[Vqa$ bSdS cgW$ fW`Va bdWYSVa
S agfdae$ `qa hW`ZS Wg _We_a S eWd VWecgS^[X[USVa .#')"',  #

Gdg fjZ GVjad jhV ZhhV [^\jgV6 8 X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid ZgV


jbV YVh X^YVYZh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh Yd bjcYd Vci^\d cV
rgZV Ydh ZhedgiZh' 8[dgV dh _d\dhSdaybe^Xdh YZ 8iZcVh%
dh _d\dh yhib^Xdh ZgVb dh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh Yd eaVcZiV
cVfjZaV wedXV' GVjad jhV% V\dgV% V [^\jgV Yd ViaZiV' <aZ hZ &
XdbeVgV V jb XdggZYdg Z V jb ajiVYdg' GVjad Y^o fjZ d
Vakd Yd ViaZiV w kZcXZg' F b^c^higd w jb ViaZiV% Xj_d Vakd
w kZcXZg
GVjad Zch^cV fjVigd a^v}Zh egri^XVh'*,,
V$ 8 k^YV Xg^hiu w jb XVbed YZ WViVa]V Z cud jbV Xda|c^V
YZ [wg^Vh' < jbV ajiV gZc]^YV Z hZb igw\jV' MdXx ZcigV cZhhV
ajiV Xdbd jb WdmZVYdg% Xdbd Va\jwb fjZ kV^ igVkVg jbV
WViVa]V YZ k^YV dj bdgiZ' 8 eVaVkgV àajiVâ% cd \gZ\d% igVo
V ^Yw^V YZ V\dc^V' KgViV&hZ YZ jbV ajiV V\|c^XV' Lb ViaZiV
bVa igZ^cVYd cud edYZ \Vc]Vg V Xdgg^YV cZb V ajiV'
W$ 8 k^izg^V cV ajiV Zm^\Z \gVcYZ Y^hX^ea^cV' Lb ViaZiV
hZb Y^hX^ea^cV _VbV^h hZgr jb kZcXZYdg' F fjZ w Y^hX^ea^cV6
Lb ViaZiV% edg ZmZbead% VWY^XV YZ Xd^hVh WdVh edg XVjhV
YVh Xd^hVh bZa]dgZh' ;;Z fjZ bVcZ^gV6 <aZ iZb YZ Xj^YVg YV
hjV Y^ZiV
HjVcYd Va\jwb X]Z\V eVgV jb ViaZiV Xdb Va\jbVh \jí
adhZ^bVh4 edg Vbdg Vd hZj egdezh^id YZ kZcXZg% hZ Y^he}Z V
VWg^g bud YZhhVh ^\jVg^Vh' <hhVh Xd^hVh edYZb hZg WdVh% bVh
^ciZg[ZgZb cd hZj Vakd bV^dg' 8hh^b% ZhhVh Xd^hVh hZ idgcVb
^beZY^bZcid eVgV d Xjbeg^bZcid YZ hZj Vakd' <ciud% ZaZ
VWgZ bud YZ jb Y^gZ^id fjZ iZb% YZ jbV Xd^hV WdV Zb h^
bZhbV% edg Va\d bZa]dg' Lb ViaZiV ^cY^hX^ea^cVYd w YZhí
XaVhh^[^XVYd Z hZ idgcV ^cVeid eVgV V ajiV'
F ViaZiV% iVbWwb% egZX^hV XdggZg YZ VXdgYd Xdb Vh
cdgbVh' Eud VY^VciV kZcXZg% w egZX^hd [Vox&ad YZ VXdgYd
Xdb dh eg^cXye^dh ZhiVWZaZX^Ydh' ;;Zjh gZfjZg Yd ViaZiV cud
VeZcVh YZhZbeZc]d% bVh iVbWwb% [^YZa^YVYZ' Jz d ViaZiV
fjZ XdggZ Z ajiV hZ\jcYd Vh cdgbVh edYZ iZg jbV k^izg^V
aZ\yi^bV Z hZg XdgdVYd'
& X$ F ViaZiV egZX^hV hZ XdcXZcigVg cV hjV bZiV' Lb
XdggZYdg cud [^XV da]VcYd eVgV igrh dj eVgV dh aVYdh%
_d\VcYd WZ^_dh eVgV V idgX^YV fjZ Zhir cVh Vgfj^WVcXVYVh'
<aZ b^gV d Vakd Z XdggZ cV Y^gZvud Yd Vakd' <aZ cud edYZ
YZeZcYZg Yd VeaVjhd Yd e~Wa^Xd cZb hZ ^ci^b^YVg Xdb
kV^Vh' <aZ egZX^hV [^mVg&hZ dWhZhh^kVbZciZ cd Vakd Z VkVcvVg
Xdb YZiZgb^cVvud'
GVjad Y^o fjZ czh ZhiVbdh cjbV e^hiV YZ Xdgg^YV Z cud
edYZbdh cdh Y^higV^g edg cZc]jbV Xd^hV' < fjVa w V cdhhV
bZiV6 >adg^[^XVg V ;;Zjh VigVkwh YZ \Vc]Vg d brm^bd YZ
eZhhdVh eVgV d ZkVc\Za]d GVjad Y^o3 <j [Vvd ijYd eVgV
\Vc]Vg d brm^bd YZ eZhhdVh eVgV AZhjh' <j VWgd bud Ydh
bZjh Y^gZ^idh fjVcYd hZ igViV YZ egdbdkZg d ZkVc\Za]d'
Y$ Jz edYZbdh \Vc]Vg djigdh hZ Ydb^cVgbdh V czh bZh
bdh' GVjad Y^o3 àDVh Zhbjggd d bZj Xdgedâ #2'+0$' GVjad
igViVkV d hZj Xdged Xdb hZkZg^YVYZ% eVgV cud hZg YZhfjVa^í
[^XVYd' GVjad cud Zhir [VaVcYd YZ eZgYZg V hVakVvud% bVh YZ
eZgYZg d egxb^d4 Zhir [VaVcYd cV edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ hZ X]Z\Vg
Vd [^cVa YV Xdgg^YV Z cud V\gVYVg Vd hZj JZc]dg'*,- 8\dí
gV% hZ jb ViaZiV igZ^cV Z XdggZ s ZmVjhiud eVgV gZXZWZg jbV
bZYVa]V eZgZXykZa% fjVcid bV^h czh YZkZgyVbdh ZmZgX^iVg V
Y^hX^ea^cV eVgV gZXZWZgbdh V XdgdV ^cXdggjeiykZa'
GVgV VaXVcvVgbdh d Vakd YZ \adg^[^XVg V ;;Zjh% aZkVcYd
Vdh ewh YZ AZhjh d bV^dg c~bZgd YZ eZhhdVh% kVaZ V eZcV
idYd Zh[dgvd Z Y^hX^ea^cV' GgZX^hVbdh hVXg^[^XVg \Vc]dh ^bZí
Y^Vidh edg gZXdbeZchVh ZiZgcVh4 egVoZgZh ^bZY^Vidh edg VaZí
\g^Vh ZiZgcVh'
<c[^b% d Vezhidad GVjad Y^o d hZ\j^ciZ3 DZjh ^gbudh%
Zj Zhidj VWg^cYd bud Ydh bZjh Y^gZ^idh edg Vbdg V b^b
bZhbd' <j cud fjZgd hZg YZhfjVa^[^XVYd' :dbd w ig^hiZ kZg
iVciVh eZhhdVh YZhfjVa^[^XVYVh cd bZ^d YV Xdgg^YV% cd bZ^d
Yd b^c^hiwg^d'
F fjZ w a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu6 8 a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu hZ bVc^[ZhiV
YZ [dgbV bVYjgV fjVcYd kdXx iZb Y^gZ^idh aZ\yi^bdh%
bVh% edg Vbdg Vdh djigdh% VWgZ bud YZhhZh Y^gZ^idh' Ed
Y^X^dcrg^d Yd Xg^hiud% d V\[YV kZb cV [gZciZ Yd L\& EV wi^XV
Xg^hiu% d Vbdg egZkVaZXZ hdWgZ d egzeg^d Xdc]ZX^bZcid'
GVjad Zch^cV Z GVjad YZbdchigV4 Z YZbdchigV Xdb V
egzeg^V k^YV'

?K

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ .

&'-­ GUQ^_NQ! G M^^QZ K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& *# '%%+/


\# ,-­(#
*+2 K [W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& *# *((.2
\# ,-­(",-­-­#
*,) K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& *# '%%+/
\# ,-­(!,-­)#
*,* K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& J a ^& *# '%%+/
\# ,-­*",-­-­#
)+* 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYPU[PVZ& &.,(/ \# .*#
)++ 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYPU[PVZ& &.,(/ \# .,!.-­#
*,- A a d d [ e $ @ W a ` & <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& &.-­(/ \# &&'#
E ZXU XÂIPU KH
RPILWKHKL JWPXYÄ
&4[ &%#&"((  

F M \ n _ ` [ X [ A M a X [ \ ^ [ _ _ Q S a Q C hZj
Zch^cVbZcid% XdcXaj^cYd ZhhV hZvud
hdWgZ a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' Ed XVeyijad 1%
ZaZ Zc[Vi^odj fjZ egZX^hVbdh WVaVcXZVg
d Xdc]ZX^bZcid Xdb d Vbdg% jbV kZo
fjZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid ZchdWZgWZXZ% bVh d
Vbdg ZY^[^XV' Ed XVeyijad 2% d Vezhidad
ZmZbea^[^XV V fjZhiud YV a^WZgYVYZ Xdb
V egzeg^V k^YV% ZkdXVcYd d iZbV Yd
hjhiZcid eVhidgVa% gZkZaVcYd fjZ ZbWdgV
[dhhZ jb Y^gZ^id hZj gZXZWZg hVarg^d YV
^\gZ_V% kdajciVg^VbZciZ VWg^j bud edg
gVo}Zh bV^h cdWgZh3 Vbdg Vd ZkVc\Za]d%
Vdh eZXVYdgZh Z V h^ bZhbd'
Ed XVeyijad *)% XdcXaj^cYd ZhhV
hZvud% GVjad Yr jb ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd'
<aZ VegZhZcidj jb ZmZbead edh^i^kd cd
XVeyijad 2% d ZmZbead YV egzeg^V k^YV' 8\dgV% cd XVeyijad
*)% ZaZ Yr jb ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd% d ZmZbead Yd edkd YZ
@hgVZa' JZ\jcYd NVggZc N^ZghWZ% GVjad cdh Zch^cV YjVh
\gVcYZh a^v}Zh cZhhZ XVeyijad3 cdhhV ZmeZg^xcX^V gZa^\^dhV
YZkZ hZg WVaVcXZVYV Xdb V egZXVjvud% Xj^YVYd Z k^\^atcX^V
Z iVbWwb YZkZ hZg WVaVcXZVYV Xdb V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ
Xg^hiu'*,.

1 EVOEQI^MCIA DEUE REQ BAKAMCEADA CNL A OQECAT\[N


&%# &"''
KVakZo V [gVhZ XZcigVa Yd XVeyijad *)% hZ_V d kZghyXjad *+3
à8fjZaZ% ed^h% fjZ eZchV ZhiVg Zb ew kZ_V fjZ cud XV^Vâ'
KVakZo d \gVcYZ dg\ja]d Yd edkd YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid w
fjZ ZhhV ^\gZ_V hZ \adg^VkV Yd hZj ZaZkVYd \gVj YZ Zhe^g^ijVí
a^YVYZ' <aZh ZhiVkVb kV^Ydhdh YZ h^ bZhbdh' <aZh ZhiVkVb
Zcijh^VhbVYdh Xdb d \gVj YZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ fjZ edhhjyí
Vb' <aZh ZgVb XgZciZh cVgX^h^hiVh Z kV^Ydhdh' GVjad% Zciud%
egZX^hV VYkZgi^&adh' 8 kV^YVYZ w d eg^bZ^gd YZ\gVj YV fjZí
YV' 8 hdWZgWV egZXZYZ V gjycV' Lb XgZciZ fjZ VeaVjYZ V h^
bZhbd Z ZcidV àfjud \gVcYZ wh ijâ Y^VciZ Yd ZheZa]d Zhir
s WZ^gV YZ jbV fjZYV' F Vezhidad GVjad VYkZgiZ hdWgZ d
\gVcYZ eZg^\d YV VjidXdc[^VcvV #*)'*+$'
GVjad jhdj V cVvud YZ @hgVZa Xdbd ZmZbead eVgV VYkZgi^g
dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid' <aZ [Vo igxh VYkZgixcX^Vh3 eg^k^aw\^dh
cud hud \VgVci^V YZ hjXZhhd #*)'*&-$% jb Wdb XdbZvd cud
w \VgVci^V YZ jb [^cVa [Za^o #*)'.&*+$ Z ;;Zjh edYZ XVeVX^iVg&
cdh eVgV kZcXZgbdh Vh iZciVv}Zh hZ YZgbdh djk^Ydh s hjV
GVaVkgV #*)'*,&++$'*,/
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV HK]LY[L X\L WYP]PSiNPVZ UgV ZgV
NHYHU[PH KL Z\JLZZV& MZ_Vbdh d fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZ3
C d S $ [d_ q a e $ ` q a c g W da c g W [Y ` a dW [e c g W ` a eea e b S[e W e f[h W dS _ fa V a e

ea T S ` g h W _ $ W fa V a e b S e eS dS _ b W ^a _ Sd$ f W ` V a e[V a fa V a e T S f[l S V a e $


See[_ `S `ghW_ Ua_a `a _Sd$ Ua_ dWebW[fa S Aa[ese& HaVae W^We
Ua_WdS_ VW g_ ev _S`\Sd Web[d[fgS^ W TWTWdS_ VS _We_S Xa`fW
Web[d[fgS^3 badcgW TWT[S_ VW g_S bWVdS Web[d[fgS^ cgW ae eWYg[S& 9 S
bWVdS WdS 7d[efa !)(&)%,"&

8 cVvud YZ @hgVZa gZXZWZj bj^iVh Wxcvudh YZ ;;Zjh3 egdí


iZvud% dg^ZciVvud% hjhiZcid% eZgYud% bVh% V YZheZ^id YZ iVcí
idh eg^k^aw\^dh% @hgVZa [gVXVhhdj' @hgVZa [d^ i^gVYd Yd <\^id
Xdb bud [dgiZ Z edYZgdhV' @hgVZa i^c]V h^Yd a^WZgiVYd Yd
<\^id eZad edYZg YZ ;;Zjh YV bZhbV [dgbV fjZ dh XgZcí
iZh ixb h^Yd gZY^b^Ydh Yd eZXVYd #.'0%1$' 8 GrhXdV w jb
hybWdad YV Xgjo' < d xmdYd fjZ @hgVZa gZXZWZj YZ ;;Zjh w d
bZhbd xmdYd fjZ czh gZXZWZbdh VigVkwh YV gZYZcvud Zb
:g^hid AZhjh'
F xmdYd Yd <\^id [d^ V a^WZgiVvud YV cVvud YZ @hgVZa
YVh \VggVh Yd ^c^b^\d% Vhh^b Xdbd czh [dbdh a^WZgidh YVh
\VggVh Yd Y^VWd Z Yd eZXVYd edg ^ciZgbwY^d Yd hVXg^[yX^d YZ
:g^hid' @hgVZa [d^ a^WZgid4 ZaZ iZkZ d hZj xmdYd'
F edkd YZ @hgVZa hZ ^YZci^[^Xdj Xdb Dd^hwh cd bVg
MZgbZa]d #WVi^hbd$ YV bZhbV [dgbV fjZ dh Xg^hiudh hZ
^YZci^[^XVgVb Xdb :g^hid eZad WVi^hbd' F fjZ GVjad Zhir
fjZgZcYd Y^oZg6 <aZ jhV YjVh [^\jgVh Ydh hVXgVbZcidh' F
edkd YZ @hgVZa eVhhdj eZadh bZhbdh g^idh hVXgVbZciV^h% fjZ
czh ZmeZg^bZciVbdh cd iZbed YV \gVvV' F iZmid Y^o fjZ
idYdh ZaZh eVhhVgVb eZad bVg Z idYdh [dgVb WVi^oVYdh Vhh^b
cV cjkZb Xdbd cd bVg% Xdb gZheZ^id V Dd^hwh' <aZh hZ
^YZci^[^XVgVb Xdb Dd^hwh edg bZ^d YZhhZ WVi^hbd% [^XVcYd
YZWV^md YV a^YZgVcvV Zhe^g^ijVa YZ Dd^hwh% Vhh^b Xdbd czh%
Vd hZgbdh WVi^oVYdh% [^XVbdh YZWV^md YV Vjidg^YVYZ Z Yd
\dkZgcd YZ cdhhd JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hid' 8hh^b Xdbd d edkd
YZ @hgVZa hZ ^YZci^[^Xdj YZWV^md YV a^YZgVcvV YZ Dd^hwh% czh
ZhiVbdh ^YZci^[^XVYdh YZWV^md YV a^YZgVcvV YZ :g^hid'*,0
F edkd YZ @hgVZa XdbZj Z WZWZj Va^bZcidh Zhe^g^ijV^h Z
hdWgZcVijgV^h Yd bZhbd _Z^id fjZ dh Xg^hiudh hZ Va^bZciVb
Yd Xdged Z Yd hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid cV JVciV :Z^V #Ad /'/,%/14
0',0&,2$' <aZh gZXZWZgVb cud VeZcVh d WVi^hbd% bVh% iVbí
Wwb% XdbZgVb YZ jb hz bVc_Vg Zhe^g^ijVa Z WZWZgVb YZ jbV
hz [dciZ Zhe^g^ijVa' 8hh^b Xdbd czh XdbZbdh Z WZWZbdh
jbV Xdb^YV Zhe^g^ijVa% d Xdged Z d hVc\jZ YZ AZhjh% ZaZh Xdí
bZgVb Z WZWZgVb d Va^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa Z hdWgZcVijgVa' <aZh
iVbWwb gZXZWZgVb d egZc~cX^d Ydh hVXgVbZcidh' KVcid @hí
gVZa fjVcid V @\gZ_V ZmeZg^bZciVgVb dh Yd^h hVXgVbZcidh
egd[jcYVbZciZ h^\c^[^XVi^kdh3 JZg WVi^oVYd cjbV YZbdchí
igVvud YZ aZVaYVYZ Vd \j^V YZh^\cVYd edg ;;Zjh4 Z hZg gZ\jaVgí
bZciZ cjig^Yd Xdb Va^bZcid Z WZW^YV àhdWgZcVijgV^hâ'
<hhZh eg^k^aw\^dh idYdh% YZ hZg VggVcXVYd YV ZhXgVk^Yud%
YZ eVhhVg edg jb gZh\ViZ b^aV\gdhd% YZ eVhhVg edg jb
WVi^hbd Z YZ hZg Va^bZciVYd Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ YZ bVcZ^gV
hdWgZcVijgVa cud edjeVgVb @hgVZa YZ jb [gV\dgdhd [gVXVhhd
Zhe^g^ijVa'
GVjad w XaVgd3 à<cigZiVcid% ;;Zjh cud hZ V\gVYdj YV
bV^dg^V YZaZh'''â #*)'.$' Gdg fjZ GVjad [VaV ^hhd6 <aZ Zhir
Xdgg^\^cYd V kV^YVYZ Z V hdWZgWV YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' GVjad
Zhir ZkdXVcYd d ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd YZ @hgVZa eVgV ZmdgiVg V
^\gZ_V' <aZ Zhir Y^oZcYd s ZchdWZgWZX^YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid
eVgV da]Vg eVgV d ZmZbead YZ @hgVZa Z kZg fjZ V YZheZ^id YZ
iVcidh eg^k^aw\^dh fjZ ZhhV cVvud iZkZ% ;;Zjh cud hZ V\gVYdj
YV bV^dg^V YZaZh' < eVgV hZg bV^h ZmVid% YZ idYV VfjZaV
bjai^Yud fjZ hV^j Yd <\^id% ZgVb hZ^hXZcidh b^a ]dbZch%
[dgV Xg^VcvVh Z bja]ZgZh% VeZcVh YjVh eZhhdVh ZcigVgVb cV
iZggV egdbZi^YV'
8fjZaZ YZhZgid hZ igVch[dgbdj cd bV^dg XZb^iwg^d YV
?^hizg^V' ;;Zjh cud hZ V\gVYdj YV bV^dg^V YVfjZaZ edkd' F
\gVcYZ egdWaZbV [d^ V ZmV\ZgVYV VjidXdc[^VcvV' <aZh XVygVb
edgfjZ Xdc[^VgVb fjZ ZgVb [dgiZh' Gg^k^aw\^dh Zhe^g^ijV^h
cVd hud \VgVci^V YZ hjXZhhd Zhe^g^ijVa' F [Vid YZ kdXx hZg
XgZciZ% YZ aZg V 9yWa^V% YZ iZg h^Yd WVi^oVYd% YZ eVgi^X^eVg
YV :Z^V% YZ [gZfÄZciVg V ^\gZ_V% YZ djk^g V bZchV\Zb YZ
;;Zjh% YZ XVciVg Z dgVg Vd JZc]dg cud a]Z \VgVciZ hjXZhhd
Zhe^g^ijVa'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV HK]LY[L X\L \T IVT PUkJPV UgV
i NHYHU[PH KL \T MPU H S MLSPa #*)'.&*+$' HjZb XdbZvV WZb
cZb hZbegZ iZgb^cV WZb' Dj^idh fjZ Xdgg^Vb WZb% ]d_Z
Zhiud adc\Z Yd JZc]dg' GVjad bdhigV jb [Vid ZmigZbVbZciZ
bVgXVciZ' EZc]jbV \ZgVvud YV ]^hizg^V YV ]jbVc^YVYZ
k^j iVcidh b^aV\gZh Xdbd VfjZaV \ZgVvud YZ fjZb ;;Zjh
cud hZ V\gVYdj' 8fjZaV \ZgVvud cud VeZcVh k^j egdYy\^dh Z
b^aV\gZh% bVh [d^ V WZcZ[^X^rg^V YZhhZh b^aV\gZh'
@hgVZa k^j Vh YZo egV\Vh cd <\^id cdXVjiZVcYd Vh Y^k^cí
YVYZh Yd eVciZud Z\yeX^d4 k^j d bVg MZgbZa]d hZ VWg^cYd
eVgV ZaZh eVhhVgZb4 k^j d bVcr XV^cYd Yd Xwj% V gdX]V Wgdí
iVcYd r\jV% V hVcYra^V cud ZckZa]ZXZcYd Zb hZjh ewh Z V
gdjeV cud [^XVcYd gdiV cd hZj Xdged' HjZ \ZgVvud k^j iVcí
idh egdYy\^dh6 :dcijYd% bZhbd Vhh^b% VfjZaV \ZgVvud [d^
gZegdkVYV edg ;;Zjh' 8h \ZgVv}Zh fjZ bV^h k^gVb b^aV\gZh
[dgVb Vh bV^h ZcYjgZX^YVh'
8 9yWa^V [Vo gZ[ZgxcX^V V igxh \ZgVv}Zh fjZ k^gVb VWjcí
YVciZh b^aV\gZh' 8 eg^bZ^gV \ZgVvud fjZ k^j ZhijeZcYdh
b^aV\gZh [d^ ZmViVbZciZ V \ZgVvud YZ Dd^hwh' 8 hZ\jcYV
\ZgVvud [d^ V YZ <a^Vh Z <a^hZj' 8 iZgXZ^gV \ZgVvud fjZ k^j
ZmigVdgY^crg^dh Z edgiZcidhdh b^aV\gZh [d^ V \ZgVvud YV wedí
XV YZ AZhjh Z Ydh Vezhidadh' q eZgijgWVYdg hVWZg fjZ cjcXV
]djkZ iVciV YjgZoV YZ XdgVvud Z ^cXgZYja^YVYZ Xdbd cZhhVh
igxh \ZgVv}Zh'
Fh b^aV\gZh Zb h^ cud edYZb igVoZg d cdhhd XdgVvud
eVgV eZgid YZ ;;Zjh' ;;VfjZaV \ZgVvud idYV% VeZcVh Yd^h
]dbZch ZcigVgVb cV iZggV' Fh YZbV^h [^XVgVb egdhigVYdh
cd YZhZgid #Eb *-',)$'
8 \ZgVvud YZ Dd^hwh XdbZiZj X^cXd i^edh YZ eZXVYdh%
idYdh \gVkyhh^bdh' GVjad XViVad\V ZhhZh eZXVYdh fjZ bVgí
XVgVb VfjZaV \ZgVvud gZegdkVYV' à<cigZiVcid% ;;Zjh cud hZ
V\gVYdj YV bV^dg^V YZaZh% gVoud edg fjZ [^XVgVb egdhigVí
Ydh cd YZhZgid' FgV% ZhiVh Xd^hVh hZ idgcVgVb ZmZbeadh eVgV
czh'''â #*)'.%/$' HjZ eZXVYdh hud ZhhZh6
V$ 6VIPhH& GVjad Y^o3 àQ'''R V [^b YZ fjZ cud XdW^XZbdh
Vh Xd^hVh brh% Xdbd ZaZh XdW^vVgVbâ #*)'/$' 8fjZaZ edkd
i^c]V ijYd d fjZ ;;Zjh YVkV3 d bVcr fjZ XVyV% V r\jV fjZ
_dggVkV% Vh XdYdgc^oZh fjZ ;;Zjh bVcYVkV' DVh VfjZaZ edkd
V^cYV ZhiVkV ^chVi^h[Z^id Z XdW^vVcYd bV^h Xd^hVh' ;;Zjh
i^c]V egdbZi^Yd V ZaZh jbV iZggV fjZ bVcVkV aZ^iZ Z bZa' <
ZaZh XdW^vVgVb Vh Xd^hVh gj^ch' Üh kZoZh d bZhbd VXdciZXZ
XdcdhXd' ;;Zjh cdh egdbZiZ idYV V hdgiZ YZ Wxcvudh Zb
:g^hid Z czh Xdci^cjVbdh V XdW^vVg Vh Xd^hVh brh' =^XVbdh
^chVi^h[Z^idh Xdb d fjZ iZbdh Z fjZgZbdh Vfj^ad fjZ w
bVj'
W$ <KVSH[YPH& GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àEud kdh [VvV^h% ed^h% ^Yzí
aVigVh% Xdbd Va\jch YZaZh4 edgfjVcid Zhir ZhXg^id3 F edkd
VhhZcidj&hZ eVgV XdbZg Z WZWZg Z aZkVcidj&hZ eVgV Y^kZgi^g&
hZâ #*)'0$' HjVcYd Dd^hwh hjW^j Vd bdciZ eVgV gZXZWZg Vh
irWjVh YV aZ^% d edkd [Zo jb WZoZggd YZ djgd Z XdbZvdj V
YVcvVg Z VYdgr&ad' Dj^idh YZ czh cud iZbdh jb yYdad [Z^í
id YZ djgd dj egViV Y^VciZ YZ fjZb cdh egdhigVbdh% bVh
^YdaVig^V w ijYd Vfj^ad fjZ dXjeV d aj\Vg YZ ;;Zjh Zb cdhhV
k^YV% hZ_Vb eZhhdVh% Xd^hVh dj hZci^bZcidh' ?r bj^idh yYdadh
bdYZgcdh fjZ edYZb ZhiVg idbVcYd d aj\Vg YZ ;;Zjh Zb
cdhhV k^YV'
X$ <TVYHSPKHKL& GVjad VYkZgiZ3 à< cud egVi^fjZbdh ^bdí
gVa^YVYZ% Xdbd Va\jch YZaZh d [^oZgVb% Z XVygVb% cjb hz
Y^V% +, b^aâ #*)'1$' ?djkZ jb iZbed Zb fjZ dh ^hgVZa^iVh
hZ b^hijgVgVb Xdb Vh bja]ZgZh bdVW^iVh Z ZaZh XdbZvVí
gVb cud hz V hZ egdhi^ij^g% bVh iVbWwb V VYdgVg dh YZjhZh
Ydh bdVW^iVh' ?r jbV ZhigZ^iV XdcZmud ZcigZ egdhi^ij^vud Z
^YdaVig^V cV 9yWa^V' FcYZ hZ kx ^YdaVig^V% Vy iVbWwb V egdhí
i^ij^vud Zhir egZhZciZ4 dcYZ hZ kx egdhi^ij^vud Vy iVbWwb V
^YdaVig^V VeVgZXZ'
Y$ 6VSVJHY 7L\Z e WYV]H& GVjad egdhhZ\jZ3 àEud
edc]Vbdh d JZc]dg s egdkV% Xdbd Va\jch YZaZh _r [^oZgVb
Z eZgZXZgVb eZaVh bdgYZYjgVh YVh hZgeZciZhâ #*)'2$' <aZh
XdbZvVgVb V gZXaVbVg Yd eud fjZ dh [VgiVkV' <aZh cud
V\ÄZciVkVb bV^h d bVcr' :dbZvVgVb V bjgbjgVg XdcigV
;;Zjh Z XdcigV Dd^hwh' HjVciVh kZoZh bjgbjgVbdh XdcigV
;;Zjh HjVciVh kZoZh% iVbWwb% hdbdh bVa&V\gVYZX^Ydh
eZaVh Wxcvudh YZ ;;Zjh
Z$ ?\YT\YHhgV JVU[YH 7L\Z& GVjad XdcXaj^3 àEZb
bjgbjgZ^h% Xdbd Va\jch YZaZh bjgbjgVgVb Z [dgVb
YZhigjyYdh eZad ZmiZgb^cVYdgâ #*)'*)$' 8 bjgbjgVvud
egdkdXV V ^gV YZ ;;Zjh' <aV w jbV cZ\Vvud YV WdcYVYZ% YV
egdk^YxcX^V% Yd Xj^YVYd Z Yd Vbdg YZ ;;Zjh' F edkd YZ
@hgVZa [d^ gZegdkVYd Z eZgZXZj cd YZhZgid edg XVjhV YZhhZh
eZXVYdh'
KdYdh ZhhZh eZXVYdh fjZ aZkVgVb @hgVZa Vd [gVXVhhd
Zhe^g^ijVa Zhiud egZhZciZh cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' Fh bZhbdh
eZXVYdh fjZ aZkVgVb @hgVZa Vd [gVXVhhd aZkVgVb V ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid iVbWwb Vd [gVXVhhd Zhe^g^ijVa'
GVjad% V\dgV% [Vo jbV Vea^XVvud Yd fjZ kZb Zch^cVcYd Viw
V\dgV% Z Y^o3 à<hiVh Xd^hVh a]Zh hdWgZk^ZgVb Xdbd ZmZbeadh
Z [dgVb ZhXg^iVh eVgV VYkZgixcX^V cdhhV% YZ czh djigdh hdWgZ
fjZb dh [^ch Ydh hwXjadh ixb X]Z\VYdâ #*)'**$' ?d_Z%
;;Zjh Zhir jhVcYd d ZmZbead YV ?^hizg^V eVgV cdh VYkZgi^g'
8 9yWa^V [d^ ZhXg^iV eVgV V cdhhV VYkZgixcX^V' ;;Zjh Zhir cdh
VYkZgi^cYd fjVcid Vd Xj^YVYd fjZ YZkZbdh idbVg eVgV
cVd XV^gbdh cd bZhbd Zggd% cud XVb^c]Vgbdh eZaV bZhbV
ZhigVYV% cud iZgbdh d bZhbd XdbedgiVbZcid' HjZb cVd
VegZcYZ Xdb Vh a^v}Zh YV ?^hizg^V XdbZiZ dh bZhbdh Zggdh
YV ?^hizg^V' GgZX^hVbdh [VoZg YV ?^hizg^V V cdhhV eZYV\d\V
Z cud V cdhhV XdkZ^gV'
Fh eZXVYdh YV ^\gZ_V hud bV^h hwg^dh Yd fjZ dh eZXVYdh
Ydh ^hgVZa^iVh fjZ ZhiVkVb hdW V aZ^' HjVcYd V ^\gZ_V eZXV%
d hZj eZXVYd w e^dg Yd fjZ d Yd edkd YZ @hgVZa' < edg YjVh
gVo}Zh3 Gg^bZ^gd% edgfjZ czh iZbdh d ZmZbead YZaZh Xdbd
VYkZgixcX^V' JZ\jcYd% edgfjZ ZaZh ZhiVkVb YZWV^md YV aZ^ Z
czh ZhiVbdh YZWV^md YV \gVvV' F eZXVYd Yd XgZciZ w e^dg Yd
fjZ d eZXVYd Yd ViZj' HjVcYd jb XgZciZ XdbZiZ eZXVYd%
ZaZ d [Vo XdcigV d Xdc]ZX^bZcid% V WdcYVYZ Z V \gVvV YZ
;;Zjh' HjVcYd jb XgZciZ XdbZiZ eZXVYd% ZaZ jaigV_V V \gVvV
YZ ;;Zjh Z e^hV d hVc\jZ Yd :dgYZ^gd'
GVjad bZcX^dcV d XVhi^\d fjZ @hgVZa gZXZWZj Z jhV igxh
ZmegZhh}Zh3 =^XVgVb egdhigVYdh #*)'.W$% XVyYdh #*)'1$ Z
YZhigjyYdh eZad ZmiZgb^cVYdg #*)'2%*)$' 8h bZhbVh XVjhVh
fjZ aZkVgVb d edkd YZ @hgVZa V XV^g YZggjWVb dh XgZciZh
V^cYV ]d_Z' 8XVjiZaZbd&cdh
GVjad% [^cVabZciZ% VYkZgiZ hdWgZ d eZg^\d YV hycYgdbZ
YV hjeZgZhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ3 à8fjZaZ% ed^h% fjZ eZchV ZhiVg Zb
ew kZ_V fjZ cud XV^Vâ #*)'*+$' ?r VfjZaZh fjZ cud Zhiud
Zb ew% bVh eZchVb fjZ Zhiud' Dj^idh Zhiud cjb iZggZcd
ZhXdggZ\VY^d Z V^cYV Zhiud WViZcYd cd eZ^id Z hZ j[VcVcYd'
< GVjad VYkZgiZ3 8fjZaZ fjZ eZchV fjZ Zhir Zb ew% kZ_V fjZ
cud XV^V
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV LUZPUH X\L 7L\Z W VK L UVZ JHWH{
JP[HYWHYH ]LUJLYTVZ HZ [LU[HhnLZ ZLWLYT HULJLYT VZMPiPZ e D\H
BHSH]YH #*)'*,&++$' 8iZciZbdh eVgV Vh eVaVkgVh Yd Vezhí
idad3 àEud kdh hdWgZkZ^d iZciVvud fjZ cud [dhhZ ]jbVcV4
bVh ;;Zjh w [^Za Z cud eZgb^i^gr fjZ hZ_V^h iZciVYdh Vawb YVh
kdhhVh [dgvVh4 eZad Xdcigrg^d% _jciVbZciZ Xdb V iZciVvud%
kdh egdkZgr a^kgVbZcid% YZ hdgiZ fjZ V edhhV^h hjedgiVgâ
#*)'*,$'
;;Zjh eZgb^iZ fjZ hZ_Vbdh iZciVYdh #egdkVYdh$% edgfjZ
<aZ hVWZ Viw dcYZ edYZbdh hjedgiVg' 8 eVaVkgV àiZciVvudâ
bZcX^dcVYV cZhhZ kZghyXjad wWLPYHZTVZ$ jbV eVaVkgV bj^id
bV^h egzm^bV YZ egdkV Z iZhiZ% Yd fjZ iZciVvud' 8 iZciVvud
iZb jbV XdcdiVvud cZ\Vi^kV eVgV czh' < Va\d XdadXVYd cd
cdhhd XVb^c]d eVgV cdh [VoZg eZXVg ZcfjVcid V egdkV w Va\d
fjZ ;;Zjh eZgb^iZ Zb cdhhV k^YV eVgV cdh YZejgVg% ejg^[^XVg
Z [dgiVaZXZg' ;;Zjh cud iZciV V c^c\jwb% ;;Zjh egdkV #K\
*'*,$' HjZb iZciV w d Y^VWd' HjVcYd ;;Zjh eZgb^iZ jbV
egdkV Zb cdhhV k^YV w eVgV cdh [dgiVaZXZg Z cdh XdcYjo^g s
k^izg^V'
GVjad cud Y^o fjZ ;;Zjh kV^ a^kgr&ad YV egdkV% bVh Xdb
V egdkV <aZ kV^ egdkZg a^kgVbZcid' 8h kZoZh fjZgZbdh [^XVg
a^kgZh YV egdkV Z a^WZgidh Yd egdWaZbV' ;;Zjh cud ^beZY^j
fjZ dh igxh Vb^\dh YZ ;;Vc^Za [dhhZb _d\VYdh cV [dgcVa]V4
cud ^beZY^j fjZ ;;Vc^Za [dhhZ _d\VYd cV XdkV Ydh aZ}Zh
cZb fjZ GZYgd [dhhZ eVgV V eg^hud' ;;Zjh cud dh a^kgdj YV
egdkV% bVh cV egdkV'
GVjad [VaV igxh Xd^hVh VXZgXV YVh egdkVh3 8 iZciVvud dj
V egdkV w jb [Vid eVgV idYdh' < ^cZk^irkZa' KVbWwb% Vh
iZciVv}Zh fjZ cdh hdWgZkxb cud hud ~c^XVh' FjigVh eZhhdVh
_r eVhhVgVb edg ZaVh' =^cVabZciZ% ;;Zjh hZbegZ egdkx jbV
hVyYV eVgV V iZciVvud' KZbdh a^kgVbZcid Y^k^cd #*)'*,$'
GVjad _r i^c]V VYkZgi^Yd dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid V [j\^gZb
YV [dgc^XVvud #/'*1$' 8\dgV ZaZ dh VYkZgiZ V [j\^gZb YV ^Ydí
aVig^V3 àGdgiVcid% bZjh VbVYdh% [j\^ YV ^YdaVig^Vâ #*)'*-$'
?Vk^V hZbegZ d eZg^\d Yd XgZciZ XdckZgi^Yd Z WVi^oVYd fjZ
eVgi^X^eVkV YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg hZg Xdck^YVYd eVgV ^g Vd
iZbead Yd yYdad Z eVgi^X^eVg YZ WVcfjZiZh d[ZgZX^Ydh Vdh
yYdadh' GVjad Y^o fjZ hZ hZciVg s bZhV Yd yYdad w iZg VhhdX^Ví
vud Xdb dh YZb|c^dh' <ckdakZg&hZ Xdb yYdad w ZckdakZg&hZ
Xdb YZb|c^dh'
8 ^YdaVig^V w Va\d YZbdcyVXd' HjVcYd hZ d[ZgZXZ jb hVXg^í
[yX^d V jb yYdad w V YZb|c^dh fjZ ZaZ w d[ZgZX^Yd' Dd^hwh
Y^o3 àJVXg^[yX^dh d[ZgZXZgVb Vdh YZb|c^dh% cud V ;;Zjhâ
#;;i ,+'*0$' 8 bZhbV kZgYVYZ w egdXaVbVYV eZad hVab^hiV3
àQ'''R ed^h ^bdaVgVb hZjh [^a]dh Z hjVh [^a]Vh Vdh YZb|c^dhâ
#J@ *)/',0$' 8 ^YdaVig^V w ZmigZbVbZciZ eZg^\dhV' <aV w
YZbdcyVXV Z GVjad bdhigV s ^\gZ_V V cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ hZ V[VhiVg
YZ fjVafjZg g^ijVa fjZ iZc]V XdcdiVvud YZ ^YdaVig^V'
GVjad% Zciud% eVhhV V jhVg YjVh ^ajhigVv}Zh3 8 JVciV :Z^V
Z dh hVXg^[yX^dh _jYZjh #*)'*/&++$' HjVcYd d XgZciZ eVgi^í
X^eV YV JVciV :Z^V% Yd eud Z Yd k^c]d% ZaZ Zhir bVciZcYd
Xdbjc]ud Xdb d Xdged Z Xdb d hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid' <aZ Zhir
ZcigVcYd cjbV gZaVvud YZ ^ci^b^YVYZ Xdb AZhjh' 8igVkwh
YV gZXdgYVvud YV bdgiZ YZ :g^hid% d XgZciZ ZcigV Zb Xdbjí
c]ud Xdb d :g^hid gZhhjggZid' ;;V bZhbV bVcZ^gV% fjVcYd
d XgZciZ hZ VhhZciV cjbV bZhV Z XdbZ V Xdb^YV hVXg^[^XVYV
V jb yYdad% ZaZ Zhir eVgi^X^eVcYd Z ZcigVcYd Zb Xdbjc]ud
Xdb dh YZb|c^dh' JZ cV JVciV :Z^V d XgZciZ Zhir Zb Xdcí
iVid Xdb AZhjh% cV bZhV Yd yYdad ZaZ Zhir Zb XdciVid Xdb
dh YZb|c^dh'
KdYdh dh fjZ eVgi^X^eVb Yd Xra^XZ YV Wxcvud cV XZaZWgVí
vud YV :Z^V eVgi^X^eVb Ydh gZhjaiVYdh YV bdgiZ Zme^Vizg^V
YZ :g^hid #*)'*/$' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg X^iV :Vak^cd3 à8 VabV iZb
jbV Xdbjc]ud iud kZgYVYZ^gV cd hVc\jZ% fjVcid d k^c]d
Zb XdciVid Xdb V WdXVâ'*,1 8 Vea^XVvud w XaVgV3 Lb XgZciZ
cud edYZ hZ idgcVg eVgi^X^eVciZ YV Xdb^YV Yd JZc]dg Z
eVgi^X^eVg YV Xdb^YV d[ZgZX^YV Vdh YZb|c^dh hZb Zmedg V
h^ bZhbd V jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d Z hZb egdkdXVg d JZc]dg
#*)'*1&+)$' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ d XgZciZ w a^kgZ% bVh
cud eVgV [VoZg d fjZ ;;Zjh XdcYZcV' <aZ cud w a^kgZ eVgV
VhhZciVg&hZ s bZhV Ydh yYdadh' <aZ cud w a^kgZ eVgV XdbZg
Va^bZcidh hVXg^[^XVYdh V yYdadh' @hhd w ZhiVg VhhdX^VYd V YZí
b|c^dh Z WZWZg d Xra^XZ Ydh YZb|c^dh'
;;Vk^Y Gg^dg Y^o fjZ edg igrh YZ idYV ^YdaVig^V hZ ZhXdcYZ
jbV Vi^k^YVYZ YZbdcyVXV'*,2 ;;^o d Vezhidad3 àEud edYZ^h
WZWZg d Xra^XZ Yd JZc]dg Z d Xra^XZ Ydh YZb|c^dhâ #*)'+*$'
Eud hZ edYZ eVgi^X^eVg YV JVciV :Z^V Z YZed^h ^g eVgi^X^eVg
YZ jbV [ZhiV ^YzaVigV' <hhVh eZhhdVh d[ZgZXZb hZjh hVXg^[yX^dh
Vdh YZb|c^dh #*)'+)$% WZWZb d Xra^XZ Ydh YZb|c^dh
#*)'+*$% Z eVgi^X^eVb YV bZhV Ydh YZb|c^dh #*)'+*$'*-)
<hhZ XdciVid Xdb Vh [dgvVh YZbdcyVXVh egdkdXV oZadh cd
JZc]dg' HjVcYd jb XgZciZ [Vo ^hhd% ZaZ egdkdXV V ^gV YZ
;;Zjh #*)'++$'
8a\jch hZ _ja\VkVb iud [dgiZh fjZ cud hZ ^bedgiVkVb
cZb bZhbd Xdb d fjZ ;;Zjh ]Vk^V YZiZgb^cVYd' 8a\jch
Y^o^Vb3 8 b^c]V XdchX^xcX^V cud bZ V\g^YZ% Zj cud h^cid
cZc]jb egdWaZbV Xdb ^hhd' GVjad eZg\jciV3 MdXx w bV^h
[dgiZ Yd fjZ ;;Zjh6 MdXx edYZ Viw hZ Xdch^YZgVg bV^h [dgiZ
fjZ dh XgZciZh [gVXdh% fjZ hZ ZhXVcYVa^oVb Zb kZg kdXx
VhhZciVYd cjbV bZhV YZ yYdadh% bVh kdXx w bV^h [dgiZ
Yd fjZ ;;Zjh6 KZciVg V ;;Zjh w adjXjgV' Gdg ^hhd GVjad w
XViZ\zg^Xd3 àQ'''R [j\^ YV ^YdaVig^Vâ '

1 KIBEQDADE DEUE REQ BAKAMCEADA CNL A QERONMRABIKIDADE


&%#'(﴾"(﴾(﴾
:dbd WVaVcXZVg Va^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu Xdb V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ
Xg^hiu6 GVjad gZhedcYZ3 àKdYVh Vh Xd^hVh hud ayX^iVh% bVh cZb
idYVh Xdckxb4 idYVh hud ayX^iVh% bVh cZb idYVh ZY^[^XVbâ
#*)'+,$' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd eVgV iZgbdh Xj^YVYd Xdb
V cdhhV a^WZgYVYZ% eVgV fjZ ZaV cud kZc]V hZg bdi^kd YZ
igdeZvd cV k^YV Ydh cdhhdh ^gbudh' MdXx edYZ iZg a^WZgYVYZ%
bVh hZ V hjV a^WZgYVYZ [dg igdeZvd cV k^YV Yd hZj ^gbud% ^hhd
w eZXVYd' GVjad _r ]Vk^V VYkZgi^Yd3 àMZYZ% edgwb% fjZ ZhiV
kdhhV a^WZgYVYZ cud kZc]V% YZ Va\jb bdYd% V hZg igdeZvd
eVgV dh [gVXdhâ #1'2$' GVjad% V\dgV% gZ[dgvV3 àKdYVh Vh Xd^hVh
hud ayX^iVh% bVh cZb idYVh Xdckxb4 idYVh hud ayX^iVh% bVh
cZb idYVh ZY^[^XVbâ'
<b bdbZcid Va\jb GVjad cZ\dj V a^WZgYVYZ Yd XgZciZ
bVYjgd eVgV YZh[gjiVg hZjh eg^k^aw\^dh Zb :g^hid' KdYVh
Vh Xd^hVh hud ayX^iVh% bVh Va\jbVh Vi^k^YVYZh edYZb XVjhVg
igdeZvd eVgV dh ^gbudh bV^h [gVXdh' à< Vhh^b% edg XVjhV Yd
iZj hVWZg% eZgZXZ d ^gbud [gVXd% eZad fjVa :g^hid bdggZj'
< YZhiZ bdYd% eZXVcYd XdcigV dh ^gbudh% \daeZVcYd&a]Zh V
XdchX^xcX^V [gVXV% w XdcigV :g^hid fjZ eZXV^hâ #1'**%*+$' 8
bVijg^YVYZ Zfj^a^WgV V a^WZgYVYZ Xdb V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ'
GVjad [VaV hdWgZ igxh i^edh YZ gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh fjZ d
XgZciZ egZX^hV iZg3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% WYLJPZHTVZ [LY YLZWVUZHIPSPKHKL JVT
VZ PYTgVZ KH PNYLQH #*)'+-&,)$' 8 cdhhV a^WZgYVYZ egZX^hV
iZg gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ Z V eg^bZ^gV gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ fjZ czh
iZbdh w eVgV Xdb dh cdhhdh ^gbudh3 àE^c\jwb WjhfjZ d
hZj egzeg^d ^ciZgZhhZ Z h^b d YZ djigZbâ #*)'+-$' KZbdh V
gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ YZ ZY^[^XVg cdhhdh ^gbudh cV [w Z egdXjgVg
d WZb YZaZh' 8 cdhhV a^WZgYVYZ Zb :g^hid cVd cdh Yr d
Y^gZ^id YZ [Zg^gbdh dh cdhhdh ^gbudh'
GVjad [VaV fjZ XdbZg XVgcZ w jb Vhhjcid VbdgVa% dj
hZ_V% cud w k^gijYZ cZb kyX^d' 8fj^ad fjZ w VbdgVa% edgwb%
YZeZcYZcYd Yd XdciZmid% edYZ hZ idgcVg ^bdgVa' GVjad% Zcí
igZiVcid% Y^hhZ fjZ XdbZg XVgcZ edYZg^V hZg ^bdgVa Z hZ idgí
cVg jb Vid egZ_jY^X^Va s XdchX^xcX^V Ydh ^gbudh bV^h [gVXdh
Zb igxh X^gXjchitcX^Vh3 cd iZbead Yd yYdad #1'*)$% cd bZg& ]
XVYd #*)'+.$ Z cV XVhV Yd ^cXgwYjad #*)'+0%+1$' GVjad Xdb !
^hhd Zch^cV fjZ iZbdh YZ iZg gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ Xdb V cdhhV
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiV eVgV fjZ cVd hZ_V jb igdeZvd cV k^YV Ydh
^gbudh' GZXVg XdcigV jb ^gbud w d bZhbd fjZ eZXVg XdcigV
:g^hid #1'*+$'
JZ d fjZ Zj Zhidj [VoZcYd% hZ d XdbedgiVbZcid fjZ Zhidj
VYdiVcYd% hZ d kZhijrg^d fjZ Zhidj jhVcYd% Vh eVaVkgVh fjZ
Zhidj ZbegZ\VcYd% Vh Vi^ijYZh fjZ Zhidj idbVcYd Zb b^í
c]V k^YV hud bdi^kdh YZ igdeZvd eVgV d bZj ^gbud% V b^c]V
a^WZgYVYZ Zhir Zb YZhVXdgYd Xdb d Zch^cd YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% UlZ [LTVZ H YLZWVUZHIPSPKHKL KL
NSVYPMPJHY H 7L\Z LT [VKHZ HZ JVPZHZ #*)',*$' F Vezhidad
VXZcijV3 àGdgiVcid% fjZg XdbV^h% fjZg WZWV^h dj [VvV^h djigV
Xd^hV fjVafjZg% [VoZ^ ijYd eVgV V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjhâ #*)',*$'
Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkVb eZchVcYd Vhh^b3 Gdg fjZ
Zj cud edYZg^V YZh[gjiVg \dhidhVbZciZ V Xdb^YV fjZ Zj
Ydj \gVvVh6 FgV% Zj Zhidj XdbZcYd Xdb^YV hVXg^[^XVYV Vd
yYdad% bVh Zj YZ^ \gVvVh' < ijYd d fjZ w hVci^[^XVYd edYZ
hZg gZXZW^Yd' Gdg fjZ b^c]V a^WZgYVYZ hZg^V a^b^iVYV eZaV
XdchX^xcX^V Yd ^gbud bV^h [gVXd6 8 gZhedhiV YZ GVjad w fjZ
cud edYZbdh \adg^[^XVg V ;;Zjh hZcYd jb igdeZvd eVgV dh
cdhhdh ^gbudh'
<ciud% GVjad aVcvV d hZ\j^gcS eg^cXye^d3 =VoZ^ ijYd eVgV
V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh' àGdgiVcid% fjZg XdbV^h% fjZg WZWV^h dj
[VvV^h djigV XdjhV fjVafjZg% [VoZ^ ijYd eVgV V \azg^V YZ
;;Zjhâ #*)',*$' F eg^bZ^gd eg^cXye^d w cud ZhXVcYVa^oVg d
^gbud' F hZ\jcYd w fjZ ;;Zjh hZ_V \adg^[^XVYd' ;;Zjh cjcXV <
i \adg^[^XVYd hZ Xdb V b^c]V a^WZgYVYZ Zj Zhidj XVjhVcYd ä
ZhXtcYVad Z igdeZvd eVgV d bZj ^gbud' S
8 \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh cud w egdbdk^YV dcYZ jhd b^c]V
a^WZgYVYZ eVgV [VoZg d ^gbud igdeZvVg Z XV^g' EVd iZbdh d
Y^gZ^id YZ jhVg cdhhV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu eVgV [Zg^g V Xdbjc]ud
[gViZgcVa'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% UlZ [LTVZ H YLZWVUZHIPSPKHKL K L W YV {
J\YHY NHUOHY VZ WLYKPKVZ #*)',+%,,$' F Vezhidad GVjad
VXZcijV3 àEud kdh idgcZ^h XVjhV YZ igdeZvd cZb eVgV _jí
YZjh% cZb eVgV \Zci^dh% cZb iVbedjXd eVgV V ^\gZ_V" YZ
;;Zjhâ #*)',+%,,$' Fh _jYZjh Z \Zci^dh bZcX^dcVYdh edg
GVjad Vfj^ hud dh _jYZjh Z \Zci^dh XdckZgi^Ydh' 8awb YZ
cud hZgbdh bdi^kd YZ igdeZvd eVgV dh hVakdh% YZkZbdh%
iVbWwb% cdh Zh[dgvVg eVgV \Vc]Vg dh eZgY^Ydh eVgV :g^hid'
Eud YZkZbdh hZg jbV eZYgV YZ igdeZvd% bVh jbV eZYgV YZ
eVhhV\Zb4 cud jb VW^hbd% bVh jbV edciZ' Eud edYZbdh
ZhidgkVg Vh eZhhdVh YZ ZcigVgZb cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh'
AZhjh [Vadj V gZheZ^id Ydh [Vg^hZjh fjZ [^XVkVb s edgiV Yd
IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh% Z cud ZcigVkVb cZb YZ^mVkVb Vh djigVh
eZhhdVh ZcigVgZb' ?r hZbegZ d eZg^\d YZ jbV eZhhdV
hZg jb ZcigVkZ cV XdckZghud YZ djigVh eZhhdVh edg XVjhV
YVh hjVh Vi^ijYZh Z Yd bVj jhd YV hjV a^WZgYVYZ' Ezh
cud YZkZbdh k^kZg eVgV hVi^h[VoZg dh cdhhdh ^ciZgZhhZh%
bVh WjhXVg d ^ciZgZhhZ Z V hVakVvud Ydh djigdh' GVjad Yr
d egzeg^d iZhiZbjc]d3 àQ'''R Vhh^b Xdbd iVbWwb Zj
egdXjgd% Zb ijYd% hZg V\gVYrkZa V idYdh% cud WjhXVcYd d
bZj egzeg^d ^ciZgZhhZ% bVh d YZ bj^idh% eVgV fjZ hZ_Vb
hVakdhâ #*)',,$'
:dbd iZbdh jhVYd cdhhV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu6 ?r eZhhdVh
fjZ Zhiud YZ[ZcYZcYd V hjV a^WZgYVYZ% bVh cV kZgYVYZ
hud ZhXgVkVh Ydh egzeg^dh kyX^dh' <aVh hud eZYgV YZ igdeZvd
#1'*,$4 YZhigdZb Zb kZo YZ ZY^[^XVg #*)'+,$4 V\gVYVb V h^
bZhbVh Zb kZo YZ \adg^[^XVg V ;;Zjh #*)',*$% V[VhiVb Vh
eZhhdVh YZ :g^hid Zb kZo YZ \Vc]r&aVh eVgV :g^hid #*)',,$'
;;Vk^Y Gg^dg Y^o fjZ ZcXdcigVbdh V a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu
Zb hjV kZgYVYZ^gV Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ fjVcYd hZ\j^bdh Vh X^cXd
gZ\gVh [jcYVbZciV^h YZ GVjad eVgV V Xdck^kxcX^V ZcigZ dh
Xg^hiudh3
d =VvVb ijYd eVgV V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh #*)',*$ & Zb kZo
YZ YZiZgb^cVg V hjV a^WZgYVYZ%
d GgdXjgZb Zb ijYd hZg V\gVYrkZa V idYdh #*)',,$ á
hZb gZXaVbVg dh hZjh Y^gZ^idh%
d 9jhfjZb d ^ciZgZhhZ YZ bj^idh #*)',,$ & cud d hZj
WZb&ZhiVg dj V hjV hVi^h[Vvud eZhhdVa%
d 9jhfjZb V hVakVvud YZ bj^idh #*)',,$ & hZb [^XVg
egZdXjeVYd VeZcVh Xdb V hjV hVakVvud eZhhdVa%
d JZ_Vb ^b^iVYdgZh YZ :g^hid #**'*$ áhZb egdbdkZg V
hjV gZejiVvud'

@hhd wa^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu3 a^kgVg&hZ YZ h^ bZhbd eVgV \adg^[^XVg


V ;;Zjh% idgcVcYd&hZ hZbZa]VciZ V :g^hid'*-*

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A :D E = @ & %

*,. K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2


b& //1%/0*&
6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
*,/ K [W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K &
b& //1$/0(&
*,0 A ^ U [ ^ ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )/1&
*,1 A ^ U [ ^ ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 \ # )0-&
*,2 A ^ U [ ^ ! 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )0.&
*-) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )0/&
*-* D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )01&
VUXYZWH KH PNWLQH
TU JZRYU
:4[ &&#&"()  

F > E ? 5 2 ? :C > @ 52 :8 B 6 ;;2 VXVWdj V[Zí


iVcYd d Xjaid Z gZ[aZi^cYd cV VYdgVvud'
Kgxh egdWaZbVh eg^cX^eV^h hjg\^gVb cV
^\gZ_V Zb gZaVvud Vd Xjaid3 8 edh^vud YV
bja]Zg% V bVcZ^gV fjZ V :Z^V Yd JZc]dg
ZhiVkV hZcYd XZaZWgVYV Z d jhd XdggZid
mYdh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h'*-+ ;;d XVeyijad **
Vd *-% GVjad igViV YZhhZh igxh egdWaZbVh'
Fh Yd^h eg^bZ^gdh hud igViVYdh Vfj^ cd
XVeyijad **'
<hhZ XVeyijad XdbZvV Xdb d Zad\^d
YZ GVjad s ^\gZ_V #**'+$' à;;Z [Vid% Zj kdh
adjkd edgfjZ% Zb ijYd% kdh aZbWgV^h YZ
b^b Z gZiZcYZh Vh igVY^v}Zh Vhh^b Xdbd
kd&aVh%TZcigZ\jZ^â #**'+$' F fjZ hZg^Vb
ZhhVh igVY^v}Zh6 Fh Zch^cVbZcidh dgV^h
Z d XdciZ~Yd YV egZ\Vvud fjZ GVjad
eVhhVkV eVgV V ^\gZ_V' < ZaV ZhiVkV \jVgYVcYd ZhhZ XdciZ~Yd'
GVjad YZj s ^\gZ_V d fjZ gZXZWZj YZ :g^hid3 àGdgfjZ Zj
gZXZW^ Yd JZc]dg d fjZ iVbWwb kdh ZcigZ\jZ^3 fjx d
JZc]dg AZhjh% cV cd^iZ Zb fjZ [d^ igVyYd% idbdj d eudâ
#**'+,$'
8 igVY^vud% edgiVcid% ZgV d Zch^cd dgVa YZ GVjad' F
ZkVc\Za]d fjZ GVjad gZXZWZj YZ ;;Zjh ZaZ d igVchb^i^j s
^\gZ_V Z ZhiV d \jVgYdj Z d dWhZgkdj' à< d fjZ YZ b^c]V
eVgiZ djk^hiZ VigVkwh YZ bj^iVh iZhiZbjc]Vh% ^hhd bZhbd
igVchb^iZ V ]dbZch [^w^h Z iVbWwb ^Y|cZdh eVgV ^chigj^g V
djigdhâ #+Kb +'+$' ?d_Z d Zch^cd Zhir [jcYVbZciVYd cud
cd Zch^cd dgVa% bVh cV GVaVkgV ZhXg^iV' Ezh iZbdh V GVaVí
kgV YZ ;;Zjh XdbeaZiV' Gdgwb% V^cYV ]d_Z% bj^iVh eZhhdVh
Xdc[jcYZb V igVY^vud Xdb d igVY^X^dcVa^hbd' 8 igVY^vud w
V [w k^kV YVh eZhhdVh fjZ _r bdggZgVb Z d igVY^X^dcVa^hbd w
V [w bdgiV YVh eZhhdVh fjZ V^cYV Zhiud k^kVh'
EZhhZ XVeyijad GVjad Xj^Ydj YZ igxh egdWaZbVh Zb
gZaVvud Vd Xjaid'

9 CNLONQSALEMSN DAR LTKHEQER MN CTKSN &&#(﴾"&+


GVgV Y^hXZgc^gbdh d Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ V fjZhiud Yd
kwj% egZX^hVbdh XdbegZZcYZg d XdciZmid XjaijgVa Zb fjZ d
kwj [d^ jhVYd' CZdc Ddgg^h [Vo d hZ\j^ciZ XdbZcirg^d3
BSe fWddSe ad[W`fS[e a hsg s a baVWd$ S Za`dS W S V[Y`[VSVW VS
_g^ZWd& 7a_ a hsg `S USTWrS$ W^S baVW [d S cgS^cgWd ^gYSd Ua_
eWYg`S`ro W bdaXg`Va dWebW[fa& 9^S `qa s h[efS3 s e[`S^ VW bsee[_ae
_aVae X[USd aTeWdhS`Va `S dgS g_S _g^ZWd hW^SVS& 9^S Wefn ev& 5e
VW_S[e bWeeaSe o egS ha^fS ^ZW eqa [`Wj[efW`fW$ Ua_a W^S a s bSdS W^Se&
9^S s egbdW_S `S _g^f[Vqa&&& Dads_$ eW_ a hsg$ S _g^ZWd s S^Ya
`g^b$ cgW cgS^cgWd g_ baVW [`eg^fSd&&& 5 Sgfad[VSVW W S V[Y`[VSVW
VS g_S _g^ZWd eW WehSW_ Ua_ a hsg cgW fgVa UaTdW$ cgS`Va W^S eW
VWeUSdfS VW^W&),+
:dg^cid ZgV jbV X^YVYZ \gZ\V' EV egdkycX^V \gZ\V V
bVc^[ZhiVvud gZa^\^dhV bV^h edejaVg ZgVb dh Xjaidh dj Vh
gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d' < cZhhVh gZa^\^}Zh% idYdh dh bZbWgdh
ZgVb Yd hZmd bVhXja^cd' 8h bja]ZgZh ZgVb ZmXajyYVh YZhhZh
Xjaidh YZ b^hiwg^d'*-- <hhVh gZa^\^}Zh gZ[aZi^Vb d Y^hidgX^Yd
XdcXZ^id YZ fjZ Vh bja]ZgZh ZgVb ^c[Zg^dgZh Vdh ]dbZch
Z cud egZX^hVkVb YZ gZa^\^ud' <hhZ ZgV d eVcd YZ [jcYd
XjaijgVa YV wedXV fjZ GVjad X]Z\dj V :dg^cid'
Ed ZciVcid% ZhhZ WVcYZ^gVciZ Yd Xg^hi^Vc^hbd X]Z\dj
Xdb jbV bZchV\Zb cdkV% Xdb Vh WdVh&cdkVh Yd ZkVc\Za]d
YZ :g^hid' 8 egZ\Vvud YZ GVjad igdjmZ jbV cdkV eZgheZXi^kt"
eVgV Vh bja]ZgZh' 8h WdVh&cdkVh Yd ZkVc\Za]d YZ :g^hid
igdjmZgVb jbV gZkdajvud egd[jcYV VXZgXV Yd kVadg YV
bja]Zg cV hdX^ZYVYZ' F Xg^hi^Vc^hbd gZh\Vidj d kVadg Z V
Y^\c^YVYZ YV bja]Zg' <aV cVd [d^ Xg^VYV eVgV hZg ^c[Zg^dg
Vd ]dbZb cZb dXjeVg jb aj\Vg ^c[Zg^dg V ZaZ cd eaVcd
YV gZYZcvud' GVjad Yr d hZj iZhiZbjc]d3 à;;ZhhVgiZ% cud
edYZ ]VkZg _jYZj cZb \gZ\d4 cZb ZhXgVkd cZb a^WZgid4
cZb ]dbZb cZb bja]Zg4 edgfjZ idYdh kzh hd^h jb Zb
:g^hid AZhjhâ #>* ,'+1$' F ]dbZb cud w bV^h ^bedgiVciZ
cZb V bja]Zg w bZcdh ^bedgiVciZ% ed^h Vdh da]dh YZ ;;Zjh%
dh Yd^h Zhiud cd bZhbd cykZa4 ixb d bZhbd kVadg' :g^hid
bdggZj eVgV d ]dbZb Z eVgV V bja]Zg' 8 hVakVvud w eVgV d
]dbZb Z iVbWwb eVgV V bja]Zg'
EZhhV bZhbV a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid% GVjad dg^ZciV3 àEd
JZc]dg% idYVk^V% cZb V bja]Zg w ^cYZeZcYZciZ Yd ]dbZb%
cZb d ]dbZb% ^cYZeZcYZciZ YV bja]Zgâ #**'**$' ?r jbV
^\jVaYVYZ YZ Y^gZ^idh'
8h bja]ZgZh Xg^hiuh YZ :dg^cid% edgwb% hVygVb YZ jb
ZmigZbd% dcYZ ZgVb YZhegZoVYVh eVgV djigd ZmigZbd% d
[Zb^c^hbd' 8h bja]ZgZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid XdbZvVgVb
jb bdk^bZcid YZ a^WZgiVvud YV bja]Zg% fjZWgVcYd Va\jch
eVgVY^\bVh XjaijgV^h Z Xdb ^hhd% ZaVh egdkdXVgVb ZhXtcYVad
cd Xjaid'
8h bja]ZgZh Xg^hiuh YZ :dg^cid fjZg^Vb VWda^g d jhd Yd
kwj cd Xjaid' F kwj ZgV jb hybWdad YV hjWb^hhud Z YV ^cí
iZ\g^YVYZ YV bja]Zg' <aVh% edgwb% cd V[u YZ idbVgZb edhhZ
YV hjV a^WZgYVYZ% Y^hhZgVb3 à8WV^md d kwjâ *-. Gdgwb% d fjZ
ZgV d kwj6 <aZ cud ZgV VeZcVh jbV eZvV YV ^cYjbZcirg^V
[Zb^c^cV'
EV >gwX^V Vh gdjeVh Ydh ]dbZch Z YVh bja]ZgZh ZgVb
bj^id eVgZX^YVh% ZmXZid eZaV àXdWZgijgV YV XVWZvVâ'*-/
F fjZ Y^hi^c\j^V V bja]Zg Ydh ]dbZch ZgV d kwj' KdYV
bja]Zg YZhXZciZ Z ]dcgVYV jhVkV d kwj' EZc]jbV bja]Zg
]dcZhiV djhVkV hV^g YZ XVhV hZb d kwj' EZc]jbV bja]Zg
[gZfÄZciVkV jbV gZjc^ud e~Wa^XV hZb jhVg d kwj' JdbZciZ
Vh egdhi^ijiVh i^c]Vb djhVY^V Z XdgV\Zb YZ hV^g sh gjVh hZb d
kwj' 8h egd[Zi^hVh eV\uh Yd bjcYd \gZXd&gdbVcd ZmZgX^Vb
hZj d[yX^d Xdb Vh XVWZvVh YZhXdWZgiVh Z YZh\gZc]VYVh'
<hhZ XdbedgiVbZcid cVijgVabZciZ XVjhVkV jbV hwg^Z
YZ Y^higVvud eVgV dh ]dbZch YjgVciZ d Xjaid% Vawb YZ
gZegZhZciVg jbV cZ\Vvud YV hjWb^hhud cd JZc]dg fjZ Vh
bja]ZgZh XVhVYVh YZk^Vb Vd bVg^Yd'*-0
F kwj% edgiVcid% gZegZhZciVkV YjVh Xd^hVh cV XjaijgV YZ
:dg^cid3 8 ]dcgVYZo Z bdYwhi^V YV bja]Zg Z V hjWb^hhud
Vd hZj bVg^Yd'*-1 EZhhZ hZci^Yd d kwj ZgV hybWdad YV Y^\í
c^YVYZ Z YV bdYwhi^V [Zb^c^cV' 8eZcVh Vh egdhi^ijiVh Z Vh
hVXZgYdi^hVh XjaijV^h Ydh Xjaidh eV\udh hVyVb V e~Wa^Xd hZb
kwj dj eVgi^X^eVkVb YZ jb Xjaid eV\ud hZb kwj' HjVcYd
jbV bja]Zg ZgV k^hiV hZb kwj% hZ_V cV gjV dj Zb jbV XZg^í
b|c^V eV\V dj bZhbd cV ^\gZ_V% ZhhV bja]Zg ZhiVkV YZhdcí
gVcYd V h^ bZhbV% YVcYd bdi^kd eVgV fjZ hjV gZejiVvud
[dhhZ fjZhi^dcVYV' 8\^cYd Vhh^b% ZaV iVbWwb YZhdcgVkV V
hZj bVg^Yd #**'.$'
LbV bja]Zg Zb :dg^cid eVgi^X^eVcYd Yd Xjaid e~Wa^í
Xd hZb kwj hZg^V V bZhbV Xd^hV fjZ jbV bja]Zg X]Z\Vg
]d_Z cjb Xjaid Xdb igV_Zh YZ WVc]d' MdXx edYZ ^bV\^cVg
V gZVvud6 @hhd egdkdXVg^V ZhXtcYVad Z hZg^V VWhdajiVbZciZ
^cXdckZc^ZciZ'
8 XVWZvV XdWZgiV YV bja]Zg w V hjV Vjidg^YVYZ eVgV dgVg
Z VYdgVg% dj hZ_V% jhVg hZjh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cV ^\gZ_V% YZhYZ
fjZ bdhigZ ZhiVg hjWb^hhV V hZj bVg^Yd'*-2
F fjZ VXdciZXZj Xdb Vh bja]ZgZh YZ :dg^cid fjVcYd
ZaVh gZXZWZgVb Vh WdVh&cdkVh Yd ZkVc\Za]d6 <aVh eZgXZWZgVb
fjZ Zb :g^hid ZgVb a^kgZh' Eud ZhiVkVb bV^h YZWV^md Yd
_j\d XjaijgVa YV X^YVYZ YZ :dg^cid' 8 gZVvud ^bZY^ViV [d^
VWda^g d jhd Yd kwj' GVjad% edgwb% Vh ZmdgiV Y^oZcYd fjZ hZ
ZaVh dgVgZb Z egd[Zi^oVgZb hZb d kwj YZhdcgVgud V egzeg^V
XVWZvV Z d XVWZvV YV bja]Zg w d bVg^Yd'
;;Vk^Y Gg^dg Y^o fjZ cZhhZ XdciZmid% GVjad igVWVa]V hdWgZ
fjVigd fjZhi}Zh ^bedgiVciZh eVgV hdajX^dcVg d egdWaZbV
Yd XdbedgiVbZcid YVh bja]ZgZh cd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd'*.)
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% Z\ITPZZgV& FWhZgkZbdh V dg^ZciVvud
Yd Vezhidad GVjad3
EgWda$ W`fdWfS`fa$ cgW eS[TS[e eWd 7d[efa a USTWrS VW faVa Za_W_$
W a Za_W_$ a USTWrS VS _g^ZWd$ W 8Wge$ a USTWrS VW 7d[efa& HaVa
$ Za_W_ cgW adS ag bdaXWf[lS$ fW`Va S USTWrS UaTWdfS$ VWea`dS S egS
bdvbd[S USTWrS& HaVS _g^ZWd$ bads_$ cgW adS ag bdaXWf[lS Ua_ S
USTWrS eW_ hsg VWea`dS S egS bdvbd[S USTWrS$ badcgW s Ua_a eW S
f[hWeeW dSbSVS& DadfS`fa$ eW S _g^ZWd `qa geS hsg$ `WeeW USea$ cgW dSbW
a USTW^a& ASe$ eW ^ZW s hWdYa`Zaea a faecg[Sd%eW ag dSbSd%eW$ Ug_bdW%
^ZW geSd hsg !))&+%."&

S F Vezhidad GVjad bdhigV d eVYgud YZ gZaVX^dcVbZcid


fjZ ;;Zjh ZhiVWZaZXZj cV Xdbjc^YVYZ Xg^hiu #**',$' <ZaZ cdh
bdhigV iVbWwb jbV dgYZb cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh' GdYZbdh
Y^oZg fjZ w jbV dgYZb az\^XV% ed^h V ]^ZgVgfj^V Y^k^cV w3
;;Zjh&:g^hid&?dbZb&Dja]Zg' 8 hjWb^hhud YV bja]Zg Vd
]dbZb cud w jbV fjZhiud YZ hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Yd O VT LT
dj ^c[Zg^dg^YVYZ YV bja]Zg' <hhZ Vg\jbZcid w iud [Vahd%
fjVcid w [Vahd d Vg\jbZcid YZ fjZ ;;Zjh Xdbd XVWZvV YZ
:g^hid% idgcV :g^hid ^c[Zg^dg V ;;Zjh' 8 hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Yd
bVg^Yd Zb gZaVvud s ZhedhV cud w bV^dg Yd fjZ V YZ ;;Zjh
Zb gZaVvud V :g^hid% ZhXaVgZXZ ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg'*.*
:g^hid cud w ^c[Zg^dg V ;;Zjh' <aZ w Xd&^\jVa% XdZiZgcd Z
Xd&hjWhiVcX^Va Xdb d GV^' Gdgwb% cV ZXdcdb^V YV gZYZcvud%
:g^hid hZ hjWbZiZj Vd GV^ eVgV k^g Vd bjcYd% [VoZg&hZ XVgcZ
Z bdggZg cV Xgjo eVgV gZh\ViZ Ydh eZXVYdgZh' 8 bja]Zg cud
w ^c[Zg^dg Vd bVg^Yd' Ed ZciVcid% cV edh^vud fjZ ;;Zjh V
ZhiVWZaZXZj% ZaV Zhir hj_Z^iV Vd bVg^Yd' 8hh^b Xdbd :g^hid
hZ hjWbZiZj Vd GV^% V bja]Zg YZkZ hZ hjWbZiZg Vd bVg^Yd
Xdbd XVWZvV'
F iZgbd \gZ\d igVYjo^Yd edg àXVWZvVâ w RLWOHSL$ fjZ Zb
gVgVh dXVh^}Zh h^\c^[^XV à\dkZgcVciZ YZ jbV Xdbjc^YVYZâ%
igVchb^i^cYd cdgbVabZciZ d hZci^Yd YZ [dciZ dj dg^\Zb%
hZcYd jhVYd Zb gZaVvud s cVhXZciZ YZ jb g^d' ;;Zjh w%
edgiVcid% V [dciZ YZ :g^hid' F =^a]d w ZiZgcVbZciZ \ZgVYd
Yd GV^' :g^hid #Xdbd Xg^VYdg$ w V [dciZ Yd ]dbZb% Z d
]dbZb #XZYZcYd jbV YVh hjVh XdhiZaVh$ w V [dciZ YV bja]Zg
K ! ! J$ !#"
8h bja]ZgZh ixb ZheVvd cV ^\gZ_V' GVjad [VaV fjZ V
bja]Zg dgVkV Z egd[Zi^oVkV cV ^\gZ_V #**'.$' <aVh ZmZgX^Vb
jb b^c^hiwg^d YZ dgVvud Z eVaVkgV cV ^\gZ_V' DVh ZhhV
egri^XV YZkZg^V hZg ZmZgX^YV gZXdc]ZXZcYd V Y^\c^YVYZ YZaV
Z V hj_Z^vud Vd hZj bVg^Yd' Gdg ^hhd% ZaVh YZkZg^Vb jhVg d
kwj% Xdbd hybWdad YZ hjWb^hhud' F kwj ZgV jbV fjZhiud
YZ hZ\jgVcvV eVgV V bja]Zg' GgdiZ\^V hjV gZejiVvud Z hZj
XVhVbZcid'
HjVcYd jbV bja]Zg hVyV sh gjVh Xdb d kwj YZbdchigVkV
fjZ i^c]V Xdbegdb^hhd Xdb V ]dcgV Z Xdb d bVg^Yd' F jhd
Yd kwj ZgV egdiZvud Z ZhXjYd eVgV V bja]Zg' <aV XVb^c]VkV
[^gbZ Z hZ\jgV Y^VciZ YV bjai^Yud' DZmZg Xdb ZhhV bja]Zg
ZgV Vgg^hXVYd' <aV ZhiVkV egdiZ\^YV eZad kwj' Gdgwb% hZ jbV
bja]Zg hVyhhZ s gjV hZb d kwj% ZaV hZ idgcVkV idiVabZciZ
kjacZgrkZa% Xdb V hjV ]dcgV XdbegdbZi^YV'
GVjad dg^ZciV Vh bja]ZgZh YZcigd YZhhZ XdciZmid Xjaijí
gVa V jhVgZb d kwj iVbWwb cV ^\gZ_V' <aVh cud YZk^Vb YVg
bdi^kd eVgV Vh eZhhdVh hjheZ^iVgZb YV hjV ]dcgV dj YV hjV
hjWb^hhud Vd bVg^Yd' 8d XdWg^g V XVWZvV% V bja]Zg VhhZ\jí
gVkV d hZj aj\Vg YZ Y^\c^YVYZ Z hjWdgY^cVvud Vd bVg^Yd'
Gdg ^hhd% GVjad gZXdbZcYdj d jhd Yd kwj eVgV V bja]Zg
cd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd' ;;ZkZbdh hZg hZchykZ^h s XjaijgV Zb fjZ
k^kZbdh eVgV cud Xg^Vgbdh dWhirXjad Vd ZkVc\Za]d'
*Ö F kwj w jb hybWdad' <aZ [VaV YV cZXZhh^YVYZ YV egri^XV YV
YZXxcX^V cd Xjaid Y^k^cd' KgVchedgiVcYd eVgV cdhhV XjaijgV
ZhhZ XdhijbZ% GVjad bdhigVg^V sh bja]ZgZh V cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ
ZaVh hZ igV_VgZb Xdb YZXxcX^V eVgV ^gZb Vd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd
cV ^\gZ_V' 8 bVcZ^gV YV bja]Zg VegZhZciVg&hZ Z igV_Vg&hZ
cud YZkZ Xg^Vg ZhXtcYVad cZb igVoZg YZhXdc[dgid eVgV dh
bZbWgdh YV Xdc\gZ\Vvud'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% NSlYPH #**'0&*)$' ;;Zed^h YZ [VaVg
hdWgZ V fjZhiud YV hjWb^hhud% GVjad [VaV hdWgZ d ]dbZb
Xdbd \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh Z V bja]Zg Xdbd \azg^V Yd bVg^Yd'
<aZ LhV igxh Vg\jbZcidh eVgV egdkVg fjZ d ]dbZb w \azg^V
YZ ;;Zjh Z V bja]Zg w V \azg^V Yd hZj bVg^Yd'
F eg^bZ^gd Vg\jbZcid w d YV dg^\Zb' àGdgfjZ d ]dbZb
cud [d^ [Z^id YV bja]Zg% Z h^b V bja]Zg% Yd ]dbZbâ #**'1$'
F hZ\jcYd Vg\jbZcid w d YV [^cVa^YVYZ' GVjad [VaV fjZ d 0
]dbZb gZ[aZiZ V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh% ed^h d ]dbZb cud kZ^d
YV bja]Zg% ZaZ egdXZYZj YZ ;;Zjh Z V bja]Zg egdXZYZj Yd
]dbZb' àGdgfjZ iVbWwb d ]dbZb cud [d^ Xg^VYd edg
XVjhV YV bja]Zg% Z h^b V bja]Zg% edg XVjhV Yd ]dbZbâ
#**'2$' F iZgXZ^gd Vg\jbZcid w d YV gZaVvud Xdb dh Vc_dh'
àGdgiVcid% YZkZ V bja]Zg% edg XVjhV Ydh Vc_dh% igVoZg
kwj cV XVWZvV% Xdbd h^cVa YZ Vjidg^YVYZâ #**'*)$' CZdc
Ddgg^h hj\ZgZ3 à8d XdWg^g V hjV XVWZvV% V bja]Zg VhhZ\jgV
d egzeg^d aj\Vg YZ Y^\c^YVYZ Z Vjidg^YVYZ' 8d bZhbd
iZbed% ZaV gZXdc]ZXZ V hjV hjWdgY^cVvudâ'*., =' =' 9gjXZ
V[^gbV3 à<b :g^hid V bja]Zg gZXZWZj edh^vud ^\jVa s Yd
]dbZb3 ZaV edY^V dgVg dj egd[Zi^oVg cVh gZjc^}Zh YV ^\gZ_V%
Z d hZj kwj ZgV jb h^cVa YZhhV cdkV Vjidg^YVYZâ'*.- 9VggZii
XdcXdgYV3 àF kwj gZegZhZciV V Vjidg^YVYZ YVYV s bja]Zg
hdW V cdkV Y^heZchVvud eVgV [VoZg Xd^hVh fjZ VciZh cud a]Z
ZgVb eZgb^i^YVhâ'*..
F fjZ dh Vc_dh ixb V kZg Xdb d jhd Yd kwj cV ^\gZ_V edg
eVgiZ YVh bja]ZgZh6 <m^hiZb YjVh gVo}Zh' 8 eg^bZ^gV w fjZ
fjVcYd ZhiVbdh gZjc^Ydh Zb Xjaid e~Wa^Xd% dh Vc_dh Zhiud
gZjc^Ydh XdcdhXd' @hhd w ^cY^hXjiykZa' <aZh Zhiud gZjc^Ydh
eVgV VegZcYZg Xdb V ^\gZ_V #<[,'*)$' 8 ^\gZ_V Zhir Zch^cVcYd
dh Vc_dh V bjai^[dgbZ hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh'
GVjad% Zciud% bdhigV V cZXZhh^YVYZ YVh bja]ZgZh gZXdí
c]ZXZgZb V hjV hjWb^hhud Vdh hZjh bVg^Ydh cd Xjaid e~Wa^í
Xd% jhVcYd d kwj% hdWgZijYd% Zb [VXZ YV egZhZcvV Ydh Vcí
_dh' Fh Vc_dh cud VeZcVh Zhiud egZhZciZh cdh cdhhdh Xjaidh%
bVh ZaZh VegZcYZb Xdb V ^\gZ_V Z XdWgZb d gdhid fjVcYd
VYdgVb V ;;Zjh' ;;Z fjZ bVcZ^gV dh Vc_dh VYdgVb V ;;Zjh6
F egd[ZiV @hVyVh gZ\^higV3 àJZgV[^ch ZhiVkVb edg X^bV YZaZ4
XVYV jb i^c]V hZ^h VhVh3 Xdb YjVh XdWg^V d gdhid% Xdb YjVh
XdWg^V dh hZjh ewh Z Xdb YjVh kdVkVâ #@h /'+$' JZ dh Vc_dh
XdWgZb d gdhid eVgV VYdgVg V ;;Zjh% edg gZXdc]ZXZg V bVí
_ZhiVYZ Z V hVci^YVYZ YZ ;;Zjh% YV bZhbV [dgbV Vh bja]ZgZh
YZkZb XdWg^g d gdhid% Xdb d kwj% edg XVjhV YV Vjidg^YVYZ
fjZ ;;Zjh iZb hdWgZ d ]dbZb Z edg XVjhV YV hj_Z^vud fjZ
ZaVh ixb V hZj bVg^Yd'
8 <b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% PU[LYKLWLUKjUJPH& F Vezhidad w XaVgd3
àEd JZc]dg% idYVk^V% cZb V bja]Zg w ^cYZeZcYZciZ Yd
]dbZb% cZb d ]dbZb% ^cYZeZcYZciZ YV bja]Zg' GdgfjZ%
Xdbd egdkwb V bja]Zg Yd ]dbZb% Vhh^b iVbWwb d ]dbZb
w cVhX^Yd YV bja]Zg4 Z ijYd kZb YZ ;;Zjhâ #**'**%*+$'
JZ V bja]Zg kZ^d Yd ]dbZb% edg iZg ;;Zjh Xg^VYd V
bja]Zg V eVgi^g YV XdhiZaV Yd ]dbZb Z d ]dbZb w cVhX^Yd
YV bja]Zg% Zciud ZaZh hud ^ciZgYZeZcYZciZh' F ]dbZb w
V XVjhV ^c^X^Va YV bja]Zg% ZaV w V hjV XVjhV ^chigjbZciVa%
bVh VbWdh YZkZb hjV dg^\Zb V ;;Zjh'*./ Ed JZc]dg% cud
]r hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Yd ]dbZb cZb ^c[Zg^dg^YVYZ YV bja]Zg'
8bWdh hud jb Z VbWdh hud ^ciZgYZeZcYZciZh' Eud Zm^hiZ
cZc]jbV X]VcXZ YZ jb fjZgZg hZ hdWgZhhV^g Zb YZig^bZcid
Yd djigd' ?dbZb Z bja]Zg ixb hjV dg^\Zb jb cd djigd Z
VbWdh YZkZb V hjV Zm^hixcX^V V ;;Zjh' < cd [^cVa GVjad Y^o3
àQ'''R Z ijYd kZb YZ ;;Zjhâ #**'*+$'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% UH[\YLaH& F Vezhidad GVjad ZhXgZkZ3
àAja\V^ ZcigZ kzh bZhbdh3 w egzeg^d fjZ V bja]Zg dgZ V ;;Zjh
hZb igVoZg d kwj6 Fj cud kdh Zch^cV V egzeg^V cVijgZoV hZg
YZhdcgdhd eVgV d ]dbZb jhVg XVWZad Xdbeg^Yd6 < fjZ% igVí
iVcYd&hZ YV bja]Zg% w eVgV ZaV jbV \azg^V6 Gd^h d XVWZad a]Z
[d^ YVYd Zb aj\Vg YZ bVci^a]Vâ #**'*,&*/$' ;;Zjh [Zo d ]dí
bZb Z V bja]Zg Y^[ZgZciZh jb Yd djigd' F ]dbZb egZX^hV
bVciZg hjV Y^[ZgZcvV [yh^XV YV bja]Zg' JZj kZhijrg^d YZkZ
hZg Y^[ZgZciZ' F eVeZa Yd ]dbZb w Y^[ZgZciZ Yd eVeZa YV
bja]Zg' F ]dbZb YZkZ hZg kZgYVYZ^gVbZciZ bVhXja^cd Z V
bja]Zg kZgYVYZ^gVbZciZ [Zb^c^cV% ed^h ZaZh [dgVb Xg^VYdh
Y^[ZgZciZh% ixb XVgVXiZgyhi^XVh [yh^XVh% bZciV^h Z ZbdX^dcV^h
Y^hi^ciVh' <aZh ZmZgXZb cd XVhVbZcid eVew^h Y^[ZgZciZh Z YZ&
HkZb hZ kZhi^g YZ [dgbV Y^[ZgZciZ' GVjad Y^o fjZ V VegZhZciVvud
Yd ]dbZb egZX^hV hZg Y^[ZgZciZ YV VegZhZciVvud YV bja]Zg'
<hhV Y^[ZgZcvV YZkZ hZ bVc^[ZhiVg cV bVcZ^gV YZ hZ kZhi^g% Z
iVbWwb% cd Xdbeg^bZcid Yd XVWZad' GdgiVcid% ]dbZb Z
bja]Zg YZkZb k^kZg ZhhV Y^[ZgZcvV iVcid cd hZj VheZXid [yh^í
Xd% hZmjVa% fjVcid% cd kZhijrg^d Z XdgiZ YZ XVWZad'
8 XjaijgV bdYZgcV dX^YZciVa Zhir iZciVcYd YZ idYVh
Vh bVcZ^gVh VXVWVg Xdb ZhhV Y^[ZgZcvV ZcigZ ]dbZb Z
bja]Zg' =VaV&hZ ]d_Z cV bdYV \UPZZL_& :dbegV&hZ gdjeV
fjZ hZgkZ iVcid eVgV d ]dbZb fjVcid eVgV V bja]Zg'
Fh ]dbZch fjZgZb ^b^iVg Vh bja]ZgZh cdh VYZgZvdh% cd
iVbVc]d Yd XVWZad% cV [dgbV YZ hZ kZhi^g Z cV bVcZ^gV YZ
hZ XdbedgiVgZb'
KdYVk^V% ZhhZ cud w d eg^cXye^d YZ ;;Zjh' F egdezh^id YZ
;;Zjh w fjZ d ]dbZb hZ_V Y^[ZgZciZ YV bja]Zg Zb idYdh dh
VheZXidh' F :g^VYdg cud dh [Zo jb hZg VcYgd\xc^Xd' =x&adh
]dbZb Z bja]Zg4 bVX]d Z [xbZV #>c *'+0$' F eaVcd YZ
;;Zjh w fjZ ]dbZch Z bja]ZgZh iZc]Vb eVew^h Y^[ZgZciZh%
ZbWdgV XdbeaZbZciVgZh' F ]dbZb YZkZ hZg eaZcVbZciZ
bVhXja^cd Z V bja]Zg eaZcVbZciZ [Zb^c^cV'
JZ GVjad i^kZhhZ YZ Zch^cVg ZhhZ eg^cXye^d V jbV YZ cdhhVh
^\gZ_Vh cd FX^YZciZ% ZaZ cud Y^g^V sh bja]ZgZh fjZ jhVhhZb
kwj cV ^\gZ_V' F kwj cud [Vo eVgiZ YV cdhhV XjaijgV' N^aa^Vb
9VgXaVn X]Z\V V Y^oZg fjZ d jhd Yd kwj iZb jb h^\c^[^XVYd
ejgVbZciZ adXVa Z igVch^izg^d'*.0Gdgwb% d eg^cXye^d eZgbVí
cZXZ' 8h bja]ZgZh YZkZb hZg hjWb^hhVh Vdh hZjh bVg^Ydh Z
egZX^hVb kZhi^g&hZ Xdb bdYwhi^V Z ejgZoV'

:QNBKELAR CNL QEROEISN Z 2EIA DN =EMHNQ &&#&,"(﴾)﴿


?r fjVigd \gVcYZh kZgYVYZh fjZ kVbdh YZhiVXVg cZhiV
Zmedh^vud3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% HZ YLWYLLUZnLZ KV HWlZ[VSV BH\SV e
PNYLQH #**'*0&++$' F Vezhidad GVjad VXVWVgV YZ [VoZg jb
Zad\^d s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid #**'+$' 8\dgV% edgwb% igVo jbV
hwg^V ZmdgiVvud3 àE^hid% edgwb% fjZ kdh egZhXgZkd% cud kdh
adjkd% edgfjVcid kdh V_jciV^h cud eVgV bZa]dg% Z h^b eVgV
e^dgâ #**'*0$'
F fjZ ZhiVkV VXdciZXZcYd6 DV^h jbV kZo Y^k^hud cV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' 8h Y^k^h}Zh cV ^\gZ_V ]Vk^Vb X]Z\VYd V
egdedgv}Zh VaVgbVciZh' 8awb Yd Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ Zb
idgcd YZ Va\jch ayYZgZh #*'*+$% V\dgV GVjad bdhigV fjZ dh
XgZciZh ZhiVkVb ^cYd s ^\gZ_V Z kdaiVcYd eVgV XVhV e^dgZh
#**'*0$' F Xjaid cV ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV YZhZbWdXVcYd Zb XZgid
ZhcdW^hbd eZgkZghd Z dY^dhd edg eVgiZ Ydh g^Xdh' <aZh ZhiVí
kVb YZhegZoVcYd dh edWgZh'*.1 Fh g^Xdh ZhiVkVb YZhegZoVcí
Yd V @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh Z ZckZg\dc]VcYd dh edWgZh' àGdgfjZ%
Vd XdbZgYZh% XVYV jb idbV% VciZX^eVYVbZciZ% V hjV egzí
eg^V XZ^V4 Z ]r fjZb iZc]V [dbZ% Vd eVhhd fjZ ]r iVbWwb
fjZb hZ ZbWg^V\jZâ #**'+e'
8 :Z^V ZgV egZXZY^YV eZaV =ZhiV Yd 8bdg% V [ZhiV Yd vNH%
WL& 8 9yWa^V [VaV YZhhV [ZhiV Zb AjYVh *+' Ed Y^V Zb fjZ V
:Z^V Yd JZc]dg ZgV XZaZWgVYV hZgk^V&hZ jbV gZ[Z^vud Xdbí
eaZiV' Fh XgZciZh Xdb^Vb% WZW^Vb% gZeVgi^Vb% hZ Xdc[gViZgí
c^oVkVb Z YZed^h% cjb Xa^bV YZ Xdbjc]ud% XZaZWgVkVb V
:Z^V Yd JZc]dg' <hhV [d^ jbV egri^XV YV ^\gZ_V Vedhiza^XV
fjZ hZ eZgYZj cV ?^hizg^V'
8 =ZhiV Yd4NHWL ZgV cud VeZcVh jb iZbed YZ Xdbjc]ud%
bVh% iVbWwb% Z hdWgZijYd% jb Vid YZ Vbdg Vdh bZbWgdh
bV^h edWgZh YV ^\gZ_V' <gV jbV dedgijc^YVYZ eVgV dh
Xg^hiudh g^Xdh gZeVgi^gZb jb edjXd YZ hZjh WZch bViZg^V^h
Xdb dh edWgZh' LbV kZo fjZ idYdh igVo^Vb YZ XVhV Va\jbV
Xd^hV eVgV XdbZg Z [Vo^Vb jbV ZhewX^Z YZ V_jciV&egVid% %
dh edWgZh edYZg^Vb eVgi^X^eVg YZ jbV WdV gZ[Z^vud eZad
bZcdh jbV kZo cV hZbVcV' ;;Zed^h YZhhZ WVcfjZiZ% Zciud%
ZaZh XZaZWgVkVb V :Z^V'*.2
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H KL[\YWHhgV KH 9LZ[H KV 4TVY #**'*0&
++%,,%,-$' EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% YjgVciZ V =ZhiV Yd 8bdg%
dh g^Xdh hZ ^hdaVkVb Z Xdb^Vb s kdciVYZ Vh [^cVh ^\jVg^Vh
Ydh egzeg^dh WVcfjZiZh fjZ igVo^Vb YZ XVhV% Z WZW^Vb V
edcid YZ hZ ZbWg^V\VgZb' ;;d djigd aVYd% edgwb% [^XVkVb
dh edWgZh% fjZ cVd i^c]Vb XdcY^v}Zh YZ igVoZg Va^bZcidh YZ
XVhV Z eVhhVkVb [dbZ' ;;Zed^h YZ idYV ZhhV Vi^ijYZ dY^dhV YZ
egZXdcXZ^id Z YZhVbdg% ZaZh hZ gZjc^Vb Z XZaZWgVkVb V :Z^V
Yd JZc]dg' < cZhhZ XdciZmid fjZ GVjad dh gZegdkV% Y^oZcYd&
a]Zh fjZ ZhiVkVb hZ gZjc^cYd eVgV e^dg' <hhV cud w V :Z^V Yd
JZc]dg fjZ ZaZh ZhiVkVb eVgi^X^eVcYd' 8 Vi^ijYZ YZaZh cud
ZgV XdbeViykZa Xdb V XZaZWgVvud YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg' 8\^cYd
YZhhV [dgbV ZaZh ZhiVkVb YZhegZoVcYd V @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh'
F fjZ ZhiVkV VXdciZXZcYd cZhhV [ZhiV6 MZ_Vbdh dh hZ^h
edcidh VegZhZciVYdh edg GVjad fjZ VedciVb V YZijgeVvud
YV =ZhiV Yd 8bdg'
V$ <aZh hZ V_jciVkVb eVgV e^dg' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àE^hid%
edgwb% fjZ kdh egZhXgZkd% cVd kdh adjkd% edgfjVcid kdh
V_jciV^h cud eVgV bZa]dg% Z h^b eVgV e^dgâ #**'*0$' F Xjaid
YZaZh cud ZhiVkV XZcigVYd Zb ;;Zjh cZb ZgV hZchykZa Vd
egzm^bd' KjYd \^gVkV Zb idgcd YZaZh bZhbdh% YZ iVa bVcZ^gV
fjZ fjVcYd ZaZh ^Vb eVgV V ^\gZ_V% ZaZh cud VYdgVkVb V
;;Zjh cZb hZgk^Vb Vd egzm^bd' 8hh^b% Vd kdaiVgZb eVgV
XVhV% kdaiVkVb Zb ZhiVYd e^dg' <aZh XjaijVkVb V h^ bZhbdh'
<aZh WjhXVkVb V hVi^h[Vvud Yd egzeg^d Zj' <ciud GVjad dh
ZmdgiV3 MdXxh Zhiud hZ gZjc^cYd eVgV e^dg' CZdc Ddgg^h
Y^o fjZ àZb kZo YV Xdbjc]ud hZg jb Vid Zb^cZciZbZciZ
ZY^[^XVciZ% ZhiVkV iZcYd jb Z[Z^id Y^aVXZgVciZâ'*/) Ö
W$ <aZh hZ gZjc^Vb% bVh cud ]Vk^V ]Vgbdc^V cd bZ^d YZaZh'
GVjad Y^o3 àGdgfjZ% VciZh YZ ijYd% Zhidj ^c[dgbVYd ]VkZg
Y^k^h}Zh ZcigZ kzh fjVcYd kdh gZjc^h cV ^\gZ_V4 Z Zj% Zb eVgiZ%
T d XgZ^dâ #**'*1$' ?Vk^V Y^k^h}Zh% eVgi^Ydh% Z X^hbVh ZcigZ ZaZh'
d s
8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V eVgV àY^k^h}Zhâ w ZJOPZTH[H$ V bZhbV eVí
aVkgV fjZ GVjad ZbegZ\dj Zb #*'*)$% VXZgXV YVh Y^hhZch}Zh
fjZ i^c]Vb X^cY^Yd V ^\gZ_V Zb [VXv}Zh' <hhVh hZ ^cigdbZí
iZgVb cV bV^h hVciV YVh egri^XVh YwKXjaid'*/* <aZh ZhiVkVb
YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% bVh cud i^c]Vb jbV hz VabV' Fh g^Xdh
ZhiVkVb YZ jb aVYd Z dh edWgZh Yd djigd' Fh XgZciZh YZ
:dg^cid kVadg^oVkVb Vh eZhhdVh eZaV \g^[Z YV gdjeV fjZ
jhVkVb% eZad iyijad fjZ Vh eZhhdVh i^c]Vb Z eZaV edh^vud
fjZ Vh eZhhdVh dXjeVkVb cV hdX^ZYVYZ' F Z[H[\Z hdX^Va YVh
eZhhdVh Y^k^Y^V V ^\gZ_V' <aZh cud i^c]Vb jbV hz VabV% jb
hz XdgVvud% jb hz hZci^bZcid% Z jb hz egdezh^id' ?Vk^V
V_jciVbZcid% bVh cud Xdbjc]ud'
X$ <aZh eVgi^X^eVkVb Ydh ZaZbZcidh YV :Z^V% bVh cud ZgV
V :Z^V fjZ ZaZh XZaZWgVkVb' GVjad V[^gbV3 àHjVcYd% ed^h%
kdh gZjc^h cd bZhbd aj\Vg% cud i V XZ^V Yd JZc]dg fjZ
XdbZ^hâ #**'+)$' GVjad Zhir XdbWViZcYd d eZg^\d Yd g^ij&
Va^hbd' MdXx edYZ VhhZciVg&hZ eVgV XZaZWgVg V :Z^V% XdbZg
d eud Z WZWZg d k^c]d Z% V^cYV Vhh^b% cVd iZg jhj[gjyYd Vh
Wxcvudh YV Xdbjc]ud YV DZhV Yd JZc]dg' Gdg fjx6 GdgfjZ
V bdi^kVvud edYZ ZhiVg ZggVYV'
Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid hZ\j^Vb jb g^ijVa% bVh d XdgVí
vud YZaZh ZhiVkV V[VhiVYd Yd egdezh^id Y^k^cd' <aZh i^c]Vb
d g^ijVa% bVh cVd V ZhhxcX^V gZegZhZciVYV eZad g^ijVa' ;;Zjh
Zhir bV^h ^ciZgZhhVYd cV h^cXZg^YVYZ Yd XdgVvud Yd fjZ Zb
g^ijV^h' Ezh YZkZbdh XZaZWgVg V GrhXdV Xdb dh Vhbdh YV h^cí
XZg^YVYZ' JZ eVgi^X^eVgbdh Yd Xjaid% VhhZciVcYd&cdh Vd gZYdg
YV bZhV Yd JZc]dg% cud gZ[aZi^gbdh hdWgZ d h^\c^[^XVYd YV
:Z^V Z V^cYV YZhegZoVgbdh cdhhdh ^gbudh% Zciud% ZhhZ g^ijVa w
YZhegdk^Yd YZ fjVafjZg kVadg' ;;Zjh cud hZ ^begZhh^dcV Xdb
g^ijV^h edbedhdh% <aZ fjZg V kZgYVYZ cd yci^bd' F XZg^bd&
c^Va^hbd w jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d' ;;Zjh cud hZ ^begZhh^dcV Xdb
dh cdhhdh g^idh Z XZg^b|c^Vh' <aZ kx d XdgVvud Yd VYdgVYdg'
Y$ <aZh ZgVb ZhcdWZh Z dg\ja]dhdh #**'+*$' Fh g^Xdh%
YZ jb aVYd% Xdb^Vb dh bZa]dgZh X]jggVhXdh Z WZW^Vb dh
bZa]dgZhk^c]dh ViwVZbWg^V\jZo ZcfjVcid dhedWgZh [^XVkVb
Yd djigd aVYd eVhhVcYd [dbZ' ;;Z jb aVYd ZhiVkVb dh edWgZh
Xdb [dbZ Z Yd djigd ZhiVkVb dh g^Xdh WxWVYdh'*/+ ;;Zed^h
YZhhV [Z^gV YZ kV^YVYZh% dh g^Xdh V^cYV i^c]Vb V eZijatcX^V YZ
Y^oZg3 à8\dgV czh kVbdh XZaZWgVg V :Z^V Yd JZc]dgâ' 8\^cYd
Vhh^b% [Zg^Vb V Xdbjc]ud% ]jb^a]VkVb dh ^gbudh edWgZh
Z YZhdcgVkVb V ;;Zjh' < ^bedgiVciZ gZhhVaiVg fjZ V Vi^ijYZ
Z\dyhiV YZhhVh eZhhdVh ZhiVkV Zb [aV\gVciZ XdcigVhiZ Xdb V
d[ZgiV VaigjyhiV Z hVXg^[^X^Va YZ :g^hid fjZ YZj JjV k^YV eVgV d
gZh\ViZ Ydh eZXVYdgZh' 8 :Z^V fjZ ZaZh XZaZWgVkVb VedciVkV
eVgV V d[ZgiV hVXg^[^X^Va YZ :g^hid Z ZaZh V XZaZWgVkVb Xdb
\Zhidh YZ Z\dyhbd Z cud YZ Vbdg VaigjyhiV'*/,
Z$ <aZh hZ ZcigZ\VkVb V ZmXZhhdh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V #**'+*$'
<aZh WZW^Vb V edcid YZ X]Z\Vg s ZbWg^V\jZo cV =ZhiV Yd
8bdg% VciZh YV XZaZWgVvud YV :Z^V' Fh g^Xdh YZ^mVkVb dh
edWgZh eVhhVcYd [dbZ% ZcfjVcid Xdb^Vb% ZbeVcijggV&
kVb&hZ Z ZbWZWZYVkVb&hZ cjb XaVgd h^cVa YZ ZmXZhhd Z [Vaí
iV YZ Ydbyc^d egzeg^d' GVjad Y^o fjZ V Vi^ijYZ YZaZh ZhiVkV
ZggVYV' <aZh ZhiVkVb hZ gZjc^cYd eVgV eZXVg' KVcid V \ajid&
cVg^V fjVcid V WZWZYZ^gV hud dWgVh YV XVgcZ Z cud [gjid Yd
<heyg^id #>* .'*2&+*$'
[$ <aZh YZhegZoVkVb V @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh Z ZckZg\dc]VkVb
dh edWgZh #**'++$' 8 YZijgeVvud YV =ZhiV Yd 8bdg cV @\gZí
_V eg^b^i^kV VXVWdj VWda^cYd&V XdbeaZiVbZciZ' <aZh YZhí
egZoVkVb V hVci^YVYZ YZ ;;Zjh% V hVci^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V Z d
Vbdg Vd egzm^bd'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% V ZPNUPMPJHKV KH 6LPH KV DLUOVY #**'+,&
+/$' 8 :Z^V Yd JZc]dg Zhir XZcigVa^oVYV cV bdgiZ Zme^Vizg^V
YZ :g^hid Z cd JZj hVXg^[yX^d k^Xrg^d' 8 Xgjo YZ :g^hid Z cud d
Z\dyhbd ]jbVcd Zhir cd XZcigd YZhhV XZaZWgVvud' F hVc\jZ
YZ :g^hid w d hZad YV cdkV Va^VcvV' Gdg bZ^d YZaZ ;;Zjh
eZgYdV dh cdhhdh eZXVYdh Z cdh hVakV YV ^gV k^cYdjgV'
8 :Z^V Yd JZc]dg w jbV egdXaVbVvud YgVbVi^oVYV YZ
fjVigd kZgYVYZh ZhhZcX^V^h YV [w Xg^hiu' Eud edYZbdh cdh
VhhZciVg s bZhV hZb da]Vg eVgV d hVXg^[yX^d YZ :g^hid' NVggZc
N^ZghWZ YZhiVXV fjVigd edcidh fjZ GVjad Zch^cdj hdWgZ V
:Z^V Z fjZ YZkZbdh V^cYV ]d_Z dWhZgkVg hZbegZ fjZ cdh
gZjc^gbdh Vd gZYdg YV bZhV Yd JZc]dg3 YZkZbdh da]Vg eVgV
igrh% eVgV V [gZciZ% eVgV YZcigd Z Vd gZYdg'*/-
V$ ;;ZkZbdh da]Vg eVgV igrh' HjVcYd kdXx eVgi^X^eV
YV :Z^V% kdXx YZkZ da]Vg eVgV igrh% eVgV V Xgjo YZ :g^hid
#**'+/$' KdYVh Vh kZoZh fjZ XdbZbdh d eud Z WZWZbdh d
Xra^XZ% VcjcX^Vbdh V bdgiZ Yd JZc]dg' HjVcYd AZhjh eZí
\dj d eud Z d eVgi^j% <aZ Y^hhZ3 à<hiZ eud w d bZj Xdged%
fjZ w eVgi^Yd edg Vbdg YZ kzh' KdbV^ Z XdbZ^% [VoZ^ ^hid
Zb bZbzg^V YZ b^bâ' AZhjh Zhir dgYZcVcYd fjZ V ^\gZ_V
hZ aZbWgZ cud Ydh JZjh b^aV\gZh% bVh YV JjV bdgiZ' ;;ZkZí
bdh da]Vg eVgV igrh Z cdh aZbWgVg edg fjZ :g^hid bdggZj%
Xdbd :g^hid bdggZj% edg fjZb :g^hid bdggZj' :g^hid w
d XZcigd YV :Z^V' 8 :Z^V w jbV egZ\Vvud YgVbVi^oVYV Yd
XVakrg^d'
W$ ;;ZkZbdh da]Vg eVgV V [gZciZ' HjVcYd eVgi^X^eV YV
:Z^V% kdXx cud da]V hdbZciZ eVgV igrh% bVh iVbWwb eVgV V
[gZciZ' GVjad Y^o3 àGdgfjZ% idYVh Vh kZoZh fjZ XdbZgYZh ZhiZ
eud Z WZWZgYZh d Xra^XZ% VcjcX^V^h V bdgiZ Yd JZc]dg% Viw
fjZ ZaZ kZc]Vâ #**'+/$' 8 :Z^V cdh VedciV eVgV V hZ\jcYV
k^cYV YZ :g^hid' 8 ZjXVg^hi^V VedciV eVgV VWHYV\ZPH& ?r jb
Xa^bV YZ ZmeZXiVi^kV Zb idYV XZaZWgVvud YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg
#CX ++'*/%*1$' 8 hZ\jcYV k^cYV YZ :g^hid w V \gVcYZ ZheZí
gVcvV Yd Xg^hiud cjb bjcYd dcYZ d bVa iZb [Z^id iVcidh
ZhigV\dh' 8igrh% VedciV eVgV V hjV bdgiZ4 s [gZciZ% VedciV
eVgV V hjV kdaiV'*/. N^aa^Vb DVX;;dcVaY% X^iVcYd >dYZii%
V[^gbV3 à8 :Z^V Yd JZc]dg w d Zad ZcigZ JjVh YjVh k^cYVh% d
bdcjbZcid YZ jbV% V \VgVci^V YZ djigVâ'*//
X$ ;;ZkZbdh da]Vg eVgV YZcigd' HjVcYd kdXx XZaZWgV V
:Z^V% crd hdbZciZ da]V eVgV igrh Z eVgV V [gZciZ% bVh iVbí
Wwb da]V eVgV YZcigd' GVjad ZmdgiV3 à<mVb^cZ&hZ% ed^h% d
]dbZb V h^ bZhbdâ #**'+1$' MdXx cud da]V eVgV d hZj ^gí
bud' MdXx cud w d _j^o Yd hZj ^gbud' <b kZo YZ ZmVb^cVg Z
_ja\Vg V k^YV Va]Z^V4 kdaiZ Vh WViZg^Vh eVgV kdXx bZhbd% ZmVí
b^cZ&hZ V h^ bZhbd Z _ja\jZ&hZ V h^ bZhbd' @ckZhi^\jZ d hZj
XdgVvud' 8cVa^hZ V hjV k^YV' < Y^\cd dWhZgkVg fjZ GVjad Y^o3
<mVb^cZ&hZ d ]dbZb V h^ bZhbd Z JVT H& GVjad cud Y^o3
<mVb^cZ&hZ d ]dbZb Z YZ^mZ YZ XdbZg' MdXx cud YZkZ [j\^g
YV :Z^V edg XVjhV Yd eZXVYd% bVh [j\^g Yd eZXVYd edg XVjhV
YV :Z^V' 8 :Z^V w jb ^chigjbZcid YZ gZhiVjgVvud' 8 :Z^V
w jb iZbed YZ XjgV% YZ gZXdcX^a^Vvud Z gZhiVjgVvud' 8 :Z^V
w d bdbZcid Zb fjZ YZkZbdh V\jvVg dh hZci^Ydh YV cdhhV
VabV eVgV ZmVb^cVg&cdh Z cdh kdaiVgbdh eVgV d JZc]dg' EV
:Z^V YZkZbdh XdggZg Yd eZXVYd eVgV ;;Zjh Z cud YZ ;;Zjh
eVgV d eZXVYd' 8 dgYZb YZ GVjad w3 <mVb^cZ&hZ Z XdbV
Y$ ;;ZkZbdh da]Vg Vd gZYdg' HjVcYd kdXx eVgi^X^eV
YV :Z^V% kdXx da]V eVgV igrh% eVgV V Xgjo4 kdXx da]V eVgV
V [gZciZ% eVgV V hZ\jcYV k^cYV YZ :g^hid4 kdXx da]V eVgV
YZcigd% eVgV jb Vjid&ZmVbZ Z kdXx iVbWwb da]V Vd gZYdg
#**',,%,-$' F Vezhidad GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 à8hh^b% ed^h% ^gbudh
bZjh% fjVcYd kdh gZjc^h eVgV XdbZg% ZheZgV^ jch eZadh
djigdh' JZ Va\jwb iZb [dbZ% XdbV Zb XVhV% V [^b YZ cud
kdh gZjc^gYZh eVgV _jyod' HjVcid sh YZbV^h XdjhVh% Zj Vh
dgYZcVgZ^ fjVcYd [dg iZg XdckdhXdâ #**',,%,-$' GVjad Zhir
dg^ZciVcYd dh XgZciZh V ZheZgVgZb jch eZadh djigdh eVgV
jbV Xdbjc]ud kZgYVYZ^gV cV =ZhiV Yd 8bdg'
EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV XdhijbZ dh XgZciZh igVoZgZb
hjVh ^\jVg^Vh YZ XVhV Z XdbZgZb [VgiVbZciZ hZb ZheZgVg jch
eZadh djigdh' HjVcYd dh bZcdh [VkdgZX^Ydh X]Z\VkVb hz
ZcXdcigVkVb Vh hdWgVh' ?Vk^V Viw Va\jch edWgZh fjZ eVhhVí
kVb [dbZ' F fjZ GVjad cdh Zch^cV6 Eud iZbdh ZhhV egrí
i^XV YV =ZhiV Yd 8bdg VijVabZciZ% bVh iZbdh d eg^cXye^d'
HjVcYd kdXx hZ gZjc^g eVgV V :Z^V% da]Z Vd hZj gZYdg% eVgV
hZj ^gbud fjZ Zhir eZgid YZ kdXx' KZb Va\jwb [VaiVcYd s
^\gZ_V6 Gdg fjZ ZhiZ dj VfjZaZ ^gbud dj ^gbu cud Zhir Vfj^
VhhZciVYd eZgid YZ czh6
8 :Z^V w jb bdbZcid YZ Xdbjc]ud' Jdbdh jb hz eud'
< ^hhd d fjZ GVjad YZhZ_V fjZ V ^\gZ_V ZciZcYV hdWgZ V :Z^V'
;;ZkZbdh egdXjgVg d JZc]dg Z iVbWwb dh cdhhdh ^gbudh'
;;ZkZbdh ZcXdcigVg&cdh Xdb d JZc]dg Z iVbWwb Xdb dh
cdhhdh ^gbudh' EV :Z^V dh Xwjh Z V iZggV hZ idXVb'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% VZ WLYPNVZ LT YLSHhgV e 6LPH KV DLUOVY
#**'+0&,+$' GVjad Va^hiV Va\jch eZg^\dh Xdb gZheZ^id s :Z^V
Yd JZc]dg'
V$ GVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg ^cY^\cVbZciZ' GVjad
ZhXgZkZ3 àGdg ^hhd% VfjZaZ fjZ XdbZg d eud dj WZWZg d Xra^XZ
Yd JZc]dg% ^cY^\cVbZciZ% hZgr gwj Yd Xdged Z Yd hVc\jZ
Yd JZc]dgâ #**'+0$' F fjZ w eVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg
Y^\cVbZciZ6
Adud :Vak^cd Y^o fjZ eVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V YZ [dgbV Y^\cV
w iZg XdchX^xcX^V YV cdhhV egzeg^V ^cY^\c^YVYZ' HjVcYd
iZbdh XdchX^xcX^V YV cdhhV ^cY^\c^YVYZ% bVh Vd bZhbd
iZbed gZXdc]ZXZbdh fjZ edg bZ^d YZ :g^hid hdbdh ]Ví
W^a^iVYdh V cdh VhhZciVgbdh s bZhV% Zciud eVgi^X^eVgZbdh
YV :Z^V Y^\cVbZciZ' 8 cdhhV Y^\c^YVYZ w V XdchX^xcX^V YV
cdhhV ^cY^\c^YVYZ'
CZdc Ddgg^h V[^gbV fjZ ]r jb hZci^Yd Zb fjZ idYdh ixb
YZ eVgi^X^eVg ^cY^\cVbZciZ% ed^h c^c\jwb _VbV^h edYZ hZg
Y^\cd YV WdcYVYZ YZ :g^hid eVgV XdcdhXd' DVh Zb djigd
hZci^Yd edYZbdh k^g Y^\cVbZciZ% ^hid w% Xdb [w% Z Xdb
V YZk^YV gZVa^oVvud YZ ijYd fjZ w eZgi^cZciZ V iud hdaZcZ
g^id' EZ\a^\ZcX^Vg c^hid w k^g ^cY^\cVbZciZ cd hZci^Yd Vfj^
XZchjgVYd'*/0GVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V ^cY^\cVbZciZ w VhhZciVg&hZ
s bZhV YZ [dgbV aZk^VcV Z ^ggZ[aZi^YV'
GgZX^hVbdh Y^hXZgc^g d fjZ :g^hid [Zo cV Xgjo edg czh'
GgZX^hVbdh XdbegZZcYZg d JZj hVXg^[yX^d k^Xrg^d' GVgi^X^eVg
YV :Z^V ^ggZ[aZi^YVbZciZ dj eVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V ]dheZYVcYd
eZXVYd cd XdgVvud% hZb V YZk^YV Y^hedh^vud YZ VggZeZcY^í
bZcid w [Vox&ad YZ [dgbV ^cY^\cV' < idgcVg&hZ gwj Yd Xdged
Z Yd hVc\jZ YZ AZhjh'
JZg gwj Yd Xdged Z Yd hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid AZhjh w jb eZXVYd
\gVkyhh^bd' MdXx hz iZb Yd^h aVYdh eVgV ZhiVg Zb gZaVvud
Vd hVc\jZ' MdXx Zhir YZWV^md Ydh WZcZ[yX^dh Yd hVc\jZ dj
" Zhir Yd aVYd YVfjZaZh fjZ aZkVgVb AZhjh eVgV V Xgjo Z d
bViVgVb' MdXx w VhhVhh^cd YZ :g^hid dj w WZcZ[^X^rg^d Yd
hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid' GVgi^X^eVg ^cY^\cVbZciZ YV :Z^V Z hZg gwj
Yd Xdged Z Yd hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid4 w ZhiVg cV bZhbV edh^vud YZ
8crh% :V^[rh% G^aVidh Z dh hdaYVYdh gdbVcdh fjZ egZ\VgVb
AZhjh cV Xgjo' 8hh^b% Zl Zm^hiZb YjVh edhh^W^a^YVYZh3 MdXx
Zhir YZWV^md Ydh WZcZ[yX^dh Yd hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid dj w gwj
Yd Xdged Z Yd hVc\jZ Yd JZc]dg' F Vezhidad GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd fjZ fjZb eVgi^X^eV YV :Z^V ^cY^\cVbZciZ hZ idgcV
XjaeVYd YZ YZggVbVg d hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid4 ^hid w% XdadXV&hZ
cVd Yd aVYd Ydh fjZ Zhiud eVgi^X^eVcYd Ydh WZcZ[yX^dh YV
JjV eV^mud% bVh Yd aVYd Ydh fjZ [dgVb XjaeVYdh edg JjV
XgjX^[^XVvud'*/1
W$ GVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg hZb Y^hXZgc^bZcid' F
Vezhidad GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 à<mVb^cZ&hZ% ed^h% d ]dbZb V h^
bZhbd% Z Vhh^b XdbV Yd eud% Z WZWV Yd Xra^XZ4 ed^h fjZb
XdbZ Z WZWZ hZb Y^hXZgc^g d Xdged% XdbZ Z WZWZ _jyod eVgV
h^' <^h V gVoud edg fjZ ]r ZcigZ kzh bj^idh [gVXdh Z YdZciZh
Z cVd edjXdh dh fjZ YdgbZbâ #**'+1&,)$' ;;^hXZgc^g d fjx6
;;^hXZgc^g d Xdged HjZ Xdged6 GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd YZ Yd^h
Xdgedh Vfj^' F eg^bZ^gd Xdged w d Xdged [yh^Xd YZ :g^hid' <
d Xdged fjZ [d^ bdyYd Z igVheVhhVYd cV Xgjo' :dcijYd% ]r
djigd Xdged fjZ egZX^hV hZg Y^hXZgc^Yd' < d Xdged byhi^Xd
YZ :g^hid' HjVa w d Xdged byhi^Xd YZ :g^hid6 8 @\gZ_V
HjVcYd kdXx kZb eVgV V :Z^V% bVh% YZhegZoV d hZj
^gbud% [VoZcYd VXZevud YZ eZhhdVh% dj cjig^cYd br\dV Zb
hZj XdgVvud% kdXx Zhir eVgi^X^eVcYd YV :Z^V hZb Y^hXZgc^g
d Xdged' < hZ kdXx eVgi^X^eV YV :Z^V hZb Y^hXZgc^g d Xdged%
kdXx Zhir eVgi^X^eVcYd YZ [dgbV ^cY^\cV' F gZhjaiVYd w
fjZ jb eZXVYd Zhe^g^ijVa egdYjo XdchZfÄxcX^Vh [yh^XVh3
à<^h V gVoud edg fjZ ]r ZcigZ kzh bj^idh [gVXdh Z YdZciZh
Z cud edjXdh fjZ YdgbZbâ #**',)$' <hhVh hud Vh YdZcvVh
OHTHY[PHNjUPJHZ$ dj hZ_V% YdZcvVh egdYjo^YVh eZad eZXVYd'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% Zb k^gijYZ YZ eZXVYdh cud igViVYdh%
i^c]V eZhhdVh [gVXVh% YdZciZh Z Va\jbVh fjZ _r ]Vk^Vb
bdgg^Yd' CZdc Ddgg^h cZhhV bZhbV a^c]V YZ eZchVbZcid
Y^o fjZ bVaZh Zhe^g^ijV^h edYZb iZg gZhjaiVYdh [yh^Xdh' 8
gVoud YV br hV~YZ Z bZhbd YV bdgiZ YZ Va\jch XgZciZh YZ
:dg^cid iZb Vigrh YZ h^ jbV Vi^ijYZ ZggVYV eVgV Xdb ZhhZ
d[yX^d hjbVbZciZ hdaZcZ'*/2
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cud ZhiVkV Xjbeg^cYd d bVcYVí
bZcid YZ VbVg jch Vdh djigdh' GdgiVcid% ZaV cud ZhiVkV
Y^hXZgc^cYd d Xdged' 8 XdchZfÄxcX^V YV [VaiV YZ Y^hXZgc^í
bZcid Yd Xdged aZkdj V ^\gZ_V V XdbZg Z WZWZg _jyod eVgV h^3
[gVfjZoV% YdZcvVh Z bdgiZ #**',)$'
X$ GVgi^X^eVg YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg hZb Vjid_ja\VbZcid'
GVjad VaZgiV3 àGdgfjZ% hZ cdh _ja\rhhZbdh V czh bZhbdh%
cud hZg^Vbdh _ja\VYdh' DVh% fjVcYd _ja\VYdh% hdbdh
Y^hX^ea^cVYdh eZad JZc]dg% eVgV cud hZgbdh XdcYZcVYdh
Xdb d bjcYdâ #**',*%,+$' Eud edYZbdh hZg [gdjmdh Xdb
czh bZhbdh' JZ czh eVgi^X^eVgbdh YV :Z^V Yd JZc]dg Xdb
eZXVYdh cVd Xdc[ZhhVYdh hdWgZ czh4 cud iZgZbdh% Zciud%
Y^hXZgc^Yd d Xdged fjZ [d^ eVgi^Yd eVgV fjZ ZhhZ eZXVYd
[dhhZ eZgYdVYd'*0)
Eud edYZbdh hZg XdcYZhXZcYZciZh Xdb dh cdhhdh egzí
eg^dh Zggdh' GgZX^hVbdh Zc[gZciVg V czh bZhbdh' HjVcYd
kdXx k^Zg eVgV V :Z^V% cud igViZ V h^ bZhbd Xdb XdcYZhXZcí
YxcX^V' Aja\jZ V h^ bZhbd' <c[gZciZ dh hZjh eZXVYdh Xdb
g^\dg' GdgfjZ hZ kdXx cud _ja\Vg V h^ bZhbd% kV^ hZg XdcYZí
cVYd Xdb d bjcYd'
8 XZaZWgVvud YV :Z^V w jb bdbZcid YZ VjidXdc[gdcid'
F Vjid&Zc\Vcd w jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ CVdY^Xw^V
da]dj cd ZheZa]d Z Y^hhZ3 <hidj g^XV Z VWVhiVYV' 8 ^\gZ_V
YZ JVgYZh Y^hhZ3 <j Zhidj k^kV DVh% AZhjh Y^hhZ s eg^bZ^gV
^\gZ_V fjZ ZaV ZgV edWgZ Z b^hZgrkZa Z V hZ\jcYV fjZ ZaV
ZhiVkV bdgiV' GVjad w Zc[ri^Xd3 Aja\jZ V h^ bZhbd% ZmVb^cZ
V h^ bZhbd eVgV fjZ kdXx cud hZ_V _ja\VYd Z XdcYZcVYd
Xdb d bjcYd' DVii]Zl ?Zcgn Y^o fjZ Vh dgYZcVcvVh YZ
:g^hid edYZb cdh [VoZg bZa]dgZh% dj cdh [Vgud e^dgZh4 hZ
ZaVh cud cdh fjZWgVciVgZb Z cdh VbdaZXZgZb4 cdh idgcVgud
bV^h ZcYjgZX^Ydh'*0*
HjVcYd kdXx _ja\V V h^ bZhbd% w Y^hX^ea^cVYd edg ;;Zjh
Z V Y^hX^ea^cV YZ ;;Zjh igVo hVakVvud% XjgV% Z k^YV' KdYVk^V%
fjVcYd cud _ja\Vbdh V czh bZhbdh% cdh idgcVbdh Vjid&
^cYja\ZciZh% Z d _jyod idgcV&hZ ^cZk^irkZa' F _jyod YZ ;;Zjh
eVgV d XgZciZ cud w V eZgYV YV hVakVvud cZb V XdcYZcVvud
ZiZgcV% bVh V Y^hX^ea^cV'
EV k^YV Yd XgZciZ% [gVfjZoV% YdZcvV Z bdgiZ edYZb hZg
Y^hX^ea^cV YZ ;;Zjh eVgV cdh V[VhiVg YZ eZXVYdh bV^h iZggyí
kZ^h Z YZ XdchZfÄxcX^Vh bV^h YVcdhVh' 8 Y^hX^ea^cV YZ ;;Zjh
k^hV V hZbegZ cdh [VoZg kdaiVg eVgV <aZ Z cdh a^kgVg YV Xdcí
YZcVvud Yd bjcYd'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & &

),* K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& /-&


),+ A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2
b& )*+$)*,&
),, K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& /-%
),- K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& //%
),. D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )1*&
),/ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )1+&
),0 K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& /1&
),1 F [W ` W U ] W d $ :d[fl$ W F a Y W d e $ 7^Wa`& 6OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& +)+&
*.) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )1*%)10&
)-) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & )1,&
*.+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& )1,&
*., A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )*,&
)-, 6 d g U W $ :& :& ) H U K *6VYPU[OPHUZ& HZW BWi 7W`fgdk 6[T^W 7a__W`%
fSd[We& 9WdV_S`e S`V ASdeZS^^$ AadYS` J GUaff& )1/)2 b& )(.&
)-- 6 S d d W f $ 7& ?& 4 JVT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
6^SU]e BWi 7a__W`fSd[We& 5 7& 6^SU]& )1.02 b& *--&
)-. F [W ` W U ] W d $ :d[fl$ W F a Y W d e $ 7^Wa`& 6 OH]L SPUNpkZ[PJH KV @V]V
ELZ[HTLU[V NYLNV& )10-2 b& +)+&
)-/ 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )(0&
)-0 D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & )11&
)-1 K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& 0(&
).( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )*.&
).) A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )*.&
).* A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )*/&
).+ K W ` Z S _ $ ;;& >& Wf S^[& @ L^ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11,2 b & ))/1&
)., K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& /1*$/1+&
).- D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *()&
).. A S U 8 a ` S ^ V $ K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYuZ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11-2 b& )/01&
)./ A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )+)&
).0 D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *(*&
).1 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )+*&
)/( A S U 8 a ` S ^ V $ K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYZ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11-2 b& )/01&
)/) < W ` d k $ ASffZWi& ? H[[OL^ Z ;; LUY` JVT T LU[HY` PU VU L ]VS\T L&
Ma`VWdhS` DgT^[eZ[`Y <ageW& ;;dS`V FSb[Ve$ A=& )1.)2 b& )0)/&
2AO_STKN &'

E VWUVǺXPYU KL
ALZX VHWH UX KUTX
LXVPWPYZHPX
:4[ &'#&"(&  

8 =;; F 9 >5 8 9 7 C F =B H C i^c]V hwg^dh


egdWaZbVh gZaVX^dcVYdh Vd Xjaid Xg^hiud'
8cVa^hVbdh Yd^h YZhhZh egdWaZbVh cd XVí
eyijad VciZg^dg3 8 fjZhiud YV YZXxcX^V%
d igV_Z [Zb^c^cd cd Xjaid Z V fjZhiud Yd
Ydbyc^d egzeg^d Ydh XgZciZh Zb gZaVvud
s :Z^V Yd JZc]dg'
MZgZbdh cZhiZ XVeyijad fjZ V ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid i^c]V% iVbWwb% egdWaZbVh
Zb gZaVvud Vd jhd Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h'
<aZh cud ZhiVkVb jhVcYd% bVh VWjhVcYd
Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' 8^cYV ]d_Z% d bVj
jhd Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h w jb \gVkZ egdí
WaZbV cV ^\gZ_V' Dj^idh XgZciZh jhVb dh
Ydch Xdbd jb ^chigjbZcid YZ Vjidí
egdbdvud' <hhV Vai^kZo Zhe^g^ijVa w jb
h^cidbV YZ ^bVijg^YVYZ'
Fh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cVd [dgVb YVYdh s ^\gZ_V eVgV egd_Zí
vud ]jbVcV cZb Xdbd jb V[Zg^Ydg eVgV bZY^g d \gVj YV
Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ YZ jbV eZhhdV' Fh Ydch [dgVb YVYdh eVgV V
ZY^[^XVvud Yd Xdged' GZad ZmZgXyX^d Ydh Ydch V ^\gZ_V XgZhXZ
YZ [dgbV hVjYrkZa' 8hh^b% dh Ydch hud ^bedgiVciyhh^bdh Z
k^iV^h eVgV V ^\gZ_V' <aZh hud dh gZXjghdh fjZ d egzeg^d <heyí
g^id YZ ;;Zjh XdcXZYZj s ^\gZ_V eVgV fjZ ZaV ejYZhhZ iZg jb
XgZhX^bZcid hVjYrkZa Z iVbWwb hjeg^g Vh cZXZhh^YVYZh Ydh
hZjh bZbWgdh'
?r eZad bZcdh fjVigd edh^v}Zh Zb gZaVvud Vdh Ydch
YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V3
*' Fh XZhhVX^dc^hiVh' Jud VfjZaZh fjZ XgxZb fjZ dh Ydch
YZ h^cV^h gZ\^higVYdh Zb @:dgyci^dh *+ [dgVb gZhig^idh Vd
iZbed Ydh Vezhidadh' GVgV dh XZhhVX^dc^hiVh ZhhZh Ydch cud
hud XdciZbedgtcZdh cZb Zhiud bV^h Y^hedcykZ^h cV ^\gZ_V
XdciZbedgtcZV'
+' Fh ^\cdgVciZh' Jud VfjZaZh fjZ cud Xdc]ZXZb cVYV
hdWgZ dh Ydch' GVjad dg^ZciV dh Xdg^ci^dh eVgV cud hZgZb
^\cdgVciZh Xdb gZheZ^id Vdh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' ?Vk^V \ZciZ
cV ^\gZ_V fjZ ^\cdgVkV ZhhZ Vhhjcid% Z edg ^hhd% cud edY^V
ji^a^oVg V g^fjZoV YZhhV egdk^hud Y^k^cV eVgV V ^\gZ_V'
,' Fh bZYgdhdh' Jud VfjZaZh fjZ ixb bZYd Ydh Ydch'
8fjZaZh fjZ ixb bZYd Ydh ZmXZhhdh' DZYd YZ XV^g Zb
ZmigZbdh' F bZYd aZkV ZhhVh eZhhdVh V ZciZggVg dh hZjh Ydch
Z cud ji^a^or&adh eVgV V \azg^V YZ ;;Zjh cZb eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud
Yd Xdged'
-' Fh fjZ XgxZb cV XdciZbedgVcZ^YVYZ' Jud VfjZaZh
fjZ XgxZb fjZ dh bZhbdh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h XdcXZY^Ydh eZad
<heyg^id JVcid cd eVhhVYd Zhiud Y^hedcykZ^h eVgV V ^\gZ_V
VijVabZciZ'
;;ZhZ_d ZmVb^cVg Va\jbVh a^v}Zh hdWgZ dh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h
s ajo YZhhZ iZmid'
9 OQNBKELA/ NR DNMR EROIQISTAIR CNLN R_LBNKN DE ! !"
*+ # *" *+
F eg^bZ^gd egdWaZbV fjZ ZcXdcigVbdh cV ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid w fjZ ZaV jhdj bVa dh Ydch' 8 ^\gZ_V i^c]V idYdh dh
Ydch #*'0$' EVd a]Z [VaiVkV Ydb Va\jb' Gdgwb% ZaV iZcidj
XdadXVg d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh Xdbd d Ydb bV^h
^bedgiVciZ% Xdbd jb hybWdad YZ Z[H[\Z Zhe^g^ijVa'*0+
< ^beZgVi^kd gZhhVaiVg fjZ dh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cVd hud
V[Zg^YdgZh YZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ' MdXx cud bZYZ V Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ
YZ jbV ^\gZ_V eZaV egZhZcvV Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cZaV' JZ kdXx
[dhhZ bZY^g d \gVj YZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ YZ jbV ^\gZ_V eZadh Ydch%
V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid hZg^V XVbeZu YZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ% ed^h i^c]V
idYdh dh Ydch4 bVh V gZVa^YVYZ YZhhV ^\gZ_V ZgV djigV'
Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid cud ZgVb Zhe^g^ijV^h% bVh XVgcV^h'
<aZh cud ZgVb bVYjgdh% bVh ^c[Vci^h' <aZh i^c]Vb XVg^hbV%
bVh cud XVgriZg' <aZh i^c]Vb Ydch% bVh cud e^ZYVYZ' <gV
jbV ^\gZ_V fjZ k^k^V Zb xmiVhZ% bVh cud i^c]V jb iZhiZbjí
c]d Xdch^hiZciZ' K^c]V jbV a^ijg\^V ZmigZbVbZciZ k^kV%
bVh V ^\gZ_V cud i^c]V V egri^XV Yd ZkVc\Za]d' =VaiVkV Vbdg
ZcigZ dh XgZciZh Z hVci^YVYZ Vdh da]dh YZ ;;Zjh' <gV jbV
^\gZ_V YZ ZmXZhhdh% dcYZ [VaiVkVb dgYZb Z YZXxcX^V'
Fh iZbedh bjYVgVb% bVh dh bZhbdh Zggdh Yd eVhhVYd
V^cYV Zhiud hZcYd gZeZi^Ydh cVh ^\gZ_Vh XdciZbedgtcZVh'
?r ^\gZ_Vh fjZ V^cYV Zch^cVb fjZ d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ
ayc\jVh w d hZad Z V Zk^YxcX^V Yd WVi^hbd Xdb d <heyg^id
JVcid' ?r fjZb eZchZ fjZ d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh w
d h^cVa YV kZgYVYZ^gV Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ' 8hh^b% jb XgZciZ fjZ
cud [VaV Zb djigVh ayc\jVh cud w jbV eZhhdV Zhe^g^ijVa% bVh
jb XgZciZ YZ hZ\jcYV XViZ\dg^V' <hhV edh^vud cud iZb Vbí
eVgd WyWa^Xd' q jb ZfjykdXd' KdYdh dh hVakdh hud WVi^oVYdh
eZad <heyg^id cd Xdged YZ :g^hid #*+'*,$% bVh cZb idYdh
dh XgZciZh ixb d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh #*+',)$'
q^bedgiVciZ gZhhVaiVg fjZ d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh
iZb kVadg' KjYd d fjZ ;;Zjh Yr w ^bedgiVciZ' JZ d <heyg^id
JVcid w fjZb Yr ZhhZ Ydb% Zciud% ZaZ iZb kVadg' Gdgwb% kdXx
egZX^hV da]Vg V edh^vud fjZ ZhhZ Ydb dXjeV cV a^hiV Ydh Ydch'
<aZ w d ~c^Xd Ydb fjZ cud w eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud Yd Xdged%
bVh eVgV V Vjid&ZY^[^XVvud' GdgiVcid% cV a^hiV Ydh Ydch%
ZaZ hZbegZ kZb Zb ~ai^bd aj\Vg' KVbWwb w ^bedgiVciZ
gZhhVaiVg fjZ Zb bdbZcid Va\jb V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh XdadXV
jb Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa% hZ_V ZaZ fjVa [dg% Xdbd d hZad dj Xdbd
V Zk^YxcX^V Yd WVi^hbd Xdb d <heyg^id JVcid'
F WVi^hbd Xdb d <heyg^id JVcid w V hjV ^chZgvud cd
Xdged YZ :g^hid #*+'*,$' KdYd VfjZaZ fjZ [d^ gZ\ZcZgVYd%
iVbWwb [d^ WVi^oVYd eZad <heyg^id cd Xdged YZ :g^hid' Eud
w d [VaVg Zb ayc\jVh fjZ Zk^YZcX^V ZhhV a^\Vvud cd Xdged%
bVh V XdckZghud'
MVbdh YZhiVXVg Va\jch edcidh eVgV V cdhhV gZ[aZmud'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V JVU[YHZ[L LU[YL V V\[YVYH L V HNVYH&
EV k^YV Yd Xg^hiud ]r jbV Y^hi^cvud ZcigZ d C I H F C F 5 Z
d 5 ;; C F 5 & GVjad [VaV YV ZmeZg^xcX^V YZ XdckZghud% YVfjZaZ
Y^k^hdg YZ r\jVh cV k^YV fjZ hZeVgV d eVhhVYd Yd egZhZciZ'
8hh^b Y^o d Vezhidad3 àJVWZ^h fjZ% djigdgV% fjVcYd wgZ^h
\Zci^dh% YZ^mrkZ^h XdcYjo^g&kdh Vdh yYdadh bjYdh% hZ\jcYd
wgZ^h \j^VYdhâ #*+'+%,$' F fjZ w fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd6
< fjZ ]r jbV Y^hi^cvud ZcigZ d djigdgV Z d V\dgV' Fh yYdí
adh% ZbWdgV% bjYdh% \j^VkVb% XdcigdaVkVb Z Ydb^cVkVb
dh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid VciZh YV XdckZghud YZaZh' F yYdad w
bjYd' <aZ cud iZb k^YV% cud [VaV% cud djkZ% cud V\Z% bVh%
V YZheZ^id Y^hhd d yYdad \j^V% XdcigdaV% Z Y^g^\Z V k^YV YVí
fjZaZh fjZ d kZcZgVb #Fh -'*+$' ;;Z fjZ bVcZ^gV6 < fjZ
edg igrh Yd yYdad Zhiud dh YZb|c^dh #*)'+)$'
8hh^b% fjVcYd jbV eZhhdV Zhir hZcYd \j^VYV edg yYdadh%
ZaV Zhir hZcYd XdcigdaVYV edg YZb|c^dh' F yYdad% dj jbV
^bV\Zb YZ ZhXjaijgV iZb WdXV% bVh cVd [VaV4 iZb da]dh%
bVh cVd kx4 iZb djk^Ydh% bVh cud djkZ4 iZb \Vg\VciV% bVh
cZc]jb hdb hV^ YV hjV WdXV4 iZb bud% bVh cud VeVaeV4
iZb ew% bVh cud VcYV' ;;d bZhbd bdYd hud dh fjZ [VoZb Z
dh fjZ hZ\jZb dh yYdadh #J@ **.'.&1$' 8 eZhhdV fjZ [Vo jb
yYdad Z d hZ\jZ eZgYZ V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ kZg% djk^g Z ZciZcYZg
Vh Xd^hVh' <aV w XdcigdaVYV Z \j^VYV XZ\VbZciZ'
Fh yYdadh ZgVb YZb|c^dh fjZ ZhiVkVb V\^cYd cV k^YV
Ydh Xdg^ci^dh Z \j^VcYd V k^YV YZaZh VciZh YV XdckZghud
#*+'+$' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg VaZgiV eVgV d [Vid YZ fjZ bj^idh Xg^hí
iudh YZ :dg^cid egdXZY^Vb Yd eV\Vc^hbd' :dckwb gZhhVaí
iVg% hdWgZijYd% fjZ Vh gZa^\^}Zh \gZ\Vh YZ b^hiwg^d i^c]Vb
Vh ZmeZg^xcX^Vh Zhe^g^ijV^h Xdbd cdgbV' 8h eZhhdVh ZhiVkVb
VXdhijbVYVh V hZg \j^VYVh edg Va\jb i^ed YZ [dgvV hdWgZcVí
ijgVa dj YZbdcyVXV V jb ZhiVYd YZ igVchZ% dj xmiVhZ% dj V
Va\jbV Vi^ijYZ ZhigVc]V'*0,
GVjad% Zciud% bdhigV eVgV V ^\gZ_V fjZ djigdgV ZaZh ZgVb
XdcYjo^Ydh Z \j^VYdh eZadh yYdadh' DVh V\dgV% hud \j^VYdh
Z XdcigdaVYdh eZad <heyg^id JVcid YZ ;;Zjh' àGdg ^hhd% kdh
[Vvd XdbegZZcYZg fjZ c^c\jwb fjZ [VaV eZad <heyg^id YZ
;;Zjh V[^gbV3 8criZbV% AZhjh Gdg djigd aVYd% c^c\jwb
edYZ Y^oZg3 JZc]dg AZhjh % hZcud eZad <heyg^id JVcidâ
#*+',$'
Fh XgZciZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid k^ZgVb% cV hjV bV^dg^V%
YVh gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d% Yd eda^iZyhbd eV\ud% dcYZ ZaZh
ZgVb ^cXdgedgVYdh edg Zheyg^idh bVa^\cdh Z [VaVkVb Zb
ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ' 8\dgV% Va\jch YZhhZh XgZciZh fjZg^Vb
^bedgiVg ZhhVh egri^XVh eVgV V ^\gZ_V'
F \gVcYZ egdWaZbV w fjZ Va\jbVh eZhhdVh cV ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid ZhiVkVb [VaVcYd Zb ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ' < cZhhZ bdí
bZcid YZ xmiVhZ% Va\jbVh eZhhdVh Y^o^Vb3 8criZbV AZhjh
8bVaY^vdVYd hZ_V AZhjh GVjad% Zciud% Xdgg^\Z ZhhV egri^XV
Y^oZcYd fjZ jbV eZhhdV \j^VYV eZad <heyg^id YZ ;;Zjh cud
edYZ [VoZg ^hhd% edgfjZ d <heyg^id YZ ;;Zjh cVd aZkV jbV
eZhhdV V [VaVg Z V\^g YZ bVcZ^gV Xdcigrg^V V AZhjh :g^hid'
F b^c^hiwg^d Yd <heyg^id JVcid w \adg^[^XVg Z ZmVaiVg V
AZhjh' E^c\jwb edYZ Xdc[ZhhVg AZhjh Xdbd JZc]dg Z k^kZg
YZ Xdc[dgb^YVYZ Xdb ZhhV gZVa^YVYZ hZb V Vvud Z d edYZg
Yd <heyg^id JVcid #*+',$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V JVU[YHZ[L LU[YL VZ kKVSVZ L V 7L\Z
[YPUV& GVjad Vg\jbZciV3 àFgV% dh Ydch hud Y^kZghdh% bVh d
<heyg^id w d bZhbd' < iVbWwb ]r Y^kZgh^YVYZ cdh hZgk^vdh%
bVh d JZc]dg w d bZhbd' < ]r Y^kZgh^YVYZ cVh gZVa^oVv}Zh%
bVh d bZhbd ;;Zjh w fjZb deZgV ijYd Zb idYdhâ #*+'-&
/$' 8fj^% V Kg^cYVYZ Zhir egZhZciZ' Ed kZghyXjad -% GVjad
hZ gZ[ZgZ Vd <heyg^id JVcid4 cd kZghyXjad .% V eVaVkgV R`YPVZ
gZ[ZgZ&hZ Vd JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hid Z cd kZghyXjad /% GVjad
gZ[ZgZ&hZ V ;;Zjh GV^' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid egZX^hVkV ZciZcYZg
^hhd' <aV ]Vk^V VWVcYdcVYd dh yYdadh bjYdh Z V\dgV ZhiVkV
hZ\j^cYd jbV cdkV Y^gZvud3 8 Y^gZvud Yd GV^% Yd =^a]d Z
Yd <heyg^id JVcid'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H UH[\YLaH KVZ KVUZ LZWPYP[\HPZ #*+'-&
/$' MZ_V fjZ GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd YZ àYdchâ% YZ àhZgk^vdhâ Z
YZ àgZVa^oVv}Zhâ' @hhd kV^ cdh [VaVg VXZgXV YV cVijgZoV Ydh
Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' Gdg fjZ GVjad [VaV hdWgZ Ydch% hZgk^vdh Z
gZVa^oVv}Zh6 F Ydb iZb jbV igyea^XZ cVijgZoV'
V$ HjVcid s dg^\Zb Ydh Ydch ZaZh hud JOHYPZTH[H& GVjad
Y^o3 àFgV dh Ydch hud Y^kZghdhâ #*+'-$' 8 eVaVkgV JOHYPZTH[H
kZb YZ JOHYPZ$ \gVvV' 8hh^b% GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd YV dg^\Zb
Ydh Ydch' F Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa egdXZYZ YV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh'
EZc]jb ]dbZb iZb XdbeZixcX^V eVgV Y^hig^Wj^g Ydch
Zhe^g^ijV^h' <hhV cud w jbV XdbeZixcX^V ]jbVcV' Fh Ydch
hud dg^\^cVYdh cV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh Z hud b^c^higVYdh% YdVYdh Z
Y^hig^WjyYdh eZad <heyg^id JVcid YZ ;;Zjh' EZc]jb ]dbZb
iZb XdbeZixcX^V YZ Y^hig^Wj^g Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' 8 dg^\Zb
Ydh Ydch cjcXV Zhir cd ]dbZb% bVh hZbegZ cV \gVvV YZ
;;Zjh'
W$ HjVcid Vd bdYd YZ VijVg% d Ydb w KPHJVUPH& GVjad
egdhhZ\jZ3 à< iVbWwb ]r Y^kZgh^YVYZ cdh hZgk^vdhâ #*+'.$'
8 eVaVkgV àhZgk^vdhâ cd \gZ\d w KPHJVUPH& @hhd hZ gZ[ZgZ Vd
bdYd YZ VijVvud Yd Ydb fjZ w egdci^Yud eVgV hZgk^g'
Fh Ydch hud YVYdh cud eVgV egd_Zvud eZhhdVa% bVh eVgV d
hZgk^vd' F Ydb w KPHJVUPH$ w eVgV d hZgk^vd' "
;;Zjh cdh Yr Ydch eVgV hZgk^gbdh jch Vdh djigdh Z cud
eVgV idXVgbdh igdbWZiV ZmVaiVcYd cdhhVh k^gijYZh dj
]VW^a^YVYZh' Lb ^cY^kyYjd _VbV^h YZkZg^V VXZcYZg Vh ajoZh
YV g^WVaiV hdWgZ h^ bZhbd cd ZmZgXyX^d Yd Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa' 8
[^cVa^YVYZ Yd Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa cud w V Vjidegdbdvud% bVh V
ZY^[^XVvud Yd egzm^bd'
X$ HjVcid s hjV [^cVa^YVYZ dh Ydch hud LULYNiTH[H&
GVjad XdcXaj^3 à< ]r Y^kZgh^YVYZ cVh gZVa^oVv}Zhâ #*+'/$' 8
eVaVkgV LULYNiTH[H kZb YZ ZcZg\^V% YZ dWgVh ZmiZg^dgZh' <
V ZcZg\^V YZ ;;Zjh deZgVcYd cdh Xg^hiudh Z igVchWdgYVcYd
eVgV V k^YV YV Xdbjc^YVYZ'*0- F Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa iZb jbV
[^cVa^YVYZ' JjV [^cVa^YVYZ w V ZmiZg^dg^oVvud YZ jb Vid% YZ
jb igVWVa]d% YZ Va\jbV gZVa^oVvud' F Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa w
eVgV V_jYVg Va\jwb% [VoZg Va\d eVgV Va\jwb% igVWVa]Vg edg
Va\jwb Z gZVa^oVg Va\jbV Xd^hV edg Va\jwb' Eud w jbV
Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ ^ci^b^hiV Z hjW_Zi^kV' F Ydb hZbegZ Zhir hZ
YZhYdWgVcYd Zb igVWVa]d% Vvud% Z gZVa^oVvud Zb WZcZ[yX^d
YZ Va\jwb' 8 [^cVa^YVYZ Yd Ydb w V gZVa^oVvud YZ Va\jbV
dWgV Z V_jYV XdcXgZiV V Va\jwb'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V WYVWlZP[V KP]PUV WHYH VZ KVUZ& F
Vezhidad GVjad V[^gbV3 à8 bVc^[ZhiVvud Yd <heyg^id w
XdcXZY^YV V XVYV jb k^hVcYd V jb [^b egdkZ^idhdâ #*+'0$'
;;ZhiVXd Vfj^ YjVh Xd^hVh3
V$ Fh Ydch hud YVYdh V XVYV bZbWgd Yd Xdged' KdYdh dh
XgZciZh% hVakdh edg :g^hid AZhjh% ixb eZad bZcdh jb Ydb' 8
V[^gbVvud Yd Vezhidad GVjad w XViZ\zg^XV3 à8 bVc^[ZhiVvud
Yd <heyg^id w XdcXZY^YV V XVYV jbâ' Eud Zm^hiZ c^c\jwb
XdckZgi^Yd hZb Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' :VYV bZbWgd iZb eZad
bZcdh jb Ydb'
W$ Fh Ydch ixb jb egdezh^id' <aZh hud YVYdh k^hVcYd V
jb [^b egdkZ^idhd% dj hZ_V% V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' F WZcZí
[yX^d cud w egzeg^d Z eZhhdVa% bVh ZcYZgZvVYd eVgV V XdaZi^í
k^YVYZ' F egdezh^id Ydh Ydch w V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% H ]HYPLKHKL KVZ KVUZ& F Vezhidad Y^o3
àGdgfjZ V jb w YVYV% bZY^VciZ d <heyg^id% V eVaVkgV YV
hVWZYdg^V4 Z V djigd% hZ\jcYd d bZhbd <heyg^id% V eVaVkgV
Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid4 V djigd% cd bZhbd <heyg^id% V [w4 Z V
djigd% cd bZhbd <heyg^id% Ydch YZ XjgVg4 V djigd% deZgVv}Zh
YZ b^aV\gZh4 V djigd% egd[ZX^V4 V djigd% Y^hXZgc^bZcid YZ
Zheyg^idh4 V jb% kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh4 Z V djigd% XVeVX^YVYZ
eVgV ^ciZgegZir&aVhâ #*+'1&*)$'
GVjad d[ZgZXZ X^cXd a^hiVh YZ Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h3 IdbVcdh
*+'/&14 @:dgyci^dh *+'1&*)4 @:dgyci^dh *+'+14 @:dgyci^dh
*-4 <[wh^dh -'**&*,' Eud ]r XgZciZ hZb Ydb cZb XgZciZ
Xdb idYdh dh Ydch #*+'+2&,*$' 8 a^hiV Zb VegZvd edYZ hZg
h^ciZi^oVYV Vhh^b3 ;;dch YV eVaVkgV dj YV egZ\Vvud4 Ydch
YZ h^cV^h dj YZ b^aV\gZh Z Ydch YZ hZgk^vd' ?r kVg^ZYVYZ Z
Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ Ydch' F <heyg^id JVcid w fjZb Y^hig^Wj^% V
[^b YZ fjZ cud ]V_V cZc]jbV [VaiV% cZXZhh^YVYZ dj XVgxcX^V
cV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh'
<b hZmid aj\Vg% H ZVILYHUPH KV 8ZWkYP[V UH KPZ[YPI\PhgV
KVZ KVUZ& GVjad Y^o3 àDVh jb hz Z d bZhbd <heyg^id gZVa^oV
idYVh ZhiVh Xd^hVh% Y^hig^Wj^cYd&Vh% Xdbd a]Z VegVo% V XVYV
jb% ^cY^k^YjVabZciZâ #*+'**$' GVjad Zhir [VaVcYd fjZ w d
<heyg^id JVcid fjZb Y^hig^Wj^ dh Ydch Z iVbWwb fjZb V\Z
Z[^XVobZciZ cV k^YV YVfjZaZ fjZ ZmZgXZ d Ydb' F ]dbZb
w VeZcVh d ^chigjbZcid% bVh d edYZg w Yd <heyg^id' 8hh^b%
cud [Vo hZci^Yd [VaVgbdh Zb ]dbZch edYZgdhdh' HjVcYd
jbV eZhhdV iZb d Ydb YZ b^aV\gZh% Ydch YZ XjgV% cud w V
eZhhdV fjZ iZb d edYZg'
8ijVabZciZ hZ [Vo egdeV\VcYV YZ ]dbZch edYZgdhdh%
]dbZch YZ edYZg% bVh cV kZgYVYZ GVjad [VaV fjZ àQ'''R jb
hz Z d bZhbd <heyg^id gZVa^oV idYVh ZhiVh Xd^hVhâ' 8 \azg^V
cud w eVgV d ]dbZb% bVh eVgV ;;Zjh Z ;;Zjh cud V gZeVgiZ
Xdb c^c\jwb'
F Vezhidad GVjad jhdj fjVigd kZgWdh&X]VkZ fjZ ^ajhigVb
V hdWZgVc^V YZ ;;Zjh cV Y^hig^Wj^vud Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' F
<heyg^id JVcid Y^hig^Wj^ #*+'**$% ;;Zjh Y^he}Z #*+'*1$% ;;Zjh
XddgYZcV #*+'+-$ Z ;;Zjh ZhiVWZaZXZ #*+'+1$'*0. ;;d XdbZvd
Vd [^b ;;Zjh Zhir cd XdcigdaZ' < ;;Zjh fjZb ZhiVWZaZXZ d
Xdged Z fjZb XdadXV XVYV bZbWgd cd Xdged Z Y^hig^Wj^
XVYV Ydb V XVYV eZhhdV Xdc[dgbZ JZj egdezh^id Z hdWZgVcV
kdciVYZ' ;;d XdbZvd Vd [^b ;;Zjh Zhir cd XdcigdaZ' c ^hhd
fjZ GVjad Zch^cV s ^\gZ_V'

1 IGQEJA ] TL CNQON &'#&'"(﴾&


8 ^\gZ_V w XdbeVgVYV V jbV [Vbya^V% V jb ZmwgX^id% V jb
iZbead% V jbV cd^kV' Gdgwb% V [^\jgV egZY^aZiV YZ GVjad eVgV
YZhXgZkZg V ^\gZ_V w d Xdged' Gdg fjZ GVjad iZb egZY^aZvud
edg ZhhV [^\jgV6 GdgfjZ ZaV w jbV YVh bV^h XdbeaZiVh eVgV
YZhXgZkZg V ^\gZ_V' F Vezhidad GVjad YZhiVXV igxh \gVcYZh
kZgYVYZh% fjZ kVbdh Xdch^YZgVg'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H \UPKHKL KV JVYWV #*+'*+%*,$' F
Xdged w jcd' JjV eg^cX^eVa XVgVXiZgyhi^XV w V jc^YVYZ' Kdí
Ydh dh fjZ XgxZb Zb :g^hid hud jb% [VoZb eVgiZ Yd bZhí
bd Xdged% YV bZhbV [Vbya^V% Yd bZhbd gZWVc]d' <hhV
jc^YVYZ cud w dg\Vc^oVX^dcVa cZb YZcdb^cVX^dcVa% bVh
Zhe^g^ijVa' Ezh Xdc[ZhhVbdh d bZhbd JZc]dg #*+'*&,$%
YZeZcYZbdh Yd bZhbd ;;Zjh #*+'-&/$% b^c^higVbdh cd
bZhbd Xdged #*+'0&**$% Z ZmeZg^bZciVbdh d bZhbd WVí
i^hbd #*+'*+%*,$'
GZiZg NV\cZg X^iV Yd^h [VidgZh fjZ bVcixb V jc^YVYZ
Yd Xdged3*0/
V$ F hVc\jZ' GdYZ hZg Y^[yX^a ZhiVWZaZXZg V jc^YVYZ ZcigZ
bZjh ewh% b^c]Vh budh Z bZjh g^ch' :dcijYd% d bZhbd
hVc\jZ Va^bZciV ZhhZh bZbWgdh Z idYdh dh djigdh'
F hVc\jZ [dgcZXZ k^YV Vdh bZbWgdh Z hZ ^beZY^gbdh d
hVc\jZ YZ X]Z\Vg V Va\jch YZaZh% ZhhZh bdggZgud gVe^YVbZciZ'
F fjZ w fjZ bZ ZcmZgiV Z bZ ^chZgZ cd Xdged YZ :g^hid6
F fjZ bZ idgcV jb bZbWgd Yd JZj Xdged6 < d hVc\jZ Yd
:dgYZ^gd 8hh^b Xdbd d hVc\jZ w d ZaZbZcid fjZ jc^[^XV d
Xdged% d hVc\jZ YZ :g^hid cdh idgcV jb'
E^c\jwb edYZ [VoZg eVgiZ YV ^\gZ_V V cud hZg edg bZ^d
YV Zme^Vvud% YV dWgV YV gZYZcvud deZgVYV eZad hVc\jZ YZ
AZhjh :g^hid' E^c\jwb ZcigV cV ^\gZ_V hZb eg^bZ^gd iZg
hZ Vegdeg^VYd Ydh WZcZ[yX^dh YV bdgiZ YZ :g^hid Z Yd JZj
hVc\jZ YZggVbVYd'
W$ F [[heyg^id' 8awb Yd hVc\jZ% d fjZ bVciwb d Xdgí
ed jcd w d Zheyg^id' EjcXV YZhXdWg^gZbdh d Zheyg^id dj V
VabV YZ jbV eZhhdV Zb Va\jb YZ hZjh zg\udh% bZbWgdh
dj \atcYjaVh' <b XZgid hZci^Yd% d Zheyg^id Zhir Zb idYdh dh
bZbWgdh Yd Xdged' <b gZaVvud s ^\gZ_V% Y^o d Vezhidad GVjí
ad3 àGd^h% Zb jb hz <heyg^id% idYdh czh [dbdh WVi^oVYdh Zb
jb Xdgedâ #*+'*,$' F <heyg^id JVcid [d^ fjZb ZcmZgidj
kdXx cd Xdged' MdXx [d^ WVi^oVYd Z ^cigdYjo^Yd cd Xdged
eZad <heyg^id' HjZb XdadXdj kdXx cd Xdged [d^ d <heyg^id
JVcid' <aZ gZ\ZcZgdj kdXx% bjYdj V hjV k^YV% XdckZgiZj
d hZj XdgVvud' Lb bZbWgd Yd Xdged edYZ hZg bV^h X]Z^d
Yd fjZ djigd bZbWgd% bVh cZc]jb bZbWgd Zhir hZb d
<heyg^id' JZg WVi^oVYd eZad <heyg^id h^\c^[^XV eZgiZcXZg Vd
:dged YZ :g^hid' JZg X]Z^d Yd <heyg^id h^\c^[^XV fjZ cdhhd
Xdged eZgiZcXZ V :g^hid'
FWk^VbZciZ% ZhhV jc^YVYZ YZ fjZ GVjad [VaV cud w YZ&
cdb^cVX^dcVa' Eud w jbV jc^YVYZ ZmiZgcV% bVh byhi^XV
Z Zhe^g^ijVa' < edg ^hhd fjZ d ZXjbZc^hbd w jb \gVcYZ
ZfjykdXd' HjVa w V \gVcYZ WVcYZ^gV Yd ZXjbZc^hbd6 < V
YZ fjZ czh iZbdh YZ VXVWVg Xdb Vh cdhhVh Y^[ZgZcvVh Z [^XVg
idYdh YZWV^md YZ jb bZhbd \jVgYV&X]jkV' Eud ^bedgiV
V hjV XgZcvV' EVd ^bedgiV V hjV iZdad\^V' Eud ^bedgiV d
;;Zjh fjZ kdXx Xgx' MVbdh [^XVg _jcidh' MVbdh VYdgVg cd
bZhbd VaiVg' DVh ZhhZ cud w d Zch^cd YVh <hXg^ijgVh' Eud
Zm^hiZ jc^YVYZ [dgV YV kZgYVYZ' Eud ]r jc^YVYZ [dgV Yd
<heyg^id JVcid'
< ^bedhhykZa hZg jb Xdb Va\jwb fjZ V^cYV cud cVhXZj
YZ cdkd Z V^cYV cud [d^ ^cigdYjo^Yd cd :dged YZ :g^hid'
<hhV jc^YVYZ w eVgV dh hVakdh fjZ Zhiud cVh bV^h Y^kZghVh
YZcdb^cVv}Zh Xg^hiuh% bVh cud w jbV jc^YVYZ ZcigZ hVakdh Z
^cXgwYjadh' 8 jc^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V w Zhe^g^ijVa' MdXx w jb Xdb
fjVafjZg ^gbud YZ fjVafjZg YZcdb^cVvud% Zb fjVafjZg ají
\Vg Yd bjcYd' <hhV jc^YVYZ cud w Xg^VYV cV iZggV% bVh cd
Xwj4 cud w [Z^iV eZad ]dbZb% bVh edg ;;Zjh' KdYdh VfjZaZh
fjZ XgxZb Zb :g^hid% YZ idYdh dh aj\VgZh% YZ idYdh dh iZbí
edh hud jb' KdYdh [VoZb eVgiZ YV bZhbV ^\gZ_V% Yd bZhbd
gZWVc]d' KdYdh hud dkZa]Vh YZ :g^hid Z cd^kV Yd :dgYZ^gd'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H KP]LYZPKHKL KV JVYWV #*+'*-&+)$' F
Xdged ZbWdgV jcd iZb jbV \gVcYZ Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ bZbWgdh
#*+'*-$' F fjZ idgcV d Xdged Wdc^id Z [jcX^dcVa w d [Vid
YZ ZaZ iZg hZjh bZbWgdh ]Vgbdc^dhVbZciZ Y^hig^WjyYdh Z
idYdh igVWVa]VcYd _jcidh eVgV d WZb Xdbjb'
Fh bZbWgdh Yd Xdged hud WZadh fjVcYd Y^hig^WjyYdh
Xdb egdedgX^dcVa^YVYZ' Lb cVg^o fjZ hZ YZhZckdakZ Vawb
Yd cdgbVa YZ[dgbV d gdhid' F da]d w jb zg\ud a^cYd
Z cdWgZ' <aZ w d [Vgda Yd Xdged ]jbVcd' :dcijYd% _r
^bV\^cdj hZ kdXx ZcXdcigVhhZ jb da]d YZ 0. fj^adh cV
gjV6 MdXx hV^g^V XdggZcYd% ed^h ZhhZ da]d \^\VciZ bV^h
hZ VhhZbZa]Vg^V V jb bdchigd'*00 GVjad eZg\jciV3 àJZ
idYd d Xdged [dhhZ da]d% dcYZ ZhiVg^V d djk^Yd6 #*+'*0$'
8 WZaZoV Yd Xdged Zhir cV hjV Y^kZgh^YVYZ Z cV hjV
egdedgX^dcVa^YVYZ'
F Xdged egZX^hV YVh Y^kZghVh [jcv}Zh Ydh bZbWgdh eVgV
hdWgZk^kZg #*+'*.&*2$' Lb bZbWgd hZgkZ Vd djigd Z idYdh
igVWVa]Vb Zb ]Vgbdc^V eVgV d WZcZ[yX^d Z ZY^[^XVvud Yd
Xdged' @bV\^cZ fjZ kdXx ZhiZ_V Xdb [dbZ XVb^c]VcYd eZaV
ZhigVYV Z kx jb ew YZ bVc\V X]Z^d YZ bVc\Vh bVYjgVh%
bVc\Vh kZgbZa]Vh% bVc\Vh Wdc^iVh% bVc\Vh X]Z^gdhVh' F
hZj da]d kx V bVc\V' Ed ZciVcid% cud WVhiV d da]d kZg'
MdXx iZb YZ jhVg V bud eVgV eZ\Vg' MdXx iZb YZ jhVg V
WdXV Z dh YZciZh eVgV bdgYZg Z bVhi^\Vg' MdXx iZb YZ jhVg
V ayc\jV eVgV bdk^bZciVg' MdXx iZb YZ jhVg d Zh|[V\d eVgV
Zc\da^g' MdXx iZb YZ jhVg d Zhi|bV\d eVgV ig^ijgVg' MdXx
iZb YZ jhVg d [y\VYd eVgV _d\Vg V Wya^h Va^' MdXx egZX^hV YZ
idYV jbV brfj^cV [jcX^dcVcYd eVgV fjZ VfjZaV bVc\V
edhhV cjig^g kdXx Z ViZcYZg s hjV cZXZhh^YVYZ'*01 8hh^b%
iVbWwb% w V ^\gZ_V' <aV w jb Xdged Z czh egZX^hVbdh V_jYVg
jch Vdh djigdh'
JZ Zj XdgiVhhZ d bZj WgVvd Z d XdadXVhhZ cjbV XVYZ^í
gV Vd aVYd% ZaZ hZg^V bZj WgVvd V^cYV' Jz fjZ cud kVaZg^V
cVYV eVgV d Xdged' <hhZ WgVvd hz iZb kVadg hZ i^kZg a^\VYd
Vd Xdged' =dgV Yd Xdged ZaZ cud iZb kVadg' < ^c~i^a' JZ Zj
XdgiVhhZ b^c]V bud Z V XdadXVhhZ cjbV XVYZ^gV% cd djigd
aVYd YV hVaV% ZaV V^cYV hZg^V b^c]V bud% bVh cud iZg^V bV^h
ji^a^YVYZ edgfjZ ZhiVg^V hZeVgVYV Ydh djigdh bZbWgdh Yd
Xdged' ;;V bZhbV bVcZ^gV% d Vezhidad GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd%
fjZ hdbdh jbV jc^YVYZ' F bZbWgd iZb kVadg cV bZY^YV
Zb fjZ Zhir ^chZg^Yd cd Xdged Z cV egdedgvud Zb fjZ ZaZ
igVWVa]V eVgV d WZb Xdbjb Yd Xdged'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H T\[\HSPKHKL KV JVYWV #*+'+*&,*$'
HjVcYd GVjad [VaV YV bjijVa^YVYZ Yd Xdged% ZmdgiV V
^\gZ_V hdWgZ X^cXd fjZhi}Zh ^bedgiVciZh'
V$ F eZg^\d Yd XdbeaZmd YZ ^c[Zg^dg^YVYZ' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3
àJZ Y^hhZg d ew3 GdgfjZ cud hdj bud% cud hdj Yd Xdged4
cZb edg ^hhd YZ^mV YZ hZg Yd Xdged' JZ d djk^Yd Y^hhZg3
GdgfjZ cud hdj da]d% cud hdj Yd Xdged4 cZb edg ^hhd YZ^mV
YZ d hZgâ #*+'*.%*/$'
HjVcYd Va\jwb gZXaVbV YZ cud iZg ZhiZ dj VfjZaZ Ydb
Zhe^g^ijVa% Zhir fjZhi^dcVcYd V hVWZYdg^V YZ ;;Zjh' @hhd w
XjaeVg V ;;Zjh YZ [VaiV YZ hVWZYdg^V' @hhd w fjZhi^dcVg V jc^í
YVYZ Yd Xdged' EZc]jb bZbWgd YV ^\gZ_V YZkZ hZ XdbeVí
gVg% cZb hZ XdcigVhiVg Xdb djigd bZbWgd YV ^\gZ_V' MdXx w
~c^Xd' MdXx w h^c\jaVg cd Xdged'
;;Zjh XdadXdj kdXx cd Xdged Xdbd C]Z VegdjkZ' <mZgvV
V [jcvud fjZ ;;Zjh a]Z YZj cd Xdged' =^XVg gZhhZci^Yd
edg cud iZg ZhiZ dj VfjZaZ Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa w ^bVijg^YVYZ'
;;ZkZbdh ZmZgXZg cdhhd eVeZa cd Xdged Xdb VaZ\g^V% oZad Z
[^YZa^YVYZ' Jdbdh ~c^Xdh Z h^c\jaVgZh eVgV ;;Zjh'
W$ F eZg^\d Yd XdbeaZmd YZ hjeZg^dg^YVYZ' F Vezhidad
GVjad V[^gbV3
Bqa baVW_ ae a^Zae V[lWd o _qa2 Bqa bdWU[eS_ae VW f[3 `W_ S[`VS
S USTWrS$ Sae bse2 Bqa bdWU[ea VW hve& DW^a Ua`fdnd[a$ ae _W_Tdae
Va Uadba cgW bSdWUW_ eWd _S[e XdSUae eqa `WUWeend[ae3 W ae cgW `ae
bSdWUW_ _W`ae V[Y`ae `a Uadba$ S WefWe VS_ae _g[fa _S[ad Za`dS3
fS_Ts_ ae cgW W_ `ve `qa eqa VWUadaeae$ dWhWef[_ae VW WebWU[S^
Za`dS& ASe ae `aeeae _W_Tdae `aTdWe `qa ft_ `WUWee[VSVW V[eea&
7a`fgVa$ 8Wge UaadVW`ag a Uadba$ Ua`UWVW`Va _g[fa _S[e Za`dS
ocg[^a cgW _W`ae f[`ZS !)*&*)%*,"&
8 @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh cud iZb ZheVvd eVgV Y^hejiV YZ
egZhiy\^d' 8 ^\gZ_V cud w jbV [Z^gV YZ kV^YVYZh' F Vezhidad
GVjad eZg\jciV3 àGd^h fjZb w fjZ iZ [Vo hdWgZhhV^g6 < fjZ
iZch ij fjZ cud iZc]Vh gZXZW^Yd6 <% hZ d gZXZWZhiZ% edg fjZ
iZ kVc\adg^Vh% Xdbd hZ d cud i^kZgVh gZXZW^Yd6â #-'0$' Eud
]r ZheVvd cV ^\gZ_V eVgV V kVc\adg^V' EZc]jb bZbWgd YV
^\gZ_V edYZ ZckV^YZXZg&hZ eZadh Ydch fjZ gZXZWZj'
X$ 8 cZXZhh^YVYZ YV b~ijV XddeZgVvud' GVjad V^cYV
egdhhZ\jZ cd hZj Vg\jbZcid3 àQ'''R eVgV fjZ cud ]V_V
Y^k^hud cd Xdged4 eZad Xdcigrg^d% XddeZgZb dh bZbWgdh%
Xdb ^\jVa Xj^YVYd% Zb [Vkdg jch Ydh djigdhâ #*+'+.$' 8
^\gZ_V i JV T V jbV [Vbya^V jc^YV4 fjVcYd kdXx bZmZ Xdb
jb% bZmZ Xdb idYdh% fjVcYd kdXx VWZcvdV V jb% VWZcvdV
V idYdh' EV ^\gZ_V XVYV jb Zhir WjhXVcYd bZ^dh Z [dgbVh
YZ XddeZgVg% YZ V_jYVg% YZ VWZcvdVg% YZ ZcaZkVg% YZ ZY^[^XVg
V idYdh' F egdezh^id Yd Ydb w eVgV fjZ cud ]V_V Y^k^hud
cd Xdged' MdXx cud Zhir XdbeZi^cYd cZb Y^hejiVcYd Xdb
c^c\jwb cV ^\gZ_V% bVh XddeZgVcYd'
GVjad Y^o fjZ cud ZhiVbdh XdbeZi^cYd cV ^\gZ_V cZb
ZhiVbdh Wg^\VcYd edg jb aj\Vg Vd hda' ;;ZkZbdh ajiVg eVgV
V_jYVg&cdh jch Vdh djigdh eVgV fjZ cud ]V_V Y^k^hud cV ^\gZí
_V' GgZX^hVbdh XddeZgVg Z igVWVa]Vg V [Vkdg jch Ydh djigdh'
Fh Ydch hud YVYdh cud eVgV XdbeZi^vud cZb eVgV YZbdchí
igVvud YZ jbV egZiZchV Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ' F Ydb iZb Xdbd
dW_Zi^kd V b~ijV XddeZgVvud'
8 bV^dg eg^dg^YVYZ YV hjV k^YV w Xj^YVg YZ hZj ^gbud'
< Vhh^b fjZ VXdciZXZ Xdb d Xdged' Gdg ZmZbead3 MdXx% sh
kZoZh% \dhiV Yd eVaVYVg YZ jbV Xdb^YV' Gdgwb% edg jbV
YZ[^X^xcX^V YZ hV~YZ d bwY^Xd Y^o3 <hhZ Va^bZcid cud w Wdb
eVgV kdXx' <ciud kdXx VWY^XV' Gdg fjZ kdXx VWY^XV6 <b WZí
cZ[yX^d Yd Xdged' MVbdh ^bV\^cVg fjZ kdXx ZhiZ_V YdZciZ%
Xdb V \Vg\VciV ^c[aVbVYV' MdXx egZX^hV idbVg Vci^W^zi^Xd'
F WgVvd fjZ cVd iZb cVYV V kZg Xdb ZhhV ^c[aVbVvud hZ d[Zí
gZXZ eVgV idbVg V V\ja]VYV' @hhd h^\c^[^XV fjZ jb bZbWgd
Zhir hd[gZcYd eZad djigd Zb WZcZ[yX^d YZ idYd d Xdged'
Y$ 8 cZXZhh^YVYZ YV ZbeVi^V cV VaZ\g^V Z cV ig^hiZoV'
à;;Z bVcZ^gV fjZ% hZ jb bZbWgd hd[gZ% idYdh hd[gZb Xdb
ZaZ4 Z% hZ jb YZaZh w ]dcgVYd% Xdb ZaZ idYdh hZ gZ\do^_Vbâ
#*+'+/$'
8 eh^Xdad\^V gZkZaV fjZ w bV^h [rX^a X]dgVg Xdb dh fjZ
X]dgVb Yd fjZ hZ VaZ\gVg Xdb dh fjZ hZ VaZ\gVb' Jud edjXVh
Vh eZhhdVh fjZ ixb V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ XZaZWgVg V k^izg^V Yd
djigd' < edg fjZ Vh eZhhdVh ixb Y^[^XjaYVYZ Zb XZaZWgVg V
k^izg^V Yd djigd6 GdgfjZ d bjcYd YZaVh V^cYV Zhir XZcigVYd
cd L\& Ed [jcYd% cd [jcYd% Vh eZhhdVh V^cYV Zhiud Y^oZcYd%
fjZb YZkZg^V hZg egdbdk^Yd cud ZgV d V\[YV$ bVh L\&
GVjad Y^o fjZ egZX^hVbdh VegZcYZg V iZg ZbeVi^V% V hd[gZg
Xdb dh fjZ hd[gZb Z VaZ\gVg&hZ Xdb dh fjZ hZ VaZ\gVb' Eud
ZhiVbdh cjb XVbeZdcVid YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V Y^hejiVcYd
fjZb w d bV^h iVaZcidhd% d bV^h YdiVYd% d bV^h Zhe^g^ijVa'
Jdbdh jbV [Vbya^V' Jdbdh jb Xdged' ;;ZkZbdh XZaZWgVg Vh
k^izg^Vh jch KVZ V\[YVZ Z X]dgVg Vh ig^hiZoVh jch Ydh V\[YVZ&
Z$ 8 cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ XdbegZZcYZgbdh fjZ cud hdbdh
XdbeaZidh Zb czh bZhbdh Z fjZ egZX^hVbdh jch Ydh djí
igdh' GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àFgV% kzh hd^h Xdged YZ :g^hid4 Z% ^cí
Y^k^YjVabZciZ% bZbWgdh YZhhZ Xdged' 8 jch ZhiVWZaZXZj
;;Zjh cV ^\gZ_V% eg^bZ^gVbZciZ% Vezhidadh4 Zb hZ\jcYd ají
\Vg% egd[ZiVh4 Zb iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% bZhigZh4 YZed^h% deZgVYdgZh
YZ b^aV\gZh4 YZed^h% Ydch YZ XjgVg% hdXdggdh% \dkZgcdh% kVí
g^ZYVYZh YZ ayc\jVhâ #*+'+0%+1$'
KdYdh dh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V ixb Ydch% bVh c^c\jwb iZb
idYdh dh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' GVjad eZg\jciV3 àGdgkZcijgV% hud
idYdh Vezhidadh6 Fj% idYdh egd[ZiVh6 Jud idYdh bZhigZh6
Fj% deZgVYdgZh YZ b^aV\gZh6 Kxb idYdh Ydch YZ XjgVg6
=VaVb idYdh Zb djigVh ayc\jVh6 @ciZgegZiVb&cVh idYdh6â
#*+'+2%,)$' GVjad [Vo jbV hVgV^kVYV YZ eZg\jciVh gZizg^XVh
Z eVgV idYVh ZaVh egZX^hVbdh gZhedcYZg jb B { C hdcdgd Z
gdijcYd' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ czh egZX^hVbdh jch Ydh
djigdh' EVd Zm^hiZ cZc]jb XgZciZ% cV ^\gZ_V% XdbeaZid Zb
h^ bZhbd' Eud hdbdh Vjid&hj[^X^ZciZh4 YZeZcYZbdh jch
Ydh djigdh' < Vhh^b fjZ V @\gZ_V YZ :g^hid [jcX^dcV

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & '

*0+ K S Y ` W d $ D WfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b & 0-&


*0, D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & *(-&
*0- D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & *)(&
*0. D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & *(1&
*0/ K S Y ` W d $ D WfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b & 0.$0/&
*00 K S Y ` W d $ D WfWd& D LU g V [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b & 01&
*01 K S Y ` W d $ D WfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b & 01&
XZVLWPUWPKHKL KU
HSUW LS WLRHĀÄU
HUX KUTX
&4[ &(#&"&(  

F 7 5 D ÅH I @ C *, 8 9 = 7 C F ÅB H =C G w Xdcí
h^YZgVYd V dWgV bV^h \gVcY^dhV% bV^h k^í
\dgdhV Z bV^h egd[jcYV fjZ GVjad ZhXgZí
kZj'*02 GVjad [VaV hdWgZ V hjeZg^dg^YVYZ
Yd Vbdg hdWgZ dh Ydch% Vh ZmXZaxcX^Vh
bV\cy[^XVh Yd Vbdg Z V eZgZc^YVYZ Yd
Vbdg'
KdYVk^V% d fjZ w Vbdg6 Dj^iVh eZhhdVh
gZaVX^dcVb d Vbdg Xdb V Zbdvud' F
XdgVvud WViZ [dgiZ% Vh budh [^XVb \ZaVYVh%
eZgeVhhV jb XVaV[g^d eZaV Zhe^c]V' <ciud%
Vh eZhhdVh eZchVb3 @hhd w Vbdg
Fjigdh gZaVX^dcVb d Vbdg Xdb jb
hZci^bZcid gdbtci^Xd Z eaVi|c^Xd' C^b^í
iVb d Vbdg V Va\d ejgVbZciZ hZci^bZcí
iVa% [^adhz[^Xd% Z gdbtci^Xd' GVgV djigdh%
V^cYV% d Vbdg i jbV VigVvud ^ggZh^hiykZa
dj jb ^bejahd eVhh^dcVa' KgViV&hZ VeZcVh YZ jbV eV^mud
^c[aVbVYV Z ^cYdbrkZa'
8 eVaVkgV HTVY Zhir egd[jcYVbZciZ YZh\VhiVYV' Ad]c
DVX`Vn V[^gbV fjZ jbV YVh eg^cX^eV^h Vgi^bVc]Vh Yd
bVa^\cd w ZhkVo^Vg d XdciZ~Yd YVh eVaVkgVh' JZ Zm^hiZ jbV
eVaVkgV fjZ [d^ ZhkVo^VYV% Y^hidgX^YV% Z VYjaiZgVYV Zb hZj
h^\c^[^XVYd w V eVaVkgV Vbdg' 8bdg idgcdj&hZ hybWdad YZ
eV^mud% YZ hZmd% hdWgZijYd% YZ ^ciZgXjghd hZmjVa [dgV Yd XVí
hVbZcid' <hhZ i^ed YZ Vbdg iZb igVo^Yd zY^d% YZh\gVvVh%
Y^k^h}Zh% aVgZh Vggj^cVYdh Z Zc[Zgb^YVYZh'
< zWk^d fjZ fjVcYd d Vezhidad GVjad [VaV Zb Vbdg% jhV
jbV eVaVkgV ZheZXy[^XV% dNHWL& F Vbdg dNHWL w d egzeg^d
Vbdg YZ ;;Zjh' < d Vbdg hVXg^[^X^Va% \Zcjycd% ejgd' < d
Vbdg hVcid% fjZ cud WjhXV hZjh ^ciZgZhhZh' < d Vbdg fjZ hZ
ZcigZ\V' q d Vbdg fjZ w bV^h Yd fjZ Zbdvud' < Vi^ijYZ% w
Vvud' < VbVg d ^cY^\cd' < VbVg Viw sh ~ai^bVh XdchZfÄxcí
X^Vh' < VbVg Xdbd :g^hid Vbdj' :g^hid Vbdj V @\gZ_V Z V h^
bZhbd hZ ZcigZ\dj edg ZaV' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg Y^o fjZ dNHWL i V
Vbdg eZadh idiVabZciZ ^cY^\cdh' Ggdkwb VciZh YV cVijgZoV
YVfjZaZ fjZ VbV% fjZ YZ fjVafjZg bwg^id Yd hZg VbVYd'*1)
<mVb^cVgZbdh ZhhZ XVeyijad YZcigd YZhhZ XdciZmid'
HjVcYd kdXx ZhijYV Vh XVgiVh Yd Vezhidad GVjad sh ^\gZ_Vh
YZ <[Zhd% =^a^edh% :dadhhdh Z KZhhVa|c^XV% dWhZgkV fjZ ZaZ
V\gVYZXZ V ;;Zjh eZad Vbdg Zm^hiZciZ ZcigZ VfjZaZh ^gbudh'
GVjad Zad\^V VfjZaVh ^\gZ_Vh eZad Vbdg fjZ i^c]Vb' Gdgwb%
GVjad cud Zad\^V V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cZhhZ eVgi^XjaVg' 8d
Xdcigrg^d% GVjad Zad\^V V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid eZadh Ydch% bVh
cud eZad Vbdg' :dg^cid ZgV jbV ^\gZ_V X]Z^V YZ Ydch' Eud
[VaiVkV sfjZaV ^\gZ_V cZc]jb Ydb #*'0$% ZcigZiVcid% [VaiVkV&
a]Z V egri^XV Yd Vbdg'
EV kZgYVYZ ZhhZ ZgV d edcid kjacZgrkZa YVfjZaV ^\gZ_V'
<gV jbV ^\gZ_V ig|eZ\V Z [gr\^a cV egri^XV Yd Vbdg [gViZgcVa'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV ^bVijgV Z XVgcVa #,',$' Gdg ZhhV gVoud%
GVjad ZhXgZkZ d XVeyijad *,% d \gVcYZ XVeyijad Yd Vbdg'
@c[Za^obZciZ% XdhijbVbdh aZg ZhhZ XVeyijad hZb Xdch^YZgVg
d XdciZmid YV XVgiV'
F XVeyijad *, Zhir ZcigZ Yd^h XVeyijadh igViVcYd YZ Ydch
Zhe^g^ijV^h' Eud [d^ XdX]^ad Yd Vezhidad GVjad XdadXVg ZhhZ
iZmid hdWgZ d Vbdg àhVcYj^X]VYdâ ZcigZ Yd^h XVeyijadh fjZ
igViVb YZ Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ idYdh dh
Ydch bV^h YgVbri^Xdh Z bV^h bVgVk^a]dhdh fjZ edYZbdh
^bV\^cVg hud ^c~iZ^h% hZ cud ]djkZg Vbdg'*1* :dbd Y^o =' ='
9gjXZ3 àF ZmZgXyX^d bV^h \ZcZgdhd Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cud
edYZ XdbeZchVg V [VaiV YZ Vbdgâ'*1+Eud edYZbdh ZciZcYZg
V bZchV\Zb YZhhZ XVeyijad V cud hZg fjZ d ^ciZgegZiZbdh s
ajo YZhiZ XdciZmid'
GVjad Zhir XdcYZcVcYd V XVgcVa^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cí
id Z bdhigVcYd fjZ V ~c^XV hVyYV eVgV jbV ^\gZ_V XVgcVa Z
^bVijgV w d gZbwY^d Yd Vbdg' GVjad Y^o fjZ V k^YV Xdbjí
c^irg^V hZb Vbdg cud w cVYV #*,'*&,$4 V hZ\j^g% ZaZ YZhXgZkZ
d fjZ d Vbdg w% d fjZ d Vbdg cud w% Z d fjZ d Vbdg [Vo
#*,'-&0$' =^cVabZciZ% GVjad YZhXgZkZ V cVijgZoV YjgVYdjgV
Z ZiZgcV Yd Vbdg #*,'1W&*,$' ;;^k^Y^gZbdh ZhhZ ZhijYd Zb
igxh eVgiZh Y^hi^ciVh3 8 hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Yd Vbdg% Vh k^gijYZh
Yd Vbdg Z V ZiZgc^YVYZ Yd Vbdg'

1 RTOEQINQIDADE DN ALNQ &(﴾#&"(﴾


F Vbdg w hjeZg^dg V idYdh dh Ydch ZmigVdgY^crg^dh' <hhZ
w d Vg\jbZcid YZ GVjad' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkV bj^í
id dg\ja]dhV Ydh Ydch fjZ i^c]V% ZheZX^VabZciZ dh Ydch
YZ h^cV^h' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid VXgZY^iVkVb fjZ VfjZaZh
fjZ edhhjyVb ZhhZh Ydch ZgVb hjeZg^dgZh Vdh YZbV^h' <aZh
X]Z\VgVb V eZchVg fjZ dh YZiZcidgZh YZhhZh Ydch YZ h^cV^h%
ZheZX^VabZciZ% d [VaVg Zb djigVh ayc\jVh% ZgVb XgZciZh YZ
eg^bZ^gV XViZ\dg^V% fjZ ]Vk^Vb VaXVcvVYd jb Zhir\^d bV^h
ZaZkVYd YZ ^ci^b^YVYZ Xdb ;;Zjh' <ciud% ZaZh ZhiVkVb dgí
\ja]dhdh Z ZchdWZgWZX^Ydh edg ZhhZh Ydch YV ^\gZ_V'
GVjad% edgwb% YZhb^hi^[^XV ZhhZ ZfjykdXd YZaZh% bdhigVcí
Yd fjZ d Vbdg w hjeZg^dg Vdh Ydch' F Vbdg w bZa]dg Yd
fjZ d Ydb YZ ayc\jVh #*,'*$' F Vbdg w bZa]dg Yd fjZ d
Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V Z YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid #*,'+$' F Vbdg w bZí
a]dg Yd fjZ d Ydb YZ b^aV\gZh #*,'+$' F Vbdg w bZa]dg
Yd fjZ d Ydb YV Xdcig^Wj^vud hVXg^[^X^Vy #*,',$' F Vbdg w
bZa]dg Yd fjZ d egzeg^d bVgiyg^d% YVg d hZj Xdged eVgV hZg
fjZ^bVYd #*,',$'
F Vbdg w hjeZg^dg Vdh Ydch edg YjVh gVo}Zh3 GZaVh hjVh
fjVa^YVYZh Z eZaV hjV eZgZc^YVYZ' Fh Ydch XZhhVb' <aZh hud
VeZcVh eVgV ZhiV k^YV' Fh Ydch hud VeZcVh eVgV ZhiZ bjcYd'
<aZh hud eVgV V ^\gZ_V b^a^iVciZ' Gdgwb% d Vbdg w iVbWwb
eVgV V @\gZ_V ig^jc[VciZ' F Vbdg igVchXZcYZ V ?^hizg^V' <aZ
w ZiZgcd'
GVjad bZcX^dcV X^cXd Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid gZejiVkV Xdbd dh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh3 ayc\jVh% egdí
[ZX^V% Xdc]ZX^bZcid% [w% Z Xdcig^Wj^vud hVXg^[^X^Vy #Y^c]Z^gd
Z k^YV$' GVjad Vg\jbZciV Xdb V ^\gZ_V fjZ ZhhZh Ydch hZb
Vbdg cud ixb cZc]jb kVadg' 8h bV^dgZh dWgVh YZ XVg^YVYZ
hud YZ cZc]jb kVadg hZb Vbdg #*,',$' F Vbdg w bZa]dg
edg XVjhV YV hjV ZmXZaxcX^V ^cigychZXV Z iVbWwb edg XVjhV
YV hjV eZgeZij^YVYZ' KdYdh dh Ydch% edg bV^h cdWgZh hud
^c~iZ^h% hZ cud ]djkZg Vbdg' F ZmZgXyX^d bV^h \ZcZgdhd Ydh
Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cud edYZ XdbeZchVg V [VaiV YZ Vbdg' F
ZmZgXyX^d YZhhZh KVUZ ZLT V Vbdg cud iZb cZc]jb kVadg
eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkV X]Z^V
YZ gVX]VYjgVh% igVjbVh% eVgi^Ydh% \gjedh% X^h}Zh% Z Y^k^h}Zh
eZaV [VaiV YZ Vbdg' ;;dch hZb Vbdg cud h^cVa^oVb bVijg^í
YVYZ Zhe^g^ijVa'
EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^V XdbeaZmd YZ ^c[Zg^dg^YVYZ
Z XdbeaZmd YZ hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Zb gZaVvud Vdh Ydch Zhe^g^í
ijV^h' ?Vk^V fjZb hZ hZci^V jb oZgd s ZhfjZgYV Z djigdh
fjZ WVi^Vb cd eZ^id Z hZ ZcX]^Vb YZ Zber[^V% YZhegZoVcYd
dh YZbV^h' <aZh k^k^Vb cV ^\gZ_V Xdbd hZ Zhi^kZhhZb cjb
XVbeZdcVid YZ egZhiy\^d'
<b :dg^cid ZhiVkV V ^\gZ_V bV^h X]Z^V YZ Ydch Yd Edkd
KZhiVbZcid% bVh iVbWwb V ^\gZ_V bV^h ^bVijgV Z bV^h
XVgcVa% edgfjZ a]Z [VaiVkV Vbdg' 8 ^\gZ_V WjhXVkV dh Ydch
Yd <heyg^id% bVh cud d [gjid Yd <heyg^id'
GVjad [Vo igxh YZXaVgVv}Zh YjgVh VXZgXV Yd Xg^hiud fjZ
cud iZb Vbdg'*1,
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% ZLT HTVY$ L\ VMLUKV VZ V\[YVZ #*,'*$'
GVjad _r ]Vk^V Zch^cVYd fjZ d Vbdg ZY^[^XV #1'*$' HjVcYd
dh Ydch hud ZmZgX^Ydh Zb Vbdg% ZaZh ZY^[^XVb V ^\gZ_V' DVh
fjVcYd dh Ydch cud hud jhVYdh Xdb Vbdg% bV\dVbdh Vh
eZhhdVh' GVjad Zme}Z ZhhZ Vhhjcid edg bZ^d YZ jbV gZ[Zgxcí
X^V ^cY^gZiV Vdh YZkdidh Ydh Xjaidh YZ b^hiwg^d \gZ\dh Zb
:dg^cid% fjZ VYdgVkVb ;;^dcyh^d #YZjh YV cVijgZoV$ Z :^WZí
aZ #YZjhV Ydh Vc^bV^h hZakV\Zch$'*1-FWhZgkZ Vh igxh XdbeVgVí
v}Zh fjZ GVjad [Vo cd [^cVa YZ XVYV jb Ydh igxh kZghyXjadh3
5[`VS cgW Wg XS^W Se ^u`YgSe Vae Za_W`e W Vae S`\ae$ eW `qa f[hWd
S_ad$ eWdW[ Ua_a a Tda`lW cgW eaS ag Ua_a a Uu_TS^a cgW dWf[`W&
5[`VS cgW Wg fW`ZS a Va_ VW bdaXWf[lSd W Ua`ZWrS faVae ae _[efsd[ae W
faVS S U[t`U[S3 S[`VS cgW Wg fW`ZS fS_S`ZS Xs$ S ba`fa VW fdS`ebadfSd
_a`fWe$ eW `qa f[hWd S_ad$ `SVS eWdW[& 9 S[`VS cgW Wg V[efd[TgS faVae
ae _Wge TW`e W`fdW ae baTdWe W S[`VS cgW W`fdWYgW a _Wg bdvbd[a
Uadba bSdS eWd cgW[_SVa$ eW `qa f[hWd S_ad$ `SVS V[eea _W SbdahW[fSdn
!)+&)%+"&

F fjZ ZhhVh [^\jgVh àWgdcoZ fjZ hdVâ Z àXybWVad fjZ gZí


i^cZâ h^\c^[^XVb6 à9gdcoZ fjZ hdVâ Z àXybWVad fjZ gZi^cZâ
ZgVb ^chigjbZcidh jhVYdh cd Xjaid eV\ud Zb :dg^cid% d *
Xjaid YZ b^hiwg^d Yd YZjh ;;^dcyh^d Z YV YZjhV :^WZaZ'*1. S
<gVb [dgbVh YZ hZ XdckdXVg dh [^w^h eVgV VYdgVg ZhhZh YZjí
hZh eV\udh' EVh gjVh YZ :dg^cid ZXdVkV d idfjZ Ydh \dc\dh
WVgja]Zcidh Z Ydh XybWVadh Zhig^YZciZh% ^chigjbZcidh fjZ
XVgVXiZg^oVkVb ZhhZh VYdgVYdgZh' 8bWdh ZgVb ji^a^oVYdh
cVh gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d eVgV ^ckdXVg V YZ^YVYZ% V[VhiVg dh
YZb|c^dh dj YZheZgiVg dh VYdgVYdgZh' Eud ZgVb bZadY^dí
hdh cZb egdYjo^Vb ]Vgbdc^V'*1) <gV jbV WVi^YV bdczidí
cV% X]dXVciZ% Z YdyYV fjZ XVchVkV Z ^cXdbdYVkV Vh eZhhdVh'
<gV Xdbd d yVi^Yd YZ jb Xud'
@\jVabZciZ YZhV\gVYrkZa w d jhd Yd Ydb YZ [VaVg Zb
ayc\jVh hZb V bdi^kVvud XdcigdaVYV eZad Vbdg' GVjad V[^gbV
fjZ jbV eZhhdV edYZ [VaVg V ayc\jV Ydh ]dbZch Z Ydh Vc_dh%
bVh hZ cud ]djkZg Vbdg% kV^ XVchVg Vh eZhhdVh% [Zg^cYd&Vh Z
d[ZcYZcYd&Vh' Eud ^bedgiV hZ Vh ayc\jVh hud ]jbVcVh dj
Vc\Za^XV^h4 ZLT Vbdg% ZaVh hZ idgcVb YZhV\gVYrkZ^h Z gjYZh'
F ]dbZb fjZ hZ YZ^mV aZkVg eZad [VaVg% VciZh fjZ eZad [VoZg%
kZb V hZg cVYV bV^h fjZ bZgd hdb' 8 bZa]dg a^c\jV\Zb
Yd Xwj dj YV iZggV% hZb Vbdg% w VeZcVh WVgja]d'*10
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ZLT HTVY$ L\ UHKH ZV\ #*,'+$' Fh
XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid eZchVkVb fjZ VfjZaZh fjZ i^c]Vb d
Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V% ayc\jVh% Xdc]ZX^bZcid% Z [w eVgV gZVa^í
oVg b^aV\gZh ZgVb dh XgZciZh àcdiV YZoâ% eZhhdVh bj^id ^bí
edgiVciZh' KdYVk^V% GVjad XdciZhiV ZhhV ^Yw^V Z Y^o fjZ hZb
Vbdg ZhhVh eZhhdVh ZgVb idiVabZciZ ^ch^\c^[^XVciZh' JZb
Vbdg% dh XgZciZh fjZ ixb dh Ydch bV^h ZheZiVXjaVgZh% \Ví
c]Vb cdiV oZgd Z hZ idgcVb cja^YVYZ' ;;Zjh cud hZ YZaZ^iV
cjb Xg^hiud hZb Vbdg' ;;Zjh cud edYZ jhVg% eVgV V JjV
\azg^V% jb Xg^hiud hZb Vbdg% VaZgiV ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg'*11
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% ZLT HTVY$ L\ UHKH NHUOV #*,',$' ;;d
Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z Ydh [Z^idh edYZgdhdh% GVjad hZ kdaiV eVgV dh
Vidh YZ b^hZg^XzgY^V Z YZY^XVvud' ?Vk^V jbV ^Yw^V bZg^izg^V
fjVcYd Va\jwb d[ZgiVkV Va\jbV Xd^hV Xdb hVXg^[yX^d' Fj
fjVcYd Va\jwb ZcigZ\VkV degzeg^d Xdged eVgV hZg fjZ^bVYd'
EVh gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d Zm^hi^V bj^id ZhhZ i^ed YZ hVXg^[yX^d'
Fh eV^h hVXg^[^XVkVb dh egzeg^dh [^a]dh V DdadfjZ' Fjigdh
hZ ZcigZ\VkVb V h^ bZhbdh% VXgZY^iVcYd fjZ Xdb ^hhd
\gVc_ZVg^Vb V h^beVi^V Ydh YZjhZh' 8^cYV ]d_Z ]r bj^idh
gZa^\^dhdh gVY^XV^h fjZ hZ ZcigZ\Vb V b^hh}Zh hj^X^YVh Xdb V
^ajhud YZ fjZ gZXZWZgud gZXdbeZchVh cV k^YV [jijgV'
<mZbead Y^hhd w d VXdciZX^Yd cd Y^V ** YZ hZiZbWgd
YZ +))*% fjVcYd fjVigd e^adidh bjvjabVcdh% V\^cYd Zb
cdbZ YZ 8ar% hZfÄZhigVgVb VZgdcVkZh VbZg^XVcVh Z [^oZgVb
YZaVh VgbVh YZ ViVfjZ XdcigV d edkd VbZg^XVcd' ;;jVh VZí
gdcVkZh [dgVb aVcvVYVh hdWgZ Vh idggZh \xbZVh Yd NdgaY
KgVYZ :ZciZg% Zb EdkV Odg`% djigV [d^ _d\VYV hdWgZ d GZcí
ir\dcd Zb NVh]^c\idc% ;;: Z djigV edg ^ciZgkZcvud Ydh
eVhhV\Z^gdh% YZ^mdj YZ Vi^c\^g hZj Vakd Z XV^j cd <hiVYd YV
GZcchnakVc^V'
GVjad% _r cd eg^bZ^gd hwXjad YV ZgV Xg^hiu% VaZgiVkV eVgV
d [Vid YZ fjZ V^cYV fjZ V eZhhdV hZ_V XVeVo YZ YVg idYdh dh
hZjh WZch Z ZcigZ\Vg d egzeg^d Xdged eVgV hZg fjZ^bVYd% hZ
^hhd cud [dg ^che^gVYd edg jbV bdi^kVvud XZgiV% edg jbV
iZdad\^V XZgiV% eZad Vbdg% cVYV Y^hhd VY^VciVg^V' JZb Vbdg%
idYd d hVXg^[yX^d hZ eZgYZ Z cVYV hZ \Vc]V' F Vbdg w hjeZí
g^dg Vdh Ydch'

1R UIQSTDER DN ALNQ &(﴾#)﴿"-‐


F Vezhidad GVjad YZhiVXV igxh kZgYVYZh hdWgZ d Vbdg%
fjZ kVbdh Xdch^YZgVg3 F fjZ w d Vbdg6 F fjZ cud w d
Vbdg6 < d fjZ d Vbdg [Vo6
F fjZ w d Vbdg6 F Vbdg w eVX^ZciZ Z WZc^\cd' F fjZ
cud w d Vbdg6 F Vbdg cud w X^jbZcid% cud hZ j[VcV% cud
hZ ZchdWZgWZXZ' F Vbdg cud hZ XdcYjo ^cXdckZc^ZciZ%
cud egdXjgV dh hZjh ^ciZgZhhZh Z cud hZ gZhhZciZ Yd bVa' F
Vbdg cud hZ VaZ\gV Xdb V ^c_jhi^vV% bVh gZ\do^_V&hZ Xdb V
kZgYVYZ' F fjZ d Vbdg [Vo6 F Vbdg ijYd hd[gZ% ijYd Xgx%
ijYd ZheZgV% ijYd hjedgiV4 d Vbdg _VbV^h VXVWV'
F XVeyijad *, YZ a:dgyci^dh w egd[jcYVbZciZ Vedad\w&
i^Xd' GVjad ZhXgZkZ ZhhZ iZmid eVgV Xdgg^\^g dh egdWaZbVh fjZ
V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV k^kZcX^VcYd' MVbdh ZmVb^cVg ZhhZh Vig^Wjidh
Yd Vbdg'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V HTVY iWHJPLU [L #*,'-$' F Vbdg eVí
X^ZciZ iZb jbV XVeVX^YVYZ ^c[^c^iV YZ hjedgiVg'*12 F iZgbd
\gZ\d THRYV[O\TLPU hZbegZ YZhXgZkZ V eVX^xcX^V Xdb eZhhdí
Vh Z cud Xdb X^gXjchitcX^Vh'*2) KgViV&hZ YVfjZaV eZhhdV fjZ
iZb edYZg eVgV k^c\Vg&hZ% bVh cud d [Vo'*2* 8 eVaVkgV \gZ\V
THRYV[O\TPH i eVX^xcX^V Zhi^XVYV Vd brm^bd' Ejb iZbed
Zb fjZ dh cZgkdh YVh eZhhdVh Zhiud s [adg YV eZaZ% d Vbdg eVí
X^ZciZ w cZXZhh^YVYZ k^iVa' ?r eZhhdVh fjZ ixb d eVk^d Xjgid%
Z djigVh fjZ cZb ixb eVk^d' 8h eZhhdVh Zhiud eVgZXZcYd WVgí
g^h YZ ezakdgV3 ZmeadYZb Vd h^cVa YZ fjVafjZg XVadg' F Vbdg
iZb jbV ^c[^c^iV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ hjedgiVg h^ijVv}Zh VYkZghVh Z
eZhhdVh ]dhi^h' 8 ^Yw^V w V bZhbV YV adc\Vc^b^YVYZ' HjZb
VbV iZb jb tc^bd adc\d% jb tc^bd Zhi^XVYd Vd brm^bd'
F Vbdg w eVX^ZciZ Xdb Vh eZhhdVh' <aZ iZb V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ
VcYVg V hZ\jcYV b^a]V' HjVcYd Va\jwb d [ZgZ% ZaZ Yr V djigV
[VXZ' <aZ cud eV\V jaigV_Z Xdb jaigV_Z'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V HT VY i ILUPNUV #*,'-$' 8 eVaVkgV
àWZc^\cdâ Yr V ^Yw^V YZ gZV\^g Xdb WdcYVYZ Vdh fjZ cdh
bVaigViVb'*2+< hZg YdXZ eVgV Xdb idYdh'*2,8\dgV% Xdbd w
fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid hZ XdbedgiVkV Zb gZaVvud s eVX^xcí
X^V Z s WZc^\c^YVYZ Yd Vbdg6
EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^V Y^k^h}Zh Z XdciZcYVh' Eud
Zm^hi^V eVX^xcX^V ZcigZ dh XgZciZh' 8d Xdcigrg^d% ZaZh cud hZ
hjedgiVkVb Z ]Vk^V Y^k^hud ZcigZ ZaZh' <aZh cud ZgVb jc^Ydh
Z cud i^c]Vb V bZhbV Y^hedh^vud bZciVa' <aZh cud ZgVb
Yd bZhbd eVgZXZg' <aZh ZgVb ^cYZa^XVYdh Zb hjVh Vi^ijYZh c
ZcigZ h^' < GVjad Zciud Y^o fjZ V iZgVe^V YZ ;;Zjh eVgV
Xdgg^\^g ZhhZ egdWaZbV w d Vbdg' GdgfjZ d Vbdg w eVX^ZciZ Z
iVbWwb WZc^\cd' 8a\jch XgZciZh YV ^\gZ_V ZhiVkVb aZkVcYd
dh egzeg^dh ^gbudh V _jyod eZgVciZ ^cXgwYjadh' <aZh [Vo^Vb
^c_jhi^vV jch XdcigV dh djigdh' <aZh cud VeZcVh Wg^\VkVb
YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% bVh ZhiVkVb aZkVcYd ZhhVh fjZgZaVh eVgV d
bjcYd' F gZbwY^d eVgV hdajX^dcVg ZhhZ eZXVYd w d Vbdg'
F Vbdg w eVX^ZciZ Z w WZc^\cd'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% V HT VY UgV HYKL LT JPoTLZ$ UgV ZL \MHUH
L UgV ZL LUZVILYILJL #*,'-$' F Vbdg cud hZ VWdggZXZ Xdb d
hjXZhhd Ydh djigdh'*2-Eud w egZX^hd hZg jb eh^Xzad\d eVgV
hVWZg Y^hid3 Ezh iZbdh bV^h Y^[^XjaYVYZ YZ cdh VaZ\gVgbdh
Xdb dh fjZ hZ VaZ\gVb Yd fjZ X]dgVg Xdb dh fjZ X]dgVb'
KZbdh jbV Y^[^XjaYVYZ ^bZchV YZ XZaZWgVg Vh k^izg^Vh Yd
djigd% YZ VeaVjY^g d djigd Z cdh VaZ\gVgbdh Xdb d ig^jc[d
Z d hjXZhhd Yd djigd'
F Vbdg cud hZ j[VcV' 8 eVaVkgV àj[VcVgâ% cZhhZ iZmid%
h^\c^[^XV X]Z^d YZ kZcid'*2.KZb \ZciZ fjZ eVgZXZ jb WVaud%
X]Z^d YZ kV^YVYZh' < Xdbd jb edvd YZ kV^YVYZh'
àEud hZ ZchdWZgWZXZ'â ?Vk^V XgZciZh cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid
fjZ ZhiVkVb X]Z^dh YZ Zber[^r Z kV^YVYZ' ?Vk^V VfjZaZh fjZ
hZ kVc\adg^VkVb cV egZhZcvV YZ ;;Zjh #*'+2$' ?Vk^V djigdh
fjZ hZ kVc\adg^VkVb Zb ]dbZch #,'+*$% cjbV ZhewX^Z YZ
Xjaid s eZghdcVa^YVYZ' GVjad Xdgg^\Z V ^\gZ_V Y^oZcYd fjZ
ZhhV egri^XV w Xdcigrg^V Vd Vbdg' F Vbdg cud iZb X^~bZh'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V HT VY UgV ZL JVUK\a PUJVU]LUPLU[L{
T LU[L ULT WYVJ\YH ZL\Z WYlWYPVZ PU[LYLZZLZ #*,'.$' F Vbdg
w V egzeg^V VciyiZhZ Yd Z\dyhbd'*2/ <aZ cud w Z\deZcigVa^&
oVYd% bVh djigdXZcigVa^oVYd' <aZ cud k^kZ eVgV h^ bZhbd%
bVh eVgV hZgk^g Vd djigd' CZdc Ddgg^h Y^o fjZ d Vbdg hZ
egZdXjeV Zb YVg&hZ% Z cud Zb [^gbVg&hZ'*20 Gdg fjZ iZbdh
XdciZcYVh YZcigd YZ XVhV% cd igVWVa]d Z cV ^\gZ_V6 GdgfjZ
ZhiVbdh hZbegZ ajiVcYd eZad fjZ w cdhhd Z cjcXV eZad fjZ
w Yd djigd Jz ]r XdciZcYV fjVcYd kdXx Wg^\V eZadh hZjh
^ciZgZhhZh% fjVcYd d Z\dyhbd Zhir cV [gZciZ' DVh fjVcYd
kdXx XdadXV V XVjhV Yd djigd cV [gZciZ YV hjV cZXZhh^YVYZ
cud Zm^hiZ XdciZcYV'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% V HT VY UgV ZL L_HZWLYH L UgV ZL YLZZLU[L
KV T HS #*,'.$' F Vbdg cud w bZa^cYgdhd' Eud Zhir
egZY^hedhid V d[ZcYZg&hZ' F Vbdg Zhir hZbegZ egdcid eVgV
eZchVg d bZa]dg YVh djigVh eZhhdVh% Z cud a]Zh ^bejiV d
bVa'*21 F Vbdg cud w ]^eZghZchykZa' 8 ]^eZghZch^W^a^YVYZ w
" dg\ja]d' :dbd hZ Xdgg^\Z ^hhd6 8igVkwh Yd Vbdg fjZ cud hZ
ZmVheZgV% fjZ cud hZ gZhhZciZ Yd bVa' Fh XgZciZh YZ :dg^cid
ZhiVkVb aZkVcYd jch Vdh djigdh Vdh ig^WjcV^h hZXjaVgZh
Y^VciZ YZ _j^oZh cud&Xg^hiudh #/'.&0$' <hiVkVb Wg^\VcYd%
[VoZcYd ^c_jhi^vV% Xg^VcYd Xdc[jhud Z aZkVcYd hZjh Xdc[a^idh
Z iZch}Zh eVgV [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' <gVb Z\dyhiVh Z XVgcV^h' Jz V
egri^XV Yd Vbdg edYZg^V gZhiVjgVg V k^YV Zhe^g^ijVa YVfjZaV
^\gZ_V'
<b hZmid aj\Vg% V HT VY UgV ZL HSLNYH JVT H PUQ\Z[PhH$ THZ
YLNVaPQH%ZL JVT H ]LYKHKL #*,'/$' EV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^V
egri^XVh iud ZhXVcYVadhVh fjZ cZb bZhbd ZcigZ dh eV\udh
hZ eZgXZW^V' G^dg Yd fjZ V adjXjgV YZ jb ]dbZb YZ^iVg&
hZ Xdb V bja]Zg Yd egzeg^d eV^ [d^ V Vi^ijYZ YV ^\gZ_V Zb
gZaVvud V ZhhZ [Vid' 8 ^\gZ_V cud aVbZcidj% cud X]dgdj%
VciZh hZ _VXidj YV h^ijVvud' GVjad% Zciud% Y^o fjZ d Vbdg
cud hZ XdcYjo ^cXdckZc^ZciZbZciZ' F Vbdg cud egVi^XV V
^c_jhi^vV% bVh gZ\do^_V&hZ Xdb V kZgYVYZ'
<b hwi^bd aj\Vg% V HT VY [\KV ZVMYL$ [\KV JYj$ [\KV LZWLYH$
[\KV Z\WVY[H #*,'0$' GVjad eVhhV Yd fjZ d Vbdg cud w eVgV d
fjZ d Vbdg [Vo' 8a\jch ^gbudh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkVb
jhVcYd bVa V hjV a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' Gdg V\^g hZb Vbdg% ZaZh
[Vo^Vb igdeZvVg dh ^gbudh bV^h [gVXdh' 8\dgV% GVjad Y^o
eVgV V ^\gZ_V fjZ d Vbdg ijYd hd[gZ' J^\c^[^XV fjZ kdXx VWgZ
bud YZ jb Y^gZ^id fjZ iZb V [Vkdg Yd hZj ^gbud' 8 wi^XV
Xg^hiu cud w gZ\^YV h^beaZhbZciZ eZad Xdc]ZX^bZcid% bVh%
hdWgZijYd% eZad Vbdg'
GVjad Y^o iVbWwb fjZ d Vbdg ijYd Xgx' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid ZhiVkV Yjk^YVcYd Yd VedhidaVYd YZ GVjad% YVcYd
XgwY^idh sh eZhhdVh bZci^gdhVh fjZ hZ dejc]Vb Vd hZj
b^c^hiwg^d' ;;VkVb XgwY^id s bZci^gV% bZhbd XdcigV d
hZj eV^ Zhe^g^ijVa% d Vezhidad GVjad #-',&.4 2'*&,$' 8 ^\gZ_V
gZ\^YV eZad Vbdg% edgwb% Xgx cVfj^ad fjZ gZXZWZj YV eVgiZ
YZ ;;Zjh' <aV gZXZWZ YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh V kZgYVYZ Z cud VWgZ
bud YV kZgYVYZ' 8^cYV fjZ ZhhV kZgYVYZ hd[gV ViVfjZh
YZ idYdh dh aVYdh' 8 ^\gZ_V gZ\^YV eZad Vbdg Zhir hZbegZ%
Y^hedhiV V aZkVg Zb XdciV Vh X^gXjchitcX^Vh Z kZg cdh djigdh
d bZa]dg'*22
GVjad V^cYV Y^o fjZ d Vbdg ijYd ZheZgV' <hhZ w d da]Vg
egdheZXi^kd' 8 ^Yw^V cud w V YZ jb di^b^hbd ^ggVX^dcVa%
fjZ YZ^mV YZ aZkVg Zb XdciV V gZVa^YVYZ' < VciZh V gZXjhV Zb
idbVg d [gVXVhhd Xdbd [^cVa' ;;ZXdggZciZ YZ [\KV JYj$ kZb V
Xdc[^VcvV fjZ da]V eVgV V k^izg^V [^cVa eZaV \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh'+))
GgdhhZ\j^cYd% GVjad Y^o fjZ d Vbdg ijYd hjedgiV' <hhZ
ZaZbZcid igVo V ^Yw^V YZ XdchitcX^V' CZdc Ddgg^h Y^o fjZ
d kZgWd O\WVTLUV YZcdiV cud jbV Vfj^ZhXxcX^V eVX^ZciZ Z
gZh^\cVYV% bVh jbV [dgiVaZoV Vi^kV Z edh^i^kV' < V gZh^hixcX^V 5
Yd hdaYVYd fjZ% cd XVadg YV WViVa]V% cud [gVfjZ_V% bVh
Xdci^cjV k^\dgdhVbZciZ cV eZaZ_V'+)*
Gdg [^b% GVjad V[^gbV3 àF Vbdg _VbV^h VXVWVâ #*,'1$' F
Vbdg dNHWL cjcXV ZcigV Zb XdaVehd' <aZ _VbV^h hd[gZ gjycV'
8h bj^iVh r\jVh cud edYZb VeV\r&ad #:i 1'0$'
;;Vk^Y Gg^dg VYjo fjZ% Vd XdcXaj^g ZhhZ eVgr\gV[d% GVjad
igVWVa]V igxh edcidh ^bedgiVciZh'+)+
V$ F Vbdg Z Vh igZkVh Zb czh bZhbdh #*,'-W%.V$' :db
d jhd YZ X^cXd cZ\Vi^kVh% XVYV jbV egZXZYZcYd jb kZgWd%
GVjad Y^o fjZ d Vbdg h^beaZhbZciZ cud [Vo ZhhVh Xd^hVh3
<aZ cud hZ ZcigZ\V Vd X^~bZ% Vd j[Vc^hbd dj s Vggd\tcX^V4
gZh^hiZ s iZciVvud YZ gZV\^g Xdb VheZgZoV dj Z\dyhbd' <hhZh
eZXVYdh idYdh ZhiVkVb egZhZciZh cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid'
W$ F Vbdg Z Vh igZkVh Ydh djigdh #*,'.W%/$' GVjad bZcí
X^dcV igxh bVcZ^gVh eZaVh fjV^h Vh [VaiVh Ydh djigdh cdh aZí
kVb s [VaiV YZ Vbdg3 *$ ?r eZhhdVh fjZ cdh egdkdXVb á
cud edYZbdh eZgb^i^g fjZ Vh eZhhdVh YZiZgb^cZb d cdhhd
XdbedgiVbZcid' +$ ?r eZhhdVh fjZ [VaVb Z [VoZb bVa Xdcí
igV czh & w XgjX^Va gZXdc]ZXZg d eZg^\d YZ gZ\do^_Vg&hZ Xdb
d [gVXVhhd Ydh djigdh% Z eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ bVciZg jbV a^hiV
Ydh Zggdh XdbZi^Ydh' F Vbdg Vawb YZ eZgYdVg% ZhfjZXZ4 Z
cud bVciwb jb gZ\^higd YVh Xd^hVh Y^iVh Z [Z^iVh XdcigV czh'
,$ ?r jb bVa ^cigychZXd Zb czh bZhbdh áedYZbdh XV^g
cV VgbVY^a]V YZ cdh gZ\do^_Vgbdh cud Xdb d fjZ w Wdb Z
kZgYVYZ^gd% bVh Xdb d fjZ w dWhXjgd Z hzgY^Yd' <cXdcigVí
bdh jb [Vahd Vayk^d fjVcYd kZbdh dh djigdh [gVXVhhVcYd Z
XV^cYd'
X$ F Vbdg Z Vh VeVgZciZh igZkVh Zb ;;Zjh #*,'0$' 8 eVaVí
kgV [\KV$ gZeZi^YV fjVigd kZoZh cZhhZ kZghyXjad% idgcV XaVgd
fjZ d Vbdg cud w jbV fjVa^YVYZ ]jbVcV% bVh jb Ydb
Yd egzeg^d ;;Zjh' < VeZcVh d Vbdg YZ ;;Zjh Zb czh fjZ
cdh XVeVX^iV V hd[gZg% XgZg% ZheZgVg Z hjedgiVg' Dj^iVh kZí
oZh hdbdh ZhbV\VYdh eZaV eZg\jciV3 Gdg fjZ% JZc]dg6 DVh
fjVcYd VbVbdh% YZhXVchVbdh cd [Vid YZ fjZ ;;Zjh Zhir cd
XdcigdaZ' 8XdciZvV d fjZ VXdciZXZg% [^XVbdh [^gbZh edgfjZ
hVWZbdh fjZ ;;Zjh Zhir igVWVa]VcYd eVgV d cdhhd WZb [^cVa
#Ib 1'+1$'
1 ESEQMIDADE DN ALNQ &(﴾#-‐"&(﴾
GVjad bZcX^dcV dh igxh Ydch fjZ dXjeVkVb d Vaid YV
a^hiV YZ eg^dg^YVYZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid3 ayc\jVh% egd[ZX^V Z
Xdc]ZX^bZcid' ;;Zed^h Y^hhd% V[^gbV fjZ d Vbdg w hjeZg^dg
V ZhhZh Ydch' JjeZg^dg edgfjZ dh Ydch hud eVhhV\Z^gdh
Z d Vbdg w ZiZgcd #*,'*)$' 8 V[^gbVvud XViZ\zg^XV YZ
GVjad w3 àF Vbdg _VbV^h VXVWV4 bVh% ]VkZcYd egd[ZX^Vh%
YZhVeVgZXZgud4 ]VkZcYd ayc\jVh% XZhhVgud4 ]VkZcYd
X^xcX^V% eVhhVgr'''â #*S'1$' F kZgWd \gZ\d W PW [LP h^\c^[^XV
a^iZgVabZciZ à[Va]Vg.S dj àZcigVg Zb XdaVehdâ' F Vbdg
cjcXV XZYZ sh egZhh}Zh' <aZ jaigVeVhhV V bdgiZ% X]Z\VcYd
s ZiZgc^YVYZ'+),
Cyc\jVh% egd[ZX^V Z Xdc]ZX^bZcid' :VYV jb YZaZh eVhhVí
gr V hZg ^ggZaZkVciZ dj hZgr VWhdgk^Yd cV eZg[Z^vud YV ZiZgc^í
YVYZ'+)- <hhZh Ydch hZb Vbdg cud ixb cZc]jbV kVa^YVYZ'
8^cYV% dh Ydch edg bV^h ^bedgiVciZh fjZ hZ_Vb hud iZbedí
grg^dh% bVh d Vbdg w ZiZgcd'
GVjad ^ajhigV ZhhV kZgYVYZ \ZgVa YZ YjVh bVcZ^gVh Y^[Zí
gZciZh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% LSL T LUJPVUH V JYLZJPTLU[V KLZKL H
PUMfUJPH H [i H TH[\YPKHKL& ;;^o d Vezhidad3 àHjVcYd Zj ZgV
bZc^cd% [VaVkV Xdbd bZc^cd% hZci^V Xdbd bZc^cd% eZcí
hVkV Xdbd bZc^cd4 fjVcYd X]Z\jZ^ V hZg ]dbZb% YZh^hi^
YVh Xd^hVh egzeg^Vh YZ bZc^cdâ #*,'**$' <aZ XdbeVgV V ^cí
[tcX^V Xdb V bVijg^YVYZ' < Xdbd hZ V k^YV iZggZcV [dhhZ V
^c[tcX^V' :dbd hZ V ZiZgc^YVYZ [dhhZ V eaZcV bVijg^YVYZ'
HjVcYd kdXx X]Z\V s eaZc^ijYZ YV hjV bVijg^YVYZ% eVhhV V
Xdc]ZXZg Vh Xd^hVh Xdb XaVgZoV'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% LSL \ZH H MPN\YH KV LZWLSOV& GVjad
XdcigVhiV d gZ[aZmd YZ jbV eZhhdV cd ZheZa]d Xdb V k^hud
YZaV bZhbV% [VXZ V [VXZ' àGdgfjZ% V\dgV% kZbdh Xdbd Zb
ZheZa]d% dWhXjgVbZciZ4 Zciud% kZgZbdh [VXZ V [VXZ' 8\dgV%
Xdc]Zvd Zb eVgiZ4 Zciud% Xdc]ZXZgZ^ Xdbd iVbWwb hdj
Xdc]ZX^Ydâ #*,'*+$'
EV wedXV YZ GVjad dh ZheZa]dh ZgVb ZmigZbVbZciZ Zbí
WVvVYdh' <aZh cud ZgVb iud cyi^Ydh fjVcid dh YZ ]d_Z' 8h
eZhhdVh hZ da]VkVb cd ZheZa]d Z k^Vb hjV ^bV\Zb ijgkV%
ZbWVvVYV Z dWhXjgZX^YV' GVjad ji^a^oV ZhhV [^\jgV eVgV Y^í
oZg fjZ V\dgV czh kZbdh Xdbd fjZ edg jb ZheZa]d Zbí
WVvVYd' Gdg bV^h fjZ kdXx Xdc]ZvV% V^cYV cud Zhir kZcYd
eaZcVbZciZ' < edg ^hhd fjZ GVjad Zb +:dgyci^dh *+% Y^o
fjZ fjVcYd [d^ Vd iZgXZ^gd Xwj% k^j Z djk^j Xd^hVh fjZ cud
hud ayX^iVh YZ hZgZb gZaViVYVh Vd ]dbZb' Eud XdchZ\j^bdh
ZciZcYZg V\dgV d ZheaZcYdg Z V \azg^V Yd Xwj' F Xwj Zhir
bj^id Vawb YZ fjVafjZg YZhXg^vud fjZ czh edhhVbdh [VoZg'
GVjad V^cYV V[^gbV fjZ ZcfjVcid cud k^gbdh V AZhjh
Xdbd <aZ w% iZgZbdh edjXV bVijg^YVYZ' à8\dgV% Xdc]Zvd
Zb eVgiZ4 Zciud% Xdc]ZXZgZ^ Xdbd iVbWwb hdj Xdc]ZX^Ydâ
#*,'*+W$' :dc]ZX^Yd edg fjZb6 :dc]ZX^Yd edg ;;Zjh' <j
eZg\jcid V kdXx3 F Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ ;;Zjh w eVgX^Va6 ;;Zjh
Xdc]ZXZ kdXx eVgX^VabZciZ6 Eud F Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ ;;Zjh
i XdbeaZid' <j cud bZ Xdc]Zvd XdbeaZiVbZciZ' Fh \gZ\dh
Y^o^Vb3 à:dc]ZXZ&iZ V i^ bZhbdâ' :d^iVYdh Ydh \gZ\dh' 8iw
]d_Z ZhiVbdh iZciVcYd' F ]dbZb cud hZ Xdc]ZXZ'
8aZm :VggZa% \gVcYZ hdX^zad\d% Zb hZj a^kgd% A OVTLT$
LZZL KLZJVUOLJPKV$ YZhiVXV d [Vid YZ fjZ czh cud cdh Xdc]Zí
XZbdh' F ]dbZb iZb bj^id Xdc]ZX^bZcid' <aZ w XVeVo YZ
^g s ajV% k^V_Vg eZad ZheVvd h^YZgVa' F ]dbZb Xdc]ZXZ bj^idh
b^hiwg^dh YV X^xcX^V Z XdchZ\jZ eZcZigVg cdh b^hiwg^dh Yd
bVXgdXdhbd Z Yd b^XgdXdhbd' F ]dbZb w jb \^\VciZ'
KdYVk^V% Vd bZhbd iZbed% ZaZ w jb ^ajhigZ YZhXdc]ZX^Yd
YZ h^ bZhbd' Gdgwb% fjVcYd X]Z\Vg d [^b Z Zhi^kZgbdh cV
ZiZgc^YVYZ% kVbdh Xdc]ZXZg eaZcVbZciZ% kVbdh kZg AZhjh
[VXZ V [VXZ' <ciud% Xdc]ZXZgZbdh Xdbd iVbWwb hdbdh
Xdc]ZX^Ydh' <cfjVcid cud k^gbdh V AZhjh% cud kZgZbdh
Xdb idiVa XaVgZoV Vh Xd^hVh YZ ;;Zjh Edhhd Xdc]ZX^bZcid
Vfj^ w a^b^iVYd% bVh Zciud hZgr eaZcd'
KdYdh dh Ydch fjZ iZbdh hud eVgV ZhiV k^YV' DVh d "
Vbdg kV^ gZ^cVg cd Xwj' GVjad Vg\jbZciV Xdb V ^\gZ_V fjZ
d Vbdg w ZhhZ dm^\xc^d fjZ kV^ Zm^hi^g cd Xwj' HjVcYd dh
Ydch YZhVeVgZXZgZb Z hZ idgcVgZb dWhdaZidh% d Vbdg kV^ hZg
VWhdajiVbZciZ cZXZhhrg^d% edgfjZ d Vbdg w ZmViVbZciZ d
dm^\xc^d fjZ kV^ bVciZg d gZaVX^dcVbZcid cd Xwj' F fjZ w
d Xwj6 F fjZ w V k^YV ZiZgcV6 < Xdc]ZXZg V ;;Zjh' < fjZb w
;;Zjh6 ;;Zjh w Vbdg' F Xwj w k^kZg Zb Vbdg% Zb Xdbjc]ud
Xdb ;;Zjh Z Zb Xdbjc]ud jch Xdb dh djigdh'
GVjad% V\dgV% Vg\jbZciV fjZ YZcigZ Vh bV^dgZh k^gijYZh3
V [w% V ZheZgVcvV Z d Vbdg% d Vbdg w d bV^dg YZ idYdh'
à8\dgV% ed^h% eZgbVcZXZb V [w% V ZheZgVcvV Z d Vbdg% ZhiZh
igxh4 edgwb d bV^dg YZhiZh w d Vbdgâ #*,'*,$' JZb Vbdg cud
]r Xg^hi^Vc^hbd' MdXx edYZ hZg dgidYdmd% bVh hZ cud i^kZg
Vbdg% kdXx cud w jb Xg^hiud' F Vezhidad Adud Y^o fjZ VfjZaZ
fjZ cud VbV V^cYV eZgbVcZXZ cVh igZkVh' HjZb eZgbVcZXZ '
cVh igZkVh w VfjZaZ fjZ V^cYV cud cVhXZj YZ cdkd' AZhjh
Y^hhZ fjZ àE^hid Xdc]ZXZgud idYdh fjZ hd^h bZjh Y^hXyejadh (
hZ i^kZgYZh Vbdg jch Vdh djigdhâ #Ad *,',.$' F XVb^c]d %
YV bVijg^YVYZ w d Vbdg' F Vbdg w d Xjbeg^bZcid YV aZ^' "
F Vbdg w d bV^dg YZ idYdh dh bVcYVbZcidh' F Vbdg w V
Vedad\wi^XV [^cVa' F Vbdg w d \gVcYZ gZbwY^d eVgV dh bVaZh
YV ^\gZ_V'
N^aa^Vb 9VgXaVn [VaV hdWgZ V hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Yd Vbdg3 à8
[w Z V ZheZgVcvV hud \gVcYZh% bVh d Vbdg w V^cYV bV^dg' 8
[w hZb d Vbdg w [g^V% Z V ZheZgVcvV hZb ZaZ w ]dggZcYV' F
Vbdg w d [d\d fjZ ^cXZcYZ^V V [w Z V ajo fjZ idgcV V ZheZ&
gVcvV hZ\jgV '
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & ( LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

)/1 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)*#
)0( D d [ a d $ 5MbUP# 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& &..(/ b& ')'#
)0) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,*&
)0* 6 d g U W $ :& :& ) H U K *6VYPU[OPHUZ& )1/)2 b& )*,&
)0+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,+%*,-&
)0, D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,+&
á> 1. 6 S d U ^S k $ K [ ^^[S _ & < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )*1&
*1/ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,,&
*10 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)+#
)00 D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,,&
)01 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)1( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)1) 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )+)&
)1* A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)1+ 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )+*&
)1, A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)1- > @ B B :C ! @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)1. A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)1/ A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)10 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-­#
)11 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &).#
*(( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV2 )10+2 b& &).
*() A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 W& ),1&
*(* D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2b& *,.%*,1&
*(+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,1&
*(, D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L )6VYkU[PVZ&)11+2 b& *,1&
*(- 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )+/&
GHWPLKHKL KL
RĂTNZHX L VWUMLJPHX
TH PNWLQH
&4[ &)#&")%  

F 7I@HC H9A HF~G 5GD97HCG2 5 QE C w


VYdgVYd% d edkd YZ ;;Zjh w ZY^[^XVYd Z
dh ^cXgwYjadh hud XdckZcX^Ydh YZ hZjh
eZXVYdh' JZ [dgbdh s ^\gZ_V eVgV VYdgVg
Xdb d egdezh^id YZ YZbdchigVgbdh V
cdhhV Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ% ZhiVgZbdh aVWdí
gVcYd Zb Zggd' F Xjaid w eVgV V ZY^[^XVí
vud Z cud eVgV Zm^W^vud' DVh V ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid ZhiVkV igVch[dgbVcYd d Xjaid
cjb eVaXd YZ Zm^W^vud Zb kZo YZ jb
XVcVa eVgV ZY^[^XVvud'
EZhhZ XVeyijad% GVjad XdcXaj^ V hZí
vud hdWgZ dh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' Fh Ydch
hud XdciZbedgtcZdh Z cZXZhhrg^dh eVgV
V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' < egZX^hd ZhXaVgZí
XZg% ZcigZiVcid% fjZ cud iZbdh Vezhidadh
Z egd[ZiVh ]d_Z% Xdbd dh Yd 8ci^\d Z Edkd KZhiVbZcidh'
8fjZaZh ZgVb ^chigjbZcidh YV gZkZaVvud Y^k^cV' 8ijVabZciZ%
cud Zm^hiZb gZkZaVv}Zh cdkVh YVYVh edg ;;Zjh s @\gZ_V' KdYV V
gZkZaVvud YZ ;;Zjh Zhir ZcXZggVYV cVh <hXg^ijgVh' 8 9yWa^V iZb
jbV XVeV jaiZg^dg' KdYV bZchV\Zb ZcigZ\jZ s ^\gZ_V YZkZ
hZg hjWbZi^YV s Ydjig^cV Vjidg^oVYV Ydh Vezhidadh Z egd[ZiVh
dg^\^cV^h% Xdc[dgbZ XdchiV Yd Xtcdc YVh <hXg^ijgVh'+)/
:db gZheZ^id Vdh Ydch egZX^hVbdh cdh VXVjiZaVg hdWgZ
d eZg^\d YV edaVg^oVvud' ?r VfjZaZh fjZ ixb XVgriZg
hZb XVg^hbV Z dh fjZ ixb XVg^hbV hZb XVgriZg' EV ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid ]Vk^V Ydch Yd <heyg^id% bVh cud d [gjid Yd
<heyg^id' <aZh i^c]Vb XVg^hbV% bVh cud XVgriZg' ?r djigVh
^\gZ_Vh fjZ kud eVgV d djigd ZmigZbd3 ixb XVgriZg% bVh cud
XVg^hbV' GgdXaVbVb d [gjid Yd <heyg^id% bVh cZ\Vb dh
Ydch Yd <heyg^id'
?r ^\gZ_Vh fjZ hZ edh^X^dcVb Xdb XgZYja^YVYZ ^c[Vcí
i^a% VXZ^iVcYd fjVafjZg [Zc|bZcd cV ^\gZ_V Xdbd Vvud Yd
<heyg^id Z ]r VfjZaVh fjZ hZ ZcigZ\Vb Vd gVX^dcVa^hbd Xwí
i^Xd4 XdbeaZiVbZciZ [ZX]VYVh s bVc^[ZhiVvud Yd <heyg^id'
<cfjVcid Vh eg^bZ^gVh hZ idgcVb [Vaidh YZ Y^hXZgc^bZcid%
Vh djigVh XdbZiZb d eZXVYd YZ VeV\Vg d <heyg^id' Fh XZh&
hVX^dc^hiVh Y^oZb fjZ dh Ydch ZgVb eVgV d iZbed Ydh Vezhí
idadh4 dh byhi^Xdh% idYVk^V% Vig^WjZb ijYd fjZ VXdciZXZ cV
^\gZ_V Vd <heyg^id JVcid'
GVjad WVh^XVbZciZ hZ XdcXZcigV Zb Yd^h Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h
cZhhZ XVeyijad3 MVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh Z egd[ZX^V'

9 DNL DE UAQIEDADE DE K_MGTAR


MVbdh YZhiVXVg YZo edcidh ^bedgiVciZh VXZgXV Yd Ydb
YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV TVZ[YH H ULJLZZPKHKL KL ZLN\PY V
MY\ [V KV 8ZWkYP[V$ X\L i V HTVY& àJZ\j^ d Vbdg Z egdXjgV^% Xdb
oZad% dh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h% bVh eg^cX^eVabZciZ fjZ egd[Zi^í
oZ^hâ #*-'*$' 8 eg^bZ^gV Xd^hV fjZ GVjad [VaV hdWgZ d Ydb
YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh w fjZ VfjZaZ fjZ [VaV Zb djigVh
ayc\jVh [VaV V ;;Zjh Z cud Vdh ]dbZch' <aZ cud w jb Ydb
e~Wa^Xd% bVh yci^bd% eVgi^XjaVg% Z eZhhdVa' F Ydb YZ kVí
g^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh w jb Ydb eVgV V hjV ^ci^b^YVYZ Xdb
;;Zjh'
AjVc :Vgadh Fgi^o V[^gbV fjZ d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ
ayc\jVh w d Ydb YZ e^_VbV' MVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh cud hZ
VhhZbZa]V s egd[ZX^V% bVh s dgVvud Z VYdgVvud' MdXx cud hZ
Y^g^\Z sh eZhhdVh% bVh V ;;Zjh' F ZmZgXyX^d YZhhZ Ydb cud w
Zm^W^vud cZb Zk^YxcX^V Yd WVi^hbd Xdb d <heyg^id JVcid'
JZb d eg^cXye^d gZ\jaVYdg Yd Vbdg% ZhhZ Ydb cud eVhhV YZ
WVgja]d hZb hZci^Yd Z hZb egdezh^id'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% X\LT MH SH LT V\[YH SkUN\H UgV i
LU[LUKPKV$ WVYX\LMHSH LT TPZ[iYPV& àGd^h fjZb [VaV Zb djigV
ayc\jV cud [VaV V ]dbZch% hZcud V ;;Zjh% k^hid fjZ c^c\jwb
d ZciZcYZ% Z Zb Zheyg^id [VaV b^hiwg^dhâ #*-'+$' E^c\jwb d
ZciZcYZ4 cZb ZaZ bZhbd' 8 ayc\jV w Va\d fjZ VXdciZXZ cd
tbW^id Zhe^g^ijVa Z cud cd gVX^dcVa'
F Vezhidad GVjad ZhXaVgZXZ3 àGZad fjZ% d fjZ [VaV Zb
djigV ayc\jV YZkZ dgVg eVgV fjZ V edhhV ^ciZgegZiVg' GdgfjZ%
hZ Zj dgVg Zb djigV ayc\jV% d bZj Zheyg^id dgV YZ [Vid% bVh
V b^c]V bZciZ [^XV ^c[gjiy[ZgVâ #*-'*,$' 8 egzeg^V eZhhdV
fjZ [VaV Zb djigV ayc\jV cud ZciZcYZ d fjZ Zhir [VaVcYd' 8
bZciZ YZaV cud w ZY^[^XVYV% ed^h cud hVWZ d h^\c^[^XVYd YZ
hjVh eVaVkgVh' JZ ZhhV eZhhdV cud ZciZcYZ d fjZ [VaV% bj^id
bZcdh% Vh djigVh eZhhdVh ZciZcYZgud' <aV Zhir [VaVcYd Zb
b^hiwg^d' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg dg^ZciV fjZ d [VaVg Zb djigVh ayc\jVh
cud ZckdakZ V bZciZ #*-'*-$% Y^g^\Z&hZ VeZcVh V ;;Zjh Z cud
V djigdh hZgZh ]jbVcdh #*-'+$% gZXdc]ZXZcYd&hZ fjZ w eVgV
V àZY^[^XVvudâ Yd egzeg^d ^cY^kyYjd #*-'-$% hZcYd iVbWwb
^c^ciZa^\ykZa% edgfjZ iVa eZhhdV Zb Zheyg^id [VaV b^hiwg^dh
"),&*#&*(/
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% X\LT MH SH LT V\[YH SkUN\H LKPMP&JH&%ZL
H ZP TLZTV L UgV e PNYLQH& GVjad Y^o3 àF fjZ [VaV Zb djigV
ayc\jV V h^ bZhbd hZ ZY^[^XV% bVh d fjZ egd[Zi^oV ZY^[^XV V
^\gZ_Vâ #*-'-$' <hhZ Ydb w yci^bd Z eVgi^XjaVg' <aZ cud k^hV
s ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V% bVh V hjV ^ci^b^YVYZ Xdb ;;Zjh' JZj
egdezh^id cud w V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V% bVh V Vjid&ZY^[^XVvVd'
< edg ZhhV gVoud hdbZciZ fjZ ZhhZ Ydb w ^c[Zg^dg Vdh YZí
bV^h Ydch' KdYdh dh djigdh Ydch Va^hiVYdh cV 9yWa^V hud
Ydch eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V4 ZhhZ w d ~c^Xd YVYd eVgV
Vjid&ZY^[^XVvud'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% X\LT MH SH LT V\[YH SkUN\H UgV ZL [VY{
UH LU[LUKPKV% W V Y PZZV UgV LKPMPJH H PNYLQH #*-'.&**$' GVjad
VegZhZciV igxh ^ajhigVv}Zh V gZheZ^id Yd fjZ ZaZ [VaV cZhhZh
kZghyXjadh' 8 eg^bZ^gV w fjVcid Vdh ^chigjbZcidh bjh^XV^h
#*-'0$' JZ jbV eZhhdV VhhZciVg&hZ eVgV idXVg e^Vcd Z cud
Xdc]ZXZg Vh eVgi^ijgVh bjh^XV^h VggVcXVgr Yd e^Vcd VeZcVh
WVgja]d Z b~h^XV YZhV\gVYrkZa Vdh djk^Ydh' 8 hZ\jcYV ^ajhí
igVvud w V YV igdbWZiV #*-'1$' JZ V eZhhdV YZg jb hdc^Yd
^cXZgid c^c\jwb hZ egZeVgVgr eVgV V WViVa]V' ?VkZgr Xdcí
[jhud cd bZ^d Yd VggV^Va Ydh hdaYVYdh Z cud egZeVgVvud
eVgV V WViVa]V' 8 iZgXZ^gV ^ajhigVvud fjZ GVjad jhV w YZ jbV
XdckZghV ^ciZgeZhhdVa #*-'2&**$' @bV\^cZ kdXx% jb WgVh^í
aZ^gd% XdckZghVcYd Xdb jb _Vedcxh' MdXxh cud Xdc]ZXZb
V ayc\jV jb Yd djigd' Gdg XdchZ\j^ciZ% cud ]VkZgr ZciZcí
Y^bZcid cZb XdbegZZchud cZhhV edhhykZa XdckZghV' 8hh^b%
GVjad Y^o fjZ hZ kdXx [VaVg Zb djigV ayc\jV% cud edYZgr
ZY^[^XVg V ^\gZ_V% ed^h hjV [VaV hZgr ^cXdbegZZchykZa eVgV Vh
djigVh eZhhdVh' 8 ZY^[^XVvud eVhhV eZad ZciZcY^bZcid'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% X\LT MH SH LT V\[YH SkUN\H UgV LU[LUKL
V X\L MH SH #*-'*,&*.$' Eud edYZbdh hZg YZhed_VYdh Yd
cdhhd ZciZcY^bZcid cV VYdgVvud' Edhhd Xjaid egZX^hV
hZg gVX^dcVa #Ib *+'+$' 8 hjV bZciZ ZmZgXZ jb eVeZa
[jcYVbZciVa cV VYdgVvud' GVjad cjcXV YZ[ZcYZj jb Xjaid
XVirgi^Xd% YZ xmiVhZ ZbdX^dcVa' F Xjaid VXZ^irkZa V ;;Zjh w
jb Xjaid gVX^dcVa Z az\^Xd% Zb fjZ w egZX^hd jc^g dh igxh
ZaZbZcidh Wrh^Xdh YV cdhhV k^YV3 gVoud% Zbdvud Z kdciVYZ'
F XgZciZ egZX^hV jhVg hjV bZciZ Zb X^cXd rgZVh3 cV dgVvud
#*-'*.$% cdh Xtci^Xdh #*-'*/$% cVh Vv}Zh YZ \gVvV #*-'*0$%
cV ^chigjvud #*-'*2$ Z cd _jyod #*-'+)$'
<b hZmid aj\Vg% X\LT MH SH LT V\[YH SkUN\H UgV W VK L
LKPMPJHY VZ V\[YVZ& à<% hZ ij WZcY^hhZgZh VeZcVh Zb Zheyg^id%
Xdbd Y^gr d ^cYdjid d Vbwb YZed^h YV ijV Vvud YZ \gVvVh6
M^hid fjZ cud ZciZcYZ d fjZ Y^oZh4 edgfjZ ij% YZ [Vid% Yrh
WZb Vh \gVvVh% bVh d djigd cud w ZY^[^XVYdâ #*-'*/%*0$' 8
eZhhdV fjZ Zhir [VaVcYd Zb djigV ayc\jV V\gVYZXZ V ;;Zjh%
edgwb% fjZb Zhir Yd hZj aVYd cud edYZgr Y^oZg Vbwb% edg
cud ZciZcYZg d fjZ Zhir hZcYd [VaVYd' < hZ cud ZciZcYZ cud
edYZ hZg ZY^[^XVYd'
<b hwi^bd aj\Vg% H ]HYPLKHKL KL SkUN\HZ UgV i WHYH WYL{
NHhgV& <hhZ w jb Ydh edcidh bV^h XdbeaZmdh cV ^\gZ_V
XdciZbedgtcZV' GVjad Yr hZj iZhiZbjc]d3 à;;dj \gVvVh V
;;Zjh% edgfjZ [Vad Zb djigVh ayc\jVh bV^h Yd fjZ idYdh kzh'
:dcijYd% egZ[^gd [VaVg cV ^\gZ_V X^cXd eVaVkgVh Xdb d bZj
ZciZcY^bZcid% eVgV ^chigj^g djigdh% V [VaVg YZo b^a eVaVkgVh
Zb djigV ayc\jVâ #*-'*1%*2$' Gdg fjZ d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ
ayc\jVh cud w d ^chigjbZcid jhVYd eVgV V egZ\Vvud6 < edgfjZ
fjZb [VaV Zb djigV ayc\jV [VaV V ;;Zjh Z cud Vdh ]dbZch'
DZhbd fjZ ]V_V ^ciZgegZiVvud% V cVijgZoV Yd Ydb cud w Vaí
iZgVYV' Fj hZ_V% fjVcYd ]r ^ciZgegZiVvud% ^ciZgegZiV&hZ V dgVí
vud Z cud V egZ\Vvud' GdgiVcid% fjVcYd jbV eZhhdV XdbZvV
V [VaVg Zb djigV ayc\jV% Z d ^ciwgegZiZ XdbZvV V igVoZg jbV
bZchV\Zb YZ ;;Zjh eVgV dh djk^ciZh Zhir aVWdgVcYd Zb Zggd'
8 ^ciZgegZiVvud cud bjYV V ZhhxcX^V Yd Ydb' DZhbd
Xdb V ^ciZgegZiVvud% kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jV w eVaVkgV Yd ]dí
bZb eVgV ;;Zjh Z cud eVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh eVgV d ]dbZb' <
Xdbjb kZgbdh Zb Va\jch hZ\bZcidh ZkVc\wa^Xdh% V egri^XV
YZhhZ hjedhid Ydb% Xdbd hZ\jZ3 àDZj hZgkd Q'''Râ Z XdbZvV
V [VaVg V bZchV\Zb YZ ;;Zjh' FcYZ Zhir d Zggd cZhhV egrí
i^XV6 KZbdh Yd^h Zggdh \gVkZh Vfj^' Gg^bZ^gd3 igVch[dgbdj
ayc\jVh Zb egd[ZX^V' MVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh w hZbegZ eVaVkgV
Yd ]dbZb eVgV ;;Zjh Z cjcXV eVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh eVgV d ]dí
bZb' JZ\jcYd3 cud ]r cV 9yWa^V cZc]jbV egd[ZX^V YVYV
cV eg^bZ^gV eZhhdV% Xdbd àbZj hZgkdâ' KdYV egd[ZX^V WyWa^í
XV w YVYV cV iZgXZ^gV eZhhdV3 à8hh^b Y^o d JZc]dgâ'
Gdg fjZ w ZggVYd Y^oZg àbZj hZgkdâ6 GdgfjZ ^hhd ^bea^XV
Zb Y^oZg fjZ V eZhhdV fjZ Zhir ZcigZ\VcYd V bZchV\Zb
w jbV ^cXdgedgVvud Yd egzeg^d ;;Zjh' 8 eZhhdV f~Z Zhir
djk^cYd i hZgkV YZ fjZb6 ;;Z ;;Zjh dj Yd egd[ZiV fjZ Zhir
[VaVcYd6 F egd[ZiV Zhir [VaVcYd Zb cdbZ YZ ;;Zjh dj d
egd[ZiV i ;;Zjh6 F egd[ZiV cVd edYZ Vhhjb^g d aj\Vg YZ
;;Zjh% VciZh YZkZ Y^oZg3 à8hh^b Y^o d JZc]dgâ' HjZb [VaV
w VeZcVh d ^chigjbZcid YV bZchV\Zb Z cud hjV [dciZ'
<j cud edhhd bZ Y^g^\^g V djigV eZhhdV% Y^oZcYd3 àDZj
hZgkd â DZhbd fjZ ]V_V ^ciZgegZiVvud% d Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ
YZ ayc\jVh w jbV eVaVkgV Y^g^\^YV V ;;Zjh Z cud s ^\gZ_V'
< dgVvud Z cud egZ\Vvud' Gdg fjZ% Zciud% ]r ZY^[^XVvud
fjVcYd ]r ^ciZgegZiVvud6 q edgfjZ Zj edhhd hZg ZY^[^XVYd
Xdb V dgVvud YZ djigV eZhhdV HjVcYd Va\jwb dgV cV ^\gZ_V
hdbdh ZY^[^XVYdh VigVkwh YV dgVvud YVfjZaV eZhhdV' DVh Zb
bdbZcid Va\jb V dgVvud hZ idgcV egZ\Vvud'
<b d^iVkd aj\Vg% V \ZV LYYHKV KV KVT KL ]HYPLKHKL KL
SkUN\HZ LZJHUKHSPaH VZ PUJYiK\SVZ& GVjad Y^o3 àJZ% ed^h% idYV
V ^\gZ_V hZ gZjc^g cd bZhbd aj\Vg% Z idYdh hZ ejhZgZb V
[VaVg Zb djigVh ayc\jVh% cd XVhd YZ ZcigVgZb ^cYdjidh
dj ^cXgwYjadh% cud Y^gud% edgkZcijgV% fjZ ZhiV^h adjXdh6â
#*-'+,$' GVjad gZ[ZgZcYV V aZ\^i^b^YVYZ Yd Ydb YZ ayc\jVh%
bVh Y^o fjZ ZaZ egZX^hV hZg jhVYd cV ^\gZ_V Xdb Xg^iwg^d'
?r eVgtbZigdh XaVgdh eVgV d [jcX^dcVbZcid Yd Ydb'
F eg^bZ^gd eVgtbZigd fjZ GVjad Y^o w fjZ dh XgZciZh cud
edYZb [VaVg Zb djigVh ayc\jVh Vd bZhbd iZbed' <hhV egrí
i^XV edYZ aZkVg d ^cYdjid fjZ ZcigV cd iZbead V eZchVg fjZ
dh XgZciZh Zhiud adjXdh' <hhV egri^XV cud Xdcig^Wj^g^V eVgV
d ZciZcY^bZcid Ydh ^cXgwYjadh cZb eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud Ydh
XgZciZh'
<b cdcd aj\Vg% V \ZV KV KVT KL ]HYPLKHKL KL SkUN\HZ
UV J\S[V WoISPJV WYLJPZH ZLY JVT VYKLT& F Vezhidad GVjad
dg^ZciV3 àEd XVhd YZ Va\jwb [VaVg Zb djigV ayc\jV% fjZ
cud hZ_Vb bV^h Yd fjZ Yd^h dj fjVcYd bj^id igxh% Z ^hid
hjXZhh^kVbZciZ% Z ]V_V fjZb ^ciZgegZiZ' DVh% cud ]VkZcYd
^ciwgegZiZ% [^fjZ XVaVYd cV ^\gZ_V% [VaVcYd Xdch^\d bZhbd
Z Xdb ;;Zjhâ #*-'+0%+1$' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ hZ ]djkZg
^ciwgegZiZ edYZ [VaVg% bVh% cd brm^bd igxh eZhhdVh% Z jbV
eZhhdV YZed^h YV djigV' < egZX^hd Zm^hi^g dgYZb cd Xjaid
e~Wa^Xd'
F Xjaid cud edYZ hZg jbV WVWZa YZ Xdc[jhud' JZ Vh eZhhdVh
[VaVb Vd bZhbd iZbed% d ZciZcY^bZcid w egZ_jY^XVYd Z V
ZY^[^XVvud hZ idgcV ^bedhhykZa'
<b YwX^bd aj\Vg% V KVT KL ]HYPLKHKL KL SkUN\HZ UgV KL]L
ZLY WYVPIPKV& àGdgiVcid% bZjh ^gbudh% egdXjgV^ Xdb oZad d
Ydb YZ egd[Zi^oVg Z cud egd^WV^h d [VaVg Zb djigVh ayc\jVhâ
#*-',2$' q bj^id ^bedgiVciZ Y^oZg ^hhd' ?r XgZciZh fjZ
_d\Vb V Xg^VcvV [dgV Xdb V r\jV YV WVX^V' Gdg XVjhV Ydh
ZmXZhhdh Z ZfjykdXdh XdbZi^Ydh cd jhd YZhhZ Ydb% bj^idh
cZ\Vb hjV ^bedgitcX^V Z d gZ_Z^iVb' Gdgwb% [d^ d <heyg^id
JVcid fjZb YZj ZhhZ Ydb s ^\gZ_V Z ijYd fjZ d <heyg^id
JVcid Yr w Xd^hV WdV' GdgiVcid% cud iZbdh d Y^gZ^id YZ
gZ_Z^iVg cZb YZ [VaVg bVa YVfj^ad fjZ w YrY^kV Yd <heyg^id
JVcid' F [Vid YZ jbV eZhhdV jhVg d Ydb YZ [dgbV ZggVYV
cVd YZkZ cdh aZkVg eVgV d djigd ZmigZbd% d YZ egd^W^&ad'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid jhdj YZ [dgbV ZggVYV V JVciV :Z^V4
XdcijYd% GVjad cud egd^W^j V ^\gZ_V YZ XZaZWgVg V JVciV :Z^V'
F ^bedgiVciZ w Xdgg^\^g V egri^XV Z cud egd^W^&aV' GVjad Y^o
fjZ [VaVg Zb ayc\jVh Zb eVgi^XjaVg iZb d hZj kVadg YZ Vjid&
ZY^[^XVvud #*-'+%,%+1$' JZ ;;Zjh a]Z YZj ZhhZ Ydb% jhj[gjV&
d eVgV V hjV ZY^[^XVvud' JZ ;;Zjh cud a]Z YZj% cVd iZc]V
XdbeaZmd YZ ^c[Zg^dg^YVYZ'

4QQNR QEKACINMADNR AN TRN DN DNL DE UAQIEDADE DE K_MGTAR


F Vezhidad GVjad ZaZcXV krg^dh Zggdh gZaVX^dcVYdh Vd jhd
Yd Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh' <bWdgV% Va\jch YZhhZh
Zggdh _r iZc]Vb h^Yd igViVYdh cZhiZ XVeyijad% kVbdh gZ[dgvVg
ZhhZh edcidh eVgV bV^dg ZhXaVgZX^bZcid'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% KHY THPZ ]HSVY H LZZL KVT KV X\L HVZ
V\[YVZ& GVjad dg^ZciV V ^\gZ_V Xdbd hZ\jZ3 à<j fj^hZgV fjZ
kzh idYdh [VarhhZ^h Zb djigVh ayc\jVh4 bj^id bV^h% edgwb%
fjZ egd[Zi^orhhZ^h4 ed^h fjZb egd[Zi^oV w hjeZg^dg Vd fjZ [VaV
Zb djigVh ayc\jVh% hVakd hZ Vh ^ciZgegZiVg% eVgV fjZ V ^\gZ_V
gZXZWV ZY^[^XVvudâ #*-'.$' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid VXgZY^iVkV
fjZ [VaVg Zb ayc\jVh ZgV d hjegV&hjbd'
8ijVabZciZ% hZ Zch^cV Zb bj^iVh ^\gZ_Vh fjZ d XgZciZ
fjZ cud [VaV Zb djigVh ayc\jVh cud w Zhe^g^ijVa% cud Zhir
X]Z^d Yd <heyg^id4 Vd Xdcigrg^d% w jb XgZciZ YZ hZ\jcYV
XViZ\dg^V% fjZ V^cYV cud [d^ WVi^oVYd Xdb d <heyg^id JVcid'
@hhd w ^\cdgVg Vh <hXg^ijgVh Z jbV cZ\Vvud Yd Zch^cd YZ
GVjad'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% WLUZHY X\L V KVT KL SkUN\HZ i \TH
WYV]H KL LZWPYP[\HSPKHKL HI\UKHU[L #*'04 ,',4 *,'*$'EZc]jb
Ydb% hZ_V ZaZ fjVa [dg% w egdkV YZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ' Eud hZ
bZYZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ eZadh Ydch' DZYZ&hZ Zhe^g^ijVa^YVYZ
eZad [gjid Yd <heyg^id #>* .'++%+,$' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid
i^c]V idYdh dh Ydch% bVh ZgV ^bVijgV Zhe^g^ijVabZciZ'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% WLUZHY X\L LZZL KVT i V ZLSV L H
L]PKjUJPH KV IH[PZTV JVT V 8ZWkYP[V DHU[V #*+'*,$' EZc]jb
Ydb edYZ hZg d hZad Yd WVi^hbd Yd <heyg^id JVcid' GdgfjZ
idYd hVakd w WVi^oVYd cd Xdged YZ :g^hid eZad <heyg^id' <
d Ydb Zhe^g^ijVa w Y^hig^WjyYd eZad <heyg^id Xdc[dgbZ a]Z
VegVo' EZc]jb XgZciZ iZb idYdh dh Ydch #*+'+1&,)$' ;;d
Xdcigrg^d cud hZg^Vbdh jb Xdged cZb egZX^hVgyVbdh hZgk^g
jch Vdh djigdh Z hjeg^g Vh cZXZhh^YVYZh jch Ydh djigdh'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% WLUZHY X\L [VKVZ VZ JYLU[LZ KL]LT [LY LZZL
KVT #*+',)$' <hhZ ZfjykdXd iZb h^Yd XdbZi^Yd Zb bj^iVh
^\gZ_Vh XdciZbedgtcZVh' ?r XgZciZh ^bVijgdh fjZ fjVhZ
ixb hZci^bZcid YZ XjaeV edg cud iZgZb gZXZW^Yd ZhhZ Ydb'
?r ^\gZ_Vh fjZ X]Z\Vb V ^cYjo^g Vh eZhhdVh V [VaVg Zb djigVh
ayc\jVh% Zch^cVcYd Va\jch XVXdZiZh eVgV V eZhhdV ZcgdaVg V
ayc\jV Z Zb^i^g hdch ZhigVc]dh' @hhd w ^bVijg^YVYZ' @hhd w
jbV Xdche^gVvud XdcigV d Zch^cd YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% WLUZHY X\L [VKVZWVKLT MH SH Y LT SkUN\HZ
HV TLZTV [LTWV LT J\S[V WoISPJV #*-'+0$' <hhV egri^XV w
XdcYZcVYV edg GVjad' <aV igVo Xdc[jhud Z cud ZY^[^XVvud'
?d_Z Vh ^\gZ_Vh Zhiud igVch[dgbVcYd d Xjaid cjb VbW^ZciZ
byhi^Xd% Zb fjZ Vh eZhhdVh WjhXVb hZ hZci^g WZb Zb kZo YZ
WjhXVgZb ZciZcY^bZcid' F Xjaid Zhir hZ idgcVcYd hZchzg^d
Zb kZo YZ gVX^dcVa' 8 egri^XV YV \adhhdara^V XdaZi^kV Zb Xjaid
e~Wa^Xd Zhir Zb idiVa YZhVXdgYd Xdb d Zch^cd YV GVaVkgV YZ
;;Zjh'
<b hZmid aj\Vg% WLUZHY X\L ZL W VKL MH SH Y LT V\[YHZ SkUN\HZ
LT LZ[HKV KL j_[HZL #*-',+$' Fh Xjaidh Zmiri^Xdh ZgVb
bj^id Xdbjch cVh gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d' <hhV egri^XV [d^
^bedgiVYV eZaV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid Z Vhh^b% Vh eZhhdVh hZ
hZci^Vb VggZWViVYVh Zb Zheyg^id Z XdbZvVkVb V [VaVg Zb
djigVh ayc\jVh YZ [dgbV YZhXdcigdaVYV' 8a\jch X]Z\VkVb V
ZcigVg Zb iVa ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ Z YZhXdcigdaZ fjZ XaVbVkVb
4Ud[LTH =LZ\Z GVjad Y^o fjZ d Zheyg^id Yd egd[ZiV Zhir
hj_Z^id Vd egd[ZiV' HjZb [VaV Zb djigVh ayc\jVh Zhir cd
eaZcd Ydbyc^d Z XdcigdaZ YV hjV kdciVYZ' <aZ [VaV fjVcYd
fjZg Z hZ XVaV fjVcYd fjZg' F Ydb YZkZ hZg ZmZgX^Yd Xdb
Ydbyc^d egzeg^d Z cVd Zb ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ'
<b hwi^bd aj\Vg%WLUZHY X\LWVKPHT MHSHYLT V\[YHZSkUN\HZ
UV J\S[V WoISPJV ZLT PU[LYWYL[HhgV #*-'+%.%2%**%*,%*/%+0%
+1%-)$' GVjad Y^o fjZ hZ cud ]r ^ciwgegZiZ% V eZhhdV YZkZ [^í
XVg XVaVYV cV ^\gZ_V' Ed Xjaid YZkZ Zm^hi^g dgYZb Z YZXxcX^V'
F Xjaid w gVX^dcVa' <aZ VeZaV Vd ZciZcY^bZcid' <aZ egZX^hV
hZg Xdch^hiZciZ Z XdZgZciZ' <cigZbZVg cV dgVvud [gVhZh Zb
djigV ayc\jV #hZb ^ciZgegZiVvud$ cud w h^cVa YZ bVijg^YVYZ%
bVh YZ YZhdWZY^xcX^V Vd Zch^cd YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
<b d^iVkd aj\Vg% WLUZHY X\L H VYHhgV LT SkUN\HZ i Z\WLYPVY
e VYHhgV UH SkUN\H Wd[YPH #*-'*,&*.$' q bj^id Xdbjb djk^g
egZ\VYdgZh V[^gbVg fjZ fjZb dgV Zb ayc\jVh dgV cjb
cykZa hjeZg^dg YZ ^ci^b^YVYZ Xdb ;;Zjh' ?r VfjZaZh fjZ
YZ[ZcYZb fjZ V dgVvud Zb ayc\jVh VaXVcvV ]dg^odciZh bV^h
Vbeadh Z hdWZ sh gZ\^}Zh bV^h VaiVh cd XVbed Zhe^g^ijVa' 8
9yWa^V Zb aj\Vg Va\jb Zch^cV ^hhd4 Vd Xdcigrg^d' GVjad Y^o3
àQ'''R dgVgZ^ Xdb V bZciZ4 XVciVgZ^ Xdb d Zheyg^idâ #*-'*.$'
GVjad Y^o fjZ fjZb dgV Zb ayc\jVh% YZkZ eZY^g V ;;Zjh eVgV
fjZ edhhV iVbWwb ^ciZgegZiVg' HjVcYd kdXx dgV Zb ayc\jVh
Z edYZ ZciZcYZg d fjZ Zhir [VaVcYd% Vy h^b% Zhir VaXVcvVcYd
ZciZcY^bZcid'

9 DNL DE OQNFECIA
;;ZhiVXVbdh Va\jch edcidh ^bedgiVciZh eVgV cdhhV gZí
[aZmud'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V X\L i KVT KL WYVMLJPH3 q bj^id ^bí
edgiVciZ ZciZcYZg ZhhZ Ydb' KZbdh YZ [VoZg jbV Y^hi^cvud
ZcigZ d d[yX^d YZ egd[ZiV cd 8ci^\d Z Edkd KZhiVbZcidh
Xdb d Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V' F fjZ iZbdh ]d_Z w Ydb YZ egd[Zí
X^V Z cud d[yX^d YZ egd[ZiV' :dbd _r Y^hhZbdh% VijVabZciZ
cud iZbdh bV^h cZc]jb egd[ZiV Z cZc]jb Vezhidad cd
hZci^Yd WyWa^Xd' Fh egd[ZiVh Z Vezhidadh gZXZW^Vb jbV gZkZí
aVvud cdkV Z ^che^gVYV YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh eVgV [VoZg eVgiZ Yd
Xtcdc YVh <hXg^ijgVh' F Xtcdc YVh <hXg^ijgVh Zhir [ZX]VYd'
;;Zjh cud gZkZaV bV^h cVYV cdkd s JjV @\gZ_V s eVgiZ Yd fjZ
_r Zhir cV JjV GVaVkgV' KjYd d fjZ ;;Zjh fj^h gZkZaVg eVgV
V JjV ^\gZ_V Zhir cV JjV GVaVkgV' Eud edYZbdh VXgZhXZciVg
cZb i^gVg bV^h cVYV Yd fjZ Zhir ZhXg^id' GVjad X]Z\V V Y^oZg
fjZ àQ'''R V^cYV fjZ czh dj bZhbd jb Vc_d k^cYd Yd Xwj
kdh egZ\jZ ZkVc\Za]d fjZ kr Vawb Yd fjZ kdh iZbdh egZ\Ví
Yd% hZ_V VcriZbVâ #>* *'1$'
<ciud% d fjZ w Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V6 < V ZmeaVcVvud% V
Zmedh^vud% Z V Zmea^XVvud [^Za YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh Xdc[dgbZ
Zhir cVh <hXg^ijgVh' GVjad Y^o fjZ hZ Va\jwb egd[Zi^oV hZ_V
hZ\jcYd V egdedgvud YV [w #Ib *+'/$' F fjZ w V egdedgvud
YV [w6 < d XdciZ~Yd YVh <hXg^ijgVh JZ kdXx egd[Zi^oV% kdXx
iZb YZ egd[Zi^oVg YZ VXdgYd Xdb d XdciZ~Yd YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
F Vezhidad GZYgd ZhXaVgZXZ3 àJZ Va\jwb [VaV% [VaZ YZ VXdgYd
Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ ;;Zjhâ #aGZ -'**$' HjZb egd[Zi^oV
egZX^hV hZ bVciZg YZcigd YZhhVh WVa^oVh YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
F fjZ w egZ\Vg YZ VXdgYd Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ ;;Zjh6 <
egZ\Vg ZmViVbZciZ d fjZ Zhir cV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad Y^o V
K^bziZd3 àQ'''R egZ\V V GVaVkgVâ #+Kb -'+$' 8 eVaVkgV w idYd
d XdciZ~Yd YV egZ\Vvud' F fjZ w egd[ZX^V6 < V egZ\Vvud YV
GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' 8iZciZ fjZ egd[ZX^V cud w jbV [jcvud dj
edh^vud fjZ jbV eZhhdV dXjeV' GVjad Y^o fjZ ZaZ \dhiVg^V fjZ
idYdh cV ^\gZ_Vegd[Zi^oVhhZb' Gdg fjx6 <hz d eVhidg fjZ egZ\V
V GVaVkgV6 q hz d eVhidg fjZ iZb XdcY^v}Zh YZ XdbegZZcYZg
Vh <hXg^ijgVh Z igVchb^i^&aVh6 8WhdajiVbZciZ cud 8 GVaVkgV
Zhir Vd VaXVcXZ YZ idYd VfjZaZ fjZ [d^ hVakd edg AZhjh' 8hh^b%
idYVh Vh kZoZh fjZ kdXx ax V 9yWa^V% V ^ciZgegZiV [^ZabZciZ Z V
egdXaVbV Xdb [^YZa^YVYZ% kdXx Zhir egd[Zi^oVcYd'
?d_Z% cud ]r bV^h egd[ZiVh"cd hZci^Yd YVfjZaZh egd[ZiVh
eg^bZ^gdh% fjZ hZ idgcVgVb d [jcYVbZcid YV ^\gZ_V #<[
+'+)$' ;;Zjh cud gZkZaV bV^h Va\d cdkd' Eud ]r jbV hZ\jcYV
ZY^vud YV 9yWa^V' F Xtcdc YV <hXg^ijgV _r Zhir [ZX]VYd' KdYd
Zch^cd cV ^\gZ_V YZkZ hZg hjWbZi^Yd s Ydjig^cV Vjidg^oVYV
Ydh Vezhidadh Z egd[ZiVh #@:d *-',0%,1$'
< WZb Xdc]ZX^YV V ZmegZhhud YZ 9^aan >gV]Vb3 à?d_Z%
;;Zjh cud gZkZaV bV^h kZgYVYZh cdkVh4 V 9yWa^V iZb jbV XVeV
YZ[^c^i^kVâ' ;;db YZ egd[ZX^V w Zmedg V kZgYVYZ gZkZaVYV YZ
;;Zjh Xdc[dgbZ Zhir gZ\^higVYV cVh JV\gVYVh <hXg^ijgVh #>*
*'1%2$ Z cud igVoZg bZchV\Zb cdkV YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V KVT KLWYVMLJPH i ZLN\UKV HWYVWVYhgV
KH Mi& :dbd _r Xdch^YZgVbdh% ZhhV [w w d XdciZ~Yd YVh
<hXg^ijgVh #Ib *+'/4 aG Z - '* ) %aa4AY , $'F Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V
egZX^hV ZhiVg hjWdgY^cVYd s Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV #*-',0$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% LYYVZ X\HU[V HV L_LYJkJPV KV KVT KL
WYVMLJPH& F Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V cud w Zmiri^Xd #*-'+2%,*&,,$'
<aZ cud w egdXaVbVYd Zb ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ' àKgViVcYd&hZ YZ
egd[ZiVh% [VaZb VeZcVh Yd^h dj igxh% Z dh djigdh _ja\jZbâ
#*-'+2$' GVjad V^cYV Xdci^cjV3 àGdgfjZ idYdh edYZgZ^h
egd[Zi^oVg% jb Vezh djigd% eVgV idYdh VegZcYZgZb Z hZgZb
XdchdaVYdh' Fh Zheyg^idh Ydh egd[ZiVh Zhiud hj_Z^idh Vdh egzí
eg^dh egd[ZiVh4 edgfjZ ;;Zjh cud i YZ Xdc[jhud% Z h^b YZ
eVo' :dbd Zb idYVh Vh ^\gZ_Vh Ydh hVcidh'''â #*-',*&,,$' 8
egd[ZX^V cud edYZ hZg VcjcX^VYV Zb ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ cZb
V bZchV\Zb w ZcigZ\jZ cV eg^bZ^gV eZhhdV' F egd[ZiV cud
[VaV àbZj hZgkdâ% bVh àVhh^b Y^o d JZc]dgâ'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V KVT KL WYVMLJPH WYLJPZH ZLYWYV]HKV& F
Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V cud Zhir VX^bV Yd _ja\VbZcid YV Xdc\gZí
\Vvud' GVjad dg^ZciV dh XgZciZh V hZgZb djk^ciZh Xg^iZg^dhdh'
<aZ Y^o3 àQ'''R Z dh djigdh _ja\jZbâ #*-'+2$' F fjZ w _ja\Vg6
GdgkZcijgV% h^\c^[^XV fjZ kdXx YZkZ ^g eVgV V ^\gZ_V Xdb d ew
Vigrh% Xdb jb Zheyg^id Xgyi^Xd6 Eud HjZ VheZXidh% Zciud%
egZX^hVbdh _ja\Vg6
V$ 8 bZchV\Zb \adg^[^XV V ;;Zjh6 F Vezhidad GZYgd
dgYZcV3 àJZgk^ jch Vdh djigdh% XVYV jb Xdc[dgbZ d Ydb
fjZ gZXZWZj% Xdbd Wdch YZheZchZ^gdh YV bjai^[dgbZ \gVvV
YZ ;;Zjh' JZ Va\jwb [VaV% [VaZ YZ VXdgYd Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ
;;Zjh4 hZ Va\jwb hZgkZ% [VvV&d cV [dgvV fjZ ;;Zjh hjegZ% eVgV
fjZ% Zb idYVh Vh Xd^hVh% hZ_V ;;Zjh \adg^[^XVYd% edg bZ^d YZ
AZhjh :g^hid% V fjZb eZgiZcXZ V \azg^V Z d Ydbyc^d eZadh
hwXjadh Ydh hwXjadh' 8bwb â #aGZ -'*)%**$' MdXx egZX^hV
fjZhi^dcVg hZ V bZchV\Zb Zhir hZcYd jb ^chigjbZcid eVgV
V \adg^[^XVvud YZ ;;Zjh dj eVgV V ZmVaiVvud Yd egZ\VYdg' JZ
;;Zjh cud Zhir hZcYd \adg^[^XVYd% Zciud% ZhhV egd[ZX^V cVd w
kZgYVYZ^gV'
W$ 8 bZchV\Zb Zhir YZ VXdgYd Xdb Vh <hXg^ijgVh6 F
Vezhidad GZYgd ZhXgZkZj3 àJZ Va\jwb [VaV% [VaZ YZ VXdgYd
Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ ;;Zjhâ #aGZ -'**$' Ezh cud edYZbdh
hZg djk^ciZh hZb Y^hXZgc^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa' GVjad Zad\^dj
V ^\gZ_V YZ 9Zgw^V% fjZ ZmVb^cVkV Vh <hXg^ijgVh eVgV kZg hZ
d fjZ ZaZ ZhiVkV [VaVcYd ZgV YZ [Vid V kZgYVYZ #8i *0'**$'
:VWZ Vdh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V djk^g d egZ\VYdg Xdb V 9yWa^V
VWZgiV% ZmVb^cVcYd Vh <hXg^ijgVh eVgV hVWZg hZ YZ [Vid d egZí
\VYdg Zhir Zch^cVcYd YZ VXdgYd Xdb V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
X$ 8bZchV\Zb ZY^[^XV V ^\gZ_V6 #@:d *-',%-%.%*+%*0%+/$'
8 egd[ZX^V iZb Xdbd [^cVa^YVYZ V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V'
F Vezhidad GVjad w XaVgd3 àDVh d fjZ egd[Zi^oV [VaV Vdh
]dbZch% ZY^[^XVcYd% ZmdgiVcYd Z XdchdaVcYdâ #*-',$'
Y$ F egd[ZiV hZ hjWbZiZ Vd _ja\VbZcid Ydh djigdh6 #*:d
*-'+2$' F egZ\VYdg hZ hjWbZiZ Vd _ja\VbZcid Ydh djigdh6
<aZ w ]jb^aYZ eVgV VegZcYZg Xdb dh djigdh6
Z$ F egd[ZiV Zhir cd XdcigdaZ YZ h^ bZhbd6 #@:d *-',+$'
Lb egZ\VYdg YZkZ hjW^g Vd e~ae^id cV YZeZcYxcX^V Yd
<heyg^id% bVh _VbV^h hZb Ydbyc^d egzeg^d' åmiVhZ cVd w
h^cVa YZ Y^gZvud Yd <heyg^id4 Vd Xdcigrg^d% w VjhxcX^V YZ
Ydbyc^d egzeg^d% fjZ w [gjid Yd <heyg^id #>a .'+,$'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% VZWYVWlZP[VZ KV KVT KLWYVMLJPH #*-',%-$' @
F egd[ZiV [VaV Vdh ]dbZch eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad p
ZbegZ\V igxh eVaVkgVh cd kZghyXjad ,3 <Y^[^XVcYd% ZmdgiVcYd
Z XdchdaVcYd' <hhZh hud dh bZhbdh egdezh^idh YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
àKdYV <hXg^ijgV w ^che^gVYV edg ;;Zjh Z ~i^a eVgV d Zch^cd%
eVgV gZegZZchud% eVgV XdggZvud% eVgV ZYjXVvud cV _jhi^vV%
eVgV fjZ d ]dbZb YZ ;;Zjh hZ_V eZg[Z^id Z eZg[Z^iVbZciZ
]VW^a^iVYd eVgV idYV WdV dWgVâ #+Kb ,'*/%*0$' EV bZY^YV
Zb fjZ kdXx Zme}Z Vh <hXg^ijgVh% Vh eZhhdVh hud ZY^[^XVYVh%
ZmdgiVYVh Z XdchdaVYVh' < ^hhd d fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd%
8 egd[ZX^V iVbWwb egdYjo XdckZcX^bZcid YZ eZXVYd'
GVjad Y^o3 àGdgwb% hZ idYdh egd[Zi^oVgZb% Z ZcigVg Va\jb
^cXgwYjad dj ^cYdjid% w ZaZ edg idYdh XdckZcX^Yd Z edg
idYdh _ja\VYd4 idgcVb&hZ&a]Z bVc^[Zhidh dh hZ\gZYdh Yd
XdgVvud% Z% Vhh^b% egdhigVcYd&hZ Xdb V [VXZ Zb iZggV%
VYdgVgr V ;;Zjh% iZhiZbjc]VcYd fjZ ;;Zjh Zhir% YZ [Vid% cd
bZ^d YZ kzhâ #*-'+-%+.$'
HjVcYd V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh w ZmedhiV Xdb [^YZa^YVYZ%
ZaV bZhbV kV^ eZcZigVcYd cd XdgVvud YVh eZhhdVh Xdbd
ZheVYV YZ Yd^h \jbZh% ^ajb^cVcYd Vh gZ\^}Zh hdbWg^Vh YV
VabV% Xdbd ajo WZcY^iV' 8 eZhhdV% Zciud% [^XV eZgeaZmV%
eZchVcYd3 JZgr fjZ ZhhZ egZ\VYdg Xdc]ZXZ V b^c]V k^YV6
JZgr fjZ Va\jwb Xdcidj eVgV ZaZ d fjZ Zj Zhidj eVhhVcYd6
F fjZ VXdciZXZ w fjZ d <heyg^id JVcid YZ ;;Zjh Vea^XV V
kZgYVYZ YZ ;;Zjh s cZXZhh^YVYZ YZhhV eZhhdV Z d XdgVvud
YZaV w YZhXdWZgid' 8hh^b% ZhhZ djk^ciZ w Xdc[gdciVYd Xdb
V kZgYVYZ YZ ;;Zjh Z XdckZcX^Yd YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh' JjV
XdcXajhud ^cZfjykdXV w fjZ YZ [Vid ;;Zjh Zhir cd bZ^d YV
hjV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ w d egdezh^id YV egd[ZX^V
NVggZc N^ZghWZ Y^o fjZ edYZbdh XdcXaj^g ZhhZ XVeyijad
h^ciZi^oVcYd&d Zb igxh kZgYVYZh Wrh^XVh3 <Y^[^XVvud #*-'*&
.%+/W$% ZciZcY^bZcid #*-'/&+.$ Z dgYZb #*-'+/&-)$'+)1
V$ <Y^[^XVvud #*-'*&.$' GVjad Y^o fjZ d egdezh^id Ydh
Ydch w V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' HjZb [VaV Zb djigV ayc\jV
ZY^[^XV V h^ bZhbd% ZcfjVcid fjZb egd[Zi^oV ZY^[^XV V ^\gZ_V'
GVjad Xdgg^\Z dh ZfjykdXdh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid fjZ YVkV
bV^h kVadg Vd Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh Yd fjZ Vd YZ
egd[ZX^V4 bV^h kVadg s ZY^[^XVvud eZhhdVa Yd fjZ s ZY^[^XVvud
YV ^\gZ_V% bdhigVcYd fjZ V egd[ZX^V w hjeZg^dg sh ayc\jVh%
ed^h VfjZaV ZY^[^XV V ^\gZ_V% ZcfjVcid fjZb [VaV Zb ayc\jVh
ZY^[^XV VeZcVh V h^ bZhbd'
W$ <ciZcY^bZcid #*-'/&+.$' GVjad eVhhV V\dgV V [VaVg
hdWgZ V fjZhiud Yd ZciZcY^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa' Ed Xjaid e~í
Wa^Xd w egZX^hd iZg Y^hXZgc^bZcid' MdXx egZX^hV hV^g Yd Xjaid
e~Wa^Xd Z edYZg Y^oZg3 <j ZciZcY^' 8 b^c]V bZciZ [d^ XaVí
gZVYV'
X$ FgYZb #*-'+/&-)$' Ed Xjaid YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cud
Zm^hi^V dgYZb' ?r YjVh Xd^hVh [jcYVbZciV^h fjZ egZX^hVb
hZbegZ ZhiVg _jciVh cd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd3 hZ_V ijYd [Z^id eVgV
ZY^[^XVvud #*-'+/W$% Z iVbWwb ijYd hZ_V [Z^id Xdb YZXxcX^V
Z dgYZb #*-'-)$' ;;ZkZ ]VkZg dgYZb cd Xjaid' 8aZ\g^V Z \dod
cV egZhZcvV YZ ;;Zjh cud hud V bZhbV Xd^hV fjZ xmiVhZ'
F Xjaid fjZ V\gVYV V ;;Zjh cud w Zmiri^Xd% bVh jb Xjaid
Zb fjZ V hjV bZciZ Zhir Zb eaZcV Vi^k^YVYZ% hjVh Zbdv}Zh
Zhiud hZcYd VaXVcvVYVh% Z hjV kdciVYZ w YZhV[^VYV' GVjad Yr
krg^Vh dg^ZciVv}Zh YZ dgYZb s ^\gZ_V'
*' KVcid d [VaVg fjVcid d ^ciZgegZiVg cd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd
egZX^hV hZg [Z^id Xdb dgYZb #*-'+0&,,$' FcYZ d <heyg^id
YZ ;;Zjh Zhir V\^cYd% ]r VjidXdcigdaZ' åmiVhZ w Zk^YxcX^V YZ
fjZ d Xjaid cud Zhir hZcYd Y^g^\^Yd eZad <heyg^id JVcid'
+' 8h bja]ZgZh cud edY^Vb fjZWgVg V dgYZb Yd Xjaid
e~Wa^Xd #*-',-%,.$' 8h bja]ZgZh dgVkVb Z egd[Zi^oVkVb
cV ^\gZ_V #**'.$% bVh cd XVhd Vfj^ Vh bja]ZgZh ZhiVkVb
^bedgiVcYd hjVh egri^XVh YVh gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d Z
XdckZghVcYd YjgVciZ d Xjaid dj ^ciZggdbeZcYd% Zb ZhiVYd
YZ xmiVhZ% VfjZaZh fjZ egZ\VkVb'
,' GVjad VaZgiV dh XgZciZh hdWgZ dh eZg^\dh YZ cdkVh
gZkZaVv}Zh fjZ X]Z\Vb s ^\gZ_V Vawb YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh
#*-',/&-)$' <hhZ ZgV jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d fjZ dXdgg^V cV ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid Z w jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d V^cYV ]d_Z' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid fjZhi^dcVkV V Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV YZ GVjad' <aZh
_ja\VkVb fjZ cud egZX^hVkVb YZ jb eVhidg% ed^h VX]VkVb
fjZ ;;Zjh [VaVkV Y^gZid Xdb ZaZh'
<ciud% GVjad dh dg^ZciV% Y^oZcYd3 àGdgkZcijgV% V eVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh hZ dg^\^cdj cd bZ^d YZ kzh dj kZ^d ZaV ZmXajh^kVí
bZciZ eVgV kzh djigdh6 JZ Va\jwb hZ Xdch^YZgV egd[ZiV dj
Zhe^g^ijVa% gZXdc]ZvV hZg bVcYVbZcid Yd JZc]dg d fjZ kdh
ZhXgZkdâ #*-',/%,0$' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ hZ Va\jwb hZ
_ja\V egd[ZiV iZb YZ hZ hjWbZiZg s Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV'
Lb egd[ZiV kZgYVYZ^gd hZ XdadXV YZWV^md YV ^chigjvud Z YV
Vjidg^YVYZ YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
HjVcYd Va\jwb fjZhi^dcV V Vjidg^YVYZ YVh <hXg^ijgVh%
Y^oZcYd fjZ ;;Zjh [VaV Y^gZid Xdb ZaZ% ^hhd w jbV egdkV YZ
fjZ hZ igViV YZ jb [Vahd egd[ZiV' 8 Vjidg^YVYZ Yd \Zcjycd
egd[ZiV w hZ XdadXVg hdW V Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV' ;;^o GVjad3
à<% hZ Va\jwb d ^\cdgVg% hZgr ^\cdgVYdâ #*-',1$' LbV YVh
bVgXVh Yd kZgYVYZ^gd egd[ZiV w V hjV dWZY^xcX^V Vd Zch^cd
Vedhiza^Xd'
F Vgi^\d M YV :dc[^hhud IZ[dgbVYV YV =gVcvV% VYdiVYV
Zb *..2% ZmegZhhV WZb ZhhV Vjidg^YVYZ YV <hXg^ijgV3 àEud
w ayX^id Vdh ]dbZch% cZb bZhbd Vdh Vc_dh% [VoZgZb% cVh
JVciVh <hXg^ijgVh% fjVafjZg VXgwhX^bd% Y^b^cj^vud dj bjí
YVcvV' Gdg XdchZ\j^ciZ% cZb V Vci^\j^YVYZ% cZb dh Xdhí
ijbZh% cZb V bjai^Yud% cZb V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV% cZb
dh _jgVbZcidh% cZb Vh hZciZcvVh% cZb ZY^idh% cZb dh YZí
XgZidh% cZb dh XdcXya^dh% cZb Vh k^h}Zh% cZb dh b^aV\gZh hZ
YZkZb XdcigVedg Vh JVciVh <hXg^ijgVh4 bVh% Vd Xdcigrg^d%
edg ZaVh i fjZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh hZ YZkZb ZmVb^cVg% gZ\jaVg Z
gZ[dgbVgâ'

? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & ) LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 \# *-*&


+)/ D d [ a d $
8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 \# *--&
+)0 D d [ a d $
'%-­ G :6BC36! KSddW` K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& *# '%%+/
\# -­%&"-­%,#
XZVWLSH
PSVUWYÃTJPH KH
WLXXZWWLPĀÄU KL
 WPXYU
&4[ &*#&"*-­  

8 B 6 C C E B B 6 :g r @ 5 6 4 B :C D @ w d bV^dg
b^aV\gZ YV ?^hizg^V dj w d bV^dg ZbWjhí
iZ' :g^hid kZcXZj V bdgiZ% iZbdh egdkVh
Y^hhd% edgwb% hZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj%
hdbdh jb WVcYd YZ eZhhdVh Zc\VcVYVh'
AZhjh hV^j Yd i~bjad% dj Zciud% jbV
bZci^gV iZb igVch[dgbVYd d bjcYd'
:db V gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid% d Xg^hi^Ví
c^hbd hZ bVciwb Zb ew dj XV^'
8 Xgjo hZb V gZhhjggZ^vud w hybWdad
YZ [gVXVhhd Z cud YZ k^izg^V' JZ :g^hid
cud i^kZhhZ gZhhjhX^iVYd% <aZ cud edYZg^V
hZg JVakVYdg' JZ :g^hid cud i^kZhhZ gZhhjhí
X^iVYd% <aZ hZg^V d bV^dg ZbWjhiZ^gd YV
?^hizg^V' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj jb
Zc\Vcd hVakdj d bjcYd' <' D' 9djcYh
XdggZiVbZciZ V[^gbV3 à8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ
:g^hid w V eZYgV [jcYVbZciVa YV Vgfj^iZijgV YZ ;;Zjh% i d
XdgdVbZcid Yd h^hiZbV WyWa^Xd% d b^aV\gZ Ydh b^aV\gZh' 8
gZhhjggZ^vud hVakV Yd ZhXrgc^d V XgjX^[^XVvud Z ^beg^bZ s
Xgjo \azg^V ^cY^oykZaâ'+)2
<b cZc]jb aj\Vg cV 9yWa^V ZhhV Ydjig^cV w igViVYV YZ
bVcZ^gV iud egd[jcYV% ZmVjhi^kV Z XdbeaZiV fjVcid cZhhZ
XVeyijad' GVjad h^ciZi^oV d ZkVc\Za]d Zb igxh [Vidh ZhhZcX^V^h3
:g^hid bdggZj eZadh cdhhdh eZXVYdh4 <aZ [d^ hZejaiVYd Z
<aZ gZhhjhX^idj YZcigZ dh bdgidh Xdbd Y^o Vh <hXg^ijgVh
#*.',%-$'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid XdbZvdj V VWVcYdcVg V hjV [w Z V
hjWhi^ij^g V iZdad\^V eZaV [^adhd[^V \gZ\V' 8 [^adhd[^V \gZ\V
VXgZY^iVkV cV ^bdgiVa^YVYZ YV VabV% bVh cud cV gZhhjggZ^í
vud Yd Xdged' <aV VXgZY^iVkV cV k^YV [jijgV% bVh cud cV
gZhhjggZ^vud' Fh \gZ\dh VXgZY^iVkVb cd YjVa^hbd [^adhz[^Xd'
GVgV ZaZh d Zheyg^id ZgV ZhhZcX^VabZciZ Wdb% bVh V bViwg^V
ZhhZcX^VabZciZ br' GVgV dh \gZ\dh% d Xdged ZgV jb XaVjhigd%
jbV eg^hud YV VabV' EVYV ]Vk^V YZ Wdb cd Xdged' <ciud dh
\gZ\dh hZ ^cXa^cVkVb eVgV d VhXZi^hbd dj eVgV d ]ZYdc^hbd'
<aZh VYdiVkVb d ZcXaVjhjgVbZcid dj V a^XZcX^dh^YVYZ'
HjVcYd GVjad egZ\dj hdWgZ V gZhhjggZ^vud cV X^YVYZ
\gZ\V YZ 8iZcVh% d edkd ZhXVgcZXZj YZ GVjad #8i *0',+$T
GVgV dh \gZ\dh V gZhhjggZ^vud ZgV Va\d ^cidaZgrkZa Z VWhjgYd'
GVgV bj^idh V gZhhjggZ^vud ZgV Va\d ^cXgykZa #8i +/'1$' 8
Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud ZgV jbV Xd^hV ZmZXgrkZa Z VWdb^& 5
crkZa eVgV V bZciVa^YVYZ \gZ\V' Fh hVYjXZjh% dh iZzad\dh
a^WZgV^h YZ AZgjhVawb% ^c[ajZcX^VYdh eZaV [^adhd[^V \gZ\V% cud
VXgZY^iVkVb cV gZhhjggZ^vud Yd Xdged' GVjad% YjgVciZ hjV
eg^hud Zb AZgjhVawb% Y^hhZ Vd h^cwYg^d _jYZj fjZ ZhiVkV hZcí
Yd _ja\VYd edg XVjhV YV Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgí
idh' àQ'''R ]d_Z hdj Zj _ja\VYd edg kzh VXZgXV YV gZhhjggZ^vud
Ydh bdgidhâ #8i +,'/4 +-'+*$'
GZiZg NV\cZg V[^gbV fjZ GVjad YZhiVXV igxh VheZXidh [jcí
YVbZciV^h YV Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud3 8 gZhhjggZ^vud cd
eVhhVYd% Xdbd jb [Vid ]^hizg^Xd #*.'*&**$4 V gZhhjggZ^vud
cd egZhZciZ% Xdbd jb Vgi^\d YZ [w #*.'*+&*2$ Z V gZhhjggZ^í
vud cd [jijgd% Xdbd jbV ZheZgVcvV WZcY^iV #*.'+)&.0$'+*)
=VgZbdh V Vcra^hZ YZhhZ iZmid Xdb Va\jbVh eZg\jciVh'

9R LNQSNR QERRTRCISAL0
F Vezhidad GVjad bZcX^dcV igxh egdkVh YV gZhhjggZ^vud
YZ :g^hid' JZ kdXx eZg\jciVhhZ eVgV jb \gZ\d hZ dh bdgidh
gZhhjhX^iVb% ZaZ gZhedcYZg^V Xdb jb àcudâ gdijcYd Z eZí
gZbeizg^d' <cigZiVcid% GVjad Y^o s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid fjZ
dh bdgidh gZhhjhX^iVb' EV kZgYVYZ% V gZhhjggZ^vud w V bV^h
g^XV _z^V Yd ZkVc\Za]d'+** < GVjad d[ZgZXZ igxh egdkVh YZhhV
kZgYVYZ ^cXdcigdkZghV'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H ZHS]HhgV KVZ JVYkU[PVZ #*.'*%+$' Lb
JVakVYdg bdgid cud edYZg^V hVakVg c^c\jwb' JZ :g^hid
cud gZhhjhX^idj% <aZ cud iZb cZc]jbV XgZYZcX^Va eVgV
hVakVg' Lb gZYZcidg bdgid w ^bediZciZ Z cVYV edYZ [VoZg
eVgV gZY^b^g d eZXVYdg' GVja 9ZVhaZn&DjggVn ZhXaVgZXZ3 à8
hVakVvud w jb egdXZhhd egZhZciZ% Xdb hjVh gVyoZh cd eVhhVYd
Z hjV XdchjbVvud hdbZciZ cd [jijgdâ'+*+
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% HZ 8ZJYP[\YHZ KV 4U[PNV ELZ[HTLU[V
#*.',%-$' :g^hid bdggZj eZadh cdhhdh eZXVYdh Xdbd Y^o V <hí
Xg^ijgV' JjV bdgiZ cud [d^ jb VX^YZciZ cZb JjV gZhhjggZ^vud
jbV hjgegZhV' KjYd _r ZhiVkV egd[Zi^oVYd' AZhjh gZhhjhX^idj
Xdc[dgbZ Y^oZb Vh <hXg^ijgVh' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid [d^
jb VXdciZX^bZcid ]^hizg^Xd% egd[Zi^oVYd eZad egzeg^d ;;Zjh'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% 6YPZ[V MV P ]PZ[V W V Y ]dYPHZ [LZ[LT\UOHZ
#*.'.&**$' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid [d^ jb [Vid ]^hizg^Xd
^cXdcigdkZghd% Xdb krg^Vh egdkVh ^cXdciZhirkZ^h' GVjad Y^o
fjZ AZhjh :g^hid gZhhjggZid [d^ k^hid edg krg^Vh iZhiZbjc]Vh%
# bj^iVh YVh fjV^h V^cYV ZhiVkVb k^kVh' =d^ k^hid edg GZYgd%
edg K^V\d Z eZadh YdoZ' =d^ k^hid edg bV^h YZ fj^c]Zcidh
^gbudh YZ jbV hz kZo' < bj^idh YZaZh V^cYV ZhiVkVb k^kdh'
JZ GVjad Zhi^kZhhZ [VaVcYd jbV ^ckZgYVYZ% dWk^VbZciZ hZg^V
XdciZhiVYd Z XV^g^V cd g^YyXjad' < YZed^h GVjad Y^hhZ3 :g^hid
[d^ k^hid iVbWwb edg b^b% d ~ai^bd Ydh Vezhidadh'
<hhVh hud Vh egdkVh ]^hizg^XVh YV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid' 8
gZhhjggZ^vud cud w jb [Vid X^Zciy[^Xd' GdgfjZ [Vid X^Zciy[^Xd
w VfjZaZ fjZ kdXx edYZ aZkVg eVgV jb aVWdgVizg^d Z gZegdí
Yjo^&ad fjVciVh kZoZh fj^hZg' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud w jbV egdkV
_jY^X^Va' Eud iZb Xdbd gZeZi^g ZhhV egdkV' KdYVk^V% ZaV iZb
Zk^YxcX^Vh ^cXdciZhirkZ^h #CX *',$' DVh Vh egdkVh YV gZhhjgí
gZ^vud YZ :g^hid cud hud VeZcVh egdkVh ]^hizg^XVh Z _jY^X^V^h%
bVh iVbWwb egdkVh bdgV^h% ZbdX^dcV^h Z Zm^hiZcX^V^h' @hhd
edYZ hZg kZg^[^XVYd VigVkwh YV igVch[dgbVvud cV k^YV Ydh
Y^hXyejadh' 8fjZaZh ]dbZch [^XVgVb igVcXVYdh Xdb bZYd
VciZh YV gZhhjggZ^vud% bVh YZed^h fjZ :g^hid hZ aZkVcidj
YZcigZ dh bdgidh% ZhhZh bZhbdh ]dbZch hZ idgcVgVb VjYVí
X^dhdh% djhVYdh% Z XdgV_dhdh' 8ciZh ZaZh ZhiVkVb igVcXVYdh
edg bZYd4 V\dgV% ZaZh hud egZhdh hZb bZYd Va\jb'
Fh Xwi^Xdh ixb ViVXVYd ZhhV Ydjig^cV bV\cV Y^oZcYd fjZ
:g^hid cud X]Z\dj V bdggZg% dj fjZ dh Y^hXyejadh [jgiVgVb
d JZj Xdged% dj fjZ dh Y^hXyejadh [dgVb cd i~bjad ZggVYd'
Gdgwb% V kZgYVYZ ^cXdciZhiZ eZgbVcZXZ Zb ew Z idYV V
^ckZhi^YV XdcigV V Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid hZ
XdWgZ YZ ez'

X ONRR_UEK CQEQ MA QERRTQQEI\[N DE 2QIRSN E MEGAQ A


QERRTQQEI\[N DNR LNQSNR0 &*#&'"&.
MVbdh YZhiVXVg Va\jch edcidh eVgV V cdhhV gZ[aZmud3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V HYN\TLU[V SlNPJV KL BH\SV i X\L ZL
UgV Og YLZZ\YYLPhgV KL TVY[VZ$ 6YPZ[V UgV YLZZ\ZJP[V\% à<% hZ cVd
]r gZhhjggZ^vud YZ bdgidh% Zciud% :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idjâ
#*.'*,$' JZg^V edhhykZa YZhk^cXjaVg V gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid S
YV gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh6 8WhdajiVbZciZ cud EZ\Vg V
gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh w cZ\Vg V gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid'
Gdg fjZ GVjad [Vo ZhhV eZg\jciV6 GdgfjZ cV ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid Vh eZhhdVh ZhiVkVb YZ[ZcYZcYd V kZgVX^YVYZ YV
gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid% bVh cZ\VcYd V edhh^W^a^YVYZ YV gZhí
hjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh' KdYV V Vg\jbZciVvud YZ GVjad w fjZ
hZ cud ]r gZhhjggZ^vud YZ bdgidh% Zciud :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^í
idj' <hhV w V az\^XV YZ GVjad3 JZ dh bdgidh cud gZhhjhX^iVb%
Zciud :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj' < hZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj%
^hhd [Vo ;;ZaZ jb bZci^gdhd' @hhd [Vo Ydh Vezhidadh Zc\VcVí
YdgZh' @hhd [Vo YV 9yWa^V jbV [rWjaV Z YV hVakVvud jbV [VghV'
8 az\^XV YZ GVjad w ^ggZh^hiykZa'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% ULNHY H YLZZ\YYLPhgV KL 6YPZ[V i KLZWPY
H TLUZHNLT JYPZ[g KL ZL[L WVU[VZ LZZLUJPHPZ& JZ cud ]r gZhhjgí
gZ^vud% Zciud% Y^o GVjad3
V$ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj' à<% hZ cud ]r gZhhjggZ^vud YZ
bdgidh% Zciud% :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj Q'''R GdgfjZ% hZ dh
bdgidh cud gZhhjhX^iVb% iVbWwb :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idjâ
#*.'*,%*/$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj ZhiVbdh hZ\j^cYd jb
:g^hid bdgid Z ^bediZciZ'
W$ q ku V cdhhV egZ\Vvud' à<% hZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj%
w ku V cdhhV egZ\Vvud'''â #*.'*-$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj
V egri^XV YV egZ\Vvud w eZgYV YZ iZbed' Fjk^g jbV bZcí
hV\Zb Xg^hiu w Va\d YZhegdk^Yd YZ egdezh^id' JZ :g^hid cud
gZhhjhX^idj V [w ZkVc\wa^XV w kVo^V YZ hZci^Yd% YZ XdciZ~Yd
Z YZ fjVafjZg egdkZ^id'
X$ qku V kdhhV [w #*.'*-$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj cdhhV
[w Zhir WVhZVYV cjbV bZci^gV% cjb Zc\dYd' JZ :g^hid cud
gZhhjhX^idj ZhiVbdh [jcYVbZciVcYd V cdhhV XgZcvV Zb Va\d
kVo^d'
Y$ Jdbdh i^Ydh edg [VahVh iZhiZbjc]Vh YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad
Y^o3 àQ'''R Z hdbdh i^Ydh edg [VahVh iZhiZbjc]Vh YZ ;;Zjh%
edgfjZ iZbdh VhhZkZgVYd XdcigV ;;Zjh fjZ ZaZ gZhhjhX^idj V
:g^hid% Vd fjVa ZaZ cud gZhhjhX^idj% hZ w XZgid fjZ dh bdgidh
cud gZhhjhX^iVbâ #*.'*.$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj ZhiVbdh
Y^oZcYd fjZ ;;Zjh [Zo Va\d fjZ <aZ cud [Zo'
Z$ GZgbVcZXZ^h cdh kdhhdh eZXVYdh' GVjad i Zc[ri^Xd3 à<%
hZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj% w ku V kdhhV [w% Z V^cYV eZgbVcZXZ^h
cdh kdhhdh eZXVYdhâ #*.'*0$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj V JjV
bdgiZ cud [d^ k^Xrg^V Z edg ^hhd V^cYV ZhiVbdh eZgY^Ydh' JZ
:g^hid cVd gZhhjhX^idj dh Z[Z^idh YV JjV bdgiZ [dgVb cjadh'
8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid i V Zk^YxcX^V YZ fjZ d hVXg^[yX^d
fjZ <aZ [Zo V [Vkdg Ydh eZXVYdgZh [d^ VXZ^id edg ;;Zjh' q V
gZhhjggZ^vud fjZ VjiZci^XV d hVXg^[yX^d eZg[Z^id Z XVWVa YZ
:g^hid cV Xgjo'
[$ Fh fjZ Ydgb^gVb Zb :g^hid eZgZXZgVb' GVjad w
XViZ\zg^Xd3 à< V^cYV bV^h3 dh fjZ Ydgb^gVb Zb :g^hid
eZgZXZgVbâ #*.'*1$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj cud ]r
ZheZgVcvV YZ WZb&VkZcijgVcvV ZiZgcV' JZ :g^hid cud
gZhhjhX^idj% Zciud V bdgiZ iZb V ~ai^bV eVaVkgV' :dcXdgYd
Xdb <' D' 9djcYh fjVcYd Y^o3 t4 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid
cud hz i^gV d kwj YZ iZggdg Z ZhXjg^Yud YZ hdWgZ d i~bjad%
bVh iVbWwb kVggZ d VW^hbd fjZ cdh hZeVgV YZ cdhhdh bdgidh
fjZg^Ydhâ'+*,
\$ Jdbdh dh bV^h ^c[Za^oZh YZ idYdh dh ]dbZch' GVjad
XdcXaj^3 àJZ V cdhhV ZheZgVcvV Zb :g^hid hZ a^b^iV VeZcVh
V ZhiV k^YV% hdbdh dh bV^h ^c[Za^oZh YZ idYdh dh ]dbZchâ
#*.'*2$' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj hdbdh jb WVcYd YZ
eZhhdVh Zc\VcVYVh' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj d ]ZYdc^hbd
Zhir Xdb V gVoud' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj% fjZb Zhir
k^kZcYd hZb [gZ^dh Z hZb VWhdajidh Zhir Xdb V gVoud' JZ
:g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj% Zciud% XdbVbdh Z WZWVbdh% edgfjZ
VbVc]u bdggZgZbdh' <ciud% cud iZb Xwj% cZb ^c[Zgcd
cZb ZiZgc^YVYZ'
8 XdcXajhud ^cZfjykdXV YZ GVjad w3 àDVh% YZ [Vid% :g^hid
gZhhjhX^idj YZcigZ dh bdgidh% hZcYd ZaZ Vh eg^byX^Vh Ydh fjZ
YdgbZbâ #*.'+)$' <hiV [d^ V hZ\jcYV eZg\jciV fjZ [^oZí
gVb3 < edhhykZa XgZg cV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid hZb XgZg cV
gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh6 GVjad gZhedcYZ3 8WhdajiVbZciZ%
cud Eud w edhhykZa XgZg cjbV kZgYVYZ hZb XgZg cV djigV' 8
gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid w V \VgVci^V YV cdhhV gZhhjggZ^vud' JZ
:g^hid gZhhjhX^idj% czh iVbWwb gZhhjhX^iVgZbdh'
N^aa^Vb 9VgXaVn Y^o fjZ V gZhhjggZ^vud cdh egdkV fjVigd
\gVcYZh [Vidh fjZ edYZb bjYVg idiVabZciZ V eZgheZXi^kV
fjZ d ]dbZb iZb YV k^YV cZhiZ bjcYd Z cd bjcYd
k^cYdjgd'+*-
*$ 8 gZhhjggZ^vud egdkV fjZ H ]LYKHKL i THPZ MV Y[L X\L H
TLU[PYH& AZhjh w V kZgYVYZ Z dh ]dbZch fj^hZgVb bVir&Cd
ZmViVbZciZ edgfjZ <aZ [VaVkV V kZgYVYZ #Ad 1'-)$' JZ dh ^c^í
b^\dh YZ :g^hid i^kZhhZb XdchZ\j^Yd Za^b^cr&Cd% V bZci^gV
iZg^V egZkVaZX^Yd hdWgZ V kZgYVYZ' Gdgwb% :g^hid gZhhjhX^idj
Z ]VhiZdj eVgV hZbegZ V WVcYZ^gV YV kZgYVYZ' 8 gZhhjggZ^í
vud w V \VgVci^V [^cVa YV ^cYZhigji^W^a^YVYZ YV kZgYVYZ <'
D' 9djcYh YZ [dgbV Wg^a]VciZ V[^gbV3 à8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ
:g^hid [d^ d \g^id YZ a^WZgYVYZ hdWgZ d Ydbyc^d Ydh bdgidh
Z V k^izg^V fjZ aZkdj V bdgiZ Zb XVYZ^Vhâ'+*.
+$ 8 gZhhjggZ^vud egdkV fjZ V ILT i THPZMV Y[L X\L V THS&
:ZgiV [Z^iV AZhjh Y^g^\^j&hZ Vdh JZjh ^c^b^\dh% Y^oZcYd fjZ
d Y^VWd ZgV d eV^ YZaZh #Ad 1'--$' 8h [dgvVh fjZ XgjX^[^XVgVb
AZhjh eZgiZcX^Vb Vd bVa% Z hZ cud ]djkZhhZ gZhhjggZ^vud% d
bVa iZg^V egZkVaZX^Yd'
,$ 8 gZhhjggZ^vud egdkV fjZ V HT VY i THPZ MV Y[L X\L V
lKPV& AZhjh w d Vbdg YZ ;;Zjh ZcXVgcVYd' KdYVk^V% VfjZaZh
fjZ F XgjX^[^XVgVb ZhiVkVb idbVYdh YZ jb zY^d k^gjaZcid'
<hhZ zY^d X]Z\dj Vd ZmigZbd YZ X]VbVg AZhjh YZ ZcYZbd&
c^c]VYd Z V[^gbVg fjZ <aZ V\^V eZad edYZg Yd bV^dgVa Ydh
YZb|c^dh' JZ V gZhhjggZ^vud cud i^kZhhZ VXdciZX^Yd% d zY^d
iZg^V ig^jc[VYd hdWgZ d Vbdg'
-$ 8 gZhhjggZ^vud egdkV fjZ H ]PKH i THPZMV Y[L X\L H TVY{
[L& AZhjh w V k^YV' JjV k^YV cud a]Z [d^ i^gVYV% <aZ ZhedciVcZVí
bZciZ V YZj' JZ JjV k^YV i^kZhhZ h^Yd i^gVYV ;;ZaZ Z hZ <aZ
cud i^kZhhZ gZhhjhX^iVYd% V bdgiZ iZg^V V ~ai^bV eVaVkgV'

2NLN NR LNQSNR QERRTRCISAL0 &*#(﴾*"*%


;;^VciZ YV eZg\jciV3 :dbd dh bdgidh gZhhjhX^iVb% GVjad
^ajhigV jhVcYd igxh [^\jgVh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H MPN\YH KH ZLT LU[L #*.',.&,1%-+&
-1$' :dbd dh bdgidh gZhhjhX^iVgud6 8 eg^bZ^gV [^\jgV fjZ
GVjad jhV eVgV gZhedcYZg V ZhhV eZg\jciV w V [^\jgV YV
hZbZciZ' àDVh Va\jwb Y^gr3 :dbd gZhhjhX^iVb dh bdgidh6
< Zb fjZ Xdged kxb6 @chZchVid F fjZ hZbZ^Vh cud cVhXZ%
hZ eg^bZ^gd cud bdggZg4 Z% fjVcYd hZbZ^Vh% cud hZbZ^Vh d
Xdged fjZ ]r YZ hZg% bVh d h^beaZh \gud% Xdbd YZ ig^\d dj
YZ fjVafjZg djigV hZbZciZ' DVh ;;Zjh a]Z Yr Xdged Xdbd
a]Z VegdjkZ YVg Z V XVYV jbV YVh hZbZciZh% d hZj Xdged
Vegdeg^VYdâ #*.',.&,1$'
8 eVgi^g Ydh kZghyXjadh -+ Vd -1% GVjad [VaV VXZgXV YV
hZbZciZ' <aZ Y^o fjZ d Xdged bdgid w jbV hZbZciZ3 àGd^h
Vhh^b iVbWwb w V gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh' JZbZ^V&hZ d Xdgí
ed cV Xdggjevud'''â F hZejaiVbZcid YZ jbV eZhhdV w jbV
hZbZVYjgV' F fjZ cVhXZ YV hZbZciZ w YV bZhbV cVijgZoV'
GVjad ZbegZ\V jbV h^beaZh [^\jgV eVgV cdh Zch^cVg V Xdcí
i^cj^YVYZ Yd Xdged' Eud w djigd Xdged fjZ kV^ gZhhjhX^iVg'
HjVcYd kdXx eaVciV jbV hZbZciZ YZ bVc\V% kdXx cud Zhí
eZgV ZcXdcigVg jb VWVXViZ^gd' JZ kdXx hZbZ^V ig^\d% cud
ZheZgV Xda]Zg XZkVYV'
HjVcid s gZhhjggZ^vud% ]r Xdci^cj^YVYZ Z iVbWwb YZh&
Xdci^cj^YVYZ' F Xdged gZhhjggZid cud w d bZhbd% Xdb Vh
bZhbVh XVgVXiZgyhi^XVh Yd Xdged fjZ [d^ hZbZVYd' <aZ w ^cí
[^c^iVbZciZ hjeZg^dg' 8hh^b Xdbd d WjaWd YZ jbV [adg w
[Z^d% bVh YZed^h YZhVWgdX]V jbV WZaV [adg% Vhh^b iVbWwb
w d Xdged YV gZhhjggZ^vud' 8 hZbZciZ hZbZVYV bdggZ% bVh
YZaV cVhXZ jbV eaVciV a^cYV Z k^vdhV' MVbdh bVciZg cdhhV
^YZci^YVYZ cd Xdged YV gZhhjggZ^vud'
GVjad X^iV fjVigd XVgVXiZgyhi^XVh Yd Xdged gZhhjggZid'
V$ JZbZ^V&hZ Xdged XdggjeiykZa Z gZhhjhX^iV&hZ Xdged ^cí
XdggjeiykZa #*.'-+$' <hhZ Xdged XdggjeiykZa [^XV XVchVYd%
[gVXd Z YdZciZ' Lch eZgYZb XVWZad% djigdh kxZb dh XVWZadh
MPJHUKV IYHUJVZ& 4 SN\iT Qd Y^hhZ fjZ XVYV [^d YZ XVWZad
WgVcXd fjZ hjg\Z Zb cdhhV XVWZvV w V bdgiZ cdh X]VbVcí
Yd eVgV jb YjZad' EdhhV [VXZ [^XV Zcgj\VYV% cdhhdh WgVvdh
[arX^Ydh% cdhhVh eZgcVh WVbWVh' F k^\dg hZ YZhkVcZXZ% V WZí
aZoV ZmiZg^dg kV^ YZhVeVgZXZcYd' EV kZgYVYZ% cdhhd Xdged
Zhir hj_Z^id s [gVfjZoV Z s Xdggjevud Yd iZbed' F Xdged YV
gZhhjggZ^vud% edgwb% _VbV^h [^XVgr XVchVYd% ZckZa]ZX^Yd% dj
YdZciZ'
W$ JZbZ^V&hZ Xdged Zb YZhdcgV Z gZhhjhX^iV&hZ Xdged
\adg^dhd #*.'-+$' ?r Xdgedh YZ[dgbVYdh% bji^aVYdh% Zc[gVí
fjZX^Ydh% YdZciZh% edgwb% d Vezhidad GVjad Y^o fjZ d
Xdged fjZ kV^ gZhhjhX^iVg w jb Xdged \adg^dhd' <hhZ Xdged
kV^ Wg^a]Vg Xdbd d hda cd hZj [ja\dg #;;c *+'+$' JZgr jb
Xdged hZbZa]VciZ Vd Xdged YV \azg^V YZ :g^hid #=e ,'+*$'
X$ JZbZ^V&hZ Xdged Zb [gVfjZoV Z gZhhjhX^iV&hZ Xdged YZ
edYZg #*.&-,$' HjVcYd AZhjh gZhhjhX^idj% <aZ ZcigVkV cjbV
hVaV [ZX]VYV hZb VWg^g V edgiV' <aZ hVyV YVfj^ Z VeVgZX^V
VXdar cjb ZhiVaVg YZ YZYdh' :g^hid ZcigVkV Zb aj\VgZh
igVcXVYdh Z VeVgZX^V Zb aj\VgZh Y^hiVciZh Zb fjZhiud YZ
hZ\jcYdh' F Xdged YV gZhhjggZ^vud cud ZhiVgr bV^h a^b^iVYd
&2 9<c8>79= " CN L N QERNKUEQ CNMFKISNR MA IGQEJA
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

sh aZ^h YV cVijgZoV' 8 9yWa^V Y^o fjZ czh kVbdh iZg jb Xdged


hZbZa]VciZ Vd Xdged YV \azg^V YZ AZhjh :g^hid #=e ,'+*$'
Y$ JZbZ^V&hZ Xdged cVijgVa% gZhhjhX^iV&hZ Xdged Zhe^g^ijV
#*.'--$' :dged Zhe^g^ijVa cud w Xdged ZiwgZd' F Xdged YZ
AZhjh% ZbWdgV Zhe^g^ijVa% ZgV iVc\ykZa' <aZ edY^V VeVgZXZg
Z YZhVeVgZXZg% bVh Va\jwb edY^V idXVg EZaZ' <aZ bdhigdj
JjVh budh Xdb Vh bVgXVh Ydh XgVkdh' <aZ cud egZX^hVkV
YZ Va^bZcid% bVh edY^V hZ Va^bZciVg' F Zheyg^id cud iZb
XVgcZ Z dhhdh Xdbd iZb d Xdged YV gZhhjggZ^vud' F Xdged
YV gZhhjggZ^vud w Zhe^g^ijVa cd hZci^Yd YZ fjZ cud iZb
bV^h d Xdc[a^id ZcigZ d YZhZ_d XVgcVa Z d YZhZ_d Zhe^g^ijVa'
IZ^cV hjegZbd d Zheyg^id cZhhZ Xdged' Eud ]r bV^h \jZggV
Zm^hiZcX^Va YZcigd YZaZ'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% HMPN\YH KH JHT L& GVjad V[^gbV3 àEZb
idYV XVgcZ w V bZhbV4 edgwb jbV w V XVgcZ Ydh ]dbZch%
djigV% V Ydh Vc^bV^h% djigV% V YVh VkZh% Z djigV% V Ydh eZ^mZhâ
#*.',2$' GVjad cud Zhir hj\Zg^cYd fjZ ]VkZgr gZhhjggZ^vud
YZ Vc^bV^h% VkZh Z eZ^mZh' <aZ Zch^cV fjZ hZ ;;Zjh [d^ XVeVo
YZ [VoZg d ]dbZb% dh Vc^bV^h% Vh VkZh Z dh eZ^mZh% YVcYd V
XVYV jb YZaZh jb i^ed YZ XVgcZ% Z jb i^ed YZ Xdged Y^[Zí
gZcX^VYd% cud edYZg^V ;;Zjh YVg&cdh jb Xdged Y^[ZgZciZ cV
gZhhjggZ^vud6 F Vg\jbZcid YZ GVjad w fjZ hZ ;;Zjh w XVeVo
YZ [VoZg Y^[ZgZciZh i^edh YZ Xdgedh eVgV dh ]dbZch% eVgV
dh Vc^bV^h% VkZh Z eZ^mZh% edg fjZ cud hZg^V XVeVo YZ [VoZg
Y^[ZgZciZh i^edh YZ Xdgedh eVgV czh cV gZhhjggZ^vud6 8hh^b
Xdbd ]r Y^[ZgZciZh i^edh YZ XVgcZ% ]r iVbWwb Y^[ZgZciZh
i^edh YZ Xdgedh YV gZhhjggZ^vud'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% HMPN\YH KVZ JVYWVZ JLSLZ[PHPZ& F Vezhidad
Y^o3 àKVbWwb ]r Xdgedh XZaZhi^V^h Z Xdgedh iZggZhigZh4 Z%
hZb Y~k^YV% jbV w V \azg^V Ydh XZaZhi^V^h% Z djigV% V Ydh
iZggZhigZh' LbV w V \azg^V Yd hda% djigV% V \azg^V YV ajV% Z
djigV% V YVh ZhigZaVh4 edgfjZ Viw ZcigZ ZhigZaV Z ZhigZaV ]r
Y^[ZgZcvVh YZ ZheaZcYdgâ #*.'-)%-*$' <m^hiZb Y^[ZgZcvVh
cdh Xdgedh XZaZhiZh3 hda% ajV Z ZhigZaVh' LbV ZhigZaV Wg^a]V
bV^h4 djigV Wg^a]V bZcdh' KdYVk^V% ZhigZaVh hud ZhigZaVh'
<bWdgV idYdh dh Xdgedh Ydh hVakdh cV gZhhjggZ^vud ZhiVgud
\adg^[^XVYdh% cZb idYdh dh Xdgedh iZgud d bZhbd [ja\dg
#;;c *+'+$' 8hh^b Xdbd ]r Y^[ZgZciZh ZhigZaVh Zb [ja\dg%
Vhh^b iVbWwb dh Xdgedh Ydh hVakdh kud Y^[Zg^g Zb \azg^V jch
Ydh djigdh' KdYdh dh kVhdh ZhiVgud X]Z^dh cd Xwj% ZbWdgV
]VkZgr kVhdh bV^dgZh fjZ djigdh' <hhV w V fjZhiud WyWa^XV
Ydh \VaVgY}Zh

;TAIR R[N AR ILOKICA\aER DA QERRTQQEI\[N DNR LNQSNR0


NVggZc N^ZghWZ XdbZciVcYd ZhhZ iZmid ^YZci^[^XV fjVigd
rgZVh YV ZmeZg^xcX^V Xg^hiu fjZ hud Vi^c\^YVh Zb [jcvud YV
gZhhjggZ^vud Yd Xdged3 F ZkVc\Za^hbd #*.'+2$% d hd[g^bZcid
#*.',)&,+$% V hZeVgVvud Yd eZXVYd #*.',,%,-$ Z V bdgiZ
#*.'-2&.1$'+*/
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V L]HUNLSPZTV& F Vezhidad GVjad
V[^gbV3 à;;djigV bVcZ^gV% fjZ [Vgud dh fjZ hZ WVi^oVb
edg XVjhV Ydh bdgidh6 JZ% VWhdajiVbZciZ% dh bdgidh cud
gZhhjhX^iVb% edg fjZ hZ WVi^oVb edg XVjhV YZaZh6â #*.'+2$'
GVjad cud YZ[ZcYZ d WVi^hbd V [Vkdg Ydh bdgidh' ?Vk^V
jbV egri^XV ]Zgwi^XV ZcigZ dh Xdgyci^dh YZ hZ WVi^oVgZb V
[Vkdg YZ eZhhdVh fjZ _r ]Vk^Vb bdgg^Yd% eVgV fjZ ZhhVh
eZhhdVh [dhhZb hVakVh' GVjad X^iV ZhhV egri^XV ]Zgwi^XV YZaZh
eVgV gZhhVaiVg fjZ ZaV cud iZg^V hZci^Yd hZ cud ]djkZhhZ
gZhhjggZ^vud' GVjad eZg\jciV3 JZ kdXxh cud XgxZb cV
gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh% edg fjZ VYdiVb ZhhV iZdad\^V Yd
WVi^hbd eZadh bdgidh6 GVjad cud Zhir VegdkVcYd V egri^XV
Yd WVi^hbd eZadh bdgidh% ZaZ VeZcVh V X^iV eVgV gZV[^gbVg
hjV iZhZ' 8 egri^XV Yd WVi^hbd eZadh bdgidh ZgV ]Zgwi^XV edg
igxh gVodZh3
V$ GdgfjZ V hVakVvud w jbV fjZhiud eZhhdVa' E^c\jwb
edYZ V_jYVg jbV eZhhdV VaXVcvVg V hVakVvud YZed^h YV
bdgiZ' F WVi^hbd eZadh bdgidh dj Vh b^hhVh gZoVYVh V [Vkdg
YZ eZhhdVh fjZ _r bdggZgVb cud ixb cZc]jb Z[Z^id% ed^h V
hVakVvud w eZhhdVa'
W$ GdgfjZ d iZbed eVgV hZ gZXZWZg V hVakVvud w cZhiV k^YV
Z cud cV k^YV Vawb&i~bjad' :db V bdgiZ XZhhVb Vh dedgí
ijc^YVYZh' Eud hZ edYZ VaiZgVg d YZhi^cd YZ jbV eZhhdV fjZ
bdggZj' ;;Zed^h YV bdgiZ cVd ]r bV^h V edhh^W^a^YVYZ Yd
VggZeZcY^bZcid' ;;Zed^h YV bdgiZ kZb d _jyod #?W 2'+0$'
X$ GdgfjZ d WVi^hbd cud w jbV XdcY^vud VWhdajiV eVgV
V hVakVvud' <aZh eZchVkVb ^hid3 JZ jbV eZhhdV cud [dg
WVi^oVYV ZhiVgr eZgY^YV' Gdgwb% d WVi^hbd cud w XdcY^vud
^cY^heZchrkZa eVgV Va\jwb hZg hVakd' F aVYgud cV Xgjo
VggZeZcY^Yd cud [d^ WVi^oVYd' DZhbd Vhh^b% AZhjh Y^hhZ
fjZ ZaZ ZhiVg^V Xdb ZaZ cd eVgVyhd #CX +,'-,$' GVjad Zmea^XV
fjZ V XgZcvV cV gZhhjggZ^vud iZb jbV ^bea^XVvud egd[jcYV
cV fjZhiud YV ZkVc\Za^oVvud'
Ezh YZkZgyVbdh iZg bj^id bV^h eV^mud eZaV dWgV ZkVc&
\Zayhi^XV edg XgZgbdh cV Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud' JZ cd
Y^V [^cVa jch kud gZhhjhX^iVg eVgV V gZhhjggZ^vud YV k^YV Z
djigdh eVgV V gZhhjggZ^vud Yd _jyod #Ad .'+1%+2$4 hZ dh ]dí
bZch XVb^c]Vb eVgV V WZb&VkZcijgVcvV ZiZgcV dj eVgV V
XdcYZcVvud ZiZgcV4 hZ czh XgZbdh fjZ V bdgiZ cud w d [^b
Z fjZ cud Zm^hiZ Vc^fj^aVbZcid Yd ybe^d% bVh eZcVa^YVYZ
ZiZgcV eVgV dh fjZ gZ_Z^iVb V \gVvV YZ ;;Zjh% Zciud% ^hid
YZkZ cdh aZkVg V jb Xdbegdb^hhd hdaZcZ Xdb V ZkVc\Za^&
oVvud' Ezh X]dgVbdh fjVcYd dh cdhhdh ^gbudh bdggZb%
bVh YZkZbdh YZ ^\jVa bdYd X]dgVg edg VfjZaZh fjZ Zhiud
k^kdh Z fjZ egZX^hVb hZ VggZeZcYZg' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud Yd Xdgí
ed iVcid eVgV V k^YV fjVcid eVgV d _jyod YZkZ cdh aZkVg Vd
ZkVc\Za^hbd'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V ZVMYPTLU[V& F Vezhidad GVjad
V[^gbV3 à< edg fjZ iVbWwb czh cdh Zmedbdh V eZg^\dh V
idYV ]dgV6 ;;^V Vezh Y^V% bdggd <j kdh egdiZhid% ^gbudh%
eZaV \azg^V fjZ iZg^]d Zb kzh djigdh% Zb :g^hid AZhjh% UVZZV
JZc]dg' JZ% Xdbd ]dbZb% ajiZ^ Zb <[Zhd Xdb [ZgVh% fjZ
bZ VegdkZ^iV ^hhd6 JZ dh bdgidh cud gZhhjhX^iVb% XdbVbdh
Z WZWVbdh% fjZ VbVc]u bdggZgZbdhâ #*.',)&,+$'
GVjad Vg\jbZciV3 JZ cud iZb gZhhjggZ^vud% _jyod [^cVa% Z
ZiZgc^YVYZ% eVgV fjZ kdj [^XVg hd[gZcYd edg Vbdg Yd ZkVcí
\Za]d6 JZg^V bVhdfj^hbd @hhd hZg^V hd[gZg ^cji^abZciZ Gdg
fjZ hjedgiVg hd[g^bZcid Z eZg^\dh hZ V bdgiZ w d [^b YZ idí
YVh Vh Xd^hVh6 JZ cud ]r gZhhjggZ^vud% _jyod [^cVa% Xwj Z ^c[Zgí
cd% Zciud% d ]ZYdc^hbd Zhir XZgid Z dh Xg^hiudh Zfj^kdXVYdh
#*.',+$' KdYVk^V% GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ kVaZ V eZcV hd[gZg
hZ XgZbdh cV gZhhjggZ^vud' Fh cdhhdh hd[g^bZcidh cd Xdged
iZgud gZ[aZmd cV ZiZgc^YVYZ #+:d .'*)4 +:d -'*0%*1$'
F Vezhidad GVjad w Zc[ri^Xd3 àQ'''R V cdhhV aZkZ Z bdbZcí
itcZV ig^WjaVvud egdYjo eVgV czh ZiZgcd eZhd YZ \azg^V% VX^bV
YZ idYV XdbeVgVvudâ #+:d -'*0$4 àGdgfjZ eVgV b^b iZc]d
edg XZgid fjZ dh hd[g^bZcidh Yd iZbed egZhZciZ cud edYZb
hZg XdbeVgVYdh Xdb V \azg^V V hZg gZkZaVYVâ #Ib 1'*1$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H ZLWHYHhgV KV WLJHKV #*.',,%,-$'
8 XgZcvV cV gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh cdh aZkV V [j\^g Yd
eZXVYd Z V jhVg dh cdhhdh Xdgedh Xdbd iZbeadh Yd <heyg^id
YZ iVa bVcZ^gV fjZ ;;Zjh hZ_V \adg^[^XVYd' GVjad Y^o3 àEud
kdh Zc\VcZ^h3 Vh brh XdckZghVv}Zh XdggdbeZb dh Wdch
XdhijbZh' KdgcV^&kdh s hdWg^ZYVYZ% Xdbd w _jhid% Z cud
eZfjZ^h4 edgfjZ Va\jch V^cYV cud ixb Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ
;;Zjh4 ^hid% Y^\d% eVgV kZg\dc]V kdhhVâ #*.',,%,-$' JZ kdXx
Xgx cV gZhhjggZ^vud% cd _jyod [^cVa% cVh eZcVa^YVYZh ZiZgcVh%
cV WZb&VkZcijgVcvV ZiZgcV% Zciud% kdXx iZb YZ hZ hZeVgVg
Yd eZXVYd' @hhd ^bea^XV cjbV bjYVcvV YZ edhijgV bdgVa'
MdXx cud edYZ iZg jbV iZdad\^V Z djigV egri^XV' MdXx cud
edYZ Xdc[ZhhVg jbV kZgYVYZ Z k^kZg YZ bVcZ^gV Xdcigrg^V V
ZhhV bZhbV kZgYVYZ'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% H T VY[L #*.'-2&.0$' 8 bdgiZ eVhhV V
iZg djigV eZgheZXi^kV eVgV VfjZaZ fjZ Xgx cV gZhhjggZ^vud'
8 bdgiZ _r cud w bV^h h^cVa YZ YZhZheZgd' 8 bdgiZ cud w d
[^b' <aV cud iZb V ~ai^bV eVaVkgV' F Vezhidad V[^gbV3 à<^h
fjZ kdh Y^\d jb b^hiwg^d3 cZb idYdh Ydgb^gZbdh% bVh
igVch[dgbVYdh hZgZbdh idYdh% cjb bdbZcid% cjb VWg^g Z
[ZX]Vg Yãda]dh% Vd gZhhdVg YV ~ai^bV igdbWZiV' 8 igdbWZiV
hdVgr% dh bdgidh gZhhjhX^iVgud ^cXdggjeiykZ^h% Z czh hZgZbdh
igVch[dgbVYdhâ #*.'.*%.+$' 8 bdgiZ cud w bV^h jb fjVgid
[ZX]VYd% hZb _VcZaV Xdbd eZchVkV AZVc GVja JVgigZ' 8
bdgiZ w jb fjVgid YZ _VcZaVh VWZgiVh eVgV d igdcd YZ ;;Zjh'
HjVcYd AZhjh kdaiVg Zb bV_ZhiVYZ Z \azg^V% gZXZWZgZbdh
jb Xdged cdkd hZbZa]VciZ Vd Xdged YV JjV \azg^V'

;TAMDN NR LNQSNR H[N DE QERRTRCISAQ0 &*#'%"')﴿!*&"*,


HjVigd kZgYVYZh hud YZhiVXVYVh Vfj^3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% X\HUKV LZZH YLZZ\YYLPhgV KVZ TVY[VZ
HJVU[LJLYd3 8 9yWa^V Y^o fjZ hZgr cV hZ\jcYV k^cYV YZ :g^hid
#*.'+,%.*%.+$' ?VkZgr jbV ~c^XV gZhhjggZ^vud' Lch gZhhjhí
X^iVgud eVgV V gZhhjggZ^vud YV k^YV Z djigdh eVgV V gZhhjgí
gZ^vud Yd _jyod' 8d gZhhdVg YV ~ai^bV igdbWZiV% dh bdgidh
gZhhjhX^iVgud% jch eVgV V gZhhjggZ^vud YV k^YV Z djigdh eVgV V
gZhhjggZ^vud Yd _jyod #Ad .'+1%+2$' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid
VWg^j d XVb^c]d eVgV dh fjZ YdgbZb' @hhd w jbV \VgVci^V
YZ fjZ idYdh dh fjZ Zhiud Zb :g^hid gZXZWZgud iVbWwb jb
Xdged YZ \azg^V hZbZa]VciZ Vd ;;ZaZ'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% VZ TVY[VZ LT 6YPZ[V ZgV ILT%H]LU[\YH{
KVZ& <m^hiZb igxh gVo}Zh eVgV Y^oZgbdh fjZ jbV eZhhdV fjZ
bdggZ Zb :g^hid w WZb&VkZcijgVYV3
V$ 8fjZaZ fjZ bdggZ Zb :g^hid YZhXVchV YVh hjVh [VY^í
\Vh' < edg ^hhd fjZ V 9yWa^V X]VbV V bdgiZ YZ jb G C = ? P&
8iZciZ fjZ cud w hdcd YV VabV' 8 Ydjig^cV X]VbVYV YZ
d àhdcd YV VabVâ w ]Zgwi^XV' 8 VabV cud YdgbZ' HjZb
YdgbZ w d Xdged' <cfjVcid d Xdged YdgbZ% V VabV ZcigV
^bZY^ViVbZciZ cV \azg^V'
W$ 8 9yWa^V Y^o fjZ fjVcYd AZhjh kdaiVg% V VabV dj d
Zheyg^id fjZ Zhir cV \azg^V Xdb AZhjh kdaiVgr Xdb <aZ ZcigZ
Vh cjkZch' <hhZ hZgr jb XdgiZ_d \adg^dhd' 8 igdbWZiV YZ
;;Zjh hdVgr' Fh Xdgdh Vc\Za^XV^h XdWg^gud dh Xwjh' KdYdh dh
gZb^Ydh YZhYZ 8WZa k^gud Zb \azg^V Xdb AZhjh cZhhZ \gVcYZ
Z ZmigVdgY^crg^d XdgiZ_d'
X$ HjVcYd AZhjh kdaiVg% dh bdgidh Zb :g^hid kud gZhí
hjhX^iVg VciZh YV igVch[dgbVvud Ydh k^kdh' HjZ ZcXdcigd
\adg^dhd Edhhd Xdged YZ \azg^V hZ jc^gr Vd Zheyg^id fjZ k^gr
Xdb :g^hid cVh cjkZch Z Vhh^b ZhiVgZbdh eVgV hZbegZ Xdb
d JZc]dg #aKh -'*-$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% H YLZZ\YYLPhgV ZLYd \T L]LU[V YLWLU[PUV&
F Vezhidad GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àQ'''R cjb bdbZcid% cjb VWg^g
Z [ZX]Vg Yãda]dh% Vd gZhhdVg YV ~ai^bV igdbWZiV' 8 igdbWZiV
hdVgr% dh bdgidh gZhhjhX^iVgud ^cXdggjeiykZ^h% Z czh hZgZbdh
igVch[dgbVYdhâ #*.'.+$' àDdbZcidâ w V eVaVkgV \gZ\V
d[VTV% YZ dcYZ kZb V eVaVkgV Zb edgij\jxh àridbdâ' <hhV
eVaVkgV ZgV ZbegZ\VYV eVgV d YVgYZ_Vg YV XVjYV YZ jb
eZ^mZ% eVgV d [V^hXVg YZ jbV ZhigZaV Z eVgV d e^hXVg YZ jb
da]d' JZgr YZhhV [dgbV% cjb bdbZcid% fjZ dh bdgidh Zb
:g^hid gZhhjhX^iVgud'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% UH ZLN\UKH ]PUKH KL 6YPZ[V$ X\HUKV
VZ TVY[VZ OgV KL YLZZ\YNPY$ H !TVY[L ZLYd MPUHST LU[L [YHNHKH
W LSH ]P[lYPH #*.'.-&.0$' GVjad iZgb^cV ZhhZ XVeyijad YVcYd
jb WgVYd YZ k^izg^V' <aZ eZg\jciV3 àFcYZ Zhir% z bdgiZ% V
ijV k^izg^V6 FcYZ Zhir% z bdgiZ% d iZj V\j^a]ud6â #*.'..$'
8\dgV% ZaZ V[^gbV3 àKgV\VYV [d^ V bdgiZ eZaV k^izg^V Q'''R S
>gVvVh V ;;Zjh% fjZ cdh Yr V k^izg^V edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ
cdhhd JZc]dg AZhjh :g^hidâ #*.'.-%.0$' 8 bdgiZ% d ~ai^bd 5
^c^b^\d V hZg kZcX^Yd% hZgr aVcvVYV cd aV\d YZ [d\d #8e (
+)'*-$' <ciud% czh gZ^cVgZbdh Xdb :g^hid eVgV hZbegZ
Xdb Xdgedh ^cXdggjeiykZ^h Z ^bdgiV^h' <' D' 9djcYh XdadXV
ZhhZ Vjhe^X^dhd [Vid Vhh^b3
5 dWeegddW[rqa VW 7d[efa VWefda`S S f[dS`[S VS _adfW$ VWefdv[ eWg fWddad
W hW`UW eWg Va_u`[a$ _S`fs_ S`\ae YgSdVS`Va `aeea fy_g^a$ eW_W[S
WebWdS`rS W [_adfS^[VSVW `S dgu`S& GgS dWeegddW[rqa STdW bSdS `ve
g_ US_[`Za SfdShse Va ea_Td[a Va_u`[a VS _adfW3 SfdShse VW^S S
Uaddgbrqa eW hWefW VW [`Uaddgbf[T[^[VSVW W S _adfS^[VSVW eW dWhWefW VW
[_adfS^[VSVW& 5 _adfW s fdSYSVS$ `aeeae ^nT[ae _ad[Tg`Vae US`fS_ S
US`rqa VS h[fvd[S$ W a _a_W`fa VS _adfW fdS`eXad_S%eW `a _a_W`fa
VS UadaSrqa&*)/

?r fjVigd Vea^XVv}Zh egri^XVh% fjZ bZgZXZb hZg


YZhiVXVYVh cV XdcXajhud YZhhZ \adg^dhd XVeyijad'
Ç 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid w V Ydjig^cV XZcigVa YV [w
Xg^hiu' Eud hZ\j^bdh jb :g^hid egZhd cV Xgjo% gZi^Yd
cd i~bjad% bVh d :g^hid k^kd Z idYd&edYZgdhd'
Ç 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid w V \VgVci^V YZ fjZ JjV
dWgV Zme^Vizg^V V cdhhd [Vkdg [d^ eaZcVbZciZ Z[^XVo
Z VXZ^iV eZad GV^' <aZ bdggZj eZadh cdhhdh eZXVYdh Z
gZhhjhX^idj eVgV V cdhhV _jhi^[^XVvud'
Ç 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid cdh egdkV fjZ V bdgiZ cud
iZb V ~ai^bV eVaVkgV' F V\j^a]ud YV bdgiZ [d^ i^gVYd'
:Zhhdj d edYZg YV bdgiZ' 8 bdgiZ [d^ kZcX^YV' 8
bdgiZ fjZ ]d_Z VggVcXV ar\g^bVh Ydh cdhhdh da]dh _r
[d^ kZcX^YV edg AZhjh' Eud ]VkZgr bV^h V bdgiZ fjZ
cdh iZb [Z^id X]dgVg'
Ç 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid cdh bdhigV fjZ V k^YV
cud w jb h^beaZh k^kZg cZb V bdgiZ w jb h^beaZh
bdggZg' JZ :g^hid gZhhjhX^idj% iVbWwb czh kVbdh
gZhhjhX^iVg' < hZ czh kVbdh gZhhjhX^iVg% ^bedgiV&cdh
igVWVa]Vg eVgV ;;Zjh' 8 cdhhV dWgV cd JZc]dg cud w
Zb kud' GdgiVcid% YZkZbdh igVWVa]Vg Xdb VgYdg cV
ZmeVchud Yd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh #*.'.1$' HjZ ;;Zjh cdh
V_jYZ V k^kZg YZ [dgbV XdZgZciZ Xdb V [w fjZ iZbdh
cV gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgidh'

? [ `M _ 5 @ O M \ m`a X[ &*

*(1 6 a g ` V e $ 9& A& 4 NSlYPH KH YLZZ\YYLPhgV& 9V[fadS J[VS& A[S_[$ :@&


)10(2 b& */&
+*) K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& )(.%)(0&
*)) 6 a g ` V e $ 9& A& 4 NSlYPH KH YLZZ\YYLPhgV& )10(2 b& -.&
+*+ 6 W S e ^W k % A g d d S k $ DSg^& EOL TLZZHNL V M[O L YLZ\YYLJ[PVU& =`fWd%JSde[fk
DdWee& 8ai`Wd ;;dahWe$ =@& *(((2 b& )**&
*)+ 6 a g ` V e $ 9& A& 4NSlYPH KH YLZZ\YYLPhgV& )10(2 b& *1&
*), 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )-0$)-1&
*)- 6 a g ` V e $ 9& A& 4 NSlYPH KH YLZZ\YYLPhgV& )10(2 b& */&
*). K [ W d e T W $ KSddW` K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -% *((.2
b& 0)($0))&
*)/ 6 a g ` V e $ 9& A& 4NSlYPH KH YLZZ\YYLPhgV& )10(2 b& +(&
2AO_STKN &+

 USU ZXHW
XHIPHSLTYL H
SUWKUSPH JWPXYÄ
&4[ &+#&"')  

5 @ ;; I m A > Ä D 9 F ;; I B H C I hZ GVjad idí


bdj jb XV[Zo^c]d cd ^ciZgkVad ZcigZ
dh XVeyijadh *. Z */'+*1 <aZ iZgb^cV d
XVeyijad *. cVh VaijgVh ZmXZahVh YV gZkZí
aVvud YZ ;;Zjh% [VaVcYd&cdh hdWgZ V gZhí
hjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid% V gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh
gZb^Ydh% V hZ\jcYV k^cYV YZ :g^hid%
V k^izg^V gZijbWVciZ hdWgZ V bdgiZ% V
igVch[dgbVvud Ydh gZb^Ydh Z V Xdchjí
bVvud YZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh' 8ezh YZhXgZkZg
ZhhVh kZgYVYZh \adg^dhVh% Xdbd fjZ cjb
Vci^XaybVm% GVjad XdcXaj^ hjV XVgiV [Ví
aVcYd YZ Y^c]Z^gd'
<aZ YZhXZ Yd Xwj eVgV V iZggV% hV^ Yd
XVbed hdWgZcVijgVa Z Zhe^g^ijVa eVgV d
cVijgVa Z bViZg^Va' JZ\jcYd V ]db^aw&
i^XV% V X^xcX^V YV egZeVgVvud Z egZ\Vvud
YZ hZgb}Zh% d ~ai^bd Vg\jbZcid YZ jb hZgbud YZkZ hZg d
bV^h [dgiZ' F hZgbud YZkZ XVb^c]Vg eVgV jb XaybVm'
JZgr fjZ GVjad VWVcYdcdj dh egZXZ^idh YV ]db^awi^XV6
JZgr fjZ V XdcXajhud YZhhV XVgiV w bZhbd jb Vci^XaybVm6
EV kZgYVYZ% czh hdbdh X^YVYudh YZ Yd^h bjcYdh' 8d
bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ hdbdh X^YVYudh Yd Xwj% hdbdh
iVbWwb X^YVYudh YV iZggV' F Vci^XaybVm w VeZcVh VeVgZciZ'
F fjZ GVjad igViV Vfj^ w iud hV\gVYd% iud egZX^dhd% Xdbd
fjVafjZg Vhhjcid YV iZdad\^V Xg^hiu'
8 gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ hdX^Va YV ^\gZ_V cud edYZ hZg YZhVh&
hdX^VYV YV hjV iZdad\^V Yd bjcYd edgk^g' 8 cdhhV iZdad\^V
VXZgXV YVh Xd^hVh [jijgVh cud w ZhXVe^hbd YV cdhhV gZhedcí
hVW^a^YVYZ Xdb Vh Xd^hVh Yd Vfj^ Z Yd V\dgV'
;;Z VXdgYd Xdb NVggZc N^ZghWZ% GVjad [VaV cZhhZ
XVeyijad hdWgZ igxh VheZXidh YV bdgYdb^V Xg^hiu3 Y^c]Z^gd%
dedgijc^YVYZh Z eZhhdVh'+*2

1 LNQDNLIA DN DIMHEIQN " 1 OQENCTOA\[N CNL NR ONBQER


&+#&")﴿
:]Vbd V hjV ViZcvud eVgV Va\jch VheZXidh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V JVTWYVTPZZV K L BH\SV JVT H& HhgV
ZVJPHS #*/'*&-$' GVjad cud [VaV Vfj^ YZ Yyo^bd% bVh YZ jbV
d[ZgiV fjZ ZaZ ZhiVkV aZkVciVcYd ZcigZ Vh ^\gZ_Vh YV DVXZ&
Y|c^V% YV >VarX^V Z YV 8XV^V eVgV dh ^gbudh YV ^\gZ_V YZ
AZgjhVawb% fjZ ZhiVkVb iZcYd Y^[^XjaYVYZh' GVjad cud Zhir
[VoZcYd jbV XVbeVc]V eVgV VjbZciVg V VggZXVYVvud YV
^\gZ_V% bVh jb aZkVciVbZcid YZ gZXjghdh eVgV hjeg^g jbV
cZXZhh^YVYZ ZbZg\ZciZ YZ ^gbudh cV [w fjZ eVhhVkVb edg
jbV \gVkZ Z VkVhhVaVYdgV Xg^hZ ZXdc|b^XV' q jb hdXdggd V
eZhhdVh cZXZhh^iVYVh YZ AZgjhVawb' F eg^cXye^d YZ GVjad i
fjZ dh Xg^hiudh YZkZb YdVg% Yd edcid YZ k^hiV [^cVcXZ^gd%
eVgV djigVh eZhhdVh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V WYVISLT H LT =LY\ZHSiT #*/'*&-$' F
fjZ ZhiVkV VXdciZXZcYd Zb AZgjhVawb6 8 gZ\^ud YV AjYw^V%
dcYZ ZhiVkV AZgjhVawb% i^c]V hd[g^Yd jbV \gVcYZ [dbZ #8i
**'+0%+1$% fjZ ZbedWgZXZj bj^iVh eZhhdVh'
?djkZ jbV egd[ZX^V edg ^ciZgbwY^d Yd egd[ZiV ç\VWd%
fjZ ]VkZg^V jbV \gVcYZ [dbZ Zb AZgjhVawb #8i **'+1$' <
YZ [Vid ZhhV [dbZ kZ^d cdh Y^Vh Yd ^beZgVYdg :arjY^d' Eud
hVWZbdh ZmViVbZciZ% hZ VigVkwh YZ jbV hZXV dj XVirhigd[Z
cVijgVa' F XZgid w fjZ V gZ\^ud YV AjYw^V Z AZgjhVawb Zcí
[gZcidj jb \gVkZ egdWaZbV ZXdc|b^Xd'
8a\jch ^ciwgegZiZh YV 9yWa^V% Xdbd 8\dhi^c]d% hj\Zg^gVb
fjZ ZhhV Xg^hZ ZXdc|b^XV [d^ d gZhjaiVYd YV edayi^XV VYdiVYV
eZadh ^gbudh YZ kZcYZgZb hjVh egdeg^ZYVYZh Z Y^k^Y^g dh
gZXjghdh ZcigZ Vh eZhhdVh cZXZhh^iVYVh' 8hh^b% V edWgZoV
iZg^V hZ YZbdXgVi^oVYd Z VaVhigVYd'
F egdWaZbV YV edWgZoV YV ^\gZ_V YZ AZgjhVawb hZ V\gVkdj
V^cYV bV^h Xdb d bVgiyg^d YZ <hixkud' ;;Zed^h YV bdgiZ YZ
<hixkud idYdh dh XgZciZh% ZmXZid dh Vezhidadh% egZX^hVgVb
hV^g YZ AZgjhVawb #8i 1'*$' :dbZvdj jbV ^beaVXrkZa eZgí
hZ\j^vud Vdh Xg^hiudh Z ZaZh i^kZgVb YZ YZ^mVg hjVh egdeg^Zí
YVYZh Z XVhVh Z [j\^g YV AjYw^V'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ 8ci^dfj^V _r ]Vk^V Zck^VYd jbV V_jYV [^cVcí
XZ^gV eVgV dh edWgZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ AZgjhVawb #8i **'+2%,)$'
F^id Vcdh VciZh YZ ZhXgZkZg ZhhV XVgiV GVjad _r Vhhjb^gV jb
Xdbegdb^hhd e~Wa^Xd Xdb dh Vezhidadh GZYgd Q:Z[VhR% K^Ví
\d Z Adud% ayYZgZh YV ^\gZ_V YZ AZgjhVawb% YZ fjZ ZaZ ^g^V eVgV
dh \Zci^dh Z YZ fjZ Vawb YZ gZVa^oVg d hZj b^c^hiwg^d ZcigZ
ZaZh iVbWwb Xj^YVg^V Ydh edWgZh' <^h d gZaVid YZ GVjad3
àQ'''R Z% fjVcYd Xdc]ZXZgVb V \gVvV fjZ bZ [d^ YVYV% K^V\d%
:Z[Vh Z Adud% fjZ ZgVb gZejiVYdh XdajcVh% bZ ZhiZcYZgVb%
V b^b Z V 9VgcVWw% V YZhigV YZ Xdbjc]ud% V [^b YZ fjZ
czh [|hhZbdh eVgV dh \Zci^dh% Z ZaZh% eVgV V X^gXjcX^hud4
gZXdbZcYVcYd&cdh hdbZciZ fjZ cdh aZbWgrhhZbdh Ydh edí
WgZh% d fjZ iVbWwb bZ Zh[dgXZ^ edg [VoZg'''â #>a +'2%*)$'
HjVcYd GVjad gZXZWZj V YZaZ\Vvud YZ XdcXZcigVg d
hZj b^c^hiwg^d cd bjcYd \Zciya^Xd% ZaZ VXZ^idj% YZ ^\jVa
bVcZ^gV% d YZh^YZgVid YZ XdcXZcigVg V hjV ViZcvud cd
ViZcY^bZcid Vdh edWgZh' GVgV GVjad b^hh}Zh Z Vvud hdX^Va
XVb^c]VkVb YZ budh YVYVh' JZbegZ fjZ V ^\gZ_V eZchV h{
Zb ZkVc\Za^oVvud Z cud [Vo Vvud hdX^Va XdcigVg^V d egd_ Zid
YZ ;;Zjh' JZbegZ fjZ V ^\gZ_V eZchV VeZcVh ZgV Vvud hdX^Va
Z ZhfjZXZ YV ZkVc\Za^oVvud iVbWwb Zhir [dgV Ydh eaVcdh YZ
;;Zjh' GVjad egZ\VkV Z iVbWwb Vhh^hi^V Vdh edWgZh'
GVjad ZhXgZkZj +:dgyci^dh bV^h dj bZcdh jb Vcd YZí
ed^h YZ @:dgyci^dh' <aZ Yr iZhiZbjc]d YZ fjZ ZhhZ egd_Zid
YZ aZkVciVbZcid YZ d[ZgiVh eVgV V ^\gZ_V edWgZ YZ AZgjhVí
awb ]Vk^V h^Yd jb hjXZhhd #+:d 1'+&-$' ;;d^h Vcdh YZed^h%
fjVcYd ZaZ [Zo jb VeZad s ^\gZ_V YZ IdbV% ZaZ ^cXaj^j :dí
g^cid #8XV^V$ Xdbd jb Wdb ZmZbead #Ib *.'+/$' GVjad
ZciZcY^V fjZ Vh ^\gZ_Vh \Zciya^XVh YZkZg^Vb VWZcvdVg [^cVcí
XZ^gVbZciZ V ^\gZ_V YZ AZgjhVawb eZadh WZcZ[yX^dh Zhe^g^í
ijV^h gZXZW^Ydh YZaV #Ib *.'+.&+0$' GVjad V^cYV Zmdgidj
V ^\gZ_V YZ IdbV% YVcYd jb iZhiZbjc]d Yd hjXZhhd fjZ
[dgV d aZkVciVbZcid YZ d[ZgiVh cV DVXZY|c^V' < kZ_V d
eg^cXye^d Zhe^g^ijVa fjZ GVjad Zch^cV3 àGdgfjZ VegdjkZ s
DVXZY|c^V Z s 8XV^V aZkVciVg jbV XdaZiV Zb WZcZ[yX^d Ydh
edWgZh YZcigZ dh hVcidh fjZ k^kZb Zb AZgjhVawb' @hid a]Zh
eVgZXZj WZb% Z bZhbd a]Zh hud YZkZYdgZh4 edgfjZ% hZ dh
\Zci^dh ixb h^Yd eVgi^X^eVciZh Ydh kVadgZh Zhe^g^ijV^h Ydh
_jYZjh% YZkZb iVbWwb hZgk^&adh Xdb WZch bViZg^V^hâ #Ib
*.'+/%+0$'
EV DVXZY|c^V [^XVkVb Vh ^\gZ_Vh YZ =^a^edh% KZhhVazc^XV
Z 9Zgw^V' :dg^cid h^ijVkV&hZ cV gZ\^ud YV 8XV^V' GVjad Yr
iZhiZbjc]d eVgV V ^\gZ_V YZ IdbV fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid
gZhedcYZgV edh^i^kVbZciZ Vd YZhV[^d YZ d[ZgiVg eVgV dh
XgZciZh edWgZh YV AjYw^V' GVjad Y^o fjZ V ^\gZ_V \Zciya^XV
ZgV YZkZYdgV YV ^\gZ_V YZ AZgjhVawb' 8 ^\gZ_V \Zciya^XV ]Vk^V
gZXZW^Yd WZcZ[yX^dh Zhe^g^ijV^h Z V\dgV YZkZg^V gZig^Wj^g Xdb
WZcZ[yX^dh bViZg^V^h'
>' A' NZc]Vb Y^o fjZ cdgbVabZciZ dh _jYZjh YV Y^hí
eZghud Zck^VkVb YdiZh eVgV hZjh ^gbudh _jYZjh Zb AZgjí
hVawb% bVh d [Vid YZ Vh ^\gZ_Vh \Zciya^XVh Zck^VgZb d[ZgiVh
eVgV dh Xg^hiudh _jYZjh bdhigVkV V cVijgZoV Yd ZkVc\Za]d
fjZ fjZWgV Vh \gdhhVh WVggZ^gVh gVX^V^h'++)
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% VZ WYPUJkWPVZ IdZPJVZ WHYH JVU[YPI\PY
#*/'*&-$' GVjad YZhiVXV Va\jch eg^cXye^dh fjZ YZkZb gZ\Zg
V cdhhV Xdcig^Wj^vud'
V$ F Xg^hiud YZkZ YdVg eVgV eZhhdVh fjZ cud [VoZb eVgiZ
YV hjV ^\gZ_V #*/'*$' Eud Zhidj Y^oZcYd Xdb ^hid fjZ d
Xg^hiud cud YZkZ YdVg eVgV V ^\gZ_V adXVa' 8 ^\gZ_V egZX^hV
VegZcYZg V YdVg iVbWwb eVgV Vawb YVh egzeg^Vh [gdciZ^gVh'
Eud w [rX^a hZch^W^a^oVg&hZ [^cVcXZ^gVbZciZ edg Va\jwb fjZ
kdXx cjcXV k^j' ?r jb Y^id edejaVg fjZ Y^o fjZ Vfj^ad
fjZ dh da]dh cud kxZb d XdgVvud cud hZciZ' <hhV iZdad\^V
cud w WyWa^XV' GVjad Zch^cV fjZ V ^\gZ_V egZX^hV Xdcig^Wj^g
eVgV eZhhdVh fjZ Zhiud [dgV Yd VaXVcXZ Ydh hZjh da]dh'
8 ^\gZ_V cud k^kZ hz eVgV h^ bZhbV' <\dyhbd [^cVcXZ^gd w
jb h^cVa YZ bjcYVc^hbd Z XVgcVa^YVYZ' LbV ^\gZ_V b^hh^dí
crg^V w jbV ^\gZ_V k^kV% Yd edcid YZ k^hiV YV ZkVc\Za^oVvud
Z hda^Yrg^V% Yd edcid YZ k^hiV YV Vvud hdX^Va' HjV^h hud dh
XygXjadh YZ eg^dg^YVYZh cV Xdcig^Wj^vud6 ;;ZkZbdh Xj^YVg
eg^bZ^gd Ydh bZbWgdh YV cdhhV XVhV #aKb .'1$' ;;Zed^h
YZkZbdh [VoZg d WZb V idYdh% àQ'''R bVh eg^cX^eVabZciZ Vdh
YV [Vbya^V YV [wâ #>a /'*)$' 8 ^\gZ_V cud edYZ hZg Xdbd d
bVg Ddgid% fjZ hz gZXZWZ' <aV egZX^hV VegZcYZg V Y^hig^Wj^g
jb edjXd YVfj^ad fjZ ;;Zjh a]Z Yr'
W$ ;;^kja\jZ Vh cZXZhh^YVYZh' 8 eg^bZ^gV dg^ZciVvud w
fjZ Vh cZXZhh^YVYZh YZkZb hZg Y^kja\VYVh YZ bVcZ^gV XaVgV
Z egZX^hV' GVjad cud iZb XdchigVc\^bZcid Va\jb Zb XdciVg
eVgV dh Xdgyci^dh fjZ ZaZ egZX^hVkV YZ Y^c]Z^gd Z edg fjZ
ZaZ egZX^hVkV YZhhZ Y^c]Z^gd' GVjad cud w VeZcVh Y^gZid%
bVh iVbWwb Vjidg^irg^d3 àQ'''R Xdbd dgYZcZ^ sh ^\gZ_Vh YV
>VarX^Vâ #*/'*$' GVjad YZj jbV dgYZb sh ^\gZ_Vh YV >VaVYV
Z \dhiVg^V fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid hZ\j^hhZ dh bZhbdh
eg^cXye^dh'
GZY^g Y^c]Z^gd YZ jbV [dgbV wi^XV% WyWa^XV% Z XdggZiV%
eVgV bdi^kdh XdggZidh w iud bdgVa fjVcid kdXx Xj^YVg YZ hjV
[Vbya^V' =VoZg YdVv}Zh eVgV XVjhVh Xg^hiuh w jbV dWg^\Vvud
Xg^hiu Xdbd ^g s ^\gZ_V% dgVg dj hZg [^Za s ZhedhV' GVhidgZh
fjZ [^XVb hZb _Z^id% Xdb bZYd% Xdb bj^iV egZdXjeVvud
YZ eZY^g Y^c]Z^gd s ^\gZ_V% dj [VaVg YZ Y^c]Z^gd s ^\gZ_V eVgV
XVjhVh _jhiVh% cud V\Zb Zb XdchdctcX^V Xdb V 9yWa^V' AZhjh
Y^o3 àDV^h WZb&VkZcijgVYd w YVg fjZ gZXZWZgâ #8i +)',.$'
LbV ^\gZ_V fjZ iZb gZXjghdh [^cVcXZ^gdh iZb iVbWwb
gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ YZ V_jYVg dh edWgZh'
X$ ;;dVg w jb Vid YZ VYdgVvud' GVjad cdgbVi^oV V Xdcí
ig^Wj^vud% Zch^cVcYd s ^\gZ_V d hZ\j^ciZ3 àQ'''R :VYV jb YZ
kzh edc]V YZ eVgiZ% Zb XVhV% Xdc[dgbZ V hjV egdheZg^YVYZ%
Z kr _jciVcYd% eVgV fjZ hZ cud [VvVb XdaZiVh fjVcYd Zj
[dgâ #*/'+$' F Vid YZ d[ZgiVg w jb Vid X~ai^Xd' < jb Vid YZ
VYdgVvud' q edg ^hhd fjZ ZaZ gZXdbZcYV k^cXjaVg ZhhV d[ZgiV
Vd eg^bZ^gd Y^V YV hZbVcV' Ed Y^V YZ Ydb^c\d fjVcYd V
^\gZ_V hZ gZjc^V eVgV VYdgVg Z eVgV XjaijVg% XVYV bZbWgd YV
^\gZ_V YZkZg^V ^g Vd Xjaid egZeVgVYd eVgV Xdcig^Wj^g% eVgV
ViZcYZg s cZXZhh^YVYZ Ydh hVcidh edWgZh' ;;dVg w jb Vid YZ
VYdgVvud Vd JVakVYdg gZhhjggZid' ;;ZkZbdh [Vox&ad Xdb Zhí
edciVcZ^YVYZ Z VaZ\g^V' q ig^hiZ fjVcYd dh XgZciZh d[ZgiVb
VeZcVh Xdbd YZkZg Z cud Xdbd jb hVXg^[yX^d V\gVYrkZa V
;;Zjh' GVjad VegZhZciV d egzeg^d iZhiZbjc]d s ^\gZ_V YZ
=^a^edh3 àIZXZW^ ijYd Z iZc]d VWjcYtcX^V4 Zhidj hjeg^Yd%
YZhYZ fjZ <eV[gdY^id bZ eVhhdj sh budh d fjZ bZ kZ^d YZ
kdhhV eVgiZ Xdbd VgdbV hjVkZ% Xdbd hVXg^[yX^d VXZ^irkZa Z
VegVoykZa V ;;Zjhâ #=e -'*1$'
Y$ @cXZci^kZ V Xdcig^Wj^vud h^hiZbri^XV' F Vezhidad GVjí
ad Zch^cV3 àQ'''R XVYV jb YZ kzh edc]V YZ eVgiZ% Zb XVhV'''â
#*/'+$' GVjad egde|h eaVcdh [jcX^dcV^h eVgV fjZ V ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid [dhhZ bV^h Z[Zi^kV cV Xdcig^Wj^vud' àG|g YZ eVgiZ
Zb XVhVâ h^\c^[^XV hZeVgVg gZ\jaVgbZciZ d Y^c]Z^gd eVgV V
d[ZgiV' JZ cud [dgbdh h^hiZbri^Xdh Z gZ\jaVgZh cV Xdcig^í
Wj^vud% cjcXV kVbdh Xdcig^Wj^g' JZ ZheZgVgbdh hdWgVg eVgV
Xdcig^Wj^g% edhh^kZabZciZ cud d[ZgiVgZbdh' JZ [|hhZbdh iud
h^hiZbri^Xdh cV Xdcig^Wj^vud% fjVcid cdh cdhhdh ^ckZhi^í
bZcidh% V dWgV YZ ;;Zjh egdheZgVg^V bj^id bV^h'
Z$ 8 Xdcig^Wj^vud YZkZ hZg egdedgX^dcVa' F Vezhidad
GVjad ZhXaVgZXZ3 àQ'''R Xdc[dgbZ V hjV egdheZg^YVYZ'''â
#*/'+$' GVjad bdhigV YjVh Xd^hVh3 Eud w eVgV hdWgZXVggZ\Vg
jch cZb YZ^mVg djigdh hZb gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ' E^c\jwb Zhir
^hZcid YZ Xdcig^Wj^g' 8 Xdcig^Wj^vud YZkZ hZg _jhiV' HjZb
\Vc]V bV^h YZkZ Xdcig^Wj^g bV^h' HjZb \Vc]V bZcdh YZkZ
Xdcig^Wj^g bZcdh' ;;Zcigd YV egdedgX^dcVa^YVYZ idYdh
Zhiud Xdcig^Wj^cYd YZ ^\jVa bdYd' Lb Xg^hiud YZ XdgVvud
VWZgid cud edYZ bVciZg V bud [ZX]VYV' 8 Xdcig^Wj^vud w
jbV \gVvV Z cud jb eZhd' JZ czh VegZX^Vbdh V \gVvV YZ
;;Zjh V czh% YZkZgZbdh iZg VaZ\g^V Zb ZmegZhhVg V \gVvV edg
^ciZgbwY^d YZ czh% eZaV d[ZgiV \ZcZgdhV Vdh djigdh'
[$ 8 Xdcig^Wj^vud YZkZ hZg eg^k^aw\^d YZ idYdh' GVjad
egdhhZ\jZ3 àQ'''R XVYV jb YZ kzh'''â #*/'+$' KdYVh Vh eZhhdVh
edYZb Z YZkZb Xdcig^Wj^g' GVjad ZheZgVkV fjZ XVYV
bZbWgd YV ^\gZ_V eVgi^X^eVhhZ YV d[ZgiV% iVcid dh g^Xdh
fjVcid dh edWgZh' Fh XgZciZh YV DVXZY|c^V X]Z\VgVb V
gd\Vg ^ch^hiZciZbZciZ V \gVvV YZ eVgi^X^eVg YV Xdcig^Wj^vud
Vdh hVcidh #+:d 1'-$' F fjZ w \gVvV6 >gVvV w jb Ydb
^bZgZX^Yd YZ ;;Zjh' < ;;Zjh fjZb cdh Yr d eg^k^aw\^d
^bZgZX^Yd YZ XddeZgVgbdh Xdb V JjV dWgV'
\$ F Y^c]Z^gd YZkZ hZg VYb^c^higVYd Xdb igVcheVgxcí
X^V' F Vezhidad XdcXaj^3 à<% fjVcYd i^kZg X]Z\VYd% Zck^Ví
gZ^% Xdb XVgiVh% eVgV aZkVgZb Vh kdhhVh YrY^kVh V AZgjhVawb%
VfjZaZh fjZ VegdkVgYZh' JZ Xdck^Zg fjZ Zj iVbWwb kr% ZaZh
^gud Xdb^\dâ #*/',%-$' GVjad Zck^V Xdb XVgiVh d Y^c]Z^gd
aZkVciVYd s AjYw^V' GVjad i^c]V jb Xdb^ix [^cVcXZ^gd gZhí
edchrkZa eVgV XdcYjo^g ZhhV d[ZgiV aZkVciVYV s ^\gZ_V YZ AZí
gjhVawb #*/',%-4 +:d 1'*/&+-$' Dj^idh dWgZ^gdh eZgYZb V
XgZY^W^a^YVYZ Yd hZj iZhiZbjc]d eZaV [VaiV YZ igVcheVgxcX^V
Zb a^YVg Xdb d Y^c]Z^gd'

9ONQSTMIDADER " 1 LNQDNLIA DN SELON &+#*".


GVjad YZhiVXV Yd^h edcidh ^bedgiVciZh'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H ULJLZZPKHKL KV ZdIPV \ZV KV [LTWV
#*/'.&2$' F Vezhidad GVjad gZXdbZcYV3 àGdgiVcid% kZYZ
egjYZciZbZciZ Xdbd VcYV^h% cud Xdbd cwhX^dh% Z% h^b%
Xdbd hrW^dh% gZb^cYd d iZbed% edgfjZ dh Y^Vh hud bVjhâ
#<[ .&*.%*/$' GVjad ZgV iud Xj^YVYdhd cd jhd Yd iZbed
fjVcid d ZgV cd jhd Yd Y^c]Z^gd' Eud jhZ d iZbed s idV'
;;ZheZgY^vVg iZbed w _d\Vg [dgV Vh dedgijc^YVYZh fjZ ;;Zjh
XdadXV Y^VciZ YZ czh' Eud edYZbdh jhVg bVa d iZbed cZb
eZgYZg Vh dedgijc^YVYZh'
GVjad ^c[dgbV s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid hdWgZ dh eaVcdh YZ hjV
[jijgV k^V\Zb eVgV k^h^iVg V ^\gZ_V' <aZ iZb eaVcdh% egd_Zí
idh% Z V\ZcYV' <aZ fjZg Xjbeg^g ZhhV V\ZcYV' àGdgfjZ cud
fjZgd% V\dgV% kZg&kdh VeZcVh YZ eVhhV\Zb% ed^h ZheZgd eZgí
bVcZXZg XdckdhXd Va\jb iZbed% hZ d JZc]dg d eZgb^i^gâ
#*/'0$' GVjad w jb ZmZbead' 8d bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ ZaZ
iZb hZjh eaVcdh% gZXdc]ZXZ fjZ ZhhZh eaVcdh hdbZciZ hZgud
gZVa^oVYdh hZ ;;Zjh eZgb^i^g'
?r Yd^h ZmigZbdh fjZ egZX^hVbdh Zk^iVg3 EVd [VoZg
eaVcdh dj [VoZg eaVcdh hZb hjWbZix&adh s Y^gZvud YZ ;;Zjh'
àF XdgVvud Yd ]dbZb edYZ [VoZg eaVcdh% bVh V gZhedhiV
XZgiV Ydh arW^dh kZb Yd JZc]dgâ #Gk */'*$' KdYd d eaVcd
YZkZ ZhiVg YZWV^md YV Y^gZvud YZ ;;Zjh #K\ -'*,&*0$'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% H ULJLZZPKHKL KL HWYV]LP[HY HZ VWVY[\{
UPKHKLZ L LU[YHY WLSHZ WVY[HZ X\L 7L\Z HIYL& F Vezhidad Y^o3
à=^XVgZ^% edgwb% Zb <[Zhd Viw Vd GZciZXdhiZh4 edgfjZ jbV
edgiV \gVcYZ Z dedgijcV eVgV d igVWVa]d hZ bZ VWg^j4 Z ]r
bj^idh VYkZghrg^dhâ #*/'1%2$'
;;jVh Xd^hVh igZbZcYVh Zhiud Vfj^ aVYd V aVYd3 Fedgijí
c^YVYZ Z Y^[^XjaYVYZ' 8eVgZciZbZciZ ZhhVh YjVh Xd^hVh cud
XdbW^cVb' Jdbdh aZkVYdh V XgZg Zb cdhhdh Y^Vh fjZ dedgí
ijc^YVYZ w hybWdad YZ [VX^a^YVYZ Z cud YZ Y^[^XjaYVYZ' GVjad
kx Vh dedgijc^YVYZh Xdbd àjbV edgiV \gVcYZ Z dedgijcVâ%
bVh iVbWwb kx Vh Y^[^XjaYVYZh àZ ]r bj^idh VYkZghrg^dhâ'
GgZX^hVbdh Xdbd @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh ZhiVg bj^id VeZgXZW^Ydh
YZhhV kZgYVYZ Zch^cVYV edg GVjad' <bWdgV GVjad Zhi^kZhhZ
Zb eZg^\d Zb <[Zhd #@:d *.',+$% ZaZ ZhiVkV YZiZgb^cVYd V
eZgbVcZXZg Va^% ZcfjVcid ZhhV edgiV Zhi^kZhhZ VWZgiV' GVjad
Zc[gZcidj igxh [dXdh YZ dedh^vud Zb <[Zhd'

ì GVjad Zc[gZcidj dedh^vud YVh [dgvVh Zhe^g^ijV^h Yd dXjaí


i^hbd' <[Zhd ZgV jbV X^YVYZ egd[jcYVbZciZ bVgXVYV
eZad dXjai^hbd Z eZaV [Z^i^vVg^V' HjVcYd Vh eZhhdVh hZ
XdckZgiZgVb% ZaVh k^ZgVb V e~Wa^Xd Z fjZ^bVgVb hZjh
a^kgdh YZ bV\^V Z YZ dXjai^hbd #8i *2'*2$'

ì GVjad Zc[gZcidj V dedh^vud YV VhhdX^Vvud YZ djg^kZh


a^YZgVYV edg ;;Zbwig^d' 8 ZkVc\Za^oVvud YZhVgi^Xjadj
d bZgXVYd YZ ^bV\Zch YV YZjhV ;;^VcV' ?djkZ jb
gZWja^vd cV X^YVYZ #8i *2'+,&-)$'

ì GVjad Zc[gZcidj V dedh^vud YV ]^ZgVgfj^V _jY^V #8i


*2'1%2$' Fh _jYV^oVciZh YZ <[Zhd hZ dejhZgVb V GVjad'
8d bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ GVjad [d^ ZcXjggVaVYd
eZaV dedh^vud Ydh _jYV^oVciZh% iVbWwb Y^o fjZ jbV
\gVcYZ edgiV hZ a]Z VWg^j' F [Vid YZ ;;Zjh VWg^g Vh
edgiVh cud h^\c^[^XV fjZ kVbdh iZg eVhhV\Zb [rX^a' F
[Vid YZ ;;Zjh VWg^g XVb^c]dh cud h^\c^[^XV fjZ kVbdh
iZg jbV _dgcVYV igVcfÄ^aV' Fedgijc^YVYZh YZ ;;Zjh
hud dedgijc^YVYZh Xdb Y^[^XjaYVYZh% dedgijc^YVYZh
Xdb VYkZghrg^dh' <b kZo YZ [^XVgbdh gZXaVbVcYd
Ydh dWhirXjadh% YZkZgyVbdh jhVg Vh dedgijc^YVYZh Z
YZ^mVg dh gZhjaiVYdh Xdb d JZc]dg' 8 a^vud fjZ GVjad
Zch^cV w XaVgV3 V egZhZcvV YZ dedh^vud cVd ^cY^XV fjZ
cdh YZhk^Vbdh YV kdciVYZ YZ ;;Zjh'

:ERRNAR " 1 LNQDNLIA DNR QEKACINMALEMSNR &+#&%"')﴿


;;d^h edcidh bZgZXZb YZhiVfjZ cd Zch^cd YZ GVjad'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV ]HSVYPaH HZ WLZZVHZ #*/'*)&+-$'
GVjad cud ZgV VeZcVh jb \Vc]VYdg YZ VabVh% bVh iVbWwb
jb [VoZYdg YZ Vb^\dh'++* GVjad ZgV jb ZcXdgV_VYdg' <aZ
i^c]V V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ bdW^a^oVg Vh eZhhdVh eVgV hZ ZckdakZí
gZb cV dWgV Z cd IZ^cd YZ ;;Zjh' MVbdh eVgVg eVgV [soZg
jb JOLJR%\W YV cdhhV k^YV' HjZb hdj Zj6 <j hdj jb [VoZí
Ydg YZ Vb^\dh6 MdXx VigV^ Vh eZhhdVh eVgV eZgid YZ kdXx6 8h
eZhhdVh \dhiVb YZ XdckZghVg Xdb kdXx6 MdXx Xdcfj^hiV Vh
eZhhdVh6 8d XdckZghVg Xdb kdXx% Vh eZhhdVh hZ hZciZb bV^h
Zhi^bjaVYVh V hZ ZckdakZg cV dWgV YZ ;;Zjh6
;;^c]Z^gd Z dedgijc^YVYZh cud ixb cZc]jb kVadg hZb
Vh eZhhdVh' F bV^dg eVig^b|c^d fjZ jbV ^\gZ_V iZb cud w
d hZj egwY^d cZb hZj dgvVbZcid' F bV^dg eVig^b|c^d fjZ
V ^\gZ_V iZb hud Vh eZhhdVh'+++ GVjad ZciZcY^V ^hhd' < GVjad
kVadg^oVkV Vh eZhhdVh' AZhjh ^ckZhi^j idYd d JZj b^c^hiwg^d
Zb eZhhdVh' JZ Vh eZhhdVh Zhi^kZgZb egZeVgVYVh% bdW^a^oVí
YVh% bdi^kVYVh% cud kV^ [VaiVg Y^c]Z^gd' 8 bViwg^V&eg^bV YV
^\gZ_V w \ZciZ'
GVjad kVadg^oV% Zad\^V Z YZhiVXV d igVWVa]d YVh eZhhdVh'
<aZ cdb^cV Vh eZhhdVh% Vh Zad\^V Z Vh ZcXdgV_V' HjZ Xd^hV
[Vcirhi^XV MdXx iZb d ]rW^id YZ kVadg^oVg d igVWVa]d YVh
eZhhdVh6 MdXx iZb d ]rW^id YZ Zad\^Vg Vh eZhhdVh eZad
igVWVa]d fjZ ZaVh gZVa^oVb6 MdXx iZb d ]rW^id YZ ZcXdgV_Vg
Vh eZhhdVh6 Dj^idh eZchVb fjZ fjVcYd Vh eZhhdVh VXZgiVb
cud Zhiud [VoZcYd bV^h Yd fjZ V dWg^\Vvud' JZ Va\d hV^ ZggVYd%
Zciud kZb V Xgyi^XV% bVh hZ hV^ XZgid% cud Zm^hiZ eVaVkgV
Va\jbV YZ ZcXdgV_VbZcid' GVjad hVW^V YV ^bedgitcX^V Yd
Zad\^d' Lb Zad\^d [Vo jb WZb igZbZcYd LbV eVaVkgV YZ
ZcXdgV_VbZcid w jb WrahVbd eVgV V VabV' GVjad cdh Zch^cV
ZhhZ eg^cXye^d' KZbdh YZ VegZcYZg ZhhZ eg^cXye^d YV GVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh YZ ZcXdgV_Vg% Zhi^bjaVg% Z VWZcvdVg Vh eZhhdVh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV UVTPUH HZWLZZVHZ #*/'*)%**%*.&
*2$' MZ_Vbdh V eVaVkgV YZ GVjad3 à<% hZ K^bziZd [dg% kZYZ
fjZ ZhiZ_V hZb gZXZ^d ZcigZ kzh% edgfjZ igVWVa]V cV dWgV Yd
JZc]dg% Xdbd iVbWwb Zj4 c^c\jwb% ed^h% d YZhegZoZ' DVh
ZcXVb^c]V^&d Zb eVo% eVgV fjZ kZc]V iZg Xdb^\d% k^hid
fjZ d ZheZgd Xdb dh ^gbudhâ #*/'*)%**$' GVjad egdhhZ\jZ3
à< V\dgV% ^gbudh% Zj kdh eZvd d hZ\j^ciZ #hVWZ^h fjZ V XVhV
YZ <hiw[VcVh hud Vh eg^byX^Vh YV 8XV^V Z fjZ hZ XdchV\gVgVb
Vd hZgk^vd Ydh hVcidh$3 fjZ iVbWwb kdh hj_Z^iZ^h V ZhhZh iV^h%
Xdbd iVbWwb V idYd VfjZaZ fjZ w XddeZgVYdg Z dWgZ^gdâ
#*/'*.%*/$' GVjad Xdci^cjV3 ä8aZ\gd&bZ Xdb V k^cYV YZ
<hiw[VcVh% Z YZ =dgijcVid% Z YZ8XV^Xd4 edgfjZ ZhiZh hjeg^gVb
d fjZ YV kdhhV eVgiZ [VaiVkV' GdgfjZ igdjmZgVb gZ[g^\wg^d Vd
bZj Zheyg^id Z Vd kdhhd' IZXdc]ZXZ^% ed^h% V ]dbZch Xdbd
ZhiZh' 8h ^\gZ_Vh YV çh^V kdh hV~YVb' Ed JZc]dg% bj^id kdh
hV~YVb çfÄ^aV Z Gg^hX^aV Z% WZb Vhh^b% V' ^\gZ_V fjZ Zhir cV
XVhV YZaZhâ #*/'*0&*2$'
çfÄ^aV Z Gg^hX^aV ZgVb eZhhdVh ZmigVdgY^crg^Vh #*/'*2%+)$'
<hhZ XVhVa [d^ \gVcYZbZciZ jhVYd edg ;;Zjh Zb igxh \gVcYZh
XZcigdh jgWVcdh3 IdbV% <[Zhd Z :dg^cid' <aZh i^c]Vb jbV
eZXja^Vg^YVYZ3 YZY^XVgVb cVd VeZcVh hjV k^YV V ;;Zjh% bVh
iVbWwb d aVg' <aZh VWg^gVb V edgiV Yd aVg eVgV V egZ\Vvud
Yd ZkVc\Za]d' <b XVYV adXVa fjZ ZhhZ XVhV^ ZhiVkV% ]Vk^V
jbV ^\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh cV XVhV YZaZh' HjZ VWcZ\Vvud <hhZ
XVhVa [d^ \gVcYZbZciZ jhVYd edg ;;Zjh Z GVjad [Vo fjZhiud
YZ Zad\^Vg ^hhd'
GVjad [Vo jbV VYkZgixcX^V Vdh [Vahdh XgZciZh3 àJZ Va\jwb
cud VbV d JZc]dg% hZ_V VcriZbV' DVgVcViV â #*/'++$' F
Vezhidad iZgb^cV hjV XVgiV ^ckdXVcYd V \gVvV Yd JZc]dg
AZhjh hdWgZ V ^\gZ_V3 à8 \gVvV Yd JZc]dg AZhjh hZ_V XdckdhXd â
#*/'+,$' KVakZo ZhhV hZ_V V XVgiV bV^h Y^[yX^a fjZ GVjad
ZhXgZkZj' 8 [Zg^YV [Z^iV eZad Vb^\d i jbV [Zg^YV fjZ igVo
XjgV' 8ezh ZmdgiVg YjgVbZciZ ZhhV ^\gZ_V% GVjad Y^o3 àF
bZj Vbdg hZ_V Xdb idYdh kzh% Zb :g^hid AZhjhâ #*/'+-$'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & +

+*1 K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& )))&


*)1 K [ W d e T W $ KSddW` K& 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& 0),&
++) K W ` Z S _ $ ;;& >& @ L^ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11,2 b& ))0-&
++* K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& 0)/&
*** K [ W d e T W $ KSddW` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& 0)/&
' ' ' '
' ' ' J J J J

3 3 3 3 3 3 8 7 7 4@>6?DtB:@C
# + ' & ( $ )   * & (
61589=

6Y \^UYQU^M M[_ 4[^mZ`U[_! [ M\n_`[X[ AMaX[ ^Q_\[ZPQ QY


[^PQY Q YaU OaUPMP[_MY QZ`Q M[_ \[Z`[_ _[N^Q [_ ]aMU_ TMbUM
_UP[ O[Z_aX`MP[! O[Y NUZMZP[ M PU_Oa__j[ P[a`^UZh^UM O[Y [_
\^[NXQY M_ Y[^MU_ Q QOXQ_Uh_`UO[_# 2 US^QVM `UZTM O[ZTQOUY QZ`[!
YM_ Zj[ MY [^0 `UZTM OM^U_YM! YM_ Zj[ OM^h`Q^# ?M bQ^PMPQ! Q^M
aY M US^QVM UZRMZ`UX Q OM^ZMX# 2 Q\m_`[XM ^QRXQ`Q OXM^MY QZ`Q M_
O[ZPUkoQ_ PM_ US^QVM_ \^UYU`UbM_ Q \[^]aQ Zj[ PQ Y aU`M_ US^QVM_
PM M`aMXUPMPQ! RMfQZP[ PM YQZ_MSQY PQ_`M Q\m_`[XM MXS[
^QXQbMZ`Q Q M`aMX \M^M `[PM US^QVM ]aQ PQ_QVM _Q^ _MZ`M! ]aQ
PQ_QVM bUbQ^ QY O[Y aZTj[ Q ]aQ PQ_QVM SX[^URUOM^ M 5Qa_#

9 QY MZPQ_ 5UM_ =[\Q_! OM_MP[ O[Y EPQYUX`M AUYQZ`QX


=[\Q_! \MU PQ DTUMS[ Q > M^UMZM# 3MOTM^QX QY `Q[X[SUM \QX[
CQYUZh^U[ A^Q_NU`Q^UMZ[ P[ CaX! 4MY\UZM_! CA Q 5 [a`[^
QY >UZU_`l^U[ \QX[ BQR[^YQP DTQ[X[SUOMX CQYUZM^e PQ
;;MOW_[Z! >U__U__U\\U! 6_`MP[_ XXZUP[_# AM_`[^ PM A^UYQU^M
XSDQVM A^Q_NU`Q^UMZM PQ FU`n^UM! 6_\m^U`[ CMZ`[! PQ_PQ &.-­*#
4[ZRQ^QZOU_`M Q Q_O^U`[^! O[Y YMU_ PQ *% XUb^[_ \aNXUOMP[_#
4 [Z`M`[_/ ccc#TQYMZPQ_PUM_X[\Q_#O[Y#N^
TPX[\Q_1 bQX[dYMUX#O[Y#N^

:C3? .,-­"-­*",,)'"%'("%

",5/0341,! %1./4,26,

Você também pode gostar