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APOSTILA
TEORIA
MUSICAL I
TEORIA
MUSICAL I "Onde há música não pode haver coisa má"
Miguel de Cervantes
Som
O som são vibrações produzidas por corpos vibratórios e transmitidas
através de ondas sonoras até nossos ouvidos. Portanto para termos som
precisamos ter: algo que vibre os corpos sonoros, algo que o transmita as
ondas sonoras e algo que o recepte a vibração produzida. O número de
vibrações produzidas por minutos é denominado, freqüência, e a unidade de
medida utilizada para ela é chamada decibel.
Os sons podem ser classificados como sons musicais ou ruídos.
Os sons musicais possuem uma freqüência de vibrações definidas e
transmitidas através de vibrações regulares. Por exemplo, o som dos
instrumentos musicais.
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Propriedades do som
Os sons musicais possuem quatro propriedades:
Altura – Qualidade de um som ser grave, médio ou agudo.
Duração – Qualidade de um som ser mais longo ou mais curto, ou seja,
tempo durante o qual o som se mantém.
Intensidade – Qualidade de um som ser forte ou fraco.
Timbre – Qualidade pela qual se reconhece a fonte geradora do som. É
através do timbre que podemos identificar os mais diversos instrumentos
e os diferentes tipos de vozes.
Notação Musical
É um sistema de escrita que representa graficamente com símbolos uma
peça musical. As formas mais populares atualmente são a Partitura, a Cifra e a
Tablatura.
Símbolos estes tais como: notas, pauta ou pentagrama e clave
encontrados na Partitura, letras do alfabeto simbolizando acordes na Cifra e
linhas horizontais representando as cordas do instrumento na Tablatura.
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As linhas e espaços suplementares são contados de baixo para cima
quando superiores e de cima para baixo quando inferiores.
Claves – É um sinal colocado no início da pauta e serve para dar nome e
altura às notas escritas na pauta.
Existem três sinais de claves:
Clave de sol –
Existe ainda outro símbolo gráfico chamado clave neutra, que não tem o
mesmo uso das demais. Sua utilização não permite determinar a altura das
linhas e espaços da pauta. Serve apenas para indicar que a clave será utilizada
para representar instrumentos de percussão de altura não determinada, como
uma bateria, ou um conjunto de congas.
Clave neutra –
MI SOL SI RÉ FÁ FÁ LÁ DÓ MI
SOL LÁ SI DÓ RÉ MI FÁ SOL
RÉ DÓ SI LÁ SOL FÁ MI
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Nomes das notas na clave de fá na 4ª linha.
Valores
A representação gráfica das diferentes durações do som e do silêncio é
feita por sinais chamados figuras ou valores.
As figuras de notas representam a duração do som e as figuras de
pausas representam a duração do silêncio. Cada figura de nota possui uma
correspondente de pausa.
Figuras de notas e de pausas:
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Ligadura, Ponto de aumento e Ponto de Diminuição
Ligadura é uma linha curva colocada sobre ou sob figuras de notas,
para prolongar sons de mesma altura.
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Compassos
Compasso é a divisão de um trecho musical em séries regulares de
tempos, que se repete regularmente, sempre na mesma proporção e na
mesma disposição.
De acordo com a teoria francesa de compassos, são divididos entre
simples e compostos e por sua quantidade de tempos são classificados em:
binário, ternário, quaternário, etc.
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Semitom, Tom e Alterações
Semitom e tom e são intervalos, ou seja, unidades de medida das
distâncias entre as notas musicais.
O semitom (ou meio tom) é a menor distância entre duas notas na
música ocidental no sistema musical temperado.
O tom é a distância equivalente a dois semitons.
Enarmonia
As notas musicais de nomes diferentes, mas com a mesma altura,
denominam-se notas enarmônicas.
Dó# = Réb / Fá# = Solb / Si# = Dó
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Escalas
Escala é uma sucessão de notas diferentes ascendentes e
descendentes.
A escala diatônica é uma sequência de sete notas diferentes e
consecutivas com a oitava sendo a repetição da primeira, possuindo intervalos
de tom e semitom.
De acordo com a relação de tons e semitons e sua relação com a
primeira nota, podemos ter dois modos, o Maior e o Menor.
A escala diatônica modelo do modo maior é a Dó maior que tem dois
semitons entre os graus III-IV e VII-I, entre os demais há um tom.
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