Apostila de Inglês MANDETTA

APOSTILA
DE
INGLÊS
Professor
Lenine Ribas
PREPARATÓRIO PARA CONCURSO DA CAIXA ECONÔMICA FEDERAL - EDITAL
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Caro aluno (a),
É com muito orgulho que apresentamos a você o Módulo 1 do nosso curso de inglês. Nele você encontrará os conte-
údos para garantir sua aprovação.
Desenvolveremos os conteúdos, mas daremos muita importância à leitura e à interpretação de textos em inglês.
Esses são aspectos centrais para que possamos ajudar você a chegar ao topo. Ler diferentes textos e ficar ligado
nas notícias atuais são elementos muito importantes.
Desejo um excelente semestre!
Prof. Lenine Ribas
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Introdução à leitura
Palavras repetidas: as palavras repetidas em um texto possuem um valor muito importante. Um autor não repete as
palavras em vão. Se elas são repetidas, é porque são importantes dentro de texto.
General Comprehension: a ideia geral de um texto é obtida com o emprego das técnicas anteriores. Selecionando-se
criteriosamente algumas palavras, termos e expressões no texto, poderemos chegar à ideia geral dele.
Skimming (“skim”) em inglês é deslizar à superfície, desnatar (daí skimmed milk = leite desnatado), passar os olhos por.
A técnica de “skimming” nos leva a ler um texto superficialmente. Utilizar esta técnica não significa que precisamos ler
cada sentença, mas sim passar os olhos por sobre o texto, lendo algumas frases aqui e ali, procurando reconhecer certas
palavras e expressões que sirvam como ‘dicas’ na obtenção de informações sobre o texto.
Scanning (“Scan”) em Inglês quer dizer examinar, sondar, explorar. O que faz um scanner? Uma varredura, não é?!
Logo, com a técnica de “scanning”, você irá fazer uma varredura do texto, procurando detalhes e ideias objetivas.
Inferência: não perca tempo procurando saber o significado de uma palavra. Busque entendê-la por meio do contexto
em que está inserida.
Referente: é muito importante prestar atenção nas questões envolvendo referentes. Você pode ser cobrado a encontrar
o referente para uma variedade de palavras: um pronome pessoal (he, she, it, they), um pronome objeto (him, her, it,
them), um pronome relativo (who, which, that), entre outras. O referente normalmente precede o pronome ou o adjetivo
na passagem textual em que está localizado. É muito importante, no entanto, analisar o período inteiro.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Usado para descrever ações no presente, hábitos, fatos genéricos, etc.
IS + NOT = ISN’T
ARE + NOT = AREN’T
Verbo “to be” (ser, estar):
Afirmativas (sujeito + verbo + objeto):
I am - I am a doctor (Eu sou médico) / I am in Brazil (Eu estou no Brasil). You are – You are cool (Você é legal) / You are
right (Você está certo).
He is – He is my brother (Ele é meu irmão) / He is on a trip (Ele está numa viagem). She is – She is my mother (Ela é minha
irmã)/ She is at home (Ela está em casa).
We are – We are friends (Nós somos amigos)/ We are tired (Nós estamos cansados).
You are – You are mates (Vocês são colegas) / You are at work (Vocês estão no trabalho). They are – They are students
(Eles são estudantes) They are in Lisbon (Eles estão em Lisboa).
Interrogativas (verbo + sujeito + objeto):
O verbo é deslocado para o começo da frase. Ao final, basta acrescentar o ponto de interrogação.
Is she a nice girl? Are we in Brazil? Are they teachers? Is he a doctor?
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SIMPLE PAST
O Simple Past é equivalente ao passado simples na língua portuguesa.
USOS:
O Simple Past é usado para indicar ações passadas já concluídas, ou seja, para falar de fatos que já aconteceram; que
começaram e terminaram no passado.
Para reforçar o uso desse tempo verbal, muitas expressões temporais são utilizadas nas frases.
Os exemplos mais usuais são: yesterday (ontem), the day before yesterday (anteontem), last night (ontem à noite), last year (ano
passado), last month (mês passado), last week(semana passada), ago (atrás), etc.
Veja algumas frases no Simple Past com as expressões acima:
• We did not go to school yesterday. (Nós não fomos para a escola ontem.)
• His birthday was the day before yesterday. (O aniversário dele foi anteontem.)
• She studied Math last night. (Ela estudou matemática ontem à noite.)
• I traveled1/travelled2to Brazil last year. (Eu viajei para o Brasil ano passado.)
• They visited their uncle last month. (Eles visitaram o tio deles mês passado.)
• I called you three days ago. (Eu telefonei para você três dias atrás.)
• We learned how to dance samba last week. (Nós aprendemos a dançar samba semana passada.)
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Formação do Simple Past
A formação básica do Simple Past é feita com o uso do auxiliar did nas formas negativa e interrogativa, e com o acréscimo de –
ed, –ied ou –d ao final do verbo principal no infinitivo, sem o to, na forma afirmativa.
Observe as tabelas abaixo e confira exemplos de conjugação do Simple Past.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I danced I did not dance Did I dance?
You danced You did not dance Did you dance?
He danced He did not dance Did he dance?
She danced She did not dance Did she dance?
It danced It did not dance Did it dance?
We danced We did not dance Did we dance?
You danced You did not dance Did you dance?
They danced They did not dance Did they dance?
Exemplo: verbo to dance (dançar - regular)

Exemplo: verbo to fly (voar - irregular)
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I flew I did not fly Did I fly?
You flew You did not fly Did you fly?
He flew He did not fly Did he fly?
She flew She did not fly Did she fly?
It flew It did not fly Did it fly?
We flew We did not fly Did we fly?
You flew You did not fly Did you fly?
They flew They did not fly Did they fly?
Affirmative form (forma afirmativa)

Regular verbs (verbos regulares)
Para usar os verbos regulares em frases afirmativas no Simple Past, basta mudar a terminação do verbo de acordo com as
seguintes regras:
1. Aos verbos regulares terminados em –e, acrescenta-se somente o –d no final do verbo:

• to love (amar) – loved
• to lie (mentir) – lied
• to arrive (chegar) – arrived
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• to like (gostar) – liked

•
2. Aos verbos regulares terminados em consoante+vogal+consoante (CVC), duplica-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se o –ed:
• stop (parar) – stopped
• control (controlar) – controlled
• plan (planejar) – planned
• prefer (prefer) – preferred
•
3. Aos verbos terminados em –y precedido de consoante, retira-se o y e acrescenta-se o –ied:
• to study (estudar) – studied
• to worry (preocupar-se) – worried
• to cry (chorar) – cried
• to try (tentar) – tried
•
4. Aos verbos terminados em –y precedido de vogal, acrescenta-se somente o –ed:
• enjoy (aproveitar) – enjoyed
• stay (ficar) – stayed
• play(brincar; jogar) – played
Irregular verbs (verbos irregulares)
Os verbos irregulares não seguem o padrão de formação do Simple Past dos verbos regulares. Eles não seguem as regras
indicadas acima pois possuem uma forma própria.
Simple
Infinitive Translation
Past
abide abode permanecer, sobreviver
awake awoke despertar, acordar
be was/were ser; estar
become became tornar-se; transformar-se
begin began começar
buy bought comprar
come came vir; chegar
do did fazer; cuidar; funcionar
go went ir; partir
have had ter; possuir
make made fazer; criar
say said dizer
sleep slept dormir
speak spoke falar; dizer
take took pegar; tirar
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Simple
Infinitive Translation
Past
write wrote escrever; anotar
Compreensão de texto
PRESENT PERFECT
USOS
1. Para falar sobre experiências:
• I’ve worked in 6 different countries.

• Have you ever been to Australia?
• She’s won many awards for her books.
O importante é lembrar que o foco é a ação, não o “ quando” aconteceu.
DICA – Se dizemos “quando”, usamos past simple.
• I’ve visited Russia several times.
2. Usamos esse tempo para falar sobre coisas que ainda não acabaram – períodos inacabados
• I’ve known him since I was 11. (unfinished state)
I met him when I was 11. I still know him now. The present perfect is acting as a bridge between
the past and the present.
• I’ve had this watch for almost thirty years.

• We’ve lived here since I was a boy.
• She’s been to the cinema three times this week. (unfinished time period)
This week isn’t finished yet – she may go to the cinema again.
• We’ve already had two holidays this year.

• I’ve eaten too much today.
3. Outro uso é mostrar o resultado presente de uma ação.
• I’ve lost my keys.
He lost his keys some time in the past but the result – he can’t get into his house – is in the present.
• John’s broken his leg and he can’t go on holiday.

• A storm has blown down the telephone lines. We’re stuck here!
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Compreensão de texto
The Greenhouse Effect
A greenhouse is a house made of glass. The sun shines right through the glass and makes it warm inside the greenhouse.
It is possible to grow flowers and vegetables inside a greenhouse in the winter. Scientists have a theory that a lot of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere will act like the glass in a greenhouse. As the sun shines through the carbon dioxide blanket, the
atmosphere will get hotter and hotter. Carbon dioxide is produced by combustion, the burning of fuel. It is being added to
the normal atmosphere as we have more and more cars, more and more houses
and industries. In short, more people produce more carbon dioxide. Scientists predict that as a result of more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, there will be a global warming, or a long-term rise in temperatures over the earth.
According to the text, we can infer that:

a) Carbon dioxide is only produced by industries and by cars.
b) Scientists believe that the rise in temperatures over the earth
is the main cause of a global warming.
c) As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
increases, the temperature over the earth will rise.
d) Global warming is the phenomenon in which the atmosphere
temperature is hotter than the earth’s surface.
Lufthansa Now Says It Knew of Co-Pilot Andreas

Lubitz’s History of Depression
The co-pilot at the controls of the German jetliner that crashed last week had informed Lufthansa in 2009 about his de-
pressive episodes, the company said Tuesday. In a statement, Lufthansa said the co-pilot had conveyed the information
when he sought to rejoin the airline’s flight school after a monthslong pause in his studies. French prosecutors said that
Mr. Lubitz appeared to have intentionally crashed the jet into the French Alps on March 24. The plane descended a little
under 10 minutes before it struck the earth, killing all 150 people aboard. Prosecutors in Germany said Monday that he
had been treated for suicidal tendencies.
GLOSSARY
conveyed – transmitiu
sought – procurou
monthslong – com duração de meses
prosecutors - promotores
According to the text,

a) Lufthansa was informed about the co-pilot’s depressive
episodes.
b) Lufthansa prosecutors believe the co-pilot intentionally
crashed the plane.
c) The co-pilot took a long pause in his studies before he was
diagnosed with depression.
d) The co-pilot Andreas Lubitz hadn’t informed Lufthansa
about his psychological condition before the accident.
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The boy’s mother is nervous because the

a) computer’s desk is dirty.
b) boy got dirty when he was surfing the net.
c) pictures on the computer screen are confused.
d) boy is getting dirty pictures on the internet.
The boy’s mother is expressing a

a) threat
b) request
c) stimulus
d) commitment
Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates has ordered the Air Force and Navy to study what future joint weapons system (...)
will be able to surveil an enemy target. (...) That study's results will help Gates shape the Pentagon's requests for funding
in the global strike area beginning with the 2012 budget, according to a draft of the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR),
the final version of which will be released Monday. The congressionally mandated review, done every four years, "clarifies
the secretary's priorities" and communicates his "intent for the next several years of the department's work," according to
the document.
“Gates orders Air Force and Navy to study joint weapons system”
(Washington Post online February 1, 2010)
I) The study involves the analysis of joint weapons to be used by Air Force and Navy.
II) QDR is prepared on an annual basis.
III) Robert M. Gates was ordered to prepare the study.
a) I, only.
b) I and III,only.
c) I, II and III.
d) II and III, only.
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Artigos
Há, em Inglês, três artigos: A, AN, THE. Os dois primeiros são artigos indefinidos e servem para mostrar ao interlocutor
em questão que o substantivo que ele introduz é desconhecido ou indeterminado. “The”, por sua vez, é um artigo definido,
usado para mostrar ao interlocutor que o substantivo introduzido é conhecido ou já foi anteriormente mencionado. Usos:
THE:
O artigo definido é usado:
• antes de substantivos que podem ser precedidos ou não por adjetivos.
Ex: the girl (a menina) the pretty girl (a menina bonita)
• antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais ou nomes de famílias.
Ex: the piano (o piano) the Kennedys (os Kennedys)
• antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, ilhas, rios, montanhas, países, hotéis, cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.
Ex: the Pacific (o Pacífico)
the United States (os Estados Unidos), etc.
• antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.
Ex: the poor (os pobres) the rich (os ricos)
• antes de um substantivo único na espécie.
Ex: the earth (a terra) the sun (o sol)
Quando o artigo the é omitido:

• antes de nomes próprios, nomes de línguas e ciências.
Ex: Beth English (Inglês) geography (geografia)
• antes de substantivos de uso comum e de substantivos incontáveis.
Ex: gold (ouro) money (dinheiro) coffee (café)
• antes de pronomes possessivos.
Ex: our dress (nosso vestido) their house (casa deles(as))
• antes de alguns substantivos como home, church, school, hospital, bed, prison,quando usados para o seu propósito
original.
Ex: I go to church. (to pray)
Eu vou para a igreja. (para rezar)
I go to school. (to study)
Eu vou para a escola. (para estudar)
A, AN
Existem dois artigos indefinidos com usos diferentes no inglês: a, an
• A: é usado antes de sons de consoantes.
Ex: a car (um carro) a chair (uma cadeira)
• AN: é usado antes de sons de vogais.
Ex: an egg (um ovo) an umbrella (um guarda-chuva)
“A” é usado antes de palavras iniciados por sons consonantais. Exemplos:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“AN” é usado antes de palavras iniciadas por sons vocálicos. Exemplos:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ATENÇÃO: EM AMBOS OS CASOS, ELES NÃO PODEM SER COLOCADOS DIANTE DE

PLURAL.
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(EEAR)
Mr. O’Brian: Hi, I’m Paul O’Brian. I’m from ____

insurance company. Do you have ____ middle name?
Mr. Calas: Yes, my full name is Antonio Carrera
Calas.
Mr. O’Brian: Right. Where do you live, Mr. Calas?
Mr. Calas: I live in ____ apartment in San Colorado.
Mr. O’Brian: San Colorado, I see. And what do you
do for a living?
Mr. Calas: I’m ___ real estate agent.
a) an – a – an – a
b) a – an – an – a
c) an – an – a – a
d) an – an – an – a
Questões Gerais
FMU-SP) Fill in the blanks with the correct answers: ___ Mary's brother doesn't play ___ soccer but he plays
___ guitar and ___ drums.
a) The - the - the - X
b) X - X - X - the
c) X - the - X - X
d) X - X - the - the
e) The - X - X - the
(FIC-PR) O artigo definido está correto na alternativa:
a) I was in United States the last year.
b) All the Browns like oranges.
c) The Peter left a minute ago.
d) The Iraq sells oil to the Brazil.
e) The cats are domestic animals
(UFRGS) We can't say:"
a) A 1991 picture
b) A 2009 spaceship
c) A 1625 war
d) A 2002 car
e) A 1880 revolution
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(FMU) "I want ___ one-dollar bill to buy ___ envelope and ___ useful book", said ___ boy who has just arrived.
a) the - an - an - an
b) an - an - an - the
c) an - a - a - a
d) the - the - the - an
e) a - an - a - the
Substantivos (NOUN)
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
Regra geral: acrescenta-se a letra ’s’ ao final da palavra.
BOOK - BOOKS
PEN - PENS
SCHOOL - SCHOOLS
Exceção 1: substantivos terminados em s, ss, sh, ch, x, z, o, acrescenta-se ‘es’.
BUS - BUSES
GLASS - GLASSES
DISH - DISHES
FOX - FOXES
Exceção 2: palavras terminadas em ‘y’, precedidas de consoante.
CITY -
UNIVERSITY -
Exceção 3: palavras termina-

das em fe ou f, troca-se por ves.
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Plural dos Irregulares
man - men
woman - women
gentleman - gentlemen
child - children
ox - oxen
person - people
tooth - teeth
foot - feet
goose - geese
mouse - mice
louse - lice
die - dice
Contáveis: são os substantivos que podem ser

contados.Exemplos:________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
___________________________________
Palavras cuja forma para o plural e singular é a mesma:

aircraft
deer
elk
fish*
grouse
salmon
sheep
shrimp
trout
Incontáveis: são aqueles que não podem ser

contados. Exemplos:____________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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Exercícios
Prática textual e interpretativa

Sister Cities
Vancouver is a city located in Canada. It became a city in 1886. Its population is over 560,000 people. During the summer,
temperatures are up to 18ºC. Its sister city,Yokohama, is located in Japan. It became a city in 1889. Temperatures during
the summer may get to 24ºC. It has 3,500,000 people.
According to the text,

a) Vancouver is younger than Yokohama.
b) Yokohama isn’t as big as Vancouver in population.
c) Yokohama is larger in population than Vancouver.
d) Vancouver is as warm as Yokohama during the summer.
Teacher: Donald, what is the chemical formula for water?

Donald: HIJKLMNO.
Teacher: What are you talking about?
Donald: Yesterday you said it’s H to O.
Teacher: No! I said H20. You’ve heard me wrong.
We can infer that

a) The student said that the teacher was wrong.
b) The student wanted to spell the whole alphabet.
c) The formula for water consists of more than two letters.
d) The pronunciation of the number “two” and the preposition“to” is the same.
Dependency on the Internet can affect our emotional, personal and
professional lives. Many specialists say this kind of addiction should
be treated as if it were a psychological _________. ( Maganews # 42)
GLOSSARY
addiction – vício
All the words below can be used to fill in the paragraph, except:
a) hurt
b) illness
c) problem
d) sickness
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(Leia o texto para responder às questões 2 e 3)
“And now here (1) is my secret, a very (2) simple secret: It is only with the heart that one can see rightly (3); what is es-
sential (4) is invisible to the eye.”
2. “heart”, in bold type in the extract, refers to

a) chest.
b) feelings.
c) suffering.
d) body organ.
Adjetivos
Os adjetivos são usados para descrever, qualificar substantivos. Diferentemente do Português, os adjetivos em
Inglês não possuem:
GÊNERO, isto é, utiliza-se o mesmo adjetivo tanto para o masculino quanto para o feminino. Observe os exemplos:
a new car (um carro novo)

a new house (uma casa nova)
one small cup (uma xícara pequena)

five small cups (cinco xícaras pequenas)
rich woman (mulher rica)

rich women (mulheres ricas)
Posição dos Adjetivos
Os adjetivos são usados, em sua maioria, antes dos substantivos que eles qualificam. Essa regra também é válida para
quando estiverem presentes dois ou mais adjetivos. Os adjetivos podem se posicionar, também, depois de alguns
verbos de ligação. Observe as posições dos adjetivos nos exemplos abaixo:
ANTES DE SUBSTANTIVOS:
hard lesson
fat woman
clean fork
ADJETIVOS FORMADOS PELO GERÚNDIO (-ING) E PELO PARTICÍPIO (-ED) DE UM VERBO:
Existem adjetivos formados pelo gerúndio (-ing) e pelo particípio (-ed) de um verbo. A terminação “Ing” possui sentido
ativo, indicando atributo de alguma coisa ou pessoa. A terminação “Ed” possui sentido passivo e refere-se ao
sentimento de alguém por alguma coisa ou pessoa.
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EXEMPLOS!
COMPARATIVO E SUPERLATIVO
A partir de um adjetivo, podemos comparar duas pessoas, dois objetos, etc.
Vejamos algumas regras básicas!

Quando o adjetivo tem apenas uma sílaba:
Acrescente ER no final da palavra para comparativos e EST para superlativos. Exemplos:
Adj Comparativo Superlativo
tall taller tallest

old older oldest
long longer longest
Como usamos o comparativo entre duas coisas, é preciso usar o THAN (do que) depois do adjetivo. No superlativo,
usamos o artigo THE antes do adjetivo:
John is taller than George.
Quando o adjetivo de uma única sílaba termina em E, acrescentamos somente o R no

final, para comparativos, e ST para superlativos. Exemplos:
Large-larger-largest
Wise-wiser-wisest
Jonh is the tallest of all the students.
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Quando o adjetivo de uma única

sílaba termina com uma consoante que foi
seguida de uma vogal, então é
preciso dobrar a consoante antes de
acrescentar ER ou EST. Exemplos:
Big-Bigger-Biggest
Thin-Thinner-Thinnest
Quando o adjetivo tem duas ou mais sílabas, acrescentamos MORE antes do adjetivo para usar como comparativo e THE
MOST como superlativo.
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant
careful more careful most careful
thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful
This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.

Mary is the most thoughtful person I’ve ever met.
Se um adjetivo de duas sílabas ou mais termina em Y, então se substitui o Y por I e acrescenta-se ER . Na forma
superlativa, substitui-se o Y por I e acrescenta-se EST.
Happy-happier-happiest
Angry-angrier-angriest
Busy-busier-busiest
ATENÇÃO: Se um adjetivo de duas sílabas ou mais termina ER, LE ou OW, então acrescenta-se somente ER para
comparativos e EST para superlativos.
Narrow-narrower-narrowest
Gentle-gentler-gentlest
Adjetivos irregulares:
Adj Comparativo Superlativo

good better best
bad worse worst
far further furthest
little less least
many more most
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Marcadores Discursivos
ADIÇÃO
And - e
Furthermore,In addition, Moreover, Besides, - além disso, in addition to.../ as well as... - além de...
Also; too/as well - também
both...and - tanto...quanto
not only...but also - não apenas...mas também
Exemplos:
There’s still a tendency to see the issues in black and white.

John, Jack and Sam are coming as well as our friends from Boston.
Peter is a photographer and also writes books.
She is a valued colleague and a great friend too/as well.
Sometimes it is not only wise to listen to your parents but also interesting.
CONTRASTE
but - mas
However, - Entretanto, /Porém,
Yet, / still, / Nevertheless, Despite
In spite of ... - apesar disso/apesar de ... Rather than... instead of... - ao invés de/ em vez de Although, though - em-
bora
While/whereas - enquanto que/ao passo que
On the one hand, - Por um lado,
On the other hand, - Por outro lado
In contrast (to/with),Unlike...,Differently from... - ao contrário de...
Exemplos:
I’d like to go but I’m too busy.

He’s overweight and bald; yet somehow, he’s incredibly attractive.
Despite all out efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it. She walked home by herself, although
she knew that it was dangerous.
On the one hand I’d like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.
Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first? He must be about sixty, whereas
his wife looks about thirty.
In contrast to Cuiabá, Curitiba has a cold winter.
CAUSA/CONSEQUÊNCIA
so - por isso/assim
Therefore, /Thus, Because of this/that, For this/that reason, Consequently, /As a result, - Portanto since - visto que/
uma vez que
because - porque/ por causa de so that - a fim de que
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Exemplos:
I was feeling hungry, so I made myself a sandwich.

Since you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask someone else. We didn’t enjoy the day because the
weather was so awful.
TEMPO / SEQUÊNCIA CRONOLÓGICA
First(ly), /To start with, - Primeiramente Second(ly), /Third(ly), - Em Segundo/terceiro lugar Then, /Next, /After that,
/Afterwards, - A seguir Finally, - Finalmente, /Por último
Formerly - no passado Nowadays/currently - atualmente Before / prior to - antes de after... - depois que/de
the former - o/a primeiro/a
The latter - o/a segundo/a
When - quando While - enquanto
Exemplos:
We had tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while.
The European Union was formerly called the European Community. Most people nowadays are aware of the im-
portance of a healthy diet.
All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.
Zimmerman changed his name after he left Germany. Of the two suggestions, I prefer the former.
She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter.
I went there when I was a child.
While I was in Italy, I went to see Alessandro.
EXEMPLIFICAÇÃO
for example, /for instance, /e.g. / i.e. - por exemplo such as - tal/tais como like - como
CONCLUSÃO
In short, / In conclusion, /In summary, Finally, /To sum up, - Finalmente, Em resumo
Exemplos:
That sum of money is to cover costs such as travel and accommodation.
To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking.
ÊNFASE
As a matter of fact, / In fact, / Actually, / Indeed, - De fato, / Na verdade.
QUESTÕES EEAR (2011) – COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL
A terrible thing happened to teacher Emma Rodriguez last year.

Her little son, Edgar, drank some floor cleaner. She took him to
the hospital. Edgar was OK and out of danger. But Emma decided that she wanted to make her home safer and happier.
20
4.In “teacher”, underlined in the paragraph, the suffix –“er” has the same function as the one in
a) safer.
b) danger.
c) cleaner.
d) happier.
(Leia o parágrafo para responder às questões 5 e 6)

Rio 2016: Yes, we can!
For the first time ever a South American city was chosen in Copenhagen, Denmark, to host the 2016 Olympic and Para-
lympic Games. In the next few years, Brazil’s image abroad could benefit if the country organizes the Olympics well (and
the World Cup in 2014). The first challenge is to tackle violence, to invest in social projects, and to step up security in Rio.
(From Maganews SET/2010)
GLOSSARY
abroad – no exterior
to tackle – enfrentar
to step up – melhorar/ dar um passo à frente
5. The opposite of “few”, in bold type in the text, is

a) little.
b) none.
c) some.
d) lots of.
6. Brazil’s image abroad could benefit, underlined in the text,

means that Brazil’s _______ abroad could be better.
a) scenery
b) feelings
c) reputation
d) photograph
(Leia o fragmento para responder à questão 7)
Deforestation has recently been recognized as a global problem. Even today, governments and individuals believe that
only the countries using up their forests will be affected by it. However, scientists are convinced that the world’s forests
must be preserved. They base their conviction on scientific data that prove the importance of forests to all people every-
where.
(Taken from Between the Lines)
GLOSSARY
data – dados
deforestation – desmatamento
to recognize – reconhecer
to use up – consumir totalmente
7. Based on the text,

a) deforestation is not a global problem.
b) scientific data prove the value of forests to everyone everywhere.
c) scientists and governments are not worried about deforestation.
d) governments and individuals are convinced that all countries will be affected by deforestation.
21
Exercícios gerais para prática
People may find difficult to know whether to make comparatives with -er or with more. Find in the following
four sentences which is the incorrect usage of this English structure.
a) These boots are much more expensive than those sandals I bought yesterday.
b) Although Pamela is more young than Peter, they attend the same classes in school.
c) She is happier now that everything is over.
d) You must be more careful with your studies from now on.
Read the text and choose true (T) or false (F) among the assertions.
BAE Systems, a British firm, took the top spot as the world's largest arms manufacturer in 2008. This is largely because
the company has pursued a strategy of expanding the American side of its business in recent years. The next five places
and most of the top 20 are made up of American firms that specialise in selling arms or have a defence division. America's
huge defence budget—it should reach some $700 billion in 2010— provides an inviting target for the country's home-
grown defence industry.
“The world's biggest arms-makers”
( ) The world’s largest arms manufacturer in 2008 was an American company.

( ) The American defence industry is not stimulated to grow.
( ) BAE Systems has expanded the American side of its business in the last years.
( ) United States has a large budget for defence.
a) F – F – T – T b) F – T – F – T c) T – T – T – F d) F – F – F – T
The reflexive pronouns are used when people do something to themselves. Choose the alternative that com-
pletes correctly the sentence below.
Talking to ____________ is the first sign of madness.

a) itself
b) herself
c) yourself
d) himself
Jeanne M. Holm, 88, who opened doors for women in the military as the first female general in the Air Force and the first
woman in any military branch to reach the rank of two-star general, died Feb. 15 of cardiovascular disease. (...) Using a
combination of tact and high-level maneuvering honed by years of duty at the Pentagon, she increased opportunities for
women in the Air Force and other branches of the military. She banished outdated uniforms for the women under her
command, secured plum overseas assignments that had long been denied and expanded the field of jobs available to
women.
“Jeanne M. Holm, 88, dies; first female Air Force general”
Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns.

Mrs. Johnson is a very busy woman. ______ takes care of _____ four children, taking _____ to and from school every day,
working almost ten hours per day at her office and doing volunteering work in the evening at an association which helps
the elderly. However, _____ does not feel tired; _____ is happy when everything is alright at the end of the day.
a) him/her/her/she/her b) she/her/them/hers/her c) he/them/her/she/she d) she/her/them/she/she
Read the following text and mark the answer that fills in the gaps correctly and respectively.
I decided to take the bus to go to work today. When the first bus arrived, __________ people were already on it and I
couldn't find a place to sit down at first. There were __________ empty sits in the back of the bus, but it seemed impossible
to reach them. I was thinking about giving up, but I saw a friend of mine and walked to him. It took me __________ while to
reach him and we didn't have __________ fun because we kept bumping into people and it was impossible to chat. Finally,
we decided to get out of the bus and walk to work. This was __________ better.
a) few/a few/little/none/any
b) many/a few/a little/much/much
c) any/much/a little/much/any
d) many/any/a little/many/much
22
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject pronouns replace nouns that are the subject of their clause. In the 3rd person, subject pronouns are often
used to avoid repetition of the subject's name.
EXAMPLES
▪ I am 16.
▪ You seem lost.
▪ Jim is angry, and he wants Sally to apologize.
▪ This table is old. It needs to be repainted.
▪ We aren't coming.
▪ They don't like pancakes.
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Object pronouns are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object of a clause.
EXAMPLES
▪ Give the book to me.

▪ The teacher wants to talk to you.
▪ Jake is hurt because Bill hit him.
▪ Rachid recieved a letter from her last week.
▪ Mark can't find it.
▪ Don't be angry with us.
▪ Tell them to hurry up!
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (DETERMINERS)

Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them at the same time as pro-
nouns, however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives function as ad-
jectives, so they appear before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as pronouns do.
EXAMPLES
▪ Did mother find my shoes?

▪ Mrs. Baker wants to see your homework.
▪ Can Jake bring over his baseball cards?
▪ Samantha will fix her bike tomorrow.
▪ The cat broke its leg.
▪ This is our house.
▪ Where is their school?
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as either the subject or the object of a clause. Because the noun
being replaced doesn't appear in the sentence, it must be clear from the context.
EXAMPLES
▪ This bag is mine.

▪ Yours is not blue.
▪ That bag looks like his.
▪ These shoes are not hers.
▪ That car is ours.
▪ Theirs is parked in the garage.
23
REFLEXIVE & INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive and intensive pronouns are the same set of words but they have different functions in a sentence.
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause because the subject of the action is also the direct or indi-
rect object. Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot remove a reflexive pronoun from a sentence
because the remaining sentence would be grammatically incorrect.
EXAMPLES
▪ I told myself to calm down.

▪ You cut yourself on this nail?
▪ He hurt himself on the stairs.
▪ She found herself in a dangerous part of town.
▪ The cat threw itself under my car!
▪ We blame ourselves for the fire.
▪ The children can take care of themselves.
Intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of a clause. They are not the object of the action. The intensive pronoun
can always be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning significantly, although the emphasis on the
subject will be removed. Intensive pronouns can be placed immediately after the subject of the clause, or at the end
of the clause.
EXAMPLES
▪ I made these cookies myself.

▪ You yourself asked Jake to come.
▪ The Pope himself pardoned Mr. Brown.
▪ My teacher didn't know the answer herself.
▪ The test itself wasn't scary, but my teacher certainly is.
▪ We would like to finish the renovation before Christmas ourselves.
▪ They themselves told me the lost shoe wasn't a problem.
24
EXERCÍCIOS
Read the text and answer questions 1, 2 and 3.
“These are some of the questions that parents ask themselves as their children grow up and move on:
Will they sleep through the night?
Will they learn to read?
Will they get good grades?

Will they avoid drugs?
Will they be responsible about sex? Will they get into a decent school? Will they go to college?”
1 – According to the text,
a) children don’t want to grow up and move on.
b) children ask all these questions to their parents.
c) parents are worried about their children’s future.
d) parents don’t want to know anything about their children’s life.
2 – The sentences with “will”, in the text, were used to
a) change habits.
b) ask for advice.
c) give permission.
d) question about future.
3 – “move on”, (line 2), is closest in meaning to
a) marry.
b) go away.
c) have fun.
d) give a party.
4 – According to the use of the definite article, choose the best alternative.
a) He is learning guitar and piano.
b) The France is famous for its wine.
c) The Biology is an important science.
d) The Queen of England lives in London.
I’m Brenda. I’m a housewife, age 36. I can organise my week as I want. So long as there are clean clothes to
wear and meals to eat, nobody really minds how or when I do the housework.The bad thing is that housework
is so repetitive and unrewarding. Nobody notices if you do clean the bathroom. It ́s only if you don’t clean it
that they will say anything
25
GLOSSARY:
unrewarding = sem compensação
5 – According to the text, Brenda
a) decides how and when to do her housework.
b) doesn’t mind if the housework is repetitive.
c) should clean the bathroom first.
d) is very efficient.
6 – We can infer from the text that people only care about the housework when they realize
I) the bathroom is really clean.
II) how repetitive the housework is.
c) they can’t find clean clothes to wear.
d) how difficult is to organize the house.
7 – “Brenda is a housewife” means that she works
a) for another family.
b) as a housekeeper.
c) in a hotel.
d) at home.
Read the extract and answer the question.
This week Teen Magazine’s competition is for all you young inventors. Do you have any good ideas? If you
answered yes, make a drawing and describe your invention; then send us the design.
There is a prize _____ the best idea.
8 – Choose the best alternative to have the text completed:
a) of
b) for
c) from
d) about
Read the joke and answer the question.
“Doctor, doctor, I keep thinking I’m invisible.” “Who ______ that?”
26
9 – Choose the best alternative to complete the blank in the dialog.
a) said
b) did say
c) do you say
d) did you say
Read the joke and answer the question.
Teacher: “Johnny, how can you prove the world is round?” Johnny: “I never said it was, miss.”
10 – The modal verb, underlined in the dialog, expresses
a) ability.
b) advice.
c) possibility.
d) permission.
Read the text and answer questions 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15.
Who Sleeps?
Reptiles, birds and mammals all sleep. Some fish and amphibians reduce their awareness but do not ever become
unconscious like the higher vertebrates do. Insects do not appear to sleep, although they may
become inactive in daylight or darkness.

By studying brainwaves, it is known that reptiles do not dream. Birds dream a little. Mammals all dream during sleep.
Whales and dolphins are “conscious breathers” and because they need to keep conscious
while they sleep in order to breathe, only one half of their brain sleeps at a time.
GLOSSARY:
awareness = consciência
11 – According to the text,
a) all animals fall asleep.
b) frogs are never asleep.
c) reptiles neither sleep nor dream.
d) insects are very active to become unconscious
Do you work in an open plan office? If so, it may be damaging your health. A recent study of employees in Denmark found
that people who work in open spaces take significantly more sick leave. The biggest problem with the open office is
simply noise. In another study by the Cornell University psychologists Gary Evans and Dana Johnson, clerical workers who
were exposed to open-office noise for three hours became less motivated and less creative. The open office was invented
in Germany, in the nineteen-fifties, to facilitate communication and idea flow but recent evidence suggests that the oppo-
site is true.
1.“May” (line 1) gives us an ideia of

27
a) possibility
b) obligation
c) permission
d) necessity
2. “Simply” is a
a) verb
b) adjective
c) adverb
d) noun
3. “Who” (line 3) could be replaced by

a) that
b) whom
c) which
d) whose
4. “Open-office”, in the text is an example of

a) verb
b) adjective
c) noun
d) adverb
5. “Demaging” (line 1) is closest in meaning to

a) prejudice
b) harm
c) shut
d) flawless
6. “Evidence suggests” gives an ideia of

a) probability
b) doubt
c) fact
d) unknown structure
7. “The biggest problem” is

a) a comparative sentence
b) a superlative sentence
c) a passive voice sentence
d) a quantifier sentence
8) According to the text, all alternatives are correct, except:

a) there´s no trouble at all in open-offices.
b) Open-offices were invented in Germany in 1915.
c) There are some problems in open-offices.
d) In open-offices there are only clerical workers.
Montreal company is showing how cities can feed themselves with rooftop gardens. Lufa Farms, founded in 2009, built the
world’s first commercial rooftop greenhouse in 2011. Customers order on-line, the food is harvested in the morning and
delivered _____hours later to pick-up points around the city. So there is no waste. For $30 a week, customers get a weekly
basket of fresh organic food. As the world population continues to grow, good farmland is rapidly disappearing. Farming
on rooftops gives urban residents access to local produce that they would otherwise have imported from hundreds of miles
away.
9. “Customer” (line 2) is closest in meaning to

a) Salesperson
b) Receptionist
c) Client
d) Workers
28
10. According to the text

a) They collect food early in the morning.
b) They take really care of rotten food.
c) Food is delivered worldwide.d) It is vital to eat organic food.
11. “Montreal company is showing” is an example of

a) a present progressive sentence.
b) a past continuous sentence.
c) an infinitive structure.
d) a present perfect continuous sentence.
12. Otherwise in bold type gives us an idea of

a) Contrast
b) Adding
c) Cause
d) Denial
13. “Have imported” is

a) a Present Perfect sentence
b) b) a Present Simple sentence
c) a Past Simple sentence
d) a Present Progressive sentence
14. Complete the blankets with the correct expression

a) a few
b) few
c) a little
d) little
15. “As”, underlined in the text could be replaced by

a)like
b) such as
c) while
d) through
16. “Get”, in bold type is closest in meaning to

a) purchase
b) obtain
c) deliver
d) exchange
A Canadian family has decided to spend a year living as if it was 1986. Blair McMillan was concerned that his kids
spent________time indoors with technology. He wanted them to experience what it was like when he was growing
up. That means no I-pods, mobile phones or Internet. If they need information, they have to go to the library and look
up an encyclopedia. For entertainment, they have a VHS player to watch movies and cassette tapes to listen to. When
travelling, they use only paper maps and have to wait to have their photos developed. The family dress in vintage clothes,
have 80’s hairdos and the dad has a true Magnum PI moustache. So far, Blair says his family talk more and are
much closer.
17. “Them, underlined in text, refers to

a) Members of the family
b) family
c) kids
d) Blair McMillan
18. All plural forms are correct, except

a) Technologies
b) Families
c) informations
d) Dresses
29
19. “Have to” gives us an idea of

a) Suggestion
b) Obligation
c) Advice
d) Possibility
20. “Concerned” is closest in meaning to

a) worried
b) unknown
c) talkative
d)about
21. According to the text,

a) The family is going back in time in relation to style.
b) The family wants to look like a royal one.
c) The family is arguing so that they are going to buy I-pads.
d) The family is progressive.
22. Complete the blanks with the appropriate form

a) a few
b) so many
c) too much
d) too many
If you can’t stand ironing, there’s great news you. Wool&Prince have invented a shirt that you can wear 100 times before
it needs to be washed and ironed. It is made of a type of wool that doesn’t wrinkle and fights off nasty odours too. The
company used a group of testers who wore the shirt while backpacking, clubbing and working out. However, it always
stayed fresh and clean, even after one tester crumpled his up and left it in his rucksack all day. At just under 100 dollars,
it’s not exactly cheap, but just think about the time you will save, not to mention the reduction in your laundry expenses.
23. “Can’t stand” in bold type, is closest in meaning to

a) can’t tolerate
b)Can’t accept
c) Can’t do
d) Can’t avoid
24. “However” gives an idea of

a) Adding
b) Conclusion
c) Contrast
d) Cause
POLLUTION
Pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly or indirectly. Human health,
ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected and altered permanently by pollution.
Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid of substances introduced into the environment. The critical threshold of its
ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the balance of the ecosystem is broken.
The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their effects on ecosystems is
complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents.
These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet where they live: destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality
of the human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water, and air.
Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of sustainable development.
We must consider satisfying the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This
means that we should remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources to protect the environment
and public health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law, and polluters should pay compensation for the damage
caused to the environment.
Fonte: University Mentouri Bros. Constantine. Department of Lettres and the English Language. English for Science and Tech-
nology Practice. Prepared and presented by Prof. Nacif Labed, April 2020.
The sentence: “Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of sustainable
development” means that:
30
A.A prevenção da poluição e a proteção do meio ambiente exigem a aplicação dos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável.
B. Precisamos de projetos para que o meio ambiente seja explorado de forma que as pessoas não percebam as poluições.
C. Não podemos conviver com o meio ambiente ou ele será totalmente deteriorado e toda a população será prejudicada.
D. Ainda que as leis sejam cumpridas, o meio ambiente sofrerá poluições e os seres humanos não arcarão com as consequências
futuramente.
E. Devemos combater a poluição, mas, não se preocupar com fontes futuras de poluição ou com os princípios do desenvolvi-
mento sustentável.
2. In the second square, the possessive adjective "their" refers to:
A. Aos desenvolvedores de e-mails.
B. Ao governo.
C. Aos programas.
D. Ao processo de acessar aos e-mails.
E. Aos usuários de e-mail.
3. In the sentence: “Couldn't you easily rig the vote to support your own selfish ambitions? Refers to:
A. A intenção do cachorro ao juntar os usuários de e-mail é poder manipulá-los para seu próprio bem.
B. O humano duvida que os usuários farão parte de um sistema democrático por livre e espontânea vontade.
C. O cachorro usará os dados políticos e econômicos dos usuários para moldar um sistema democrático.
D. Os e-mails não estão funcionando corretamente e por isso a democracia não funciona.
E. O cachorro quer ajudar os humanos a criar um sistema democrático forte.
31
32

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APOSTILA

Caro aluno (a),

Desejo um excelente semestre!

Prof. Lenine Ribas

Usado para descrever ações no presente, hábitos, fatos genéricos, etc.

Verbo “to be” (ser, estar):

Afirmativas (sujeito + verbo + objeto):

Interrogativas (verbo + sujeito + objeto):

Is she a nice girl? Are we in Brazil? Are they teachers? Is he a doctor?

O Simple Past é equivalente ao passado simples na língua portuguesa.

Veja algumas frases no Simple Past com as expressões acima:

Formação do Simple Past

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I danced I did not dance Did I dance?

You danced You did not dance Did you dance?

He danced He did not dance Did he dance?

She danced She did not dance Did she dance?

It danced It did not dance Did it dance?

We danced We did not dance Did we dance?

You danced You did not dance Did you dance?

They danced They did not dance Did they dance?

Exemplo: verbo to dance (dançar - regular)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I flew I did not fly Did I fly?

You flew You did not fly Did you fly?

He flew He did not fly Did he fly?

She flew She did not fly Did she fly?

It flew It did not fly Did it fly?

We flew We did not fly Did we fly?

You flew You did not fly Did you fly?

They flew They did not fly Did they fly?

Affirmative form (forma afirmativa)

1. Aos verbos regulares terminados em –e, acrescenta-se somente o –d no final do verbo:

• to like (gostar) – liked

Irregular verbs (verbos irregulares)

abide abode permanecer, sobreviver

awake awoke despertar, acordar

be was/were ser; estar

become became tornar-se; transformar-se

begin began começar

buy bought comprar

come came vir; chegar

do did fazer; cuidar; funcionar

go went ir; partir

have had ter; possuir

make made fazer; criar

say said dizer

sleep slept dormir

speak spoke falar; dizer

take took pegar; tirar

write wrote escrever; anotar

1. Para falar sobre experiências:

• I’ve worked in 6 different countries.

O importante é lembrar que o foco é a ação, não o “ quando” aconteceu.

DICA – Se dizemos “quando”, usamos past simple.

• I’ve visited Russia several times.

• I’ve known him since I was 11. (unfinished state)

• I’ve had this watch for almost thirty years.

• We’ve already had two holidays this year.

3. Outro uso é mostrar o resultado presente de uma ação.

• I’ve lost my keys.

• John’s broken his leg and he can’t go on holiday.

The Greenhouse Effect